A practial grammar, or, The easiest and shortest way to initiate young children in the Latin tongue by the help whereof, a child of seven years old may learn more of the grounds of that language in three months, than is ordinarily learn'd in one year's space by those of greater age, in common grammar schools / Published for the use of such as love not to be tedious. To which are added, tables of Mr. Walker's Particles by the assistance where of young scholars may be better enabled to peruse that excellent and most useful treatise by J. Philomath.

Author: Philomath, J.1682

A Practical Grammar, OR, The Easiest and Shortest WAY TO Initiate Young CHILDREN IN THE LATIN TONGƲE.

By the Help whereof, a Child of Seven Years old may learn more of the Grounds of that Language in Three Months than is ordinarily learnt in an Year's space by those of greater Age in Common Grammar Schools.

Published for the Ʋse of such as love not to be Tedious.

To which are Added TABLES of Mr. Walker's PARTICLES, by the Assistance whereof Young Scholars may be the better enabled to Peruse that Excellent and most useful Treatise.

By J. Philomath. Master of a Free-School.

LONDON: Printed by Henry Hills, for Thomas Cockerill, at the Three Leggs, over against the Stocks-Market. 1682.

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[Page]Kind Reader,

AFter various Essays, and several Methods, proposed to facilitate the Teaching and Learning of the Latin Tongue, this Little Piece adventures to present it self to thy View; not to challenge Preheminence of All that have gone before, but to submit it self to the impartial Scrutiny of thy Candid Judgment, which it the more boldly craves, as due to a Minor; being the Issue of some Years Observation, whereby (without Impeachment of any preceding Overtures in this kind) Experience hath sufficiently confirmed, That short Rules, and pat Examples, Instruct better and faster than long winded Notions and perplex'd intricate Sentences, too difficult to be comprehended by Children: for the Benefit of whom these ensuing Collections are principally intended. The Age we now live in expects a more early Product, and quicker Improvement of Youth than heretofore, not to say (tho' dearly experimented to the great Trouble and Dissatisfaction of many Teachers in this Kingdom) a laudable Advancement of such to a competent Knowledge in that Language, as our Predecessors deemed either altogether uncapable thereof, or, by reason of their tender years, unfit to be taken into their Tuition. And indeed it seems almost impossible, at least extremely difficult, to satisfie those craving Expectations by circuiting in the old obscure Rote of the Common Grammar, whose Compilers have freely expressed themselves, in their Introduction, so far from attributing a compleat Perfection or Self-sufficiency to that Model, that they declare it imposed, not with Intent to put a stop to the Industry of succeeding Generations, in tracing out a more exact Method, or accommodating the same to different Ages and Capacities, but to prevent the grand Inconveniencies of worse; there being then so much Distraction in the Multiplicity of Forms, that it occasioned great Confusion. Now as their sagacious Fore-sight suggested hopes of further Improvement of their Labours by Posterity, [Page] so we trust no unprejudiced person will charge this small Breviary of what was then delivered, with envious Suggillation or Pragmatic Novelty, since it seems only to design a Confirmation of their well-grounded Presages, That from those very Foundations a more Expedite Way would one day be found out to lay them. How far this Elementary And if this find Acceptance, a Greek Grammar may be produced much easier than any that hath been yet Extant. performs that Task, I conceive it not a proper undertaking to indeavour here to determin, since it is now become the Object of Common Censure, and may be approved or disliked, used or rejected at pleasure. Much less shall I go about to direct the Intelligent how it ought to be used, being so plain and easie, that every one that can read English, and understand Common Sense, may at first sight discern how to proceed, and by due Advertence Instruct himself and others. I shall only add, that if it hath gained the least Advantage to the Ends proposed, it must be acknowledged due to the afore-cited Preface, which gave the first occasion of farther search into these Particulars. The whole is left to thy Discretion to imbrace what thou thinkest useful, to Correct what thou findest amiss, and to Supply what thou apprehendest wanting, a service likely to prove no less beneficial to the tender and more indocile Infantry in Public Schools, than grateful to their Instructors, whose Obligations will bind them to return deserved Thanks for the Favor.

[Page 1]

A Practical Grammar.

PArts of Speech are Eight;

1. Four declined:
- Noun,
  - To all which belongs,
    - 1. Two Numbers,
      - Singular,
      - Plural.
    - 2. Three Persons.
  - Pronoun,
  - Verb,
  - Participle.
- 2. Four undeclined:
  - Adverb,
  - Conjunction,
  - Preposition,
  - Interjection.

