LEST it should be thought, by any of this assembly, that the preacher has stumbled at the threshold in chus­ing a text contrary to the genius of our present constitution, it may not be amiss to observe, that according to the language of scripture, the word king signifies any kind of governor, or the ruling power of any state. Accordingly Moses is called king in the 33d chapter of Deuteronomy; the [Page 6] Judges have the same appellation, Judges xvii; to the four great Monarchies, the government of some of which was demo­cratic, viz. Greece and Rome, the same title is given; and in the new testament, the seven kings, mentioned Rev. xvii. 10, are, by some of the latest and best exposi­tors, understood of seven particular empe­rors of Rome. So that by king in the text, without putting any force upon the words, may be understood the ruling power of any nation, be it called in modern language by what name soever. Were this not the truth of fact, it would be necessary for us, as we have changed our form of govern­ment, to omit a considerable part of the scripture as inapplicable to our condition. But interpreted in the manner above sug­gested, those passages are as proper to be used by us, as by any people under heaven. The truth of the case seems to be this. At the time the text was penned, kingly rule was the most prevalent. Those who were called by this name, were vested with different degrees of power. Some governed by standing laws; and others conducted the great affairs of states and kingdoms ac­cording to their own arbitrary pleasure. Amongst the Jews, the king was only the [Page 7] supreme executive magistrate. He had little or nothing to do with matters of legislation. Their code of laws was pre­viously settled by God himself, and given to Moses for the rule of their conduct, in all the subsequent stages of their political existence. In the times of the Judges the administration of their government was in the hands of God; and hence by the learned it is frequently called a theocracy: But the Jews, tired with having Jehovah for their supreme ruler, and perceiving that the nations around them had a mortal man to stand in this place, desired, as is too common at the present day, to be in the fashion, and to have a king like others. The request, as being to their own disad­vantage, was displeasing to the God of heaven. But, as he would not rule them in a manner contrary to their own incli­nation, he consented to their petition, after pointing out to them the oppressive manner of the king. Their kings for several ge­nerations ruled in righteousness, and made the institutes of Moses the measure of their administration. Concerning such, Solomon pronounces as in our text, where the word of a king is, there is power. Whilst they keep within constitutional [Page 8] limits they cannot be resisted with impu­nity. Disobedience to such, exposes both to temporal and eternal punishments. To temporal; as the king is vested with great authority, and may do whatever he pleases for the preservation of order and the ad­vancement of the public happiness: To eternal also; as government is of divine institution; and it is the will of heaven that we should obey not only for wrath, but also for conscience sake, provided the ruling power be the minister of God for good.

There is no necessity of supposing the declaration of Solomon true only of kingly government, properly so called. It is, or ought to be true of all kinds of govern­ment; and if there be any concerning which the assertion of the wise man may not, with truth, be made, it is evidently defective, and ought immediately to be amended, or totally changed. Three dif­ferent modes of civil rule have been pre­valent among the nations of the earth, a monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy; and indeed some have a combination or mixture of all three, as England. This has been esteemed by enlightened foreigners to be [Page 9] the happiest of any other, and infinite en­comiums have been passed upon it. Under such a form the people were free for many centuries. Corruption has at length taken place, and deprived the community at large of many of the blessings which they for­merly enjoyed.^* Hence we learn that something else is necessary towards making a people free and happy, besides a good constitution.

Amidst the different forms, it has often been enquired, which is the best? To such a question it may truly be answered, that no particular one is suitable for all people; nor any one for the same people always. [Page 10] As the tempers and manners of nations change, a change in their government be­comes necessary. The Jews, at first, lived under a free commonwealth. Advancing in vice, they chose a different one; and being indulged, they descended at last, namely, before their Babylonish captivity, to a mode of civil rule, similar to that of the eastern nations, at the present day, where one man, by birth or conquest, takes the sole command, and rules according to his despotic will.—The Romans under­went many changes in this regard. Formed at first of a set of outlaws and insolvent debtors, they instituted kingly rule. This continued for a few generations, till their kings, intoxicated with power, broke over all wholesome restraints, and com­mitted personally, and by their sons, crimes intolerable to a free and virtuous people. Brutus, teaching the evil of a certain ne­fandous deed, and seconded by his worthy citizens, banished the royal family from Rome. After this, they set up a govern­ment of the popular kind, under which they enjoyed their liberties in great per­fection, till falling under the burden of their own vices, and descending to a thou­sand factions, Julius Caesar, at the head of [Page 11] a well-disciplined body of troops, taking the advantage of this distracted state of the republic, retired from Gaul, and thunder­ing with his legions at the gates of Rome, struck terror into the inhabitants, and fight­ing a battle with Pompey, one of a wicked triumvirate, obtained a complete victory over him, and was, in consequence, de­clared by the senate perpetual Dictator, a title similar to that of absolute Monarch. Now, it may well be questioned, whether this, for that people, under their present temper, was not the best government they could possibly have. Holland was once governed by a monarch who bid defiance to all former laws. They groaned under his jurisdiction; they refused his edicts; and, though they suffered much, they, at last, obtained a compleat independency, and remain to this day free in constitution, though some have pretended to affirm that they are slaves in reality.

From this view of the matter, it is ap­parent, that the character of a people is to be taken into account, in order to pro­nounce what mode of civil policy is best for them. This may, on the whole, be affirmed, that no people can be said to [Page 12] enjoy freedom, who have not the choice of their rulers, either mediately or imme­diately, in their own power. A different doctrine, I am sensible, has frequently been preached. Time-serving priests and fawning sycophants have sometimes flat­tered kings that they enjoyed their places jure divino; and scripture has been quoted in defence of the absurd tenet. Thus St. Paul has been supposed to patronize the doctrine, when he tells us, that the powers which be are ordained of God. But as this cannot intend that rulers are elevated to their places by the immediate agency of heaven; so neither does it mean that Peter, Richard, John, Charles, Henry or George are particularly designated to office. From that passage we learn only, that government is of divine appointment, and that rulers have no other qualifications for their places, but what God, in the course of his providence, has given them. King Solomon has been produced as an advocate for the doctrine of passive obe­dience and non-resistance, the divine he­reditary right of rulers. My text has been quoted in support of this opinion by men, from whose genius and learning we might have expected more sober and [Page 13] rational sentiments. But, is it possible that a book written by divine guidance should teach the doctrine of unreserved obedience! The second verse of my con­text plainly demonstrates the contrary. Hear what the wise man says; I counsel thee to keep the king's commandment, and that in regard of the oath of God. Now, can we suppose it is the pleasure of hea­ven that we should obey the unrighteous and oppressive commands of those in power, and that, not merely for wrath, but for conscience sake. What! Does the command of heaven make it necessary that we should take an oath of fealty and allegiance to all kinds of authority; and that, by virtue of it, we are obliged to obey even those magistrates who com­mand us to practise idolatry, or any other evil work? The case is too evident to need many words. All that Solomon, therefore, meant was, that it is impious and dangerous to resist the authority of those who rule for God, and consult the common good.

