1. ACER pennsylvanicum—Pennsylvanian Dwarf Mountain Maple.

This grows naturally upon the mountains in the back parts of Pennsylvania. The stems are slender, rising to the height of six or eight feet, and sending off several opposite branches. The leaves are three­pointed, pretty much sawed on their edges, and placed opposite upon pretty long footstalks. The flowers terminate the stalks in a pretty long erect racemus or bunch; they are small, of an herbaceous colour, and in part succeeded by small conjoined winged seeds.

2. ACER glaucum. The Silver-leaved Maple.

This tree grows frequently to the height of fifty or sixty feet, with many spreading branches. The leaves are five-lobed, somewhat toothed, or deeply and irregularly sawed on their edges: they are of a lucid green on the upper side and a bright silver co­lour on their under. The flowers are produced in little umbels at the foot of the leaves; they are of a deep red colour, and are succeeded by large winged seeds, which fall off early in the summer. This is perhaps the Acer rubrum of Linnaeus.

3. ACER Negundo. The Ash-leaved Maple.

This tree is dioecious, or having male and female flowers upon different trees; it is but of middling growth, rising perhaps to the height of twenty or thirty feet. The leaves something resemble those of the Ash, but are generally trifoliate or quinquefoliate, or consisting of three or five lobes; which are oval, somewhat pointed, and a little notched towards their extremities. The flowers of the male are produced [Page 3] upon pendulous bundles of very long fine threads or footstalks, each having a small flower-cup at its ex­tremity, containing five or more stamina. The female produces flowers at the extremity of the small branch­es, in long loose bunches; they have long footstalks, with a small deciduous empalement; containing a compressed germen, with scarce any style, but two reflexed stigmas.

4. ACER canadense. American striped Maple.

This is but of middling growth. The bark, especially of the young shoots, is beautifully variegated or strip­ed. The leaves are divided into three very sharp pointed lobes, and very finely sawed on their edges. The flowers are produced in solitary bunches, with shortish footstalks; having pretty large petals and empalements, containing generally eight stamina or filaments; and in hermaphrodite flowers two reflexed stigmas. The flowers and seeds are of a greenish yellow colour.

5. ACER rubrum. The Scarlet flowering Maple.

This grows to a pretty large size in a rich soil. The leaves are three and sometimes nearly five lobed, and sawed on their edges. The flowers are produced in little umbels closely surrounding the small branches, and are of a scarlet colour. The footstalks of the hermaphrodite flowers, shoot out to a considerable length; they are of a scarlet colour, each sustaining two joined winged seeds, somewhat of the same co­lour. There is a variety of this with yellowish flow­ers and seeds, which is, I believe, the most common kind in Pennsylvania.

6. ACER saccharum. The Sugar Maple.

This grows to a large tree of two feet or more in diameter, and fifty or sixty feet high. The leaves something resemble the Silver-leaved Maple, but are not so large, nor deeply lobed; or of so fine a silver colour. It flowers in manner of the Scarlet Maple, but the flowers are of an herbaceous colour; and produces large joined winged seeds. The back in­habitants make a pretty good sugar, and in consider­able quantity, of the sap of this and the Silver-leaved Maple; and though these have generally been pre­ferred, yet all our Maples yield a sap which affords a pretty good sugar.

1. AESCULUS octandra. New river Horse Chesnut.

This often becomes a tree of pretty large size. The branches are smooth and of a greyish colour. The leaves are palmated, or composed of five pretty [Page 5] large lobes joined at their base, having a pretty long common footstalk: they are somewhat wedge shape, or narrower towards the base than the point, veined with oblique parallel veins, and sawed on their edges. The flowers are produced in a loose thyrsus, at the ex­tremity of the branches, of a pale yellowish colour; and are succeeded by fruit near the size of the eastern Horse-Chesnut.

2. AESCULUS Pavia. Scarlet flowering Horse­Chesnut.

This is but of humble growth, seldom rising to more than ten or twelve feet high; sending out seve­ral branches, with leaves and flowers much like the former, except the flowers being of a bright red colour: they stand upon short naked footstalks, branching from the common stem, generally five or six together in each thyrsus. They are tubulous at bottom but spread open at top, where the petals are irregular in size and length, having something the appearance of a lip flower; they have seven or eight stamina the length of the petals. When the flower fades the Germen swells to a pear shaped fruit, with a thick russet coloured covering, containing some­times one or two nuts.

AMORPHA fruticosa. Shrubby Bastard Indigo.

This grows naturally in Carolina, where it rises with many irregular stems, to the height of ten or twelve feet, with very long winged leaves, in shape like those of the common Acacia. At the extremity of the same year's shoots, the flowers are produced in long slender spikes, which are very small and of a deep purple colour. The flowers are succeeded by moon-shaped, reflexed, compressed pods, each containing two kidney-shaped seeds.

1. ANDROMEDA arborea. The Sorrel Tree.

It grows naturally in Virginia, to about ten or twelve feet high. The flowers grow in long naked bunches, coming out from the sides of the branches, of an herbaceous colour, ranged on one side of the common foot-stalk: they are oval, pitcher-shaped, and nodding; and are succeeded by small capsules.

2. ANDROMEDA calyculata. Ever-green Dwarf Andromeda.

This is a low shrub, growing on mossy land. The leaves are shaped something like those of the Box tree, and are of the same consistence, having many small punctures on them. The flowers grow in short racemi or bunches from the extremity of the branch­es, they are white and of a cylindrical pitcher-shape.

3. ANDROMEDA Paniculata. Panicled An­dromeda.

This shrub grows in boggy wet ground, rising from two or three to six or seven feet high, sending out several branches which are clothed with oblong leaves, a little notched and placed alternately. The flowers grow in long loose panicled racemi or bunches, at the extremity of the branches; they are pitcher-shaped, and succeeded by small round seed-vessels, having five cells, filled with small round seeds. There is a variety of this of low growth, differing in having [Page 8] shorter panicled bunches of flowers, and these com­ing out at the divisions, as well as at the extremities of the branches.

4. ANDROMEDA racemosa. Pennsylvanian Red-bud Andromeda.

This grows in low clayed lands, to the height of five or six feet. The leaves are oblong and serrated. The flowers are produced in a one sided racemus at the extremity of the branches, and resemble the other kinds. The long bunch of flower buds are of a beautiful red colour in the spring, and thereby make a good appearance.

5. ANDROMEDA mariana. Maryland, or broad­leaved Andromeda.

Is a shrub of low growth, having but a small stem, which is generally retroflected or bent from side to side. The leaves are egg-shaped, entire, broad, and of pretty thick consistence. The Seed-vessels are larger than the other kinds, gaping at their tops.

6. ANDROMEDA nitida. Ever-green Shining­leaved Andromeda, or Carolinian Red-buds.
(Bartram's Catalogue.)

This shrub grows naturally in Carolina and Flori­da, and may justly be ranked among the most beau­tiful flowering.

The leaves are perennial, near three inches in length and one in breadth, of a hard and firm tex­ture, lance-shape, of a deep shining, or glossy green colour on both sides, placed by pretty long footstalks alternately upon each side of the branches, but in­clining [Page 9] to the upper side, and standing nearly erect. The flowers are produced along the under side of the branches, in long one rowed racemi or bunches, which as they arrive to their full growth change to a damask rose colour. The under parts of the bunch­es somewhat resemble the cells of a honey-comb, diffusing an agreeable fragrance, and affording a delicious harvest to the honey-bee.

7. ANDROMEDA plumata. Plumed Andromeda, or Carolinian Iron-wood Tree.
(Bartram's Catalogue.)

This is also a southern beautiful species of Andro­meda; rising to the height of fifteen or twenty feet, and sending off towards the top, many spreading and nearly horizontal branches.

The leaves are small, lance-shaped, and of a deep glossy green, but changing in Autumn before they fall off, to yellow, red, purple, &c. giving the trees a beautiful appearance, even in their decline. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the branch­es, in one-rowed racemes or bunches, they are very small and perfectly white, somewhat, resembling a plume of delicate white feathers. This and the last mentioned, grow naturally by the sides of ponds, and swamps, in Carolina and Florida.

1. ANNONA glabra. Carolinian Smooth-barked Annona.

The bark is smooth, the leaves broad, oval, but narrowed towards the base. The fruit is large, yel­low and somewhat conical. This grows naturally in Carolina.

2. ANNONA triloba. Pennsylvanian Triple­fruited Papaw.

This grows common in rich bottoms and by river sides, in Pennsylvania. It rises to the height of ten, twelve, and sometimes twenty feet, with but few branches, garnished with pretty long large leaves, narrowed toward the base and smooth on their edges. The flowers are solitary, and of a dark purple co­lour; they have short footstalks, which with the flower-cup is covered with short brown hairs or down. The fruit is often found growing two or three together, which loon falls off, becomes very mellow and turns of a yellow colour.

ARALIA spinosa. Virginian Angelica Tree.

This rises with a thick woody stem to the height of ten or twelve feet, dividing into several branches, which are garnished with ramose divaricated leaves, placed alternately. The flowers are produced in large, loose, compound umbels, at the extremity of the branches: they are of an herbaceous colour, and are succeeded by roundish berries of a purplish co­lour when ripe. The stem, branches, and footstalks of the leaves are armed with short strong spines.

ARBUTUS Uva ursi. The Bear-berry.

This grows naturally in the Jerseys. It is a low trailing shrub, dividing into many branches, closely set with smooth, thick, entire leaves, of an oval form. The flowers are produced in small bunches, near the ends of the branches, and are succeeded by red berries. This has been used with great success in many calculous complaints.

ARISTOLOCHIA frutescens. Pennsylvanian Shrubby Birthwort.

This grows naturally near Pittsburg, in a rich soil and shaded situation; rising with shrubby cylindri­cal [Page 13] stems, which twine round any neighbouring sup­port, and reach sometimes to the height of thir­ty feet or more, sending off many long twining branches. The leaves are large, entire, and heart­shaped, of eight inches or more in length, and as much in breadth, standing upon thick strong foot­stalks. The flowers come out singly, or sometimes two together upon pretty long foot-stalks, which are either terminal, or arise beneath the divisions of the branches, each having a bractea or floral leaf em­bracing it near its base; they consist of a long tube which is very crooked and bellied towards the base, but narrower towards the extremity, and furnished with a border which at first appears three lobed and triangular (in fo [...] of a cock'd hat,) but after be­comes spreading, plain and roundish, and together with the interior extremity of the tube, is finely va­riegated with spots or streaks. The Capsules or Seed-vessels are cylindrical six-sided, of three or four inches in length and near one in diameter, opening with six fissures, and having six cells, filled with heart-shaped compressed seeds, with a false one between each. This from its twining stems and large leaves affords a fine shady covering for an ar­bour.

The roots have an aromatic penetrating savour, and are supposed to be equal in medical virtues to the small Virginian Snake-root.

1. ASCYRUM Hypericoides. St. Peter's Wort.

This is a small shrubby plant, growing naturally in low moist ground, and rising with a few slender stems to the height of about eighteen inches, hav­ing small opposite branches, which are somewhat flatted. The leaves are small, oblong, somewhat wedge-shape, placed opposite, and sitting close. The flowers are sparingly produced at the tops of the stalks, and have somewhat the appearance of those of St. John's wort.

2. ASCYRUM villosum. Villose St. Peter's wort.

This rises to the height of about three feet, with erect stalks. The leaves are oblong and hairy. The flowers are produced at the tops of the stalks, re­sembling those of St. John's wort, but have only four petals.

1. AZALEA nudiflora. Red-flowered Azalea.

This grows most common upon a moist, clayey, gravelly soil, rising from two or three, to five or six feet in height. The leaves are produced in clusters at the extremity of the branches; they are oblong, inverse, egg-shaped, and a little hairy upon their edges and midribs underneath. The flowers are produced early in the spring before the leaves are expanded, in heads or clusters at the ends of the stalks and chief branches, of a red colour, and hairy, with very long red stamina. There is great variety in the colour of the flowers, from red to almost white.

2. AZALEA viscosa. White sweet Azalea.

This grows naturally in rich rocky places, near streams of water; rising to the height of five or six feet. The leaves are much smaller and of a paler green colour than those of the red flowered, other­wise resembling them. The flowers are produced after the leaves are fully expanded, (about harvest time;) they are white, hairy and clammy, and have the fragrance of the honey-suckle.

3. AZALEA viscosa palustris. Swamp Azalea.

This is a variety of the white kind, growing na­turally in wet low ground. It is of lower growth, with leaves rough and clammy at their first appear­ance. The flowers are white, but not so sweet as the former. There is also some other varieties differing somewhat in the disposition or appearance of their flowers, &c.

BACCHARIS halimifolia. Virginian Groundsel Tree.

It rises to the height of six or eight feet, sending out many erect branches, garnished with leaves [Page 17] which are somewhat ovate, and a little toothed above, continuing green most of the year. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the branches, and are of a yellowish white colour.

BERBERRIS canadiensis. The Canadian Bar­berry.

This grows naturally in Canada, and somewhat resembles the European Barberry, except the leaves being much shorter and broader, and the fruit, when ripe, of a black colour. There is also a kind of Barberry growing upon New-River in Virginia, bear­ing red berries, of which I have seen one small plant.

1. BETULA nigra. Black, or Sweet-Birch.

This becomes a large tree, often rising to the height of fifty or sixty feet, and sending off many branches. The leaves are egg-shaped and doubly or irregularly serrated, the small serratures are close, the larger more remote; their footstalks are villose. The small branches are also covered with down. The natives often make their canoes of the bark of this tree.

2. BETULA lenta. Red Birch.

This grows to a pretty large size, spreading into many slender pliable branches. The leaves are smooth, heart-shaped, oblong, sharp-pointed, and finely and slightly sawed on their edges.

3. BETULA papyrifera. White Paper Birch.

This is a variety of the last, growing to a mid­dling size and pretty much resembling it, except in having a very white smooth bark.

4. BETULA populifolia. Aspen-leaved Birch.

This is also a variety of the second, and grows naturally in the Jerseys, and other eastern states, be­coming a pretty tall tree, and covered with a white bark. The leaves are somewhat triangular, like those of the Aspen tree, but terminating in a long acute point; they are doubly serrated, standing up­on long slender footstalks, and are put in motion by the slightest breeze of wind.

5. BETULA humilis. Dwarf Birch.

This is also a variety of the second kind, of a low and dwarfish growth.

1. BETULA-ALNUS glauca. Silver-leaved Alder.

This grows naturally in low marshy ground, and frequently rises to the height of ten or twelve feet.

2. BETULA-ALNUS maritima. Sea-side Alder.

This grows to the height of the former. The leaves are long and narrow. The Katkins are gene­rally in bloom in August, at which time the female cone or seed-vessel sets, but don't grow to perfection till the next summer.

3. BETULA-ALNUS rubra. Common Alder.

This grows very common in most parts of Penn­sylvania. The leaves are broader than the other kinds, and rough or wrinkled. This flowers in the spring, and perfects its seeds in the fall.

1. BIGNONIA Catalpa. The Catalpa-Tree.

This rises to the height of twelve or fifteen feet, with a strong stem, dividing into several branches, which are garnished with large heart-shaped leaves, placed opposite at each joint. The flowers are pro­duced in large branching panicles, at the ends of the branches; of a dirty white colour, with a few purple spots, and faint stripes of yellow on the inside; and waved on their edges; they are succeeded by very long slender pods, filled with flat winged seeds, lying over each other like the scales of a fish.

2. BIGNONIA crucigera. Cross-vine.

This rises with slender trailing stalks, which must be supported, so require the assistance of a wall, and a good aspect; being impatient of much cold. The branches are clothed with oblong leaves remain­ing green all the year. The flowers are produced at the wings of the leaves, shaped much like those of the Fox-glove; and are of a yellow colour.

3. BIGNONIA radicans. Climing Trumpet­Flower.

This Kind, when old, hath large rough stems, which send out many trailing branches, putting out roots at their joints, thereby attaching themselves to any neighbouring support, and rising sometimes to [Page 22] the height of forty or fifty feet. The branches are garnished with winged leaves placed opposite, which are generally composed of four pair of small leaves, terminated by an odd one. The flowers are produc­ed at the ends of the shoots of the same year, in large bunches; they have long swelling tubes, shaped somewhat like a trumpet, and are of an orange co­lour, inclining to red; and succeeded by large pods full of winged seeds.

4. BIGNONIA sempervirens. Ever-green Big­nonia, or Yellow Jasmine.

This kind resembles the second so much as to re­quire no further description.

CALLICARPA americana. Carolinian Shrubby Cailicarpa.

