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1 Introduction
Parentalism
and Pluralism
If the negative liberalism of Jeremy Bentham, John Bright
and Herbert Spenosr was the ideology of a developing
capitslism, the positive liberalism of T. H. Green, Henry
Jones, L. T. Hobhouse and the Webbs was the ideology of
established capitalism.<s1>s It is no accident that Joseph Cham-
berlain, a leading spokesman from Birmingham, should be
one of the first politicians to recognise the need for a new
theory of positive state action. In the first part of the
nineteenth century the machinery of state -- which was still
largely controlled by landed interests -- was likely to be used
to restrict the development of capitalism; the interests of the
industrialists were best served by <1laissez faire.>1 By the close of
the century the most significant challenges to capitalism were
coming, not from the old entrenched agricultural sector, but
from trade unions and other groups which refused to accept
the new social order. Herbert . . .