My following discourse will be to shew how the supreme authority of any state should be appointed and conduct, in order [Page 14] to its coming with power in its several edicts and commands; and then, secondly, show what is the proper application of this power.

1st. The ruling power of every state or kingdom should be elected by the body of the people. As no man is born a ruler, so there is no possible way for him to get regularly into office, but by the election of his fellow-citizens. Dominion by con­quest, by artifice, by saintship, or grace, is justly to be reprobated. It is our duty to resist such usurpers whenever we are able. Under God, the original source of all power, mankind enjoy, or ought to do so, the liberty of governing themselves. The powers of government are vested in the body of the people, and they may exercise them as they please, either per­sonally or by representatives. Their local situation and numbers make it inconve­nient to do the former; hence the latter mode usually prevails.

Government by deputation does not consist with that plenitude of liberty in the people that they might enjoy, could they give their suffrages personally. How­ever, [Page 15] when our representatives are regu­larly chosen, are amenable to our tribu­nals, and their election is not of long duration, then we may be said to be as free as the state of the world will com­monly admit. To be deprived of the power of chusing our rulers, is to be deprived of self dominion. If they are appointed over us, by those over whom we have no controul, we are in a state of slavery. There is no difference, in this respect, between such a people, and the horses they ride on; neither are govern­ed by their own will, in which the essence of all freedom consists. Indeed, it is generally allowed at the present day, by men of the first character, that the choice of the people is the only source of power; and that republican government looks best on paper, but that it is not sufficiently energetic and decisive to an­swer the necessities of the state. There has been, it must be confessed, too much reason for the above observation. Very popular governments have sometimes been found too weak to prevent tumults, insur­rections and factions. A wise people, therefore, in the organization and estab­lishment of a constitution, will take all possible care to guard against such a defect. [Page 16] But how shall this be done? Shall they recur to the long since exploded doctrine of the divine right of rulers; and labor to possess the body of the people with an opinion that damnation will be the inevita­ble consequence of opposing tyrants? Shall they give up the claim of election, and assert that magistrates are sent immediately from heaven, and govern independently of them? This would be speaking wickedly for God. There is no necessity of recur­ring to any such paltry expedients. To give energy to governments erected with our own hands, nothing more is necessary than a union of all the most enlightened and virtuous people in support of them. And if our elections are made in wisdom, if we choose out able men, who fear God and hate covetousness, then among such a people, obedience will be chearful and prompt. All laws bind by consent. The majority can, and does always govern. It is their consent and concurrence; their coun­tenance and support that give energy and power; and in order to obtain this, no­thing more is necessary, than to have the whole government administered for the public good. This makes it the interest of the people in general to obey. Individuals [Page 17] having a different interest may be disposed to resist and even to call others into their vortex; but their feeble efforts may be easily overcome by the contrary exertions of the more numerous, the more virtuous and more rational part of their fellow citizens.

Republican governments are said not only to be destitute of energy, but to be slow and unperforming. This defect may be removed by allowing such prerogatives to a single person as are necessary to the vigor and dispatch of public measures. However, in large assemblies, where there is a diversity of interests and opinions, matters of importance will never be speedi­ly discussed. This is an inconvenience to which we must submit, and it is the price we pay for our liberties. It ought to be remembred there is safety, tho' there is expence in these slow and tedious discussi­ons; and if we allow it a defect, we cer­tainly can find no form of government, but what is chargeable with as great or greater.

In all free states the people have a right, not only to say who shall be their rulers, but also by what tenure they shall hold their offices, and the steps by which they shall arrive at them.

[Page 18] In order to avoid the feuds and factions that the election of a chief magistrate would occasion in some large nations, the constitution provides, that certain families should rule by hereditary right. Though this establishment avoids some, it is expo­sed perhaps to greater inconveniences. By means hereof, they may oftentimes have for their first ruler, tho' not a com­pleat idiot, yet perhaps one separated therefrom, only by a thin partition. Further, when children are born heirs apparent to some high and important sta­tion in government, their education is commonly such, as to fill them with ideas of superiority, unfriendly to the rights of mankind. To govern well, with justice, clemency and mercy, we ought to be acquainted with human nature in the lowest walks of life.

In elective kingdoms, the election for the most part, is either for life or for a considerable number of years. The bet­ter way is to chuse our rulers frequently. The term ought to be known and ascer­tained; at the expiration of which we may omit them if we please. This is true if they conduct ever so well; and there is great reason for it, if they have been [Page 19] guilty of mal-administration. But tho' frequent elections may be proper, yet it must be highly imprudent, frequently to change those who are qualified for their trust and disposed to do the duties of it. This observation is true of any officer, but more especially of those who are high in command. There may be reasons for electing the chief magistrate annually; but if a new person is yearly chosen, it will lessen the influence of authority, weaken the sinews of government, crumble the peo­ple into parties, and establish habits incon­sistent with that spirit of submission which is highly necessary to the good of society. A monopoly of office should never be per­mitted; a rotation indeed excludes it; and changes at proper intervals, excite people to a laudable application to business and books, that they may become qualified for posts of eminence and distinction. But on the contrary, if the man who holds the first place in the government, knows that he shall enjoy it but a short space, let his deportment be ever so unexcep­tionable, he will hardly be warm in his office, get but a miserable acquaintance with his duty, acquire no facility in the performance of it, and lose a grand stimu­lus to excel. Unless therefore we were [Page 20] born governors, legislators, &c. it must be wise in a people to elect their principal officers for a succession of years, provided they answer the end of their elevation. In this way, we shall secure to our­selves more of the beneficial influences of government, than it is possible for us in the contrary practice.