This shrub rises from three to five feet high, with but slender stems, sending out many branches from [Page 23] the sides, which are wooly or downy when young, garnished with oval, spear-shaped leaves, placed op­posite on pretty long footstalks. The flowers come out in whorls round the stalks, sitting very close; they are small and tubulous, cut into four obtuse segments at the top, which expand and are of a deep purple colour; these are succeeded by soft succulent berries, which are of a deep purple colour when full ripe, each enclosing four hard seeds. This is a na­tive of Carolina and will not endure much cold.

CALYCANTHUS floridus. Carolinian Allspice.

This delightful sweet-scented shrub, grows natural­ly in Carolina, and rises from four to six or eight feet high, sending out many small branches, which are placed opposite and garnished with oval entire leaves; which are likewise opposite. The flowers are pro­duced singly, at the extremities of the same year's shoots; they are of a sullen or dark purple colour, and when somewhat expanded, diffuse to a consider­able distance, a very agreeable scent, scarcely distin­guishable from that of ripe strawberries. It flowers in May, and by succession till almost harvest. The flowers are succeeded by large, somewhat oval, rough, swelling capsules, of two inches or more in length, and one in diameter, containing many oval brown seeds.

1. CARPINUS Betulus virginiana. American Hornbeam.

This grows common by most of our river and creek sides, rising with a strong, woody, somewhat angular stem, to the height of ten or fifteen feet; spreading into many branches, with oval, pointed leaves, sawed on their edges. The flowers are pro­duced at the ends of the young shoots, in loose, leaffy katkins, and are succeeded by small, hard, angular seeds.

2. CARPINUS Ostrya. The Hop-Hornbeam.

This tree often grows larger and more upright than the former, the wood is tougher, the branches sewer and more erect. The leaves somewhat resem­ble those of the Elm. The male Katkins are pro­duced at the extremity of the branches, they are set the preceding fall, and remain all winter. The female flowers are produced in inflated chaffy katkins, much resembling a hop, from whence it acquired its name. There is a variety of this called the Vir­ginian flowering Hop-Hornbeam, which I have not seen.

CASSINE Paragua. Ever-green Cassine, Yapon, or South-Sea Tea-tree.

This grows naturally in Carolina and some parts of Virginia, but chiefly near the sea; and rises to the height of ten or twelve feet, sending out branches from the ground upward, garnished with Ever-green spear-shaped leaves, placed alternately: they are of a deep green colour, of a thick consistence and a little notched on their edges. The flowers are pro­duced in close whorls, round the branches, at the footstalks of the leaves; they are white, and are succeeded by red berries, with three cells, each con­taining a single seed.

CEANOTHUS americanus. American Ceanothus, or New-Jersey Tea-tree.

This is a low shrub, growing common in most parts of North America; seldom rising above four or five feet high, and sending out branches on every side from the ground upward, which are garnished with oval, pointed leaves, having three longitudinal veins, running from the foot-stalk to the point, di­verging from each other in the middle; they are placed opposite, and are of a light green colour. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the shoots, in a close kind of Thyrsus; they are of a white colour and when in bloom make a fine appear­ance. A decoction of the roots of this shrub is esteemed a certain cure, not only in slight Gonor­rhaea's, [Page 28] which it stops in two or three days, without any bad consequences; but also in the most invete­rate Venereal complaints. The leaves are dried and used by some as a substitute for Bohea Tea, from which it acquired its name.

CELASTRUS Scandens. American Climing Staff-tree.

This grows naturally in many parts of North­America, rising with a twining woody stem to the height of ten or fifteen feet when supported, send­ing out many slender flexible branches, cloathed with oblong pointed leaves, a little sawed on their edges. The flowers come out from the sides of the branches in loose bunches; they are of an herbace­ous [Page 29] colour, and are succeeded by roundish three­cornered capsules, of a pale, or yellowish red co­lour when ripe; which spread open in three parts, disclosing their seeds after the manner of the Spin­dle Tree. The seeds are hard, oval and covered with a thin red pulp. It makes a very fine appear­ance when covered with ripe fruit.

CELTIS occidentalis. American Yellow-fruited Nettle-tree.

This grows naturally in many parts of North­America. It delights in a rich, moist soil, in which it becomes a large tree, rising with a straight stem, the bark of which, in young trees, is sometimes [Page 30] smooth and of a dark colour, but as they advance becomes rougher and of a lighter colour. The branches are set thick on every side, and garnished with oblique oval leaves, ending in points and saw­ed on their edges. The flowers come out opposite to the leaves, upon pretty long footstalks; they are small and make but little appearance, and are suc­ceeded by round, hard berries, about the size of a small pea, of a yellow colour and sweet taste when ripe. The juice of the fruit is said to be astringent and to give ease in violent Dysenteries.

CEPHALANTHUS occidentalis. Button-tree.

This shrub grows pretty common by creek sides and ponds, rising to the height of six or eight feet; growing very crooked, and sending out several [Page 31] branches, which grow opposite. The leaves are al­so placed opposite and often, upon young shoots, by three's; they are near three inches long and one and a quarter broad, having a strong vein running lon­gitudinally through them, they are of a light green and their footstalks change to a reddish colour next the branches. The branches are terminated with globular heads, composed of many small flowers, of a whitish colour.

CERCIS canadensis. Red-bud, or Judas Tree.

This grows naturally in several parts of North­America, rising to the height of ten or fifteen feet, with a pretty strong trunk covered with a darkish coloured bark; dividing upwards into several irregu­lar branches, furnished with heart-shaped leaves, smooth upon their upper surface and edges, but a little downy underneath, having pretty long foot­stalks. The flowers come out upon the branches upon all sides, many arising from the same point, with short footstalks; they are of a fine red colour and coming out before the leaves, make a beautiful appearance. There is said to be a variety of this in Carolina, with small flowers.

CHIONANTHUS virginica. Virginian Snow-drop Tree.

This shrub grows naturally in several places in North America, in a moist soil; rising to the height of fifteen or twenty feet, spreading into many branch­es, covered with a light coloured bark. The leaves are large, oblong and entire, placed nearly opposite. The flowers are produced towards the extremity of the shoots of the former year, upon short, leaffy, common footstalks; at the bosom of the leaves of which, the proper footstalks come out, and are divid­ed for the most part into three parts, but often more; each sustaining one small flower, with four very long, narrow, white petals; which, when fully grown, make a beautiful appearance: these are succeeded by oval berries, of a livid blackish colour when ripe, each containing one hard, oblong, pointed seed. The bark of the root of this shrub, bruised and applied to fresh wounds, is accounted by the natives a speci­fic, in healing them without suppuration.

CLETHRA alnifolia. Alder leaved Clethra.

This shrub grows common in Maryland, Virginia, and Carolina, in moist ground and by rivulets; ris­ing to the height of six or eight feet, dividing into many branches, clothed with wedge-shape, oval, vein­ed leaves, sawed on their edges, resembling those of the Alder but longer; which are placed alternate­ly. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the branches, in long close bunches; they are of a white colour, and when in full bloom make a very fine appearance.

1. CORNUS alterna. Alternate branched, or Female Virginian Dogwood.

This grows to the height of twelve or fifteen feet, dividing upwards into many branches, which are covered with bark of a striated or streaked appear­ance. The small branches are placed alternate, bending at each division. The leaves are entire, oval, sharp-pointed, and much veined. The flowers are produced in clusters at the extremity of the branches, and are succeeded by roundish berries of a dark purple colour when ripe. The small branches being alternate, afford a distinguishing mark for this species.

2. CORNUS candidissima. Swamp American Dogwood.

This shrub grows to the height of six or eight feet, mostly in moist or swampy places; and is covered with a whitish bark. The branches are placed oppo­site, and also the leaves, which are lance-shaped and pointed, and of a whitish colour. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the branches, in clusters, and are succeeded by whitish succulent ber­ries.

3. CURNUS florida. Male Virginian Dogwood.

This rises with a strong stem to the height of twelve or fifteen feet, dividing into many spreading branch­es, which are sometimes placed opposite, but often by four's, arising from opposite points and regularly disposed. The leaves are oval, pointed, veined and entire. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the small branches, in clusters; having a common [Page 36] involucrum of four large white leaves, which are generally end-bitten and a little coloured at their extremities, and one opposite pair, rather longer and narrower than the other. The flowers within are succeeded by oblong, red berries. This flowers in May and is deservedly ranked amongst the beautiful flowering shrubs. The bark of this kind has been used with some success as a substitute for the Peru­vian Bark. And to its top, regular disposed shoots, our spinsters are often indebted for their distaffs.

4. CORNUS sanguinea. American Red-rod Cornus.

This grows in a moist soil, to the height of eight or ten feet, generally many stems arising from the same root. The bark of the young shoots is very smooth, and of a beautiful dark red colour. The branches are placed opposite, and also the leaves, which much resemble the first and third kinds above described. The flowers are produced in clusters at the ends of the branches, of a whitish colour; and are succeeded by succulent berries of a bluish colour when ripe.

1. CORYLUS americana. American Hazelnut.

This grows very common in a rich, loose, moist soil; spreading far by its roots, and rising at first with a simple, erect stem; which, as it grows old, is di­vided into a few irregular branches, cloathed with oval, pointed leaves, sawed on their edges. The Male katkins are produced at the ends of the branch­es, and the Female parts a little beneath them, often many together, at other times singly; and are suc­ceeded by seed-vessels, roundish at the base, but lengthened out into a leassy, fringed expansion, part­ed at the extremity; each containing one nut.

2. CORYLUS cornuta. Dwarf Filbert, or Cuckold-nut.

This kind much resembles the other, except in size, seldom growing above three or four feet high; and also in having its nuts single upon the branches, [Page 38] and their husks or seed-vessels smaller and lengthened out into a point or horn, and closely embracing its nuts.

1. CUPRESSUS disticha. Virginian deciduous Cypress-Tree.

This grows naturally in swampy, low ground; and becomes a lofty tree, of seventy or eighty feet in height, and three or four feet in diameter; dividing, towards the top, into many branches, clothed with small linear leaves, coming out upon all sides, yet inclining to but two sides of the small branches; and falling off in the autumn. The cones, of this kind, are roundish and near an inch in diameter. The timber is valuable for many uses, affording great quantities of boards, shingles, &c.

2. CUPRESSUS Thyoides. Maryland Blue-ber­ried Cypress.

This, by some means, has obtained the name of a dwarf, yet it becomes a large tree, nearly equal in height and diameter to the former. The branches are covered with small ever-green leaves, much re­sembling those of the Arbor Vitae. The cones are about the size of Juniper-berries, a little angular and having many cells. The timber of this is softer than the other kind and applied to more general use, [Page 40] being durable and not liable to be eaten by worms; it affords excellent planks, &c. for ship building; also posts, rails, boards, shingles, &c. &c. and to it our dairy women are indebted for tubs, pails, churns, &c.

DIOSPYROS virginiana. Virginian Persimmon Tree.

This grows naturally in moist clayey ground, in Pennsylvania and Maryland, as well as Virginia; ris­ing [Page 41] to the height of twenty feet or more, sending out many shortish branches, garnished with entire, oblong, pointed leaves; the flowers are produced upon the small branches, making but little appear­ance, and are succeeded by large, globular or oblong fruit, which when fully ripe has a sweet agreeable taste. A full grown tree will often yield two bushels or more of fruit, which upon distillation will afford as many gallons of Spirits, allowed to be equal in taste and flavour to West India Rum. Our country­men have not enough attended to this, but in some places they brew of them a very good Beer. There appears to be varieties of this, some with early ripe large fruit, others with smaller and late ripe.

DIRCA palustris. Virginian Marsh Leather­wood.

This is a low shrub, growing in moist shady places, seldom rising more than three or four feet high, [Page 42] spreading into a head, with many small and very flexible branches, covered with a light coloured bark, and cloathed with oval smooth leaves, of a pale green colour. The flowers are produced at the extreme ends of the former year's shoots; they are of an herbaceous colour and make but little appearance, but are succeeded by oval berries, changing some­what yellowish when ripe.

EPIGAEA repens. Trailing Arbutus.

This grows naturally upon northern hills, or moun­tains, with trailing shrubby stalks, putting out roots [Page 43] at their joints. The leaves are oblong, rough and waved on their edges. The flowers are produced at the ends of the branches, in loose panicles, and are of a white colour, mixed with red, dividing at the top into five parts, and spreading open in form of a star.

1. EUONYMUS carolinensis. Carolinian Spindle Tree.

This shrub grows to the height of eight or ten feet, dividing into many opposite branches, the young shoots are somewhat quadrangular and mark­ed longitudinally, with green stripes. The leaves are placed opposite, and are oval, sharp pointed, and finely and slightly sawed on their edges, of a deep [Page 44] green colour. The footstalks of the flowers come out from the bosom of the leaves of the young shoots, and are generally divided into three parts to­wards their extremities, the middle division sustain­ing one, and the two side ones, each three flowers; having four deep purple coloured petals, expanding in form of a cross, and four stamina; these are suc­ceeded by angular furrowed seed vessels, of a beau­tiful pale red colour when ripe, making a fine ap­pearance after the leaves are fallen off.

2. EUONYMUS latifolius. Broad-leaved Spin­dle Tree.

This shrub very much resembles the former, ex­cept the leaves being broader and longer, and of a paler green colour, turning reddish before they fall off. The seed-vessels are rather larger and rounder at the corners or angles, and of somewhat paler co­lour, as are also the flowers.

3. EUONYMUS sempervirens. Ever-green Spindle Tree.

This is of smaller growth than either of the for­mer, seldom rising above six or seven feet, and di­viding into many opposite branches, towards the top, which are of a greener colour, and more angular than the other kinds, and garnished with narrower leaves, of a closer texture. The flowers are produc­ed in manner of the former, except each footstalk sustaining generally but three flowers, having five pe­tals, which are of a paler colour, and rounder than either of the former; and are succeeded by roundish capsules closely set with small protuberances, turning of a fine red colour when ripe, and opening into [Page 45] four or five parts, disclosing its seeds hanging by fine white threads. This makes a very beautiful appear­ance in autumn when its fruit are ripe; and from their red appearance obtained the name of the Burn­ing Bush. The young plants retain their leaves all winter. All the species grow naturally in moist, shaded places.

FAGUS Sylvatica atro-punicea. American Beech Tree.

This grows naturally in low, bottom grounds, by river sides, rising sometimes to the height of forty or fifty feet, and to fifteen or eighteen inches in di­ameter, generally sending out many long branches, garnished with very thin, oval, spear-shaped leaves, sawed on their edges, and remaining late upon the branches. The nuts are eaten by swine. The wood is hard and close grained, and used for making lasts, joiner's tools, &c.

1. FAGUS-CASTANEA dentata. American Chesnut Tree.

This often becomes a large tree, growing to the height of sixty or eighty feet, and to four or five feet in diameter, sending out but few branches, gar­nished with long spear-shaped leaves, toothed or notched on their edges. The timber is used much for rails, splitting free and out-lasting most of our Oaks. The kernel of the nuts are dried and used by some as a substitute for Coffee. The wood is also [Page 47] burnt into coals for the use of blacksmiths, &c. but not much esteemed for common fuel.

2. FAGUS-CASTANEA pumila. Dwarf Ches­nut Tree, or Chinquepin.

This seldom rises above eight, ten, or twelve feet, otherwise much resembling the Chesnut in the appearance of its branches and leaves. Its fruit cap­sules are small, and generally contain but one conical shaped nut. It grows naturally in a light gravelly soil.

FOTHERGILLA Gardeni. Carolinian Fother­gilla.

This small, but beautiful flowering shrub grows naturally in Carolina, on the borders of savannahs, or near ponds of water; spreading much by its roots. The stalks are slender, rising to the height of two [Page 48] or three feet, generally several from one root, with small, alternate, divaricated branches. The leaves are oval, somewhat toothed towards the apex, and placed alternate. The flowers are produced in spikes terminating the stalks; they are sessile, and each furnished with a bractea or floral leaf, which is ovate, rough externally, longer than the empalement and sitting close at their base; they are produced early in the spring and being thick set, make a beautiful appearance with their long, snowy white stamina. The fruit or seed-vessel very much resembles that of the Hamamalis or Witch Hazel, but is much small­er.

This, in some late Catalogues, has been called Youngsonia, in honour of William Young, Botanist, of Pennsylvania; but by Dr. Linnaeus, Fothergilla in honour of the late Dr. Fothergill of London. It was first sent to Europe, from Carolina, by John Bartram, to his friend P. Collinson, by the title of Gardenia.

FRANKLINIA alatamaha. Franklinia.
(Bartram's Catalogue.)