Of the Two Numbers.
1. The Singular Number speaketh but of one.	a pen	a boy	an hare	an Ox	the World
	an hand	a bird	an hart	a man	the King
	a book	a nail	an hair	a chick	the Queen
2. The Plur. speaketh of more than one, & ends in s, & in some words in n, as	pens	boys	hares	oxen	worlds
	hands	birds	harts	men	Kings
	books	nails	hairs	chicken	Queens

There are Three Persons, both
Singular.	Plural.
1. I, Ego.	We, Nos.
2. Thou, Tu.	Ye, Vos.
3. All other Nouns, Pronouns and Participles are of the third Person, Singular or Plural, except ipse, idem, and qui, which are joined to all Persons.

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[...]

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[...]

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Moreover, There do belong to Nouns, Pronouns, and Participles,

1. Six Cases, the

Nominative,
Genitive,
Dative,
Accusative,
Vocative,
Ablative,

Known by these Signs,

a, an, the, before the Verb.
Of (usually) after a Noun.
To or for (the use of one) and before a Noun.
a, an, the, after the Verb.
O.
In, with, from, by, out of, and of after a Verb passive.

II. Three Genders, the

1. Masculine, Hic.
2. Feminine, Haec.
3. Neuter, Hoc.

Singulariter

Pluraliter

Nom.

Gen.

Dat.

Acc.

Abl.

Nom.

Gen.

Dat.

Acc.

Abl.

Masc.

Hic

Hunc

Hoc

Horum

Hos

Fem.

Haec

Hujus

Huic

Hanc

Hâc

Hae

Harum

His

Has

His

Neut.

Hoc

Haec

Horum

Haec

There be two sorts of Nouns which use to be joyned together in Speech:

1. Substantives, which have a Plural Number (ending commonly in s, sometimes in n,) and for the most part a, an, or the, before the Singular.
2. Adjectives, which have no Plural ending, nor (if alone) a, an or the before them: but may receive after them one of these words, Man, or Thing.

[Page 3]

There be Five Declensions known by the Ending of the Nominative Case, as in the following Examples:
	Singulariter	Pluraliter
			Nom. a an the	Gen. of	Dat. to for	Acc. a an the	Voc. O	Abl. from	Nom. a an the	Gen. of	Dat. to	Acc. a an the	Voc. O	Abl. from
1			a	ae	ae	am	a	â	ae	arum	is	as	ae	is
2			er ir us um	i	o	um	er ir e um	o	i	orum	is	os	i	is
3			a c e i l n o r s t x	is	i	em	a c e i l n o r s t x	e	es	um ium	ibus	es	es	ibus
4	us u	ûs	ui	um	us u	u	us	uum	ibus	us	us	ibus
5	es	eï	eï	em	es	e	es	ērum	ēbus	es	es	ēbus

1. Nouns of the first Declension end in a, and are of the Feminine Gender.		A Man, Vir.
A Pen, Penn.	a.	A Lord, Domin-	us.
A Bean, Fab-		A Finger, Digit-
A Rule, Norm-		A Ring, Annul-
A School, Schol-		The World, Mund-
A Woman, Faemin-		The Wind, Vent-
Fortune, Fortun-
Water, Aqu-		A Kingdom, Regn-	um.
Joy, Laetiti-		An Apple, Pom-
2. Nouns of the 2d Declension in er, ir and us are Masculines, in um Neuters.	A Word, Verb-
	Study, Studi-
	Loss, Damn-
A Book, Lib-	er.
A Field, Ag-
A Boy, Pu-
A Goat, Cap-

[Page 4]3. Nouns of the third Declension, if Substantives, are,
1. Masculines, which end in
an, anis. Titan, the Sun.
in, inis. Delphin, a Dolphin.
o, ōnis. Ligo, a Spade.
on,
- ōnis. Damon.
- ŏnis. Canon, a Rule.
er,
- ēris. Crater, a Cup.
- ĕris. Passer, a Sparrow.
ter, tris. Venter, a Belly.
ex,
- ēcis. Vervex, a Weather.
- ĕcis. Codex, a Book.
or,
- ōris. Viator, a Traveller.
- ŏris. Rhetor, a Rhetorician.
os,
- ōris. Honos, Honour.
- ōis, Heros, a Nobleman.
il, ĭlis. Mugil, a Mullet.
ul, ŭlis. Consul, a Consul.
ans, antis. Quadrans, a Farthing.
ens, entis. Tridens, a Mace.
unx, uncis. Septunx, seven Ounces.