As the choice of the people is the only rational source of power, so it makes obe­dience the most rational act. Slaves fear the rod, but freemen are kept in the line of duty by more ingenuous principles. That society who will not be governed but by brutal force, is unworthy any de­gree of freedom, and will not long enjoy it. If we will not govern ourselves, we must be ruled by those over whom we have no controul.

The nation of America is remote from such a calamitous event. The whole series of our conduct, the unexampled patience with which we have waded thro' a sea of trouble, in order to gain the pre­sent separate and independent station among the nations of the earth; the blood we have chearfully spilt in this unhappy con­test, and the present determined spirit of [Page 21] by far the greater part of the community, will not admit the most distant thought of ever returning to a foreign jurisdiction, thro' want of alacrity in obedience to those whom we have by our free, unbias­sed suffrages constituted our rulers. But it is not to every kind of injunction they will readily submit. Several things are necessary to procure chearful obedience to laws, besides their being enacted by men in our own election. Particularly, first, they should be agreeable to the genius of the people, and the spirit of the constituti­on. The constitution contains the funda­mental principles of the state in which we live. It is the civil compact, and points out the manner in which we chuse to be governed, the privileges of the people, and the prerogatives of the governing body. These powers are ceded to others, not for the sake of aggrandizing any class of men; not for the purpose of keeping up a vain distinction among those who by nature are equal; not that some may riot in plenty, whilst others are indigent and distressed; but only that they may use them for the pub­lic good. As the rivers empty their wa­ters into the sea, that common receptacle, in order to receive them again, that their sources may not be dried up, that they may [Page 22] wash their banks, spread over and fertilize the adjacent plains; so the people delegate a part of their inherent power to those whom they constitute their rulers, that it may be used in defence of their properties, their remaining liberties and their lives.—For this purpose some are cloathed with those extensive powers, which by the con­stitution reside in the first magistrate of the Commonwealth.—He is the "mirror of the people's majesty, and the right hand of their power." If he were more limit­ed in his prerogatives, he would be incapa­citated to answer the exigencies of the state, and be only an empty pageant, an image of tinsel, or of gold, unworthy the confi­dence of the people.—The same may be said of the emoluments of his office.—poverty and power are incompatible. The poor man's authority as well as wisdom is despised. Wealth gives influence. A splendid exterior does much towards com­manding respect. Such is the nature of mankind, that with huge reluctance they obey those, on whom fortune does not smile.—Besides, his stipend is granted, partly, in order to support the dignity of the Commonwealth. He is the represen­tative of the people's wealth as well as power. To him foreigners of distinction [Page 23] resort, by him they are accommodated in a manner suited to their condition, and in him they view the ability of the state, [...] in him all their scattered rays of opulence are reduced to one common focal point. Further, it ought to be observed, that he who bears the burden, should reap the benefit. Rulers of exalted station have a painful service. A great weight lays upon them; they bear the cumbrance of all the people. It is therefore certainly reasona­ble, that they who exhaust their strength, and spend their wakeful hours in the service of the public, should reap in some mea­sure, the fruit of their toil and vigilance. At the same time no worthy magistrate would chuse to become opulent from the profits of his office, especially at a time of general distress. Good Nehemiah was so far from this, that when his countrymen were poor and afflicted, he would not so much as eat the bread of the governor—In conquered countries where governors have been sent they have frequently rob­bed the people of their dear earned wealth, and returned to the land which gave them birth, after a few years absence, with their coffers filled with the issues of oppression. Witness some of the pro-consuls of Rome. But with us, where our governors are at [Page 24] our own election, who are natives of the country, there is no fear of this. The probability rather is, that they will spend their own inheritance, in order to keep up the dignity of the government.

The legislative body is superior in pow­er to the executive. They hold the reins of government in their hands; but as in this, and all free countries, they constitute a numerous assembly, it is not to be expect­ed▪ that at the public expence, each individu­al should be supported in affluence. They ought however, certainly to be supported. Many of their High Mightinesses, the members of the States General, make no great personal appearance; the splendor of majesty resides in the Stadtholder. But tho' the individuals who compose this body, may not all of them be personally very respectable, yet as a part of one great whole, they are, when acting constituti­onally, an assembly with whom resides a power, which no separate parties may resist. But if this assembly stretch their prerogatives beyond constitutional bounds, they may lawfully be opposed. Power is extremely apt to dilate, or spread itself abroad. Hence there is need of vigilan­cy on the side of the people. They who [Page 25] guard the golden alter of liberty, should be possessed of eagle eyes. This sacred de­positum cannot be watched with too great attention. But then there is a wide dif­ference between reasonable care and ca­pricious jealousy. Allowances are ever to be made for the involuntary failings of rulers, but none for their designed faults. There are, and ever will be, in all free states, a number of restless spirits, who under the specious clock of liberty, are perpetually raising a clamour against those in authority. We need no such prompters. A gross infraction of the constitution, and oppressive measures, will be immediately perceived by an intelligent people. Public incendiaries are baneful. To be called into combinations, under the notion of supporting liberty, is always a dangerous measure, and ought never to be complied with, except in some extreme cases. A government within a government is a monster in politicks. It is attended with the most unhappy consequences. The best organized constitution in the world, may be subverted by the frequent meetings of such demagogues. Of combinations there can be no need, where our rulers are so im­mediately under our controul, where they are elected once a year, and where every [Page 26] corporate body may meet as often as they please, to give instructions to those whom they have deputed from their number. But tho' such proceedings as I have now menti­oned are justly to be dispised; yet a ready obedience is not to be expected to resolves and edicts that generally appear to sensible people to be unwise and hurtful. It concerns rulers therefore to keep within the boun­daries established by common consent. A departure therefrom will bring their measures into contempt. In this case they may "resolve and resolve and dye the same." What signified the mandatory letters of Philip the second, to the people of the United States, when the design of them was to deprive that people of the unalienable rights of men and christians? Equally unavailing were the laws of the British parliament, at the beginning of these times, when their manifest purpose was to despoil us of our chartered rights, and bring us into a state of bondage. Such acts are as little regarded as the bulls and thunders of the Vatican; at this enlighten­ed period of christianity.

