IN Times of publick Danger, every Man has a Right to offer his Advice; there are some Men who think it their Duty to do it, although on common Occasions they may be naturally too diffident of their own Opinions, or too indolent, to give themselves the Trouble to obtrude them on the World. If such Men happen to mistake their Talents, not from Vanity but from an Excess of Zeal, and meddle officiously with Matters above their Reach, they may be forgiven on the Score of their Intention: Even a modest Man is apt to over-rate his own Judgment where his Affections and Interests are deeply concerned.

MY Zeal therefore in the common Cause must serve for my Excuse, if in the Course of this Letter I should give my Opinion more confidently than I ought to do, and seem to think myself, which is a very common Case, much wiser than I am.

YOU are soon to meet on the most serious Occasion that ever presented itself to this Country since its Existence.

THE Harmony which subsisted, with little or no Interruption, between Great-Britain and her Colonies, from their very Infancy until of late, is in Danger of being destroyed for ever. The Habits of Kindness and Affection, on one Side, and of Respect and Obedience, on the [Page 4] other, (which prevailed during so long a Period, were in the highest Degree conducive to the Prosperity of this Country in particular, and are still necessary to its Security and Happiness) are changed into Murmurings, Discontents, and Reproaches; and will soon end, without some very extraordinary Interposition, in mutual and implacable Hatred. Complaints of Grie­vances, real or imaginary, are heard from one End of these Colonies to the other; the Minds of the People appear to be agitated as at some great Crisis; they wish, by a publick Consul­tation, to be assured of the general Opinion, by a Representation of every Province, to collect the calm, deliberate Determination of all the Provinces, to establish some publick Mark of mutual Confidence, that they may hold it up to the Parent Country, in all its Weight and Importance. For this Purpose, Gentlemen, you are delegated to the Congress. An absolute, perfect Representation of the People, never ex­isted perhaps, but in Theory. You, it is true, have not been summoned, or convened, by any formal constitutional Authority, or invested with any legislative Powers: But you have been cho­sen as freely as the Circumstances of the Times would admit; with less Cabal and Intrigue than is usually employed for a Seat in many of our legal provincial Assemblies, and without even the Suspicion of Venality, which is but too frequently and too generally practised among us for that Purpose. Your Persons, Characters, and Principles, are familiarly known to your [Page 5] Constituents; you have been recommended by the most Honourable of all Interests, the ge­neral Opinion of your Knowledge, Abilities and Virtues. We look up to you as the Oracles of our Country; your Opinions will have the Effect of Laws, on the Minds of the People, and your Resolves may decide the Fate of A­merica. All Orders of Men, who enjoy the Happiness of living under a free Government, may boldly assume the Character of Politicians; they inherit a Right to it as much as the proudest Peer inherits a Right to his Seat in Parliament, however ridiculous the Propor­tion may appear to the Conceit and Arrogance of Men who think themselves born to domi­neer over their fellow Creatures at Pleasure. High Birth and Fortune, when they are not a­bused, confer the solid and splendid Advantages of Education and Accomplishments, extensive Influence, and incitement to Glory; but they give no exclusive Title to Common Sense, Wisdom, or Integrity. The lowest Orders of Men in such a Country, have an unalienable Property in their Industry, their Liberty, and their Lives, and may be allowed to set some Va­lue at least on the only Property they can boast of: These may be all endanger'd, or lost, by the Conduct of their Governors, they have there­fore a Right, as Freemen, to examine their Con­duct, to censure, to condemn it; without this Right the freest Government on Earth would soon degenerate into the rankest Tyranny. The great Out-lines, the fundamental Principles of [Page 6] out Constitution, are within the Reach of al­most every Man's Capacity; they require little more than Leisure to study them, Memory to retain them, and Candour to form a true Judg­ment of them; unhappily for the Order and Peace of Society, this inestimable Privilege is but too often abused. Men in general are go­vern'd more by their Temper than their Judg­ment; they have little Leisure and still less In­clination, to inform themselves exactly of the necessary constitutional Powers of the supreme Magistrate, or of their own legal Rights; they have been often told that Liberty is a very great Blessing; they talk incessantly of it, they find something inchanting in the very Sound of the Word; ask them the Meaning of it, they think you design to affront them; push them to a Definition, they give you at once a Descrip­tion of the State of Nature. Their Ideas of the Nature, Origin and Conditions of civil Society in general, are just as confus'd and inaccurate; they take their political as they do their religious Opinions (upon Trust) from the Nursery, the Company they fall into, or the Professions and Scenes in which they are accidentally en­gaged. They find the Movement of the Passions a more easy and agreeable Exercise than the Drudgery of sober and dispassionate Enquiry. Hand Bills, News Papers, party Pamphlets, are the shallow and turbid Sources from whence they derive their Notions of Go­vernment; these they pronounce as confidently and dogmatically, as if a political Problem [Page 7] was to be solved as clearly as a Mathematical one; and as if a bold Assertion amounted to a Demonstration.