2. Neuters ending in
a, atis. Poema, a Poem.
e, is. Rete, a Net.
i, is. Sinapi, Mustard.
al, alis. Capital, a Coif.
ar, āris. Calcar, a Spur.
en, ĭnis. Nomen, a Name.
ur,
- oris. Jecur, a Liver.
- uris. Guttur, a Throat.
us,
- oris. Pectus, a Breast.
- eris. Vulnus, a Wound.
ut, ĭtis. Caput, an Head.

3. Almost all others are Feminines, especially such as end in
as,
- ātis. Vanitas, Vanity.
- ădis. Lampas, a Lamp.
ax, ācis. Fornax, a Furnace.
es,
- is. Sedes, a Seat.
- ētis. Quies, Rest.
- ēdis. Merces, a Reward.
io, iōnis.
- Natio, a Nation.
- Lectio, a Reading.
ix, īcis
- Radix, a Root.
- Nutrix, a Nurse.
inx, ingis. Syrinx, a Flute.
anx, ancis. Lanx, a Platter.
do, dĭnis. Rubedo, Redness.
go, gĭnis. Imago, a Picture.
ux, ucis. Crux, a Cross.
is,
- inis, is Masc. as Sanguis, Blood.
- is. Fem. as Avis, a Bird.
4. Nouns of the fourth Declension in us are Masculines, in u Neutters: as,
A Step. Grad-
- us.
A Wave, Fluct-
An Army, Exercit-
An Uproar, Tumult-
Food, Vict-
Fruit, Fruct-
A Knee, Gen-
- u.
An Horn, Corn-

5. Nouns of the fifth Declension are all Feminines, except Meridies and Dies.
A Face, Faci-
- es.
A Kind, Speci-
A Thing, R-
Faith, Fid-
Hardness, Duriti-

So much of Substantives; next follows Declination of Adjectives, which are either of the first and second Declensions, as durus, or of the third alone, as tristis.

[Page 5]Dur╌us
Bon╌us
Tard╌us
Alo╌us
Crud╌us
Alt╌us
Pulch╌er
Pig╌er
Nig╌er
Integ╌er
Sat╌ur.

		Singulariter	Pluraliter
				Masc.	Fem.	Neut.	Masc.	Fem.	Neut.
Nom.	us er			a	um	i	ae	a
Gen.	i	ae	i	orum	arum	orum
Dat.	o	ae	o	is	is	is
Acc.	um	am	um	os	as	a
Voc.	e er	a	um	i	ae	a
Abl.	o	â	o	is	is	is

In like manner are declined all Participles in tus, sus, xus, rus and dus: [...], tuus, suus, noster, vester: Likewise totus, solus, unus, ullus, [...], alter, [...], neuter, nullus; saving that these Nine make the Ge [...]tive Singular in ius, and the Dative in i. x Meus makes mi in the Vocative Case, and [...]lius, aliud, in the Neuter Gender: x And the Six last lack the Vocative Case.

Trist╌is
Lev╌is
Util╌is
Mo [...]╌is
Auda╌x
Supple╌x
Feli╌x
Atro╌x
Am╌ans
Ing╌ens
Obedi╌ens
Dur╌ior
Lev╌ior
Pulchr╌ior
Nigr╌ior.

	Singulariter	Pluraliter
	Singulariter	Pluraliter	Masc. Fem	Neut.	Masc. Fem.	Neut.
Nom.	is x ans ens ior	e x ans ens ius	es	ia
Gen.	is		um ium
Dat.	i		ibus
Acc.	em	e x ans ens ius	es	ia
Voc.	is x ans ens ior	e x ans ens ius	es	ia Nostras, âtis. Vestras, âtis. Gujas, âtis.
Abl.	e i		ĭbus

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N. B. Such as end in x, ans and ens, are of all three Genders in the [...]ominative Case singular, and increase in the Genitive. These with Comaratives, make the Ablative singular both, in e and i. Others only in i, [...]nd increase not in the Genitive Case, (except Vetus.) Note also, That Comparatives in the Nominative, Accusative and the Vocative Plural, form the Neuter Gender in a, and the Genitive in um, the rest in i [...], ium.

There be three Degrees of Comparison, the		1. Positive.	2. Comparative.	3. Superlative.
Hard, Dur╌us.	Bold, Aud╌ax.	us ax	more, or er	most, or est
Light, Levis.	Lowly, Suppl╌ex.	is ex	-ior
Loving, Am╌ans.	Happy, Fel╌ix.	ans ix	-ius	issimus
Great, Ing╌ens.	Fierce, Fer╌ox.	ens ox
Fair, Pulch╌er.	Sick, Aeg╌er.	er	-ior	rimus
Black, Nig╌er.	Slow, Pig╌er.		-ius
Fiery, Igneus.	Watry, Aqueus.	eus
Godly, Pius.	Ungodly, Impius.	ius	magis	maxime
Stout, Strenuns.	High, Ardnus.	uus

