Arbustrum Americanum: = The American grove, or, An alphabetical catalogue of forest trees and shrubs, natives of the American United States, arranged according to the Linnaean system. Containing, the particular distinguishing characters of each genus, with plain, simple and familiar descriptions of the manner of growth, appearance, &c. of their several species and varieties. : Also, some hints of their uses in medicine, dyes, and domestic oeconomy. / Compiled from actual knowledge and observation, and the assistance of botanical authors, by Humphry Marshall.

Arbustrum Americanum: = The American grove, or, An alphabetical catalogue of forest trees and shrubs, natives of the American United States, arranged according to the Linnaean system. Containing, the particular distinguishing characters of each genus, with plain, simple and familiar descriptions of the manner of growth, appearance, &c. of their several species and varieties. : Also, some hints of their uses in medicine, dyes, and domestic oeconomy. / Compiled from actual knowledge and observation, and the assistance of botanical authors, by Humphry Marshall.

Table of contents

Title page

§

INTRODUCTION.

A View of the Twenty-four Classes of the SEXUAL SYSTEM of LINNAEUS, with their Names and Characters; also the Number and Explanation of Orders contained in each.

An Explanation of the different parts of Fructification.

Explanation of the Modes of Flowering.

A CATALOGUE OF TREES AND SHRUBS.

ACER. THE MAPLE TREE. Class 23, Order 1. Polyandria Monoecia.

1. ACER pennsylvanicum—Pennsylvanian Dwarf Mountain Maple.

2. ACER glaucum. The Silver-leaved Maple.

3. ACER Negundo. The Ash-leaved Maple.

4. ACER canadense. American striped Maple.

5. ACER rubrum. The Scarlet flowering Maple.

6. ACER saccharum. The Sugar Maple.

AESCULUS. THE HORSE-CHESNUT-TREE. Class 7. Order 1. Heptandria Monogynia.

1. AESCULUS octandra. New river Horse Chesnut.

2. AESCULUS Pavia. Scarlet flowering HorseChesnut.

AMORPHA. BASTARD-INDIGO. Class 17. Order 3. Diadelphia Decandria.

AMORPHA fruticosa. Shrubby Bastard Indigo.

ANDROMEDA. ANDROMEDA Class 10. Order 1. Decandria Monogynia.

1. ANDROMEDA arborea. The Sorrel Tree.

2. ANDROMEDA calyculata. Ever-green Dwarf Andromeda.

3. ANDROMEDA Paniculata. Panicled Andromeda.

4. ANDROMEDA racemosa. Pennsylvanian Red-bud Andromeda.

5. ANDROMEDA mariana. Maryland, or broadleaved Andromeda.

6. ANDROMEDA nitida. Ever-green Shiningleaved Andromeda, or Carolinian Red-buds. (Bartram's Catalogue.)

7. ANDROMEDA plumata. Plumed Andromeda, or Carolinian Iron-wood Tree. (Bartram's Catalogue.)

ANNONA. PAPAW TREE, or CUSTARD APPLE. Class 13. Order 7. Polyandria Polygynia.

1. ANNONA glabra. Carolinian Smooth-barked Annona.

2. ANNONA triloba. Pennsylvanian Triplefruited Papaw.

ARALIA. THE ANGELICA TREE. Class 5. Order 5. Pentandria Pentagyina.

ARALIA spinosa. Virginian Angelica Tree.

ARBUTUS. THE STRAWBERRY TREE, OR BEAR-BERRY. Class 10. Order 1. Decandria Monogynia.

ARBUTUS Uva ursi. The Bear-berry.

ARISTOLOCHIA. BIRTHWORT. Class 20. Order 5. Gynandria Hexagynia.

ARISTOLOCHIA frutescens. Pennsylvanian Shrubby Birthwort.

ASCYRUM. ST. PETER'S WORT. Class 18. Order 3. Polyadelphia Polyandria.

1. ASCYRUM Hypericoides. St. Peter's Wort.

2. ASCYRUM villosum. Villose St. Peter's wort.

AZALEA. UPRIGHT HONEY-SUCKLE. Class 5. Order 1. Pentandria Monogynia.

1. AZALEA nudiflora. Red-flowered Azalea.

2. AZALEA viscosa. White sweet Azalea.

3. AZALEA viscosa palustris. Swamp Azalea.

BACCHARIS. PLOWMAN'S SPIKENARD. Class 19. Order 2. Syngenesia Polygamia Superslua.

BACCHARIS halimifolia. Virginian Groundsel Tree.

BERBERIS. The BARBERRY-BUSH. Class 6. Order 1. Hexandria Monogynia.

BERBERRIS canadiensis. The Canadian Barberry.

BETULA. The BIRCH-TREE. Class 21. Order 4. Monoecia Tetrandria.

1. BETULA nigra. Black, or Sweet-Birch.

2. BETULA lenta. Red Birch.

3. BETULA papyrifera. White Paper Birch.

4. BETULA populifolia. Aspen-leaved Birch.

5. BETULA humilis. Dwarf Birch.

BETULA-ALNUS. The ALDER TREE.

1. BETULA-ALNUS glauca. Silver-leaved Alder.

2. BETULA-ALNUS maritima. Sea-side Alder.

3. BETULA-ALNUS rubra. Common Alder.

BIGNONIA. The TRUMPET FLOWER. Class 14. Order 1. Didynamia Angiospermia.

1. BIGNONIA Catalpa. The Catalpa-Tree.

2. BIGNONIA crucigera. Cross-vine.

3. BIGNONIA radicans. Climing TrumpetFlower.

4. BIGNONIA sempervirens. Ever-green Bignonia, or Yellow Jasmine.

CALLICARPA. CALLICARPA. Class 4. Order 1. Tetrandria Monogynia.

CALLICARPA americana. Carolinian Shrubby Cailicarpa.

CALYCANTHUS. CAROLINIAN ALLSPICE. Class 12. Order 5. Icosandria Polygynia.

CALYCANTHUS floridus. Carolinian Allspice.

CARPINUS. The HORNBEAM-TREE. Class 21. Order 8. Monoecia Polyandria.

1. CARPINUS Betulus virginiana. American Hornbeam.

2. CARPINUS Ostrya. The Hop-Hornbeam.

CASSINE. CASSINE, or SOUTH-SEA TEA-TREE. Class 5. Order 3. Pentandria Trigynia.

CASSINE Paragua. Ever-green Cassine, Yapon, or South-Sea Tea-tree.

CEANOTHUS. The NEW-JERSEY TEA-TREE. Class 5. Order 1. Pentandria Monogynia.

CEANOTHUS americanus. American Ceanothus, or New-Jersey Tea-tree.

CELASTRUS. The STAFF-TREE. Class 5. Order 1. Pentandria Monogynia.

CELASTRUS Scandens. American Climing Staff-tree.

CELTIS. The NETTLE-TREE. Class 23. Order 1. Polygamia Monoecia.

CELTIS occidentalis. American Yellow-fruited Nettle-tree.

CEPHALANTHUS. The BUTTON-TREE. Class 4. Order 1. Tetrandria Monogynia.

CEPHALANTHUS occidentalis. Button-tree.

CERCIS. The JUDAS TREE. Class 10. Order 1. Decandria Monogynia.

CERCIS canadensis. Red-bud, or Judas Tree.

CHIONANTHUS. The SNOW-DROP, or FRINGE TREE. Class 2. Order 1. Diandria Monogynia.

CHIONANTHUS virginica. Virginian Snow-drop Tree.

CLETHRA. CLETHRA. Class 10. Order 1. Decandria Monogynia.

CLETHRA alnifolia. Alder leaved Clethra.

CORNUS. The CORNEL, or DOGBERRY-TREE. Class 4. Order 1. Tetrandria Monogynia.

1. CORNUS alterna. Alternate branched, or Female Virginian Dogwood.

2. CORNUS candidissima. Swamp American Dogwood.

3. CURNUS florida. Male Virginian Dogwood.

4. CORNUS sanguinea. American Red-rod Cornus.

CORYLUS. The HAZEL, or NUT-TREE. Class 21, Order 8. Monoecia Polyandria.

1. CORYLUS americana. American Hazelnut.

2. CORYLUS cornuta. Dwarf Filbert, or Cuckold-nut.

CRATAEGUS. The WILD SERVICE-TREE. Class 12. Order 2. Icosandria Digynia.

CUPRESSUS. The CYPRESS TREE. Class 21. Order 9. Monoecia Monodelphia.

1. CUPRESSUS disticha. Virginian deciduous Cypress-Tree.

2. CUPRESSUS Thyoides. Maryland Blue-berried Cypress.

DIOSPYROS. The DATE PLUM, or PERSIMMON TREE. Class 23. Order 2. Polygamia Dioecia.

DIOSPYROS virginiana. Virginian Persimmon Tree.

DIRCA. LEATHER WOOD. Class 8. Order 1. Octandria Monogynia.

DIRCA palustris. Virginian Marsh Leatherwood.

EPICAEA. TRAILING ARBUTUS. Class 10. Order 1. Decandria Monogynia.

EPIGAEA repens. Trailing Arbutus.

EUONYMUS. The SPINDLE TREE. Class 5. Order 1. Pentandria Monogynia.

1. EUONYMUS carolinensis. Carolinian Spindle Tree.

2. EUONYMUS latifolius. Broad-leaved Spindle Tree.

3. EUONYMUS sempervirens. Ever-green Spindle Tree.

FAGUS. The BEECH-TREE. Class 21. Order 8. Monoecia Polyandria.

FAGUS Sylvatica atro-punicea. American Beech Tree.

FAGUS-CASTANEA. The CHESNUT TREE.

1. FAGUS-CASTANEA dentata. American Chesnut Tree.

2. FAGUS-CASTANEA pumila. Dwarf Chesnut Tree, or Chinquepin.

FOTHERGILLA. FOTHERGILLA. Class 13. Order 2. Polyandria Digynia.

FOTHERGILLA Gardeni. Carolinian Fothergilla.

FRANKLINIA. FRANKLINIA. Class 16. Order 5. Monadelphia Polyandria.

FRANKLINIA alatamaha. Franklinia. (Bartram's Catalogue.)

FRAXINUS. The ASII-TREE.

1. FRAXINUS americana. Carolinian or Red Ash.

2. FRAXINUS alba. American White Ash.

3. FRAXINUS Nigra. Black Ash.

4. FRAXINUS pennsylvanica. Pennsylvanian Sharp-keyed Ash.

GAULTHERIA. GAULTHERIA, or MOUNTAIN TEA. Class 10. Order 1. Decandria Monogynia.

GAULTHERIA procumbens. Canadian Gaultheria, or Mountain Tea.

GLEDITSIA. TRIPLE-THORNED ACACIA, or HONEY LOCUST. Class 23. Order 2. Polygamia Dioecia.

1. GLEDITSIA spinosa. Triple-thorned Acacia, or Honey Locust.

2. GLEDITSIA aquatica. Water Acacia.

GLYCINE. PERENNIAL KIDNEY BEAN. Class 17. Order 3. Diadelphia Decandria.

GLYCINE frutescens. Carolinian Shrubby Kidney Bean.

GUILANDINA. The BONDUC, or NICKAR TREE. Class 10. Order 1. Decandria Monogynia.

GUILANDINA dioica. Canadian dioiceous Bonduc, or Nickar Tree.

HALESIA. HALESIA, or SILVER-BELL TREE. Class 10. Order 1. Decandria Monogynia.

1. HALESIA diptera. Two-winged fruited Halesia.

2. HALESIA tetraptera. Four-winged fruited Halesia.

HAMAMELIS. WITCH HAZEL. Class 4. Order 2. Tetrandria Digynia.

HAMAMELIS virginiana. Virginian Witch Hazel.

HEDERA. IVY. Class 5. Order 1. Pentandria Monogynia.

HEDERA quinquefolia. American Ivy, or Virginian Creeper.

HIPPOPHAL. SEA BUCK-THORN, or SALLOW-THORN. Class 22. Order 4. Dioecia Tetrandria.

HIPPOPHAË canadiensis. Canadian Sea-Buck-Thorn.

HYDRANGEA. HYDRANGEA. Class 10. Order 2. Decandria Digynia.

HYDRANGEA frutescens. Virginian Shrubby Hydrangea.

HYPERICUM. St. JOHN's WORT. Class 18. Order 3. Polyadelphia Polyandria.

HYPERICUM kalmianum. Virginian Shrubby Hypericum.

ILEX. The HOLLY-TREE. Class 4. Order 3. Tetrandria Tetragynia.

1. ILEX Aquifolium. American Common Holly.

2. ILEX Cassine. Dahoon, or Carolinian Holly.

3. ILEX canadensis. Canadian, or Hedge-hog Holly.

ITEA. ITEA. Class 5. Order 1. Pentandria Monogynia.

ITEA virginica. Virginian Itea.

JUGLANS. The WALNUT-TREE. Class 21. Order 8. Monoecia Polyandria.

1. JUGLANS nigra. Round black Virginian Walnut.

2. JUGLANS nigra oblonga. Black oblong fruited Walnut.

3. JUGLANS oblonga alba. Butter-nut, or White Walnut.

4. JUGLANS alba acuminata. Long, sharp-fruited Hickery Tree.

5. JUGLANS alba minima. White, or Pig-nut Hickery.

6. JUGLANS alba odorata. Balsam Hickery.

7. JUGLANS alba ovata. Shell-barked Hickery.

8. JUGLANS pecan. The Pecan, or Illinois Hickery.

JUNIPERUS. The JUNIPER TREE. Class 22. Order 12. Dioecia Monodelphia.

1. JUNIPERUS virginiana. Red Cedar-Tree.

2. JUNIPERUS caroliniana. Red Carolinian Cedar.

KALMIA. KALMIA, or AMERICAN LAUREL. Class 10. Order 1. Decandria Monogynia.

1. KALMIA angustifolia. Narrow leaved Kalmia.

2. KALMIA latifolia. Broad leaved Kalmia.

LAURUS. The BAY-TREE. Class 9. Order 1. Enneandria Monogynia.

1. LAURUS Benzoin. The Benjamin-Tree, or Spice-Wood.

2. LAURUS Borbonia. Red-stalked Carolinian Bay Tree.

3. LAURUS geniculata. Carolinian Spice Wood Tree.

4. LAURUS Sassafras. The Sassafras-Tree.

LEDUM. MARSH CISTUS, or WILD ROSEMARY. Class 10. Order 1. Decandria Monogynia.

LEDUM thymifolium. Thyme leaved Marsh Cistus.

LIQUIDAMBAR. LIQUIDAMBAR, or SWEET GUM-TREE. Class 21, Order 8. Monoecia Polyandria.

1. LIQUIDAMBAR Styraciflua. Maple-leaved Liquidambar-Tree, or Sweet Gum.

2. LIQUIDAMBAR asplenifolia. Spleen-wort-leaved Gale, or Shrubby Sweet Fern.

LIRIODENDRUM. The TULIP-TREE. Class 13. Order 7. Polyandria Polygynia.

LIRIODENDRUM Tulipifera. Virginian Tulip-Tree.

LONICERA. HONEYSUCKLE, or WOODBINE. Class 5. Order 1. Pentandria Monogynia.

1. LONICERA caroliniana. Carolinian scarlet Trumpet-flowered Honeysuckle.

2. LONICERA virginiana. Virginian scarlet Honeysuckle.

3. LONICERA sempervirens. Ever-green Honeysuckle.

4. LONICERA canadensis. Canadian dwarf-cherry Honeysuckle. (Bartram's Catalogue.)

5. LONICERA Diervilla. Yellow flowering Diervilla.

6. LONICERA marylandica. Maryland scarlet Lonicera.

7. LONICERA Symphoricarpos. Indian Currants, or St. Peter's Wort.

MAGNOLIA. The LAUREL-LEAVED TULIP-TREE. Class 13. Order 7. Polyandria Polygynia.

1. MAGNOLIA acuminata. Long leaved Mountain Magnolia, or Cucumber Tree.

2. MAGNOLIA glauca. Small Magnolia, or Swamp Sassafras.

3. MAGNOLIA grandiflora. Ever-green Laurel-leaved Tulip-Tree.

4. MAGNOLIA tripetala. The Umbrella Tree.

MENISPERMUM. MOONSEED. Class 22. Order 10. Dioecia Decandria.

1. MENISPERMUM canadense. Canadian Moonseed.

2. MENISPERMUM carolinum. Carolinian Moonseed.

3. MENISPERMUM virginicum. Virginian Moonseed.

MESPILUS. The MEDLAR-TREE. Class 12. Order 4. Icosandria Pentagynia.

1. MESPILUS coccinea. Cockspur-Hawthorn.

2. MESPILUS Crus galli. Pear leaved Thorn.

3. MESPILUS cuneiformis. Wedge leaved Mespilus.

4. MESPILUS Azarolus major. Great Azarole, or Hawthorn.

5. MESPILUS Azarolus minor. Smaller Azarole, or Hawthorn.

6. MESPILUS Oxyacantha aurea. Yellow berried Hawthorn.

7. MESPILUS apiifolia. Virginian Parsley leaved Mespilus.

8. MESPILUS nivea. Early ripe, Esculent fruited Medlar, or wild Service.

9. MESPILUS prunifolia. Plumb leaved Medlar.

10. MESPILUS canadensis. Dwarf red fruited Medlar.

MITCHELLA. MITCHELLA. Class 4. Order 1. Tetrandria Monogynia.

MITCHELLA repens. Creeping evergreen Mitchella.

MORUS. The MULBERRY-TREE. Class 21. Order 4. Monoecia Tetrandria.

MORUS rubra. Large-leaved Virginian Mulberry Tree.

MYRICA. CANDLEBERRY MYRTLE. Class 22. Order 5. Dioecia Tetrandria.

1. MYRICA cerifera. Candleberry Myrtle.

2. MYRICA cerifera humilis. Dwarf Candleberry Myrtle.

3. MYRICA Gale. American Bog Gale.

NYSSA. The TUPELO-TREE. Class 23. Order 1. Polygamia Dioecia.

1. NYSSA aquatica. Virginian Water TupeloTree.

2. NYSSA Ogeche. The Ogeche Lime Tree. (Bartram's Catalogue.)

3. NYSSA sylvatica. Upland Tupelo-Tree, or Sour Gum.

OLEA. The OLIVE-TREE. Class 2. Order 1. Diandria Monogynia.

OLEA americana. American Olive Tree.

PHILADELPHUS. SYRINGA, or MOCK-ORANGE. Class 12. Order 1. Icosandria Monogynia.

PHILADELPHUS inodorus. Carolinian Scentless Syringa.

PINUS. The PINE-TREE. Class 21. Order 9. Monoecia Polyandria.

1. PINUS echinata. Three leaved prickly-cone• Bastard Pine.

2. PINUS palustris. Longest three leaved Marsh Pine.

3. PINUS rigida. Common three leaved Virginian Pine.

4. PINUS Strobus. New-England, or White Pine.

5. PINUS Taeda. Virginian Swamp, or Frankincence Pine.

6. PINUS virginiana. Two-leaved Virginian, or Jersey Pine.

PINUS-ABIES. The FIR-TREE.

1. PINUS-ABIES Balsamea. Balm of Gilead Fir-Tree.

2. PINUS-ABIES canadensis. Newfoundland Spruce.

3. PINUS-ABIES americana. Hemlock Spruce Fir-Tree.

PINUS-LARIX. The LARCH-TREE.

1. PINUS-LARIX rubra. Red American LarchTree.

2. PINUS-LARIX alba. White American Larch-Tree.

3. PINUS-LARIX nigra. Black American Larch-Tree.

PLATANUS. The PLANE-TREE. Class 21. Order 8. Monoecia Polyandria.

PLATANUS occidentalis. American Plane-Tree, or Large Button Wood.

POPULUS. The POPLAR-TREE. Class 22. Order 7. Dioecia Octandria.

1. POPULUS deltoide. White Poplar, or Cotton Tree of Carolina. (Bartram's Catalogue.)

2. POPULUS heterophylla. Virginian PoplarTree.

3. POPULUS nigra. Black Poplar.

4. POPULUS tremula. American Aspen-Tree.

5. POPULUS balsamifera. Balsam, or TacamahacTree.

6. POPULUS balsamifera lanceolata. Lance-leaved Balsam Tree.

POTENTILLA. SHRUB CINQUEFOIL. Class 12. Order 5. Icosandria Polygynia.

POTENTILLA fruticosa americana. American Shrubby Cinquefoil.

PRINOS. The WINTER-BERRY. Class 6. Order 1. Hexandria Monogynia.

1. PRINOS glaber. Evergreen Winter-Berry.

2. PRINOS verticillatus. Virginian WinterBerry.

PRUNUS. The PLUMB-TREE. Class 12. Order 1. Icosandria Monogynia.

1. PRUNUS americana. Large Yellow Sweet Plumb.

2. PRUNUS angustifolia. Chicasaw Plumb.

3. PRUNUS mississippi. Crimson Plumb.

4. PRUNUS maritima. Sea side Plumb.

5. PRUNUS declinata. Dwarf Plumb.

CERASUS. The CHERRY-TREE.

1. PRUNUS-CERASUS virginiana. Virginian BirdCherry-Tree.

2. PRUNUS-CERASUS canadensis. Canadian, or Dwarf Bird-Cherry-Tree.

3. PRUNUS-CERASUS montana. Mountain Bird-Cherry-Tree.

LAURO-CERASUS. The LAUREL-TREE.

PRUNUS-LAURO-CERASUS serratifolia. Carolinian Evergreen Bay-tree.

PTELEA. PTELEA. Class 4. Order 1. Tetrandria Monogynia.

PTELEA trifoliata. Carolinian Shrub-Trefoil.

PYROLA. WINTER-GREEN. Class 10. Order 1. Decandria Monogynia.

1. PYROLA maculata. Spotted Pyrola.

2. PYROLA rotundifolia. Round leaved Pyrola.

3. PYROLA umbellata. Umbellated Pyrola.

PYRUS. The PEAR-TREE. Class 12. Order 4. Icosandria Pentagynia.

MALUS. The APPLE-TREE.

PYRUS-MALUS coronaria. Virginian Sweet-scented Crab-Tree.

QUERCUS. The OAK-TREE. Class 21. Order 8. Monoecia Polyandria.

1. QUERCUS alba. Common American White Oak.

2. QUERCUS alba minor. Barren White Oak.

3. QUERCUS alba palustris. Swamp White Oak.

Quercus nigra. Black Oak. 4. QUERCUS nigra. Common Pennsylvanian Black Oak.

5. QUERCUS nigra digituta. Finger-leaved Black Oak.

6. QUERCUS nigra trifida. Maryland Black Oak.

7. QUERCUS nigra integrifolia. Entire-leaved Black Oak.

8. QUERCUS nigra pumila. Dwarf Black Oak.

Quercus rubra. Red Oak. 9. QUERCUS rubra maxima. Largest Red Oak.

10. QUERCUS rubra ramosislima. Water Red Oak.

11. QUERCUS rubra montana. Upland Red Oak.

12. QUERCUS rubra nana. Dwarf Barren Oak.

13. QUERCUS Phellos angustifolia. Narrow Willow-leaved Oak.

14. QUERCUS Phellos latifolia. Broad Willow-leaved Oak.

15. QUERCUS Phellos sempervirens. Evergreen Willow-leaved Oak.

16. QUERCUS Prinus. Chesnut-leaved Oak.

17. QUERCUS Prinus humilis. Dwarf Chesnut or Chinquepin Oak.

RHODODENDRUM. DWARF ROSE-BAY. Class 10. Order 1. Decandria Monogynia.

RHODODENDRUM maximum. Pennsylvanian Mountain Laurel.

RHUS. SUMACH. Class 5. Order 3. Pentandria. Trigynia.

1. RHUS Copallinum. Lentiscus-leaved Sumach.

2. RHUS glabrum. Smooth Pennsylvanian Sumach.

RHUS glabrum carolinense. Carolinian Scarlet-flowering Sumach.

RHUS glabrum canadense. Canadian Red-flowering Sumach.

3. RHUS typhinum. Stag's-horn Sumach.

4. RHUS canadense. Canadian trifoliate Sumach.

To this Genus is also added, TOXICODENDRON. The POISON-TREE.

1. RHUS-TOXICODENDRON Vernix. Varnish-Tree, or Poison Ash.

2. RHUS-TOXICODENDRON toxicodendrum. Poison-Oak.

3. RHUS-TOXICODENDRON radicans. Poison-Vine.

RIBES. The CURRANT-BUSH. Class 5. Order 1. Pentandria Monogynia.

1. RIBES nigrum pennsylvanicum. Pennsylvanian Black Currants.

2. RIBES oxycanthoides. Mountain Wild Gooseberry.

3. RIBES cynosbati. Prickly fruited Wild Goose-berry.

ROBINIA. ROBINIA, or FALSE-ACACIA Class 17. Order 3. Diadelphia Decandria.

1. ROBINIA Pseud-Acacia. White flowering Robinia, or Locust-Tree.

2. ROBINIA rosea. Rose coloured Robinia.

ROSA. The ROSE-BUSH. Class 12. Order 5. Icosandria Polygynia.

1. ROSA carolinensis. Wild Virginian Rose.

2. ROSA palustris. Swamp Pennsylvanian Rose.

3. ROSA humilis. Dwarf Pennsylvanian Rose.

4. ROSA Pennsylvanica plena. Double Pennsylvanian Rose.

RUBUS. The RASPBERRY BUSH and BRAMBLE. Class 12. Order 5. Icosandria Polygynia.

1. RUBUS fruticosus. Common Blackberry Bush.

2. RUBUS hispidus. American Dewberry Bush.

3. RUBUS canadensis. Smooth stalked Canadian Bramble.

4. RUBUS occidentalis. American Raspberry.

5. RUBUS odoratus. Virginian Rose-flowering Raspberry.

SALIX. The WILLOW-TREE. Class 22. Order 2. Dioecia Diandria.

1. SALIX nigra. Rough American Willow.

2. SALIX sericea. Ozier, or Silky leaved Willow.

3. SALIX humilis. Dwarf Willow.

SAMBUCUS. The ELDER-TREE. Class 5. Order 3. Pentandria Trigynia.

1. SAMBUCUS nigra. American Black-berried Elder.

2. SAMBUCUS canadensis. Canadian Red-berried Elder.

SMILAX. ROUGH BINDWEED, or GREEN BRIAR. Class 22. Order 6. Dioecia Hexandria.

1. SMILAX Sarsaparilla. Ivy leaved rough Bindweed, or Sarsaparilla.

2. SMILAX virginiana. Lanceolate-leaved rough Bindweed.

With a round prickly stem. 3. SMILAX rotundifolia. Canadian round leaved Smilax.

4. SMILAX laurifolia. Bay leaved rough Bind-weed.

5. SMILAX tamnoides. Bryony leaved rough Bindweed.

6. SMILAX caduca. Three-nerved-leaved rough Bindweed.

7. SMILAX bona nox. Carolinian prickly leaved Smilax.

8. SMILAX lanceolata. Red berried Virginian Smilax.

9. SMILAX Pseudo China. Bastard China.

SORBUS. The SERVICE TREE, QUICKBEAM, or MOUNTAIN ASH. Class 12. Order 3. Icosandria Trigynia.

SORBUS americana. American Service Tree.

SPIRAEA. SPIRAEA. Class 12. Order 4. Icosandria Pentagynia.

1. SPIRAEA hypericifolia. Canadian Spiraea, or Hypericum-srutex.

2. SPIRAEA opulifolia. Guelder Rose-leaved Spiraea, or Nine-Bark.

SPIRAEA caroliniana. Carolinian Guelder Rose-leaved Spiraea.

3. SPIRAEA tomentosa. Scarlet flowered Philadelphian Spiraea.

4. SPIRAEA tomentosa alba. White flowered Philadelphian Spiraea.

STAPHYLAEA. BLADDER-NUT-TREE. Class 5. Order 3. Pentandria Trigynia.

STAPHYLAEA trifoliata. Three-leaved Bladder-nut-Tree.

STEWARTIA. STEWARTIA Class 16. Order 5. Monadelphia Polyandria.

STEWARTIA Malacodendron. Virginian Stewartia.

STYRAX. The STORAX-TREE. Class 11. Order 1. Dodecandria Monogynia.

STYRAX americana. Carolinian Storax-Tree.

TAXUS. The YEW-TREE. Class 22. Order 12. Dioecia Monadelphia.

TAXUS canadensis. Canadian Yew-Tree.

THUYA. ARBOR VITAE, or TREE OF LIFE. Class 21. Order 9. Monoecia Monodelphia.

THUYA occidentalis. American Arbor Vitae.

THUYA variegata. Striped leaved Arbor Vitae.

THUYA odorata. American Sweet-scented Arbor Vitae.

TILIA. The LIME, or LINDEN-TREE. Class 13. Order 6. Polyandria Hexagynia.

1. TILIA americana. Americana black Lime, or Linden-Tree.

2. TILIA caroliniana. Carolinian oblique-leaved Lime-Tree.

TILLANDSIA. TILLANDSIA. Class 6. Order 1. Hexandria Monogynia.

TILLANDSIA usneoides. Carolinian Tillandsia.

ULMUS. The ELM-TREE. Class 5. Order 2. Pentrandria Digynia.

1. ULMUS americana. American rough leaved Elm-Tree.

2. ULMUS mollifolia. American soft-leaved Elm.

VACCINIUM. WHORTLE-BERRY. Class 8. Order 1. Octandria Monogynia.

1. VACCINIUM arborcum. Winter, or Tree Whertle-Berry.

2. VACCINIUM album. Pennsylvanian White Whertle-berry.

3. VACCINIUM corymbosum. Cluster-flowered Vaccinium.

4. VACCINIUM frondosum. Leasy Vaccinium, or Indian Gooseberry.

5. VACCINIUM ligustrinum. Privet-leaved Whortle-berry.

6. VACCINIUM stamineum. Long-lcaved Vaccinium.

7. VACCINIUM hispidulum. Marsh Vaccinium, or Cranberry.

8. VACCINIUM pennsylvanicum. Myrtle leaved Vaccinium, or Cranberry.

VIRBURNUM. PLIANT MEALLY, or WAY-FARING-TREE. Class 5. Order 3. Pentandria Trigynia.

1. VIBURNUM acerifolium. Maple-leaved Viburnum.

2. VIBURNUM dentatum. Toothed-leaved Viburnum, or Arrow Wood.

3. VIBURNUM prunifolium. Black Haw.

4. VIBURNUM nudum. Tinus leaved, or Swamp Viburnum.

5. VIBURNUM Lentago. Canadian Viburnum.

6. VIBURNUM alnifolium. Alder-leaved Viburnum.

7. VIBURNUM triloba. Mountain Viburnum.

VISCUM. MISSELTOE. Class 22. Order 4. Dioecia Tetrandria.

1. VISCUM rubrum. Red berried Misseltoe.

2. VISCUM purpureum. Purple-berried Misseltoe.

VITIS. The VINE. Class 5. Order 1. Pentandria Monogynia.

1. VITIS arborea. Carolinian Vine, or Pepper-Tree.

2. VITIS vinifera americana. American Grape Vine.

3. VITIS vulpina. Fox-Grape Vine.

4. VITIS Labrusca. Wild American Vine.

5. VITIS laciniosa. Canadian Parsley-leaved Vine.

XANTHOXYLUM. The TOOTH-ACH TREE. Class 22. Order 5. Dioecia Pentandria.

XANTHOXYLUM fraxinifolium. Ash-leaved Tooth-ach Tree.

XANTHORHIZA. SHRUB YELLOW ROOT. Class 5. Order 6. Pentandria Polygynia.

XANTHORHIZA simplicissima. Shurb Yellow Root.

ADVERTISEMENT.

INDEX of LATIN GENERIC NAMES.

INDEX of ENGLISH NAMES.

§

§

[Page]

[Page]

ARBUSTRUM AMERICANUM: THE AMERICAN GROVE, OR, AN ALPHABETICAL CATALOGUE OF FOREST TREES AND SHRUBS, NATIVES OF THE AMERICAN UNITED STATES, ARRANGED ACCORDING TO THE LINNAEAN SYSTEM.

CONTAINING, The particular distinguishing Characters of each GENUS, with plain, simple and familiar Descriptions of the Manner of Growth, Appearance, &c. of their several SPECIES and VARIETIES.

ALSO, SOME HINTS OF THEIR USES IN MEDICINE, DYES, AND DOMESTIC OECONOMY.

COMPILED FROM ACTUAL KNOWLEDGE AND OBSERVATION, AND THE ASSISTANCE OF BOTANICAL AUTHORS, BY HUMPHRY MARSHALL.

PHILADELPHIA: PRINTED BY JOSEPH CRUKSHANK, IN MARKET-STREET, BETWEEN SECOND AND THIRD-STREETS.

M.DCC.LXXXV.

§

§

[Page]

TO BENJAMIN FRANKLIN, ESQUIRE, PRESIDENT,

Vice-Presidents

JOHN EWING, D. D.

WILLIAM WHITE, D. D. and

SAMUEL VAUGHAN, Esquire,

AND TO THE OTHER MEMBERS OF THE AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY, THIS ALPHABETICAL CATALOGUE OF THE FOREST TREES AND SHRUBS, NATIVES of the AMERICAN UNITED STATES, IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED

BY THE AUTHOR.

INTRODUCTION.

[Page]

WHEN we take a survey of Mankind in general, and of the several requisites by which life is rendered comfortable and desirable, the productions of the Vegetable Kingdom are amongst the foremost; as affording the principal necessaries, conveniencies, and luxuries of life.

It is in this view, that the Science of Botany, or that branch of natural History which teaches the right knowledge of Vegetables, and their application to the most beneficial uses, is an object which not only merits the attention and encouragement of every patriotic and liberal mind, but undoubtedly deserves a place amongst the first of useful pursuits. That it is an object highly deserving the attention of Mankind in general, cannot be denied; but in a particular manner of the inhabitants of this Commonwealth, the author wishes to make appear more obvious.

Those who are conversant in trade well know the continual enormous expence we are at in purchasing foreign Teas, Drugs, Dye-stuffs, &c. The diminution of this, ought to be the care and concern of every friend to his Country's welfare. And we presume it will appear evident, that the most eligible and obvious [Page] means of obtaining this desirable object, will be by a proper attention and application to Horticulture and Botany. In this view, the following considerations more particularly present themselves.