AMBITION and Lust of Power above the Laws, are such predominant Passions in the Breasts of most Men, even of Men who escape the Infection of other Vices, that Liberty, legal Liberty, would be in continual Danger of En­croachments, if it were not guarded by perpe­tual Jealousy. Crafty designing Knaves, tur­bulent Demagogues, Quacks in Politics, and Impostors in Patriotism, have in all free Go­vernments, and in all Ages, avail'd themselves of this necessary Spirit of Jealousy; and by broaching Doctrines unknown to the Constitu­tion, under the Name of constitutional Princi­ples, by bold Assertions, partial Representa­tions, false Colourings, wrested Constructions, and tragical Declamations, have frequently imposed on the Credulity of the well-meaning deluded Multitude. Thus the most honourable Cause that wise and good Men can engage in, the Cause of Liberty, has been often disgraced; Nations once as free and as happy as ourselves, have been frighten'd into Anarchy, plung'd into all the Horrors of a civil War, and ended their miserable Career in the most humiliating and abject Slavery, until the sacred Name of Liberty has become a Word of Scorn and Mockery in the Mouths of Tyrants, and their abandoned Minions and Emissaries.

SUCH are the Calamities which have fre­quently arisen from an ardent mistaken Zeal, [Page 8] and from the false Refinements of speculative Men, who amuse themsleves and the World, with visionary Ideas of Perfection, which never were, nor ever will be found, either in publick or in private Life. You, Gentlemen, cannot even be suspected of being under the Influence of such Delusions; there are many among you who are eminently learned, not only in the Laws of the Land, but in the Laws of Nature and Nations, in the general Laws of Reason and Jus­tice, who know their Authority and revere them, not as they have been sometimes explained on the narrow illiberal Principles of party Spirit, but as they have been understood, and acknow­ledg'd by the Wise of all Ages, and have served for the Basis of the most perfect Systems of Legislation. These are the only Rules by which all political Opinions ought to be tried and examin'd, by which an honest Man and a good Citizen, can form a true Judgment of the Duty he owes to his King and his Country.

IT would have been happy for the World on many melancholy Occasions, that the revealed Will of God, which ought to be the sole Rule of every Man's Conduct, the only transcendent Authority from which there lies no Appeal, had never received but one general Interpreta­tion with Regard to the reciprocal Duties of the Sovereign and the People; but even that sacred and eternal Standard of Right and Wrong, in private Life has been alternately perverted and profan'd in the political World, by the indiscreet Zeal and wild Passions of [Page 9] mad Enthusiasts, or salvish Bigots, has been equally abused, to serve the Purposes of a Charles or a Cromwell, of a Gregory, or a Venner, to throw a Veil over the Horrors of Anarchy, and Rebellion, or to sanctify the ridiculous and damnable Doctrines of Non-resistance, and Pas­sive-Obedience, on a proper Application of the general Doctrines, and Principles, I have mention'd, to the peculiar and local Circum­stances of this Country; your Proceedings, and Resolves, ought to depend, by a competent Knowledge of the Character of the Times, when the Colony Charters were granted; of the Kings, by whom they were granted; of the People, to whom they were granted; of the Purposes for which they were ask'd and ob­tained; of the Tenor and Spirit of the Charters themselves, how they were understood, and con­strued by our Ancestors; by a Knowledge in short of the History of our Country, we may discover the general Constitution of the Colo­nies, and be able to judge whether the present Discontents are founded on Truth or Ignorance.