Except from these Rules, these that follow:
Good,	better,	best,
Bonus,	melior,	optimus,
Bad,	worse,	worst,
Malus,	pejor,	pessimus,
Great,	greater,	greatest,
Magnus,	major,	maximus,
Little,	less,	least,
Parvus,	minor,	minimus,
Much,	more,	most,
Multus,		plurimus,
Multum,	plus,	plurimum,
Old,	elder,	eldest,
Vetus,	veterior,	veterrimus,
Senex;	senior,	maximus natu,
	worse,	worst of all,
	deterior,	deterrimus,
Long ago,	former,	first,
Pridem,	prior,	primus,
After,	later,	last,
Post,	posterior,	postremus,
Above,	higher,	highest.
Supra,	superior,	supremus.
		summus.
Below,	lower,	lowest.
Infra,	inferior,	infimus.
Within,	inward,	inmost.
Intra,	interior,	intimus.
Without,	more outward,	outmost.
Extra,	exterior,	extimus.
Extra,	exterior,	extremus.
on this side,	nigher hither,	nighest hither.
citra,	citerior,	citimus.
beyond,	farther off,	farthest.
ultra,	ulterior,	ultimus.
near to,	nearer,	nearest.
prope,	propior,	proximus.
naughty,	naughtier,	naughtiest.
nequam,	nequior,	nequissimus.
A great while,	longer,	very long.
diù,	diutiùs,	diutissime.
often,	oftener,	very often.
saepe,	saepius,	saepissime.
lite,		very lately.
nuper,		nuperrimè.
rich,	richer,	very rich.
dives,	ditior,	ditissimus.

Adjectives not Compared are,

Cicur, claudus, canus, calvus,
Degener, dispar, almus, salvus,
Egenus, memor, magnanimus, mirus,
Jejunus, crispus, unicus, delirus,
Canorus, balbus, ferus, vetulus,
Silvestris, mediocris, edentulus. Also,

1. Gentiles, Romanus, Graecus, &c.
2. Possessives, Fraternus, herilis, &c.
3. Numerals, Septimus, ternarius, &c.
4. Diminutives, Tenellus, tantillus, &c.
5. Materials, Aureus, aereus, lapideus, ligneus.
6. Temporals, Matutinus, hesternus, biennis.
7. Compounds of gere and fero, Salutifer, Corniger.

And Words ending in

[Page]1. [...]. Moribundus, cunct abundus.
2. imus. Bimus, trimus, maritimus.
3. ivus. Deliberativus.
4. plex. as Duplex, triplex.
5. ster. Campester, sylvester.

Pronouns are these:

1. Substantives,
1. In English, 2. In Latin,
I, me, we, us. Ego, nos.
Thou, thee, ye, you. Tu, vos.
He, she, it, him, her. Ille, iste, ipse.
They, them. Illi, isti, ipsi.
Self. Sui.
2. Adjectives.
- My, thy, or thine, his, their: Meus, tuus, suus.
- Our, your: Noster, vester.
- This, these, that, those: Hic, is.
- Which, whose, whom, what, who: Qui, quis.

Ego, tu, sui, ille, ipfe, iste, is, qui and quis, are thus declined:

N. Ego, I.
G. Mei, of me.
D. Mihi, to me.
A. Me, me.
V. Caret.
A. à me, from me.

Pluraliter

nos, we.
nastrâm,
- of us.
nostri,
nobis, to us.
nos, us.
à nobis, from us

Singulariter

tu, thou.
tui, of thee.
tibi, to thee.
te, thee.
O tu, O thou.
à te, from thee.

Pluraliter

vps, ye.
vestrûm,
- of you.
vestri,
vobis, to you.
vos, you.
O vos, O ye.
à vobis, from you

N. caret.
- himself, or themselves.
G. sui, of
D. sibi, to
A. se,
V.
A. à se, from

Singulariter

N. is, ea, id, that.
G. ejus.
D. ei.
A. eum, eam, id.
V.
A. eo, eà, eo.

Pluraliter

N. ii, eae, ea, those.
G. eorum, earum, eorum.
D. iis, veleis.
A. eos, eas, ea.
V.
A. iis, vel eis.

He, she, that.
N. iste, ista, istud.
G. istius, of.
D. isti, to.
A. istum, istam, istud.
V.
A. isto, istâ, isto, from.

Pluraliter

they, those.
N. isti, istae, ista.
G. istorum, istarum istorum.
D. istis.
A. istos, istas, ista.
V.
A. istis.