I. The introduction and cultivation of foreign useful and valuable plants. Our extent of territory, our diversity of Climate, of Soil, and of Stuation, leaves not a doubt but that we might introduce and cultivate to advantage, many of the same articles, whose importation at this time, is to us, a considerable expence. The Thea viridis & bohea, the true green and bohea Tea plant, formerly accounted different species, but now known to be the same, and one of the greatest drainers of our wealth; may be procured either from its native place of growth, or from Europe where it has become pretty common; and we have every reason to believe, from its being the spontaneous produce of the same parallel of latitude, and from other considerations respecting its natural history, that it might thrive well in our Southern States. In this same view the Vine, the Almond Tree, Fig Tree, Liquorice, Madder and Rhubarb, deservedly require our attention. Many other * foreign useful plants might be enumerated, and the advantages that may be derived to this Commonwealth from their introduction, encrease and culture, must appear sufficiently obvious.

[Page] II. The discovering the qualities and uses of our own native Vegetable productions, and applying them to the most useful purposes. Our extent of luxuriant unexplored territory, is an object which here in a particular manner occurs replete with promising advantages. Our being able to discover a plant of equal general usage with the Potatoe, Tobacco, or Ginseng; or good substitutes for Tea, Coffee and Peruvian Bark; would be advantages surpassing all adequate estimation.

It is true, we may gain by tedious experience, or stumble by chance upon many useful discoveries respecting the uses and medicinal virtues of plants, but it is from our observations and researches founded upon, and directed by, a knowledge of Botany, that we can alone hope for certain success. From the writings of the celebrated LINNAEUS this general rule is sufficiently established; that plants of the same habit and appearance, and those which agree in the disposition of their flowers and fruit, have likewise similar virtues and properties. From this observation we deduce an obvious inference; that the more general knowledge we obtain of the characters and appearance of plants, the more likely we shall be also to encrease our knowledge of their virtues, qualities and uses.

This subject has been much urged and long dwelt upon from a conviction of its importance and promising advantages: the author, influenced by these considerations, and from [Page] a belief that it might contribute in some degree to render a knowledge of this subject more familiar and easy, has been induced to draw up this Alphabetical Catalogue of the Forest Trees and Shrubs, natives of the American United States, as mentioned by the best authors, or since discovered by ingenious travellers. In this Catalogue are contained their Linnaean Generic and trivial names, (or new formed ones where these have been wanting) together with their most common and approved English ones; the particular distinguishing characters of each Genus; a plain and familiar description of the appearance, manner of growth, &c. of their several species and varieties; and also, some hints of their native soil and situation, uses in Medicine, as Dyes and in domestic oeconomy.

As terms peculiar to the science frequently and unavoidably occur, it was judged necessary, in order to render the work more useful and complete, to prefix a general explanation of the Linnaean system of arrangement, as also of the useful and unavoidable scientific terms; for this and other purposes the author has availed himself from the best writers, of what has been judged most applicable and conducive to his design. The whole forming an useful Vademecum Botanicum, or Botanical Companion.

In this my Countrymen are presented at one view with a concise description of their own native Forest Trees and Shrubs, as far as hitherto discovered. And those whose fancy [Page] may lead to this delightful science, may by a little application, from hence be enabled scientifically to examine and arrange, not only those of the shrubby, but the several and various species of the herbaceous class. The foreigner, curious in American collections, will be hereby better enabled to make a selection suitable to his own particular fancy. If he wishes to cultivate timber for oeconomical purposes, he is here informed of our valuable Forest Trees: if for adorning his plantation or garden of our different ornamental flowering shrubs.

The author would have been happy, could he have given also a descriptive Catalogue of our native herbaceous plants. At present, circumstances oblige him to confine himself to Forest Trees and Shrubs; however he has such a work in contemplation should this meet with the encouragement of the public.

He is well aware that many improvements might have been made, with regard to the form and manner of description, as well as by the addition of Synonyms, Notes of reference, &c. but, upon reflecting that the generality of his Readers would have been more embarrassed and confused than profited thereby, he was determined to use the most plain and familiar method and language, in order to render the work as generally useful as possible; this being the chief end and design of the undertaking.

Notes

*

See Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Vol. I. Page 155.

↵

A View of the Twenty-four Classes of the SEXUAL SYSTEM of LINNAEUS, with their Names and Characters; also the Number and Explanation of Orders contained in each.

[Page]

Number of the Classes.
Their Names and Characters.
Number of Orders in each.
Their Names, expressive of the Number of Female Parts of Styles.
Number.

1.
MONANDRIA. One fertile stamen, i. e. having the Antherae.
2

1. Monogynia,

2. Digynia,

1

2

2.
DIANDRIA. Two fruitful Stamina or male parts.
3

1. Monogynia,

2. Digynia,

3. Trigynia,

1

2

3

3.
TRIANDRIA. Three TRIANDRIA.
3

1. Monogynia,

2. Digynia,

3. Trigynia,

1

2

3

4.
TETRANDRIA. Four TETRANDRIA, all of equal length, by which it is distinguished from the fourteenth class.
3

1. Monogynia,

2. Digynia,

3. Tetragynia,

1

2

4

5.
PENTANDRIA. Five PENTANDRIA.
3

1. Monogynia,

2. Digynia,

3. Triginia,

4. Tetragynia,

5. Pentagynia,

6. Polygynia,

1

2

3

4

5

many

6.
HEXANDRIA. Six HEXANDRIA, all of equal length, by which this is distinguished from the sixteenth class.
5

1. Monogynia,

2. Digynia,

3. Trigynia,

4. Tetragynia, 4

5. Polygynia,

1

2

3

4

many

7.
HEPTANDRIA. Seven HEPTANDRIA.
4

1. Monogynia,

2. Digynia,

3. Tetragynia,

4. Heptagynia,

1

2

4

7

8.
OCTANDRIA. Eight OCTANDRIA.
4

1. Monogynia,

2. Digynia,

3. Trigynia,

4. Tetragynia,

1

2

3

4

9.
ENNEANDRIA. Nine ENNEANDRIA.
3

1. Monogynia,

2. Trigynia,

3. Hexagynia,

1

2

6

[Page] 10.
DECANDRIA. Ten DECANDRIA.
5

1. Monogynia,

2. Digynia,

3. Trigynia,

4. Pentagynia,

5. Decagynia,

1

2

3

5

10

11.
DODECANDRIA. From eleven to nineteen Stamina, inclusive.
6

1. Monogynia,

2. Digynia,

3. Trigynia

4. Pentagynia,

5. Octagynia,

6. Dodecagynia,

1

2

3

5

8

12

12.
ICOSANDRIA. Twenty stamina and upwards (sometimes fewer) affixed to the inner side of the Corolla or calyx and not to the receptacle; the corolla is fastened to the inner side of the calyx, which is concave and of one leaf.
5

1. Monogynia,

2. Digynia,

3. Trigynia,

4. Pentagynia,

5. Polygynia,

1

2

3

5

many

13.
POLYANDRIA. From fifteen to one thousand stamina, which are fastened to the receptacle. It differs from the Icosandria in the calyx and the insertion of the Stamina and Corolla.
7

1. Monogynia,

2. Digynia,

3. Trigynia,

4. Tetragynia,

5. Pentagynia,

6. Hexagynia,

7. Polygynia,

1

2

3

4

5

6

many

14.
DIDYNAMIA. Four Stamina: the two next to one another shorter than the other two; one style and an uneven Corolla.
2

Their Names expressive of the disposition of their Seeds.

1. Gymnospermia—Seeds naked in the calyx.

Their Names expressive of the disposition of their Seeds.

2. Angiospermia—Seeds covered in a seed-vessel.

15.
TETRADYNAMIA. Six Stamina, tapering and erect: the two opposite as long as the calyx, the other four a little longer; four even petals.
2

Their Names expressive of the disposition of their Seeds.

1. Siliculosa—Seeds in small short pods.

Their Names expressive of the disposition of their Seeds.

2. Siliquosa—Seeds in long slender pods.

[Page] 16.
MONADELPHIA. A Perianthium, Permanent, often double; five petals. The filaments all joined in one parcel below, but not above; the external shortest.
5

1. Pentandria,

2. Decandria,

3. Endecandria,

4. Dodecandria,

5. Polyandria,

5

10

11

12

many

17.
DIADELPHIA. The filaments all joined below in two parcels, one simple the other nine-cleft. A perianthium of one leaf, bellshaped and falling-off. The Corolla always butter-fly-shaped and uneven.
3

1. Hexandria,

2. Octandria,

3. Decandria,

6

8

10

18.
POLYADELPHIA. The filaments united below into three or more distinct parcels.
3

1. Pentandria,

2. Icosandria,

3. Polyandria,

5

20

many

19.
SYNGENESIA. The Stamina joined by their Anthera (rarely by their filaments) in form of a cylinder.
6

1. Polygamia Aequalis—Equal Polygamy. The florets all hermaphrodite.

2. Polygamia Superflua—Superfluous Polygamy. The florets in the center hermaphrodite, those in the circumference female.

3. Polygamia Frustanca—Ineffectual Polygamy. The florets in the center hermaphrodite, those in the circumference barren.

4. Polygamia Necessaria—Necessary Polygamy. The hermaphrodite florets in the center barren, but the female in the circumference fruitful.

5. Polygamia Segregata—Separate Polygamy. The florets separated by partial flower-cups within a common calyx.

6. Monogamia, Single marriages, containing simple flowers whose Antherae are united.

[Page]20.
GYNANDRIA. The Stamina or male parts attached to, and growing upon the female or Pistillum.
7

1. Diandria,

2. Triandria,

3. Tetrandria,

4. Pentandria,

5. Hexandria,

6. Decandria,

7. Polyandria,

2

3

4

5

6

10

many

21.
MONOECIA. Male and female flowers in distinct cups on the same plant.
11

1. Monandria,

2. Diandria,

3. Triandria,

4. Tetrandria,

5. Pentandria,

6. Hexandria,

7. Heptandria,

8. Polyandria,

9. Monadelphia, Filaments united.

10. Syngenesia, Antherae united.

11. Gynandria, Stamina growing out of the pistillum.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

many

22.
DIOECIA. Male and female flowers on different plants of the same Species.
14

1. Monandria,

2. Diandria,

3. Triandria,

4. Tetrandria,

5. Pentandria,

6. Hexandria,

7. Octandria,

8. Enncandria,

9. Decandria,

10. Dodecandria,

11. Polyandria,

12. Monadelphia, Filaments united.

13. Diadelphia, Antherae united.

14. Syngenesia, Stamina growing out of the Pistillum.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

10

12

many

23.
POLYGAMIA. Male, female and hermaphrodite flowers distinct in the same Species, and sometimes on the same plant.
3

1. Monoecia, one house, or male and female flowers on the same plant.

2. Dioecia, two houses, or male and female flowers on separate plants.

3. Trioecia, three houses, or male, female and hermaphrodite, growing on three distinct plants of the same Genus.

24.
CRYPTOGAMIA. The fructification either wholly escapes out notice, or the flowers are hid within the fruit.
4

1. Filices. Ferns.

2. Musci. Mosses.

3. Algae. Fucus, or Sea-weed,

4. Fungi, Muthroons.

[Page] Note, Palmae, the Palms have, in late works, been added by way of appendix, and constitutes the 25th class; but as these are not natives of these States, and their fructification but imperfectly known, they are omitted.

From the preceding View it appears, that the Names and Characters of the Twenty-four Classes, are each founded on either the Number, Insertion, Equality, Connection, Situation, or Absence of the STAMINA or MALE SEXUAL ORGANS.

On Number only, are founded the first eleven Classes, from Monandria to Dodecandria.

On Number and Insertion, Icosandria and Polyandria.

On Number and Equality, Didynamia and Tetradynamia.

On Connection, Monadelphia, Diadelphia, Polyadelphia, and Syngenesia.

On Insertion only, Gynandria.

On Situation, Monoecia, Dioecia and Polygamia.

On Absence, Cryptogamia.

An Explanation of the different parts of Fructification.

[Page]

FRUCTIFICATION is a temporary part of vegetables, appointed for the purpose of generation, terminating the old vegetable and beginning the new. The parts of fructification are the seven following, viz.

1. The Calyx, flower-cup, or empalement.

2. The Corolla, petals, or painted leaves of the flower.

3. The Stamina, threads, or chives.

4. The Pistilum, or pointal.

5. The Pericarpium, or Seed-vessel.

6. The Seeds.

7. The Receptacle, or base on which all the other parts of the fructification are connected.

I. The calyx (which is the termination of the outer bark of the plant, presenting itself in the fructification, in this form) comprehends the seven following species, viz. the perianthium, the involucrum, the amentum, the spadix, the gluma, the calyptra, and volva, of each of which in their order.

1. The perianthium, the flower-cup or empalement properly so called, is the most common species of calyx, and situated close to the fructification. If it encloses the stamina and germen, it is called the perianthium of the fructification. If it encloses the Stamina and not the germen, it is the perianthium of the flower. If it includes the germem, and not the stamina, it is the perianthium of the fruit.

2. The involucrum or cover is situated at the bottom of an umbel, at some distance from the flower. It is called an universal involucrum or cover, if it is situated at the bottom of an universal umbel; and a partial involucrum or cover, if at the foot of a partial umbel.

3. The amentum or katkin is that sort of calyx, which consists of a great number of chaffy scales proceeding from a common receptacle or slender thread, as in hazel, alder, &c.

4. The spatha or sheath is a sort of calyx which bursts lengthways, and puts forth a stalk supporting the flowers; as in narcissus, snow-drop, arum, indian turnep &c.

5. The gluma or chaffy husk, is that sort of calyx peculiar to grasses, composed of thin scales or valves, which are often terminated by an arista, a beard, or awn.

6. The calyptra a veil or hood, is a sort of calyx peculiar to [Page] mosses, placed over their antherae, and resembling a monk's cowl, or rather an extinguisher.

7. The volva is a sort of calyx peculiar to the fungi or mushroom tribe, involving or inclosing their fructification. It is membranaceous and torn quite round.

II. The corolla, literally a wreath or garland, (serving together with the calyx as covers to the parts they inclose) is the termination of the inner bark of the plant presenting itself in this form, and consists of the petalum and nectarium.

1. The petalum or petal is the corrollaceous covering of the flower. If the flower is monopetalous, i. e. consists of one petal, the lower hollow part of such a corolla is called tubus, the tube, and the upper part which spreads wider is called limbus, the limb or border. And from its different figure it is called either,

Bell-shaped, without any tube below,

Funnel-shaped or conical, with a tube,

Saucer or salver-shaped, with a tube,

Wheel shaped, without any tube below; or

Gaping, lipped or masked.

If the corrolla be polypetalous, i. e. consists of many petals, the lower part of each petal is called, the unguls, or claw.

And the upper part which is wider, is called the lamina, or thin plate.

Again this upper part or lamina, is either

Cross-shaped, of four equal spreading petals; or

Butter-fly-shaped, irregular and of four petals; the upper one of which is called the standard; the two side ones wings; and the under one the keel.

2. The nectarium is that part of the corolla which contains the honey; having a wonderful variety both as to shape and situation, and is sometimes united with the petals, and sometimes separate from them.

III. The stamina are those parts of a flower appropriated to the preparation of the pollen, or fecundating dust, and consist of the filamentum, the anthera, and the pollen.

1. The filamentum, the filament or thread serves to elevate the antherae, and connect it to the flower.

2. The anthera, or summit of the stamen, is that part which contains the pollen or fecundating dust, and discharges it when ripe.

3. The pollen, or impregnating dust, is that fine powder contained within the antherae, or tops of the stamina, and dispersed when ripe, upon the female organ, for impregnating the same.

[Page] IV. The pistillum, pointal, or female organ, adheres to the fruit, and is that part appropriated for the reception of the pollen, spoken of above. It consists of the germen, the stylus, and the stigma.

1. The germen, or seed-bud, is the base or lower part of the pistillum, containing the rudiments of the unripe fruit, or seed, in the flowering state of the plant,

2. The stylus, or style, is that part of the pistillum which stands upon the germen, and elevates the stigma or summit.

3. The stigma, the summit, or top of the style, is that part which receives the fertilizing dust of the antherae, and transmits its effluvia, through the style into the middle of the germen, or seed-bud.

V. The pericarpium, or seed vessel, is that part which contains the seeds, and discharges them when ripe. It comprehends the eight following species, viz. the capsula, the siliqua, the legumen, the conceptaculum or folliculus, the drupa, the pomum, the bacca, and the strobilus; of each of which in their order.

1. The capsula, a capsule or little casket, is a dry hollow seedvessel, that splits or opens in some determinate manner. Capsules, when opened or split, are divided outwardly into one or more pieces, called valvulae, or valves, the parts which divide the capsules internally into cells are called dissepimenta, or partitions. And the substances which connect the partitions to the seeds, are called columellae, or littlepillars. The empty spaces for containing the seeds, are called loculamenta, or cells.

2. The siliqua, or pod is a seed-vessel with two valves, having the seeds fixed along the joining or edge of both valves.

3. The legumen, or cod, is a seed-vessel with two valves, having the seeds fixed along the edge of one of the valves only.

4. The conceptaculum, a receiver; or folliculus, a little bag, is a seed-vessel with one valve, splitting length-ways from top to bottom, and has no seam for fastening the seeds within it.

5. The drupa, drupe, or stone fruit, is a pulpy seed-vessel, which has no valve, or external opening, and contains within it a stone or nut.

6. The pomum, or apple, is a pulpy seed-vessel, which has no valve or external opening, and contains within it a capsule.

7. The bacca, or berry, is a pulpy seed-vessel, which has no valve, and contains seeds which are naked, or have no other covering than the pulp.

[Page] 8. The strobilus, or cone, is a seed-vessel composed of woody scales, laid over one another like tiles; it opens only at top, the scales being fixed below to the center of the cone.

VI. Semen, the seed, is a deciduous part of the plant, containing the rudiments of a new vegetable, and fertilized by the sprinkling of the male dust. Under this head are comprehended the seed properly so called, the nut and propago.

The nut is a seed covered with a hard bony skin.

Propago, the seed of the mosses, which has no tunic or covering.

VII. The receptaculum, or receptacle, the seventh and last part of the fructification on which the other six are connected, comprehends the receptaculum proprium, the receptaculum commune, and the spadix.

1. The receptaculum proprium, or proper receptacle, which belongs to the parts of a single fructification only. It is called the receptacle either of the fructification, when it is common to both flower and fruit; of the flower, when the parts of the flower only are fastened to it without the germen; of the fruit when it is a base for the fruit, and at a distance from the receptacle of the flower; or of the seeds, when it is a base to which the seeds are fixed within the pericarpium or seed-vessel.

2. The receptaculum commune, or common receptacle, is that which connects several florets together; as in compound flowers; and is either paleaceum chaffy, i. e. with thin membranaceous chaffy plates rising between the [...]orets, or nudum naked, without chaffy plates.

3. The spadix is the receptacle of the palms, and is always branched. It is also used to signify the flower stalk of every plant, which was originally contained within a spatha or sheath; but in this last case it is often simple.

Explanation of the Modes of Flowering.

The peduncle or foot-stalk of the flower is a partial trunk, bearing the fructification only, but not the leaves.

When branched or divided, each of the divisions is called pedicellus, or a little flower-stalk.

Flower-stalks are distinguished from the place of the plant where they grow, into,

1. The radical flower-stalk, when they proceed immediately from the root.

2. The cauline flower-stalk, which proceeds from the stem.

[Page] 3. The branch peduncle, which proceeds from the branches.

4. The axillary, or bosom flower-stalk, which comes out between the leaf and stem, or between the branch and stem.

5. The terminal flower-stalk, which comes from the extremity of the branch or stem.

6. The Solitary peduncle, when there is only one in the same place.

7. The Scattered peduncles, when a great many grow together without any order.

Flower-stalks are also distinguished from the different modes in which flowers are borne and connected on them, into the uniflorous, biflorous, triflorous, or multiflorous peduncle, that is, which bear one, two, three, or many flowers.

Flowers are also collected or borne in the ten following modes.

1. The fasciculus, a bunch or bundle, when peduncles are erect, parallel, placed close to one another, and all of the same height, as in sweet-william.

2. The capitulum, a little head, where many flowers are collected into a head, at the extremity of a peduncle, as in globe amaronthus.

3. The spike, where the flowers sit close without foot-stalks, and are placed along a common flower-stalk. A spike is called secunda, single ranked, when all the flowers are turned to one side; or dislicha, double ranked, when the flowers look to both sides, or stand two ways.

4. The corymbus, where the lesser flower-stalks of unequal lengths are produced along the common peduncle on all sides, and rise to the same height, so as to form a flat or even surface at top, as in spiraea opulifolia.

5. The panicle where the fructifications are dispersed upon foot-stalks variously subdivided, as in oats, &c. a panicle is said to be diffuse when the partial foot-stalks diverge, and the fructifications hang loose; or straight and narrow; when the foot-stalks approach near to one another.

6. The thyrsus is a panicle contracted into an oval or eggshaped-form, somewhat resembling the cone of a pine; as in lilac, horse chesnut, &c.

7. The racemus or cluster, consists of a common peduncle, having short lateral branches, all nearly of equal length proceeding from it; as in the vine, currants &c. It is called racemus secundus, or a one ranked cluster when all the foot-stalks incline to one side; as in the sorrel-tree and most of our andromedas.

[Page] 8. The verticillus, or whorl, where the flowers are produced in rings at each joint of the stem, with very short footstalks; as in mint, horehound, &c.

9. The umbella or umbel, where a number of small flowerstalks rise from the same center to an equal height and form an even surface at top. It is called a simple umbel, when the flower-stalks are simple or undivided; and a compound umbel, or sometimes an universal umbel, when all the foot-stalks are subdivided into smaller umbels, commonly called partial umbels

10. The cyma, or irregular umbel, where the foot-stalks rise from a common center, and to an equal height, as in the umbel; but the secondary or partial foot-stalks are irregularly dispersed, without order as in elder, viburnum &c.

²

Notes

2

§ The Reader is requested to observe that the names of the Species, under which the words, Bartram's Catalogue immediately occur, are not found in Linnaeus's Species Plantarum, but are taken from a Sheet Catalogue published by John and William Bartram, Botanists in Kingsessing; containing the names of Forest Trees and Shrubs, growing in, or near their Garden.

↵

A CATALOGUE OF TREES AND SHRUBS.

[Page]

ACER. THE MAPLE TREE.
Class 23, Order 1. Polyandria Monoecia.

IT hath Hermaphrodite and Male flowers upon the same tree.

In the Hermaphrodite,

The Empalement is of one leaf, five cleft, acute, coloured, plain and entire at the base, and permanent.

The Corolla consists of five petals, which are ovate, broader outward, obtuse, scarce larger than the calyx, and spreading.

The Filaments are eight, awl-shaped and short. The Antherae simple.

The Germen is compressed and sunk in the Receptacle, which is large, convex and perforated. The Style is thread-form, encreasing in length. The Stigmas two, sharp-pointed, slender, and reflexed.

The Seed-vessels are two capsules joined at the base, roundish, compressed, and each terminating in a large membranaceous wing.

The Seeds are solitary and roundish.

The Male are the same in all parts except wanting the germen and style.

Obs. The Ash-leaved Maple has male and female flowers on separate trees.

[Page] The Species with us are,

1. ACER pennsylvanicum—Pennsylvanian Dwarf Mountain Maple.

This grows naturally upon the mountains in the back parts of Pennsylvania. The stems are slender, rising to the height of six or eight feet, and sending off several opposite branches. The leaves are threepointed, pretty much sawed on their edges, and placed opposite upon pretty long footstalks. The flowers terminate the stalks in a pretty long erect racemus or bunch; they are small, of an herbaceous colour, and in part succeeded by small conjoined winged seeds.

2. ACER glaucum. The Silver-leaved Maple.

This tree grows frequently to the height of fifty or sixty feet, with many spreading branches. The leaves are five-lobed, somewhat toothed, or deeply and irregularly sawed on their edges: they are of a lucid green on the upper side and a bright silver colour on their under. The flowers are produced in little umbels at the foot of the leaves; they are of a deep red colour, and are succeeded by large winged seeds, which fall off early in the summer. This is perhaps the Acer rubrum of Linnaeus.

3. ACER Negundo. The Ash-leaved Maple.

This tree is dioecious, or having male and female flowers upon different trees; it is but of middling growth, rising perhaps to the height of twenty or thirty feet. The leaves something resemble those of the Ash, but are generally trifoliate or quinquefoliate, or consisting of three or five lobes; which are oval, somewhat pointed, and a little notched towards their extremities. The flowers of the male are produced [Page] upon pendulous bundles of very long fine threads or footstalks, each having a small flower-cup at its extremity, containing five or more stamina. The female produces flowers at the extremity of the small branches, in long loose bunches; they have long footstalks, with a small deciduous empalement; containing a compressed germen, with scarce any style, but two reflexed stigmas.

4. ACER canadense. American striped Maple.

This is but of middling growth. The bark, especially of the young shoots, is beautifully variegated or striped. The leaves are divided into three very sharp pointed lobes, and very finely sawed on their edges. The flowers are produced in solitary bunches, with shortish footstalks; having pretty large petals and empalements, containing generally eight stamina or filaments; and in hermaphrodite flowers two reflexed stigmas. The flowers and seeds are of a greenish yellow colour.

5. ACER rubrum. The Scarlet flowering Maple.

This grows to a pretty large size in a rich soil. The leaves are three and sometimes nearly five lobed, and sawed on their edges. The flowers are produced in little umbels closely surrounding the small branches, and are of a scarlet colour. The footstalks of the hermaphrodite flowers, shoot out to a considerable length; they are of a scarlet colour, each sustaining two joined winged seeds, somewhat of the same colour. There is a variety of this with yellowish flowers and seeds, which is, I believe, the most common kind in Pennsylvania.

[Page]

6. ACER saccharum. The Sugar Maple.

This grows to a large tree of two feet or more in diameter, and fifty or sixty feet high. The leaves something resemble the Silver-leaved Maple, but are not so large, nor deeply lobed; or of so fine a silver colour. It flowers in manner of the Scarlet Maple, but the flowers are of an herbaceous colour; and produces large joined winged seeds. The back inhabitants make a pretty good sugar, and in considerable quantity, of the sap of this and the Silver-leaved Maple; and though these have generally been preferred, yet all our Maples yield a sap which affords a pretty good sugar.

AESCULUS.
THE HORSE-CHESNUT-TREE.
Class 7. Order 1. Heptandria Monogynia.

The Empalement is of one leaf, tubulous, small and fivetoothed.

The Corolla consists of five petals, roundish, waved with a plaited margin, plane, spreading, unequally coloured, and inserted by narrow claws into the calyx.

The Filaments are seven (sometimes eight) awl-shaped, the length of the corolla, and declined. The Antherae rising.

The Germen is roundish, ending in an awl-shaped Style. The Stigma sharp pointed.

The Seed-vessel a capsule, coriaceous, roundish, three-cell'd and three valv'd.

The Seeds or nuts two, somewhat globose, often but one arriving to perfection.

1. AESCULUS octandra. New river Horse Chesnut.

This often becomes a tree of pretty large size. The branches are smooth and of a greyish colour. The leaves are palmated, or composed of five pretty [Page] large lobes joined at their base, having a pretty long common footstalk: they are somewhat wedge shape, or narrower towards the base than the point, veined with oblique parallel veins, and sawed on their edges. The flowers are produced in a loose thyrsus, at the extremity of the branches, of a pale yellowish colour; and are succeeded by fruit near the size of the eastern Horse-Chesnut.

2. AESCULUS Pavia. Scarlet flowering HorseChesnut.

This is but of humble growth, seldom rising to more than ten or twelve feet high; sending out several branches, with leaves and flowers much like the former, except the flowers being of a bright red colour: they stand upon short naked footstalks, branching from the common stem, generally five or six together in each thyrsus. They are tubulous at bottom but spread open at top, where the petals are irregular in size and length, having something the appearance of a lip flower; they have seven or eight stamina the length of the petals. When the flower fades the Germen swells to a pear shaped fruit, with a thick russet coloured covering, containing sometimes one or two nuts.

AMORPHA.
BASTARD-INDIGO.
Class 17. Order 3. Diadelphia Decandria.

THE Empalement is of one leaf, tubulous, cylindrical and top-shaped: at the mouth erect, five-toothed, and obtuse: the two superior teeth largest; permanent.

The Corolla is a single petal, inverse egg-shape, concave, scarce larger than the calyx, erect, inserted in the calyx between the two largest upper teeth, and placed on the upper side.

[Page] The Filaments are ten, very slightly joined at the base, erect, unequal in length, and longer than the corolla. The Antherae are simple.

The Germen is roundish. The Style awl-shaped and the length of the Stamina. The Stigma is simple.

The Seed-vessel a Legumen or Pod, moon-shaped, reflexed, larger than the calyx, compressed, the top most reflexed, of one cell, and tubercled.

The Seeds are two, of an oblong kidney form.

Obs. This is singularly distinguishable from all the Papilionaceous tribe, in having only the vexillum or standard, and wanting the wings and keel.

There appears to be but one Species of this Genus, viz.

AMORPHA fruticosa. Shrubby Bastard Indigo.

This grows naturally in Carolina, where it rises with many irregular stems, to the height of ten or twelve feet, with very long winged leaves, in shape like those of the common Acacia. At the extremity of the same year's shoots, the flowers are produced in long slender spikes, which are very small and of a deep purple colour. The flowers are succeeded by moon-shaped, reflexed, compressed pods, each containing two kidney-shaped seeds.

ANDROMEDA. ANDROMEDA
Class 10. Order 1. Decandria Monogynia.

The Empalement is five-parted, acute, very small, coloured, and permanent.

The Corolla consists of one petal, bell-shaped and five-cleft: the divisions reflexed.

The Filaments are ten, awl-shaped, longer than and scarcely affixed to the corolla. The Antherae are two horned and nodding.

The Germen is roundish. The Style cylindrical, longer than the Stamina and permanent. The Stigma is obtuse.

The Seed-vessel a capsule, roundish, pentagonal, five-celled, five valved, and gaping at the angles.

[Page] The Seeds are many, roundish and shining.

Obs. The Corolla in some is ovate, in others perfectly bellshaped.

The Species are, native with us,

1. ANDROMEDA arborea. The Sorrel Tree.

It grows naturally in Virginia, to about ten or twelve feet high. The flowers grow in long naked bunches, coming out from the sides of the branches, of an herbaceous colour, ranged on one side of the common foot-stalk: they are oval, pitcher-shaped, and nodding; and are succeeded by small capsules.

2. ANDROMEDA calyculata. Ever-green Dwarf Andromeda.

This is a low shrub, growing on mossy land. The leaves are shaped something like those of the Box tree, and are of the same consistence, having many small punctures on them. The flowers grow in short racemi or bunches from the extremity of the branches, they are white and of a cylindrical pitcher-shape.

3. ANDROMEDA Paniculata. Panicled Andromeda.

This shrub grows in boggy wet ground, rising from two or three to six or seven feet high, sending out several branches which are clothed with oblong leaves, a little notched and placed alternately. The flowers grow in long loose panicled racemi or bunches, at the extremity of the branches; they are pitcher-shaped, and succeeded by small round seed-vessels, having five cells, filled with small round seeds. There is a variety of this of low growth, differing in having [Page] shorter panicled bunches of flowers, and these coming out at the divisions, as well as at the extremities of the branches.

4. ANDROMEDA racemosa. Pennsylvanian Red-bud Andromeda.

This grows in low clayed lands, to the height of five or six feet. The leaves are oblong and serrated. The flowers are produced in a one sided racemus at the extremity of the branches, and resemble the other kinds. The long bunch of flower buds are of a beautiful red colour in the spring, and thereby make a good appearance.

5. ANDROMEDA mariana. Maryland, or broadleaved Andromeda.

Is a shrub of low growth, having but a small stem, which is generally retroflected or bent from side to side. The leaves are egg-shaped, entire, broad, and of pretty thick consistence. The Seed-vessels are larger than the other kinds, gaping at their tops.

6. ANDROMEDA nitida. Ever-green Shiningleaved Andromeda, or Carolinian Red-buds.
(Bartram's Catalogue.)

This shrub grows naturally in Carolina and Florida, and may justly be ranked among the most beautiful flowering.

The leaves are perennial, near three inches in length and one in breadth, of a hard and firm texture, lance-shape, of a deep shining, or glossy green colour on both sides, placed by pretty long footstalks alternately upon each side of the branches, but inclining [Page] to the upper side, and standing nearly erect. The flowers are produced along the under side of the branches, in long one rowed racemi or bunches, which as they arrive to their full growth change to a damask rose colour. The under parts of the bunches somewhat resemble the cells of a honey-comb, diffusing an agreeable fragrance, and affording a delicious harvest to the honey-bee.

7. ANDROMEDA plumata. Plumed Andromeda, or Carolinian Iron-wood Tree.
(Bartram's Catalogue.)

This is also a southern beautiful species of Andromeda; rising to the height of fifteen or twenty feet, and sending off towards the top, many spreading and nearly horizontal branches.

The leaves are small, lance-shaped, and of a deep glossy green, but changing in Autumn before they fall off, to yellow, red, purple, &c. giving the trees a beautiful appearance, even in their decline. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the branches, in one-rowed racemes or bunches, they are very small and perfectly white, somewhat, resembling a plume of delicate white feathers. This and the last mentioned, grow naturally by the sides of ponds, and swamps, in Carolina and Florida.

ANNONA.
PAPAW TREE, or CUSTARD APPLE.
Class 13. Order 7. Polyandria Polygynia.

THE Empalement is three leaved and small: the leaves heartshaped, concave, and sharp-pointed.

The Corolla is composed of six petals, heart-shaped and sessile or squat: the three alternate interior less.

[Page] The Filaments scarce any. The Antherae are very numerous, fitting upon the sides of the Germen.

The Germen is somewhat round, sitting upon a roundish receptacle. The Styles none. The Stigmas obtuse.

The Seed-vessel a very large berry or fruit, of an oval or oblong shape, covered with a smooth rind, and of one cell.

The Seeds are several, hard, shining, oblong, oval, (compressed in some species) and placed in a circle.

The Species with us are,

1. ANNONA glabra. Carolinian Smooth-barked Annona.

The bark is smooth, the leaves broad, oval, but narrowed towards the base. The fruit is large, yellow and somewhat conical. This grows naturally in Carolina.

2. ANNONA triloba. Pennsylvanian Triplefruited Papaw.

This grows common in rich bottoms and by river sides, in Pennsylvania. It rises to the height of ten, twelve, and sometimes twenty feet, with but few branches, garnished with pretty long large leaves, narrowed toward the base and smooth on their edges. The flowers are solitary, and of a dark purple colour; they have short footstalks, which with the flower-cup is covered with short brown hairs or down. The fruit is often found growing two or three together, which loon falls off, becomes very mellow and turns of a yellow colour.