BY a due and candid Examination of this very interesting Subject, it may perhaps appear, that the Character of the Times, when most of the Charters were originally granted, bore very lit­tle Resemblance to the present Times; that the inestimable Privileges of a modern Englishman, might indeed be found in some Degree, in the Letter of the Law, but had never been en­joyed, were generally very imperfectly under­stood, and rarely claimed by our Ancestors; [Page 10] that even these legal constitutional Privileges were encumbered with a Thousand legal Cus­toms, which they patiently submitted to, altho' they would exceed the Patience of a modern Frenchman; that they felt and discover'd infi­nitely more Zeal, for their religious, than for their civil Liberty, and would have been con­tented with half the Privileges their Posterity enjoy, for an Act of Toleration. It will appear, that the Kings, by whom the Charters were granted, were not despotick Kings, that they constitutionally possess'd the executive, not the supreme legislative Power, of which they only made a Part; that in all Questions of Magni­tude, they were under the Control of the other parts of the legislative Power. That our An­cestors, were Subjects of the Kings of England, not as the Inhabitants of Guyenne formerly were, or as those of the Electorate of Hanover are now, but Subjects of an English Parlia­mentary King; Englishmen in the fullest Sense of the Word, with the same Habits and Man­ners, speaking the same Language, govern'd by the same Maxims, Customs and Laws, with scarce any Distinction, but the Latitude and Longitude of their new Residence.

THAT if their Charters were granted with­out the Concurrence of Parliaments, it was not because a Parliament had no Right to interfere, but because they did not in those Days appear of Importance enough to be agitated in the great Council of the Nation.

[Page 11] THAT altho' by their Charters, our Ances­tors were empowered to make By-Laws for their own local Convenience, they were never­theless expressly and formally restrain'd from making Laws repugnant to the Laws of En­gland; and were universally understood, both there, and here, to owe in Common with all Englishmen, an Obedience to the Laws, from which no King could release them, because no King could dispense with the Laws. That from this parliamentary Authority, they never wish'd until of late, to be emancipated, but would rather have fled to it for Protection, from the arbitrary Encroachments of a James, or a Charles, armed with the Usurpations, and Abuses, of privy Seals, Benevolences, Procla­mations, Star Chambers and High Commission Courts, and from the Enormities of the two succeeding Reigns; that such were the Prac­tices of the Times, when our early Charters bear their Dates, that if they were not granted by parliamentary Kings, they were granted by Tyrants, and we shall gain nothing by recur­ring to first Principles.

THAT no political Society can subsist, unless there be an absolute supreme Power lodg'd somewhere in the Society, has been universally held as an uncontrolable Maxim in Theory, by all Writers on Government, from Aristotle down to Sidney and Lock, and has been as universally adopted in Practice, from the Despo­tism of Morocco, to the Republic of St. Mari­no; as long as Government subsists, Subjects [Page 12] owe an implicit Obedience to the Laws of the supreme Power, from which there can be no Appeal but to Heaven. We for some Years past have been multiplying ineffectual Re­selves, Petitions, and Remonstrances, and advancing Claims of Rights, &c. Our Petitions have at last been neglected, or rejected, or censured; the Principles on which we found our Claims, have been formally denied. To what, or to whom, shall we have Recourse? Shall we appeal to the King of Massachusetts Bay, to the King of Connecticut, to the King of Rhode Island, against the King of Great Britain, to rescind the Acts of the Parliament of Great Britain, to dispense with the Laws, to which as a necessary and efficient Part of that Body, he has so recently given his Assent? Ridiculous as these Questions may appear, I am afraid they are but too much of a Piece with Doctrines which have been lately broached, inculcated every where, and almost every where receiv'd. The Colonies are constitutionally in­dependant of each other: They formally ac­knowledge themselves loyal, and dutiful Sub­jects of his Majesty GEORGE the Third. But severally claim an Exemption from the Autho­rity of the British Parliament. A Doctrine so repugnant to the Ideas of all our Fellow-Sub­jects in Great Britain, can I trust, have no Place in your Assembly. The Business you have to tranfact, is too serious to be trifled with; the Confidence reposed in you, too sacred to be sacrificed to idle Sophistry and visionary Dis­tinctions; the Fate of America, may depend [Page 13] on your Resolves; they should be founded on Principles that are plain, and intelligible, that are marked with the Authority of universal Opinions and Truths.