Further, in order to have the word, or laws of rulers come with power, it is ne­cessary to make frequent appeals to their [Page 27] constituents, and inform them of the ne­cessity of their measures. This among an intelligent people has a weighty tenden­cy to procure respect, and a ready obedi­ence. Indeed this cannot always be done with safety. There is a maxim often mentioned of late, that there should be no mysteries in government. If this be un­derstood of the theoretick principles, it is just; but if of the administation thereof, it is not always true. The necessities of the state sometimes require great secrecy. The most important expedition or negocia­tion might otherwise fail. But where se­crecy is not essential, there the authority ought to make known the accessity of their measures. As rulers should be just, so they should remember that they rule over men, who are intelligent beings, and who are commonly governed by reason. To set before them, therefore, the necessity of their proceedings especially when they are burdensome, as is always the case in time of war, is the directest way to have a cheerful compliance. If taxes are heavy, and people know not to what uses they are applied; if they are left to vain conjec­tures, and finally conclude that they are swallowed up in a manner not beneficial to the public, no wonder there is a reluctance [Page 28] in paying them. Frequent settlements with those who are intrusted with public monies, and a proper account of the expenditure of them, laid before the community, will silence all murmerings among a people▪ where reason is more prevalent than passi­on, and where every noble principle is not under the controul of avarice.

Again, if rulers would speak with power, they must speak in the language of justice. All their laws, resolves and taxes must be agreeable to the eternal rules of right. To do impartial justice to all; to preside with an even hand, and carry the balance in equilibrio, is certainly their indispensible duty. There is oftentimes a jealousy be­tween the different parts of a nation or com­monwealth; a struggle and competition be­tween the landed and mercantile interest. It is the business of rulers to lay all such jealou­sies asleep, and by their public determinations demonstrate that they are not so friends to the one or the other party, but that they are greater friends to truth and equity. The same rule is to be observed in the proportion of taxes, that are laid upon the different states in the continental confederacy. This should not only be invariably maintained, but reasonable evidence of it communicated [Page 29] to the constituents. Nothing gives life and spirit to any corporate body; nothing induces them to submit to burdens with greater alacrity than to find they are ne­cessary and levied in equal proportions.

Further, those measures that are evident­ly calculated to promote the welfare and prosperity of the republick, are ever atten­ded with energy and power. Govern­ment was instituted for the happiness of the community at large. Rulers are mini­sters to the people; they should be mini­sters of God for good, and where they are evidently so, there is but little danger of their commands being resisted. If the people oppose such power, thus benevo­lently exercised, it is an evidence they have fallen into a most distempered state, and are nigh unto cursing.

Again, in this view much depends on the conduct of the executive power. In the administration of justice and execution of the laws, much firmness, impartiality and mercy are requisite. The supreme ruler of heaven and earth has required this. He will not allow one rule of administration for the poor man, and another for the rich. He says to the Judges, take heed [Page 30] what you do; for you judge not for man but for the Lord who is with you in the judg­ment: Wherefore let the fear of the Lord be upon you; for there is no iniquity with the Lord, nor respect of persons, nor taking of gifts. 2 Chro. 19. 6. 7. As on the one hand, they should not take bribes and favour the rich; so on the other, an idle compassion should not lead them to be­friend the poor, and indulge them in mea­sures iniquitous, to the exclusion of a wor­thy part of the community from their just demands. The obstructing the course of commutative justice even in a small degree, tho' it may be done under the notion of mercy, is, however, a very pernicious precedent, and in the issue will be found to be extremely detrimental. It discoura­ges the most industrious part of the com­munity, and puts it out of their power to support the burdens of government, on whose shoulders they principally fall. If any thing further can be done to prevent litigation, and the exhorbitant expences of suits instituted for the recovery of proper­ty, it certainly demands the attention of those in power.

The Judges of the supreme judicial court have deserved well of the public in these [Page 31] distracted times. With an even hand with a resolute courage, and with a proper mixture of compassion have they distribu­ted justice in their circuitous course; and much to them are we indebted for that peace and order which have been conspicu­ous at a time when the sinews of govern­ment have been much relaxed.

Lastly, if those in authority would have their word come with power, they must themselves be an example to others. To lay heavy burdens grievous to be borne, which they will not so much as touch with one of their fingers, is what a rational people will not suffer in those that preside over them. Hence we see the reason why the mea­sures of Britain with regard to this country were so very disgusting. Living at ease, and rioting in luxury, they wanted assist­ance to support them in this course. In this state they cast a wishful look upon America: From us they proposed to draw a revenue sufficient to uphold their prodi­gality, and enable them to live in splendor and pleasure. Her Parliaments according­ly assumed a right of taxation, and of ma­king laws to bind us in all cases whatever. Feeling none of the burden, and under the influence of the most rapacious desires, [Page 32] they would soon have brought us into the most unhappy situation, and imposed bur­dens upon us, which neither our fathers nor we were able to bear. But now that our rulers feel themselves a proportionable part of the burden, what rational body of men can with propriety complain? Are taxes at any time heavy, and do we under the bur­den begin to entertain hard thoughts? It is enough to repress the rising emotion, when we remember, that the same per­sons who lay them, bear an equal propor­tion of the whole, and are taxed according to their estates. As self interest has so predominant a sway among all orders of men, it cannot be thought, without doing violence to nature, that such taxes are laid with ill design. Imposts and duties of the same denomination with those formerly laid upon us by Britain, which were then objected against, may be reasonable now, as the objection was not against the duties themselves, but the appropriation of the monies thence arising, and the authority by which they were imposed.

As it is the business of those in power to see justice done between man and man, and to keep the law open for that purpose, so example loudly calls upon them, as a [Page 33] public body, to do justice both to indivi­duals and to other states. In short, I mean, it is of high importance that public credit be maintained; as a failure of it is attended with a thousand difficulties.