So are declined ille and ipse, saving that ipse maketh ipsum, not ipsud in the Neuter Gender.

[Page 9]N. qui, quae, quod.
G. cujus.
D. cui.
A. quem, quam, quod.
V.
A. quo, quâ, quo vel quî.

Pluraliter

N. qui, quae, quae,
G. quorum, quarum, quorum.
D. quibus vel queis.
A. quos, quas, quae.
V.
A. quibus vel queis.
Masc. Neut.
N. quisquis, quicquid.
Ac. quicquid.
Abl. quoquo, qu [...] quâ, quoquo.

So is quis declined, but that it hath quid in the Neuter Gender; and also these that follow:

Quis-

nam,
piam,
quam,
que,
putas.

Qui-

dam,
vis,
libet,
cunque.
Ec╌quis,
Ne╌quis,
Ali╌quis,
Nun╌quis,
Si╌quis.

Exceptions from the Rules concerning Nouns and the Declensions.

1. ALi Neuters make the Nominative, Accusative and Vocative the same in both Numbers, and in the Plural end all in a.

2. Filia and nata make the Dative and Ablative Plural in is or abus; Dea, mula, equa, liberta in abus only.

3. In the Second Declension, if the Nominative Case
- 1. Ends in us, the Vocative shall end in e, except Voc. O Deus, fili, geni.
- 2. Be a Proper Name in ius, it makes the Vocative in i.
4. Ambo and Duo are thus declined:
Plural.
- Amb- Du-
  o orum obus os obus
  ae arum abus as abus
  o orum obus o bous.
- 5. To the three first Declensions do belong certain Greek Nouns which end in the
  - 1st. in as, es, e.
    - These usually make the Acc. sing. in n; but eus makes ea, and its Gen. eos: Also e the Gen. es, and o, ûs; es the Voc. & Abl. e or a. whose Accusative singular ends in a, Plural in as (except Neuters) Gen. sometimes in dos, eos, ios, yos.
  - 2d. in eus, os, on.
  - 3d. a, as, an, ir, i, is, in, on, us, o,

[Page 10]

Nouns that differ variously in the Terminations from the common road.

OF the first Declension, Filia, nata, dea, liberta, equa, mula, serva, conserva, asina, socia, anima, make is, and abus, Dat. Pl.

Nouns in us of the second Declension make the Vocative in e; Deus and other Nouns ending in us are Atticisms.

The Accusative singular of the third Declension ends in em, but these in im:

Vis, ravis, sitis, charybdis, tussis,
Mephitis, cannabis, Magudaris, amussis,
Praesepis, syrtis, opis, pelvis, buris,
Sinapis, cucumis, Leucaspis, securis,
Albis, Fabaris, Baetis, Tanais, Tigris,
Araris, Athesis, Ligeris, Tiberis, Tibris.

em and im these;

Aqualis, cutis, turris, vestis, navis,
Sementis, puppis, bipennis, febris, clavis and strigilis.

Ablatives singular of the third Declension ends in e; but,

1. Neuters in al, er, e, make i, but far, hepar, jubar, nectar, make [...].

2. Adjectives with e in the Neuter, Names of Months in is and er, memor, immemor, make i in the Ablative: Affinis, rivalis, familiaris, contubernalis, popularis, sodalis, aedilis, annalis, biremis, natalis, bipennis, used Adjectively i, Substantively e.

Nouns in im in the Accusative make i only in the Ablative, but Baete, site are read.

Some make i and e in the Ablative: as

They that make im and em in the Accusative: Adjectives of one Termination: Participles and Participials in ns, (unless put) absolute: Verbals in trix taken Substantively, together with victrix and ultrix: Adjectives of the Comparative Degrees, par, the Adjective i: Substantive e: and compar, impar, uber, degener, dives, locuples, Arpinas.

And also,

Classis, collis, finis, fustis,
Ignis, imbris, vectis, postis,
Orbis, ovis, civis, avis,
Unguis, pars, furfur, navis,
Occiput, sors, supellex, sordes,
Pus, Carthag [...], Sidon, Lacedaemon,
Tibur, Anxur, and sycyon.

[Page 11]

Neuters of the third Declension make a, or ia;

a, whose Ablative singular ends only in e: ia, whose Ablative singular ends only in i, or e and i, but vetus, uber, bicorpor, tricorpor, versicolor, unicolor, make a.

Also Comparatives have a, except plus, plura vel pluria.

1. The Genitive Plural of the third Declension ends in um; but

They that make i only, or i and e in the Ablative singular make ium in the Genitive Plural, except Comparatives, words ending in fex, from facis, memor, immemor, inops, uber, compos, impos, impuber, puber, dives, degener, congener, tricorpor.