THE supreme Power of the British Parlia­ment over her Colonies, was ever till very lately, as universally acknowledg'd, by ourselves, as by our Fellow-Subjects in England. It usurps no Claim to infallibility in its Opinions, but gives the Subject of legal Right of petitioning, remonstrating, of proposing Plans of Refor­mation, and Redress. Nevertheless, tho' it pretends not to Infallibility, like all other Go­vernments, it requires an implicit Obedience to its Laws, and has a Right to enforce it. A Tribe of Savages, unrestrained by Laws, human or divine, may live in some Harmony, and endure for Ages, because in the State of Nature, there are at the most but two or three Subjects, to contend about, and the Individuals are recipro­cally over-awed by the natural Rights of private Revenge. But in civil Soceity, composed as in commonly is, of such an infinite Number of heterogeneous and discordant Principles and Interests, in Trade, in Politics, and Religion, where Subjects of Contention present themselves by Thousands every Hour; no Constitution can subsist a Moment, without a constant Resig­nation of private Judgment, to the Judgment of the Publick.

WHAT Part then, Gentlemen, have you left you to act, but to propose, with the Modesty of Subjects, some practicable Plan of Accom­modation, [Page 14] and to obey? Shall the Time of so respectable an Assembly be squandered, in ad­vancing Claims of Right, that have been urged, and rejected a thousand Times; that have been heard, considered, solemnly debated, and de­cided by the only Power on Earth, who has a Right to decide them? Shall the Opinions and Desires of a small Part of the Community, prevail against the Opinions, and Desires of the Majority of the Community? What new Species of Eloquence can be invented to per­suade? What new Logick to convince the Understandings of our Fellow-Subjects? Shall the British Senate be governed by the pernici­ous Maxims of a Polish Diet, and the Veto of a single Member, or of a few Members, how­ever distinguished by extraordinary Wisdom, and Virtue, obstruct or suspend, or annul the Legislation of a great Nation?

THOSE wise and virtuous Citizens themselves hold such Doctrines in Derision. While a Ques­tion is in Agitation, they debate with Freedom, but they claim no blind Submission to their Opinions, no Authority, but the Authority of their Arguments. They arrogate not to them­selves, a Monopoly of all the Wisdom, and all the Virtue in the Nation. When the Question is decided, they submit their private speculative Opinions, to the Opinion of the Majority, to the Law of the Land. They revere the Law, and make it the Rule of their Conduct.

You therefore, Gentlemen, the Delegates of a very numerous, and respectable People, will [Page 15] surely think it below the Dignity of your Cha­racter, to assemble with the Passions and Lan­guage of a common Town Meeting, to sit in Judgment, like some foreign Imperial Power on the Decrees of a British Legislature; to arraign the Conduct of Administration, in the lofty emphatick Tone of a Manifesto. Can such Pro­ceedings answer any Purpose, but the dan­gerous Purposes of exasperating and provoking the Indignation and Vengeance of the Orders and Degrees of Men in the parent Country? Of alienating the Affections of the People here, seducing them from their Allegiance, inflaming their Passions, and exciting them to popular Tumults, and Insurrections? The Order and Tranquillity of Government frequently de­pends more upon the Manners and Morals of the People, than upon their Laws and Institu­tions. For the Honour of our native Country, there are I believe, few Instances on Record, of any People under a free Government, who have passed thro' the same Length of Period, with so few civil Commotions, tho' the Powers of Government have never been vigilantly ex­erted, nor the Laws held in any extraordinary Veneration. But the Manners and Morals of our Countrymen, are undebauched and inno­cent, compared with those of the Inhabitants of older Countries, where the Instruments of Corruption, and the Incitements of Vices and Crimes are more general. The Danger is never­theless the same, or greater. There are no Peo­ple on Earth more secure from the humilitaing [Page 16] Effects of Poverty, more superiour to the Smiles, or Frowns of Power, more unawed by the Distictions of Birth and Fortune, more confident, or tenacious of their own Opinions, or more on a level with all the World in their Conversation and Behaviour. The Passions of such Men, agitated by false Principles, and mis­taken Zeal, are more dangerous to the Repose of the World, than the Frenzy of the most dissolute, and abandon'd Slaves. You will surely beware how you inflame the Minds of such ho­nest deluded Citizens, or the Time may come, perhaps it is not very distant, that you will wish, when it will be too late, to calm the Storm you have raised, and will tremble every Moment, lest it burst on your own Heads.