This beautiful flowering, tree-like shrub, rises with an erect trunk to the height of about twenty feet; dividing into branches, alternately disposed. The leaves are oblong, narrowed towards the base, sawed on their edges, placed alternately, and sitting close to the branches. The flowers are produced towards the extremity of the branches, sitting close at the bosom of the leaves; they are often five inches in diameter when fully expanded; composed of five large, roundish, spreading petals, ornamented in the center with a tuft or crown of gold coloured stamina; and possessed with the fragrance of a China Orange. This newly discovered, rare, and elegant flowering shrub, was first observed by John Bartram when on botanical researches, on the Alatamaha river in Georgia, Anno 1760; but was not brought into Pennsylvania till about fifteen years after, when his son William Bartram, employed in the like pursuits, revisited the place where it had been before observed, and had the pleasing prospect of beholding it in its native soil, possessed with all its floral charms; and bearing ripe seeds at the same time; some of which he collected and brought home, and raised several plants therefrom, which in four years time flowered, and in one year after perfected ripe seeds.

It seems nearly allied to the Gordonia, to which it has, in some late Catalogues, been joined; but William Bartram, who first introduced it, believing it to be a new Genus, has chosen to honour it with the name of that patron of sciences, and truly great [Page 50] and distinguished character, Dr. Benjamin Franklin. The trivial name is added from the river, where alone it has been observed to grow naturally. It delights in a loose, sandy and moist soil.

1. FRAXINUS americana. Carolinian or Red Ash.

This grows to the height of twenty or thirty feet, dividing into several branches, the small ones of which are generally opposite; the leaves are com­posed of three or four pair of lobes, terminated by an odd one, which are egg-shaped and pointed, their upper surface of a light green colour, their under covered with short white downy hairs. The seeds are broad and of a light colour.

2. FRAXINUS alba. American White Ash.

This tree grows sometimes to the height of forty or fifty feet, and to eighteen inches or more in di­ameter. It grows much after the manner of the former, only the leaves are broader, and the seeds narrower. The timber of this is used much by Wheelwrights, Chaise-makers, &c. for making shafts, rimming of wheels, &c.

3. FRAXINUS Nigra. Black Ash.

This kind grows in moist places, rising to the height of thirty feet or more, covered with a rough, lightish coloured bark, and sending out but few branches. The leaves are chiefly produced at the ends of the branches, and are generally composed of four pair of lobes, and an odd one, which are shaped like those of the other kinds, but are small­er and finely sawed on their edges. The seeds or keys are broad and flat, and of equal width their whole length.

4. FRAXINUS pennsylvanica. Pennsylvanian Sharp-keyed Ash.

This kind often grows to the height of thirty feet or more, and is generally thick set with branches towards the top, having leaves much resembling the White Ash. The seeds grow in large panicles, thick set upon the sides of the branches, near their extre­mities: they are longer and narrower than any of the other kinds, almost terminating in a point at their base. This also affords a valuable wood, which is used for the same purposes as that of the White Ash.

[Page 52] The inside bark and keys of Ash, are accounted good to promote urine.

GAULTHERIA procumbens. Canadian Gaul­theria, or Mountain Tea.

This is a very small shrubby plant, with slender stems, seldom rising above five or six inches in height; having, at their tops, four or five oval ever-green leaves, which are marked with a few small points or serratures upon their edges. The flowers come out from the bosom of the leaves, of a white colour, [Page 53] and are succeeded by small berries of a red colour when ripe. The leaves have been used as a substi­tute for Bohea Tea, whence the name of Mountain Tea.

1. GLEDITSIA spinosa. Triple-thorned Acacia, or Honey Locust.

This tree grows naturally in a rich soil, rising to the height of thirty or forty feet, dividing into ma­ny branches, which, together with the trunk, are armed with long pithy spines of five or six inches in length, sending off laternal ones, some of which are nearly the same length, and generally triple thorn­ed. The branches are garnished with winged leaves, composed of ten, or more pair of small lobes, sitting close to the midrib, of a lucid green colour. The flowers come out from the sides of the young branches in form of katkins, of an herbaceous co­lour, and are succeeded by crooked, compressed pods, from nine or ten to sixteen or eighteen inches in length, and about an inch and a half or two inch­es in breadth, of which near one half is filled with a sweet pulp, the other containing many seeds in separate cells. The pods, from the sweetness of their pulp, are used to brew in beer.

2. GLEDITSIA aquatica. Water Acacia.

This sort grows naturally in Carolina, and hath much the appearance of the first, but hath fewer spines, which are very short. The leaves are also smaller and the pods oval, containing but one seed.

GLYCINE frutescens. Carolinian Shrubby Kidney Bean.

This grows naturally in Carolina, rising with twining shrubby stems, when supported, to the height of ten or fifteen feet. The leaves are wing­ed, and composed of about five pair of small, oval, pointed pinnae or lobes, smooth and of a pale green on their upper surface, but lighter underneath, hav­ing their edges a little reflexed and hairy. The flowers terminate the branches in a close, erect ra­cemus or bunch; they are of a purplish blue co­lour, and are succeeded by long cylindrical pods of two cells, shaped like those of the scarlet Kidney Bean.

GUILANDINA dioica. Canadian dioiceous Bonduc, or Nickar Tree.

This tree is said to rise, with an erect stem, to the height of thirty feet or more, dividing into many branches, covered with a bluish ash-coloured, smooth bark, garnished with large winged leaves, the lobes of which are ranged alternately, and are oval shap­ed, very smooth and entire. I have lately received several seeds from Kentucky, supposed to be of this tree, where it is said to grow plenty, and is called the Coffee or Mahogany tree.

1. HALESIA diptera. Two-winged fruited Halesia.

This grows naturally in Carolina, to the height of twelve or fifteen feet. The bark is beautifully variegated or streaked, much like the striped Maple. The leaves are large and egg-shaped, having smooth footstalks. The fruit is sharp-pointed, having two opposite, large wings, and two very small.

2. HALESIA tetraptera. Four-winged fruited Halesia.

This likewise grows in Carolina, and has much the appearance of the former, except the leaves are much smaller, a little sawed on their edges and [Page 58] downy underneath, with glandular footstalks. The flowers are produced upon the small branches, some­times singly, but often three or four together, upon pretty long footstalks; they are bell-shaped and pen­dulous, of a white colour, and are succeeded by sharp-pointed fruit, having four wings.

HAMAMELIS virginiana. Virginian Witch Hazel.

This shrub grows naturally in many parts of North America. It hath spreading roots, generally send­ing up several stalks or stems to the height of eight [Page 59] or ten feet, dividing into several branches, furnished with oval leaves irregularly notched on their edges, and smooth on their upper sides, but downy under­neath. The footstalks of the flowers come out sing­ly upon the small branches, each generally support­ing three flowers, of an herbaceous colour, and making but little appearance, but remarkable for being in bloom late in the fall after the leaves drop off.

HEDERA quinquefolia. American Ivy, or Virginian Creeper.

This hath a climing stem, attaching itself to any neighbouring support, and rising often to the height of thirty, forty or fifty feet, sending off branches, furnished with leaves composed of five lobes joined [Page 60] at their base, which are egg-shaped and sawed on their edges, having a pretty long common footstalk. This has been used to plant against walls and houses to cover them, but the leaves falling off in winter, the plants make but a poor appearance at that time.

HIPPOPHAË canadiensis. Canadian Sea-Buck-Thorn.

This rises with shrubby stalks to the height of eight or ten feet, sending out many irregular branches, having a brown bark, silvered over, and garnished with very narrow spear-shaped leaves, of a dark green on their upper side, but hoary underneath, and [Page 61] reflexed on their edges like the Rosemary. The flowers come out from the sides of the young branch­es, sitting very close; the male growing in small clusters, but the female coming out singly; these open in July and make but little appearance; they are succeeded by roundish berries, which ripen in autumn, and are said to be purgative.

HYDRANGEA frutescens. Virginian Shrubby Hydrangea.

This hath a spreading woody root, from which are produced, generally several soft, pithy, ligneous stalks, rising to the height of about three feet, gar­nished at each joint with two oblong, heart-shaped, pointed leaves, sawed on their edges, and having many veins. The flowers are produced in form of [Page 62] a corymbus, at the tops of the stalks, they are of a white colour, and are succeeded by small capsules.

HYPERICUM kalmianum. Virginian Shrubby Hypericum.

This grows naturally in low wet places, rising with shrubby stalks to the height of three or four feet, with opposite angular branches. The leaves are smooth and shaped like those of Rosemary or Lavender. The flowers terminate the branches in small divided clusters of three or seven flowers; they have each five very slender styles, and are succeeded by oval, pointed capsules, filled with small seeds.

1. ILEX Aquifolium. American Common Holly.

This grows in Maryland, New Jersey, &c. gene­rally in moist ground, rising to the height of fifteen or twenty feet, with an erect stem, covered with a greyish coloured smooth bark, and furnished with pretty many branches, which are garnished with thick, hard, ever-green leaves, waved on their edges and indented, each point terminating in a stiff prick­ly spine. The flowers are produced upon pretty long footstalks, often three parted from the sides of the branches, of a white colour, having often five or six stamina, and the corolla divided into as many parts, and are succeeded by roundish berries, which when full ripe are red. Of the bark of common Holly is made Birdlime, which is better than that made of Milletoe.

2. ILEX Cassine. Dahoon, or Carolinian Holly.

This grows naturally in Carolina, rising with an upright branching stem to the height of eighteen or twenty feet. The bark of the stem is of a brown colour, but that of the branches and young shoots green and smooth. The leaves are spear-shaped, above four inches long and one and a quarter broad toward the base, of a light green colour and thick consistence, with their upper parts sawed on the edges, each serrature ending in a small sharp spine. The flowers come out in thick clusters from the sides of the branches, they are white and like those of the common Holly, but smaller, and are succeeded by small roundish red berries.

3. ILEX canadensis. Canadian, or Hedge-hog Holly.

The leaves of this kind are not so long as those of the Common Holly, but are armed with stronger spines standing closer together, their upper surfaces are also set very close with short prickles, from whence it obtained the name of Hedge-hog Holly. It grows naturally in Canada. There are said to be two varieties of this with variegated leaves, one of which is yellow, the other white.

ITEA virginica. Virginian Itea.

This shrub grows naturally in Maryland, Virginia, &c. near streams of water, or in moist places; rising to the height of eight or ten feet, and dividing in­to several branches, which are garnished with spear shaped leaves, placed alternately, slightly sawed on their edges, and of a light green colour. The flow­ers are produced at the extremity of the same year's shoots, in erect spikes of three or four inches in length; they are white, and make a fine appearance when in bloom, which is a little before harvest time.

1. JUGLANS nigra. Round black Virginian Walnut.

This tree often rises to the height of fifty or sixty feet, and to three feet or more in diameter, covered with a dark furrowed bark, and dividing into many branches, furnished with winged leaves, composed of ten or twelve pair of lobes, and an odd one; these are smooth, oblong, sharp pointed and sawed on their edges; and upon being bruised emit a strong aromatic flavour, as doth also the external covering of the fruit. The fruit are round, their covering pretty smooth, and softish when fully ripe. The nuts themselves are hard, netted and furrowed, con­taining sweet oily Kernel.

2. JUGLANS nigra oblonga. Black oblong fruited Walnut.

This tree resembles the former so as scarcely to be distinguished from it, except by its fruit, which is oblong or oval; the shells or coverings are rougher, harder, and of a deeper green colour. The timber of both sorts is much used by Joiners, &c. in mak­ing tables, drawers, book and clock-cases, &c. Coffins are also generally made of it. The bark, and outer coverings of the nuts, are used in dying wool, cloth, &c.

There are perhaps some other varieties of these.

3. JUGLANS oblonga alba. Butter-nut, or White Walnut.

This often grows to the height of twenty or thirty feet and to eighteen inches or more in diameter, with a smooth light coloured bark. The branches are garnished with leaves composed generally of eight or nine pair of lobes and an odd one, which are villose, oblong egg-shaped, sharp pointed, slightly serrated, and larger than those of the other kinds. The fruit, when ripe, is villous and covered with a viscid clammy substance, by which it almost sticks to the fingers when handled. It is long and some­what pointed at the ends, and freed of its hull, or covering, is very rough and deeply furrowed, con­taining a soft, oily, sweet kernel. An extract of the bark of this tree affords a mild and safe cathartic. The bark and shells of the nuts dye a good brown colour, scarcely ever fading.

4. JUGLANS alba acuminata. Long, sharp-fruited Hickery Tree.

This tree grows to the height of forty or fifty feet, and to eighteen inches or two feet in diameter. The leaves are generally composed of three or four pair of lobes and an odd one. The nuts with their covers are about two inches in length and above one in diameter. The covers, or hulls, generally open into four parts, disclosing their nuts, which are white, hard and thick shell'd, having seams oppo­site the divisions of their hulls. The kernel is small and not very sweet.

5. JUGLANS alba minima. White, or Pig-nut Hickery.

This generally grows pretty large, sometimes to the height of eighty feet or more, and above two feet in diameter. The bark of young trees is smooth, but when older becomes rough and furrowed. The leaves are generally composed of five pair of lobes and an odd one, which are mostly narrower than those of many other kinds. The fruit is small and roundish, and covered with a very thin husk or co­vering, opening in divisions. The shell of the nut is also very thin, and easily cracked with the teeth; the kernel plump and full but very bitter. The timber of this is not much esteemed.

6. JUGLANS alba odorata. Balsam Hickery.

This tree grows as large as the Pig-nut Hickery, and much like it in appearance. The nuts are small, round, and thin shell'd, the kernel sweet. The branches are slender and flexible. There is, I think, a variety of this, with a rougher furrowed bark, bearing broader leaves and larger nuts, having [Page 69] thicker outer covers, as well as inward shells, with the kernel generally small and shrivelled. The tim­ber of both kinds is hard and tough, and used for axle-trees of carriages, &c. mill coggs and rounds, and also for handles, &c. for most implements of husbandry.

7. JUGLANS alba ovata. Shell-barked Hickery.

This tree delights in a rich moist soil, generally growing by creeks and rivers, often to the height of seventy or eighty feet, and above two feet in diameter. The bark is rough and shelly or scaly. The leaves are generally composed of two pair of lobes and an odd one, they are narrowed towards the base, oval, and pointed at the extremity, and sawed on their edges. The fruit is roundish, but rather slatted and indented at the ends. The outer cover very thick and dividing into four parts, dis­closing its nut, which is not very thick shell'd, con­taining sweet kernel, preferable to the other kinds. There are several varieties of this in America, some with nuts as large as our common Walnuts.

8. JUGLANS pecan. The Pecan, or Illinois Hickery.

This tree is said to grow plenty in the neighbour­hood of the Illinois river, and other parts to the westward. The young plants raised from these nuts, much resemble our young Pig nut Hickerys. The nuts are small and thin shelled.

1. JUNIPERUS virginiana. Red Cedar-Tree.

This tree often grows to the height of fifteen or twenty feet, sending off many diverging branches, covered with leaves something like the Juniper, but much smaller, shorter, and lying closer to the branches. The berries are smaller than those of the [Page 71] Juniper, and covered with a whitish substance, easily rubbing off.

2. JUNIPERUS caroliniana. Red Carolinian Cedar.

This tree much resembles the former in size and shape, but the under leaves have somewhat the ap­pearance of Juniper, the upper, of Cypress or Savin. There are said to be other varieties, but their differ­ence in appearance is scarcely observable. The timber affords very good durable posts for fencing. &c.

1. KALMIA angustifolia. Narrow leaved Kalmia.

This kind delights in moist or swampy places, and rises to the height of two feet or more. The leaves are of a light green colour, and sometimes grow to the size of an inch and a half in length and half an inch in breadth, of an oval shape, and entire. The flowers come out in clusters on every side of the stalks, towards their extremities, and are of a beau­tiful red colour. This has been called Glaucous leaved Kalmia.

2. KALMIA latifolia. Broad leaved Kalmia.

This beautiful flowering shrub rises often to the height of six or eight feet and sometimes to ten or twelve, covered with a lightish coloured rough bark, and generally growing crooked. The leaves are of a dark green colour, thick consistence, lance-shaped and entire, in general about three inches in length and one in breadth. The flowers are produced in clusters at the ends of the branches and are variegat­ed with red when first opening, but change to a whiter colour when expanded. There are very few flowering shrubs comparable to this when in bloom. The leaves are noxious to oxen and sheep, yet the deer eat them with impunity.

1. LAURUS Benzoin. The Benjamin-Tree, or Spice-Wood.

This shrub grows naturally in moist places, and rises often to the height of eight or ten feet, divid­ing into several branches. The leaves are annual, oval shaped and entire. The flowers are produced from the sides of the branches upon short footstalks, often dividing and sustaining from one, to four or five flowers, of a greenish yellow colour; which are succeeded by oval, oblong berries, of a red colour when ripe, but changing to black. The bark, ber­ries, &c. have a strong aromatic smell, much like that of Benzoin, and indeed, by some, is allowed to be the tree, from whence it is produced.