The matter of example is to be extend­ed still further. Rulers should not only be exemplary in matters that relate to the duties of their particular station; but in all the virtues of life, they should go before us in a shining example, if they would have their measures properly respected. Those who live at the upper end of the world are greatly observed. Their man­ners are contagious. They do as much to support order by their behaviour as by their laws, nay more. As every government makes laws to punish offenders, propor­tioned to the nature and degree of their crimes, so they ought to adopt a code of regulations which tend to prevent the commission of evil. This is the most essential and benevolent part of govern­ment. Now, laws of this kind can never be better enforced than by the examples of men in authority. The examples of men in places of eminence and distinction, have such an influence on their constitu­ents, that the matter may be aptly illustra­ted [Page 34] by Ezekiel's vision of the living crea­tures and the wheels; when the living creatures went▪ the wheels went by them; and when the living creatures were lift up from the earth the wheels were lift up. When these went, those went; and when these stood, those stood; for the spirit of the living creatures was in the wheels.

Thus I have mentioned some of the principal things that have a tendency to give weight and influence to the public measures of authority. After all, it is not to be supposed, that every one will be con­tented. A few dark designing knaves, a busy plotting crew love to make distracted times. But this is certain, where a govern­ment is constituted and administred in the manner above mentioned, the body of the people; a goodly majority will always be in favour of it. For what should make them oppose it? Do they think it unne­cessary? Let them try; let them live without government if they can? A few enthusiasts in former, and at the present times, thought it a useless and burdensome institution. But they are grossly mista­ken. Indeed, were all men righteous there would be no need of human laws. The law was not made for the righteous [Page 35] man. But as there are multitudes who fear not God, and are not much influen­ced by future considerations; hence the restraints of human laws are necessary to keep the world in order. Without these, murder, adultery, rapine. and every evil work, would frequently happen. In vain would it be for individuals to have distinct interests, were they not preserved in the enjoyment of them, by the combined power of the whole. Dreadful must be the state of the world, when every man does what is right in his own eyes; when there is no king in Israel and when every person gives an unbounded licence to a spirit of avarice, revenge and lust. What scenes of misery would hence ensue▪ Altho' a state of nature may have some attendant advantages; yet the inconveni­ences of it are a thousand times greater—It is a state of war. The passions of mankind being left to an uncontrouled range, would multiply numerous specta­cles of distress. Implacable revenge. under the impulse of keen resentment, would hunt the real or supposed offender, and in order to meet him stretch the length of a spa­cious continent, traverse prominent moun­tains, wade through eternal snows, pene­trate almost inaccessible woods, and when [Page 36] it overtakes him, inflict a punishment great­ly superior to the nature of his crime. But why do I multiply words in so plain a case. Without government societies cannot live in any security.

Again, as this is necessary to the public order and happiness, so it is an appointment of heaven, the ordination of God, who is a God of order and not of confusion. By him kings reign and princes decree justice. The powers that be are ordained of God; therefore let every soul be subject to the higher powers. Whoso resisteth the pow­er, resisteth the ordinance of God, and they that resist shall receive to themselves dam­nation: For rulers are not a terror to good works, but to the evil. Wilt thou then not be afraid of the power? do that which is good, and thou shalt have praise of the same; for he is the minister of God to thee for good; but if thou do that which is evil be afraid; for he beareth not the sword in vain; for he is the minister of God, a revenger to execute wrath upon him that doth evil; wherefore ye must needs be subject, not only for wrath, but also for conscience sake. For this cause pay ye tribute also; for they are God's mini­ster's attending continually on this very [Page 37] thing.—These are the words of St. Paul. And in perfect harmony therewith, says St. Peter; submit yourselves to every ordi­nance of man for the Lord's sake, whether it be to the king as supreme, or unto gover­nors as unto them that are sent by him, for the punishment of evil doers, and for the praise of them that do well. From these passages it appears, not only that government is an ordinance of heaven, but also that obedience to it is a duty enjoin­ed under the highest penalty. Upon the whole, therefore I may be allowed to conclude that those rulers who are intro­duced into office by the choice of the people, and are upright and faithful in their stations, ought to be regarded as much as the Dictator, when he marched thro' the streets of Rome, preceeded by Lictors, bearing axes and rods.

We cannot resist such government with­out subverting the order, and interrupting the happiness of society. Oppugnation to it is opposition to the Deity himself; it exposes to many troubles here, and to damnation in the future world. Rebel­lion against such authority is as the sin of witchcraft, and stubbornness as the iniquity of idolatry.

[Page 38] I shall say a few things concerning the application of this power, and have done.

It should be put forth to make the peo­ple industrious. Industry is the life of all states. It is this that supports the world. When any are idle there must be a deficiency somewhere. The Chinese have a maxim that the earth produces no more than is sufficient to maintain ve­ry industrious persons. Perhaps it is from a conviction of the truth of this observa­tion, that the Emperor of China goes forth once a year, in solemn pomp, and sowes a quantity of seed with his own hand, in the view of numerous spectators. This industry is a matter of importance at all times, but more especially so, at the pre­sent day, when demands are great for the various product's of the earth. The best rulers have heretofore been called from the plow. Cincinnatus was twice taken from thence, and made dictator. Tho' we do not desire to have all our rulers in this way employed, yet we could wish to have them industrious in their proper stations, and thereby set an example of diligence to others, who should be far­ther excited thereto by premiums, and [Page 39] other methods within the limits of the magistrate's power.

Frugality is another important object of the rulers attention. This, both as it re­lates to dress and food is a matter of moment. Millions since the present war commenced might have been saved in this way. Sump­tuary laws have often times been made; why they should be improper now it is dif­ficult to say? At least the regulation of licenced houses and a discouragement to the too copious consumption of spirituous liquors, is a matter on which the welfare of society much depends.