2. Nouns not increasing of the third Declension make ium, but juvenis, panis, canis, and words of three sillables make um.

3. Words only Plurals have the Genitive in ium, but opes, primores, lemures, caelites, celeres, luceres, and proceres, make ium.

4. Words of one sillable ending in a liquid Consonant, as par, parium, but ren, splen, and fur, make um.

5. All words ending in the Nominative singular in two Consonants, or a double Consonant make ium, but caelebs, consors, hyems, judex, senex, gryps, lynx, sphinx, prex and frux, out of use, make u [...]: So Nouns from capio, as auceps, forceps, manceps, &c. And words that end in [...] in Greek, as Arabs, Aethiops, Chalybs, Cyclops, Phalanx, make um.

Lastly, These Monosillables, as, mas, vas, bes, lis, glis, dis, vis, cos, dos, os, and mus, make ium, but pes, praes, mos, flos, thus, crus, sus, grus, lans, fraus, bos, make um.

The Dative Plural of the third Declension ends in ĭbus, but bos makes bobus and bubus, and Cicero has suibus for subus.

The Dative Plural of the fourth Declension ends in ibus, but specus, artus, lacus, tribus, portus, make ubus; acus and quercus, have no Dative Plural; but ficus has ficis in Pliny, &c. Quaestus, portus, genu and veru, make both ibus and ubus.

[Page 12]

Rules for Genders of Noun-Substantives.

Nouns Substantives,

1. Proper, towit, Names of
- 1. Heathen Gods, Men, and other Male-Creatures, are all Masculines, howsoever they end.
- 2. Countries, Islands, Trees, Heathen Goddesses, Women, and other Females, all Feminines.
2. Common of the
- 1. First and fifth Declension are of the Feminine Gender.
- 2. Second and fourth, such as end in er, ir and us, are of the Masculine, in um and u of the Neuter.
- 3. Of the third Declension Nouns ending in
  - 1. an, in, on, er, ter, ex, or, os, il, ul, o, ans, ens, unx, are, for the most part, Masculines.
  - 2. as, es, is, ax, ix, ux, s, or x after a Consonant, i [...], d [...], go, most Feminines.
  - 3. ma, e, al, ar, el, en, ur, us, ut, almost all Neuters.

Except from these general Rules:

I. Names of Trees.
- 1. Masculines, spinus and oleaster.
- 2. Neuters, siler, suber, thus, robur, acer.
II. Of the first Declension.
- 1. Masculines, such as denote the Actions or Offices of Men, and Males: as Poeta, scriba, &c.
- 2. Commons: Auriga, dama, talpa, verna, and Compounds in a, derived of a Verb.
III. Of the second Declension in us.
- 1. Feminines.
  - 1. Such as betoken the Relations, Actions, or Offices of Females.
  - 2. Many Greek Nouns in us, (not eus.)
  - 3. Humus, domus, alvus, [...]lus, vannus.
- 2. Neuters: Virus, pelagus, vulgus, penus.
IV. Of the fourth Declension: Ficus, acus, porticus, tribus, manus, idus, all Feminines.
V. Of the fifth Declension: Dies of the Common Gender, and Meridies of the Masculine.

V: Of the third Declension from

Masculines in

1. on. Sindon, gorgon, icon, [...]mazon, Feminines.
2. er. Verber, iter, tuber, uber, ver, cadaver, spinter, zinziber, laser, cicer, piper, papaver, siser, Neuters.
3. ens. Mens, gens, lens, dis, tis, Feminines; Nefrens, Common.
4. ex.
- Feminines, Supellex, carex, pellex, vibex.
- Commons, Senex, judex, vindex, imbrex, opifex, forfex, aruspex, and other Compounds ending in fex or spex; also Pumex, cortex, obex, silex, index.
5. il. Strigil, Neuter.
[Page 13]6. ul. Praesul, exul, Commons.
7. or
- 1. Arbor, Fem. and autor, Com.
- 2. Cor, aequor, ador, marmor, Neuters.
8. os.
- 1. Feminines, Dos, cos, Eos, arbos.
- 2. Commons, Custos, nepos, bos, sacerdos.
- 3. Neuters, os,
  - oris, a mouth.
  - ossis, a bone.
9. ans. Glans, f. infans, c.
10. [...]. Caro, f. homo, nemo, c.