2. LAURUS Borbonia. Red-stalked Carolinian Bay Tree.

This grows naturally in Carolina, and rises with a straight trunk to a considerable height, especially [Page 74] near the sea-coast. The leaves are sharp pointed and much longer than those of the European Bay; a little wooly underneath, veined transversely, and somewhat reflexed on their edges. The male trees produce their flowers in long bunches from the wings of the leaves; the female, in loose bunches, stand­ing upon long red footstalks, and are succeeded by blue berries sitting in red cups.

The wood is of a very fine grain, proper for ca­binet making and other ornamental furniture. It also dies a beautiful black colour.

3. LAURUS geniculata. Carolinian Spice Wood Tree.

This kind so much resembles the Benzoin as to require no further description, except in having ber­ries not of so red a colour.

4. LAURUS Sassafras. The Sassafras-Tree.

This tree rises sometimes to the height of twenty or thirty feet, and to twelve or fifteen inches in di­ameter, but is commonly of much lower growth. The bark of the young shoots is smooth and green, but of the old trunks rough, furrowed and of a lightish colour. It is divided towards the top into many branches, generally crooked, furnished with leaves different in form and size, some being oval and entire, others two or three lobed and of five of six inches in length, and nearly as much in width; of a light green colour and placed alternately upon pretty long footstalks. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the former year's shoots upon long panicled footstalks, and are generally male and female upon different trees. The female are suc­ceeded by oblong, oval berries, of a bluish colour [Page 75] when ripe, sitting in red cups, having red footstalks. The roots and wood have been long used as a sudo­rific, but the bark of the root is [...] much the strong­est, yielding a considerable quantity of hot, aromat­ic oil; and when powdered and joined with other febrifuges, has been given with success in intermit­tents, &c. Also used as a tea, is said to promote obstructed menses; but has been blamed for occasi­oning the head-ach.

LEDUM thymifolium. Thyme leaved Marsh Cistus.

This grows naturally in the Jerseys, in low, moist places. It is a small ever-green shrub, scarcely ris­ing above eighteen inches or two feet in height and divided into several branches. The leaves are very small, entire, of an oblong oval shape, and thick [Page 76] consistence, placed close, alternately, and thick up­on the branches. The flowers terminate the stalks in short leaffy bunches, coming out singly at the bosom of the leaves upon pretty long footstalks; they are small and white but make a fine appearance when in bloom. This has generally been called Thyme-leaved Kalmia.

1. LIQUIDAMBAR Styraciflua. Maple-leaved Liquidambar-Tree, or Sweet Gum.

This tree grows naturally in low clayey ground, rising with a straight trunk to the height of forty feet or more, sending off many branches, forming a pyramidal head. The leaves are angular, some­what resembling those of Maple, having five and often seven, pointed, serrated, spreading lobes; and are of a dark green colour. They have a strong, sweet, glutinous substance, exuding through their pores in warm weather, rendering them clammy to the touch. The flowers are produced early in the spring, and are succeeded by globular seed-vessels, composed of many capsules joined at the base, but terminating in long softish spines or points, and con­taining each one or two oblong compressed, winged seeds, with a great number of furfuraceous particles.

2. LIQUIDAMBAR asplenifolia. Spleen-wort-leaved Gale, or Shrubby Sweet Fern.

This is a small shrub, growing naturally upon dry slaty ridges, and seldom rising above three feet high, dividing into several branches, furnished with many oblong leaves, alternately situated, resembling those of Spleen Wort; of a dark green colour, hairy un­derneath and sitting close to the stalks. The male katkins are produced lying close to the small branch­es near their ends. The female flowers are in small heads a little beneath them, becoming small burs, generally containing two or more oblong smooth seeds. An infusion of the leaves has been used as an astringent in Diarrhaeas, &c.

LIRIODENDRUM Tulipifera. Virginian Tulip-Tree.

This often grows to the size of a large tree, of seventy or eighty feet in height and above four feet in diameter. The bark of young trees is smooth, but as they grow old it becomes furrowed, their lower branches also falling off. The young trees send off many branches, almost from the ground upward, garnished with broad smooth leaves, heart­shaped at the base, but end-bitten, or cut, at the ex­tremity, having two or three pointed lobes, on each side the midrib; of a dark green colour on the upper [Page 79] side, but lighter and veined underneath; with pretty long footstalks. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the branches in form of a Tulip, com­posed of six or seven petals, or sometimes more, greenish coloured towards the tops, but marked transversely with red, towards the claws; which are glandular and honey-bearing. The young trees make a beautiful appearance, especially when in flow­er. We have two kinds of Tulip trees, viz. Yellow and White, their difference easily distinguishable by the wood or timber, but perhaps not otherwise. The Yellow is soft and brittle, and much used for boards, heels for shoes, &c. also turned into bowls, trench­ers, &c. The white is heavy, tough, and hard, and likewise sawed into joists, boards, &c. for building. The bark of the root is used as an ingredient in bitters, &c.

1. LONICERA caroliniana. Carolinian scarlet Trumpet-flowered Honeysuckle.

This is a variety of the following, only differing in having smaller leaves and flowers.

2. LONICERA virginiana. Virginian scarlet Honey­suckle.

This hath a shrubby trailing stalk, which requires support, and appears much like the common Honey­suckle, but the shoots are weaker. The inferior leaves are inverse egg-shaped, of a deep green co­lour on their upper sides, but whitish underneath, sitting close to the branches; but those near the ends of the branches, are joined, forming sometimes a large somewhat quadrangular leaf, but mostly a smaller concave oval one. The flowers are produced in whorls upon a long naked stalk terminating the branches, having long scarlet tubes with short bor­ders. The lower leaves in warm situations are ever­green.

3. LONICERA sempervirens. Ever-green Honeysuckle.

This is said to grow in Virginia, with strong branches, covered with a purple bark, and garnish­ed with lucid green leaves, continuing their verdure all the year. The flowers are produced in manner of the former, of a bright red on their outsides and yellow within, and continuing in succession from June till autumn.

[Page 81] Dwarf Cherries with biflorous footstalks.

4. LONICERA canadensis. Canadian dwarf-cherry Honeysuckle.
(Bartram's Catalogue.)

This is a native of Canada, rising with an erect shrubby stalk to the height of about five feet. The leaves are oval shaped, entire, of a very thin tex­ture and lucid green colour. The flowers terminate the branches, sitting two upon each footstalk, of a pale yellow colour, streaked with purple, and ap­pearing pretty early in the spring.

With an erect stalk, and multiflorous footstalks.

5. LONICERA Diervilla. Yellow flowering Diervilla.

This hath slender shrubby stalks, seldom rising above two feet and a half high, and generally lean­ing; furnished with somewhat heart-shaped, oblong, sharp-pointed leaves, slightly sawed on their edges, placed opposite, and sitting close to the stalks. The flowers are produced at the extremity and sometimes from the sides of the branches, generally two or three together, upon short footstalks; they are of a cream colour, the inferior segment of the flower somewhat larger and yellower than the others; they are succeeded by oblong capsules, containing small seeds. This grows most natural upon mountains, and spreads much by its creeping roots.

6. LONICERA marylandica. Maryland scarlet Loni­cera.

This, it is said, grows in Maryland with an up­right stalk, furnished with ovate, oblong, sharp­pointed [Page 82] leaves, which are distinct and fit close to the stalks. The flowers are produced in erect spikes of a scarlet colour.

7. LONICERA Symphoricarpos. Indian Currants, or St. Peter's Wort.

This hath a shrubby stalk, which rises from four to five feet high and spreads into many slender branch­es, garnished with oval entire leaves, somewhat hairy and placed opposite upon short footstallks. The flowers are small and of an herbaceous colour, and are produced upon short, common peduncles, or footstalks, which are placed opposite a conderable distance along, and terminating the branches; upon which they are set very close in whorls, or rather in two opposite rows. A few of these are succeeded by reddish, depressed, hollow and spongy berries; ripening very late, and each generally containing two small round compressed seeds. This often sends off a few weak trailing branches lying upon the ground and taking root, by which it may be easily propagated.

1. MAGNOLIA acuminata. Long leaved Mountain Magnolia, or Cucumber Tree.

This tree grows sometimes to the height of thirty or forty feet, and to eighteen inches or more in di­ameter; dividing into several branches towards the top, garnished with large, oblong, sharp-pointed leaves. The flowers come out early in the spring and are composed of twelve large bluish coloured petals. The seed-vessels are about three inches long, somewhat resembling a small Cucumber; from whence the inhabitants where it grows natural, call it the Cucumber-tree.

2. MAGNOLIA glauca. Small Magnolia, or Swamp Sassafras.

This grows naturally in low, moist, or swampy ground, often to the height of fifteen or twenty feet; covered with a whitish smooth bark, and di­viding into several branches; furnished with entire, oblong, oval leaves, of a dark green on their upper surface, but whitish and a little hairy underneath. The flowers are produced at the ends of the branch­es, composed of six concave, white petals, of an agreeable smell; and are succeeded by oval, or some­what [Page 84] conical seed-vessels, of an inch or more in length and three fourths of an inch in diameter; composed of many capsules, which open and discharge their seeds when ripe, hanging by slender white threads, of a red colour, and near the size of a small bean. The seeds and bark have been used with some suc­cess in the cure of Rheumatism, &c.

3. MAGNOLIA grandiflora. Ever-green Laurel-leav­ed Tulip-Tree.

This grows naturally in Florida and South Caroli­na, sometimes to the height of eighty feet or more, with a straight trunk of two feet or more in diame­ter; having a regular head. The leaves are ever­green, of a thick consistence, pretty large, oblong, pointed, and entire: of a lucid green on the upper side, and sometimes of a russet, or buff colour on the under. The flowers are produced at the ends of the branches; they are very large, and composed of eight or ten oblong white petals, narrowed to­wards the base, but broad, rounded, and a little waved at their extremities. They are succeeded by oblong, conical seed-vessels, disclosing their seeds after the manner of the other species. This is allow­ed to be one of the most beautiful ever-green trees yet known, but is impatient of cold.

4. MAGNOLIA tripetala. The Umbrella Tree.

This grows pretty frequent in Carolina, and some parts of Pennsylvania; usually to the height of six­teen or twenty feet, with a slender trunk, covered with a smooth bark, and dividing into several branch­es. The leaves are very large and entire, often from twelve to fifteen inches or more in length, and five or six in width, narrowing to a point at each extremity, [Page 85] placed at the ends of the branches in a circular man­ner, somewhat resembling an umbrella; from whence it obtained its name. The flowers are composed of ten, or eleven, large, oblong, white petals, the exterior ones hanging down; and are succeeded by oblong, conical seed-vessels, between three and four inches in length, and about one and a half in diame­ter, growing reddish and disclosing their seeds, when ripe, after the same manner of the others. There are said to be two other species in the southern states.

1. MENISPERMUM canadense. Canadian Moon­seed.

This hath a thick, ligneous root, sending up ma­ny twining stalks, twisting themselves round the neighbouring trees for support, becoming woody, and rising to the height of ten or fifteen feet. These are furnished with large, smooth, roundish, angled leaves, having pretty long footstalks placed on their under sides, making a hollow, or appearance of a navel on the upper side. The flowers come out in loose bunches from the sides of the stalks; they are small, of an herbaceous colour, and composed of six oblong petals, six short stamina, and three styles arising from as many germen; which become three channelled berries, each containing one somewhat circular compressed seed.

2. MENISPERMUM carolinum. Carolinian Moonseed.

This is much smaller and weaker than the other, scarcely becoming shrubby. The leaves are smaller, entire, heart-shaped, and villous underneath.

3. MENISPERMUM virginicum. Virginian Moonseed.

This much resembles the Canadian kind, the leaves are target-form, heart-shaped and lobed.

1. MESPILUS coccinea. Cockspur-Hawthorn.

This rises generally to the height of ten or twelve feet, with a pretty strong stem, dividing into several branches, which are armed with strong thorns, bent downwards like a cock's spur. The leaves are some­what oval, but spreading into angles, sawed on their edges, and smooth. The flowers come out at the extremities and sides of the branches in umbels; they are pretty large and are succeeded by fruit near­ly as large as a small cherry and of a fine red colour when ripe.

There is a variety of this without thorns, with leaves deeper sawed on their edges, and not so deep­ly veined, otherwise of the same growth and ap­pearance.

2. MESPILUS Crus galli. Pear leaved Thorn.

This rises with a strong stem to the height of fif­teen or twenty feet, sending off many long (and of­ten nearly horizontal) branches, armed with long, sharp thorns. The leaves are of an oblong, oval shape, or often narrowed towards the base, sawed on their edges, smooth, and of a deep, shining green colour, and thick consistence. The flowers come out late, and are produced in small clusters at the ends of the branches. The fruit are of a middling size and of a dark or dirty reddish colour.

Obs. The flowers have frequently but one style.

3. MESPILUS cuneiformis. Wedge leaved Mes­pilus.

This grows often to the height of twenty feet or more, with a strong stem of five or six inches in di­ameter, covered with a dark rough bark, dividing into many branches, and armed with long sharp thorns. The leaves are smooth, wedge, or inverse­egg-shaped, and pointed; slightly and somewhat doubly serrated towards their extremities, of a shin­ing green colour on their upper surface and veined with oblique parallel veins. The flowers are pro­duced in small clusters at the ends of the branches and are succeeded by middle sized reddish fruit.

4. MESPILUS Azarolus major. Great Azarole, or Hawthorn.

This kind frequently rises to the height of twelve or fifteen feet, with a strong stem covered with a lightish rough bark, dividing into many branches, and armed with many long thorns. The leaves are [Page 89] larger than those of the other kinds, somewhat egg­shaped, but toothed or angled, sawed on their edges, and much veined. The flowers are produced in umbels at the extremity of the branches and are succeeded by large fruit, of a dark red colour.

5. MESPILUS Azarolus minor. Smaller Aza­role, or Hawthorn.

This has much the appearance of the last, but is smaller in growth, leaves and fruit.

6. MESPILUS Oxyacantha aurea. Yellow ber­ried Hawthorn.

This rises to the height of six or eight feet, di­viding into several branches and armed with sharp thorns. The leaves are somewhat egg-shaped, but acutely toothed and sawed on their edges. The flowers are produced as in the other kinds and are succeeded by middling sized fruit, of a greenish yel­low colour when ripe.

7. MESPILUS apiifolia. Virginian Parsley leav­ed Mespilus.

This is generally of low growth, rising perhaps to the height of five or six feet, and armed with a few sharp thorns. The leaves are small, shining and much cut or divided on their edges. The fruit are small and red coloured.

[Page 90] Without Thorns.

8. MESPILUS nivea. Early ripe, Esculent fruited Medlar, or wild Service.

This rises frequently to the height of fifteen or twenty feet, dividing into several branches, which are without thorns, and covered with a smooth, whitish, spotted bark. The leaves are of an oblong oval; pointed, slightly and acutely serrated, hairy and whitish at their first appearance, but becoming smooth and of a dark green, especially upon their upper sides. The flowers are produced from the sides of the small branches in loose bunches or pa­nicles, of a snowy white colour, and are succeeded by fruit near the size of a Goose-berry, which are soft, succulent, sweet tasted, and purplish coloured when ripe. The flowers of this come out before the leaves are expanded, perfectly white, and thick set upon the branches, making a fine appearance. The fruit is ripe in June, pretty large and of an agreea­ble taste. There is a variety of this of smaller growth, but of the same appearance.

9. MESPILUS prunifolia. Plumb leaved Medlar.

This grows naturally in moist places rising with slender stems to the height of six or eight feet, di­viding into but few branches and without thorns. The leaves are inverse egg-shaped, pointed, slightly serrated, of a dark green on their upper surface, but lighter and downy underneath. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the branches in clusters, and are succeeded by small fruit of a dark purplish colour when ripe.

[Page 91] There is a variety of this, generally rising but to the height of two or three feet. The fruit are somewhat larger and of the same colour, but other­wise much resembling the other.

10. MESPILUS canadensis. Dwarf red fruit­ed Medlar.

This rises to the height of four or five feet, with slender smooth stems, much resembling the last de­scribed, except in having fruit of a red colour when ripe. There is also a variety of this of smaller growth, which produces fruit of a beautiful red co­lour.