The promotion of learning demands the attention of the civil authority. It is never expected that all should be philosophers. The state of the world, the necessities of mankind demand different improvement of their time and talents. All, however, ought to be taught the rudiments of sci­ence. Schools should be maintained, at the public expence, for this purpose; otherwise, in a few years, we shall not know the nature or the value of that liberty, for which we are now so justly contending. An ignorant people will never long live under a free government. [Page 40] They will soon become slaves, or run into anarchy. This, therefore teaches the infinite necessity of diffusing intelli­gence among the body of the people. Several valuable literary institutions have lately been founded by government; and the establishment adds a brilliancy to their character. These societies are still in their infancy. Much is wanting to their perfections; to make them the glory and ornament of the land. When by a series of observation and experiment, by diving into the arcana of nature, and investigating the occult qualities of things, they shall have made considerable accessions to the heep of science, then their benign influence will be felt. Speculative knowledge may please the possessor, but that which is practical is only beneficial to mankind. What can be more so than the science and art of medicine. Health is one of the noblest blessings. To have for the con­servators of it, men of genius, penetration and study, who understand the human constitution, the connections, dependence and subservience of the particular parts of it, the diseases to which it is obnox­ious, and the most effectual means of cure, how happy the attainment? The Medical Society, if properly incouraged, [Page 41] will in a few years, give us a plenty of enlightened Physicians, before whom all empiricks, all pretenders to nostrums and catholicons will hide their diminished heads.—Our University, which has for a long time supplied both state and church with men of eminence and renown, now stands with uplifted hands imploring the aid of government. Let not our academies, erected by patriotick persons, cast our alma mater into obscurity, or in any degree su­persede its utility. May not the former, tho' noble foundations, acquire such credit in the view of the authority as to put them on a par with that society which was early instituted, which is richly furnished with a library, and an apparatus in natural phi­losophy, and at the head of which there are men of eminent abilities.

Again; religion and morality among the people, are an object of the magistrate's attention. As to religion, they have no farther call to interpose than is necessary to give a general encouragement to it. Matters of conscience are to be left to God and our own souls. Modes and forms of religion; sentiments concerning doctrines, &c. people should be indulged in, without molestation. If coertion would bring man­kind [Page 42] kind to a uniformity of sentiment, no ad­vantage would result therefrom. It is on the contrary best to have different sects and denominations live in the same societies. They are a mutual check and spy upon each other, and become more attentive to their principles and practice. Hence it has been observed that where Papists and Protest­ants live intermingled together, it serves to meliorate them both. The same may be observed of any other sects. It is how­ever greatly to be lamented that there is not a more catholick and comprehen­sive spirit among different denominations of christians. Bigotry and censoriousness sour the temper and interrupt the hap­piness of society. The diffusion of light lessens this unhappy temper; and among people of knowledge, though of different communions, a harmonious intercourse commonly takes place. With madmen and enthusiasts there can be no agreement, except among people as distracted as them­selves. But even such, where they put on a religious guise, and do not interrupt the peace of society, are not to be disturbed by the civil arm. Render to Caesar the things that are Caesar's, and to God the things that are God's. To their own mas­ter they stand or fall. But that part of [Page 43] religion which has an immediate aspect on the good of the community falls under the cognizance of the ruler. Every thing that tends to promote the fear of God, and reverence for an oath, to advance the inte­rests of virtue and morality in the world, should be encouraged and enjoined by those in power; for where there is not the fear of God and reverence for an oath, it will be extremely difficult to keep the world in order. The young should not only be in­structed at schools in matters of science, but also in the principles of morality; and they together with the adult should attend those places where they may hear the sacred obligations of religion pointed out and inculcated. To compel them to attend any particular society in preference to any, or all others, would be an infringe­ment on the rights of conscience. But to oblige them to attend somewhere, is what the authority have an undoubted right to, and it is moreover a most benevolent ex­ercise of power: for should publick in­structions in religion and morality be laid aside, profaneness, barbarism, and every evil work, would become triumphant. Righteousness exalteth a nation; it gives dignity, strength and firmness to every body politick. Whilst the Romans reve­renced [Page 44] the Gods, and were nice in their notions of honour, truth and temperance, they conquered the neighbouring nations, spread themselves far and wide, and were possessed of all worldly felicity. But when they lost their virtue, they were weakned by feuds and factions; they were straightned and brought low; tyrants ruled over them; till at length, being greatly enervated by voluptuousness and effemi­nacy, they were overran and totally sub­dued by the hardy sons of the North. Sin is a reproach or debasement to any people. It is especially detrimental to free states. Statesmen may plan and speculate for liberty, but it is religion and morality alone which can establish the principles upon which freedom can securely stand. The only foundation of a free constitution is pure virtue; and if this cannot be in­spired into the people at large, in a greater measure than we have reason to think they possess it now, they may change their rulers and the forms of their government, but they will not obtain a lasting liberty; they will only exchange tyrants and ty­rannies. So fully was Lycurgus, the Spartan king, persuaded of this truth, that he took particular care of the youth, and had them educated in a manner suited to the genius of their government.

[Page 45] Lastly; The power of rulers is to be exerted in the management of the great affairs of war. We have reason to be thankful that wars do not always rage; yet so frequent are they, that they should be studied as a science, and prosecuted by the rules of art. Britain, a haughty and high-spirited nation, have been at war near half their time for some centuries past. It is lamentable to think what de­solations they have made in the earth. What judgment is there greater than this? How are the civil establishments of former times subverted by war, and con­fusion introduced into the world? The blood of our citizens is spilt; the bands which tye together the dearest connexions are frequently in the most painful manner dissolved; the pensive widow and the prattling babe being deprived of those on whom, under God, was their main de­pendence. What benevolent heart can contemplate the ravages of war without pain? There are none but the fierce and savage who can delight in scenes of car­nage. But, though the horrors of war are great; yet, when we come to con­trast them with slavery, we find the dark­ness of the night-piece immediately lessens! Where slavery reigns, nothing good or [Page 46] great can possibly take place. Look into despotick governments, and you find no ebullitions of genius, no strokes of the sublime; but on the contrary, poverty of spirit; a depressed temper marks the cha­racter of the enslaved nation. "What a high value ought we then to set upon liberty, since without it, nothing great, or suitable to the dignity of human nature can possibly be produced? Slavery is the setter of the tongue, the chain of the mind as well as the body.—Reason and Freedom are our own, and given to continue so. We are to use, but cannot resign them, without rebel­ling against him who gave them. The in­vaders of either ought to be resisted by the united force of all men, since they encroach on the privileges we receive from God, and traverse the designs of infinite goodness." Where, therefore, there is no other alternative but war or slavery, there should be no kind of hesitancy. Being in this situation, we were compelled, more than seven years ago, to take up the sword and make our solemn appeal to Heaven, who has remarkably owned our cause and succeeded our military en­terprizes. So wonderful were the inter­positions of God's providence, in many instances, in our favour, that we may, [Page 47] without presumption, adopt the words of the Psalmist and say, the Lord of hosts is with us, the God of Jacob our refuge. How did the Almighty ride on the heavens for our help, and in his excellency on the skies, in the capture of two famous generals, with their powerful forces.^* Such events rarely take place, and are to be ascribed to the Lord of hosts, the God of armies. They are the Lord's doings, and are mar­vellous in our eyes.