Feminines in

1. as. Vas, vădis, mas, ăris, gigas, elephas, adamas, Agragas, G [...] ramas, Masc. an as, ăt is, Com. vas, vasis, Neut.
2. ax. Some Greek Nouns.
3. es.
- 1. Masculines, Bes, Cres, praes, pes, tapes, verres, Cures, lebes, magnes, aries, paries, fomes, limes, stipes, termes, poples, ames, cespes, palmes, trames, gurges, tudes.
- 2. Commons, Haeres, Antistes, Miles, interpres, pedes, comes, hospes, ales, praeses, eques, obses, vates.
4. ix. Varix, fornix, calix, natrix, ĭcis, Mastix, ĭgis, Onyx, bombyx, Masculines.
5. io. Senio, ternio, curculio, opilio, mulio, and others in io, denoting a body, Masculines.
6. is.
Masculines.
- Mascula sunt amnis, natalis, aqualis, ab asse
- Nata, ut centussis: quibus adde lienis, & orbis,
- Callis, caulis, follis, collis, mensis, & ensis,
- Fustis, funis, panis, penit, crinis, & ignis,
- Cassis, fascis, torris, sentis, piscis, & unguis,
- Hisce lapis, vermis, vectis, cum postis, & axis,
- Et sanguis, vomis, cucumis, glis, mugilis, addas.
- Communis generis cenchris sunt at (que) sodalis,
  Commons.
  - Torquis, & extorris, patruelis, per (que) duellis,
  - Affinis, juvenis, testis, civis, canis, hostis;
  - His jungas corbis, clunis, cum reste, canalis,
  - At (que) semis, finis, samuis, pulvis, cinis, anguis.
- 7. ax. Conjux and dux, with its Compounds, Common.
- 8. s and x after a Consonant, except Mons, pons, fons, M. calx, C.
Neuters in
- 1. al. Annibal, M. sal, M. and N.
- 2. ar. Lar and salar, M.
- 3. en. Pecten, lien, ren, splen, lichen, atagen, tibicen, tubicen, hymen, M. Siren, F. Cornicen, C.
- 4. ur. Furfur, vultur, turtur, M. fur, Ligur, augur, C.
- 5. us. Mus, lepus, Masc. Opus, untis, pecus, ŭlis, and such as increase long in
  Feminines.
  - udis,
  - uris,
  - utis,

[Page 14]

Of Irregular Nouns out of the Westminster-Introduction.

IRregular Nouns are such as vary from the common way of Declining, and either

1. Have too much in

1. The Nominative, as

Baculus, um, a Staff.
Acetabula, um, a Saucer.
Aranea, eus, a Spider.
Antidotus, um, an Antidote.
Alabaster, strum, Alabaster.
Cepa, e, an Onion.
Postulatio, atum, a Postulation.
Concursio, sus, a Concourse.
Attagen, ena, a Snite.
Hebdomas, da, a Week.
Lampas, ada, a Lamp.
Juventus, ta, Youth.
Senectus, ta, Old Age.
Avarities, tia, Covertousness.
Materies, ia, Matter.

Some Proper Names which have both the Greek and Latin Termination, as

Ulysses, eus.
Adonis, eus.
Agamemnon, o.
Amazon, o.
Evander, drus.
Geta, tes.
Ligur, gus.
Menander, drus.
Palemo, on.
Perses, eus.
Simo, on.
Thimber, brus.
Ode, da.

2. Other cases; as Ancil╌ia, ium & iorum, Saturnal╌ia, ium, & iorum, jecur, oris & inoris, the Liver. And these Names following which retain the Greek Termination with the Latin in the Genitive.

Orestes, e, is.
Orontes, e, is.
Laches, ae, etis.
Calchas, ae, ant is.
Paschas, ae, & at is.
Sequester, i, tris.
Oedipus,
- i, & odis.
Polipus,
Glomus, i, eris.
Mulciber, eri, eris.
And other Neuters, especially Names of Feasts.

Likewise Neuters in ma make the Dative and Ablative Plural in matis and matibus; as Dog╌ma, Poe╌ma, Quinquatr╌ia, is & ibus.

3. Declension; as Laurus, pinus, colus, cornus, which make the Genitive singular, the Nominative, Accusative and Vocative Plural in us the Ablative singular in u of the fourth, other Cases of the second Declension.

S. N. Domus,
P. N. Domus,
G. i, ûs,
G. orum, uum,
D. ui,
D. ibus,
Ac. um,
Ac. os, us,
V. us,
V. us,
A. o.
A. ibus

[Page 15]

II. Have too little, and want

1. Number, either

1. Singular. Names of 1. Feasts: as

Saturnalia.
Parentalia.
Bachanalia.
Orgia.
Dionisia.
Compitalia.
Vinalia.
Ithmia.
Pythia.
Olympia.
Nemea,
Palaria.
Batualia.