Obs. The characters of the Crataegus and Mespi­lus differ so immaterially that, I should suppose, they might be reduced to one Genus, with much greater propriety than the Beech and Chesnut. They are Genera in which much confusion prevails amongst Botanical writers, some classing most of the Species under the Crataegus, others the same Species under the Mespilus; neither is it easy to determine to which they, with most propriety, belong. I have frequent­ly observed in some Species from one to three styles, in others from three to five, but not having observed any to be constant with two, agreeably to the cha­racter of the Crataegus, have ranged none under that Genus. We have, native of these states, seve­ral Species of Mespilus, and a great number of Va­rieties, which, until better discriminated and ascer­tained, can never be described with any degree of accuracy.

MITCHELLA repens. Creeping evergreen Mitchella.

This is a small plant, growing upon mossy, north­ern, shaded banks, with slender shrubby stalks, ly­ing close to the ground, and putting out roots at the joints. The leaves are ever-green, of a thick con­sistence, obtusely egg-shaped, and entire; they are placed opposite and thick upon the branches, with short footstalks, and are often marked longitudinally with a whitish vein. The flowers are produced at the bosom of the leaves, they are double, or two arising from one bud, of a white colour, and are succeeded by small roundish red berries.

MORUS rubra. Large-leaved Virginian Mul­berry Tree.

This grows common in many parts of North­America, to the height of twenty or thirty feet, and with a trunk from twelve to eighteen inches or more in diameter; dividing into many branches, which are garnished with large, rough, heart-shaped, ob­long, pointed leaves; sawed on their edges, and sometimes with others largely and deeply divided in­to two, three, or more pointed lobes. The leaves of male trees are generally largest. The fruit is large, of a dark purplish colour when ripe, very suc­culent [Page 94] and of an agreeable taste. The timber affords very durable posts, for fencing, &c. As our Mul­berry has been found, upon trial, to answer well for the purpose of raising silk worms, and growing spon­taneously and plentifully in many parts of these states; it is presumed, many of our countrymen might profitably apply their attention to the culture of silk.

1. MYRICA cerifera. Candleberry Myrtle.

This grows naturally upon low boggy lands, ris­ing with many strong shrubby stalks, to the height of six or eight feet: sending out several branches, [Page 95] which are furnished with stiff spear-shaped leaves, a little sawed towards their extremities, of a yellow­ish lucid green on their upper sides but paler under­neath, having very short footstalks, and of a grate­ful odour when bruised. The katkins come out on different plants from the berries, and are about an inch long, standing erect. The female flowers come out on the sides of the branches in long bunches, and are succeeded by small roundish berries, covered with a mealy substance, and affording a kind of green wax, which is sometimes used in making candles.

2. MYRICA cerifera humilis. Dwarf Candleberry Myrtle.

This is a variety of the former kind, differing from it in being of a lower growth, the branches not so strong, and covered with a greyish bark. The leaves are also shorter and broader, and more saw­ed on their edges. The berries afford a wax like the others.

3. MYRICA Gale. American Bog Gale.

This also grows naturally in bogs and swamps, rising with shrubby stalks to the height of two or three feet, garnished with lance-shaped leaves, smooth and a little sawed towards their points. The berries are dry, compressed at the apex and three lobed.

1. NYSSA aquatica. Virginian Water Tupelo­Tree.

This grows naturally in wet swamps, or near large rivers, in Carolina and Florida; rising with a strong upright trunk to the height of eighty or an hundred feet, dividing into many branches towards the top. The leaves are pretty large, of an oval, spear-shap­ed form, generally entire, but sometimes somewhat toothed, and covered underneath with a whitish down: they are joined to long, slender footstalks, and affixed to the branches in somewhat of a verti­cillate order, presenting a beautiful varied foliage. The berries are near the size and shape of small olives, and are preserved in like manner by the French inhabitants upon the Mississippi, where it greatly abounds, and is called the Olive tree. The timber is white and soft when unseasoned, but light [Page 97] and compact when dry, which renders it very pro­per for making trays, bowls, &c.

2. NYSSA Ogeche. The Ogeche Lime Tree.
(Bartram's Catalogue.)

This is a tree of great singularity and beauty; growing naturally in water, in the southern states, and rising to the height of about thirty feet. The leaves are oblong, of a deep shining green on their upper sides, and lightly hoary underneath. The flowers are male and female upon different trees, and are produced upon divided, or many flowered foot­stalks. The fruit is nearly oval, of a deep red colour, of the size of a Damascene Plumb, and of an agree­able acid taste; from which it is called the Lime­tree. Perhaps this is the multiflora of Weston.

3. NYSSA sylvatica. Upland Tupelo-Tree, or Sour Gum.

This grows naturally in Pennsylvania and perhaps elsewhere, rising with a strong upright trunk to the height of thirty or forty feet, and sometimes of near two feet in diameter; sending off many horizontal, and often depending branches; garnished with oval, or rather inverse egg-shaped leaves, a little pointed, entire, of a dark green and shining upper surface, but lighter and a little hairy underneath: those of male trees are often narrower and sometimes lance­shaped. The flowers are produced upon pretty long common footstalks, arising from the base of the young shoots, and dividing irregularly into several parts, generally from six to ten; each supporting a small flower, having an empalement of six or seven linear, unequal leaves, and from six to eight awl­shaped [Page 98] spreading stamina, supporting short four lobed Antherae. The female trees have fewer flowers pro­duced upon much longer, simple, cylindrical foot­stalks, thickened at the extremity, and supporting generally three flowers, sitting close and having a small involucrum. They are composed of five small oval leaves, and in the center an awl-shaped incurv­ed style, arising from the oblong germen, which is beneath, and becomes an oval oblong berry, of a dark purplish colour when ripe. The timber of this tree is close grained and curled so as not to be split or parted; and therefore much used for hubs of wheels for waggons, carriages, &c.

OLEA americana. American Olive Tree.

This grows naturally in Carolina and Florida, and is a beautiful ever-green tree. The leaves are nearly ovate, or somewhat oblong, perennial, of a shining, [Page 99] full green, on their upper surface, and of a solid consistence. The fruit or berries are nearly oval, of the size of a sparrow's egg, of a beautiful blu­ish purple, and covered with a nebula or gloom.

PHILADELPHUS inodorus. Carolinian Scent­less Syringa.

This is said to grow naturally in Carolina; rising with a shrubby stalk to the height of twelve or fifteen feet, sending out opposite branches, furnished with smooth, entire leaves, shaped like those of the Pear tree, but standing opposite upon pretty long foot­stalks. The flowers are pretty large and have large empalements of four acute-pointed leaves, and four white, oval, spreading petals, and a great number of stamina with yellow summits. This is impatient of much cold.

1. PINUS echinata. Three leaved prickly-cone [...] Bastard Pine.

This grows naturally in Virginia. The leaves are long and narrow, sometimes three, at other times but two in each sheath. The cones are long and slender, their scales terminating in sharp points.

2. PINUS palustris. Longest three leaved Marsh Pine.

This grows naturally in South Carolina, and is of a middling growth. The leaves are produced by threes in a sheath and are often ten or twelve inches [Page 101] in length. The cones are long and large, opening and dropping their seeds in the fall. It is accounted equal to any for yielding tar, &c.

3. PINUS rigida. Common three leaved Virgi­nian Pine.

This grows common in many places throughout these states, rising often to the height of sixty or seventy feet, with a large erect trunk, dividing into branches towards the top, and furnished with pretty long leaves growing by threes in a sheath. The cones are often produced in clusters round the branches, they are about three inches long and have rigid scales. There are whole Forests of many hundred acres of these trees in some back parts of the country, of which great quantities of Boards are sawed and floated down some of our long rivers.

4. PINUS Strobus. New-England, or White Pine.

This is allowed to out top in growth most of our other trees, rising with a large erect trunk, to the height of an hundred feet or more, covered with a smooth bark and sending off many long branches. The leaves are long and slender, growing by fives in a sheath, and set thick on the branches. The cones are often six or seven inches in length, and generally besmeared with turpentine, with which these trees much abound. The cones generally open about the first of September, soon after which the seeds drop out. This also grows in great plenty towards the heads of some of our rivers, from whence great quantities are rasred down, affording excellent masts, yards, spars, &c. &c. for ship building.

5. PINUS Taeda. Virginian Swamp, or Frank­incence Pine.

This grows to a pretty large size, the leaves are ve­ry long and narrow and are produced by threes in a sheath. The cones are pretty long and large. This is useful for boards, and for producing turpentine and tar, as are the other kinds.

6. PINUS virginiana. Two-leaved Virginian, or Jersey Pine.

This is generally of but low growth, but divided into many branches. The leaves are broader and shorter than the other kinds, and of a deeper green colour; they are produced by twos in each sheath. The cones are small, each scale terminating with a prickly point. This is called, in some places, Spruce Pine.

1. PINUS-ABIES Balsamea. Balm of Gilead Fir-Tree.

This tree grows to the height of thirty or forty feet, sending off many branches, which are thick set chiefly upon two sides, with stiff linear leaves, resembling those of the Yew. The surface of the trunk is al­most covered with small bladders, or risings in the cuticle of the bark, which are filled with a clear bal­sam or turpentine. The cones are pretty large, and fall to pieces in the autumn.

2. PINUS-ABIES canadensis. Newfoundland Spruce.

There are said to be three varieties of this, dis­tinguished by the colour of their cones, into white, red and black; some of which, sometimes become pretty large trees. The leaves are stiff and linear, and slightly channelled on both sides, smaller than those of the Balm of Gilead, and set equally upon all sides of the branches. The trees make a very good appearance, and of these the famous Spruce­beer is brewed.

3. PINUS-ABIES americana. Hemlock Spruce Fir-Tree.

This rises up with but a slender trunk, sometimes to a great height, and is generally thick set with somewhat horizontal branches. The leaves are shap­ed much like those of the Yew and are ranged upon two sides of the branches, so appearing flat, like those of the European Silver Firs, but are of a pale green on both sides. The cones are very small, loose, and of an oval oblong form. The bark is said to be good for tanning leather; and with it, our natives dye their splints for baskets of a red colour.

1. PINUS-LARIX rubra. Red American Larch­Tree.

This shoots up to a considerable height with a slen­der erect trunk, sending off many slender branches. [Page 104] The leaves are pretty long, linear and soft, coming out in fasciculi, or small bundles spreading like a painter's brush, and are set pretty thick round the branches. They are of a light green colour and de­ciduous. The cones are of a fine red colour at their first appearance; they are small, perhaps three-fourths of an inch long, and half an inch thick, the scales smooth, opening early in the fall and dropping their seeds, which are very small and winged.

2. PINUS-LARIX alba. White American Larch-Tree.

This a variety of the other, differing very little, except in the cones, being of a greenish white co­lour.

3. PINUS-LARIX nigra. Black American Larch-Tree.

This is also a variety differing in having dark co­loured cones.

PLATANUS occidentalis. American Plane-Tree, or Large Button Wood.

This grows common by creeks and river sides in many parts of America. It is of quick growth, and often becomes a large tree of sixty or seventy feet in height and above three feet in diameter, sending off but few long, diverging branches, which toge­ther with the upper part of the trunk, are generally covered with a smoothish bark, annually, or often renewed, and falling off in thin plates or scales. The leaves are broad, and cut into angles, or lobed; having several acute indentures on their borders, of a light green on their upper side, but paler, and a little wooly underneath; with long footstalks, and placed alternately. The flowers are produced in round pendulous balls, of near an inch in diameter, upon very long footstalks. This is sometimes sawed into boards, and has been much used of late by our card-makers, for card-boards or backs.

1. POPULUS deltoide. White Poplar, or Cotton Tree of Carolina.
(Bartram's Catalogue.)

This becomes a tall tree, with a large erect trunk, covered with a white, smoothish bark, resembling that of the Aspen tree. The leaves are large, gene­rally nearly triangular, toothed or indented with sharp and deep serratures, of a shining full green on their upper surface, but somewhat lighter or hoary underneath; standing upon long slender foot­stalks, and generally restless or in motion. The timber is white, firm, and elastic, principally used for fence rails. It grows naturally upon rich low lands, on the banks of large rivers in Carolina and Florida.

2. POPULUS heterophylla. Virginian Poplar­Tree.

This becomes a pretty large tree, the branches of which are nerved, appearing as if quadrangular. The leaves are large and variously shaped, some roundish, others heart-form, slightly sawed on their edges and downy at their first appearance.

3. POPULUS nigra. Black Poplar.

This is not of very large growth, but covered with a darkish rough bark. The leaves are some­what triangular, pretty long pointed, slightly and obtusely sawed on their edges, standing upon pretty long footstalks, smooth and of a bright green on their upper surface, but lighter and a little downy under­neath.

4. POPULUS tremula. American Aspen-Tree.

This grows frequently to the height of about thirty feet, covered with a smooth whitish bark. The leaves are small, smooth on both sides, of a dark green colour above, but lighter underneath; roundish, and a little pointed, or forming nearly an equilateral spherical triangle; slighty crenated, a lit­tle waved on their edges, and trimmed with a very narrow hairy border. Their footstalks are pretty long, roundish at the base, but compressed on their sides towards the base of the leaves. The katkins are large appearing early in the spring.

5. POPULUS balsamifera. Balsam, or Tacamahac­Tree.

This is a tree of but middling growth, covered with a light brown bark. The leaves are large, [Page 108] somewhat heart-shaped, lightly toothed, or crenated on their edges, of a dark green on their upper surface but lighter underneath. The buds abound with a glutinous resin, which is the tacamahacca of the shops.

6. POPULUS balsamifera lanceolata. Lance-leaved Balsam Tree.

This is a variety of the last kind, of a small and very slow growth. The leaves are spear-shape, of a bright green above, but whitish and variegated with brownish veins beneath, with a few, scarce observable, serratures on their edges, and joined to short, chan­nelled, and often somewhat reddish footstalks.

POTENTILLA fruticosa americana. American Shrubby Cinquefoil.

This is a small shrub, seldom rising above two feet high, and spreading into many branches. The leaves are small and thick set upon the branches, they are winged, and composed, generally, of five small, oblong hairy lobes, reflexed on their edges and stand­ing together. The flowers are produced pretty thick on the branches, of a yellow colour, and are succeeded by small heads of pointed seeds.

1. PRINOS glaber. Evergreen Winter-Berry.

This grows in several parts of North America, rising up with slender shrubby stalks, to the height of six or eight feet, dividing into branches, which are [Page 110] garnished with small, evergreen, oblong, smooth leaves, of a thick consistence, with a few slight ser­ratures towards their points, and placed alternate, upon shortish footstalks. The flowers are produced from the bosom of the leaves upon short footstalks; and are succeeded by small roundish berries, of a black colour when ripe.

2. PRINOS verticillatus. Virginian Winter­Berry.

This grows naturally in moist places, by streams of water; generally sending up several slender stalks to the height of eight or ten feet, dividing into a few branches towards the top. The leaves are lance­shaped, sharp pointed, and acutely sawed on their edges; having short slender footstalks, and placed alternately. The flowers come out at the bosom of the leaves in small Corymbi or Clusters; of an her­baceous colour. They are succeeded by roundish berries of a red colour when ripe, and remaining long on the branches, almost surrounding them in places and somewhat resembling a whorl.

Note, The inner bark of this shrub is very good to make poultices of for ripening tumors.

1. PRUNUS americana. Large Yellow Sweet Plumb.

This generally rises to the height of twelve or fif­teen feet, spreading into many stiff branches. The leaves are oblong, oval, acute pointed, sharply saw­ed on their edges and much veined. The flowers generally come out very thick round the branches, often upon thick short spurs; and are succeeded by large oval fruit, with a sweet succulent pulp. We have a great variety of these, growing naturally in a good, moist soil, with reddish and yellowish fruit, but differing much in size, taste, and consistence.

2. PRUNUS angustifolia. Chicasaw Plumb.

This is scarcely of so large a growth as the former, but rising with a stiff shrubby stalk, dividing into many branches, which are garnished with smooth lance-shaped leaves, much smaller and narrower than the first kind; a little waved on their edges, mark­ed with very fine, slight, coloured serratures, and of an equal, shining green colour, on both sides. The blossoms generally come out very thick, and are succeeded by oval, or often somewhat egg-shap­ed fruit, with a very thin skin, and soft sweet pulp. There are varieties of this with yellow and crimson coloured fruit. These being natives of the southern states, are somewhat impatient of much cold.

3. PRUNUS mississippi. Crimson Plumb.

This grows naturally upon the Mississippi, and is of larger size than most of the other kinds. The fruit are crimson coloured, and somewhat acid.

4. PRUNUS maritima. Sea side Plumb.

This grows naturally towards the sea coast, rising to the height of eight or ten feet, often leaning, and spreading into many branches. The leaves are ob­long, rather smaller and not so pointed as those of the common plumb; smooth and of a shining green on the upper side, but something lighter underneath, and slightly sawed on the edges. This is generally well filled with flowers, a few of which are succeed­ed by small, roundish fruit.