ARALIA.
THE ANGELICA TREE.
Class 5. Order 5. Pentandria Pentagyina.

AN Involucrum, which is very small, to the little globular umbels.

[Page] The Empalement is five-toothed, very small, and above.

The Corolla consists of five petals, which are ovate, acute, sessile and reflexed.

The Filaments are five, awl-shaped, and the length of the corolla. The Antherae are roundish.

The Germen is roundish and beneath. The Styles five, very short, and permanent. The Stigmas simple.

The Seed-vessel a berry, roundish, striated, crowned and fivecelled.

The Seeds are solitary, hard, and oblong.

The Species with us are,

ARALIA spinosa. Virginian Angelica Tree.

This rises with a thick woody stem to the height of ten or twelve feet, dividing into several branches, which are garnished with ramose divaricated leaves, placed alternately. The flowers are produced in large, loose, compound umbels, at the extremity of the branches: they are of an herbaceous colour, and are succeeded by roundish berries of a purplish colour when ripe. The stem, branches, and footstalks of the leaves are armed with short strong spines.

ARBUTUS.
THE STRAWBERRY TREE, OR BEAR-BERRY.
Class 10. Order 1. Decandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is five parted, obtuse, very small and permanent.

The Corolla is one petalled, ovate, planish at the base; the border is five cleft: the divisions obtuse, revolute and small.

The Filaments are ten, awl-bellied, very slender at the base, half the length of the corolla, and affixed by the margin to its base. The Antherae are slightly two cleft and nodding.

The Germen is somewhat globose, sitting upon a receptacle marked with ten points. The Style is cylindrical and the length of the corolla. The Stigma is thickish and obtuse.

The Seed-vessel is a berry, roundish and five celled.

The Seeds are small and bony.

[Page] The Species with us are,

ARBUTUS Uva ursi. The Bear-berry.

This grows naturally in the Jerseys. It is a low trailing shrub, dividing into many branches, closely set with smooth, thick, entire leaves, of an oval form. The flowers are produced in small bunches, near the ends of the branches, and are succeeded by red berries. This has been used with great success in many calculous complaints.

ARISTOLOCHIA.
BIRTHWORT.
Class 20. Order 5. Gynandria Hexagynia.

THE Empalement is wanting.

The Corolla is of one petal, tubulous and irregular: the base bellied, somewhat globular and protuberant: the tube oblong, six cornered cylindrical: the border dilated and extended beneath in a long tongue.

The Filaments are wanting. The Antherae are six adjoined under theStigmas, and four celled.

The Germen is oblong beneath and angled. The Style scarce any. The Stigma somewhat globular, six parted, and concave.

The Seed-vessel is a capsule, which is large, hexagonal and six celled.

The Seeds are many, depressed and incumbent.

Obs. The Seed-vessel varies in figure; in some species it is roundish, in others oblong.

The Species growing shrubby, with us, is one, viz.

ARISTOLOCHIA frutescens. Pennsylvanian Shrubby Birthwort.

This grows naturally near Pittsburg, in a rich soil and shaded situation; rising with shrubby cylindrical [Page] stems, which twine round any neighbouring support, and reach sometimes to the height of thirty feet or more, sending off many long twining branches. The leaves are large, entire, and heartshaped, of eight inches or more in length, and as much in breadth, standing upon thick strong footstalks. The flowers come out singly, or sometimes two together upon pretty long foot-stalks, which are either terminal, or arise beneath the divisions of the branches, each having a bractea or floral leaf embracing it near its base; they consist of a long tube which is very crooked and bellied towards the base, but narrower towards the extremity, and furnished with a border which at first appears three lobed and triangular (in fo [...] of a cock'd hat,) but after becomes spreading, plain and roundish, and together with the interior extremity of the tube, is finely variegated with spots or streaks. The Capsules or Seed-vessels are cylindrical six-sided, of three or four inches in length and near one in diameter, opening with six fissures, and having six cells, filled with heart-shaped compressed seeds, with a false one between each. This from its twining stems and large leaves affords a fine shady covering for an arbour.

The roots have an aromatic penetrating savour, and are supposed to be equal in medical virtues to the small Virginian Snake-root.

ASCYRUM.
ST. PETER'S WORT.
Class 18. Order 3. Polyadelphia Polyandria.

THE Empalement is of four leaves; the exterior opposite are very small and linear; the interior heart-shaped, plane, large, and erect, and all permanent.

[Page] The Corolla is of four petals, ovate; the exterior opposite largest, the interior less.

The Filaments are numerous, bristly, slightly joined at the base into four parts. The Antherae are roundish.

The Germen is oblong. The Style scarce any. The Stigma simple.

The Seed-vessel a Capsule, oblong, sharp pointed, and enclosed by the larger leaves of the empalement.

The Seeds are numerous, small and roundish.

The Species are,

1. ASCYRUM Hypericoides. St. Peter's Wort.

This is a small shrubby plant, growing naturally in low moist ground, and rising with a few slender stems to the height of about eighteen inches, having small opposite branches, which are somewhat flatted. The leaves are small, oblong, somewhat wedge-shape, placed opposite, and sitting close. The flowers are sparingly produced at the tops of the stalks, and have somewhat the appearance of those of St. John's wort.

2. ASCYRUM villosum. Villose St. Peter's wort.

This rises to the height of about three feet, with erect stalks. The leaves are oblong and hairy. The flowers are produced at the tops of the stalks, resembling those of St. John's wort, but have only four petals.

AZALEA.
UPRIGHT HONEY-SUCKLE.
Class 5. Order 1. Pentandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is five parted, erect, acute, small, coloured and permanent.

[Page] The Corolla is monopetalous, bell-shaped, and half five-cleft: the side divisions inflexed.

The Filaments are five, filiform, free, unequal in length, and inserted in the receptacle. The Antherae are simple.

The Germen is roundish. The Style filiform, the length of the corolla and permanent. The Stigma is obtuse.

The Seed-vessel is a Capsule, roundish, five cell'd, and five valv'd.

The Seeds are several, roundish.

Obs. The figure of the petal in some Species is funnel form, in others bell-shaped; the stamina in some are also very long and declined.

The Species with us, are,

1. AZALEA nudiflora. Red-flowered Azalea.

This grows most common upon a moist, clayey, gravelly soil, rising from two or three, to five or six feet in height. The leaves are produced in clusters at the extremity of the branches; they are oblong, inverse, egg-shaped, and a little hairy upon their edges and midribs underneath. The flowers are produced early in the spring before the leaves are expanded, in heads or clusters at the ends of the stalks and chief branches, of a red colour, and hairy, with very long red stamina. There is great variety in the colour of the flowers, from red to almost white.

2. AZALEA viscosa. White sweet Azalea.

This grows naturally in rich rocky places, near streams of water; rising to the height of five or six feet. The leaves are much smaller and of a paler green colour than those of the red flowered, otherwise resembling them. The flowers are produced after the leaves are fully expanded, (about harvest time;) they are white, hairy and clammy, and have the fragrance of the honey-suckle.

[Page]

3. AZALEA viscosa palustris. Swamp Azalea.

This is a variety of the white kind, growing naturally in wet low ground. It is of lower growth, with leaves rough and clammy at their first appearance. The flowers are white, but not so sweet as the former. There is also some other varieties differing somewhat in the disposition or appearance of their flowers, &c.

BACCHARIS.
PLOWMAN'S SPIKENARD.
Class 19. Order 2. Syngenesia Polygamia Superslua.

THE Common Calyx is cylindrical, and imbricated: the Scales linear and acute.

The Compound Corolla, is equal with Florets Hermaphrodite and Female mixed.

The Proper of the hermaphrodite is funnel-form and five cleft.—of the female scarce manifest, or almost none.

The Filaments of the hermaphrodite are five, capillary and very small. The Antherae cylindrical and tubulous.

The Germen of the hermaphrodite is ovate. The Style filiform and the length of the flower. The Stigma is bifid or two cleft.

Of the female very like the hermaphrodite.

The Seed-vessel none, but the calyx changed.

The Seeds of the hermaphrodite and female much alike, solitary, very short, and oblong. The Pappus simple.

The Receptacle is naked.

The Species are,

BACCHARIS halimifolia. Virginian Groundsel Tree.

It rises to the height of six or eight feet, sending out many erect branches, garnished with leaves [Page] which are somewhat ovate, and a little toothed above, continuing green most of the year. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the branches, and are of a yellowish white colour.

BERBERIS.
The BARBERRY-BUSH.
Class 6. Order 1. Hexandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is six leaved and spreading; the leaves ovate, narrower at the base, concave, the alternate less, coloured, and deciduous.

The Corolla is of six petals, which are roundish, concave, some what spreading, and scarce larger than the calyx.

A Nectarium of two corpusles, roundish, coloured and affixed to the base of each petal.

The Filaments are six, erect, compressed and obtuse. Two Antherae are joined to the top of each filament.

The Germen is cylindrical and the length of the stamina. The Style is wanting. The Stigma is orbiculate, broader than the germen; and surrounded by an acute margin.

The Seed-vessel is a berry, which is cylindrical, obtuse and of one cell.

The Seeds are two, oblong, cylindrical and obtuse.

The Species are,

BERBERRIS canadiensis. The Canadian Barberry.

This grows naturally in Canada, and somewhat resembles the European Barberry, except the leaves being much shorter and broader, and the fruit, when ripe, of a black colour. There is also a kind of Barberry growing upon New-River in Virginia, bearing red berries, of which I have seen one small plant.

[Page]

BETULA.
The BIRCH-TREE.
Class 21. Order 4. Monoecia Tetrandria.

THE Male flowers are disposed in a cylindrical Katkin.

The Calyx, is a common Katkin, imbricated on all sides, loose and cylindrical; composed of triflorous Scales, to each of which, two very minute scales are placed at the sides.

The Compound Corolla consists of three florets, equal, and affixed to the disk of each scale of the Katkin.

The Proper is monopetalous, four-parted, spreading, and small: the divisions obtuse and egg-shaped.

The Filaments are four, very small. The Antherae are twin.

The Female flowers are disposed in Katkins on the same plant.

The Calyx is a common Katkin, imbricated: with three scales every where opposed, affixed to the rachis, heart shaped with a point, biflorous, a little divided by a pointed body in the bosom towards the top, concave, and short.

The Corolla none manifest.

The Germen proper, is ovate, very small. The Styles are two, bristly, and the length of the scales. The Stigmas simple.

The Seed-vessel none. The Katkin embracing the seeds of two florets under each scale.

The Seeds are solitary and ovate.

The Species with us are,

1. BETULA nigra. Black, or Sweet-Birch.

This becomes a large tree, often rising to the height of fifty or sixty feet, and sending off many branches. The leaves are egg-shaped and doubly or irregularly serrated, the small serratures are close, the larger more remote; their footstalks are villose. The small branches are also covered with down. The natives often make their canoes of the bark of this tree.

[Page]

2. BETULA lenta. Red Birch.

This grows to a pretty large size, spreading into many slender pliable branches. The leaves are smooth, heart-shaped, oblong, sharp-pointed, and finely and slightly sawed on their edges.

3. BETULA papyrifera. White Paper Birch.

This is a variety of the last, growing to a middling size and pretty much resembling it, except in having a very white smooth bark.

4. BETULA populifolia. Aspen-leaved Birch.

This is also a variety of the second, and grows naturally in the Jerseys, and other eastern states, becoming a pretty tall tree, and covered with a white bark. The leaves are somewhat triangular, like those of the Aspen tree, but terminating in a long acute point; they are doubly serrated, standing upon long slender footstalks, and are put in motion by the slightest breeze of wind.

5. BETULA humilis. Dwarf Birch.

This is also a variety of the second kind, of a low and dwarfish growth.

BETULA-ALNUS.
The ALDER TREE.

THE Characters are the same of the Betula, except the Seed-vessel being a roundish cone.

The Species are,

[Page]

1. BETULA-ALNUS glauca. Silver-leaved Alder.

This grows naturally in low marshy ground, and frequently rises to the height of ten or twelve feet.

2. BETULA-ALNUS maritima. Sea-side Alder.

This grows to the height of the former. The leaves are long and narrow. The Katkins are generally in bloom in August, at which time the female cone or seed-vessel sets, but don't grow to perfection till the next summer.

3. BETULA-ALNUS rubra. Common Alder.

This grows very common in most parts of Pennsylvania. The leaves are broader than the other kinds, and rough or wrinkled. This flowers in the spring, and perfects its seeds in the fall.

BIGNONIA.
The TRUMPET FLOWER.
Class 14. Order 1. Didynamia Angiospermia.

THE Empalement is of one leaf, erect, cup-form, and five-cleft.

The Corolla is monopetalous, and bell-shaped. The tube very small and the length of the calyx. The chaps very long, bellied underneath, and of an oblong bell-shape. The border is five parted; the two superior divisions reflexed; the inferior spreading.

The Filaments are four, awl-shaped and shorter than the corolla, of which two are longer than the rest. The Antherae are reflexed, oblong, and as if doubled.

The Germen is oblong. The Style thread-form, of the situation and shape of the stamina. The Stigma is headed.

[Page] The Seed-vessel is a filiqua or pod, of two cells and two valves.

The Seeds are pretty many, imbricated, compressed, and having a membranaceous wing.

Obs. The Catalpa delights in only two perfect stamina, and three imperfect rudiments, with a pentaphyllous calyx.

The Species are,

1. BIGNONIA Catalpa. The Catalpa-Tree.

This rises to the height of twelve or fifteen feet, with a strong stem, dividing into several branches, which are garnished with large heart-shaped leaves, placed opposite at each joint. The flowers are produced in large branching panicles, at the ends of the branches; of a dirty white colour, with a few purple spots, and faint stripes of yellow on the inside; and waved on their edges; they are succeeded by very long slender pods, filled with flat winged seeds, lying over each other like the scales of a fish.

2. BIGNONIA crucigera. Cross-vine.

This rises with slender trailing stalks, which must be supported, so require the assistance of a wall, and a good aspect; being impatient of much cold. The branches are clothed with oblong leaves remaining green all the year. The flowers are produced at the wings of the leaves, shaped much like those of the Fox-glove; and are of a yellow colour.

3. BIGNONIA radicans. Climing TrumpetFlower.

This Kind, when old, hath large rough stems, which send out many trailing branches, putting out roots at their joints, thereby attaching themselves to any neighbouring support, and rising sometimes to [Page] the height of forty or fifty feet. The branches are garnished with winged leaves placed opposite, which are generally composed of four pair of small leaves, terminated by an odd one. The flowers are produced at the ends of the shoots of the same year, in large bunches; they have long swelling tubes, shaped somewhat like a trumpet, and are of an orange colour, inclining to red; and succeeded by large pods full of winged seeds.

4. BIGNONIA sempervirens. Ever-green Bignonia, or Yellow Jasmine.

This kind resembles the second so much as to require no further description.

CALLICARPA.
CALLICARPA.
Class 4. Order 1. Tetrandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is of one leaf, bell-shaped: at the mouth four-parted and erect.

The Corolla is of one petal, tubulous: The border four-cleft, obtuse and spreading.

The Filaments are four, thread-form, twice the length of the corolla. The Antherae ovate and incumbent.

The Germen is roundish. The Style thread form, thicker above. The Stigma thickish and obtuse.

The Seed-vessel is a berry, globose and smooth.

The Seeds are four, small, callous, oval, compressed, some what convex on one side, but a little hallowed as if eaten on the other.

There is but one Species of this Genus, viz.

CALLICARPA americana. Carolinian Shrubby Cailicarpa.

This shrub rises from three to five feet high, with but slender stems, sending out many branches from [Page] the sides, which are wooly or downy when young, garnished with oval, spear-shaped leaves, placed opposite on pretty long footstalks. The flowers come out in whorls round the stalks, sitting very close; they are small and tubulous, cut into four obtuse segments at the top, which expand and are of a deep purple colour; these are succeeded by soft succulent berries, which are of a deep purple colour when full ripe, each enclosing four hard seeds. This is a native of Carolina and will not endure much cold.

CALYCANTHUS.
CAROLINIAN ALLSPICE.
Class 12. Order 5. Icosandria Polygynia.

THE Calyx is of one leaf, thickened, squarrose, somewhat top-shaped, truncated, almost closed above; and permanent.

The Corolla is composed of many leaves, which are oblong, coloured, of thick and fleshy consistence, longer than the calyx, somewhat spreading, but chiefly lightly incurved their whole length; inserted in the truncated margin of the calyx, disposed in several series or rows circularly, of unequal length and deciduous.

The Filaments are many, short awl-shaped and inserted in the top of the calyx; the exterior of which, have oblong furrowed Antherae adjoined to their apex; the interior barren and closing the calyx.

The Germen are many, oblong, villose, and hid within the calyx.

The Styles many, joined in a medullary column and protruding in the center of the barren filaments, which serve for its defence.

The Seed-vessel none but the calyx, thickened, much enlarged, berry'd, and somewhat inverse egg-shaped.

The Seeds are many, oval, somewhat villose, and surrounded longitudinally with a future.

We have but one Species of this Genus, viz.

[Page]

CALYCANTHUS floridus. Carolinian Allspice.

This delightful sweet-scented shrub, grows naturally in Carolina, and rises from four to six or eight feet high, sending out many small branches, which are placed opposite and garnished with oval entire leaves; which are likewise opposite. The flowers are produced singly, at the extremities of the same year's shoots; they are of a sullen or dark purple colour, and when somewhat expanded, diffuse to a considerable distance, a very agreeable scent, scarcely distinguishable from that of ripe strawberries. It flowers in May, and by succession till almost harvest. The flowers are succeeded by large, somewhat oval, rough, swelling capsules, of two inches or more in length, and one in diameter, containing many oval brown seeds.

CARPINUS.
The HORNBEAM-TREE.
Class 21. Order 8. Monoecia Polyandria.

THE Male Flowers are disposed in a cylindrical Katkin.

The Calyx is a common Katkin loosely imbricated on all sides; composed of scales which are uniflorous, ovate, concave, acute, and ciliated.

The Corolla is none.

The Filaments are for the most part ten, very small. The Antherae are twin, compressed, villose at the apex, and two valved.

The Female Flowers are disposed in a long Katkin, on the same plant.

The Calyx is a common Katkin loosely imbricated, consisting of Scales which are lance-shaped, villose, reflexed at the apex, and one flowered.

The Corolla is cup-form, of one leaf, six cleft, with two divisions larger.

[Page] The Germen are two, very short, each having two Styles, which are long, capillary and coloured. The Stigmas are simple.

The Seed-vessel none. The Katkin being enlarged and containing a seed at the base of each scale.

The Seed is a nut, ovate and angled.

Obs. The Seeds of the Carpinus Betulus are contained within the base of the concave calycine scale: but of the Ostrya within the inflated scale.

The Species are, with us,

1. CARPINUS Betulus virginiana. American Hornbeam.

This grows common by most of our river and creek sides, rising with a strong, woody, somewhat angular stem, to the height of ten or fifteen feet; spreading into many branches, with oval, pointed leaves, sawed on their edges. The flowers are produced at the ends of the young shoots, in loose, leaffy katkins, and are succeeded by small, hard, angular seeds.

2. CARPINUS Ostrya. The Hop-Hornbeam.

This tree often grows larger and more upright than the former, the wood is tougher, the branches sewer and more erect. The leaves somewhat resemble those of the Elm. The male Katkins are produced at the extremity of the branches, they are set the preceding fall, and remain all winter. The female flowers are produced in inflated chaffy katkins, much resembling a hop, from whence it acquired its name. There is a variety of this called the Virginian flowering Hop-Hornbeam, which I have not seen.

[Page]

CASSINE.
CASSINE, or SOUTH-SEA TEA-TREE.
Class 5. Order 3. Pentandria Trigynia.

THE Empalement is five-parted, beneath, very small, obtuse, and permanent.

The Corolla is five-parted and spreading; the divisions are somewhat ovate, obtuse, and large than the calyx.

The Filaments are five, awl-shaped and spreading. The Anthere are simple.

The Germen is above and conical. The Style none. The Stigmas three, reflexed and obtuse.

The Seed-vessel is a berry, roundish, three-cell'd and umbilicated with the Stigmas.

The Seeds are solitary and somewhat ovate.

The Species are,

CASSINE Paragua. Ever-green Cassine, Yapon, or South-Sea Tea-tree.

This grows naturally in Carolina and some parts of Virginia, but chiefly near the sea; and rises to the height of ten or twelve feet, sending out branches from the ground upward, garnished with Ever-green spear-shaped leaves, placed alternately: they are of a deep green colour, of a thick consistence and a little notched on their edges. The flowers are produced in close whorls, round the branches, at the footstalks of the leaves; they are white, and are succeeded by red berries, with three cells, each containing a single seed.

[Page]

CEANOTHUS.
The NEW-JERSEY TEA-TREE.
Class 5. Order 1. Pentandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is of one leaf, top-shaped: the border is five-parted, acute, and incurved; and permanent.

The Corolla is composed of five petals, equal, roundish, hooksacked, compressed, very obtuse, spreading, less than the calyx, with claws the length of the petal, rising from the incisions of the calyx.

The Filaments are five, awl-shaped, erect, opposite to the petals, and longer than the corolla. The Antherae are roundish.

The Germen is three cornered. The Style is cylindrical, half three-cleft, and the length of the Stamina. The Stigma obtuse.

The Seed-vessel is a berry, which is dry, three fruited, threecell'd, obtuse, and set with tubercles.

The Seeds are solitary and ovate.

The Species with us, but one, viz.

CEANOTHUS americanus. American Ceanothus, or New-Jersey Tea-tree.

This is a low shrub, growing common in most parts of North America; seldom rising above four or five feet high, and sending out branches on every side from the ground upward, which are garnished with oval, pointed leaves, having three longitudinal veins, running from the foot-stalk to the point, diverging from each other in the middle; they are placed opposite, and are of a light green colour. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the shoots, in a close kind of Thyrsus; they are of a white colour and when in bloom make a fine appearance. A decoction of the roots of this shrub is esteemed a certain cure, not only in slight Gonorrhaea's, [Page] which it stops in two or three days, without any bad consequences; but also in the most inveterate Venereal complaints. The leaves are dried and used by some as a substitute for Bohea Tea, from which it acquired its name.

CELASTRUS.
The STAFF-TREE.
Class 5. Order 1. Pentandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is of one leaf, half-five cleft, plane, and very small: the divisions are obtuse and unequal.

The Corolla has five petals, ovate, spreading, sessile, equal and reflexed at their margins.

The Filaments are five, awl-shaped and the length of the corolla. The Antherae are very small.

The Germen is very small, immersed in the receptacle, which is large, plane, and marked with ten streaks. The Style is awlshaped and shorter than the stamina. The Stigma is obtuse, and three-cleft.

The Seed-vessel is a Capsule, coloured, ovate, obtusely three cornered, gibbous, three cell'd, and three valv'd.

The Seeds are few, ovate, coloured, smooth, and half covered with an Arillus, four parted at the mouth, unequal and coloured.

The Species but one, with us, viz.

CELASTRUS Scandens. American Climing Staff-tree.

This grows naturally in many parts of NorthAmerica, rising with a twining woody stem to the height of ten or fifteen feet when supported, sending out many slender flexible branches, cloathed with oblong pointed leaves, a little sawed on their edges. The flowers come out from the sides of the branches in loose bunches; they are of an herbaceous [Page] colour, and are succeeded by roundish threecornered capsules, of a pale, or yellowish red colour when ripe; which spread open in three parts, disclosing their seeds after the manner of the Spindle Tree. The seeds are hard, oval and covered with a thin red pulp. It makes a very fine appearance when covered with ripe fruit.

CELTIS.
The NETTLE-TREE.
Class 23. Order 1. Polygamia Monoecia.

THE Hermaprodite flowers are solitary and superior.

The Empalement is one-leafed, and five-parted; the divisions ovate, spreading and withering.

The Corolla is wanting.

The Filaments are five, very short, bid by the Antherae, but after the discharge of the farina, longer. The Antherae are oblong, thickish, quadrangular, and four-furrowed.

The Germen is ovate, sharp-pointed, and the length of calyx. The Styles are two, spreading, variously inflexed, awl-shaped, very long, and downy on all sides. The Stigmas are simple.

The Seed-vessel is a drupe, roundish and of one cell.

The Seed is a nut, which is roundish.

The Male flowers are in the same plant, and inferior.

The Empalement is six-parted, otherwise as the Hermaphrodite.

The Corolla is wanting.

The Filaments are as in the Hermaphrodite.

The Species with us, but one, viz.

CELTIS occidentalis. American Yellow-fruited Nettle-tree.

This grows naturally in many parts of NorthAmerica. It delights in a rich, moist soil, in which it becomes a large tree, rising with a straight stem, the bark of which, in young trees, is sometimes [Page] smooth and of a dark colour, but as they advance becomes rougher and of a lighter colour. The branches are set thick on every side, and garnished with oblique oval leaves, ending in points and sawed on their edges. The flowers come out opposite to the leaves, upon pretty long footstalks; they are small and make but little appearance, and are succeeded by round, hard berries, about the size of a small pea, of a yellow colour and sweet taste when ripe. The juice of the fruit is said to be astringent and to give ease in violent Dysenteries.

CEPHALANTHUS.
The BUTTON-TREE.
Class 4. Order 1. Tetrandria Monogynia.

THE Common Empalement is none, but a globose receptacle, collecting many florets into a little head.

The Proper Empalement is one leaved, funnel-form and angular; the border four-cleft.

The Universal Corolla is equal. The Proper of one petal, funnelform and acute.

The Filaments are four, inserted in the corolla, and shorter than the border. The Antherae are globose.

The Germen is beneath. The Style longer than the corolla. The Stigma globose.

The Seedvessel none.

The Seeds are solitary, long, lessened at the base, pyramidal and wooly.

The Common Receptacle is round and villose.

The Species but one, viz.

CEPHALANTHUS occidentalis. Button-tree.

This shrub grows pretty common by creek sides and ponds, rising to the height of six or eight feet; growing very crooked, and sending out several [Page] branches, which grow opposite. The leaves are also placed opposite and often, upon young shoots, by three's; they are near three inches long and one and a quarter broad, having a strong vein running longitudinally through them, they are of a light green and their footstalks change to a reddish colour next the branches. The branches are terminated with globular heads, composed of many small flowers, of a whitish colour.

CERCIS.
The JUDAS TREE.
Class 10. Order 1. Decandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is of one leaf, very short, bell-shaped, gibbous beneath, and melliferous: the mouth is five toothed, erect and obtuse.

The Corolla is ten petal'd, inserted in the calyx, and counterfeiting a papilionaceous corolla.

The Wings, are two petals, bent back, and affixed by long claws.

The Standard, one petal, roundish, clawed, under and shorter than the wings.

The Keel, two petals, joining in a heart-shaped figure, including the parts of fructification and affixed by claws.

The Nectarium, a gland, style form, under the germen.

The Filaments are ten, distinct, awl-shaped, declined, of which four are longer; and covered. The Antherae are oblong, incumbent, and arising.

The Germen is linear-lanced and pedicel'd. The Style is of the length and situation of the stamina. The Stigma is obtuse and arising.

The Seed-vessel is a legumen or pod, which is oblong, acute, oblique pointed, and of one cell.

The Seeds are several, roundish and joined to the superior future.

The Species with us, but one, viz.

[Page]

CERCIS canadensis. Red-bud, or Judas Tree.

This grows naturally in several parts of NorthAmerica, rising to the height of ten or fifteen feet, with a pretty strong trunk covered with a darkish coloured bark; dividing upwards into several irregular branches, furnished with heart-shaped leaves, smooth upon their upper surface and edges, but a little downy underneath, having pretty long footstalks. The flowers come out upon the branches upon all sides, many arising from the same point, with short footstalks; they are of a fine red colour and coming out before the leaves, make a beautiful appearance. There is said to be a variety of this in Carolina, with small flowers.

CHIONANTHUS.
The SNOW-DROP, or FRINGE TREE.
Class 2. Order 1. Diandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is of one leaf, four-parted, erect, sharp pointed and permanent.

The Corolla is one petal'd and funnel-form. The tube is very short, spreading, and the length of the caylx. The border with four divisions, which are linear, erect, acute, oblique, and very long.

The Filaments are two, very short, awl-shaped and inserted in the tube. The Antherae are heart-shaped, and erect.

The Germen is ovate. The Style simple and the length of the calyx. The Stigma is obtuse and three-cleft.

The Seed-vessel is a drupe, roundish or oval and of one cell.

The Seed a striated [...].

Obs. The number of stamina is often three or four.

We have but one Species in America, viz.

[Page]

CHIONANTHUS virginica. Virginian Snow-drop Tree.

This shrub grows naturally in several places in North America, in a moist soil; rising to the height of fifteen or twenty feet, spreading into many branches, covered with a light coloured bark. The leaves are large, oblong and entire, placed nearly opposite. The flowers are produced towards the extremity of the shoots of the former year, upon short, leaffy, common footstalks; at the bosom of the leaves of which, the proper footstalks come out, and are divided for the most part into three parts, but often more; each sustaining one small flower, with four very long, narrow, white petals; which, when fully grown, make a beautiful appearance: these are succeeded by oval berries, of a livid blackish colour when ripe, each containing one hard, oblong, pointed seed. The bark of the root of this shrub, bruised and applied to fresh wounds, is accounted by the natives a specific, in healing them without suppuration.

CLETHRA.
CLETHRA.
Class 10. Order 1. Decandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is of one leaf, five-parted; the leaves are ovate, concave, erect and permanent.

The Corolla consists of five petals, oblong, broader without, a little spreading, and longer than the calyx.

The Filaments are ten, awl-shaped, and the length of the corolla. The Antherae oblong-erect, gaping at the apex.

The Germen is roundish. The Style is thread-form, erect, permanent, and increasing. The Stigma is three-cleft.

The Seed-vessel is a capsule, roundish, covered with the calyx, three-cell'd and three-valv'd.

The Seeds are many and angled.

[Page] There is but one Species of this Genus, viz.

CLETHRA alnifolia. Alder leaved Clethra.

This shrub grows common in Maryland, Virginia, and Carolina, in moist ground and by rivulets; rising to the height of six or eight feet, dividing into many branches, clothed with wedge-shape, oval, veined leaves, sawed on their edges, resembling those of the Alder but longer; which are placed alternately. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the branches, in long close bunches; they are of a white colour, and when in full bloom make a very fine appearance.

CORNUS.
The CORNEL, or DOGBERRY-TREE.
Class 4. Order 1. Tetrandria Monogynia.

THE Calyx consists of an Involucrum of four leaves, many flowered: the leaves ovate, coloured, and deciduous; the opposite interior somewhat longer and narrower.

An Empalement, very small, four-toothed, above and deciduous.

The Corolla consists of four petals, oblong, acute, plane, and smaller than the Involucrum.

The Filaments are four, awl-shaped, erect, and longer than the corolla. The Antherae are roundish and incumbent.

The Germen is roundish and beneath. The Style filiform and the length of the corolla. The Stigma is obtuse.

The Seed-vessel is a drupe, or stone-fruit, roundish and umbilicated.

The Seed, a nut, heart-shaped, or oblong, and two cell'd.

Obs. The Involucrum is wanting in most of our Species.

The Species are, with us,

[Page]

1. CORNUS alterna. Alternate branched, or Female Virginian Dogwood.

This grows to the height of twelve or fifteen feet, dividing upwards into many branches, which are covered with bark of a striated or streaked appearance. The small branches are placed alternate, bending at each division. The leaves are entire, oval, sharp-pointed, and much veined. The flowers are produced in clusters at the extremity of the branches, and are succeeded by roundish berries of a dark purple colour when ripe. The small branches being alternate, afford a distinguishing mark for this species.

2. CORNUS candidissima. Swamp American Dogwood.

This shrub grows to the height of six or eight feet, mostly in moist or swampy places; and is covered with a whitish bark. The branches are placed opposite, and also the leaves, which are lance-shaped and pointed, and of a whitish colour. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the branches, in clusters, and are succeeded by whitish succulent berries.

3. CURNUS florida. Male Virginian Dogwood.

This rises with a strong stem to the height of twelve or fifteen feet, dividing into many spreading branches, which are sometimes placed opposite, but often by four's, arising from opposite points and regularly disposed. The leaves are oval, pointed, veined and entire. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the small branches, in clusters; having a common [Page] involucrum of four large white leaves, which are generally end-bitten and a little coloured at their extremities, and one opposite pair, rather longer and narrower than the other. The flowers within are succeeded by oblong, red berries. This flowers in May and is deservedly ranked amongst the beautiful flowering shrubs. The bark of this kind has been used with some success as a substitute for the Peruvian Bark. And to its top, regular disposed shoots, our spinsters are often indebted for their distaffs.

4. CORNUS sanguinea. American Red-rod Cornus.

This grows in a moist soil, to the height of eight or ten feet, generally many stems arising from the same root. The bark of the young shoots is very smooth, and of a beautiful dark red colour. The branches are placed opposite, and also the leaves, which much resemble the first and third kinds above described. The flowers are produced in clusters at the ends of the branches, of a whitish colour; and are succeeded by succulent berries of a bluish colour when ripe.

CORYLUS.
The HAZEL, or NUT-TREE.
Class 21, Order 8. Monoecia Polyandria.

THE Male flowers are disposed in a long Katkin.

The Calyx, a common Katkin, imbricated on all sides, and cylindrical; consisting of Scales, which are uniflorous, narrowed at the base, at the apex broader, more obtuse, inflexed and three-cleft: the middle divisions of equal length, but twice the width of and covering the rest.

[Page] The Corolla is wanting.

The Filaments are eight, very short, joined to the interior side of the calycine scale. The Antherae are oblong-ovate, shorter than the calyx, and erect.

The Female flowers are remote from the Male in the same plant, sitting close and included in a bud.

The Empalement is of two leaves, coriaceous, torn at the margin, erect, and the length of the fruit; at the time of florescence, scarce manifest for its smallness.

The Corolla none.

The Germen is roundish and very small. The Styles two, bristly, coloured, and much longer than the calyx. The Stigmas are simple.

The Seed-vessel none.

The Seed, a nut somewhat ovate, shaved at the base, somewhat compressed and pointed at the apex.

The Species with us are,

1. CORYLUS americana. American Hazelnut.

This grows very common in a rich, loose, moist soil; spreading far by its roots, and rising at first with a simple, erect stem; which, as it grows old, is divided into a few irregular branches, cloathed with oval, pointed leaves, sawed on their edges. The Male katkins are produced at the ends of the branches, and the Female parts a little beneath them, often many together, at other times singly; and are succeeded by seed-vessels, roundish at the base, but lengthened out into a leassy, fringed expansion, parted at the extremity; each containing one nut.