UPON the Subject of a Non-Importation and Non-Exportation Agreement, I am at a Loss what to say, it has been so often and so warmly recommended, as a specific Remedy for all our Complaints, has received the Sanction of such General Authority, that I am afraid it will look like an affront to the Understandings of my Fellow Citizens, an Apostacy from my native Country to insinuate the least Doubt of its Efficacy. Yet let me most earnestly conjure you, by the common Love we bear to that Country, by the Gratitude we owe to the parent Country, by the important Trust reposed in you, as you value your present and future Peace, and the Interests and Happiness of your Posterity, Beware how you adopt that Measure, how you engage in that strange conflict of Sullenness and [Page 17] Obstinacy, till you have given it the most calm and serious Deliberation.

THE efficacy of the Measure, admitting it to be a practicable one, depends, I presume, upon the Importance of our Commerce with Great-Britain; it is possible that People in general here, may have been much deceived, in this Matter, by partial and exaggerated Calculations, made under particular Circumstances, during particualr. Periods, to serve the Pruposes of Party. It would be difficult, if not impossible to ascertain the exact Value of it. But if we may trust to the Authority of Men of Eminence, who have treated this Subject, as Politicians at large, unbiassed by partial, local, or temporary Views, Men who have traced it through the Books of Custom-Houses, Merchants, Brokers, Manufacturers, &c. the best Sources of Infor­mation; if we can depend on the Opinions of the most intelligent Merchants of our own Country; if we can believe our own Eyes, every Man of common Observation, and Reflec­tion, must be assured, that the amount of British Manufactures imported into this Country, is very inconsiderable, compared with the Opi­nions about it, that are so industriously circulated thro' all the Colonies, and so generally received. Let us examine by the same Rule, the amount of the Inland, and Coasting Trade, of Great-Britain, and her Foreign Trade, with all the Nations on Earth; it will appear infinitely greater, than our Countrymen in general (accus­tomed from the Vanity natural to all Mankind [Page 18] to consider the little Scenes, and Transactions immediately under their Eyes, as Objects of the greatest Magnitude) can form any adequate Idea of. The Resources of her Trade are infinite, the Combinations of it, too various and complicated, the Revolutions of it, too sudden and frequent, to be easily explained, or understood. But we may judge of it, by the Result, and Effect of the whole, whenever the astonishing Power of the Nation is called forth into Exertion. Can we seriously believe, that this Wealth, and Power, is derived almost entirely, from her North-Ame­rican Colonies? Can we, (who by our own Confessions do not yet enjoy even all the Neces­saries of Life) can we resonably hope, to starve into Compliance, so great, and so powerful a Nation? Shall we punish ourselves, like froward Children, who refuse to eat, when they are Hungry, that they may vex their indulgent Mothers? Or like desperate Gamesters, stake at one throw, our small, but competent, and happy Fortunes, against the successive Stakes, the accummulated Wealth of Ages? We may teize the Mother Country, we cannot ruin her. Let us beware how we engage in such an unequal Contest, lest while we are giving her a slight Wound, we receive a Mortal one.

IF notwithstanding, we are confident, that the Measure of a Non-Importation, and Non-Exportation Agreement, bids fair to be a successful one; it certainly behoves us as Men, and as Christians to be sure, that it is a just Measure. A Combination to Ruin, or to obstruct [Page 19] the Trade of a fellow Citizen, who happens to differ from us, in his religious, or political Opini­ons, adopted in Passion, prosecuted by the Intrigues of a Cabal, by Innuendoes, Insinua­tions. Threatnings, and publicly signed, by large Numbers of leading Men, would I presume, be a manifest Violation, of the Laws, of God and Man, and would on Conviction, be severely punished in every Court of Justice in the Universe. In what Colours then will appear, the Combi­nations of a large, and respectable Body of Subjects, against the supreme Power of the Community? Adopted from the same Motives, prosecuted by the same Arts, and publickly signed, in the Face of the whole World? Happily for us, by the generous, and noble Spirit, of the British Constitution, our own Constitution, the Crime of Treason, which in almost every other Country, is vague, and un­defined, often in the Breast of a venal, and corrupt Judge, and made not to warn, but to ensnare the People, is exactly and circumstan­tially, ascertained and defined.

SHALL we abuse the Generosity, and Benefi­cence of Laws, made for our Protection? Shall we skulk, behind the Letter of the Law, while we wage War, against the Spirit of it. Because our Ancestors had foreseen the Pos­sibility, of the Subjects levying Arms, a­gainst the State in Passion, and Despair, but knew no Instance on Record, of their having meditated, in cold Blood, its Destruction, and had therefore made no regular Provision against [Page 20] an Enormity, which they presumed, could never happen.