5. PRUNUS declinata. Dwarf Plumb.

This is of a small dwarfish growth, seldom rising above four or five feet high, but frequently bearing fruit at the height of two or three; which is small, and almost black when ripe.

To this Genus also belongs

1. PRUNUS-CERASUS virginiana. Virginian Bird­Cherry-Tree.

This grows naturally in a rich moist soil, often to the height of forty feet or more, with a trunk of [Page 113] eighteen or twenty inches in diameter, generally re­taining its thickness a considerable height, and branching out towards the top. The leaves are lance-shaped, or long, narrow, pointed, and sawed on their edges. The flowers are produced in bunches, generally pretty thick set on the branches; they are of a white colour, and are succeeded by small fruit, of a purplish colour when ripe, and of a disagreeable, bitter taste, but greedily devoured by the birds.

The timber is of a reddish streaked colour, capa­ble of receiving a fine polish; and is frequently saw­ed into boards, and used by joiners, cabinent-mak­ers, &c. for many purposes.

2. PRUNUS-CERASUS canadensis. Canadian, or Dwarf Bird-Cherry-Tree.

This is a small kind, growing to the height of six or eight feet, and dividing into branches, which are furnished with broader and shorter leaves, somewhat resembling those of the Apple, or Crab-tree, but smaller. The flowers are produced in a racemus, or bunch, composed of more footstalks than the Virginian kind; and are succeeded by fruit of near the same colour and size, not of so bitter a taste, but greatly corrugating the mouth and throat, so as to obtain the name of Choak-Cherry.

3. PRUNUS-CERASUS montana. Mountain Bird-Cher­ry-Tree.

This grows naturally upon the mountains in the back parts of Pennsylvania; rising up with a slender stem to the height of twelve or fifteen feet, and di­viding into a few very slender branches, furnished with leaves resembling the first, or Virginian kind. [Page 114] The fruit is likewise produced in the same manner, but is smaller, of a red colour, and an extremely acid taste.

And also to the Genus Prunus, belongs,

PRUNUS-LAURO-CERASUS serratifolia. Carolinian Evergreen Bay-tree.

This is a beautiful evergreen shrub, but of small growth; spreading with lateral branches, on every side and covered with a brown bark. The leaves are spear-shaped, above two inches long and three quarters of an inch or more in breadth, with a few sharp serratures on their edges, standing alternately on very short footstalks, of a thick consistence, and shining green colour, continuing their verdure all the year. The flowers are generally very numerous, perfectly white, and are succeeded by roundish fruit of the size of a middling cherry, of a black colour when ripe. This is a native of South Carolina, and other southern States.

PTELEA trifoliata. Carolinian Shrub-Trefoil.

This rises with an upright woody stem, to the height of ten or twelve feet, dividing into many branches, covered with a smooth greyish bark. The leaves are trifoliate, or composed of three oval, spear-shaped lobes, of a bright green on their upper side, but paler underneath, and inserted together at the end of a pretty long footstalk. The flowers ter­minate the branches in a kind of umbel, or large branching heads, of a whitish herbaceous colour; and are succeeded by roundish flat, bordered cap­sules, somewhat resembling those of the Elm, each containing two seeds.

1. PYROLA maculata. Spotted Pyrola.

This is a small plant, seldom rising above four or five inches high, with slender ligneous stalks. The leaves are ever-green, oblong and pointed, of a thick consistence, with a few sharp serratures on their edges; smooth and of a dark green on their upper sides, but marked with a broad, branching, longi­tudinal vein or streak, of a whitish or paler colour; and somewhat reddish underneath. There are gene­rally three or four of these placed at the top of the stem somewhat horizontally, and sometimes smaller ones beneath, set by threes. The flowers are like­wise produced at the top upon a pretty long, (nod­ding at first, but afterwards erect) divided footstalk, often sustaining two or three white flowers, which are succeeded by roundish, depressed capsules, filled with small seeds.

2. PYROLA rotundifolia. Round leaved Pyrola.

This is of smaller growth than the former, hav­ing about three or four roundish leaves, rising from the root, with pretty long three sided footstalks, channelled above. These often become pretty large and a little waved on their edges, they are of a light green, and scarcely perennial. The flowers are pro­duced upon a radical triangular footstalk, of four or five inches in length, in form of a racemus or bunch, supporting five or six white flowers, which are suc­ceeded by small, round, depressed capsules.

3. PYROLA umbellata. Umbellated Pyrola.

This grows commonly to the height of five or six inches, generally set pretty thick with leaves, which are wedge-shaped or narrowest towards the base, smooth, of a shining green, and sharply sawed on their edges. The flowers terminate the stalks on a pretty long divided footstalk, in a kind of little um­bel, which is nodding at first but becomes erect, sup­porting five or six round, pentagonal, depressed cap­sules, filled with small seeds.

A decoction or infusion of this, has been used with considerable success as a substitute for the Peru­vian bark. The roots are said to give ease in the tooth ach. This kind is called by the Indians Phip­sesawa.

PYRUS-MALUS coronaria. Virginian Sweet-scented Crab-Tree.

This often grows to the height of twelve or fifteen feet, dividing into many stiff branches, set pretty thick with short stiff spurs. The leaves are somewhat like those of the Apple-tree, but often toothed, or largely and irregularly sawed on their edges. The flowers generally come out thick upon the branches, upon pretty long dividing footstalks; they are pretty large, of a beautiful blush colour, and fragrant odour at their first appearance. The fruit is small, hard, roundish, umbilicated, and extremely acid. It is frequently used for conserves, &c. There is said to be a variety of this in Carolina with evergreen leaves, though I have never seen it.

1. QUERCUS alba. Common American White Oak.

This grows very common, and with age arrives to the size of a large tree of seventy or eighty feet in height, and of three, four, five, or more feet in diameter; dividing into many large branches, and covered with a whitish scaly bark. The leaves are narrowed towards the base, but spreading and deeply sinuated obliquely, towards the ends; the sinuses ob­tuse, the angles, or productions unequal in length, entire and obtuse. They are of a glaucous, or light green underneath and have very short footstalks. The acorns are middling sized, sitting in small shal­low cups. There are some varieties of this, differing in the hardness and toughness of the timber, and somewhat in their acorns or fruit. It affords a hard, tough, useful and valuable timber, which is hewed into beams, &c. for frame buildings; sawed into plank, &c. for ship building; and applied to various other useful purposes. Our swine are often wholly fatted upon the several kinds of acorns, but for these and Chesnut Oak they seek most diligently.

2. QUERCUS alba minor. Barren White Oak.

This grows generally upon poor, barren, or waste land, rising perhaps to the height of thirty or forty feet, covered with scaly greyish bark. The leaves are somewhat rough, but of a shining green above, somewhat paler underneath; they are sinuated deep­ly, most obtusely, and irregularly; the lobes or pro­ductions. (if I may be allowed the expression) are obtuse, often somewhat angular, and very irregular. The acorns are small and striped. The timber is ac­counted very durable for posts, to set in the earth; otherwise not much esteemed unless for fuel.

3. QUERCUS alba palustris. Swamp White Oak.

This becomes a pretty large spreading tree, of two or three feet in diameter and of proportionable height. The bark is often rougher or more furrowed than the other kinds, and greyish coloured. The leaves are somewhat wedge-shaped or narrowed towards the base, and toothed on their edges and extremities. The acorns are larger and rounder than those of the common White Oak, and have larger and thicker cups, supported often by pairs upon a long, strong footstalk.

Quercus nigra. Black Oak.
4. QUERCUS nigra. Common Pennsylvanian Black Oak.

This grows to the height of sixty or seventy feet, and to three or four feet in diameter, with large spreading branches. The leaves are large, spread­ing, and somewhat woolly; their footstalks longer than those of the White Oak. They are irregular­ly [Page 121] and sometimes pretty deeply sinuated, the angles or productions unequal, generally obtuse, yet with their veins extending in a bristly point. The acorns are roundish and not large, sitting in thick scaly cups. There is, I think, a variety of this of much smaller growth, with larger leaves and different somewhat in the fruit. Our common Black Oak is used much (where Cedar is scarce) for making shingles, and also for rails, &c.

5. QUERCUS nigra digituta. Finger-leaved Black Oak.

This grows naturally in low lands, rising to the height of thirty or forty feet, with a trunk of con­siderable thickness, covered with a rough blackish bark. The leaves are sinuated, or divided towards their extremities into two or three pretty long, some­what finger-shaped lobes, of unequal length, with others shorter, sometimes at the sides; all of which end in a bristly point. The acorns are small, but the cups pretty large.

6. QUERCUS nigra trifida. Maryland Black Oak.

This grows naturally in Maryland, and other low lands, with a trunk of eighteen inches or two feet in diameter, and thirty or forty feet in height. The leaves are wedge-shaped, or narrowed towards the base, and three-pointed, with bristly terminations. The acorns and cups resemble the last mentioned.

7. QUERCUS nigra integrifolia. Entire-leaved Black Oak.

This grows about the size of the other low-land Black Oak, and is of the same appearance, except [Page 122] the leaves being somewhat inverse egg-shaped, and often a little notched or indented on each side to­wards the extremity.

8. QUERCUS nigra pumila. Dwarf Black Oak.

This grows naturally upon poor barren ridges, rising to the height of five or six feet, with a crook­ed, branching stem. The leaves are about three pointed, much resembling those of the Maryland Black Oak. The acorns are small, and stand in small shallow cups. This, I believe, is of little use or beauty.

Quercus rubra. Red Oak.
9. QUERCUS rubra maxima. Largest Red Oak.

This often becomes a large tree, of the height of seventy or eighty feet and of four, five, or sometimes six feet in diameter; retaining its thickness to a con­siderable height, and without lateral branches, but spreading at the top. The leaves are large, obtuse­ly and but lightly sinuated, the angles acute, each often terminating with several acute, bristly points. The acorns are large and somewhat conical, sitting in broad shallow cups. The timber is used for staves, shingles, rails, &c.

10. QUERCUS rubra ramosislima. Water Red Oak.

This grows most naturally by creek sides, or in low wet places, rising to the height of a pretty large tree; generally thick set with slender lateral branches, and covered with somewhat smooth, greyish colour­ed bark. The leaves are small, obtusely and deep­ly [Page 123] sinuated, pretty uniformly, almost to the midrib; the angles or lobes are narrow, acute, and unequal, each terminating with several bristly points. The acorns and cups are small. This is generally known by the name of Water or Low Land Spanish Oak. The buts of these trees are often used for rimming of carriage wheels, &c.

11. QUERCUS rubra montana. Upland Red Oak.

This grows naturally upon higher and [...] land than the others, often attaining to fifty or sixty feet in height. The bark is somewhat rough and light­ish coloured. The leaves are deeply and obtusely sinuated, somewhat regularly; the angles somewhat bitrifid, or ending in several acute, bristly points; their footstalks are pretty long. The acorns and cups are middling sized. The timber is generally worm eaten, or rotten at heart, therefore of little esteem. It is likewise commonly known by the name of Spanish Oak; and, I think, has some va­rieties differing in the size of their fruit and leaves.

12. QUERCUS rubra nana. Dwarf Barren Oak.

This grows naturally upon dry barren ridges, and is found from five to ten feet high, generally grow­ing very crooked. The leaves are smaller, but some­what resemble those last described. The acorns and cups are small, the acorns red at the base and strip­ed when taken first from their cups. It is called barren from its place of growth, but is generally al­most covered with fruit, sitting very close on all sides of the branches.

[Page 124] Quercus Phellos. Willow-leaved Oak.

13. QUERCUS Phellos angustifolia. Narrow Willow-leaved Oak.

This grows naturally in low lands, and to the height of fifty or sixty feet, with a trunk of consi­derable size. The leaves are entire, smooth, oblong, and lance-shaped, of about three inches in length and half and inch in breadth, and have very short footstalks. The acorns and cups are small. The timber is found and good.

14. QUERCUS Phellos latifolia. Broad Willow-leaved Oak.

This tree very much resembles the other in every respect, except in having leaves of about double the width; and broader but perhaps shorter cups and acorns.

15. QUERCUS Phellos sempervirens. Ever­green Willow-leaved Oak.

This grows naturally in Carolina, becoming a pretty large tree, of the height of forty feet or more. The leaves are perennial, entire, somewhat oval, spear-shaped, of a dark green colour and thick con­sistence. The acorns are small, oblong, sitting in short cups, and containing a very sweet kernel. The timber is hard, tough and coarse grained.

[Page 125] Quercus Prinus. Chesnut-leaved Oak.

16. QUERCUS Prinus. Chesnut-leaved Oak.

This grows naturally upon a light gravelly soil, frequently to forty feet or more in height, and above two feet in diameter; covered with a furrowed, lightish coloured bark. The leaves are somewhat oval and uniformly crenated on their edges, or ra­ther sometimes obtusely toothed. The acorns are smooth and large, greenish coloured and sitting in shallow spreading cups. The timber somewhat ap­proaches towards that of Chesnut in appearance, but affords very good fuel, rails, &c.

17. QUERCUS Prinus humilis. Dwarf Ches­nut or Chinquepin Oak.

This generally rises with several shrubby, spread­ing stalks, to the height of two or three feet. The leaves are somewhat wedge-shaped and toothed, or slightly and obliquely sinuated. The acorns and cups pretty much resemble those of the large kind, but are considerably smaller.

It may not be improper here to make some re­marks with respect to cutting, or felling of timber. Long experience, I think, hath sufficiently ascertain­ed, that timber cut down in the spring of the year, when full of sap, and the leaves fully expanded; and also in the third or last quarter of the moon's age; is much more durable than when cut at any other time. Timber when full of sap and vigour, in all probability, contains also more oily particles, which, in proportion as they abound, are known to add to its durability. With regard to the influence of the moon, it may probably be accounted a super­stitious [Page 126] or whimsical fancy, but that it materially af­fects timber is a fact well known to those who strip, or; peel bark for the use of tanners; and when ac­counted for in one case, may probably throw some light upon the other. But further, it is also a fact well known, that timber, whose bark has been suffi­ciently separated and peeled round at the but, in or­der for deading, as it is termed; if done in the de­crease of the moon, retains its greenness often a con­siderable time; but if in the increase, withers in a much shorter time. From hence, I think, we may conclude, that the sap or juice of trees, has a kind of monthly circulation, or revolution; ascending in the moon's decrease, but descending in the increase. However, be this as it may, the falling of timber in the different phasis of the moon, is considently as­serted, from experience, to materially affect its du­rability.

RHODODENDRUM maximum. Pennsylvanian Mountain Laurel.

This grows to the height of about six or eight feet, often with several stems from the same root. The leaves are oblong and entire, generally about four or five inches in length and one and a half or near two in breadth: of a thick consistence, and shining dark green on the upper side but lighter un­derneath, continuing their verdure all the year. The flowers are pretty large and of a pale rose co­lour, studded with spots of a deeper red, having their tubes a little bent. They are produced at the extremity of the former year's shoots, in roundish clusters, making a beautiful appearance. This is much and deservedly esteemed as a very beautiful, evergreen, flowering shrub.

1. RHUS Copallinum. Lentiscus-leaved Sumach.

This grows to the height of six, eight, or some­times ten feet, dividing into slender branches, and covered with speckled bark. The leaves are wing­ed, and composed of four or five pair of narrow, entire lobes, terminated by an odd one; joined to a common footstalk; with decurrent, leaffy expansi­ons between each pair of lobes. The flowers are produced in loose, compound panicles, of an her­baceous colour, and are succeeded by reddish seeds, sprinkled with a greyish pounce. This grows natu­rally in a flaty, gravelly soil. The berries are very acid. There are some varieties of this, much re­sembling it but of smaller growth, and with redder berries.

2. RHUS glabrum. Smooth Pennsylvanian Su­mach.

This grows naturally in several of the northern States, rising to the height of six or eight feet, di­viding in a few thick, pithy and somewhat angled branches; covered with a smooth bark. The leaves are large and winged, composed of eight, nine, or ten pair of lobes, and an odd one; oblong, point­ed and sawed on their edges; of a pretty deep green on their upper sides, but much lighter underneath and changing reddish in autumn. The flowers are hermaphrodite and female on separate plants, and are produced in large, erect, compounded panicles, or thyrsi, terminating the branches; of an herbace­ous colour; the hermaphrodite of which are largest and barren, but the female are succeeded by seeds with a red meally covering, of an acid taste.