2. CORYLUS cornuta. Dwarf Filbert, or Cuckold-nut.

This kind much resembles the other, except in size, seldom growing above three or four feet high; and also in having its nuts single upon the branches, [Page] and their husks or seed-vessels smaller and lengthened out into a point or horn, and closely embracing its nuts.

CRATAEGUS.
The WILD SERVICE-TREE.
Class 12. Order 2. Icosandria Digynia.

THE Empalement is one leaved, concave-spreading, five-toothed and permanent.

The Corolla is of five petals, roundish, concave, fitting close and inserted in the calyx.

The Filaments are twenty, awl-shaped, and inserted in the calyx.

The Antherae are roundish.

The Germen is beneath. The Styles are two, thread-form, and erect. The Stigmas are headed.

The Seed-vessel is a berry, fleshy, roundish, and umbilicated.

The Seeds are two, longish, distinct and cartilaginous.

Botanical writers enumerate several Species of this Genus, native of these states; but I believe, upon more strict examination, they will chiefly be found to belong, with more propriety, to the Mespilus. See Mespilus.

CUPRESSUS.
The CYPRESS TREE.
Class 21. Order 9. Monoecia Monodelphia.

The Male flowers are collected in an ovate Katkin.

The Calyx, a common ovate Katkin, compounded with sparsed flowers, consisting of Scales which are uniflorous, roundish, sharp-pointed on the fore part, targetted, opposite and in number about twenty.

The Corolla none.

The Filaments are wanting; but four Antherae are joined, in their stead, to each scale of the Katkin.

The Female flowers are collected in a roundish cone, on the same plant.

[Page] The Calyx, a common cone, which is compounded of from eight to ten florets, consisting of Scales, which are uniflorous, opposite, ovate, convex beneath and gaping.

The Corolla none.

The Germen is scarce observable. In the place, perhaps, of Styles, there are numerous dots within each calycine scale, which are truncated, and concave at the apex.

The Seed-vessel, none but the globose cone, which is shut, but gaping with orbiculate, angled, and targetted scales.

The Seed is a nut, which is angled, sharp-pointed, and small.

The Species with us, are,

1. CUPRESSUS disticha. Virginian deciduous Cypress-Tree.

This grows naturally in swampy, low ground; and becomes a lofty tree, of seventy or eighty feet in height, and three or four feet in diameter; dividing, towards the top, into many branches, clothed with small linear leaves, coming out upon all sides, yet inclining to but two sides of the small branches; and falling off in the autumn. The cones, of this kind, are roundish and near an inch in diameter. The timber is valuable for many uses, affording great quantities of boards, shingles, &c.

2. CUPRESSUS Thyoides. Maryland Blue-berried Cypress.

This, by some means, has obtained the name of a dwarf, yet it becomes a large tree, nearly equal in height and diameter to the former. The branches are covered with small ever-green leaves, much resembling those of the Arbor Vitae. The cones are about the size of Juniper-berries, a little angular and having many cells. The timber of this is softer than the other kind and applied to more general use, [Page] being durable and not liable to be eaten by worms; it affords excellent planks, &c. for ship building; also posts, rails, boards, shingles, &c. &c. and to it our dairy women are indebted for tubs, pails, churns, &c.

DIOSPYROS.
The DATE PLUM, or PERSIMMON TREE.
Class 23. Order 2. Polygamia Dioecia.

THE Hermaphrodite female.

The Empalement is composed of one leaf, four-cleft, large, obtuse and permanent.

The Corolla, of one petal, pitcher-shape, larger, and four-cleft; the divisions acute and spreading.

The Filaments are eight, bristly, short and lightly inserted in the receptacle. The Antherae are oblong and effoete.

The Germen is roundish. The Style one, half four-cleft, permanent and longer than the stamina. The Stigmas are obtuse and two-cleft.

The Seed-vessel is a berry, which is globous, large, eight-cell'd, and sitting on the large spreading calyx.

The Seeds are solitary, roundish, compressed, and very hard.

The Male in distinct plants.

The Empalement consists of one leaf, four-cleft, acute, erect, and small.

The Corolla of one petal, pitcher-shape, coriaceous, four-cornered and four cleft: the divisions are roundish and revolute.

The Filaments are eight, very short and inserted in the receptacle. The Antherae are double, long, and acute; the interior shortest.

The [...], is the rudiment of a germen.

The Species with us, but one, viz.

DIOSPYROS virginiana. Virginian Persimmon Tree.

This grows naturally in moist clayey ground, in Pennsylvania and Maryland, as well as Virginia; rising [Page] to the height of twenty feet or more, sending out many shortish branches, garnished with entire, oblong, pointed leaves; the flowers are produced upon the small branches, making but little appearance, and are succeeded by large, globular or oblong fruit, which when fully ripe has a sweet agreeable taste. A full grown tree will often yield two bushels or more of fruit, which upon distillation will afford as many gallons of Spirits, allowed to be equal in taste and flavour to West India Rum. Our countrymen have not enough attended to this, but in some places they brew of them a very good Beer. There appears to be varieties of this, some with early ripe large fruit, others with smaller and late ripe.

DIRCA.
LEATHER WOOD.
Class 8. Order 1. Octandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is wanting.

The Corolla is one petal'd and clubb'd. The tube is more bellied above. The border none, the margin unequal.

The Filaments are eight, capillary, inserted in the middle of the tube, and longer than the corolla. The Antherae are roundish and erect.

The Germen is ovate, with an oblique top. The Style is threadform, longer than the stamina and curved at the top. The Stigma is simple.

The Seed-vessel is a berry of one cell.

The Seed is one.

There is but one Species of this Genus, viz.

DIRCA palustris. Virginian Marsh Leatherwood.

This is a low shrub, growing in moist shady places, seldom rising more than three or four feet high, [Page] spreading into a head, with many small and very flexible branches, covered with a light coloured bark, and cloathed with oval smooth leaves, of a pale green colour. The flowers are produced at the extreme ends of the former year's shoots; they are of an herbaceous colour and make but little appearance, but are succeeded by oval berries, changing somewhat yellowish when ripe.

EPICAEA.
TRAILING ARBUTUS.
Class 10. Order 1. Decandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is double, approximated, and permanent.

The exterior consists of three leaves, which are ovate-lanced, and sharp pointed; the exterior largest.

The interior is five parted and erect; a little longer than the exterior: the leaf-lets are lanced and sharp pointed.

The Corolla is composed of one pitcher-form petal. The tube is cylindrical, rather longer than the calyx, and hairy within. The border is spreading and five-parted, with ovate-oblong lobes.

The Filaments are ten, thread-form, the length of the tube and affixed to the base of the corolla. The Antherae are oblong and acute.

The Germen is globose and villous. The Style is thread-form, and the length of the stamina. The Stigma is obtuse and somewhat five-cleft.

The Seed-vessel is a capsule, somewhat roundish, depressed, five sided, five cell'd, and five valv'd.

The Seeds are many and roundish. The receptable large and five-parted.

There is but one Species of this Genus, viz.

EPIGAEA repens. Trailing Arbutus.

This grows naturally upon northern hills, or mountains, with trailing shrubby stalks, putting out roots [Page] at their joints. The leaves are oblong, rough and waved on their edges. The flowers are produced at the ends of the branches, in loose panicles, and are of a white colour, mixed with red, dividing at the top into five parts, and spreading open in form of a star.

EUONYMUS.
The SPINDLE TREE.
Class 5. Order 1. Pentandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is composed of one leaf, five-parted, and plane: the divisions are roundish and concave.

The Corolla consists of five petals, ovate, plane, spreading and longer than the calyx.

The Filaments are five, awl-shaped, erect, shorter than the corolla, and placed on the germen as a receptacle. The Antherae are twin.

The Germen is sharp pointed. The Style is short and simple. The Stigma is obtuse.

The Seed-vessel is a capsule, succulent, coloured, pentagonal, with five angles, five cells and five valves.

The Seeds are solitary, ovate and covered with a berry'd Arillus.

Obs. In some species one fifth part of the fructification is taken away.

The Species with us, are,

1. EUONYMUS carolinensis. Carolinian Spindle Tree.

This shrub grows to the height of eight or ten feet, dividing into many opposite branches, the young shoots are somewhat quadrangular and marked longitudinally, with green stripes. The leaves are placed opposite, and are oval, sharp pointed, and finely and slightly sawed on their edges, of a deep [Page] green colour. The footstalks of the flowers come out from the bosom of the leaves of the young shoots, and are generally divided into three parts towards their extremities, the middle division sustaining one, and the two side ones, each three flowers; having four deep purple coloured petals, expanding in form of a cross, and four stamina; these are succeeded by angular furrowed seed vessels, of a beautiful pale red colour when ripe, making a fine appearance after the leaves are fallen off.

2. EUONYMUS latifolius. Broad-leaved Spindle Tree.

This shrub very much resembles the former, except the leaves being broader and longer, and of a paler green colour, turning reddish before they fall off. The seed-vessels are rather larger and rounder at the corners or angles, and of somewhat paler colour, as are also the flowers.

3. EUONYMUS sempervirens. Ever-green Spindle Tree.

This is of smaller growth than either of the former, seldom rising above six or seven feet, and dividing into many opposite branches, towards the top, which are of a greener colour, and more angular than the other kinds, and garnished with narrower leaves, of a closer texture. The flowers are produced in manner of the former, except each footstalk sustaining generally but three flowers, having five petals, which are of a paler colour, and rounder than either of the former; and are succeeded by roundish capsules closely set with small protuberances, turning of a fine red colour when ripe, and opening into [Page] four or five parts, disclosing its seeds hanging by fine white threads. This makes a very beautiful appearance in autumn when its fruit are ripe; and from their red appearance obtained the name of the Burning Bush. The young plants retain their leaves all winter. All the species grow naturally in moist, shaded places.

FAGUS.
The BEECH-TREE.
Class 21. Order 8. Monoecia Polyandria.

THE Male flowers are affixed to an Amentaceous receptacle.

The Calyx is an Empalement of one leaf, bell-shaped, and five-cleft.

The Corolla none.

The Filaments are many (about twelve) the length of the calyx, and bristly. The Antherae are oblong.

The Female flowers are contained in buds upon the same plant.

The Calyx, an Empalement of one leaf, four-toothed, erect and acute.

The Corolla none.

The Germen is covered by the calyx. The Styles are three, awlshaped. The Stigmas are simple and reflexed.

The Seed vessel is a capsule (formerly the calyx) which is roundish, large, set round with soft spines; with one cell and four valves.

The Seeds are two nuts, which are ovate, triangular, three valved and sharp-pointed.

Obs. The Male flowers of the Beech are disposed in a globular form; those of the Chesnut in a cylindrical.

We have but one Species of this Genus, besides the Chesnut and Chinquopin, which are somewhat improperly joined with it, viz.

[Page]

FAGUS Sylvatica atro-punicea. American Beech Tree.

This grows naturally in low, bottom grounds, by river sides, rising sometimes to the height of forty or fifty feet, and to fifteen or eighteen inches in diameter, generally sending out many long branches, garnished with very thin, oval, spear-shaped leaves, sawed on their edges, and remaining late upon the branches. The nuts are eaten by swine. The wood is hard and close grained, and used for making lasts, joiner's tools, &c.

FAGUS-CASTANEA.
The CHESNUT TREE.

THE Characters are nearly the same of the Beech, except the Male flowers being disposed in cylindrical katkins. The Styles more in number and bristly. The Capsules much larger, round, and set very thick with long prickly Spines; containing from one to four or five, but generally two or three nuts, filled with sweet kernel.

The Species of Chesnut, with us, are,

1. FAGUS-CASTANEA dentata. American Chesnut Tree.

This often becomes a large tree, growing to the height of sixty or eighty feet, and to four or five feet in diameter, sending out but few branches, garnished with long spear-shaped leaves, toothed or notched on their edges. The timber is used much for rails, splitting free and out-lasting most of our Oaks. The kernel of the nuts are dried and used by some as a substitute for Coffee. The wood is also [Page] burnt into coals for the use of blacksmiths, &c. but not much esteemed for common fuel.

2. FAGUS-CASTANEA pumila. Dwarf Chesnut Tree, or Chinquepin.

This seldom rises above eight, ten, or twelve feet, otherwise much resembling the Chesnut in the appearance of its branches and leaves. Its fruit capsules are small, and generally contain but one conical shaped nut. It grows naturally in a light gravelly soil.

FOTHERGILLA.
FOTHERGILLA.
Class 13. Order 2. Polyandria Digynia.

THE Empalement is of one leaf, hairy, and five-toothed at the margin.

The Corolla is wanting.

The Filaments from sixteen to eighteen, inserted in the calyx, long, incurved and lessened towards the base. The Antherae are minute.

The Germen is oblong and villose, ending in two acute Styles.

The Seed-vessel is a capsule, oblong, of two cells and covered by the calyx.

The Seeds are single and oblong.

The Species with us,

FOTHERGILLA Gardeni. Carolinian Fothergilla.

This small, but beautiful flowering shrub grows naturally in Carolina, on the borders of savannahs, or near ponds of water; spreading much by its roots. The stalks are slender, rising to the height of two [Page] or three feet, generally several from one root, with small, alternate, divaricated branches. The leaves are oval, somewhat toothed towards the apex, and placed alternate. The flowers are produced in spikes terminating the stalks; they are sessile, and each furnished with a bractea or floral leaf, which is ovate, rough externally, longer than the empalement and sitting close at their base; they are produced early in the spring and being thick set, make a beautiful appearance with their long, snowy white stamina. The fruit or seed-vessel very much resembles that of the Hamamalis or Witch Hazel, but is much smaller.

This, in some late Catalogues, has been called Youngsonia, in honour of William Young, Botanist, of Pennsylvania; but by Dr. Linnaeus, Fothergilla in honour of the late Dr. Fothergill of London. It was first sent to Europe, from Carolina, by John Bartram, to his friend P. Collinson, by the title of Gardenia.

FRANKLINIA.
FRANKLINIA.
Class 16. Order 5. Monadelphia Polyandria.

THE Empalement is of one leaf, five-cleft; the divisions roundish.

The Corolla consists of five petals, large, spreading, roundish, narrowed towards the claw, and joined at the base.

The Filaments are numerous, awl-shaped, joined beneath in a cylinder, and inserted in the corolla. The Antherae are twin.

The Germen is roundish, lightly furrowed. The Style cylindrical and longer than the stamina. The Stigma obtuse and rayed.

The Seed-vessel, a roundish nut with five cells.

The Seeds are wedge-form, and several in each cell.

[Page] The Species one, viz.

FRANKLINIA alatamaha. Franklinia.
(Bartram's Catalogue.)

This beautiful flowering, tree-like shrub, rises with an erect trunk to the height of about twenty feet; dividing into branches, alternately disposed. The leaves are oblong, narrowed towards the base, sawed on their edges, placed alternately, and sitting close to the branches. The flowers are produced towards the extremity of the branches, sitting close at the bosom of the leaves; they are often five inches in diameter when fully expanded; composed of five large, roundish, spreading petals, ornamented in the center with a tuft or crown of gold coloured stamina; and possessed with the fragrance of a China Orange. This newly discovered, rare, and elegant flowering shrub, was first observed by John Bartram when on botanical researches, on the Alatamaha river in Georgia, Anno 1760; but was not brought into Pennsylvania till about fifteen years after, when his son William Bartram, employed in the like pursuits, revisited the place where it had been before observed, and had the pleasing prospect of beholding it in its native soil, possessed with all its floral charms; and bearing ripe seeds at the same time; some of which he collected and brought home, and raised several plants therefrom, which in four years time flowered, and in one year after perfected ripe seeds.

It seems nearly allied to the Gordonia, to which it has, in some late Catalogues, been joined; but William Bartram, who first introduced it, believing it to be a new Genus, has chosen to honour it with the name of that patron of sciences, and truly great [Page] and distinguished character, Dr. Benjamin Franklin. The trivial name is added from the river, where alone it has been observed to grow naturally. It delights in a loose, sandy and moist soil.

FRAXINUS.
The ASII-TREE.

Class 23. Order 2. Polygamia Dioecia.

THE Flowers are Hermaphrodite and Female on different trees.

The Hermaphrodite:

The Calyx none; or an Empalement of one leaf, four-parted, erect, acute, and small.

The Corolla none; or of four petals, linear, long, acute, and erect.

The Filaments are two, erect and shorter than the corolla. The Antherae are erect, oblong, and four surrowed.

The Germen is ovate and compressed. The Style cylindrical and erect. The Stigma thickish and two cleft.

The Seed-vessel none besides the crust of the seed.

The Seed is lanced, compressed-membranaceous and of one cell.

The Female are the same in every part except wanting the stamina.

The Species are,

1. FRAXINUS americana. Carolinian or Red Ash.

This grows to the height of twenty or thirty feet, dividing into several branches, the small ones of which are generally opposite; the leaves are composed of three or four pair of lobes, terminated by an odd one, which are egg-shaped and pointed, their upper surface of a light green colour, their under covered with short white downy hairs. The seeds are broad and of a light colour.

[Page]

2. FRAXINUS alba. American White Ash.

This tree grows sometimes to the height of forty or fifty feet, and to eighteen inches or more in diameter. It grows much after the manner of the former, only the leaves are broader, and the seeds narrower. The timber of this is used much by Wheelwrights, Chaise-makers, &c. for making shafts, rimming of wheels, &c.

3. FRAXINUS Nigra. Black Ash.

This kind grows in moist places, rising to the height of thirty feet or more, covered with a rough, lightish coloured bark, and sending out but few branches. The leaves are chiefly produced at the ends of the branches, and are generally composed of four pair of lobes, and an odd one, which are shaped like those of the other kinds, but are smaller and finely sawed on their edges. The seeds or keys are broad and flat, and of equal width their whole length.

4. FRAXINUS pennsylvanica. Pennsylvanian Sharp-keyed Ash.

This kind often grows to the height of thirty feet or more, and is generally thick set with branches towards the top, having leaves much resembling the White Ash. The seeds grow in large panicles, thick set upon the sides of the branches, near their extremities: they are longer and narrower than any of the other kinds, almost terminating in a point at their base. This also affords a valuable wood, which is used for the same purposes as that of the White Ash.

[Page] The inside bark and keys of Ash, are accounted good to promote urine.

GAULTHERIA.
GAULTHERIA, or MOUNTAIN TEA.
Class 10. Order 1. Decandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is double, approximate and permanent.

The exterior two leaved and shorter: the leaves semiovate, concave and obtuse.

The interior one leaved, five-cleft and bell-shaped: the fegments semi-ovate.

The Corolla is monopetalous, ovate and half five cleft: the border small and revolute.

A Nectarium of ten corpuscules, which are awl-shaped, erect, very short, and surrounding the germen within the stamina.

The Filaments are ten, awl-shaped, incurved, shorter than the corolla, and inserted in the receptacle. The Antherae are two borned: the horns bifid.

The Germen is roundish and depressed. The Style cylindrical and the length of the corolla. The Stigma is obtuse.

The Seed-vessel is a capsule, roundish, obtuse five-sided, depresed, five cell'd, and five valv'd; covered on all sides by the interior empalement, and becoming a roundish coloured berry, pervious at the apex.

The Seeds are many, somewhat ovate, angled and bony.

There is but one Species of this Genus, viz.

GAULTHERIA procumbens. Canadian Gaultheria, or Mountain Tea.

This is a very small shrubby plant, with slender stems, seldom rising above five or six inches in height; having, at their tops, four or five oval ever-green leaves, which are marked with a few small points or serratures upon their edges. The flowers come out from the bosom of the leaves, of a white colour, [Page] and are succeeded by small berries of a red colour when ripe. The leaves have been used as a substitute for Bohea Tea, whence the name of Mountain Tea.

GLEDITSIA.
TRIPLE-THORNED ACACIA, or HONEY LOCUST.
Class 23. Order 2. Polygamia Dioecia.

THE Flowers are Male and Hermaphrodite upon the same plant, and Female upon a different plant.

The Male are in a long, compact, cylindrical katkin.

The Calyx; a proper empalement of four leaves; the leaves spreading, small and acute.

The Corolla consists of three petals, roundish, sessile, spreading, and cup form.

A Nectarium, top-shaped, to whose borders the remaining parts of fructification grow.

The Filaments are six, thread-form, and the length of the corolla. The Antherae are incumbent, oblong, compressed and twin.

The Hermaphrodite are in the same katkin with the male flowers, and for the most part terminal.

The Calyx, an empalement, four leaved, as in the male.

The Corolla, four petals, as in the male.

The Nectarium as in the male.

The Stamina as in the male.

The Pistillum, Seed-vessel, and Seeds as in the female.

The Female Flowers are in a loose katkin, in a different plant.

The Calyx; a proper empalement, as in the male, but five leaved.

The Corolla, five petals, which are long, acute, and somewhat spreading.

The Nectaria are two, very short, like the filaments.

The Germen is broad, compressed, and longer than the corolla.

The Style is short and reflexed. The Stigma is thick and the length of the style, to which it is adjoined, growing hairy above.

The Seed-vessel is a legumen or pod, very large, broad, and much compressed, with many transverse partitions: with isthmuses filled with pulp.

The Seeds are solitary, roundish, hard and shining.

[Page] The Species with, us are,

1. GLEDITSIA spinosa. Triple-thorned Acacia, or Honey Locust.

This tree grows naturally in a rich soil, rising to the height of thirty or forty feet, dividing into many branches, which, together with the trunk, are armed with long pithy spines of five or six inches in length, sending off laternal ones, some of which are nearly the same length, and generally triple thorned. The branches are garnished with winged leaves, composed of ten, or more pair of small lobes, sitting close to the midrib, of a lucid green colour. The flowers come out from the sides of the young branches in form of katkins, of an herbaceous colour, and are succeeded by crooked, compressed pods, from nine or ten to sixteen or eighteen inches in length, and about an inch and a half or two inches in breadth, of which near one half is filled with a sweet pulp, the other containing many seeds in separate cells. The pods, from the sweetness of their pulp, are used to brew in beer.

2. GLEDITSIA aquatica. Water Acacia.

This sort grows naturally in Carolina, and hath much the appearance of the first, but hath fewer spines, which are very short. The leaves are also smaller and the pods oval, containing but one seed.

GLYCINE.
PERENNIAL KIDNEY BEAN.
Class 17. Order 3. Diadelphia Decandria.

THE Empalement is of one leaf, compressed and two lipped: the upper lip emarginate and obtuse: the lower, longer, acute, and three-cleft; the middle division longest.

[Page] The Corolla papilionaceous, or butterfly shaped.

The Standard inverse heart-shaped, the sides deflexed, the back gibbous, the apex emarginate, straight and bent from the keel.

The Wings oblong, ovate towards the top, small and bent downwards.

The Keel linear, hooked, broader and obtuse towards the point, and bent upwards, pressing against the standard.

The Filaments are diadelphous, or one single, and nine conjoined; a little dividing at the top, and revolute. The Antherae are simple.

The Germen is oblong. The Style cylindrical, bending back in a spire. The Stigma obtuse.

The Seed-vessel an oblong legumen or pod.

The Seeds kidney form.

Obs. Glycine frutescens has legumens or pods of two cells.

The shrubby Species with us, is one, viz.

GLYCINE frutescens. Carolinian Shrubby Kidney Bean.

This grows naturally in Carolina, rising with twining shrubby stems, when supported, to the height of ten or fifteen feet. The leaves are winged, and composed of about five pair of small, oval, pointed pinnae or lobes, smooth and of a pale green on their upper surface, but lighter underneath, having their edges a little reflexed and hairy. The flowers terminate the branches in a close, erect racemus or bunch; they are of a purplish blue colour, and are succeeded by long cylindrical pods of two cells, shaped like those of the scarlet Kidney Bean.

[Page]

GUILANDINA.
The BONDUC, or NICKAR TREE.
Class 10. Order 1. Decandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is one leaved, bell-shape: the border five parted, equal, and spreading.

The Corolla consists of five petals, lanced, concave, squat, equal, somewhat larger than the calyx and inserted in its chaps.

The Filaments are ten, awl-shaped, erect, inserted in, and shorter than the calyx: the alternate less. The Antherae are obtuse and incumbent.

The Germen is oblong. The Style is thread-form and the length of the stamina. The Stigma is simple.

The Seed-vessel is a legumen or pod, which is rhomboid, convex on the upper future, bellied-compressed, of one cell, distinct, with transverse partitions.

The Seeds are bony, globose-compressed, and solitary between the partitions.

Obs. A Species of this genus is dioecious.

The Species with us,

GUILANDINA dioica. Canadian dioiceous Bonduc, or Nickar Tree.

This tree is said to rise, with an erect stem, to the height of thirty feet or more, dividing into many branches, covered with a bluish ash-coloured, smooth bark, garnished with large winged leaves, the lobes of which are ranged alternately, and are oval shaped, very smooth and entire. I have lately received several seeds from Kentucky, supposed to be of this tree, where it is said to grow plenty, and is called the Coffee or Mahogany tree.

[Page]

HALESIA.
HALESIA, or SILVER-BELL TREE.
Class 10. Order 1. Decandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is one leaved, very small, above, four-toothed, and permanent.

The Corolla is of one petal, bell'd and bellied: with the mouth four-lobed, obtuse and spreading.

The Filaments are twelve (rarely sixteen) awl-shaped, erect and somewhat shorter than the corolla. The Antherae are oblong, obtuse and erect.

The Germen is oblong and beneath. The Style is thread-form and longer than the corolla. The Stigma is simple.

The Seed-vessel is a nut which is barked, oblong, narrow towards each end, four cornered with membranaceous angles, and two cell'd.

The Seeds are solitary.

The Species are,

1. HALESIA diptera. Two-winged fruited Halesia.

This grows naturally in Carolina, to the height of twelve or fifteen feet. The bark is beautifully variegated or streaked, much like the striped Maple. The leaves are large and egg-shaped, having smooth footstalks. The fruit is sharp-pointed, having two opposite, large wings, and two very small.

2. HALESIA tetraptera. Four-winged fruited Halesia.

This likewise grows in Carolina, and has much the appearance of the former, except the leaves are much smaller, a little sawed on their edges and [Page] downy underneath, with glandular footstalks. The flowers are produced upon the small branches, sometimes singly, but often three or four together, upon pretty long footstalks; they are bell-shaped and pendulous, of a white colour, and are succeeded by sharp-pointed fruit, having four wings.

HAMAMELIS.
WITCH HAZEL.
Class 4. Order 2. Tetrandria Digynia.

THE Calyx consists of an Involucrum, three-leaved, and three flowered: the two interior leaves are roundish, less, and obtuse; the third outer one is larger and lance-shaped.

A double Empalement: the exterior two leaved, less and roundish; the interior four leaved and erect; the leaves oblong, obtuse, and equal.

The Corolla has four petals, which are linear, equal, very long, obtuse, and reflexed.

And a Nectarium, of four leaf-lets, truncated, and adjoined to the corolla.

The Filaments are four, linear, and shorter than the calyx. The Antherae two horned and reflexed.

The Germen is ovate and villose, ending in two Styles, the length of the Stamina. The Stigmas are headed.

The Seed-vessel none.

The Seed, a nut which is ovate, half covered with the calyx, obtuse and furrowed on each side at the apex with small horizontal two horned horns; with two cells and two valves.

We have but one Species of this Genus, viz.

HAMAMELIS virginiana. Virginian Witch Hazel.

This shrub grows naturally in many parts of North America. It hath spreading roots, generally sending up several stalks or stems to the height of eight [Page] or ten feet, dividing into several branches, furnished with oval leaves irregularly notched on their edges, and smooth on their upper sides, but downy underneath. The footstalks of the flowers come out singly upon the small branches, each generally supporting three flowers, of an herbaceous colour, and making but little appearance, but remarkable for being in bloom late in the fall after the leaves drop off.

HEDERA.
IVY.
Class 5. Order 1. Pentandria Monogynia.

THE Calyx consists of an Involucrum of a simple umbel, very small and many toothed.

And an Empalement very small, five toothed and surrounding the germen.

The Corolla has five petals, oblong and spreading, with incurved tops.

The Filaments are five, awl-shaped, erect and the length of the corolla. The Antherae are bifid at the base, and incumbent.

The Germen is top shaped, surrounded by the receptacle. The Style, is simple and very short. The Stigma is simple.

The Seed-vessel is a globose berry of one cell.

The Seeds are five, large, on one side gibbous, on the other angled.

We have but one Species Native of America, viz.

HEDERA quinquefolia. American Ivy, or Virginian Creeper.

This hath a climing stem, attaching itself to any neighbouring support, and rising often to the height of thirty, forty or fifty feet, sending off branches, furnished with leaves composed of five lobes joined [Page] at their base, which are egg-shaped and sawed on their edges, having a pretty long common footstalk. This has been used to plant against walls and houses to cover them, but the leaves falling off in winter, the plants make but a poor appearance at that time.

HIPPOPHAL.
SEA BUCK-THORN, or SALLOW-THORN.
Class 22. Order 4. Dioecia Tetrandria.

THE flowers are Male and Female on different plants.

The Male.

The Empalement is one leaved, biparted, bivalve, entire at the bottom: the divisions are roundish, obtuse, concave and erect, meeting with their tops, but gaping at their sides.

The Corolla is wanting.

The Filaments are four, very short. The Antherae are oblong, angled, and almost the length of the calyx.

The Female.

The Empalement is one leaved, oblong ovate, tubulous, clubbed, with a two cleft mouth, and deciduous.

The Corolla none.

The Germen is roundish, and small. The Style is simple and very short. The Stigma thickish, oblong, erect, and double the length of the calyx.

The Seed-vessel is a globose berry of one cell.

The Seed one, roundish.

There is but one Species, with us, viz.

HIPPOPHAË canadiensis. Canadian Sea-Buck-Thorn.

This rises with shrubby stalks to the height of eight or ten feet, sending out many irregular branches, having a brown bark, silvered over, and garnished with very narrow spear-shaped leaves, of a dark green on their upper side, but hoary underneath, and [Page] reflexed on their edges like the Rosemary. The flowers come out from the sides of the young branches, sitting very close; the male growing in small clusters, but the female coming out singly; these open in July and make but little appearance; they are succeeded by roundish berries, which ripen in autumn, and are said to be purgative.

HYDRANGEA.
HYDRANGEA.
Class 10. Order 2. Decandria Digynia.

THE Empalement is one leaved, five toothed, permanent, and small.

The Corolla consists of five petals, equal, roundish, and larger than the calyx.

The Filaments are ten, longer than the corolla, the alternate of which are longer. The Antherae are roundish and twin.

The Germen is roundish and beneath. The Styles are two, short, and distant. The Stigmas are obtuse and permanent.

The Seed-vessel is a capsule, roundish, twin, two beaked with the double style, angled with many nerves, crowned with the calyx, two cell'd, with a transverse partition, and gaping with a passage between the horns.

The Seeds are numerous, angled, sharp pointed, and very small.

There is but one Species of this Genus, viz.

HYDRANGEA frutescens. Virginian Shrubby Hydrangea.

This hath a spreading woody root, from which are produced, generally several soft, pithy, ligneous stalks, rising to the height of about three feet, garnished at each joint with two oblong, heart-shaped, pointed leaves, sawed on their edges, and having many veins. The flowers are produced in form of [Page] a corymbus, at the tops of the stalks, they are of a white colour, and are succeeded by small capsules.

HYPERICUM.
St. JOHN's WORT.
Class 18. Order 3. Polyadelphia Polyandria.

THE Empalement is five parted: the divisions are somewhat ovate, convex, and permanent.

The Corolla has five petals, oblong-ovate, obtuse, spreading, and marked according to the motion of the sun.

The Filaments are numerous, capillary, joined at the base into five or three parts or bodies. The Antherae are small.

The Germen is roundish. The Styles are three (sometimes one, two, and five) simple, distant, and the length of the stamina.

The Stigmas are simple.

The Seed-vessel is a roundish capsule; with cells according to the number of the Styles.

The Seeds are many and oblong.

The Species growing shrubby, with us,

HYPERICUM kalmianum. Virginian Shrubby Hypericum.

This grows naturally in low wet places, rising with shrubby stalks to the height of three or four feet, with opposite angular branches. The leaves are smooth and shaped like those of Rosemary or Lavender. The flowers terminate the branches in small divided clusters of three or seven flowers; they have each five very slender styles, and are succeeded by oval, pointed capsules, filled with small seeds.

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ILEX.
The HOLLY-TREE.
Class 4. Order 3. Tetrandria Tetragynia.

THE Empalement is four toothed, very small and permanent.

The Corolla consists of one petal, four-parted and plane: the divisions are roundish, concave, spreading, pretty large, and cohering by claws.

The Filaments are four, awl-shaped, and shorter than the corolla. The Antherae are small.

The Germen is roundish. The Style none. The Stigmas are four and obtuse.

The Seed vessel is a berry, roundish and four cell'd.

The Seeds are solitary, bony, oblong, obtuse, gibbous on one side and angled on the other.

Obs. The flowers are in some species male upon one plant, and female and hermaphrodite upon a different plant.

The Species with us, are,

1. ILEX Aquifolium. American Common Holly.

This grows in Maryland, New Jersey, &c. generally in moist ground, rising to the height of fifteen or twenty feet, with an erect stem, covered with a greyish coloured smooth bark, and furnished with pretty many branches, which are garnished with thick, hard, ever-green leaves, waved on their edges and indented, each point terminating in a stiff prickly spine. The flowers are produced upon pretty long footstalks, often three parted from the sides of the branches, of a white colour, having often five or six stamina, and the corolla divided into as many parts, and are succeeded by roundish berries, which when full ripe are red. Of the bark of common Holly is made Birdlime, which is better than that made of Milletoe.

[Page]

2. ILEX Cassine. Dahoon, or Carolinian Holly.

This grows naturally in Carolina, rising with an upright branching stem to the height of eighteen or twenty feet. The bark of the stem is of a brown colour, but that of the branches and young shoots green and smooth. The leaves are spear-shaped, above four inches long and one and a quarter broad toward the base, of a light green colour and thick consistence, with their upper parts sawed on the edges, each serrature ending in a small sharp spine. The flowers come out in thick clusters from the sides of the branches, they are white and like those of the common Holly, but smaller, and are succeeded by small roundish red berries.

3. ILEX canadensis. Canadian, or Hedge-hog Holly.

The leaves of this kind are not so long as those of the Common Holly, but are armed with stronger spines standing closer together, their upper surfaces are also set very close with short prickles, from whence it obtained the name of Hedge-hog Holly. It grows naturally in Canada. There are said to be two varieties of this with variegated leaves, one of which is yellow, the other white.