IT is, I believe, sufficiently notorious, that there are great Numbers, of our Countrymen, from one End of this Continent, to the other, who are averse from this Measure, some of them from Opinion, others from Interest, and many from down-right Necessity.

FOR the Sake of common Humanity, Gen­tlemen, disdain to co-operate, with Hand Bills, with News Papers, with the high menacing Resolves of common Town Meetings; do not conspire with them, to reduce, under the Pains, and Penalties of Disgrace, and Infamy, Thou­sands of your Fellow Citizens, to the cruel Alternative, of involving themselves, their Wives, and Children, in Indigence, and Wretch­edness; or of being publicly branded, and pointed out by the frantic Multitude, as Apos­tates, and Traitors to their Country.

LET us, in the Name of common Sense and Decency, be consistent. Shall we Proteus like, perpetually change our Ground, assume every Moment, some new and strange Shape, to defend, to evade? Shall we establish Distinctions, be­tween internal, and external Taxation one Year, and laugh at them the next? Shall we confound Duties, with Taxes, and Regulations of Trade with Revenue Laws? Shall we rave against the Preamble of the Law, while we are ready to ad­mit the enacting Part of it? Shall we refuse to obey the Tea Act, not as an oppressive Act, but as a dangerous, a sole Precedent of Taxation, when every Post-Day shews us a Precedent, which [Page 21] our Fore-Fathers submitted to, and which we still submit to, without murmuring? Shall we move Heaven, and Earth, against a triflng Duty, on a Luxury, unknown to nine Tenths of the Globe, unknown to our Ancestors! Dispised by half the Nations of Europe! Which no Authority, no Necessity compels us to use? There are Thousands of honest industrious Fa­milies, who have no Resources, but in the Consequences of Exportation, and Importation. Shall we levy a Tax. upon these innocent Citizens, a Tax unheard of, disproportionate, a Tax, never suggested by the most inhuman Tyrant? A Tax, to the Amount of their daily Bread? Reflect one Moment, on the Terms, in which the Resolves of every Town Meeting, on this Continent, speak of the Boston Port Bill? Altho' it is little more, than a temporary Sus­pension, of the Trade, of that City, until Resti­tution, which God, and Man calls aloud for, be made. And altho' the Ports, at a very small Distance from Boston, and every other Port on the Continent, is as free as ever, shall we multiply these Calamities, ten Thousand Fold? For such Calamities, must be the inevitable Consequences, of a Non-Importation, and Non-Exportation Agreement. You ought therefore to be confident, that it will prove effectual be­fore you adopt it. Can any Man seriously be­have this, who is tolerably acquainted with the History, and present State, of these Colonies? Who has visited our principal Cities and Towns, and has observ'd by what Means they have risen to their Wealth, and Importance; how [Page 22] they daily increase, and how their Inhabitants subsist? The horrid Punishments, inflicted by despotic Princes, are commonly of little avail, against a contraband Trade, where any trifling extraordinary Profit, is an irresistable Temptation. What can we expect from a loose Agreement, where the sole Subsistence of Thousands is at Stake? In all trading Nations, where there are Duties, or Prohibitions, there are Smugglers, there ever were, and ever will be, until we find some Nation, where every Individual, is a Pa­triot, or a Saint.

SUCH an Agreement will have the Defect and Impotence, of Laws, framed on monkish Ideas of Purity, against the indelible Feelings and Passions of Humanity. Can you hope, by Promises, by extorted Promises, to restrain Men from carrying on a clandestine Trade with Great Britain? Who Trade every Day, with our inverate Enemies, in Defiance of all Law, and who grow Rich by the Spoils of the fair Trader? Will it not rather happen, as it has happen'd already, that Province will smuggle against Province, Citizen, against Citizen, till we are weary, and ashamed of being the Dupes, of each other, and become the Laughing Stock of the whole World?