If slavery still clanks her iron chains, we must resolutely persevere in a mea­sure which has been hitherto so very successful. To arms, America, to arms! Let the former experience you have had of God's gracious assistance, induce you to put your trust in him for the future, and say with the Apostle, he that hath delivered, and doth deliver, will still deliver. But hark! Rumours of accom­modation are circulating through the air. Great-Britain, it is said, holds out the olive-branch, and makes overtures of peace. If the terms are not insidious; if our independency can be secured; and treaties formerly made with our illustrious Ally, the King of France, kept sacred, then it must be the wish of every good man in [Page 48] America to have the horrors of war speedily closed by such a peace. But of this our rulers in Congress must be the judges in the dernier resort. With them it lays to make peace or prolong the war; and in them we should confide. But, in order to a rational confidence in them, they should be men of wisdom, penetra­tion, knowledge of mankind, their arts and intrigues; men of known probity, who are above the influence of venality and corruption; men of steadiness and courage; incapable of being either terrified or flattered into measures dishonourable, or incompatible with the publick weal. Of such men, there is a plenty, even at these times. It is the duty of the electors to give their suffrages for them, and to act with caution in the choice of all our officers. A neglect in this regard, will be the source of the most formidable evils. The direction of Moses is, to chuse out able men, men of truth, who fear God and hate covetousness, and constitute such to be rulers. Now, if instead of regarding this direction, people are inattentive to the qualifications of those men whom they chuse into office; if they will suffer them­selves to be influenced in this matter by private piques, or favour, by party views, [Page 49] or sinister motives; or, if they should become generally indifferent about the election, and not attend assemblies called for that purpose then our pleasing pros­pects from our republican governments will "vanish like the baseless fabrick of a vision."

It is a matter of great importance to have wise men at helm at all times, but more especially so in times of difficul­ty and danger. Abler pilots are wanted in a storm, when the waves run high, and the wind is boisterous, than in a calm when the sea is smooth and placid. Now is a tempestuous time, and with difficulty is the political ship kept from rocks and quicksands, from shipwreck or foundering. How necessary then is it for the people at large to have at the helm, men who may with propriety be called Gods, for the superior qualifications of their minds and hearts? If we are favoured with such, we should treat them with peculiar reverence and honor. This honoring rulers, implies that we esteem them highly for their office and works sake. I know of no men more deserving of esteem and honor than good magistrates. He that has a suitable idea of the necessity of civil government, can [Page 50] not easily prevail upon himself to reproach, defame, malign those in power; because such conduct tends to weaken their hands. To honor government, and treat with con­tempt the governors, is impossible, accor­ding to the apprehensions of mankind in general. We testify our respect to the office, by our respectful treatment of the officer. As speaking evil of dignities has a powerful tendency to weaken their hands and lessen their power to do good; hence God has forbidden us to speak evil of them; and those who despise government, and are not afraid to speak evil of dignities, are ranked amongst those presumptuous and self-willed persons who are reserved to the judgment of the great day. From a con­viction of the truth of the above observa­tions, all virtuous considerate persons will bear their testimony against those discon­tented men who are continually raising a cry against those in power, and in this way keeping society in confusion. On the contrary they will endeavour in all pro­per ways to strengthen their hands and en­courage their hearts, that their united exer­tions may come with power; and that under their wise and equitable rule, we may lead peaceable and quiet lives in all god­liness [...] honesty.

[Page 51] Such has been the wisdom of our elec­tions in time past, that we may place a rational confidence in (I would charitably hope) all; but certainly in those who have been some time in station, and possess some of the most important places in go­vernment. We have had experience of their firmness, fidelity, love of liberty, patri­otism, uniformity of conduct, and talents for command. His Excellency, the third time chosen the first magistrate of the Com­monwealth, will excuse me in saying, that the suffrages of his countrymen are an attestation to his merit, greatly surpassing the encomiums of an individual; and that his love of mankind, his generous soul, large as the sands on the sea shore, his princely munificence, his voluntary sacri­fice of ease and fortune, for the sake of placing his country beyond the reach of despotism, have set his virtues so on high, that the tongue of malevolence and slander has not been able to throw them into the shade.—May God take his Excellency, his Honor, the Council, and both branches of the Legislature under his protection and guidance, bless them and make them bles­sings to the people. My honored Sirs, you have taken the lead at a time of great distress, when burdens are heavy, when [Page 52] jealousies are strong, when clamours are rise; and when it requires the wisdom and prudence of Angels to avoid the cen­sures of petulant and licentious tongues. It is yours faithfully to discharge the du­ties of your trust. In doing these you will have the approbation of your own minds, and, I dare say, the concurrence, the good wishes and support of by far the greater part of the community.

The late measures of the British Parlia­ment and king, will embarrass your pro­ceedings and make your path of duty more difficult than it was before. The total change of the ministry, and the introduction of those who were heretofore deemed our friends, will probably bring on a negotia­tion delicate in its nature and difficult in its settlement, for those before whom it properly comes.