ITEA.
ITEA.
Class 5. Order 1. Pentandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is one leaved, five cleft, erect, sharp pointed, very small, and permanent: the divisions are acute and coloured.

[Page] The Corolla has five petals, lance-shaped, long and inserted in the calyx.

The Filaments are five, awl-shaped, erect, the length of the corolla, and inserted into the calyx. The Antherae are roundish and incumbent.

The Germen is ovate. The Style is cylindrical, permanent, and the length of the Stamina. The Stigma is obtuse.

The Seed-vessel is a capsule ovate, much longer than the calyx, pointed with the style, with one cell and two valves, of two joined together, gaping at the top.

The Seeds are numerous, very small, oblong, and shining.

There is but one Species of this Genus, viz.

ITEA virginica. Virginian Itea.

This shrub grows naturally in Maryland, Virginia, &c. near streams of water, or in moist places; rising to the height of eight or ten feet, and dividing into several branches, which are garnished with spear shaped leaves, placed alternately, slightly sawed on their edges, and of a light green colour. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the same year's shoots, in erect spikes of three or four inches in length; they are white, and make a fine appearance when in bloom, which is a little before harvest time.

JUGLANS.
The WALNUT-TREE.
Class 21. Order 8. Monoecia Polyandria.

THE Male and Female Flowers are separate upon the same tree.

The Male, are disposed in an oblong katkin.

The Calyx is a common katkin, on all sides imbricate-sparsed, and cylindrical; consisting of scales which are uniflorous, singly affixed in the exterior center to each corolla, and turned outward.

[Page] The Corolla is six-parted, elliptic, equal, and plane: the divisions are somewhat erect and concave, pedicell'd and inserted in the interior center of the corolla, and rachis.

The Filaments are many, (eighteen) very short. The Antherae are erect, sharp pointed, and the length of the calyx.

The Female are without a katkin, two or three together, and sitting close, in the same plant.

The Empalement is four cleft, erect, very short, crowning the germen, and vanishing.

The Corolla is four parted, acute, erect, and a little larger than the calyx.

The Germen is oval, large, and beneath. The Styles are two, very short. The Stigmas are very large, clubbed, reflexed, and torn above.

The Seed-vessel is a drupe, or capsule, dry, oval, large and one cell'd.

The Seed is a nut very large, roundish, netted with furrows, and half four cell'd. The Kernel is four lobed and variously furrowed.

The Species (or chiefly Varieties according to Weston) with us, are,

1. JUGLANS nigra. Round black Virginian Walnut.

This tree often rises to the height of fifty or sixty feet, and to three feet or more in diameter, covered with a dark furrowed bark, and dividing into many branches, furnished with winged leaves, composed of ten or twelve pair of lobes, and an odd one; these are smooth, oblong, sharp pointed and sawed on their edges; and upon being bruised emit a strong aromatic flavour, as doth also the external covering of the fruit. The fruit are round, their covering pretty smooth, and softish when fully ripe. The nuts themselves are hard, netted and furrowed, containing sweet oily Kernel.

[Page]

2. JUGLANS nigra oblonga. Black oblong fruited Walnut.

This tree resembles the former so as scarcely to be distinguished from it, except by its fruit, which is oblong or oval; the shells or coverings are rougher, harder, and of a deeper green colour. The timber of both sorts is much used by Joiners, &c. in making tables, drawers, book and clock-cases, &c. Coffins are also generally made of it. The bark, and outer coverings of the nuts, are used in dying wool, cloth, &c.

There are perhaps some other varieties of these.

3. JUGLANS oblonga alba. Butter-nut, or White Walnut.

This often grows to the height of twenty or thirty feet and to eighteen inches or more in diameter, with a smooth light coloured bark. The branches are garnished with leaves composed generally of eight or nine pair of lobes and an odd one, which are villose, oblong egg-shaped, sharp pointed, slightly serrated, and larger than those of the other kinds. The fruit, when ripe, is villous and covered with a viscid clammy substance, by which it almost sticks to the fingers when handled. It is long and somewhat pointed at the ends, and freed of its hull, or covering, is very rough and deeply furrowed, containing a soft, oily, sweet kernel. An extract of the bark of this tree affords a mild and safe cathartic. The bark and shells of the nuts dye a good brown colour, scarcely ever fading.

[Page]

4. JUGLANS alba acuminata. Long, sharp-fruited Hickery Tree.

This tree grows to the height of forty or fifty feet, and to eighteen inches or two feet in diameter. The leaves are generally composed of three or four pair of lobes and an odd one. The nuts with their covers are about two inches in length and above one in diameter. The covers, or hulls, generally open into four parts, disclosing their nuts, which are white, hard and thick shell'd, having seams opposite the divisions of their hulls. The kernel is small and not very sweet.

5. JUGLANS alba minima. White, or Pig-nut Hickery.

This generally grows pretty large, sometimes to the height of eighty feet or more, and above two feet in diameter. The bark of young trees is smooth, but when older becomes rough and furrowed. The leaves are generally composed of five pair of lobes and an odd one, which are mostly narrower than those of many other kinds. The fruit is small and roundish, and covered with a very thin husk or covering, opening in divisions. The shell of the nut is also very thin, and easily cracked with the teeth; the kernel plump and full but very bitter. The timber of this is not much esteemed.

6. JUGLANS alba odorata. Balsam Hickery.

This tree grows as large as the Pig-nut Hickery, and much like it in appearance. The nuts are small, round, and thin shell'd, the kernel sweet. The branches are slender and flexible. There is, I think, a variety of this, with a rougher furrowed bark, bearing broader leaves and larger nuts, having [Page] thicker outer covers, as well as inward shells, with the kernel generally small and shrivelled. The timber of both kinds is hard and tough, and used for axle-trees of carriages, &c. mill coggs and rounds, and also for handles, &c. for most implements of husbandry.

7. JUGLANS alba ovata. Shell-barked Hickery.

This tree delights in a rich moist soil, generally growing by creeks and rivers, often to the height of seventy or eighty feet, and above two feet in diameter. The bark is rough and shelly or scaly. The leaves are generally composed of two pair of lobes and an odd one, they are narrowed towards the base, oval, and pointed at the extremity, and sawed on their edges. The fruit is roundish, but rather slatted and indented at the ends. The outer cover very thick and dividing into four parts, disclosing its nut, which is not very thick shell'd, containing sweet kernel, preferable to the other kinds. There are several varieties of this in America, some with nuts as large as our common Walnuts.

8. JUGLANS pecan. The Pecan, or Illinois Hickery.

This tree is said to grow plenty in the neighbourhood of the Illinois river, and other parts to the westward. The young plants raised from these nuts, much resemble our young Pig nut Hickerys. The nuts are small and thin shelled.

[Page]

JUNIPERUS.
The JUNIPER TREE.
Class 22. Order 12. Dioecia Monodelphia.

THE Flowers are Male and Female on different plants.

The Male.

The Calyx is a conical katkin, consisting of a common rachis or string, to which three flowers are placed in triple opposition, the katkin terminating with the tenth: each flower has for its base a Scale which is broad, short, incumbent and affixed to the column by a little footstalk.

The Corolla none.

The Filaments (in the terminal floret) are three, awl-shaped, and joined beneath in one body; (in the lateral florets scarce manifest.) The Antherae are three, distinct in the terminal. floret, but in the lateral joined to the scales.

The Female.

The Empalement is three parted, very small, adjoining to the germen, and permanent.

The Corolla has three petals, permanent, rigid and acute.

The Germen is beneath. The Styles are three, simple. The Stigmas are simple.

The Seed-vessel is a berry, fleshy, roundish, the under part marked with three obsolete opposite tubercles, grown from the calyx, the top umbilicated with three small teeth (formerly petals.)

The Seeds are three, small, oblong, and bony, convex on one side, and angled on the other.

The Species, with us, are,

1. JUNIPERUS virginiana. Red Cedar-Tree.

This tree often grows to the height of fifteen or twenty feet, sending off many diverging branches, covered with leaves something like the Juniper, but much smaller, shorter, and lying closer to the branches. The berries are smaller than those of the [Page] Juniper, and covered with a whitish substance, easily rubbing off.

2. JUNIPERUS caroliniana. Red Carolinian Cedar.

This tree much resembles the former in size and shape, but the under leaves have somewhat the appearance of Juniper, the upper, of Cypress or Savin. There are said to be other varieties, but their difference in appearance is scarcely observable. The timber affords very good durable posts for fencing. &c.

KALMIA.
KALMIA, or AMERICAN LAUREL.
Class 10. Order 1. Decandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is five parted, small, and permanent: the segments are somewhat ovate, and acute.

The Corolla is of one petal, pitcher-funnel form. The tube is cylindrical and longer than the calyx. The border with a plane disk, and erect half five cleft circumference; there are ten small nectariferous horns, prominent without, and placed round the corolla from where the border is raised.

The Filaments are ten, awl-shaped, somewhat spreading, a little shorter than the corolla, and inserted into its base. The Antherae are simple.

The Germen is roundish. The Style is thread form, longer than the corolla, and declined. The Stigma is obtuse.

The Seed-vessel is roundish, depressed, five cell'd and five valv'd.

The Seeds are numerous.

The Species are,

[Page]

1. KALMIA angustifolia. Narrow leaved Kalmia.

This kind delights in moist or swampy places, and rises to the height of two feet or more. The leaves are of a light green colour, and sometimes grow to the size of an inch and a half in length and half an inch in breadth, of an oval shape, and entire. The flowers come out in clusters on every side of the stalks, towards their extremities, and are of a beautiful red colour. This has been called Glaucous leaved Kalmia.

2. KALMIA latifolia. Broad leaved Kalmia.

This beautiful flowering shrub rises often to the height of six or eight feet and sometimes to ten or twelve, covered with a lightish coloured rough bark, and generally growing crooked. The leaves are of a dark green colour, thick consistence, lance-shaped and entire, in general about three inches in length and one in breadth. The flowers are produced in clusters at the ends of the branches and are variegated with red when first opening, but change to a whiter colour when expanded. There are very few flowering shrubs comparable to this when in bloom. The leaves are noxious to oxen and sheep, yet the deer eat them with impunity.

LAURUS.
The BAY-TREE.
Class 9. Order 1. Enneandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is wanting.

The Corolla has six petals, ovate, sharp pointed, concave and erect: the alternate exterior.

[Page] And a Nectarium, consisting of three tubercles, sharp pointed, coloured, and ending in two bristles, standing round the germen.

The Filaments are nine, shorter than the corolla, compressed, obtuse and three-fold in each order. The Antherae are adjoined on each side to the margin of the filaments.

There are two roundish small Glands affixed by very short footstalks, to each filament of the inward order, near the base.

The Germen is somewhat ovate. The Style is simple, equal and the length of the stamina. The Stigma is obtuse and oblique.

The Seed-vessel is a drupe, oval, sharp pointed, and one cell'd, contained in the calyx.

The Seed is a nut of a sharp pointed egg-shape, with a kernel of the same form.

Obs. The flowers are sometimes male and female upon different trees.

The Species, with us, are,

1. LAURUS Benzoin. The Benjamin-Tree, or Spice-Wood.

This shrub grows naturally in moist places, and rises often to the height of eight or ten feet, dividing into several branches. The leaves are annual, oval shaped and entire. The flowers are produced from the sides of the branches upon short footstalks, often dividing and sustaining from one, to four or five flowers, of a greenish yellow colour; which are succeeded by oval, oblong berries, of a red colour when ripe, but changing to black. The bark, berries, &c. have a strong aromatic smell, much like that of Benzoin, and indeed, by some, is allowed to be the tree, from whence it is produced.

2. LAURUS Borbonia. Red-stalked Carolinian Bay Tree.

This grows naturally in Carolina, and rises with a straight trunk to a considerable height, especially [Page] near the sea-coast. The leaves are sharp pointed and much longer than those of the European Bay; a little wooly underneath, veined transversely, and somewhat reflexed on their edges. The male trees produce their flowers in long bunches from the wings of the leaves; the female, in loose bunches, standing upon long red footstalks, and are succeeded by blue berries sitting in red cups.

The wood is of a very fine grain, proper for cabinet making and other ornamental furniture. It also dies a beautiful black colour.

3. LAURUS geniculata. Carolinian Spice Wood Tree.

This kind so much resembles the Benzoin as to require no further description, except in having berries not of so red a colour.

4. LAURUS Sassafras. The Sassafras-Tree.

This tree rises sometimes to the height of twenty or thirty feet, and to twelve or fifteen inches in diameter, but is commonly of much lower growth. The bark of the young shoots is smooth and green, but of the old trunks rough, furrowed and of a lightish colour. It is divided towards the top into many branches, generally crooked, furnished with leaves different in form and size, some being oval and entire, others two or three lobed and of five of six inches in length, and nearly as much in width; of a light green colour and placed alternately upon pretty long footstalks. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the former year's shoots upon long panicled footstalks, and are generally male and female upon different trees. The female are succeeded by oblong, oval berries, of a bluish colour [Page] when ripe, sitting in red cups, having red footstalks. The roots and wood have been long used as a sudorific, but the bark of the root is [...] much the strongest, yielding a considerable quantity of hot, aromatic oil; and when powdered and joined with other febrifuges, has been given with success in intermittents, &c. Also used as a tea, is said to promote obstructed menses; but has been blamed for occasioning the head-ach.

LEDUM.
MARSH CISTUS, or WILD ROSEMARY.
Class 10. Order 1. Decandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is of one leaf, very small, and five-toothed.

The Corolla consists of five petals, ovate, concave, and spreading.

The Filaments are ten, thread-form, spreading and the length of the corolla. The Antherae are oblong.

The Germen is roundish. The Style thread-form and the length of the stamina. The Stigma is obtuse.

The Seed-vessel is a capsule, roundish, five-cell'd and gaping in five parts at the top.

The Seeds are numerous, oblong, narrow, acute each way and very slender.

The Species with us, but one, viz.

LEDUM thymifolium. Thyme leaved Marsh Cistus.

This grows naturally in the Jerseys, in low, moist places. It is a small ever-green shrub, scarcely rising above eighteen inches or two feet in height and divided into several branches. The leaves are very small, entire, of an oblong oval shape, and thick [Page] consistence, placed close, alternately, and thick upon the branches. The flowers terminate the stalks in short leaffy bunches, coming out singly at the bosom of the leaves upon pretty long footstalks; they are small and white but make a fine appearance when in bloom. This has generally been called Thyme-leaved Kalmia.

LIQUIDAMBAR.
LIQUIDAMBAR, or SWEET GUM-TREE.
Class 21, Order 8. Monoecia Polyandria.

THE Male Flowers are numerous in a conical, long, loose katkin.

The Calyx is a common Involucrum of four leaves; which are ovate, concave, and falling; the alternate shorter.

The Corolla none.

The Filaments are numerous, and very short, in a body, plane on one side and convex on the other. The Antherae are erect, twin, four furrowed, and two cell'd.

The Female flowers are collected in a globe at the base of the male spikes.

The Calyx is an Involucrum as in the male, but double.

The Proper Empalement is bell-shape, angled, warty, and many joined together.

The Corolla none.

The Germen is oblong and adjoined to the empalement. The Styles are two, awl-shaped. The Stigmas joined to these are the length of the style, recurved and downy.

The Seed-vessel consists of as many capsules as empalements, which are ovate, oblong, sharp pointed, with one cell and two valves at top; joined in a ligneous globe.

The Seeds are few, (one or two) oblong, pointed and shining; mixed with many branny corpuscles.

The Species with us, are,

[Page]

1. LIQUIDAMBAR Styraciflua. Maple-leaved Liquidambar-Tree, or Sweet Gum.

This tree grows naturally in low clayey ground, rising with a straight trunk to the height of forty feet or more, sending off many branches, forming a pyramidal head. The leaves are angular, somewhat resembling those of Maple, having five and often seven, pointed, serrated, spreading lobes; and are of a dark green colour. They have a strong, sweet, glutinous substance, exuding through their pores in warm weather, rendering them clammy to the touch. The flowers are produced early in the spring, and are succeeded by globular seed-vessels, composed of many capsules joined at the base, but terminating in long softish spines or points, and containing each one or two oblong compressed, winged seeds, with a great number of furfuraceous particles.

2. LIQUIDAMBAR asplenifolia. Spleen-wort-leaved Gale, or Shrubby Sweet Fern.

This is a small shrub, growing naturally upon dry slaty ridges, and seldom rising above three feet high, dividing into several branches, furnished with many oblong leaves, alternately situated, resembling those of Spleen Wort; of a dark green colour, hairy underneath and sitting close to the stalks. The male katkins are produced lying close to the small branches near their ends. The female flowers are in small heads a little beneath them, becoming small burs, generally containing two or more oblong smooth seeds. An infusion of the leaves has been used as an astringent in Diarrhaeas, &c.

[Page]

LIRIODENDRUM.
The TULIP-TREE.
Class 13. Order 7. Polyandria Polygynia.

THE Calyx consists of a proper Involucrum of two leaves; which are triangular, plane and deciduous.

And an Empalement of three leaves; oblong, concave, spreading, petal-form, and deciduous.

The Corolla has six (often more) petals, bell'd: the petals are spatuled, oblong, obtuse and variegated.

The Filaments are numerous, shorter than the corolla, linear, and inserted in the receptacle. The Antherae are linear, and adjoined longitudinally to the sides of the filaments.

The Germen are numerous, placed in a cone. The Style none. The Stigmas globose.

The Seed-vessel none. The seeds are imbricated in a cone like body.

The Seeds are numerous, ending in a lanced scale; near the base of the scale, sending off from the interior side, an acute angle, compressed at the base and acute, by which they are joined to the spindle-shaped receptacle.

The Species with us, are,

LIRIODENDRUM Tulipifera. Virginian Tulip-Tree.

This often grows to the size of a large tree, of seventy or eighty feet in height and above four feet in diameter. The bark of young trees is smooth, but as they grow old it becomes furrowed, their lower branches also falling off. The young trees send off many branches, almost from the ground upward, garnished with broad smooth leaves, heartshaped at the base, but end-bitten, or cut, at the extremity, having two or three pointed lobes, on each side the midrib; of a dark green colour on the upper [Page] side, but lighter and veined underneath; with pretty long footstalks. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the branches in form of a Tulip, composed of six or seven petals, or sometimes more, greenish coloured towards the tops, but marked transversely with red, towards the claws; which are glandular and honey-bearing. The young trees make a beautiful appearance, especially when in flower. We have two kinds of Tulip trees, viz. Yellow and White, their difference easily distinguishable by the wood or timber, but perhaps not otherwise. The Yellow is soft and brittle, and much used for boards, heels for shoes, &c. also turned into bowls, trenchers, &c. The white is heavy, tough, and hard, and likewise sawed into joists, boards, &c. for building. The bark of the root is used as an ingredient in bitters, &c.

LONICERA.
HONEYSUCKLE, or WOODBINE.
Class 5. Order 1. Pentandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is five parted, above and small.

The Corolla is of one petal and tubulous. The tube oblong and gibbose. The border five-parted; the divisions revolute, and one deeper separated than the rest.

The Filaments are five, awl-shaped and nearly the length of the corolla. The Antherae are oblong.

The Germen is roundish and beneath. The Style is thread-form and the length of the corolla. The Stigma is obtuse-headed.

The Seed-vessel is a berry, umbilicated and two cell'd.

The Seeds are roundish and compressed.

The Species, with us, (according to Linnaeus's arrangement) are divided as follows, into

[Page] Honeysuckles with a trailing stalk.

1. LONICERA caroliniana. Carolinian scarlet Trumpet-flowered Honeysuckle.

This is a variety of the following, only differing in having smaller leaves and flowers.

2. LONICERA virginiana. Virginian scarlet Honeysuckle.

This hath a shrubby trailing stalk, which requires support, and appears much like the common Honeysuckle, but the shoots are weaker. The inferior leaves are inverse egg-shaped, of a deep green colour on their upper sides, but whitish underneath, sitting close to the branches; but those near the ends of the branches, are joined, forming sometimes a large somewhat quadrangular leaf, but mostly a smaller concave oval one. The flowers are produced in whorls upon a long naked stalk terminating the branches, having long scarlet tubes with short borders. The lower leaves in warm situations are evergreen.

3. LONICERA sempervirens. Ever-green Honeysuckle.

This is said to grow in Virginia, with strong branches, covered with a purple bark, and garnished with lucid green leaves, continuing their verdure all the year. The flowers are produced in manner of the former, of a bright red on their outsides and yellow within, and continuing in succession from June till autumn.

[Page] Dwarf Cherries with biflorous footstalks.

4. LONICERA canadensis. Canadian dwarf-cherry Honeysuckle.
(Bartram's Catalogue.)

This is a native of Canada, rising with an erect shrubby stalk to the height of about five feet. The leaves are oval shaped, entire, of a very thin texture and lucid green colour. The flowers terminate the branches, sitting two upon each footstalk, of a pale yellow colour, streaked with purple, and appearing pretty early in the spring.

With an erect stalk, and multiflorous footstalks.

5. LONICERA Diervilla. Yellow flowering Diervilla.

This hath slender shrubby stalks, seldom rising above two feet and a half high, and generally leaning; furnished with somewhat heart-shaped, oblong, sharp-pointed leaves, slightly sawed on their edges, placed opposite, and sitting close to the stalks. The flowers are produced at the extremity and sometimes from the sides of the branches, generally two or three together, upon short footstalks; they are of a cream colour, the inferior segment of the flower somewhat larger and yellower than the others; they are succeeded by oblong capsules, containing small seeds. This grows most natural upon mountains, and spreads much by its creeping roots.

6. LONICERA marylandica. Maryland scarlet Lonicera.

This, it is said, grows in Maryland with an upright stalk, furnished with ovate, oblong, sharppointed [Page] leaves, which are distinct and fit close to the stalks. The flowers are produced in erect spikes of a scarlet colour.

7. LONICERA Symphoricarpos. Indian Currants, or St. Peter's Wort.

This hath a shrubby stalk, which rises from four to five feet high and spreads into many slender branches, garnished with oval entire leaves, somewhat hairy and placed opposite upon short footstallks. The flowers are small and of an herbaceous colour, and are produced upon short, common peduncles, or footstalks, which are placed opposite a conderable distance along, and terminating the branches; upon which they are set very close in whorls, or rather in two opposite rows. A few of these are succeeded by reddish, depressed, hollow and spongy berries; ripening very late, and each generally containing two small round compressed seeds. This often sends off a few weak trailing branches lying upon the ground and taking root, by which it may be easily propagated.

MAGNOLIA.
The LAUREL-LEAVED TULIP-TREE.
Class 13. Order 7. Polyandria Polygynia.

THE Empalement is three leaved: the leaves ovate, concave, petal form and deciduous.

The Corolla has nine petals, oblong, concave, obtuse, and narrower at the base.

The Filaments are numerous, short, sharp pointed, and compressed; inserted beneath the germen in the common receptacle of the styles. The Antherae are linear and adjoined on each side to the margin of the filaments.

[Page] The Germen are numerous, ovate-oblong, covering the clubbed receptacle. The Styles are recurved, contorted and very short. The Stigmas are from one end of the style to the other, and villose.

The Seed-vessel is an ovate cone, covered with capsules, which are compressed, roundish, scarce imbricated, crowded, acute, one cell'd, two valv'd, sessile, gaping outward and permanent.

The Seeds are solitary, roundish, berried and hanging by a thread from the bosom of each scale of the cone.

The Species are,

1. MAGNOLIA acuminata. Long leaved Mountain Magnolia, or Cucumber Tree.

This tree grows sometimes to the height of thirty or forty feet, and to eighteen inches or more in diameter; dividing into several branches towards the top, garnished with large, oblong, sharp-pointed leaves. The flowers come out early in the spring and are composed of twelve large bluish coloured petals. The seed-vessels are about three inches long, somewhat resembling a small Cucumber; from whence the inhabitants where it grows natural, call it the Cucumber-tree.

2. MAGNOLIA glauca. Small Magnolia, or Swamp Sassafras.

This grows naturally in low, moist, or swampy ground, often to the height of fifteen or twenty feet; covered with a whitish smooth bark, and dividing into several branches; furnished with entire, oblong, oval leaves, of a dark green on their upper surface, but whitish and a little hairy underneath. The flowers are produced at the ends of the branches, composed of six concave, white petals, of an agreeable smell; and are succeeded by oval, or somewhat [Page] conical seed-vessels, of an inch or more in length and three fourths of an inch in diameter; composed of many capsules, which open and discharge their seeds when ripe, hanging by slender white threads, of a red colour, and near the size of a small bean. The seeds and bark have been used with some success in the cure of Rheumatism, &c.

3. MAGNOLIA grandiflora. Ever-green Laurel-leaved Tulip-Tree.

This grows naturally in Florida and South Carolina, sometimes to the height of eighty feet or more, with a straight trunk of two feet or more in diameter; having a regular head. The leaves are evergreen, of a thick consistence, pretty large, oblong, pointed, and entire: of a lucid green on the upper side, and sometimes of a russet, or buff colour on the under. The flowers are produced at the ends of the branches; they are very large, and composed of eight or ten oblong white petals, narrowed towards the base, but broad, rounded, and a little waved at their extremities. They are succeeded by oblong, conical seed-vessels, disclosing their seeds after the manner of the other species. This is allowed to be one of the most beautiful ever-green trees yet known, but is impatient of cold.

4. MAGNOLIA tripetala. The Umbrella Tree.

This grows pretty frequent in Carolina, and some parts of Pennsylvania; usually to the height of sixteen or twenty feet, with a slender trunk, covered with a smooth bark, and dividing into several branches. The leaves are very large and entire, often from twelve to fifteen inches or more in length, and five or six in width, narrowing to a point at each extremity, [Page] placed at the ends of the branches in a circular manner, somewhat resembling an umbrella; from whence it obtained its name. The flowers are composed of ten, or eleven, large, oblong, white petals, the exterior ones hanging down; and are succeeded by oblong, conical seed-vessels, between three and four inches in length, and about one and a half in diameter, growing reddish and disclosing their seeds, when ripe, after the same manner of the others. There are said to be two other species in the southern states.

MENISPERMUM.
MOONSEED.
Class 22. Order 10. Dioecia Decandria.

THE Flowers are Male and Female upon separate plants.

The Male.

The Empalement is two leaved: the leaves are linear and short.

The Corolla has four exterior petals, which are ovate, spreading and equal. And eight interior lesser ones, ovate and concave.

The Filaments are sixteen (or more) cylindrical and rather longer than the corolla. The Antherae are terminal, very short, and obtuse four lobed.

The Female, on a different plant.

The Empalement as in the Male.

The Corolla as the Male.

The Filaments eight, like the male. The Antherae are pellucid, and barren.

The Germen are two, ovate, incurved, winking and pedicell'd.

The Styles are solitary, very short and recurved. The Stigmas are bifid and obtuse.

The Seed-vessels are two berries, roundish-kidney form and one cell'd.

The Seeds are solitary, large, and kidney form, or somewhat orbicular and compressed.

Obs. The Canadian has an Empalement and Corolla of six leaves, also six stamina and three styles.

[Page] The Species with us, are,

1. MENISPERMUM canadense. Canadian Moonseed.

This hath a thick, ligneous root, sending up many twining stalks, twisting themselves round the neighbouring trees for support, becoming woody, and rising to the height of ten or fifteen feet. These are furnished with large, smooth, roundish, angled leaves, having pretty long footstalks placed on their under sides, making a hollow, or appearance of a navel on the upper side. The flowers come out in loose bunches from the sides of the stalks; they are small, of an herbaceous colour, and composed of six oblong petals, six short stamina, and three styles arising from as many germen; which become three channelled berries, each containing one somewhat circular compressed seed.

2. MENISPERMUM carolinum. Carolinian Moonseed.

This is much smaller and weaker than the other, scarcely becoming shrubby. The leaves are smaller, entire, heart-shaped, and villous underneath.

3. MENISPERMUM virginicum. Virginian Moonseed.

This much resembles the Canadian kind, the leaves are target-form, heart-shaped and lobed.

[Page]

MESPILUS.
The MEDLAR-TREE.
Class 12. Order 4. Icosandria Pentagynia.

THE Empalement is one leaved, concave-spreading, five toothed, and permanent.

The Corolla has five petals, roundish, concave, and inserted in the calyx.

The Filaments are twenty, awl-shaped and inserted in the calyx.

The Antherae are simple.

The Germen is beneath. The Styles are five, (often less) simple and erect. The Stigmas are headed.

The Seed-vessel is a berry, globose, umbilicated, and covered with the calyx, but somewhat perforated at the apex.

The Seeds are five, bony and gibbons.

The Species, with us, are,

Armed with Thorns

1. MESPILUS coccinea. Cockspur-Hawthorn.

This rises generally to the height of ten or twelve feet, with a pretty strong stem, dividing into several branches, which are armed with strong thorns, bent downwards like a cock's spur. The leaves are somewhat oval, but spreading into angles, sawed on their edges, and smooth. The flowers come out at the extremities and sides of the branches in umbels; they are pretty large and are succeeded by fruit nearly as large as a small cherry and of a fine red colour when ripe.

There is a variety of this without thorns, with leaves deeper sawed on their edges, and not so deeply veined, otherwise of the same growth and appearance.

[Page]

2. MESPILUS Crus galli. Pear leaved Thorn.

This rises with a strong stem to the height of fifteen or twenty feet, sending off many long (and often nearly horizontal) branches, armed with long, sharp thorns. The leaves are of an oblong, oval shape, or often narrowed towards the base, sawed on their edges, smooth, and of a deep, shining green colour, and thick consistence. The flowers come out late, and are produced in small clusters at the ends of the branches. The fruit are of a middling size and of a dark or dirty reddish colour.

Obs. The flowers have frequently but one style.

3. MESPILUS cuneiformis. Wedge leaved Mespilus.

This grows often to the height of twenty feet or more, with a strong stem of five or six inches in diameter, covered with a dark rough bark, dividing into many branches, and armed with long sharp thorns. The leaves are smooth, wedge, or inverseegg-shaped, and pointed; slightly and somewhat doubly serrated towards their extremities, of a shining green colour on their upper surface and veined with oblique parallel veins. The flowers are produced in small clusters at the ends of the branches and are succeeded by middle sized reddish fruit.

4. MESPILUS Azarolus major. Great Azarole, or Hawthorn.

This kind frequently rises to the height of twelve or fifteen feet, with a strong stem covered with a lightish rough bark, dividing into many branches, and armed with many long thorns. The leaves are [Page] larger than those of the other kinds, somewhat eggshaped, but toothed or angled, sawed on their edges, and much veined. The flowers are produced in umbels at the extremity of the branches and are succeeded by large fruit, of a dark red colour.

5. MESPILUS Azarolus minor. Smaller Azarole, or Hawthorn.

This has much the appearance of the last, but is smaller in growth, leaves and fruit.

6. MESPILUS Oxyacantha aurea. Yellow berried Hawthorn.

This rises to the height of six or eight feet, dividing into several branches and armed with sharp thorns. The leaves are somewhat egg-shaped, but acutely toothed and sawed on their edges. The flowers are produced as in the other kinds and are succeeded by middling sized fruit, of a greenish yellow colour when ripe.

7. MESPILUS apiifolia. Virginian Parsley leaved Mespilus.

This is generally of low growth, rising perhaps to the height of five or six feet, and armed with a few sharp thorns. The leaves are small, shining and much cut or divided on their edges. The fruit are small and red coloured.

[Page] Without Thorns.

8. MESPILUS nivea. Early ripe, Esculent fruited Medlar, or wild Service.

This rises frequently to the height of fifteen or twenty feet, dividing into several branches, which are without thorns, and covered with a smooth, whitish, spotted bark. The leaves are of an oblong oval; pointed, slightly and acutely serrated, hairy and whitish at their first appearance, but becoming smooth and of a dark green, especially upon their upper sides. The flowers are produced from the sides of the small branches in loose bunches or panicles, of a snowy white colour, and are succeeded by fruit near the size of a Goose-berry, which are soft, succulent, sweet tasted, and purplish coloured when ripe. The flowers of this come out before the leaves are expanded, perfectly white, and thick set upon the branches, making a fine appearance. The fruit is ripe in June, pretty large and of an agreeable taste. There is a variety of this of smaller growth, but of the same appearance.

9. MESPILUS prunifolia. Plumb leaved Medlar.

This grows naturally in moist places rising with slender stems to the height of six or eight feet, dividing into but few branches and without thorns. The leaves are inverse egg-shaped, pointed, slightly serrated, of a dark green on their upper surface, but lighter and downy underneath. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the branches in clusters, and are succeeded by small fruit of a dark purplish colour when ripe.

[Page] There is a variety of this, generally rising but to the height of two or three feet. The fruit are somewhat larger and of the same colour, but otherwise much resembling the other.

10. MESPILUS canadensis. Dwarf red fruited Medlar.

This rises to the height of four or five feet, with slender smooth stems, much resembling the last described, except in having fruit of a red colour when ripe. There is also a variety of this of smaller growth, which produces fruit of a beautiful red colour.

Obs. The characters of the Crataegus and Mespilus differ so immaterially that, I should suppose, they might be reduced to one Genus, with much greater propriety than the Beech and Chesnut. They are Genera in which much confusion prevails amongst Botanical writers, some classing most of the Species under the Crataegus, others the same Species under the Mespilus; neither is it easy to determine to which they, with most propriety, belong. I have frequently observed in some Species from one to three styles, in others from three to five, but not having observed any to be constant with two, agreeably to the character of the Crataegus, have ranged none under that Genus. We have, native of these states, several Species of Mespilus, and a great number of Varieties, which, until better discriminated and ascertained, can never be described with any degree of accuracy.

[Page]

MITCHELLA.
MITCHELLA.
Class 4. Order 1. Tetrandria Monogynia.

THE Flowers are twin, or two sitting upon the same bud; and each having an Empalement, four parted, erect, permanent and above.

A Corolla of one petal, funnel form. The tube cylindrical; the border four-parted, spreading and hairy within.

And four Filaments, thread-form, erect, and within the bosom of the corolla. With Antherae oblong, and acute.

The Germen is twin, orbiculate, common to both, and beneath.

The Styles are one in each flower, thread-form and the length of the corolla. The Stigmas are four, oblong.

The Seed-vessel is a berry, two parted and globose.

The Seeds are four, compressed and callous.

There is but one Species of this Genus, viz.

MITCHELLA repens. Creeping evergreen Mitchella.