LET us no longer deceive ourselves, with the vain Hopes, of a speedy Repeal of the Tea Act, because we triumphed in the Repeal of the Stamp Act; the Acts themsevles, are totally different in their Principles, and their Operation, the Occasion, by no means Similar. [Page 23] We have advanced from one extravagant Claim to another, made such sudden Turnings, and Windings, taken such wild, and rapid Flights, that the boldest of our Followers, can follow us no longer; our most zealous Advocates, are ashamed to plead a Cause, which all Men, but ourselves, condemn. Can we any longer doubt that our Friends, on the other Side of the At­lantic, as well as our Enemies, altho' they may differ in the Mode, of exercising the Authority of Parliament over us, are almost universally agreed in the Principle? Are we not convinced from a thousand Testimonies, that the Clamour a­gainst us, is universal, and loud? Is this, Gen­tlemen, a Season to frighten the Parent Coun­try, into a Repeal? No Man of Spirit in pri­vate Life, even on the slightest Quarrel, will submit to be bullied, and expos'd to the Scorn and Derision, of the little Circle he lives in. Can we seriously hope, that a great Nation, a proud Nation, will be insulted, and degraded, with Impunity, by her Colonies, in the Face of every rival Kingdom in Europe? Let us then, Gentlemen, relinquish for ever, a Project fraught with Absurdity, and Ruin. Let your Constituents hope, that the Occasion of such an important Assembly, will not be wantonly squander'd, in opprobrious Reproaches, in bid­ding Defiance to the Mother Country, but in digesting and proposing some new Plan of Ac­commodation, worthy her Notice and Accep­tance. Disputes are generally vain, and endless, where there are no Arbitrators to award, no [Page 24] Judges to decree, where Arguments, suspected to be drawn from Interest, and Passion, are ad­dressed t o Interest, and Passion, they produce no Conviction. We may ring eternal Changes, upon Taxation, and Representation, upon actual, vir­tual, and Non-representation. We may end as we began, and disagree eternally; but there is one Proposition, a self evident Proposition, to which all the World give their Assent, and from which we cannot withold ours; that whatever Taxation, and Representation may be, Taxa­tion, and Government, are inseparable. On the Subject of Taxation, the Authority of Mr. Lock, is generally quoted by our Advocates, as paramount to all other Authority whatever. His Treatise on Government, as far as his Ideas are practicable, with the corrupt Materials of all Governments, is undoubtedly, a most beauti­ful Theory, the noblest Assertion of the unali­enable Rights of Mankind. Let us respect it as the Opinions of a wise, and virtuous Philoso­pher, and Patriot, but let us likewise, as good Subjects, revere the Laws of the Land, the collected Wisdom of Ages, and make them the sole Rule of our political Conduct. Let not Mr. Lock be quoted partially, by those who have read him, to mislead Thousands who never read him. When he is brought as an Authority, that no Subject can be justly taxed without his own Consent; why don't they add his own Explanation of that Consent? ‘i.e. The Con­sent of the Majority, giving it either by them­selves, or their Representatives chosen by them.’ [Page 25] Do we compose the Majority of the British Community? Are we, or are we not of that Community? If we are of that Community, but are not represented, are we not in the same Situation with the numerous Body of Copy­holders, with the Inhabitants of many wealthy and populous Towns; in short, with a very great Number of our fellow Subjects, who have no Votes in Elections? Shall we affirm that these are all virtually represented, but deny that we are so; and at the same Time, be too proud to solicit a Representation? or under the trite and popular Pretences, of Venality and Corruption, laugh at it as impracticable? Shall we plunge at once into Anarchy, and reject all Accommodation with a Government, (by the Confession of the wisest Men in Europe, the freest and the noblest Government, on the Re­cords of History) because there are Imperfec­tions in it, as there are in all Things, and in all Men? Are we Confederates, or Allies, or Subjects of Great-Britain? In what Code of Laws, are we to search for Taxation, under the Title, and Condition, of Requisition, as we understand the Word? In what Theory of Government, ancient or modern? Is it to be found any where on Earth, but in modern Harangues, modern Pamphlets? And in these, only as temporary Expedients. The Supply of Government, must be constant, certain, and proportioned to the Protection it af­fords; the Moment one is precarious the other is so too; the Moment it fails, civil Society ex­pires. [Page 26] We boast much of our bountiful Com­pliance with the Requisitions made during the last War, and in many Instances with Rea­son; but let us remember and acknowledge, that there was even then, more than one rich Province, that refused to comply, altho' the War, was in the very Bowels, of the Country. Can Great-Britain then, depend upon her Re­quisitions, in some future War, a Thousand Leagues distant from North-America, in which, as we may have no immediate local Interest, we may look perhaps, with little Concern.