Some seem to be confident we shall have a speedy peace; but what honorable and lasting peace can we expect when the lux­ury and pride, the profaneness and debau­chery, the dissipation and intemperance of the people are so great? To pave the way for so desirable a blessing, rulers and people should exert themselves to bring about a re­formation. [Page 53] No wonder the times are pe­rilous. when men are lovers of themselves, covetous, proud, blasphemers, false accusers, incontinent, dispisers of those that are good, lovers of pleasure more than lovers of God; When we discern a different spirit, we may rationally hope for better times. Then will our peace be as a river, when our righteousness is as the waves of the sea. Much may be done by you, civil fathers, towards bringing the people to an outward reformation. The enacting and carrying into execution wholesome laws, tending to the better observation of the sabbath; requiring persons under suitable penalties to attend, where they may hear their duty, and be reminded of the awful consequences of neglecting it; where a future world may be brought into view, and the moral character of the Deity, as governor of the universe, is unfolded, will tend much to this. Laws of this kind properly executed, would very soon put a new face upon things; especially if at the same time suita­ble care was taken to regulate some other matters of internal police. I am sensible I speak the sentiments of very many, when I assert, that serious people long to see a system of preventive jurisprudence better established, more attended to, and more [Page 54] generally carried into execution. This would make government easy, prevent a multitude of crimes, conciliate reverence to the persons of those that are in com­mand, recreate the hearts of the pious, and contribute to the peace and pleasure of society.—Whilst people are fighting against the burdens of despotic rule, some of the blessings of free government should be tasted by them, least they become dis­couraged, and ready to say, the former times were better than these. And tho' the war will take up much of the attention of our civil rulers, yet we hope they will find leisure to prosecute measures for bet­tering the morals of the people. As this may be in part effected by proclamation. By law, and advancing none to places of trust, but men of virtue; so perhaps more effectually by the shining examples of those in power. If you will tread the paths of piety, probity, truth and honor, multitudes will follow you with a resolute and perse­vering pace, through the whole steep ascent of duty.

You have, it must be confessed, a diffi­cult station, a laborious task. Some per­haps may seek the place thro' a love of power or lust of domination. But the [Page 55] better instructed know that there is no good in power, but the power of doing good. You have great opportunities for this. Your influence is large. If it be properly directed, you are Gods to the world, his vicegerants on earth. As you have this title given to you by the great Jehovah himself, so it becomes you to imitate him in his perfections of justice and righteousness, of wisdom and truth, of patience and compassion, and especially, of benevolence and diffusive goodness.—How extensive a blessing is a good magis­trate? He is a father to the poor, and the cause which be knows not, be searches out. He breaks the jaws of the wicked, and plucks the spoil out of his mouth. He delivers the poor that cries, and the father­less and him that hath none to help him. He is eyes to the blind and feet to the lame. The blessing of him that is ready to perish comes upon him; and he causes the widows heart to sing for joy. He puts on righte­ousness, and it cloaths him; his judgment is as a robe and diadem. Such an one is as the light of the morning, when the sun riseht, even a morning without clouds, as the tender grass springing out of the earth, by clear shining after rain. This should not only reconcile those in power to the [Page 56] arduous and multiplied labours of their places, but also animate them to the faithful discharge thereof. This will embalm their memory, and procure them juster praise than ever was be­stowed on Alexander or Caesar. Good magistrates are excited to fidelity by other and nobler consulerations than those of going off the stage with the applause of their fellow men. They labour to approve themselves to the heart searching, and om­niscient Jehovah. They know that though they are called God's, yet they must die like other men, and appear before the bar of Christ, to answer for the improvement of their time and talents. Keeping this solemn event in view, they endeavour to approve themselves to their divine master, that so when they are called to account, they may receive this blessed euge from his lips, well done good and faithful servants, enter ye into the joy of your Lord.—If you, my honored Sirs, act under the impression and influence of this solemn thought, I am persuaded the elections of this day, and all the transactions of the ensuing year, will be such as to meet the approbation of the wise and virtuous, and bid defiance to the im­potent attacks of disappointed ambition, or the unhallowed clamors of the licentious.

[Page 57] Finally, may the people at large see the importance of supporting government, and the necessity of carrying on the war with vigor. We are now in sight of the promised land. How humiliating would it be to have our independence, just brought to the birth, sail for want of strength to be delivered? To encourage us to persevere, let us anticipate the rising glory of America. Behold her seas whitened with commerce; her capitals filled with inhabitants, and resounding with the din of industry. See her rising to independence and glory. Contemplate the respectable figure that she will one day make among the nations of the earth; behold her venerable for wis­dom, for counsel and for might; flourish­ing in science▪ in agriculture and navigation, and in all the arts of peace. Figure to yourselves that this your native country will are long become the permanent seat of [...], the retreat of philosophers, the asylum of the oppressed, the umpire of contending nations, and, we would hope, the glory of Christ, by a strict at­tachment to his gospel, and divine institu­tions. What though the present genera­tion may not live to see the completion and fulfilment of these grand events? If [Page 58] we have laid the foundation of them, and can die in expectation that our children will taste the happy fruits of our toil, it will give to benevolent parents the most heartfelt joy; and children possessing the effects of their fathers sacrifice, will rise up and call them blessed—But if there be any on whom these noble considera­tions will make no impression, I would beg leave just to turn their attention to those scenes of distress and carnage, which will certainly take place, provided we fail in our present enterprize, and are brought, by artifice or power, to submit to the dominion of the British king. May the United States of America therefore bow down their shoulders to bear all the future burdens that may be devolved upon them, in the progression of this tedious and ex­pensive conflict. A few more campaigns will determine the event of the present struggle, and doubtless land us on the rock of independence, security and peace. Expence is not to be regarded in a contest of such magnitude. What can possibly be a compensation for our liberties? It is better to be free among the dead, than slaves among the living. The ghosts of our friends, slain in war; the spirits of our [Page 59] illustrious ancestors, long since gone to rest, who transmitted our fair inheritance to us; a regard to children still unborn, all call upon us to make greater exertions; and will rise up in judgment against us, if, through cowardice, we desert the noble cause, in which, for many years past, we have been engaged. From these consi­derations, therefore, let us persevere till we have obtained the completion of our wishes, and have placed our country be­yond the reach of over-bearing foes.—But let us remember that we are engaged in a higher warfare; and that, if we over­come our spiritual enemies, we shall, at last, be put in possession of that kingdom where perpetual peace will reign and liberty, the most exalted and refined, shall be obtained. Be thou faithful unto death, and I will give thee a crown of life.

AMEN.