3. RHUS typhinum. Stag's-horn Sumach.

This grows naturally in Virginia and Pennsylva­nia, often rising to the height of twelve or fifteen feet, with a trunk of six or eight inches in diame­ter; dividing at the top into several branches; which, when young, are covered with a soft, velvet-like down, resembling that of a young stag's horn, both in colour and texture. The leaves are composed of six or seven pair of oblong lobes, terminated by an odd one, ending in acute points, and together with the midrib, a little hairy underneath. The flowers are produced in a close, erect panicle or thyrsus, terminating the branches; they are of an herbace­ous colour and are succeeded by seeds enclosed in a purple, woolly, succulent covering; making a fine appearance in the autumn.

4. RHUS canadense. Canadian trifoliate Sumach.

This grows naturally in Canada, and perhaps the northern parts of Pennsylvania. The stems are slen­der, rising to the height of six or eight feet, and covered with a brown bark. The leaves are com­posed [Page 130] of three lobes, somewhat egg-shaped and joined to a common footstalk. The flowers are male and female on different plants.

1. RHUS-TOXICODENDRON Vernix. Varnish-Tree, or Poison Ash.

This rises with a pretty strong, erect stem, to the height of twelve or fourteen feet; dividing towards the top into several branches. The leaves are wing­ed, and composed of three or four pair of lobes, terminated by an odd one; which are for the most part oval, spear-shaped, smooth, and of a lucid green on their upper side, but paler and a little hairy un­derneath; their footstalks changing of a purple co­lour in autumn. The male and female flowers are produced upon different trees, and are disposed in loose panicles, coming out from the bosom of the leaves; of an herbaceous colour. The female are succeeded by small, roundish seeds, of a lightish co­lour when ripe. This is allowed to be the same with the true Varnish-tree of Japan; where it is col­lected in great quantities, by making incisions in the trees and placing vessels underneath to receive the milky juice, which hardens and becomes the true varnish; much used in various kinds of curious workmanship. This, in all probability, might be collected here equal in quality with that of Japan and to considerable advantage. This tree ought to [Page 131] be handled with caution, as it is very poisonous to many people.

2. RHUS-TOXICODENDRON toxicodendrum. Poison-Oak.

This has a low, shrubby stalk, seldom rising above three or four feet. The leaves are trifoliate, with pretty long footstalks, the lobes are entire, smooth and somewhat heart-shaped. The flowers come out from the sides of the stalks, in loose panicles of an herbaceous colour; small, and not always herma­phrodite. They are succeeded by roundish, chan­nelled, smooth berries, of a yellowish grey colour when ripe.

3. RHUS-TOXICODENDRON radicans. Poison-Vine.

This rises with many shrubby climing stems, at­taching themselves to every neighbouring support; and often rising to the height of twenty or thirty feet, with a stem of two or three inches in diameter; sending off many branches. The leaves are trifoli­ate, and have pretty long footstalks; the lobes are somewhat oval and pointed, often somewhat toothed. The flowers are produced in short panicles from the sides of the branches, and are succeeded by round­ish berries, of a brownish colour when ripe.

1. RIBES nigrum pennsylvanicum. Pennsyl­vanian Black Currants.

This grows to the height of the common cultivat­ed Currant, but the stalks are generally more slen­der and covered with a darkish, smooth bark. The leaves have the same resemblance but are smaller. The flowers grow in loose bunches, and are succeed­ed by oblong, black fruit when ripe.

Grossulariae aculeatae. Goose-berries.

2. RIBES oxycanthoides. Mountain Wild Goose­berry.

These grow to the size of the common Goose ber­ry, but have smaller stems and hot branching so much; but near the earth are often prickly on all sides. The leaves are smaller but have the same appearance. The fruit is also much smaller but of an agreeable taste when ripe. This either by a little culture becomes smooth, otherwise we have a different kind, not more prickly than the common.

3. RIBES cynosbati. Prickly fruited Wild Goose-berry.

This grows naturally in Canada and the upper parts of Pennsylvania; and much resembles the other, except in having its fruit covered on all sides with softish prickles.

1. ROBINIA Pseud-Acacia. White flowering Robinia, or Locust-Tree.

This grows naturally in several of these States; rising to the height of forty or fifty feet, with a trunk of eighteen or twenty inches in diameter, di­viding [Page 134] into many branches which are armed with short, strong spines. The bark is darkish coloured and rough. The leaves are winged and generally composed of eight or ten pair of small, oval lobes, terminated by an odd one; entire, of a bright green and sitting close to the midrib. The flowers are pro­duced from the sides of the branches in long pendu­lous bunches, each having a separate footstalk; they are white, of a butterfly shape and sweet smelling; and are succeeded by compressed pods, of three or four inches in length and half an inch in width, con­taining several hard, kidney-shaped seeds. The tim­ber is very durable, and used for posts to set in the earth, and other purposes; therefore, the propaga­tion of it might be well worthy of attention. Its natural place of growth is in a rich moist soil.

2. ROBINIA rosea. Rose coloured Robinia.

This spreads much from its running roots, send­ing up weak branching stalks, to the height of six or eight feet, but often flowering much smaller. The whole plant, with the footstalks of the leaves and flowers, are closely armed with soft, purplish spines. The leaves are winged and composed of five or six pair of oval, concave lobes, terminated by an odd one, with their midribs protruding in short bristly points. The flowers are larger than those of the other kind and of a Peach blossom colour, with their stamina distinctly in two bodies; whereas those of the other are frequently all joined at the base. This is a beautiful flowering shrub, sometimes flow­ering twice or more in a season, but seldom produc­ing seeds. There are several other varieties differ­ing somewhat in their pods or colour of their flow­ers.

1. ROSA carolinensis. Wild Virginian Rose.

This rises with several stalks to the height of five or six feet, somewhat prickly, as are also the foot­stalks of the leaves and flowers. The leaves are composed of four or five pair of lobes terminated with an odd one, which are somewhat spear-shaped and sawed on their edges. The flowers are single of a red colour and late coming.

2. ROSA palustris. Swamp Pennsylvanian Rose.

This grows generally in swamps; rising to the height of four or five feet, with erect, and very prickly stems, branching out at top in a regular head. The leaves are composed of three pair of lobes, terminated by an odd one, of an oblong, oval [Page 136] shape and slightly serrated, joined to a common footstalk with a few spines underneath. The flowers are single and of a damask colour; the hips or seed-vessels are of a dark red, roundish, depressed, prick­ly or bristly, and very clammy to the touch.

3. ROSA humilis. Dwarf Pennsylvanian Rose.

This rises with several slender stems to the height of two or three feet; covered with a brownish green bark, and armed with a few sharp spines. The leaves are composed of three or four pair of lobes, and an odd one, of an oblong egg-shape and sharply sawed on their edges. The leaves of the flower cup have often linear, leaffy elongations. The flowers are single and of a pale reddish colour.

4. ROSA Pennsylvanica plena. Double Penn­sylvanian Rose.

This very much resembles the last described in growth and appearance, except in having a double flower.

1. RUBUS fruticosus. Common Blackberry Bush.

This rises generally (with several stalks from the same root) to the height of four or five feet, but sometimes to eight or ten: which are somewhat an­gled, and pretty thick set with sharp prickles. The leaves are composed of three lobes, the side ones of which are often divided; mostly egg-shaped, point­ed, acutely and unequally sawed on their edges, a little hairy underneath, and joined to a pretty long prickly footstalk, the middle one extending some little distance from the others. This is generally well furnished with flowers, which often stand upon panicled, or divided footstalks, and are succeeded by black fruit when ripe.

2. RUBUS hispidus. American Dewberry Bush.

This is much smaller than the other, having seve­ral slender weak stems, which often trail on the ground to a considerable distance. The leaves very much resemble those of the Blackberry, but are ge­nerally smaller. The fruit is also smaller, rounder and blacker; and supported upon long, simple, prick­ly footstalks.

3. RUBUS canadensis. Smooth stalked Canadian Bramble.

This is said to grow in Canada with purplish stalks without prickles. The leaves are fingered; com­posed of ten, five, and three lobes, which are very slender, lance-shaped, and sharply serrated.

4. RUBUS occidentalis. American Raspberry.

This rises with a round prickly stalk, of seven or eight feet in length, which often descends again to the earth in a semi-circular manner, sometimes tak­ing root. The stalks are covered with a thin bluish scum or mist, and furnished with trifoliate leaves. The lobes are somewhat heart, or egg-shaped; cut and sawed on their edges, whitish and downy under­neath, the lateral ones sometimes divided, the com­mon footstalk pretty long, and the middle or termi­nal lobe a little subtended. The flowers are produ­ced at the extremity of the branches in a kind of ra­cemus or bunch, and are succeeded by small fruit of a reddish black colour when ripe; the acini of which are joined, parting entire from the conical receptacle.

5. RUBUS odoratus. Virginian Rose-flowering Raspberry.

This rises with upright woody stalks, without prickles, to the height of three or four feet, cover­ed with a brown scaly bark. The leaves are single, large, palmated or divided into five or more pointed lobes, sharply sawed on their edges, a little hairy, and joined to pretty long, hairy footstalks. The flowers are produced in a kind of panicle at the ex­tremity of the branches, of a curdled reddish colour; [Page 139] resembling a small single Rose, both in their petals; and divisions of their flower cups which are villous, and terminate in leaffy elongations. This grows na­turally on rocky mountains in Pennsylvania and Vir­ginia, and makes an agreeable appearance by a long succession of rose-shaped flowers.

1. SALIX nigra. Rough American Willow.

This rises often with a leaning or crooked trunk to the height of about twenty feet, covered with a [Page 140] dark coloured, rough bark. The leaves are smooth and of equal colour on both sides; narrow, lance­shaped, and very slightly serrated. The Katkins are long and slender.

** With serrated villose leaves.

2. SALIX sericea. Ozier, or Silky leaved Wil­low.

This rises generally to the height of eight or ten feet, with many shrubby stalks, covered with pretty smooth, dark, greenish bark. The leaves are short­er and somewhat broader than the other kind, lance­shaped, silky underneath, and very slightly serrated on the edges.

*** With entire villose leaves.

3. SALIX humilis. Dwarf Willow.

This seldom rises above three or four feet, with greenish, somewhat downy stalks. The leaves are larger than the other kinds, entire, oblong, some­what oval, and glaucous or whitish underneath. There are some varieties of larger growth, belong­ing either to this or the last mentioned kind.

1. SAMBUCUS nigra. American Black-berried Elder.

This rises generally to the height of six or eight feet, with a stem sometimes of two or three inches in diameter. The leaves are generally composed of three pair of lobes and an odd one, which are some­what oval, pointed, sharply sawed on their edges, a little hairy on both sides, light coloured under­neath and joined to pretty large, channelled foot­stalks, placed opposite. The flowers are produced at the extremities of the same year's shoots in a kind of umbel, of five principal parts, again divided: they are white and are succeeded by berries which are blackish when ripe. An infusion of the inner bark is purgative. From the berries may be pre­pared a spirit, a wine, and an oil, which promote urine, perspiration and sweat.

2. SAMBUCUS canadensis. Canadian Red-ber­ried Elder.

This grows naturally upon Mountain sides, or moist, rich, shaded places, in the back parts of Penn­sylvania. It has much the appearance of the other kind, but produces red berries, which are ripe the latter end of June, at the time the other is in flower.

1. SMILAX Sarsaparilla. Ivy leaved rough Bindweed, or Sarsaparilla.

This grows naturally in Virginia and to the south­ward, rising up with prickly, angular stalks. The leaves are without prickles, oval shaped, pointed, and three nerved.

2. SMILAX virginiana. Lanceolate-leaved rough Bindweed.

The stalks of this are slender, angular and prickly. The leaves are without spines, spear-shaped and pointed; their bases not eared.

With a round prickly stem.
3. SMILAX rotundifolia. Canadian round leaved Smilax.

The stalks of this are round and winding, with a few straight spines. The leaves are heart-shaped, without spines, five-nerved, having short footstalks with two slender claspers.

4. SMILAX laurifolia. Bay leaved rough Bind-weed.

This hath a round stalk, armed with prickles or spines. The leaves are of an oval lance-shape, with­out spines, and of thicker consistence than those of the other species. The flowers are small and whit­ish, the berries black when ripe.

5. SMILAX tamnoides. Bryony leaved rough Bindweed.

The stems of this are armed with prickles and round; climing upon the neighbouring trees for sup­port. The leaves are without spines, of an oblong heart-shape and five nerved. The berries are black.

6. SMILAX caduca. Three-nerved-leaved rough Bindweed.

This rises with round, naked, winding stalks, armed with many straight, black pointed spines and covered with a green bark. The leaves are ovate, pointed, three nerved and annual. The berries black.

[Page 144] With a square smooth stem.

7. SMILAX bona nox. Carolinian prickly leaved Smilax.

The stalks of this are angular and without spines. The leaves are broad, and ciliated or set upon the margin with spines. There is also a variety with narrow rough leaves, cared at the base and angular.

With a smooth round stem.

8. SMILAX lanceolata. Red berried Virginian Smilax.

The stalks of this are smooth and round. The leaves are without spines and lance-shaped. The berries red coloured.

9. SMILAX Pseudo China. Bastard China.

This hath smooth round stalks. The leaves are without spines, those on the stalks heart-shaped, but on the branches lance-shaped. The berries are black and supported on very long footstalks.

SORBUS americana. American Service Tree.

This grows naturally upon the mountains towards Canada; rising to the height of about fifteen or eigh­teen feet, with an erect stem dividing into several branches. The leaves are winged, composed of eight or nine pair of lobes, terminated by an odd one; which are narrow and sawed on their edges. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the branches in form of an umbel, and are succeeded by roundish berries of a red colour when ripe.

1. SPIRAEA hypericifolia. Canadian Spiraea, or Hypericum-srutex.

This rises generally to the height of four or five feet, dividing into many slender branches, and co­vered with a dark brown bark. The leaves are ob­long, entire, and smooth, resembling those of St. John's-wort, and placed opposite. The flowers are yellow, and disposed in small umbels, sitting close to the stalks, each having a long, slender footstalk; and are succeeded by oblong, pointed capsules, filled with small seeds. This makes a very good appear­ance when in flower.

2. SPIRAEA opulifolia. Guelder Rose-leaved Spiraea, or Nine-Bark.

This rises with many shrubby branching stalks, covered with a brown scaly bark, to the height of five or six feet. The leaves are somewhat three parted, the two side divisions or lobes small, obtuse and near the base; the middle one large and point­ed; they are also slightly crenated and sawed on their edges. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the branches, in form of a corymbus or cluster: they are white with some spots of pale red, and are succeeded by clusters of greenish, inflated cap­sules.

SPIRAEA caroliniana. Carolinian Guelder Rose-leaved Spiraea.

This is a variety of the former, and resembles it much in growth and appearance.

3. SPIRAEA tomentosa. Scarlet flowered Philadel­phian Spiraea.

This grows naturally in Pennsylvania; rising with slender, branching stalks to the height of three or four feet, having a purple bark, covered with a grey meally down. The leaves are small, spear­shaped, unequally sawed on their edges, of a bright green on their upper sides, but downy and veined underneath. The flowers terminate the branches in form of a racemus or bunch; they are small and of a beautiful red colour.

4. SPIRAEA tomentosa alba. White flowered Phila­delphian Spiraea.

This is a variety of the former; rising with slen­der stalks to the height of four or five feet. The leaves are small and of thin texture, of an oblong oval, or somewhat wedge shape, slightly and sharp­ly sawed on their edges, and a little downy on both sides. The flowers are produced in manner of the former, of a beautiful white, making a pretty ap­pearance. This is called Indian Pipe Shank, from the pithy stems being used by the natives for that purpose.

STAPHYLAEA trifoliata. Three-leaved Blad­der-nut-Tree.

This rises generally to the height of eight or ten feet, dividing into many branches, placed opposite. The bark of the stem and old branches are of a greyish colour, but of the young shoots of a light green. The leaves are trifoliate, the middle lobe having a footstalk; the lobes are oval, lance-shaped, slightly and sharply sawed on their edges, and joined to pretty long common footstalks, placed opposite. The flowers are produced upon pretty long, panicled footstalks; they are white and are succeeded by pretty large, three-sided bladders or capsules, en­closing a few roundish, hard seeds.

STEWARTIA Malacodendron. Virginian Stewartia.

This grows naturally in Virginia; rising with strong stems to the height of ten or twelve feet, and covered with a brown bark. The leaves are oval and somewhat spear-shaped, most slightly serrated and villose underneath. The flowers are large and white, produced singly, and sitting close upon the small branches. The seed-vessels are dry, somewhat conical, ligneous capsules, having five sharp angles, and five cells, each containing one oblong smooth seed. This makes a beautiful appearance when well filled with its large white flowers.

STYRAX americana. Carolinian Storax-Tree.