FROM the Infancy of our Colonies, to this very Hour, we have grown up and flourished under the Mildness, and Wisdom of her excel­lent Laws; our Trade, our Possessions, our Persons have been constantly defended against the whole World, by the Fame of her Power, or by the Exertion of it. We have been very lately, rescued by her, from Enemies, who threatned us with Slavery, and Destruction, at the Expence of much Blood, and Treasure, and established after a long War, (waged on our Accounts, at out most earnest Prayers) in a State of Security, of which there is scarce an Example in History. She is ever ready, to avenge the Cause, of the meanest Individual among us, with a Power res­pected by the whole World. Let us then, no longer disgrace ourselves, by illiberal, ungrateful Reproaches, by meanly ascribing, the most ge­nerous Conduct, to the most fordid Motives; we owe our Birth, our Progress, our Delivery to her; we still depend on her for Protection; we [Page 27] are surely able to bear some Part of the Ex­pence of it; let us be willing to bear it. Em­ploy then, Gentlemen, your united Zeal and Abilities, in substituting some adequate per­manent and effectual Supply (by some Mode of actual Representation) in the Place of un­certain, ineffectual Requisitions, or in devising some Means of reconciling Taxation, the in­dispensible Obligation of every Subject, with your Ideas of the peculiar and inestimable Rights of an Englishman.

THESE are Objects, worthy a Congress, Mea­sures, that will confer lasting Benefits on your Country, and immortal Honour on yourselves.

IF on the contrary, like Independent States, you arrogate to yourselves, the sole Right of judging and deciding in your own Cause; if you persist in denying the supreme Power of Parliament, which no Parliament will ever re­nounce, like Independnet States, we have no Appeal but to the God of Battles. Shall we dare lift up our Eyes to that God, the Source of Truth and Justice, and implore his Assistance in such a Cause? There are Causes, where, in Spight of the ridiculous Tenets of pious, de­luded Enthusiasts, or of the wicked and mon­strous Doctrines, of Slaves and Tyrants; the very Principles, the original Principles on which civil Society depends, require, where God and Nature call aloud for Resistance. Such Causes existed in the horrid Catalogue of Oppressions and Crimes, under a Philip the Second, a Katharine of Medicis, and in the List of [Page 28] Grievances, during one Period at least, of the Reign of the ill-educated, the ill-advised, the unhappy Charles; on such melancholly Occa­sions, Men of Sentiment, Spirit and Virtue, the only genuine Sons of Liberty, engage in the honourable Cause of Freedom, with God on their Side, and indignantly sacrifice every Advantage of Fortune, every Endearment of Life, and Life itself. Do such Causes exist now among us? Did they ever exist? Are they likely to exist?

OPEN if it be not too late, the Eyes of our infatuated Countrymen; teach them to compare their happy Situation, with the Wretchedness of Nine Tenths of the Globe; shew them the general-Diffusion of the Necessaries, the Conveniencies and Pleasures of Life, among all Orders of People here; the certain Rewards of Industry, the innumerable Avenues to Wealth, the native, unsubdued Freedom of their Man­ners, and Conversation; the Spirit of Equality, so flattering to all generous Minds, and so essential, to the Enjoyment of private Society, the entire Security of their Fortunes, Liberty, and Lives, the Equity, and Lenity, of their civil and criminal Justice, the Toleration of their religious Opinions, and Worship.

TEACH them to compare these invaluable Privileges and Enjoyments, with the abject and miserable State of Men debased by artificial Manners, lost to all generous and manly Senti­ment, alternately crouching and insulting, from the vain and humiliating Distinctions of Birth. [Page 29] Place and Precedence, trembling every Moment for their Liberty, their Property, their Con­sciences and their Lives; Millions toiling, not for themselves, but to pamper the Luxury, and not riot of a few worthless, domineering Indivi­duals, and pining in Indigence, and Wretched­ness: Save them from the Madness, of hazard­ing such inestimable Blessings, in the uncertain Events of a War, against all Odds, against In­vasions from Canada, Incursions of Savages, Revolt of Slaves, multiplied Fleets and Armies, a War which must begin where Wars commonly end, in the Ruin of our Trade, in the Sur­render of our Ports and Capitals, in the Misery of Thousands. Teach them in Mercy, to be­ware how they wantonly draw their Swords in Defence of political Problems, Distinctions, Refinements, about which the best and the wisest Men, the Friends, as well as the Enemies of America, differ in their Opinions, lest while we deny the Mother Country, every Mode, every Right of Taxation, we give her the Rights of Conquest.