This is a small plant, growing upon mossy, northern, shaded banks, with slender shrubby stalks, lying close to the ground, and putting out roots at the joints. The leaves are ever-green, of a thick consistence, obtusely egg-shaped, and entire; they are placed opposite and thick upon the branches, with short footstalks, and are often marked longitudinally with a whitish vein. The flowers are produced at the bosom of the leaves, they are double, or two arising from one bud, of a white colour, and are succeeded by small roundish red berries.

[Page]

MORUS.
The MULBERRY-TREE.
Class 21. Order 4. Monoecia Tetrandria.

THE Male Flowers are disposed in Katkins.

The Empalement is four parted; the leaves ovate and concave.

The Corolla none.

The Filaments are four, awl-shaped, erect, longer than the calyx, and one within each leaf of the flower cup. The Antherae are simple.

The Female Flowers are collected, either in the same, or a different plant from the male.

The Empalement is four leaved: the leaves are roundish, obtuse, permanent; the two opposite exterior incumbent.

The Corolla none.

The Germen is heart-shaped. The Styles are two, awl-shaped, long, reflexed, and rough. The Stigmas are simple.

The Seed-vessel none. The Empalements becoming fleshy succulent berries, jointly forming an oblong rough fruit.

The Seeds, one in each berry, ovate acute.

We have but one Species, native with us, viz.

MORUS rubra. Large-leaved Virginian Mulberry Tree.

This grows common in many parts of NorthAmerica, to the height of twenty or thirty feet, and with a trunk from twelve to eighteen inches or more in diameter; dividing into many branches, which are garnished with large, rough, heart-shaped, oblong, pointed leaves; sawed on their edges, and sometimes with others largely and deeply divided into two, three, or more pointed lobes. The leaves of male trees are generally largest. The fruit is large, of a dark purplish colour when ripe, very succulent [Page] and of an agreeable taste. The timber affords very durable posts, for fencing, &c. As our Mulberry has been found, upon trial, to answer well for the purpose of raising silk worms, and growing spontaneously and plentifully in many parts of these states; it is presumed, many of our countrymen might profitably apply their attention to the culture of silk.

MYRICA.
CANDLEBERRY MYRTLE.
Class 22. Order 5. Dioecia Tetrandria.

THE Flowers are Male and Female on different plants.

The Male.

The Calyx is a Katkin ovate-oblong, loose, imbricated on all sides, and consisting of Scales, which are one flowered, moon-shape, obtusely pointed, and concave.

The Corolla none.

The Filaments are four, (rarely six) thread-form, short, and erect. The Antherae are large and twin, with two-cleft lobes.

The Female.

The Calyx and Corolla as in the male.

The Germen is somewhat ovate. The Styles are two, threadform and longer than the calyx. The Stigmas are simple.

The Seed-vessel is a berry, of one cell.

The Seed is one.

Obs. The Gale has four stamina: the Berry compressed at the apex, and three lobed: the cerifera has six stamina: the berry succulent and roundish.

The Species with us, are,

1. MYRICA cerifera. Candleberry Myrtle.

This grows naturally upon low boggy lands, rising with many strong shrubby stalks, to the height of six or eight feet: sending out several branches, [Page] which are furnished with stiff spear-shaped leaves, a little sawed towards their extremities, of a yellowish lucid green on their upper sides but paler underneath, having very short footstalks, and of a grateful odour when bruised. The katkins come out on different plants from the berries, and are about an inch long, standing erect. The female flowers come out on the sides of the branches in long bunches, and are succeeded by small roundish berries, covered with a mealy substance, and affording a kind of green wax, which is sometimes used in making candles.

2. MYRICA cerifera humilis. Dwarf Candleberry Myrtle.

This is a variety of the former kind, differing from it in being of a lower growth, the branches not so strong, and covered with a greyish bark. The leaves are also shorter and broader, and more sawed on their edges. The berries afford a wax like the others.

3. MYRICA Gale. American Bog Gale.

This also grows naturally in bogs and swamps, rising with shrubby stalks to the height of two or three feet, garnished with lance-shaped leaves, smooth and a little sawed towards their points. The berries are dry, compressed at the apex and three lobed.

NYSSA.
The TUPELO-TREE.
Class 23. Order 1. Polygamia Dioecia.

THE Flowers are Male and Hermaphrodite, (in some Species Male and Female) upon different plants.

[Page] The Male.

The Empalement is five-parted and spreading, with a plane bottom.

The Corolla none.

The Filaments are ten, awl-shaped and shorter than the calyx.

The Antherae are twin and the length of the filaments.

The Hermaphrodite.

The Empalement as in the male, sitting upon the germen.

The Corolla none.

The Filaments are five, awl-shaped, and erect. The Antherae are simple.

The Germen is ovate and beneath. The Style is awl-shaped, incurved, and longer than the stamina. The Stigma is acute.

The Seed-vessel is a drupe, ovate and one cell'd.

The Seed is a nut, oval, acute, hollowed with longitudinal furrows, angled, and irregular.

Obs. The Nyssa sylvatica is Male and Female on different trees.

The Species are,

1. NYSSA aquatica. Virginian Water TupeloTree.

This grows naturally in wet swamps, or near large rivers, in Carolina and Florida; rising with a strong upright trunk to the height of eighty or an hundred feet, dividing into many branches towards the top. The leaves are pretty large, of an oval, spear-shaped form, generally entire, but sometimes somewhat toothed, and covered underneath with a whitish down: they are joined to long, slender footstalks, and affixed to the branches in somewhat of a verticillate order, presenting a beautiful varied foliage. The berries are near the size and shape of small olives, and are preserved in like manner by the French inhabitants upon the Mississippi, where it greatly abounds, and is called the Olive tree. The timber is white and soft when unseasoned, but light [Page] and compact when dry, which renders it very proper for making trays, bowls, &c.

2. NYSSA Ogeche. The Ogeche Lime Tree.
(Bartram's Catalogue.)

This is a tree of great singularity and beauty; growing naturally in water, in the southern states, and rising to the height of about thirty feet. The leaves are oblong, of a deep shining green on their upper sides, and lightly hoary underneath. The flowers are male and female upon different trees, and are produced upon divided, or many flowered footstalks. The fruit is nearly oval, of a deep red colour, of the size of a Damascene Plumb, and of an agreeable acid taste; from which it is called the Limetree. Perhaps this is the multiflora of Weston.

3. NYSSA sylvatica. Upland Tupelo-Tree, or Sour Gum.

This grows naturally in Pennsylvania and perhaps elsewhere, rising with a strong upright trunk to the height of thirty or forty feet, and sometimes of near two feet in diameter; sending off many horizontal, and often depending branches; garnished with oval, or rather inverse egg-shaped leaves, a little pointed, entire, of a dark green and shining upper surface, but lighter and a little hairy underneath: those of male trees are often narrower and sometimes lanceshaped. The flowers are produced upon pretty long common footstalks, arising from the base of the young shoots, and dividing irregularly into several parts, generally from six to ten; each supporting a small flower, having an empalement of six or seven linear, unequal leaves, and from six to eight awlshaped [Page] spreading stamina, supporting short four lobed Antherae. The female trees have fewer flowers produced upon much longer, simple, cylindrical footstalks, thickened at the extremity, and supporting generally three flowers, sitting close and having a small involucrum. They are composed of five small oval leaves, and in the center an awl-shaped incurved style, arising from the oblong germen, which is beneath, and becomes an oval oblong berry, of a dark purplish colour when ripe. The timber of this tree is close grained and curled so as not to be split or parted; and therefore much used for hubs of wheels for waggons, carriages, &c.

OLEA.
The OLIVE-TREE.
Class 2. Order 1. Diandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is of one leaf, tubular, and small: the border four-toothed, erect and deciduous.

The Corolla is one petal'd, funnel-form. The tube cylindrical, the length of the empalement. The border four-parted and plain: the divisions semi-ovate.

The Filaments two, opposite, awl-shaped and short. The Antherae erect.

The Germen is roundish. The Style simple, very short. The Stigmas two-cleft, thickened, the divisions end-nicked.

The Seed-vessel a drupe, somewhat ovate, smooth, and one cell'd.

The Seed ovate-oblong, and wrinkled,

The Species with us,

OLEA americana. American Olive Tree.

This grows naturally in Carolina and Florida, and is a beautiful ever-green tree. The leaves are nearly ovate, or somewhat oblong, perennial, of a shining, [Page] full green, on their upper surface, and of a solid consistence. The fruit or berries are nearly oval, of the size of a sparrow's egg, of a beautiful bluish purple, and covered with a nebula or gloom.

PHILADELPHUS.
SYRINGA, or MOCK-ORANGE.
Class 12. Order 1. Icosandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is one leaved, four parted, sharp pointed, and permanent.

The Corolla has four petals, roundish, plane, large and spreading.

The Filaments are twenty, awl-shaped and the length of the calyx. The Antherae are erect and four furrowed.

The Germen is beneath. The Style is thread form and fourparted. The Stigmas are simple.

The Seed-vessel is a capsule, oval, sharp-pointed, part surrounded by the calyx, with four cells, and four valves.

The Seeds are numerous, oblong and small.

We have, with us, but one Species, viz.

PHILADELPHUS inodorus. Carolinian Scentless Syringa.

This is said to grow naturally in Carolina; rising with a shrubby stalk to the height of twelve or fifteen feet, sending out opposite branches, furnished with smooth, entire leaves, shaped like those of the Pear tree, but standing opposite upon pretty long footstalks. The flowers are pretty large and have large empalements of four acute-pointed leaves, and four white, oval, spreading petals, and a great number of stamina with yellow summits. This is impatient of much cold.

[Page]

PINUS.
The PINE-TREE.
Class 21. Order 9. Monoecia Polyandria.

THE Male Flowers are disposed in Racemi or bunches.

The Calyx none but the scales of the bud, gaping.

The Corolla none.

The Filaments are numerous and joined beneath in an erect column, divided at top. The Antherae are erect.

The Female Flowers are in the same plant.

The Calyx is a common, somewhat ovate cone, consisting of Scales, which are two flowered, oblong, imbricated, rigid, and permanent.

The Corolla none.

The Germen is very small. The Style is awl-shaped. The Stigma simple.

The Seed-vessel none, but the scales of the cone.

The Seed is a nut, increased with a membranaceous wing, which is larger than the seed, but smaller than the scale of the cone, oblong, straight on one side and gibbous on the other.

The Species, with us, are,

1. PINUS echinata. Three leaved prickly-cone [...] Bastard Pine.

This grows naturally in Virginia. The leaves are long and narrow, sometimes three, at other times but two in each sheath. The cones are long and slender, their scales terminating in sharp points.

2. PINUS palustris. Longest three leaved Marsh Pine.

This grows naturally in South Carolina, and is of a middling growth. The leaves are produced by threes in a sheath and are often ten or twelve inches [Page] in length. The cones are long and large, opening and dropping their seeds in the fall. It is accounted equal to any for yielding tar, &c.

3. PINUS rigida. Common three leaved Virginian Pine.

This grows common in many places throughout these states, rising often to the height of sixty or seventy feet, with a large erect trunk, dividing into branches towards the top, and furnished with pretty long leaves growing by threes in a sheath. The cones are often produced in clusters round the branches, they are about three inches long and have rigid scales. There are whole Forests of many hundred acres of these trees in some back parts of the country, of which great quantities of Boards are sawed and floated down some of our long rivers.

4. PINUS Strobus. New-England, or White Pine.

This is allowed to out top in growth most of our other trees, rising with a large erect trunk, to the height of an hundred feet or more, covered with a smooth bark and sending off many long branches. The leaves are long and slender, growing by fives in a sheath, and set thick on the branches. The cones are often six or seven inches in length, and generally besmeared with turpentine, with which these trees much abound. The cones generally open about the first of September, soon after which the seeds drop out. This also grows in great plenty towards the heads of some of our rivers, from whence great quantities are rasred down, affording excellent masts, yards, spars, &c. &c. for ship building.

[Page]

5. PINUS Taeda. Virginian Swamp, or Frankincence Pine.

This grows to a pretty large size, the leaves are very long and narrow and are produced by threes in a sheath. The cones are pretty long and large. This is useful for boards, and for producing turpentine and tar, as are the other kinds.

6. PINUS virginiana. Two-leaved Virginian, or Jersey Pine.

This is generally of but low growth, but divided into many branches. The leaves are broader and shorter than the other kinds, and of a deeper green colour; they are produced by twos in each sheath. The cones are small, each scale terminating with a prickly point. This is called, in some places, Spruce Pine.

PINUS-ABIES.
The FIR-TREE.

1. PINUS-ABIES Balsamea. Balm of Gilead Fir-Tree.

This tree grows to the height of thirty or forty feet, sending off many branches, which are thick set chiefly upon two sides, with stiff linear leaves, resembling those of the Yew. The surface of the trunk is almost covered with small bladders, or risings in the cuticle of the bark, which are filled with a clear balsam or turpentine. The cones are pretty large, and fall to pieces in the autumn.

[Page]

2. PINUS-ABIES canadensis. Newfoundland Spruce.

There are said to be three varieties of this, distinguished by the colour of their cones, into white, red and black; some of which, sometimes become pretty large trees. The leaves are stiff and linear, and slightly channelled on both sides, smaller than those of the Balm of Gilead, and set equally upon all sides of the branches. The trees make a very good appearance, and of these the famous Sprucebeer is brewed.

3. PINUS-ABIES americana. Hemlock Spruce Fir-Tree.

This rises up with but a slender trunk, sometimes to a great height, and is generally thick set with somewhat horizontal branches. The leaves are shaped much like those of the Yew and are ranged upon two sides of the branches, so appearing flat, like those of the European Silver Firs, but are of a pale green on both sides. The cones are very small, loose, and of an oval oblong form. The bark is said to be good for tanning leather; and with it, our natives dye their splints for baskets of a red colour.

PINUS-LARIX.
The LARCH-TREE.

1. PINUS-LARIX rubra. Red American LarchTree.

This shoots up to a considerable height with a slender erect trunk, sending off many slender branches. [Page] The leaves are pretty long, linear and soft, coming out in fasciculi, or small bundles spreading like a painter's brush, and are set pretty thick round the branches. They are of a light green colour and deciduous. The cones are of a fine red colour at their first appearance; they are small, perhaps three-fourths of an inch long, and half an inch thick, the scales smooth, opening early in the fall and dropping their seeds, which are very small and winged.

2. PINUS-LARIX alba. White American Larch-Tree.

This a variety of the other, differing very little, except in the cones, being of a greenish white colour.

3. PINUS-LARIX nigra. Black American Larch-Tree.

This is also a variety differing in having dark coloured cones.

PLATANUS.
The PLANE-TREE.
Class 21. Order 8. Monoecia Polyandria.

THE Flowers are Male and Female upon the same plant.

The Male Flowers are disposed in a globose katkin.

The Calyx consists of some very small segments.

The Corolla is scarce manifest.

The Filaments are oblong, thicker above, and coloured. The Antherae are four [...], moving round the filaments to the inferior side.

The Female Flowers are disposed in a globe.

The Calyx consists of many small scales.

The Corolla of many petals, concave, oblong and clubbed.

[Page] The Germen are many, disposed in a globe and ending in awl-shaped Styles, with recurved Stigmas.

The Seed-vessel none. But a globose receptacle.

The Seeds are oblong, angular and clubbed, crowned by the permanent style, and with a capillary pappus adhering at the base.

Obs. I am in doubt with regard to the petals.

We have, with us, but one Species, viz.

PLATANUS occidentalis. American Plane-Tree, or Large Button Wood.

This grows common by creeks and river sides in many parts of America. It is of quick growth, and often becomes a large tree of sixty or seventy feet in height and above three feet in diameter, sending off but few long, diverging branches, which together with the upper part of the trunk, are generally covered with a smoothish bark, annually, or often renewed, and falling off in thin plates or scales. The leaves are broad, and cut into angles, or lobed; having several acute indentures on their borders, of a light green on their upper side, but paler, and a little wooly underneath; with long footstalks, and placed alternately. The flowers are produced in round pendulous balls, of near an inch in diameter, upon very long footstalks. This is sometimes sawed into boards, and has been much used of late by our card-makers, for card-boards or backs.

POPULUS.
The POPLAR-TREE.
Class 22. Order 7. Dioecia Octandria.

THE Flowers are Male and Female on different Plants.

The Male.

[Page] The Calyx is a common katkin, oblong, loosely imbricated, and cylindrical; composed of Scales which are one flowered, oblong, and plane, with the margin torn.

The Corolla none, but

A Nectarium of one leaf, top shaped and tubulous beneath, but oblique and terminating in an oval border above.

The Filaments are eight, very short. The Antherae are fourcornered and large.

The Female.

The katkin, Scales, and Nectaria, are like the Male.

The Germen is ovate-sharp pointed. The Style is scarce manifest. The Stigma is four cleft.

The Seed-vessels are ovate capsules, two cell'd and two valv'd: the valves reflexed.

The Seeds are numerous and ovate, with a volatile capillary pappus.

The Species, with us, are,

1. POPULUS deltoide. White Poplar, or Cotton Tree of Carolina.
(Bartram's Catalogue.)

This becomes a tall tree, with a large erect trunk, covered with a white, smoothish bark, resembling that of the Aspen tree. The leaves are large, generally nearly triangular, toothed or indented with sharp and deep serratures, of a shining full green on their upper surface, but somewhat lighter or hoary underneath; standing upon long slender footstalks, and generally restless or in motion. The timber is white, firm, and elastic, principally used for fence rails. It grows naturally upon rich low lands, on the banks of large rivers in Carolina and Florida.

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2. POPULUS heterophylla. Virginian PoplarTree.

This becomes a pretty large tree, the branches of which are nerved, appearing as if quadrangular. The leaves are large and variously shaped, some roundish, others heart-form, slightly sawed on their edges and downy at their first appearance.

3. POPULUS nigra. Black Poplar.

This is not of very large growth, but covered with a darkish rough bark. The leaves are somewhat triangular, pretty long pointed, slightly and obtusely sawed on their edges, standing upon pretty long footstalks, smooth and of a bright green on their upper surface, but lighter and a little downy underneath.

4. POPULUS tremula. American Aspen-Tree.

This grows frequently to the height of about thirty feet, covered with a smooth whitish bark. The leaves are small, smooth on both sides, of a dark green colour above, but lighter underneath; roundish, and a little pointed, or forming nearly an equilateral spherical triangle; slighty crenated, a little waved on their edges, and trimmed with a very narrow hairy border. Their footstalks are pretty long, roundish at the base, but compressed on their sides towards the base of the leaves. The katkins are large appearing early in the spring.

5. POPULUS balsamifera. Balsam, or TacamahacTree.

This is a tree of but middling growth, covered with a light brown bark. The leaves are large, [Page] somewhat heart-shaped, lightly toothed, or crenated on their edges, of a dark green on their upper surface but lighter underneath. The buds abound with a glutinous resin, which is the tacamahacca of the shops.

6. POPULUS balsamifera lanceolata. Lance-leaved Balsam Tree.

This is a variety of the last kind, of a small and very slow growth. The leaves are spear-shape, of a bright green above, but whitish and variegated with brownish veins beneath, with a few, scarce observable, serratures on their edges, and joined to short, channelled, and often somewhat reddish footstalks.

POTENTILLA.
SHRUB CINQUEFOIL.
Class 12. Order 5. Icosandria Polygynia.

THE Empalement is of one leaf, planish, and half five cleft: the alternate divisions are less and reflexed.

The Corolla has five petals, roundish, spreading, and inserted by claws in the calyx.

The Filaments are twenty, awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla, and inserted in the calyx. The Antherae are elongate-moonshaped.

The Germen are numerous, very small and collected in a little head. The Styles are thread-form, the length of the stamina, and inserted in the sides of the germen. The Stigmas are obtuse.

The Seed-vessel none, but a common receptacle, which is roundish, juiceless, very small, permanent, covered with seeds and included in the calyx.

The Seeds are numerous and sharp pointed.

We have but one Species, viz.

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POTENTILLA fruticosa americana. American Shrubby Cinquefoil.

This is a small shrub, seldom rising above two feet high, and spreading into many branches. The leaves are small and thick set upon the branches, they are winged, and composed, generally, of five small, oblong hairy lobes, reflexed on their edges and standing together. The flowers are produced pretty thick on the branches, of a yellow colour, and are succeeded by small heads of pointed seeds.

PRINOS.
The WINTER-BERRY.
Class 6. Order 1. Hexandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is one leaved, plane, half-six-cleft, very small, and permanent.

The Corolla has one petal, wheel-shaped. The tube none. The border is six parted and plane: the divisions ovate.

The Filaments are six, awl-shaped, erect and shorter than the corolla. The Antherae are oblong and obtuse.

The Germen is ovate, ending in a Style shorter than the stamina, with an obtuse Stigma.

The Seed-vessel is a roundish berry, with six cells; and far larger than the calyx.

The Seeds are solitary, bony, obtuse, convex on one side and angled on the other.

Obs. Sometimes a sixth part of the number is excluded.

There are two Species of this Shrub, viz.

1. PRINOS glaber. Evergreen Winter-Berry.

This grows in several parts of North America, rising up with slender shrubby stalks, to the height of six or eight feet, dividing into branches, which are [Page] garnished with small, evergreen, oblong, smooth leaves, of a thick consistence, with a few slight serratures towards their points, and placed alternate, upon shortish footstalks. The flowers are produced from the bosom of the leaves upon short footstalks; and are succeeded by small roundish berries, of a black colour when ripe.

2. PRINOS verticillatus. Virginian WinterBerry.

This grows naturally in moist places, by streams of water; generally sending up several slender stalks to the height of eight or ten feet, dividing into a few branches towards the top. The leaves are lanceshaped, sharp pointed, and acutely sawed on their edges; having short slender footstalks, and placed alternately. The flowers come out at the bosom of the leaves in small Corymbi or Clusters; of an herbaceous colour. They are succeeded by roundish berries of a red colour when ripe, and remaining long on the branches, almost surrounding them in places and somewhat resembling a whorl.

Note, The inner bark of this shrub is very good to make poultices of for ripening tumors.

PRUNUS.
The PLUMB-TREE.
Class 12. Order 1. Icosandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is one leaved, bell-shaped, five cleft, and deciduous; the divisions are obtuse and concave.

The Corolla has five petals, roundish, concave, large, spreading, and inserted by claws in the calyx.

The Filaments are from twenty to thirty, awl-shaped, near the length of the corolla, and inserted in the calyx. The Antherae are twin and short.

[Page] The Germen is roundish. The Style is thread-form and the length of the stamina. The Stigma is orbiculate.

The Seed-vessel is a roundish drupe.

The Seed is a nut, roundish and compressed.

The Species, with us, are,

1. PRUNUS americana. Large Yellow Sweet Plumb.

This generally rises to the height of twelve or fifteen feet, spreading into many stiff branches. The leaves are oblong, oval, acute pointed, sharply sawed on their edges and much veined. The flowers generally come out very thick round the branches, often upon thick short spurs; and are succeeded by large oval fruit, with a sweet succulent pulp. We have a great variety of these, growing naturally in a good, moist soil, with reddish and yellowish fruit, but differing much in size, taste, and consistence.

2. PRUNUS angustifolia. Chicasaw Plumb.

This is scarcely of so large a growth as the former, but rising with a stiff shrubby stalk, dividing into many branches, which are garnished with smooth lance-shaped leaves, much smaller and narrower than the first kind; a little waved on their edges, marked with very fine, slight, coloured serratures, and of an equal, shining green colour, on both sides. The blossoms generally come out very thick, and are succeeded by oval, or often somewhat egg-shaped fruit, with a very thin skin, and soft sweet pulp. There are varieties of this with yellow and crimson coloured fruit. These being natives of the southern states, are somewhat impatient of much cold.

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3. PRUNUS mississippi. Crimson Plumb.

This grows naturally upon the Mississippi, and is of larger size than most of the other kinds. The fruit are crimson coloured, and somewhat acid.

4. PRUNUS maritima. Sea side Plumb.

This grows naturally towards the sea coast, rising to the height of eight or ten feet, often leaning, and spreading into many branches. The leaves are oblong, rather smaller and not so pointed as those of the common plumb; smooth and of a shining green on the upper side, but something lighter underneath, and slightly sawed on the edges. This is generally well filled with flowers, a few of which are succeeded by small, roundish fruit.

5. PRUNUS declinata. Dwarf Plumb.

This is of a small dwarfish growth, seldom rising above four or five feet high, but frequently bearing fruit at the height of two or three; which is small, and almost black when ripe.

To this Genus also belongs

CERASUS.
The CHERRY-TREE.

Of which our Species are,

1. PRUNUS-CERASUS virginiana. Virginian BirdCherry-Tree.

This grows naturally in a rich moist soil, often to the height of forty feet or more, with a trunk of [Page] eighteen or twenty inches in diameter, generally retaining its thickness a considerable height, and branching out towards the top. The leaves are lance-shaped, or long, narrow, pointed, and sawed on their edges. The flowers are produced in bunches, generally pretty thick set on the branches; they are of a white colour, and are succeeded by small fruit, of a purplish colour when ripe, and of a disagreeable, bitter taste, but greedily devoured by the birds.

The timber is of a reddish streaked colour, capable of receiving a fine polish; and is frequently sawed into boards, and used by joiners, cabinent-makers, &c. for many purposes.

2. PRUNUS-CERASUS canadensis. Canadian, or Dwarf Bird-Cherry-Tree.

This is a small kind, growing to the height of six or eight feet, and dividing into branches, which are furnished with broader and shorter leaves, somewhat resembling those of the Apple, or Crab-tree, but smaller. The flowers are produced in a racemus, or bunch, composed of more footstalks than the Virginian kind; and are succeeded by fruit of near the same colour and size, not of so bitter a taste, but greatly corrugating the mouth and throat, so as to obtain the name of Choak-Cherry.

3. PRUNUS-CERASUS montana. Mountain Bird-Cherry-Tree.

This grows naturally upon the mountains in the back parts of Pennsylvania; rising up with a slender stem to the height of twelve or fifteen feet, and dividing into a few very slender branches, furnished with leaves resembling the first, or Virginian kind. [Page] The fruit is likewise produced in the same manner, but is smaller, of a red colour, and an extremely acid taste.

And also to the Genus Prunus, belongs,

LAURO-CERASUS.
The LAUREL-TREE.

Of which we have but one Species. viz.

PRUNUS-LAURO-CERASUS serratifolia. Carolinian Evergreen Bay-tree.

This is a beautiful evergreen shrub, but of small growth; spreading with lateral branches, on every side and covered with a brown bark. The leaves are spear-shaped, above two inches long and three quarters of an inch or more in breadth, with a few sharp serratures on their edges, standing alternately on very short footstalks, of a thick consistence, and shining green colour, continuing their verdure all the year. The flowers are generally very numerous, perfectly white, and are succeeded by roundish fruit of the size of a middling cherry, of a black colour when ripe. This is a native of South Carolina, and other southern States.

PTELEA. PTELEA.
Class 4. Order 1. Tetrandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is five-parted, acute, and small.

The Corolla has four petals, ovate-lanced, plane, spreading, larger than the calyx, and coriaceous.

[Page] The Filaments are four, awl-shaped. The Antherae are roundish.

The Germen is orbiculate and compressed. The Style is short.

The Stigmas are two, a little obtuse.

The Seed-vessel is a roundish, perpendicular membrane, in the center two cell'd.

The Seed is one, obtuse, and lessened at the base.

Obs. The Petals and stamina, also the divisions of the calyx, have often one added to their number.

We have, with us, but one Species, viz.

PTELEA trifoliata. Carolinian Shrub-Trefoil.

This rises with an upright woody stem, to the height of ten or twelve feet, dividing into many branches, covered with a smooth greyish bark. The leaves are trifoliate, or composed of three oval, spear-shaped lobes, of a bright green on their upper side, but paler underneath, and inserted together at the end of a pretty long footstalk. The flowers terminate the branches in a kind of umbel, or large branching heads, of a whitish herbaceous colour; and are succeeded by roundish flat, bordered capsules, somewhat resembling those of the Elm, each containing two seeds.

PYROLA.
WINTER-GREEN.
Class 10. Order 1. Decandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is five-parted, small, and permanent.

The Corolla is composed of five petals, which are roundish, concave, and spreading.

The Filaments are ten, awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla.

The Antherae are nodding, large, and two-horned upward.

The Pistillum has a roundish, angular Germen; a filiform, permanent Style, longer than the stamina; and a thickish Stigma.

[Page] The Pericarpium, or Seed-vessel, is a roundish, depressed, pentagonal Capsule, with five cells, gaping at the angles.

The Seeds are numerous and chassy.

Obs. The Stamina and style differ sometimes in situation.

The Species, with us, are,

1. PYROLA maculata. Spotted Pyrola.

This is a small plant, seldom rising above four or five inches high, with slender ligneous stalks. The leaves are ever-green, oblong and pointed, of a thick consistence, with a few sharp serratures on their edges; smooth and of a dark green on their upper sides, but marked with a broad, branching, longitudinal vein or streak, of a whitish or paler colour; and somewhat reddish underneath. There are generally three or four of these placed at the top of the stem somewhat horizontally, and sometimes smaller ones beneath, set by threes. The flowers are likewise produced at the top upon a pretty long, (nodding at first, but afterwards erect) divided footstalk, often sustaining two or three white flowers, which are succeeded by roundish, depressed capsules, filled with small seeds.

2. PYROLA rotundifolia. Round leaved Pyrola.

This is of smaller growth than the former, having about three or four roundish leaves, rising from the root, with pretty long three sided footstalks, channelled above. These often become pretty large and a little waved on their edges, they are of a light green, and scarcely perennial. The flowers are produced upon a radical triangular footstalk, of four or five inches in length, in form of a racemus or bunch, supporting five or six white flowers, which are succeeded by small, round, depressed capsules.

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3. PYROLA umbellata. Umbellated Pyrola.

This grows commonly to the height of five or six inches, generally set pretty thick with leaves, which are wedge-shaped or narrowest towards the base, smooth, of a shining green, and sharply sawed on their edges. The flowers terminate the stalks on a pretty long divided footstalk, in a kind of little umbel, which is nodding at first but becomes erect, supporting five or six round, pentagonal, depressed capsules, filled with small seeds.

A decoction or infusion of this, has been used with considerable success as a substitute for the Peruvian bark. The roots are said to give ease in the tooth ach. This kind is called by the Indians Phipsesawa.

PYRUS.
The PEAR-TREE.
Class 12. Order 4. Icosandria Pentagynia.

THE Empalement is of one leaf, concave, half five-cleft, and permanent; the segments spreading.

The Corolla has five roundish, concave, large petals, inserted in the empalement.

The Filaments are twenty, awl-shaped, shorter than the corolla, and inserted in the empalement. The Antherae simple.

The Germen is beneath. The Styles five, thread-form, the length of the stamina. The Stigmas simple.

The Seed-vessel a pome, roundish, umbilicated and fleshy, with five membranaceous cells.

The Seeds a few, oblong, obtuse, sharpened at the base, convex on one side and plane on the other.

To this Genus belongs

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MALUS.
The APPLE-TREE.

Of which we have one Species, viz.

PYRUS-MALUS coronaria. Virginian Sweet-scented Crab-Tree.

This often grows to the height of twelve or fifteen feet, dividing into many stiff branches, set pretty thick with short stiff spurs. The leaves are somewhat like those of the Apple-tree, but often toothed, or largely and irregularly sawed on their edges. The flowers generally come out thick upon the branches, upon pretty long dividing footstalks; they are pretty large, of a beautiful blush colour, and fragrant odour at their first appearance. The fruit is small, hard, roundish, umbilicated, and extremely acid. It is frequently used for conserves, &c. There is said to be a variety of this in Carolina with evergreen leaves, though I have never seen it.

QUERCUS.
The OAK-TREE.
Class 21. Order 8. Monoecia Polyandria.

THE Male Flowers are disposed in a loose katkin.

The Empalement is of one leaf, four or five-parted; the divisions are acute and often bifid.

They have no Corolla.

The Filaments are several, very short. The Antherae large and double.

The Female are in close buds, on the same plant with the Male.

The Perianthium is of one leaf, coriaceous, hemispherical, rough, and entire, scarce manifest in the flower.

[Page] There is no Corolla.

The Germen is egg-shaped and small. The Style simple, fivecleft and longer than the empalement. The Stigmas are simple and permanent.

There is no Seed-vessel, but an oval, columnar, smooth nut, shaved at the base and affixed in the short calyx.

The Species and Varieties with us, are many, which, I think, may be divided in the following manner, into

Quercus alba. White Oak.

1. QUERCUS alba. Common American White Oak.

This grows very common, and with age arrives to the size of a large tree of seventy or eighty feet in height, and of three, four, five, or more feet in diameter; dividing into many large branches, and covered with a whitish scaly bark. The leaves are narrowed towards the base, but spreading and deeply sinuated obliquely, towards the ends; the sinuses obtuse, the angles, or productions unequal in length, entire and obtuse. They are of a glaucous, or light green underneath and have very short footstalks. The acorns are middling sized, sitting in small shallow cups. There are some varieties of this, differing in the hardness and toughness of the timber, and somewhat in their acorns or fruit. It affords a hard, tough, useful and valuable timber, which is hewed into beams, &c. for frame buildings; sawed into plank, &c. for ship building; and applied to various other useful purposes. Our swine are often wholly fatted upon the several kinds of acorns, but for these and Chesnut Oak they seek most diligently.

[Page]

2. QUERCUS alba minor. Barren White Oak.

This grows generally upon poor, barren, or waste land, rising perhaps to the height of thirty or forty feet, covered with scaly greyish bark. The leaves are somewhat rough, but of a shining green above, somewhat paler underneath; they are sinuated deeply, most obtusely, and irregularly; the lobes or productions. (if I may be allowed the expression) are obtuse, often somewhat angular, and very irregular. The acorns are small and striped. The timber is accounted very durable for posts, to set in the earth; otherwise not much esteemed unless for fuel.

3. QUERCUS alba palustris. Swamp White Oak.

This becomes a pretty large spreading tree, of two or three feet in diameter and of proportionable height. The bark is often rougher or more furrowed than the other kinds, and greyish coloured. The leaves are somewhat wedge-shaped or narrowed towards the base, and toothed on their edges and extremities. The acorns are larger and rounder than those of the common White Oak, and have larger and thicker cups, supported often by pairs upon a long, strong footstalk.

Quercus nigra. Black Oak.
4. QUERCUS nigra. Common Pennsylvanian Black Oak.