This grows naturally in Carolina; rising with a pretty strong stem to the height of ten or twelve feet, covered with a smooth brownish bark, and dividing into many slender branches. The leaves are pretty large, oval shaped, a little pointed, scarce observably toothed, of a deep green, and a little downy on the upper surface, but lighter and much more downy underneath; having short footstalks, which together with the young shoots, are also woolly or downy. The flowers are produced upon the small branches, in a kind of racemus or bunch; supporting a few scattered flowers, which are white, pendulous, and have each ten stamina and somewhat the fragrance of an Orange flower. They are succeeded by round­ish seed-vessels, each containing two roundish, point­ed nuts or seeds.

TAXUS canadensis. Canadian Yew-Tree.

This shrub is of low growth, but divided into many branches spreading on every side. The leaves are narrow, stiff, linear, pointed, and evergreen; thick set upon all sides of the branches, but inclin­ing upwards. The flowers come out thick upon the sides of the branches and are succeeded by oval, red succulent berries, open at top, and enclosing an oval brown seed. This is a beautiful evergreen shrub, capable of being formed into any shape.

THUYA occidentalis. American Arbor Vitae.

This grows naturally in Canada, and other north­ern parts of America; rising to the height of thirty or forty feet, with a pretty strong stem, sending off many branches, which are produced irregularly and stand almost horizontally. The bark of young trees is of a dark brown and smooth, but afterward be­comes cracked and less smooth. The young branch­es are flat, and covered with very small leaves, lying over each other like scales of fish. The cones are small and loose, containing but few oblong, winged seeds.

THUYA variegata. Striped leaved Arbor Vitae.

This is a variety of the first, differing in having striped or variegated leaves.

THUYA odorata. American Sweet-scented Arbor Vitae.

This is also a variety of the same, agreeing with it in growth and appearance; but differing in its leaves or small branches, being of an agreeable, or sweet scent, when bruised.

1. TILIA americana. Americana black Lime, or Linden-Tree.

This often becomes a tree of a large size, covered with a dark brown bark, and dividing into many branches. The leaves are large, heart-shaped, point­ed, and sawed on their edges, of a deep green on their upper sides, but paler and a little hairy under­neath; and standing on long footstalks. The flow­ers are produced upon the small branches, and are remarkable for having an oblong bractea or floral leaf upon each footstalk; they are of an herbaceous colour, having narrow petals furnished with necta­ries at the base. The capsules are round, a little hairy [Page 154] hairy and about the size of a small pea, having each one roundish seed.

2. TILIA caroliniana. Carolinian oblique-leaved Lime-Tree.

This is of smaller growth than the former, rising commonly to the height of about forty feet, with a trunk of eighteen inches or more in diameter: co­vered with a lightish and somewhat surrowed bark, and sending off many branches. The leaves are smaller and smoother than those of the other kind, somewhat heart-shaped, ending in long points, un­equal at the base, or larger on one side of the midrib than the other, and slightly sawed on their edges. The bunches of flowers stand upon long slender footstalks, furnished with floral leaves. The flow­ers are small, and have narrow, pointed petals, fur­nished with nectaries or scales at the base; they diffuse a fragrant odour, and are continually haunted by bees during their continuance. An infusion of the flowers of Lime-tree has been used with success in an Epilepsy. The timber is too soft for any strong purposes, therefore, cheisly used by turners, carvers, &c. also, by architects in framing, models of build­ings, &c.

TILLANDSIA usneoides. Carolinian Tillandsia.

This is a parasite plant; or growing upon the branches of trees and hanging down with very slen­der, rough, branching threads or stalks, in manner of moss. The leaves are whitish and hoary.

1. ULMUS americana. American rough leaved Elm-Tree.

This rises to the height of about thirty feet, with a pretty strong trunk; dividing into many branches, and covered with a lightish coloured rough bark. The leaves are oblong, oval and sharp-pointed, somewhat unequally sawed on their edges, unequal at the base, very rough on their upper surface and hairy underneath. The flowers are produced thick upon the branches, upon short, collected footstalks; and are succeeded by oval, compressed, membrana­ceous seed-vessels, with entire margins; containing each one oval, compressed seed.

2. ULMUS mollifolia. American soft-leaved Elm.

This grows to the same size, or perhaps larger than the first kind. The leaves are of an oblong oval, sharp-pointed, unequal at the base, doubly serrated on their edges and hairy underneath: but smooth on the upper surface, of thinner texture and softer than those of the first kind. The seed-vessels are also considerably smaller, end nicked or cleft, and ciliated or fringed on the margin.

1. VACCINIUM arborcum. Winter, or Tree Wher­tle-Berry.

This grows naturally in Carolina; rising to the height of ten or fifteen feet, with a pretty strong stem, dividing towards the top into many branches. The fruit is small, ripening late in autumn.

2. VACCINIUM album. Pennsylvanian White Wher­tle-berry.

This is a small shrub, rising to the height of about two feet. The leaves are entire, egg-shaped and downy underneath. The flowers are produced at the ends of the branches, standing two or three to­gether upon very short, naked footstalks. The fruit is small and whitish.

3. VACCINIUM corymbosum. Cluster-flowered Vaccinium.

This grows naturally in swampy or moist places, rising to the height of five or six feet. The leaves are entire, oblong, oval, and somewhat downy un­derneath. The flowers are produced in clusters or rather one rowed, short, roundish bunches; set pret­ty close on the small branches. The fruit is of a dark purplish colour when ripe, and of an agreeable acid taste.

[Page 158] There are some varieties, I think, of this grow­ing upon higher ground, and of much smaller growth; the leaves of some of which are most slightly and sharply serrated.

4. VACCINIUM frondosum. Leasy Vaccinium, or In­dian Gooseberry.

This grows naturally upon Whortle-berry ground; rising to the height of three or four feet, generally with a leaning, crooked, branching stem. The leaves are entire and of an oval lance shape. The flowers are produced in frondose racemi or bunches, set with small oblong leaves, at the bosom of which the flowers come out, upon pretty long, simple, slender footstalks; they are somewhat bell-shaped, the antherae are very long, two horned: the horns two cleft. The fruit or berries are oval, and of the size of a small Gooseberry; reddish coloured, soft, succulent, and of a disagreeable taste.

5. VACCINIUM ligustrinum. Privet-leaved Whortle-berry.

This rises to the height of about two or three feet, dividing into small branches. The leaves are small and oblong. The flowers are produced in short ra­cemi, or bunches, which come out alternately, and thick upon the branches; and are naked, or without floral leaves. The berries are round, black and of an agreeable taste.

6. VACCINIUM stamineum. Long-lcaved Vaccinium.

This is also of small growth. The leaves are ob­long and very entire. The flowers come out at the bosom of the leaves, upon solitary, slender footstalks, [Page 159] each supporting one flower, which is of a spreading bell-shape and five cleft at the border.

** With evergreen leaves.

7. VACCINIUM hispidulum. Marsh Vaccinium, or Cranberry.

This grows naturally in mossy swamps, with slen­der, creeping stalks, covered with bristly scales. The leaves are oval, or somewhat oblong and shin­ing. The fruit or berries are large and reddish co­loured; and of a bitterish acid taste.

8. VACCINIUM pennsylvanicum. Myrtle leaved Vaccinium, or Cranberry.

The leaves of this are oval and sharp pointed. The flowers are white and nodding, produced from the bosom of the leaves. The berries are red and small.

1. VIBURNUM acerifolium. Maple-leaved Viburnum.

This rises generally to the height of four or five feet, with an erect, slender stem, sending off a few opposite branches. The leaves are somewhat three lobed, toothed, or pretty largely sawed on their edges; a little hairy underneath, and joined to round footstalks, placed opposite. The flowers terminate the stalks and branches in cymae (about seven parted) or kind of umbels; they are white and are succeed­ed by somewhat oval, compressed, black berries when ripe.

2. VIBURNUM dentatum. Toothed-leaved Viburnum, or Arrow Wood.

This grows naturally in moist places, rising up with several straight stems, to the height of ten or twelve feet, sending off several slender, opposite branches. The leaves are roundish or oval, pointed, and toothed on their edges, much veined and placed opposite, upon round, downy footstalks. The flow­ers are produced at the tops of the stalks and branch­es, in cymae or kind of umbels, about seven parted, in manner of those of the Elder but much smaller; they are white and are succeeded by dark bluish co­loured, oblong berries. The young shoots of this tree are generally used by the natives for arrows; whence it is known by the name of Arrow-wood.

3. VIBURNUM prunifolium. Black Haw.

This I take to be our common, small black Haw; which rises with a stiff stem to the height of about ten or fifteen feet, dividing into many branches, [Page 161] which are generally set pretty thick with short, strong, horizontal spurs or short branches, standing opposite. The bark of the trunk or stem is dark and rough, but of the young branches smooth. The leaves are of an oblong oval, smooth, finely and slightly ser­rated, and placed opposite upon channelled foot­stalks. The flowers terminate the branches in four parted cymae they are white and make a pretty good appearance. The berries are oblong, oval, compressed and black when ripe.

4. VIBURNUM nudum. Tinus leaved, or Swamp Viburnum.

This grows naturally in moist or swampy places, rising to the height of ten or twelve feet. The bark is smooth and of the young shoots purplish. The leaves are oval, lance-shaped, of a thick consistence and lucid green colour: often slightly serrated, and stand­ing opposite. The flowers are produced in manner of the other kinds and are succeeded by berries of nearly the same size and shape, changing black when ripe.

5. VIBURNUM Lentago. Canadian Viburnum.

This rises to the height of about ten or twelve feet, covered with a brown bark, and divided into many branches, which, when young, are covered with a smooth purplish bark. The leaves are smooth, oval, slightly sawed on their edges, and stand generally opposite upon short slender footstalks. The flowers are produced in manner of the other kinds and are succeeded by berries of the same shape, and black when ripe.

6. VIBURNUM alnifolium. Alder-leaved Viburnum.

This grows naturally in Carolina and other parts of America; rising with a shrubby stalk to the height of eight or ten feet, covered with a smooth purplish bark, and divided into several branches. The leaves are heart-shaped, oval, sharp-pointed, deeply sawed on their edges, strongly veined, and placed opposite upon long slender footstalks. The flowers are col­lected in large cymes or umbels at the ends of the branches, those ranged on the border are male, but the center is filled with hermaphrodite flowers, which are succeeded by pretty large, oval berries, red co­loured when ripe.

7. VIBURNUM triloba. Mountain Viburnum.

This grows naturally upon montains in the interior parts of Pennsylvania; rising with slender stems to the height of eight or ten feet. The leaves are some­what like those of the Guelder Rose or Snow-ball tree; they are narrow at the base, but spreading and divided into three sharp-pointed lobes, the middle one largest, longest, and sometimes slightly tooth­ed. The flowers are produced in form of the others, and are succeeded by berries of the same shape, of a pretty large size and red colour when ripe.

1. VISCUM rubrum. Red berried Misseltoe.

This grows upon the branches of trees and is not found growing in the earth as other plants. It rises with slender woody stalks, several inches in height, spreading and forming a tuft or bush. The leaves are lance-shaped and obtuse. The flowers are pro­duced in spikes from the sides of the stalks, and those of the female are succeeded by roundish red berries, containing each one heart-shaped, compressed seed, surrounded by a tough viscid substance.

2. VISCUM purpureum. Purple-berried Misseltoe.

This also rises up from the branches of trees like the other. The leaves are inverse-egg-shaped, or oval and narrowed towards the base. The flowers come out in racemi or bunches from the sides of the stalks; the female of which are succeeded by berries of a purple colour when ripe.

There is a variety of this with yellow leaves, resem­bling those of the box; the berries are also produced in bunches and are of a snowy white when ripe.

Misseltoe is most frequently found growing upon the Nyssa Sylvatica or Sour Gum, in the middle States, but to the southward upon oaks. It is pro­pagated by birds seeding upon the berries, the seeds [Page 164] of which, sometimes by their glutinosity adhere to the outside of their beaks, and are thus transported to neighbouring trees, and being wiped off upon their branches, stick fast, and germinate, producing new plants. From the berries of Misseltoe, Birdlime was formerly made; but for this purpose those of the common Holly are said to be better. This plant hath been much recommended for the cure of Epilepfies.

1. VITIS arborea. Carolinian Vine, or Pepper-Tree.

This grows naturally in Carolina, rising with slen­der, ligneous, climbing stalks, and fastening them­selves by tendrils to any neighbouring support. The leaves are branching and winged, composed general­ly of two side branches of five leaves each, two or three leaves, and terminating with three; which are small and somewhat toothed. The flowers are produced in loose clusters from the wings of the stalks; [Page 165] they are small and white, and are succeeded by small berries of a purplish colour when ripe.

2. VITIS vinifera americana. American Grape Vine.

There are many varieties of this, which generally rise up with strong stems, climbing by tendrils or claspers upon neighbouring trees for support, often to the height of thirty or forty feet, and of two, three or four inches in diameter; covered with a dark, rough, loose bark. The leaves are generally heart-shaped and somewhat three lobed; sawed on their edges, and downy or hairy underneath. The grapes are produced in bunches, in form of the Eu­ropean kinds, generally between the size of a Cur­rant and Gooseberry: darkish coloured, or with a light bluish cast, and for the most part of an acid agreeable taste.

3. VITIS vulpina. Fox-Grape Vine.

This in manner of growth hath much the appear­ance of the other kinds. The leaves are generally larger, and smooth, but whitish underneath. The fruit or grapes are about the size of a common cher­ry and have a strong scent, a little approaching to that of a Fox, whence the name of Fox-grape. There are also varieties of this, some with whitish or reddish fruit which is generally most esteemed, and others with black, of which are our largest grapes.

4. VITIS Labrusca. Wild American Vine.

The stems of this have the appearance of our other kinds. The leaves are generally less and of a [Page 166] thinner texture. The berries or grapes are produ­ced in loose bunches; they are small, and are of several kinds, some reddish, others of a shining black, and some of a bluish colour; all of an acerb disagreeable taste.

5. VITIS laciniosa. Canadian Parsley-leaved Vine.

The stalks and branches of this resemble the others. The leaves are cut into many slender seg­ments, somewhat in manner of a Parsley-leaf. The grapes are round and white, and are produced in loose bunches; they are late ripe and not very well flavoured.

XANTHOXYLUM fraxinifolium. Ash-leaved Tooth-ach Tree.

This grows naturally in Pennsylvania and Mary­land; rising with a pretty strong stem to the height of ten or twelve feet; and dividing in many branch­es, which are covered with a purplish bark, and armed at each bud with two strong, sharp spines. The leaves are composed of four or five pair of lobes, terminated by an odd one; which are entire and of an oblong egg-shape, placed opposite and sitting close to the common footstalk, which is also set with a few spines underneath. The flowers are produced along the branches, upon short collected footstalks; and those of the female are each succeeded, for the most part, with five distinct, oval capsules, joined by short footstalks to the common receptacle, and spreading above; each containing one roundish, smooth seed.

There is said to be another Species, or perhaps Variety, of this in South Carolina, differing in hav­ing the lobes of their leaves lance-shaped, sawed on their edges and having footstalks. The bark and capsules are of a hot acrid taste, and are used for easing the tooth-ach, from whence it obtained the name of Tooth-ach Tree: a tincture of them are also much commended for the cure of the Rheuma­tism.

XANTHORHIZA simplicissima. Shurb Yellow Root.

This is a small shrub, growing naturally in Caro­lina. The roots are slender and cylindrical, but sending off side shoots by which it spreads much; the wood of which, together with that of the stems, are of a bright yellow colour. The stems are slender, rising to the height of two feet or more, generally simple, or without branches, and covered with a lightish brown bark. The leaves are compound, consisting of two pair of opposite lobes, terminated by an odd one; the lobes are much and deeply cut or cleft on their edges, (somewhat in form of Gar­den Lovage) and joined to very long, common foot­stalks, coming out from the tops of the stems. The flowers are produced at the top of the former year's growth, in a compound or panicled racemus; having their partial footstalks generally three flowered; they [Page 169] are small and purplish coloured, and are succeeded by little heads of small, compressed capsules, each enclosing one small seed. The flowers on the par­tial or small footstalks, are not produced at once, those that are middle-most or terminal come out first and are hermaphrodite, and generally barren; those on the sides come out later, but one of which is generally fruitful; from whence, I had supposed, some of the flowers were female, and to the contrary of which I am not yet fully convinced.

This shrub, from the yellowness of its roots and stems, it is highly probable, might be employed to good purpose in dying cloaths, &c. It has hitherto been undescribed by Botanical writers, though nam­ed in some late Catalogues in honour of M. Marbois; but having imposed the former name, before I had heard of this, have chose to retain it as being ex­pressive of its qualities and appearance.