This grows to the height of sixty or seventy feet, and to three or four feet in diameter, with large spreading branches. The leaves are large, spreading, and somewhat woolly; their footstalks longer than those of the White Oak. They are irregularly [Page] and sometimes pretty deeply sinuated, the angles or productions unequal, generally obtuse, yet with their veins extending in a bristly point. The acorns are roundish and not large, sitting in thick scaly cups. There is, I think, a variety of this of much smaller growth, with larger leaves and different somewhat in the fruit. Our common Black Oak is used much (where Cedar is scarce) for making shingles, and also for rails, &c.

5. QUERCUS nigra digituta. Finger-leaved Black Oak.

This grows naturally in low lands, rising to the height of thirty or forty feet, with a trunk of considerable thickness, covered with a rough blackish bark. The leaves are sinuated, or divided towards their extremities into two or three pretty long, somewhat finger-shaped lobes, of unequal length, with others shorter, sometimes at the sides; all of which end in a bristly point. The acorns are small, but the cups pretty large.

6. QUERCUS nigra trifida. Maryland Black Oak.

This grows naturally in Maryland, and other low lands, with a trunk of eighteen inches or two feet in diameter, and thirty or forty feet in height. The leaves are wedge-shaped, or narrowed towards the base, and three-pointed, with bristly terminations. The acorns and cups resemble the last mentioned.

7. QUERCUS nigra integrifolia. Entire-leaved Black Oak.

This grows about the size of the other low-land Black Oak, and is of the same appearance, except [Page] the leaves being somewhat inverse egg-shaped, and often a little notched or indented on each side towards the extremity.

8. QUERCUS nigra pumila. Dwarf Black Oak.

This grows naturally upon poor barren ridges, rising to the height of five or six feet, with a crooked, branching stem. The leaves are about three pointed, much resembling those of the Maryland Black Oak. The acorns are small, and stand in small shallow cups. This, I believe, is of little use or beauty.

Quercus rubra. Red Oak.
9. QUERCUS rubra maxima. Largest Red Oak.

This often becomes a large tree, of the height of seventy or eighty feet and of four, five, or sometimes six feet in diameter; retaining its thickness to a considerable height, and without lateral branches, but spreading at the top. The leaves are large, obtusely and but lightly sinuated, the angles acute, each often terminating with several acute, bristly points. The acorns are large and somewhat conical, sitting in broad shallow cups. The timber is used for staves, shingles, rails, &c.

10. QUERCUS rubra ramosislima. Water Red Oak.

This grows most naturally by creek sides, or in low wet places, rising to the height of a pretty large tree; generally thick set with slender lateral branches, and covered with somewhat smooth, greyish coloured bark. The leaves are small, obtusely and deeply [Page] sinuated, pretty uniformly, almost to the midrib; the angles or lobes are narrow, acute, and unequal, each terminating with several bristly points. The acorns and cups are small. This is generally known by the name of Water or Low Land Spanish Oak. The buts of these trees are often used for rimming of carriage wheels, &c.

11. QUERCUS rubra montana. Upland Red Oak.

This grows naturally upon higher and [...] land than the others, often attaining to fifty or sixty feet in height. The bark is somewhat rough and lightish coloured. The leaves are deeply and obtusely sinuated, somewhat regularly; the angles somewhat bitrifid, or ending in several acute, bristly points; their footstalks are pretty long. The acorns and cups are middling sized. The timber is generally worm eaten, or rotten at heart, therefore of little esteem. It is likewise commonly known by the name of Spanish Oak; and, I think, has some varieties differing in the size of their fruit and leaves.

12. QUERCUS rubra nana. Dwarf Barren Oak.

This grows naturally upon dry barren ridges, and is found from five to ten feet high, generally growing very crooked. The leaves are smaller, but somewhat resemble those last described. The acorns and cups are small, the acorns red at the base and striped when taken first from their cups. It is called barren from its place of growth, but is generally almost covered with fruit, sitting very close on all sides of the branches.

[Page] Quercus Phellos. Willow-leaved Oak.

13. QUERCUS Phellos angustifolia. Narrow Willow-leaved Oak.

This grows naturally in low lands, and to the height of fifty or sixty feet, with a trunk of considerable size. The leaves are entire, smooth, oblong, and lance-shaped, of about three inches in length and half and inch in breadth, and have very short footstalks. The acorns and cups are small. The timber is found and good.

14. QUERCUS Phellos latifolia. Broad Willow-leaved Oak.

This tree very much resembles the other in every respect, except in having leaves of about double the width; and broader but perhaps shorter cups and acorns.

15. QUERCUS Phellos sempervirens. Evergreen Willow-leaved Oak.

This grows naturally in Carolina, becoming a pretty large tree, of the height of forty feet or more. The leaves are perennial, entire, somewhat oval, spear-shaped, of a dark green colour and thick consistence. The acorns are small, oblong, sitting in short cups, and containing a very sweet kernel. The timber is hard, tough and coarse grained.

[Page] Quercus Prinus. Chesnut-leaved Oak.

16. QUERCUS Prinus. Chesnut-leaved Oak.

This grows naturally upon a light gravelly soil, frequently to forty feet or more in height, and above two feet in diameter; covered with a furrowed, lightish coloured bark. The leaves are somewhat oval and uniformly crenated on their edges, or rather sometimes obtusely toothed. The acorns are smooth and large, greenish coloured and sitting in shallow spreading cups. The timber somewhat approaches towards that of Chesnut in appearance, but affords very good fuel, rails, &c.

17. QUERCUS Prinus humilis. Dwarf Chesnut or Chinquepin Oak.

This generally rises with several shrubby, spreading stalks, to the height of two or three feet. The leaves are somewhat wedge-shaped and toothed, or slightly and obliquely sinuated. The acorns and cups pretty much resemble those of the large kind, but are considerably smaller.

It may not be improper here to make some remarks with respect to cutting, or felling of timber. Long experience, I think, hath sufficiently ascertained, that timber cut down in the spring of the year, when full of sap, and the leaves fully expanded; and also in the third or last quarter of the moon's age; is much more durable than when cut at any other time. Timber when full of sap and vigour, in all probability, contains also more oily particles, which, in proportion as they abound, are known to add to its durability. With regard to the influence of the moon, it may probably be accounted a superstitious [Page] or whimsical fancy, but that it materially affects timber is a fact well known to those who strip, or; peel bark for the use of tanners; and when accounted for in one case, may probably throw some light upon the other. But further, it is also a fact well known, that timber, whose bark has been sufficiently separated and peeled round at the but, in order for deading, as it is termed; if done in the decrease of the moon, retains its greenness often a considerable time; but if in the increase, withers in a much shorter time. From hence, I think, we may conclude, that the sap or juice of trees, has a kind of monthly circulation, or revolution; ascending in the moon's decrease, but descending in the increase. However, be this as it may, the falling of timber in the different phasis of the moon, is considently asserted, from experience, to materially affect its durability.

RHODODENDRUM.
DWARF ROSE-BAY.
Class 10. Order 1. Decandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is of one leaf, five parted and permanent.

The Corolla of one leaf, wheel-funnelled: the border spreading: the divisions rounded.

The Filaments ten, thread-form, almost the length of the corolla, and declined. The Antherae oval.

The Germen five cornered, retuse. The Style thread-form, the length of the corolla. The Stigma obtuse.

The Seed-vessel ovate, angled, five cell'd.

The Seeds numerous and small.

We have, with us, but one Species, viz.

[Page]

RHODODENDRUM maximum. Pennsylvanian Mountain Laurel.

This grows to the height of about six or eight feet, often with several stems from the same root. The leaves are oblong and entire, generally about four or five inches in length and one and a half or near two in breadth: of a thick consistence, and shining dark green on the upper side but lighter underneath, continuing their verdure all the year. The flowers are pretty large and of a pale rose colour, studded with spots of a deeper red, having their tubes a little bent. They are produced at the extremity of the former year's shoots, in roundish clusters, making a beautiful appearance. This is much and deservedly esteemed as a very beautiful, evergreen, flowering shrub.

RHUS.
SUMACH.
Class 5. Order 3. Pentandria. Trigynia.

THE Empalement is five-parted, beneath, erect, and permanent.

The Corolla of five petals, ovate and a little spreading.

The Filaments are five, very short. The Antherae small, shorter than the corolla.

The Germen above, roundish, and the size of the corolla. The Styles scarce any. The Stigmas three, hearted, small.

The Seed vessel a berry, roundish, and of one cell.

The Seed one, roundish, bony.

Obs. The Toxicodendron has smooth, striated berries [...] the kernel compressed and furrowed.

The Vernix is male and female upon different plants.

The Glabrum (and perhaps some others) is female and hermaphrodite on different plants.

[Page] The Species with us, are,

1. RHUS Copallinum. Lentiscus-leaved Sumach.

This grows to the height of six, eight, or sometimes ten feet, dividing into slender branches, and covered with speckled bark. The leaves are winged, and composed of four or five pair of narrow, entire lobes, terminated by an odd one; joined to a common footstalk; with decurrent, leaffy expansions between each pair of lobes. The flowers are produced in loose, compound panicles, of an herbaceous colour, and are succeeded by reddish seeds, sprinkled with a greyish pounce. This grows naturally in a flaty, gravelly soil. The berries are very acid. There are some varieties of this, much resembling it but of smaller growth, and with redder berries.

2. RHUS glabrum. Smooth Pennsylvanian Sumach.

This grows naturally in several of the northern States, rising to the height of six or eight feet, dividing in a few thick, pithy and somewhat angled branches; covered with a smooth bark. The leaves are large and winged, composed of eight, nine, or ten pair of lobes, and an odd one; oblong, pointed and sawed on their edges; of a pretty deep green on their upper sides, but much lighter underneath and changing reddish in autumn. The flowers are hermaphrodite and female on separate plants, and are produced in large, erect, compounded panicles, or thyrsi, terminating the branches; of an herbaceous colour; the hermaphrodite of which are largest and barren, but the female are succeeded by seeds with a red meally covering, of an acid taste.

[Page]

RHUS glabrum carolinense. Carolinian Scarlet-flowering Sumach.

This is a variety of the last described, but differing in having scarlet flowers.

RHUS glabrum canadense. Canadian Red-flowering Sumach.

This is also a variety of the same, growing naturally in Canada, with red flowers.

3. RHUS typhinum. Stag's-horn Sumach.

This grows naturally in Virginia and Pennsylvania, often rising to the height of twelve or fifteen feet, with a trunk of six or eight inches in diameter; dividing at the top into several branches; which, when young, are covered with a soft, velvet-like down, resembling that of a young stag's horn, both in colour and texture. The leaves are composed of six or seven pair of oblong lobes, terminated by an odd one, ending in acute points, and together with the midrib, a little hairy underneath. The flowers are produced in a close, erect panicle or thyrsus, terminating the branches; they are of an herbaceous colour and are succeeded by seeds enclosed in a purple, woolly, succulent covering; making a fine appearance in the autumn.

4. RHUS canadense. Canadian trifoliate Sumach.

This grows naturally in Canada, and perhaps the northern parts of Pennsylvania. The stems are slender, rising to the height of six or eight feet, and covered with a brown bark. The leaves are composed [Page] of three lobes, somewhat egg-shaped and joined to a common footstalk. The flowers are male and female on different plants.

To this Genus is also added,
TOXICODENDRON.
The POISON-TREE.

Of which we have,

1. RHUS-TOXICODENDRON Vernix. Varnish-Tree, or Poison Ash.

This rises with a pretty strong, erect stem, to the height of twelve or fourteen feet; dividing towards the top into several branches. The leaves are winged, and composed of three or four pair of lobes, terminated by an odd one; which are for the most part oval, spear-shaped, smooth, and of a lucid green on their upper side, but paler and a little hairy underneath; their footstalks changing of a purple colour in autumn. The male and female flowers are produced upon different trees, and are disposed in loose panicles, coming out from the bosom of the leaves; of an herbaceous colour. The female are succeeded by small, roundish seeds, of a lightish colour when ripe. This is allowed to be the same with the true Varnish-tree of Japan; where it is collected in great quantities, by making incisions in the trees and placing vessels underneath to receive the milky juice, which hardens and becomes the true varnish; much used in various kinds of curious workmanship. This, in all probability, might be collected here equal in quality with that of Japan and to considerable advantage. This tree ought to [Page] be handled with caution, as it is very poisonous to many people.

2. RHUS-TOXICODENDRON toxicodendrum. Poison-Oak.

This has a low, shrubby stalk, seldom rising above three or four feet. The leaves are trifoliate, with pretty long footstalks, the lobes are entire, smooth and somewhat heart-shaped. The flowers come out from the sides of the stalks, in loose panicles of an herbaceous colour; small, and not always hermaphrodite. They are succeeded by roundish, channelled, smooth berries, of a yellowish grey colour when ripe.

3. RHUS-TOXICODENDRON radicans. Poison-Vine.

This rises with many shrubby climing stems, attaching themselves to every neighbouring support; and often rising to the height of twenty or thirty feet, with a stem of two or three inches in diameter; sending off many branches. The leaves are trifoliate, and have pretty long footstalks; the lobes are somewhat oval and pointed, often somewhat toothed. The flowers are produced in short panicles from the sides of the branches, and are succeeded by roundish berries, of a brownish colour when ripe.

RIBES.
The CURRANT-BUSH.
Class 5. Order 1. Pentandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is of one leaf, part five-cleft and bellied: the divisions oblong, concave, coloured, reflexed and permanent.

[Page] The Corolla is of five petals, small, obtuse and erect, adjoined to the margin of the empalement.

The Filaments are five, awl-shaped, erect and inserted in the calyx. The Antherae are incumbent, compressed, and gaping at the margin.

The Germen roundish and beneath. The Style bifid. The Stigmas obtuse.

The Seed-vessela berry, globous, umbilicated and of one cell, with two receptacles, lateral, opposite and longitudinal.

The Seeds many, roundish, and somewhat compressed.

The Species, with us, are,

Ribesia inermia. Current-Trees.

1. RIBES nigrum pennsylvanicum. Pennsylvanian Black Currants.

This grows to the height of the common cultivated Currant, but the stalks are generally more slender and covered with a darkish, smooth bark. The leaves have the same resemblance but are smaller. The flowers grow in loose bunches, and are succeeded by oblong, black fruit when ripe.

Grossulariae aculeatae. Goose-berries.

2. RIBES oxycanthoides. Mountain Wild Gooseberry.

These grow to the size of the common Goose berry, but have smaller stems and hot branching so much; but near the earth are often prickly on all sides. The leaves are smaller but have the same appearance. The fruit is also much smaller but of an agreeable taste when ripe. This either by a little culture becomes smooth, otherwise we have a different kind, not more prickly than the common.

[Page]

3. RIBES cynosbati. Prickly fruited Wild Goose-berry.

This grows naturally in Canada and the upper parts of Pennsylvania; and much resembles the other, except in having its fruit covered on all sides with softish prickles.

ROBINIA.
ROBINIA, or FALSE-ACACIA
Class 17. Order 3. Diadelphia Decandria.

THE Empalement is of one leaf, small, bell-shaped, and four-toothed; the three inferior slender; the superior fourth of double the width, and slightly emarginated; all equal in length.

The Corolla Butterfly-shaped.

The Standard roundish, large, spreading and obtuse.

The Wings oblong, ovate, free: with very short, obtuse appendages.

The Keel almost semi-orbiculate, compressed, obtuse, and the length of the wings.

The Stamina are Filaments in two sets, or bodies; (one simple, the other nine-cleft) rising above. The Antherae roundish.

The Germen cylindrical, oblong. The Style thread-form, bent upward. The Stigma villous before at the apex of the style.

The Seed-vessel large, compressed, gibbous, and long.

The Seeds few, kidney-form.

The Species with us, are,

1. ROBINIA Pseud-Acacia. White flowering Robinia, or Locust-Tree.

This grows naturally in several of these States; rising to the height of forty or fifty feet, with a trunk of eighteen or twenty inches in diameter, dividing [Page] into many branches which are armed with short, strong spines. The bark is darkish coloured and rough. The leaves are winged and generally composed of eight or ten pair of small, oval lobes, terminated by an odd one; entire, of a bright green and sitting close to the midrib. The flowers are produced from the sides of the branches in long pendulous bunches, each having a separate footstalk; they are white, of a butterfly shape and sweet smelling; and are succeeded by compressed pods, of three or four inches in length and half an inch in width, containing several hard, kidney-shaped seeds. The timber is very durable, and used for posts to set in the earth, and other purposes; therefore, the propagation of it might be well worthy of attention. Its natural place of growth is in a rich moist soil.

2. ROBINIA rosea. Rose coloured Robinia.

This spreads much from its running roots, sending up weak branching stalks, to the height of six or eight feet, but often flowering much smaller. The whole plant, with the footstalks of the leaves and flowers, are closely armed with soft, purplish spines. The leaves are winged and composed of five or six pair of oval, concave lobes, terminated by an odd one, with their midribs protruding in short bristly points. The flowers are larger than those of the other kind and of a Peach blossom colour, with their stamina distinctly in two bodies; whereas those of the other are frequently all joined at the base. This is a beautiful flowering shrub, sometimes flowering twice or more in a season, but seldom producing seeds. There are several other varieties differing somewhat in their pods or colour of their flowers.

[Page]

ROSA.
The ROSE-BUSH.
Class 12. Order 5. Icosandria Polygynia.

THE Empalement is of one leaf. The tube bellied; narrowed at the neck; the border spreading, five parted and globous: the divisions long, narrow and pointed.

The Corolla is composed of five petals, heart-shaped, the length of the empalement, and inserted in its neck.

The Stamina are very many, capillary, very short, and inserted in the neck of the empalement. The Stigmas obtuse.

The Seed-vessel is fleshy, top-shaped, coloured, and of one cell.

The Seeds numerous, oblong, hairy, and joined within on all sides of the Seed-vessel.

The Species, native with us, are,

1. ROSA carolinensis. Wild Virginian Rose.

This rises with several stalks to the height of five or six feet, somewhat prickly, as are also the footstalks of the leaves and flowers. The leaves are composed of four or five pair of lobes terminated with an odd one, which are somewhat spear-shaped and sawed on their edges. The flowers are single of a red colour and late coming.

2. ROSA palustris. Swamp Pennsylvanian Rose.

This grows generally in swamps; rising to the height of four or five feet, with erect, and very prickly stems, branching out at top in a regular head. The leaves are composed of three pair of lobes, terminated by an odd one, of an oblong, oval [Page] shape and slightly serrated, joined to a common footstalk with a few spines underneath. The flowers are single and of a damask colour; the hips or seed-vessels are of a dark red, roundish, depressed, prickly or bristly, and very clammy to the touch.

3. ROSA humilis. Dwarf Pennsylvanian Rose.

This rises with several slender stems to the height of two or three feet; covered with a brownish green bark, and armed with a few sharp spines. The leaves are composed of three or four pair of lobes, and an odd one, of an oblong egg-shape and sharply sawed on their edges. The leaves of the flower cup have often linear, leaffy elongations. The flowers are single and of a pale reddish colour.

4. ROSA Pennsylvanica plena. Double Pennsylvanian Rose.

This very much resembles the last described in growth and appearance, except in having a double flower.

RUBUS.
The RASPBERRY BUSH and BRAMBLE.
Class 12. Order 5. Icosandria Polygynia.

THE Empalement is of one leaf, five-parted: the divisions oblong, spreading and permanent.

The Corolla is of five petals, roundish, somewhat spreading, of the length of the Empalement and inserted into it.

The Filaments are numerous, shorter than the petals, and inserted in the Empalement. The Antherae are roundish and compressed.

The Germen are numerous. The Styles small, capillary, and arising from the sides of the germen. The Stigmas simple and permanent.

[Page] The Seed-vessel a compound berry: the acini roundish, collected in a convex head, concave beneath; and each with one cell.

The Seeds solitary and oblong; their receptacle conical.

The Species, with us, are,

1. RUBUS fruticosus. Common Blackberry Bush.

This rises generally (with several stalks from the same root) to the height of four or five feet, but sometimes to eight or ten: which are somewhat angled, and pretty thick set with sharp prickles. The leaves are composed of three lobes, the side ones of which are often divided; mostly egg-shaped, pointed, acutely and unequally sawed on their edges, a little hairy underneath, and joined to a pretty long prickly footstalk, the middle one extending some little distance from the others. This is generally well furnished with flowers, which often stand upon panicled, or divided footstalks, and are succeeded by black fruit when ripe.

2. RUBUS hispidus. American Dewberry Bush.

This is much smaller than the other, having several slender weak stems, which often trail on the ground to a considerable distance. The leaves very much resemble those of the Blackberry, but are generally smaller. The fruit is also smaller, rounder and blacker; and supported upon long, simple, prickly footstalks.

[Page]

3. RUBUS canadensis. Smooth stalked Canadian Bramble.

This is said to grow in Canada with purplish stalks without prickles. The leaves are fingered; composed of ten, five, and three lobes, which are very slender, lance-shaped, and sharply serrated.

4. RUBUS occidentalis. American Raspberry.

This rises with a round prickly stalk, of seven or eight feet in length, which often descends again to the earth in a semi-circular manner, sometimes taking root. The stalks are covered with a thin bluish scum or mist, and furnished with trifoliate leaves. The lobes are somewhat heart, or egg-shaped; cut and sawed on their edges, whitish and downy underneath, the lateral ones sometimes divided, the common footstalk pretty long, and the middle or terminal lobe a little subtended. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the branches in a kind of racemus or bunch, and are succeeded by small fruit of a reddish black colour when ripe; the acini of which are joined, parting entire from the conical receptacle.

5. RUBUS odoratus. Virginian Rose-flowering Raspberry.

This rises with upright woody stalks, without prickles, to the height of three or four feet, covered with a brown scaly bark. The leaves are single, large, palmated or divided into five or more pointed lobes, sharply sawed on their edges, a little hairy, and joined to pretty long, hairy footstalks. The flowers are produced in a kind of panicle at the extremity of the branches, of a curdled reddish colour; [Page] resembling a small single Rose, both in their petals; and divisions of their flower cups which are villous, and terminate in leaffy elongations. This grows naturally on rocky mountains in Pennsylvania and Virginia, and makes an agreeable appearance by a long succession of rose-shaped flowers.

SALIX.
The WILLOW-TREE.
Class 22. Order 2. Dioecia Diandria.

THE Male Flowers are disposed in a common, oblong, imbricated katkin, with an involucrum formed of the bud.

The Scales are one-flowered, oblong, plain, and spreading.

It hath no petals; but a very small, cylindrical, truncated, honey-bearing Gland, or Nectarium, in the center of the flower.

The Filaments are two, straight, and thread form. The Antherae are twin, and four-cell'd.

The Female have a katkin and scales as the male.

The Petals none.

The Germen ovate, and lessened into a Style scarce distinct, somewhat longer than the Scales of the flower-cup. The Stigmas two, bisid and erect.

The Seed-vessel a capsule, ovate-awl-shaped, of one cell and two valves: the valves revolute.

The Seeds are numerous, ovate, very small, and crowned with a simple hairy Pappus.

The Species, native with us, are,

With smooth serrated leaves.

1. SALIX nigra. Rough American Willow.

This rises often with a leaning or crooked trunk to the height of about twenty feet, covered with a [Page] dark coloured, rough bark. The leaves are smooth and of equal colour on both sides; narrow, lanceshaped, and very slightly serrated. The Katkins are long and slender.

** With serrated villose leaves.

2. SALIX sericea. Ozier, or Silky leaved Willow.

This rises generally to the height of eight or ten feet, with many shrubby stalks, covered with pretty smooth, dark, greenish bark. The leaves are shorter and somewhat broader than the other kind, lanceshaped, silky underneath, and very slightly serrated on the edges.

*** With entire villose leaves.

3. SALIX humilis. Dwarf Willow.

This seldom rises above three or four feet, with greenish, somewhat downy stalks. The leaves are larger than the other kinds, entire, oblong, somewhat oval, and glaucous or whitish underneath. There are some varieties of larger growth, belonging either to this or the last mentioned kind.

SAMBUCUS.
The ELDER-TREE.
Class 5. Order 3. Pentandria Trigynia.

THE Empalement is one leaf, above, very small, five-parted, and permanent.

The Corolla is of one petals, concave wheel-shaped, part fivecleft, obtuse, the divisions reflexed.

[Page] The Filaments five, awl-shaped, the length of the corolla. The Antherae roundish.

The Germen beneath, ovate, obtuse. The Style none, but in its place a bellied Gland. The Stigmas three, obtuse.

The Seed-vessel a roundish berry of one cell.

The Seeds three, angular on one side and convex on the other.

The Species, with us, are,

1. SAMBUCUS nigra. American Black-berried Elder.

This rises generally to the height of six or eight feet, with a stem sometimes of two or three inches in diameter. The leaves are generally composed of three pair of lobes and an odd one, which are somewhat oval, pointed, sharply sawed on their edges, a little hairy on both sides, light coloured underneath and joined to pretty large, channelled footstalks, placed opposite. The flowers are produced at the extremities of the same year's shoots in a kind of umbel, of five principal parts, again divided: they are white and are succeeded by berries which are blackish when ripe. An infusion of the inner bark is purgative. From the berries may be prepared a spirit, a wine, and an oil, which promote urine, perspiration and sweat.

2. SAMBUCUS canadensis. Canadian Red-berried Elder.

This grows naturally upon Mountain sides, or moist, rich, shaded places, in the back parts of Pennsylvania. It has much the appearance of the other kind, but produces red berries, which are ripe the latter end of June, at the time the other is in flower.

[Page]

SMILAX.
ROUGH BINDWEED, or GREEN BRIAR.
Class 22. Order 6. Dioecia Hexandria.

THE Male have Empalements of six leaves, of a spreading bell-shape; the leaves are oblong, joined at the base, spreading and reflexed at the apex.

The Corolla none.

The Filaments are six, simple. The Antherae oblong.

The Female have Empalements as the male, deciduous.

The Corolla none.

The Germen ovate. The Styles three, very small. The Stigmas oblong, reflexed, downy.

The Seed-vessel a globose berry, of three cells.

The Seeds two, globose.

The Species, with us, are,

With a square prickly stem.

1. SMILAX Sarsaparilla. Ivy leaved rough Bindweed, or Sarsaparilla.

This grows naturally in Virginia and to the southward, rising up with prickly, angular stalks. The leaves are without prickles, oval shaped, pointed, and three nerved.

2. SMILAX virginiana. Lanceolate-leaved rough Bindweed.

The stalks of this are slender, angular and prickly. The leaves are without spines, spear-shaped and pointed; their bases not eared.

[Page]

With a round prickly stem.
3. SMILAX rotundifolia. Canadian round leaved Smilax.

The stalks of this are round and winding, with a few straight spines. The leaves are heart-shaped, without spines, five-nerved, having short footstalks with two slender claspers.

4. SMILAX laurifolia. Bay leaved rough Bind-weed.

This hath a round stalk, armed with prickles or spines. The leaves are of an oval lance-shape, without spines, and of thicker consistence than those of the other species. The flowers are small and whitish, the berries black when ripe.

5. SMILAX tamnoides. Bryony leaved rough Bindweed.

The stems of this are armed with prickles and round; climing upon the neighbouring trees for support. The leaves are without spines, of an oblong heart-shape and five nerved. The berries are black.

6. SMILAX caduca. Three-nerved-leaved rough Bindweed.

This rises with round, naked, winding stalks, armed with many straight, black pointed spines and covered with a green bark. The leaves are ovate, pointed, three nerved and annual. The berries black.

[Page] With a square smooth stem.

7. SMILAX bona nox. Carolinian prickly leaved Smilax.

The stalks of this are angular and without spines. The leaves are broad, and ciliated or set upon the margin with spines. There is also a variety with narrow rough leaves, cared at the base and angular.

With a smooth round stem.

8. SMILAX lanceolata. Red berried Virginian Smilax.

The stalks of this are smooth and round. The leaves are without spines and lance-shaped. The berries red coloured.

9. SMILAX Pseudo China. Bastard China.

This hath smooth round stalks. The leaves are without spines, those on the stalks heart-shaped, but on the branches lance-shaped. The berries are black and supported on very long footstalks.

SORBUS.
The SERVICE TREE, QUICKBEAM, or MOUNTAIN ASH.
Class 12. Order 3. Icosandria Trigynia.

THE Empalement is of one leaf, concave-spreading, five-parted and permanent.

The Corolla is of five petals, roundish, concave and inserted in the Empalement.

The Filaments twenty, awl-shaped, and inserted in the Empalement. The Antherae roundish.

[Page] The Germen beneath. The Styles three, thread-form, and erect. The Stigmas headed.

The Seed-vessel a berry, soft, globose, and umbilicated.

The Seeds three, somewhat oblong, distinct, and cartilaginous.

The Species, with us, but one, viz.

SORBUS americana. American Service Tree.

This grows naturally upon the mountains towards Canada; rising to the height of about fifteen or eighteen feet, with an erect stem dividing into several branches. The leaves are winged, composed of eight or nine pair of lobes, terminated by an odd one; which are narrow and sawed on their edges. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the branches in form of an umbel, and are succeeded by roundish berries of a red colour when ripe.

SPIRAEA.
SPIRAEA.
Class 12. Order 4. Icosandria Pentagynia.

THE Empalement is of one leaf, half five-clesft, and plane at the base: the divisions acute; permanent.

The Corolla of five petals, oblong-rounded, and inserted in the calyx.

The Filaments above twenty, thread-form, shorter than the corolla, and inserted in the calyx. The Antherae roundish.

The Germen five or more. The Styles as many, thread-form, and the length of the Stamina. The Stigmas headed.

The Seed-vessels capsules, oblong, sharp-pointed, compressed and two valved.

The Seeds few, sharp-pointed and small.

Obs. S. opulisolia has three Styles.

[Page] The Species, with us, are,

1. SPIRAEA hypericifolia. Canadian Spiraea, or Hypericum-srutex.

This rises generally to the height of four or five feet, dividing into many slender branches, and covered with a dark brown bark. The leaves are oblong, entire, and smooth, resembling those of St. John's-wort, and placed opposite. The flowers are yellow, and disposed in small umbels, sitting close to the stalks, each having a long, slender footstalk; and are succeeded by oblong, pointed capsules, filled with small seeds. This makes a very good appearance when in flower.

2. SPIRAEA opulifolia. Guelder Rose-leaved Spiraea, or Nine-Bark.

This rises with many shrubby branching stalks, covered with a brown scaly bark, to the height of five or six feet. The leaves are somewhat three parted, the two side divisions or lobes small, obtuse and near the base; the middle one large and pointed; they are also slightly crenated and sawed on their edges. The flowers are produced at the extremity of the branches, in form of a corymbus or cluster: they are white with some spots of pale red, and are succeeded by clusters of greenish, inflated capsules.

SPIRAEA caroliniana. Carolinian Guelder Rose-leaved Spiraea.

This is a variety of the former, and resembles it much in growth and appearance.

[Page]

3. SPIRAEA tomentosa. Scarlet flowered Philadelphian Spiraea.

This grows naturally in Pennsylvania; rising with slender, branching stalks to the height of three or four feet, having a purple bark, covered with a grey meally down. The leaves are small, spearshaped, unequally sawed on their edges, of a bright green on their upper sides, but downy and veined underneath. The flowers terminate the branches in form of a racemus or bunch; they are small and of a beautiful red colour.

4. SPIRAEA tomentosa alba. White flowered Philadelphian Spiraea.

This is a variety of the former; rising with slender stalks to the height of four or five feet. The leaves are small and of thin texture, of an oblong oval, or somewhat wedge shape, slightly and sharply sawed on their edges, and a little downy on both sides. The flowers are produced in manner of the former, of a beautiful white, making a pretty appearance. This is called Indian Pipe Shank, from the pithy stems being used by the natives for that purpose.

STAPHYLAEA.
BLADDER-NUT-TREE.
Class 5. Order 3. Pentandria Trigynia.

THE Empalement is five-parted, concave, roundish, coloured, and almost the size of the corolla.

The Corolla is five petal'd, oblong, erect, and like the calyx.

The Nectarium concave and pitcher-shape in the bottom of the flower.

[Page] The Stamina are five oblong, erect, and the length of the calyx. The Antherae simple.

The Germen thickish, three-parted. The Styles three, simple and a little longer than the stamina. The Stigmas obtuse and contiguous.

The Seed-vessel three Capsules, inflated, flaccid, joined by longitudinal futures; and with pointed tops gaping inwardly.

The Seeds are few, hard, and roundish, joined to the interior futures.

The Species, with us, but one, viz.

STAPHYLAEA trifoliata. Three-leaved Bladder-nut-Tree.

This rises generally to the height of eight or ten feet, dividing into many branches, placed opposite. The bark of the stem and old branches are of a greyish colour, but of the young shoots of a light green. The leaves are trifoliate, the middle lobe having a footstalk; the lobes are oval, lance-shaped, slightly and sharply sawed on their edges, and joined to pretty long common footstalks, placed opposite. The flowers are produced upon pretty long, panicled footstalks; they are white and are succeeded by pretty large, three-sided bladders or capsules, enclosing a few roundish, hard seeds.

STEWARTIA.
STEWARTIA
Class 16. Order 5. Monadelphia Polyandria.

THE Empalement is of one leaf, five parted and spreading; the divisions ovate, concave, and permanent.

The corolla consists of five petals, inverse-ovate, spreading, equal and large.

[Page] The Filaments are numerous, filiform, shorter than the corolla, joined in a cylinder below, and to the petals at the base. The Antherae are roundish and incumbent.

The Germen roundish and hairy. The Stylesiliform, the length of the Stamina. The Stigma five cleft.

The Seed-vessel a juiceless pome, five lobed, and five cell'd.

The Seeds are solitary, ovate and compressed.

The Species but one, viz.

STEWARTIA Malacodendron. Virginian Stewartia.

This grows naturally in Virginia; rising with strong stems to the height of ten or twelve feet, and covered with a brown bark. The leaves are oval and somewhat spear-shaped, most slightly serrated and villose underneath. The flowers are large and white, produced singly, and sitting close upon the small branches. The seed-vessels are dry, somewhat conical, ligneous capsules, having five sharp angles, and five cells, each containing one oblong smooth seed. This makes a beautiful appearance when well filled with its large white flowers.

STYRAX.
The STORAX-TREE.
Class 11. Order 1. Dodecandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is of one leaf, cylindrical, erect, short and five-toothed.

The Corolla is of one petal, funnel-form. The tube is short, cylindrical, and the length of the calyx. The border fiveparted, large and spreading: the divisions lance-shaped and obtuse.

The Filaments are erect, placed in a circle, more than twelve, scarce joined at the base, awl-shaped and inserted in the corolla. The Anthreae are oblong and straight.

[Page] The Germen beneath. The Style simple, the length of the stamina. The Stigma lopped.

The Seed-vessel a drupe, roundish and of one cell.

The Seeds two nuts, roundish, pointed, convex on one side and plane on the other.

The Species, with us, but one, viz.

STYRAX americana. Carolinian Storax-Tree.

This grows naturally in Carolina; rising with a pretty strong stem to the height of ten or twelve feet, covered with a smooth brownish bark, and dividing into many slender branches. The leaves are pretty large, oval shaped, a little pointed, scarce observably toothed, of a deep green, and a little downy on the upper surface, but lighter and much more downy underneath; having short footstalks, which together with the young shoots, are also woolly or downy. The flowers are produced upon the small branches, in a kind of racemus or bunch; supporting a few scattered flowers, which are white, pendulous, and have each ten stamina and somewhat the fragrance of an Orange flower. They are succeeded by roundish seed-vessels, each containing two roundish, pointed nuts or seeds.

TAXUS.
The YEW-TREE.
Class 22. Order 12. Dioecia Monadelphia.

THE Male Flowers have no Empalements, but a bud of four leaves somewhat like one.

They have no Corolla.

The Filaments are numerous, joined beneath in a column, and longer than the bud. The Antherae are depressed, obtuse at the margin, eight-cleft, gaping on every side at the base [Page] (and having cast their sarina) plane, targetted, and remarkable for their eight-cleft margin.

The Female Empalements are as in the Male.

They have no Corolla.

The Germen is ovate and pointed. The Style none. The Stigma obtuse.

The Seed-vessel is formed of the lengthened receptacle, into a globose, succulent, coloured covering or berry, open at top.

The Seed one, oblong-ovate, the apex protruding out of the berry.

We have, native but one Species, viz.

TAXUS canadensis. Canadian Yew-Tree.

This shrub is of low growth, but divided into many branches spreading on every side. The leaves are narrow, stiff, linear, pointed, and evergreen; thick set upon all sides of the branches, but inclining upwards. The flowers come out thick upon the sides of the branches and are succeeded by oval, red succulent berries, open at top, and enclosing an oval brown seed. This is a beautiful evergreen shrub, capable of being formed into any shape.

THUYA.
ARBOR VITAE, or TREE OF LIFE.
Class 21. Order 9. Monoecia Monodelphia.

THE Male Flowers are disposed in oval katkins, and are placed upon a common footstalk in triple opposition: each one having for its base.

A Scale somewhat ovate, concave and obtuse.

No Corolla, but

Four Filaments in each flower, scarce manifest, and as many Antherae, adjoined to the base of the scaly cup.

The Female flowers are upon the same plant, in somewhat ovate, Cones, composed of opposite Scales, which are two flowered, ovate and convex.

[Page] No Corolla.

The Germen is very small. The Style awl-shaped. The Stigma simple.

The Seed-vessel a Cone, oblong-ovate, obtuse, and gaping longitudinally: the Scales are oblong, nearly equal, convex outwardly and obtuse.

The Seeds are oblong, begirt longitudinally with a membranaceous, end-bitten wing.

The Species, with us, but one, viz.

THUYA occidentalis. American Arbor Vitae.

This grows naturally in Canada, and other northern parts of America; rising to the height of thirty or forty feet, with a pretty strong stem, sending off many branches, which are produced irregularly and stand almost horizontally. The bark of young trees is of a dark brown and smooth, but afterward becomes cracked and less smooth. The young branches are flat, and covered with very small leaves, lying over each other like scales of fish. The cones are small and loose, containing but few oblong, winged seeds.

THUYA variegata. Striped leaved Arbor Vitae.

This is a variety of the first, differing in having striped or variegated leaves.

THUYA odorata. American Sweet-scented Arbor Vitae.

This is also a variety of the same, agreeing with it in growth and appearance; but differing in its leaves or small branches, being of an agreeable, or sweet scent, when bruised.

[Page]

TILIA.
The LIME, or LINDEN-TREE.
Class 13. Order 6. Polyandria Hexagynia.

THE Empalement is five parted, concave, coloured, almost the length of the corolla, and deciduous.

The Corolla is of five petals, oblong, obtuse and notched at the end.

The Filaments are many, (thirty and upwards) awl-shaped, and the length of the corolla. The Antherae are simple.

The Germen roundish. The Style siliform, the length of the stamina. The Stigma obtusely five-sided.

The Seed-vessel a Capsule, coriaceous, globose, five-cell'd, fivevalved, and gaping at the base.

The Seed solitary and roundish.

Obs. The Capsule appears to have but one cell and one seed, the other four being abortive.

The American Tilia has five Scales placed round the bud and joined to the claws of the corolla.

The Species with us, are,

1. TILIA americana. Americana black Lime, or Linden-Tree.

This often becomes a tree of a large size, covered with a dark brown bark, and dividing into many branches. The leaves are large, heart-shaped, pointed, and sawed on their edges, of a deep green on their upper sides, but paler and a little hairy underneath; and standing on long footstalks. The flowers are produced upon the small branches, and are remarkable for having an oblong bractea or floral leaf upon each footstalk; they are of an herbaceous colour, having narrow petals furnished with nectaries at the base. The capsules are round, a little hairy [Page] hairy and about the size of a small pea, having each one roundish seed.

2. TILIA caroliniana. Carolinian oblique-leaved Lime-Tree.

This is of smaller growth than the former, rising commonly to the height of about forty feet, with a trunk of eighteen inches or more in diameter: covered with a lightish and somewhat surrowed bark, and sending off many branches. The leaves are smaller and smoother than those of the other kind, somewhat heart-shaped, ending in long points, unequal at the base, or larger on one side of the midrib than the other, and slightly sawed on their edges. The bunches of flowers stand upon long slender footstalks, furnished with floral leaves. The flowers are small, and have narrow, pointed petals, furnished with nectaries or scales at the base; they diffuse a fragrant odour, and are continually haunted by bees during their continuance. An infusion of the flowers of Lime-tree has been used with success in an Epilepsy. The timber is too soft for any strong purposes, therefore, cheisly used by turners, carvers, &c. also, by architects in framing, models of buildings, &c.

TILLANDSIA.
TILLANDSIA.
Class 6. Order 1. Hexandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is of one leaf, three-parted, oblong and permanent: the divisions oblong-lanced, and sharppointed.

The Corolla tubulous and of one petal. The tube long and bellied. The border three-cleft, obtuse, erect and small.

[Page] The Filaments are six, as long as the tube of the corolla. The Antherae acute, and incumbent in the neck of the corolla.

The Germen is oblong, and pointed on every side. The Style siliform, and the length of the stamina. The Stigma threecleft and obtuse.

The Seed-vessel a Capsule, which is long, obtusely three-sided, pointed with about one cell and three valves.

The Seeds are many, joined to a very long, capillary pappus or down.

The Species, with us, but are, viz.

TILLANDSIA usneoides. Carolinian Tillandsia.

This is a parasite plant; or growing upon the branches of trees and hanging down with very slender, rough, branching threads or stalks, in manner of moss. The leaves are whitish and hoary.

ULMUS.
The ELM-TREE.
Class 5. Order 2. Pentrandria Digynia.

THE Empalement is of one leaf, top-shaped, and wrinkled.

The border five parted, erect, coloured within, and permanent.

The Corolla none.

The Filaments five, awl-shaped, and twice the length of the calyx. The Antherae four-surrowed, erect and short.

The Germen orbicular and erect. The Styles two, shorter than the stamina and reflexed. The Stigmas downy.

The Seed-vessel a drupe, oval compressed, membranaceous and juiceless.

The Seed one, roundish and lightly compressed.

The Species, with us, are.

[Page]

1. ULMUS americana. American rough leaved Elm-Tree.

This rises to the height of about thirty feet, with a pretty strong trunk; dividing into many branches, and covered with a lightish coloured rough bark. The leaves are oblong, oval and sharp-pointed, somewhat unequally sawed on their edges, unequal at the base, very rough on their upper surface and hairy underneath. The flowers are produced thick upon the branches, upon short, collected footstalks; and are succeeded by oval, compressed, membranaceous seed-vessels, with entire margins; containing each one oval, compressed seed.

2. ULMUS mollifolia. American soft-leaved Elm.

This grows to the same size, or perhaps larger than the first kind. The leaves are of an oblong oval, sharp-pointed, unequal at the base, doubly serrated on their edges and hairy underneath: but smooth on the upper surface, of thinner texture and softer than those of the first kind. The seed-vessels are also considerably smaller, end nicked or cleft, and ciliated or fringed on the margin.

VACCINIUM.
WHORTLE-BERRY.
Class 8. Order 1. Octandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is very small, above, and permanent.

The Corolla is of one petal, bell-shaped, and four-cleft: the divisions turning back.

The Filaments are eight, simple. The Antherae two-horned, furnished on the back with two spreading awns, and gaping at the tops.

[Page] The Germen is beneath. The Styles simple, longer than the stamina. The Stigma obtuse.

The Seed-vessel a berry, globose, umbilicated and four cell'd.

The Seeds solitary and small.

Obs. The number of stamina are ten, in many of the species.

The Species, with us, are,

* With annual deciduous leaves.

1. VACCINIUM arborcum. Winter, or Tree Whertle-Berry.

This grows naturally in Carolina; rising to the height of ten or fifteen feet, with a pretty strong stem, dividing towards the top into many branches. The fruit is small, ripening late in autumn.

2. VACCINIUM album. Pennsylvanian White Whertle-berry.

This is a small shrub, rising to the height of about two feet. The leaves are entire, egg-shaped and downy underneath. The flowers are produced at the ends of the branches, standing two or three together upon very short, naked footstalks. The fruit is small and whitish.

3. VACCINIUM corymbosum. Cluster-flowered Vaccinium.

This grows naturally in swampy or moist places, rising to the height of five or six feet. The leaves are entire, oblong, oval, and somewhat downy underneath. The flowers are produced in clusters or rather one rowed, short, roundish bunches; set pretty close on the small branches. The fruit is of a dark purplish colour when ripe, and of an agreeable acid taste.

[Page] There are some varieties, I think, of this growing upon higher ground, and of much smaller growth; the leaves of some of which are most slightly and sharply serrated.

4. VACCINIUM frondosum. Leasy Vaccinium, or Indian Gooseberry.

This grows naturally upon Whortle-berry ground; rising to the height of three or four feet, generally with a leaning, crooked, branching stem. The leaves are entire and of an oval lance shape. The flowers are produced in frondose racemi or bunches, set with small oblong leaves, at the bosom of which the flowers come out, upon pretty long, simple, slender footstalks; they are somewhat bell-shaped, the antherae are very long, two horned: the horns two cleft. The fruit or berries are oval, and of the size of a small Gooseberry; reddish coloured, soft, succulent, and of a disagreeable taste.

5. VACCINIUM ligustrinum. Privet-leaved Whortle-berry.

This rises to the height of about two or three feet, dividing into small branches. The leaves are small and oblong. The flowers are produced in short racemi, or bunches, which come out alternately, and thick upon the branches; and are naked, or without floral leaves. The berries are round, black and of an agreeable taste.

6. VACCINIUM stamineum. Long-lcaved Vaccinium.

This is also of small growth. The leaves are oblong and very entire. The flowers come out at the bosom of the leaves, upon solitary, slender footstalks, [Page] each supporting one flower, which is of a spreading bell-shape and five cleft at the border.

** With evergreen leaves.

7. VACCINIUM hispidulum. Marsh Vaccinium, or Cranberry.

This grows naturally in mossy swamps, with slender, creeping stalks, covered with bristly scales. The leaves are oval, or somewhat oblong and shining. The fruit or berries are large and reddish coloured; and of a bitterish acid taste.

8. VACCINIUM pennsylvanicum. Myrtle leaved Vaccinium, or Cranberry.

The leaves of this are oval and sharp pointed. The flowers are white and nodding, produced from the bosom of the leaves. The berries are red and small.

VIRBURNUM.
PLIANT MEALLY, or WAY-FARING-TREE.
Class 5. Order 3. Pentandria Trigynia.

THE Empalement is four toothed, above, very small and permanent.

The Corolla is of one petal, bell-shaped, half five-cleft; the divisions obtuse and reflexed.

The Filaments are five, awl-shaped and the length of the corolla. The Antherae roundish.

The Germen beneath, roundish. The Style none, but in its place a top-shaped Gland. The Stigmas three.

The Seed-vessel, a somewhat oval, compressed berry, of one cell.

The Seed one, hard, and of the same form.

[Page] The Species, with us, are,

1. VIBURNUM acerifolium. Maple-leaved Viburnum.

This rises generally to the height of four or five feet, with an erect, slender stem, sending off a few opposite branches. The leaves are somewhat three lobed, toothed, or pretty largely sawed on their edges; a little hairy underneath, and joined to round footstalks, placed opposite. The flowers terminate the stalks and branches in cymae (about seven parted) or kind of umbels; they are white and are succeeded by somewhat oval, compressed, black berries when ripe.

2. VIBURNUM dentatum. Toothed-leaved Viburnum, or Arrow Wood.

This grows naturally in moist places, rising up with several straight stems, to the height of ten or twelve feet, sending off several slender, opposite branches. The leaves are roundish or oval, pointed, and toothed on their edges, much veined and placed opposite, upon round, downy footstalks. The flowers are produced at the tops of the stalks and branches, in cymae or kind of umbels, about seven parted, in manner of those of the Elder but much smaller; they are white and are succeeded by dark bluish coloured, oblong berries. The young shoots of this tree are generally used by the natives for arrows; whence it is known by the name of Arrow-wood.

3. VIBURNUM prunifolium. Black Haw.

This I take to be our common, small black Haw; which rises with a stiff stem to the height of about ten or fifteen feet, dividing into many branches, [Page] which are generally set pretty thick with short, strong, horizontal spurs or short branches, standing opposite. The bark of the trunk or stem is dark and rough, but of the young branches smooth. The leaves are of an oblong oval, smooth, finely and slightly serrated, and placed opposite upon channelled footstalks. The flowers terminate the branches in four parted cymae they are white and make a pretty good appearance. The berries are oblong, oval, compressed and black when ripe.

4. VIBURNUM nudum. Tinus leaved, or Swamp Viburnum.

This grows naturally in moist or swampy places, rising to the height of ten or twelve feet. The bark is smooth and of the young shoots purplish. The leaves are oval, lance-shaped, of a thick consistence and lucid green colour: often slightly serrated, and standing opposite. The flowers are produced in manner of the other kinds and are succeeded by berries of nearly the same size and shape, changing black when ripe.

5. VIBURNUM Lentago. Canadian Viburnum.

This rises to the height of about ten or twelve feet, covered with a brown bark, and divided into many branches, which, when young, are covered with a smooth purplish bark. The leaves are smooth, oval, slightly sawed on their edges, and stand generally opposite upon short slender footstalks. The flowers are produced in manner of the other kinds and are succeeded by berries of the same shape, and black when ripe.

[Page]

6. VIBURNUM alnifolium. Alder-leaved Viburnum.

This grows naturally in Carolina and other parts of America; rising with a shrubby stalk to the height of eight or ten feet, covered with a smooth purplish bark, and divided into several branches. The leaves are heart-shaped, oval, sharp-pointed, deeply sawed on their edges, strongly veined, and placed opposite upon long slender footstalks. The flowers are collected in large cymes or umbels at the ends of the branches, those ranged on the border are male, but the center is filled with hermaphrodite flowers, which are succeeded by pretty large, oval berries, red coloured when ripe.

7. VIBURNUM triloba. Mountain Viburnum.

This grows naturally upon montains in the interior parts of Pennsylvania; rising with slender stems to the height of eight or ten feet. The leaves are somewhat like those of the Guelder Rose or Snow-ball tree; they are narrow at the base, but spreading and divided into three sharp-pointed lobes, the middle one largest, longest, and sometimes slightly toothed. The flowers are produced in form of the others, and are succeeded by berries of the same shape, of a pretty large size and red colour when ripe.

VISCUM.
MISSELTOE.
Class 22. Order 4. Dioecia Tetrandria.

THE Male Flowers have their Empalements, five-parted; the leaves oval and equal.

They have no petals.

The Filaments or rather Antherae are four, oblong and pointed, joined to the leaves of the calyx.

[Page] * The Female have Emaplements, four leaved: the leaves oval, small, fitting close, deciduous and placed upon the germen.

They have no petals.

The Germen are oblong, three-sided, their margins crowned, obsolete, four-cleft, and beneath. The Styles none. The Stigmas obtuse.

The Seed-vessels berries, which are globose, smooth, and of one cell.

The Seeds single, somewhat heart-shaped, compressed and fleshy.

The Species, with us, are,

1. VISCUM rubrum. Red berried Misseltoe.

This grows upon the branches of trees and is not found growing in the earth as other plants. It rises with slender woody stalks, several inches in height, spreading and forming a tuft or bush. The leaves are lance-shaped and obtuse. The flowers are produced in spikes from the sides of the stalks, and those of the female are succeeded by roundish red berries, containing each one heart-shaped, compressed seed, surrounded by a tough viscid substance.

2. VISCUM purpureum. Purple-berried Misseltoe.

This also rises up from the branches of trees like the other. The leaves are inverse-egg-shaped, or oval and narrowed towards the base. The flowers come out in racemi or bunches from the sides of the stalks; the female of which are succeeded by berries of a purple colour when ripe.

There is a variety of this with yellow leaves, resembling those of the box; the berries are also produced in bunches and are of a snowy white when ripe.

Misseltoe is most frequently found growing upon the Nyssa Sylvatica or Sour Gum, in the middle States, but to the southward upon oaks. It is propagated by birds seeding upon the berries, the seeds [Page] of which, sometimes by their glutinosity adhere to the outside of their beaks, and are thus transported to neighbouring trees, and being wiped off upon their branches, stick fast, and germinate, producing new plants. From the berries of Misseltoe, Birdlime was formerly made; but for this purpose those of the common Holly are said to be better. This plant hath been much recommended for the cure of Epilepfies.

VITIS.
The VINE.
Class 5. Order 1. Pentandria Monogynia.

THE Empalement is five toothed and very small.

The Petals are five, rude, small, and falling off.

The Filaments are five, awl-shaped, a little spreading, and falling off. The Antherae are simple.

The Germen ovate. The Style none. The Stigma obtuse headed.

The Seed-vessel a berry, roundish, large, and of one cell.

The Seeds are five, hard, end-bitten at one end, and contracted at the other.

The Species, with us, are.

1. VITIS arborea. Carolinian Vine, or Pepper-Tree.

This grows naturally in Carolina, rising with slender, ligneous, climbing stalks, and fastening themselves by tendrils to any neighbouring support. The leaves are branching and winged, composed generally of two side branches of five leaves each, two or three leaves, and terminating with three; which are small and somewhat toothed. The flowers are produced in loose clusters from the wings of the stalks; [Page] they are small and white, and are succeeded by small berries of a purplish colour when ripe.

2. VITIS vinifera americana. American Grape Vine.

There are many varieties of this, which generally rise up with strong stems, climbing by tendrils or claspers upon neighbouring trees for support, often to the height of thirty or forty feet, and of two, three or four inches in diameter; covered with a dark, rough, loose bark. The leaves are generally heart-shaped and somewhat three lobed; sawed on their edges, and downy or hairy underneath. The grapes are produced in bunches, in form of the European kinds, generally between the size of a Currant and Gooseberry: darkish coloured, or with a light bluish cast, and for the most part of an acid agreeable taste.

3. VITIS vulpina. Fox-Grape Vine.

This in manner of growth hath much the appearance of the other kinds. The leaves are generally larger, and smooth, but whitish underneath. The fruit or grapes are about the size of a common cherry and have a strong scent, a little approaching to that of a Fox, whence the name of Fox-grape. There are also varieties of this, some with whitish or reddish fruit which is generally most esteemed, and others with black, of which are our largest grapes.

4. VITIS Labrusca. Wild American Vine.

The stems of this have the appearance of our other kinds. The leaves are generally less and of a [Page] thinner texture. The berries or grapes are produced in loose bunches; they are small, and are of several kinds, some reddish, others of a shining black, and some of a bluish colour; all of an acerb disagreeable taste.

5. VITIS laciniosa. Canadian Parsley-leaved Vine.

The stalks and branches of this resemble the others. The leaves are cut into many slender segments, somewhat in manner of a Parsley-leaf. The grapes are round and white, and are produced in loose bunches; they are late ripe and not very well flavoured.

XANTHOXYLUM.
The TOOTH-ACH TREE.
Class 22. Order 5. Dioecia Pentandria.

* THE Male Flowers have Empalements four-parted; the leaves oval, erect and coloured.

They have no Petals.

The Filaments in each are generally five, awl-shaped, erect and longer than the calyx. The Antherae are twin, roundish and furrowed.

* The Female have Empalements as the male.

They have no Petals.

The Germen in each are generally five, often less, with short footstalks, oval and ending in as many awl-shaped Styles.

The Stigmas are obtuse.

The Seed-vessels are Capsules, of the same number with the germen, oblong, of one cell and two valves.

The Seeds are single, roundish and smooth.

[Page] The Species, with us,

XANTHOXYLUM fraxinifolium. Ash-leaved Tooth-ach Tree.

This grows naturally in Pennsylvania and Maryland; rising with a pretty strong stem to the height of ten or twelve feet; and dividing in many branches, which are covered with a purplish bark, and armed at each bud with two strong, sharp spines. The leaves are composed of four or five pair of lobes, terminated by an odd one; which are entire and of an oblong egg-shape, placed opposite and sitting close to the common footstalk, which is also set with a few spines underneath. The flowers are produced along the branches, upon short collected footstalks; and those of the female are each succeeded, for the most part, with five distinct, oval capsules, joined by short footstalks to the common receptacle, and spreading above; each containing one roundish, smooth seed.

There is said to be another Species, or perhaps Variety, of this in South Carolina, differing in having the lobes of their leaves lance-shaped, sawed on their edges and having footstalks. The bark and capsules are of a hot acrid taste, and are used for easing the tooth-ach, from whence it obtained the name of Tooth-ach Tree: a tincture of them are also much commended for the cure of the Rheumatism.

XANTHORHIZA.
SHRUB YELLOW ROOT.
Class 5. Order 6. Pentandria Polygynia.

THE Empalement none.

The Corolla is of five petals, lance-shaped, pointed and spreading.

[Page] The Nectarium crowning the corolla, of five small leaves, somewhat two-lobed: the lobes very small, roundish, or rather runcinate, and inserted by slender claws in the common receptacle, alternating with the petals.

The Filaments five, short and thread-form. The Antherae roundish.

The Germen several, most frequently from seven to eleven, small and ending in as many awl-shaped, short, incurved Styles. The Stigmas acute.

The Seed-vessels as many Capsules: which are small, somewhat oval, compressed, oblique pointed, of one cell and two valves, joined at their base to the common receptacle, and spreading above.

The Seeds are single in each cell, small, somewhat ovate and lightly compressed.

Obs. The petals are sometimes six in number. The number of Stamina are also sometimes increased.

The Species but one, viz.

XANTHORHIZA simplicissima. Shurb Yellow Root.

This is a small shrub, growing naturally in Carolina. The roots are slender and cylindrical, but sending off side shoots by which it spreads much; the wood of which, together with that of the stems, are of a bright yellow colour. The stems are slender, rising to the height of two feet or more, generally simple, or without branches, and covered with a lightish brown bark. The leaves are compound, consisting of two pair of opposite lobes, terminated by an odd one; the lobes are much and deeply cut or cleft on their edges, (somewhat in form of Garden Lovage) and joined to very long, common footstalks, coming out from the tops of the stems. The flowers are produced at the top of the former year's growth, in a compound or panicled racemus; having their partial footstalks generally three flowered; they [Page] are small and purplish coloured, and are succeeded by little heads of small, compressed capsules, each enclosing one small seed. The flowers on the partial or small footstalks, are not produced at once, those that are middle-most or terminal come out first and are hermaphrodite, and generally barren; those on the sides come out later, but one of which is generally fruitful; from whence, I had supposed, some of the flowers were female, and to the contrary of which I am not yet fully convinced.

This shrub, from the yellowness of its roots and stems, it is highly probable, might be employed to good purpose in dying cloaths, &c. It has hitherto been undescribed by Botanical writers, though named in some late Catalogues in honour of M. Marbois; but having imposed the former name, before I had heard of this, have chose to retain it as being expressive of its qualities and appearance.

ADVERTISEMENT.

[Page]

BOXES of SEEDS, and growing PLANTS, of the FOREST TREES, FLOWERING SHRUBS, &c. of the American United States; are made up in the best manner and at a reasonable rate by the Author. All Orders in this line, directed for Humphry Marshall, of Chester County, Pennsylvania; to the Care of Dr. THOMAS PARKE, in Philadelphia, will be carefully and punctually attended to.

INDEX of LATIN GENERIC NAMES.

[Page]

ACER.

AEsculus.

Amorpha.

Andromeda.

Annona.

Aralia.

Arbutus.

Aristolochia.

Ascyrum.

Azalea.

Baccharis.

Berberris.

Betula.

Betula-Alnus.

Bignonia.

Callicarpa.

Calycanthus.

Carpinus.

Cassine.

Ceanothus.

Celastrus.

Celtis.

Cephalanthus.

Cercis.

Chionanthus.

Clethra.

Cornus.

Corylus.

Cupressus.

Diospyros.

Dirca.

Epigaea.

Euonymus.

Fagus.

Fagus-Castanea.

Fothergilla.

Franklinia.

Fraxinus.

Gaultheria.

Gleditsia.

Glycine.

Guilandina.

Halesia.

Hamamelis.

Hedera.

Hippophaë.

Hydrangea.

Hypericum.

Ilex.

Itea.

Juglans.

Juniperus.

Kalmia.

Laurus.

Ledum.

Liquidambar.

Liriodendrum.

Lonicera.

Magnolia.

Menispermum.

Mespilus.

Mitchella.

Morus.

Myrica.

Nyssa.

Olea.

Philadelphus.

Pinus.

Pinus-Abies.

Pinus-Larix.

Platanus.

Populus.

Potentilla.

Prinos.

Prunus.

Prunus-Cerasus.

Prunus-Lauro-Cerasus.

Ptelea.

Pyrola.

Pyrus-Malus.

Quercus.

Rhododendrum.

Rhus.

Rhus-Toxicodendron.

Ribes.

Robinia.

Rosa.

Rubus.

Salix.

Sambucus.

Smilax.

Sorbus.

Spiraea.

Staphylaea.

Stewartia.

Styrax.

Taxus.

Thuya.

Tilia.

Tillandsia.

Ulmus.

Vaccinium.

Viburnum.

Viscum.

Vitis.

Xanthoxylum.

Xanthorhiza.

INDEX of ENGLISH NAMES.

[Page]

A

ACACIA, false, | 133
Acacia, three-thorned, | 53
Alder, | 19
Allspice, Carolinian, | 23
Angelica Tree, | 10
Apple, Custard, | 9
Arbor Vitae, | 151
Arbutus, Trailing, | 42
Arrow Wood, | 160
Ash, | 50
Ash, Mountain, | 144
Ash, Poison, | 130
Asp, or Aspen Tree, | 107
Azarole, | 88

B

Balm of Gilead Fir, | 102
Balsam Tree, | 107
Barberry, | 17
Bay, | 72
Bay, Dwarf Rose, | 126
Bay, Sweet flowering, | 83
Bean Tree, Kidney, | 54
Bear-berries, | 11
Beech, | 45
Bell Tree, Silver, | 57
Benjamin Tree, | 73
Berry, Winter, | 109
Bilberry, | 156
Bindweed, Rough, | 142
Birch | 18
Bird Cherry, | 112
Birthwort, | 12
Black-berry. | 137
Bladder-Nut, | 147
Bondue, | 56
Briar, | 136
Briar, Green, | 142
Buck-Thorn, Sea, | 60
Burning Bush, | 44
Button Tree, or Wood, | 30
Button Wood, Large | 105

C

Candleberries, | 94
Catalpa, | 21
Cedar, Red | 70
Cedar, White | 39
Cherry Wild, or Bird, | 112
Cherry, Dwarf, | 81
Chesnut, | 46
Chesnut, Horse | 4
Chinquepin, | 47
Cinquesoil, | 108
Cistus, Marsh | 75
Coffee, Kentucky, | 56
Cornel Tree, | 34
Cotton Tree, Carolinian | 106
Crab Tree, | 118
Cranberries, | 159
Creeper, Virginian | 59
Cross Vine, | 21
Cucumber Tree, | 83
Currants, | 131
Custard Apple, | 9
Cypress. | 38

D

Date Plumb, | 40
Dewberry Bush, | 137
Dogberry, | 34
Dog Wood, | 35

E

Elder, | 140
Elm, | 155
Euonymus, Climing, | 28

F

Fern, Sweet, | 77
Fir, | 102
Fox Grape, | 165
Fringe Tree, | 32

G

Gale, Bog, | 95
Gale, Spleenwort-leaved, | 77
Gilead, Balm of | 102
Gooseberry, | 132
Gooseberry, Indian | 158
Grape, | 165
Groundsel Tree, | 16
Gum, Sour | 97
Gum, Sweet | 76

H

Hawthorn, or Haw, | 87
Haw, Black | 160
Hazel, | 36
Hazel, Witch | 58
Hemlock Spruce, | 103
Hep-Tree, | 135
Hickery, | 68
Holly, | 63
Honey Locust, | 53
Honey-suckle, | 79
Honey-suckle, Upright | 14
Horn-beam, | 24
Horse Chesnut, | 4

I

Jasmine, Yellow, | 22
Jersey Tea, | 27
Indian Arrow Wood, | 160
Indian Pipe-Shank, | 147
Ink-Berry, | 109
Indigo, Bastard | 5
Johnsonia, | 22
Iron Wood, Carolinian | 9
Judas Tree, | 31
Ivy, | 59

K

Kidney Bean Tree,
54

L

Laurel, American | 71
Laurel, Mountain | 127
Leather Wood | 41
Lime, or Linden Tree, | 153
Lime, Ogeche, | 97
Locust Tree, | 133
Locust Tree, Honey | 53

M

Maple, | 1
Meally Tree, Pliant | 159
Medlar, | 87
Misseltoe, | 162
Mock Orange, | 99
Moon-seed, | 85
Moss-berries, | 159
Mountain Tea, | 52
Mulberry Tree, | 93
Myrtle, Candleberry, | 94

N

Nettle Tree, | 29
Nickar Tree, | 56
Nine-Bark, | 146
Nut, Bladder | 147
Nut, Hazel | 36

O

Oak, | 118
Oak, Poison | 131
Olive, | 98
Orange, Mock | 99

P

Papaw Tree, | 9
Paragua Tea, | 26
[Page] Pavia, | 5
Pepper-Tree, | 164
Persimmon Tree, | 40
Pig-nut, | 68
Pipe Tree, | 100
Pipe-shank, Indian | 147
Plane Tree, | 104
Pliant Meally Tree, | 159
Plowman's Spikenard, | 16
Plumb Tree, | 110
Plumb, Indian Date | 40
Poison Ash, | 130
Poison Sumach, | 130
Poison Oak, | 131
Poison Vine, | 131
Poplar, | 105
Poplar, (commonly so called) | 78

Q

Quickbeam,
144

R

Respberry, | 136
Red-bud, | 31
Red-buds, | 8
Red-Rod, | 36
Red-Root, | 27
Rose, | 135
Rose Bay, Dwarf | 126
Rosemary, Wild | 175

S

Saint John's-Wort, | 62
Saint Peter's-Wort, | 13
Sassasras, | 74
Sassasras, Swamp | 83
Service Tree, | 144
Service Tree, Wild, | 38-90
Snow-drop Tree, | 32
Sorrel-Tree, | 7
Sour Gum, | 97
Spice Wood, | 73
Spindle Tree, | 43
Staff Tree, | 28
Stag's-horn-Tree, | 129
Storax Tree, | 149
Storax, Liquid | 77
Sugar Tree. | 4
Sumach, | 127
Sweet Gum, | 76

T

Tacamahac Tree, | 107
Tea, New-Jersey | 27
Tea, Mountain, | 52
Tea, South Sea | 26
Thorn, Black | 160
Thorn, White | 88
Tooth-ach Tree, | 166
Tresoil, Shrub | 114
Tree of Life, | 151
Trumpet flower, | 20
Tulip Tree, | 78
Tulip Tree, Laurel-leaved | 82
Tupelo Tree, | 95

U

Umbrella-Tree,
84

V

Vine, | 164
Vine, Climing five-leaved | 59
Vine, Poison | 131

W

Walnut, | 65
Way-faring Tree, | 159
Whortle Berry, | 156
Willow Tree, | 139
Winter Green, | 115
Witch Hazel, | 58

Y

Yellow Root, | 167
Yew, | 150
Yapon, | 26

Information about this book

Title statement

Arbustrum Americanum: = The American grove, or, An alphabetical catalogue of forest trees and shrubs, natives of the American United States, arranged according to the Linnaean system. Containing, the particular distinguishing characters of each genus, with plain, simple and familiar descriptions of the manner of growth, appearance, &c. of their several species and varieties. : Also, some hints of their uses in medicine, dyes, and domestic oeconomy. / Compiled from actual knowledge and observation, and the assistance of botanical authors, by Humphry Marshall.

Marshall, Humphry, 1722-1801.

Publication

Publisher

Text Creation Partnership,

Place of publication

Ann Arbor, MI :

Date

2005-03.

ID [DLPS]

N15025

ID [TCP]

N15025

ID [STC]

Evans 19068

ID [NOTIS]

APV9645

ID [IMAGE-SET]

19068

ID [EVANS-CITATION]

99005289

Availability

This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal. The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.

Series

Early American Imprints, 1639-1800 ; no. 19068.

Notes

(Evans-TCP ; no. N15025)

Transcribed from: (Readex Archive of Americana ; Early American Imprints, series I ; image set 19068)

Images scanned from Readex microprint and microform: (Early American imprints. First series ; no. 19068)

Source

— Arbustrum Americanum: = The American grove, or, An alphabetical catalogue of forest trees and shrubs, natives of the American United States, arranged according to the Linnaean system. Containing, the particular distinguishing characters of each genus, with plain, simple and familiar descriptions of the manner of growth, appearance, &c. of their several species and varieties. : Also, some hints of their uses in medicine, dyes, and domestic oeconomy. / Compiled from actual knowledge and observation, and the assistance of botanical authors, by Humphry Marshall., Marshall, Humphry, 1722-1801..

Extent

xx, 174, [2] p. ; 21 cm. (8vo)

Printed by Joseph Crukshank, in Market-Street, between Second and Third-Streets.,. Philadelphia: :: MDCCLXXXV [1785]. (Advertisement for seeds and plants, p. 170.)

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