And 2. some Cities: as

Bajae.
Faesulae.
Fregellae.
Gades.
Gabij.
Locri.
Athenae.
Artaxata.
Bactra.
Susa.

3. Certain particular Nouns here mentioned:

Acta, Deeds.
Adversaria, Postingbooks, Journals.
Aedes, an House.
Alpes, the Alps.
Ambages, Preambles.
Annales, Chronicles of things done from year to year.
Antes, the uttermost ranks of Vines.
Antiae, Womens Forelocks.
Apinae, Trifles.
Argutiae, Smartness or Briskness.
Arma, Weapons.
Bellaria, Junkets.
Bigae, a Cart with two Horses.
Blanditiae, Fair Words.
Caulae, Sheepcots.
Caelites, Heavenly Inhabitants.
Calendae, Calends of the Months.
Cancelli, Lattices.
Carceres, bounds whence Race-Horses started.
Castra, a Camp.
Cete, a Whale.
Clitellae, a Pannel or Pack-saddle.
Codicilli, Epistles, Letters Patents of a Prince.
Comitia, an Assembly.
Compita, Cross Ways.
Crepundia, Rattles.
Cunabula, Cradles.
Cunae, Cradles.
Decimae, Tythes.
Dirae, Curses.
Divitiae, Riches.
Donaria, Offerings to the Gods.
Dryades, Goddesses of the Woods.
Esquilliae, a Mountain in Rome.
Eumenides, Furies.
Excubiae, Watches and Wards.
Exequiae, Ceremonies performed at Funerals.
Exta, Intrails of Beasts.
Exuviae, things that we put off.
Fasces, a bundle of Rods carried before the Roman Consuls, as Ensigns of Authority.
Fasti, Registers Books.
Fauces, Jaws.
Feriae, Holy-days.
Fines, the Borders of a Country.
Fores, Doors.
Furfures, the Scurff of the Head.
Gemini, Twins.
[Page 16]Gerrae, Hurdles made of Twigs.
Gesta, famous Exploits.
Hiberna, Soldiers Winter Quarters.
Id [...]s, Ides of a Month.
Ilia, the Guts.
Induciae, Truce.
Indigetes, Demy Gods.
Ineptiae, Foolery.
Inferiae, Sacrifices performed to Devils.
Lectes, small Guts.
Lamentae, Lamentations.
Lares, Houshold Gods.
Lautia vel Lautiae, Allowances for the Maintenance of Foreign Embassadors.
Lemures, Hobgoblins.
Liberi, Children.
Latterae, Learning.
Lustra, Dens of wild Beasts.
Magalia,
Magaria,
Mapalia,
Majores, Ancestors.
Magmata, Pomanders, Wash-balls.
Magnalia, great and wonderful Works.
Minutiae, Mites.
Multitia, fine Clothes.
Minae, Threatnings
Nonae, Nones.
Nugae, Trifles.
Nares, Nostrils.
Oblivia, Forgetfulness.
Opes, Riches.
Optimates, Grandees.
Phalerae, Horse-Trappings.
Plagae, Hunters Nets.
Plerique, Many.
Plures, More.
Posteri, Posterity.
Primores, Nobles.
Proceres, Peers.
Parapherna, all things that Women bring their Husbands, besides a Portion.
Praebia, Amulets or Charms hung about Childrens Necks.
Praecordia, Midriff.
Primitiae, First-fruits.
Quadrigae, a Cart with four Horses.
Quirites, Romans.
Quisquiliae, the refuse of things.
Rapicia, the tender Leaves of Rapes.
Reliquiae, Relicks.
Rostra, Pulpits.
Sales, Jests.
Salebrae, rough places.
Scalae, Stairs.
Scopae, a Besom.
Scruta, old Raggs.
Singuli, each.
Stativa, a standing Camp.
Spolia, Spoils.
Superi, the Gods above.
Suppetiae, Aid or Help.
Symplegades, the Name of two Islands.
Taphrae, the Name of a City.
Tenebrae, Darkness.
Tesqua, rough places.
Thermae, Baths.
Tonsillae, the Glanders.
Tricae, Gugaws.
Valvae, folding Doors.
Verbera, Stripes.
Vergiliae, the seven Stars.
Verenda, the privy Parts of a Man or a Woman.
Vindiciae, an Assertion of ones Liberty. A Rejoynder in Law.
Vinacea, Grape-stones.
Vitalia, Vitals.

[Page 17]

2. Plural. 1. Proper Names. 2. Most Names of Corn, Spices, Liquors, Metals, Arts, Vices, Virtues, Diseases and Ages, Except Fabae, Lupini, Zizania, Avenae, Pices, Cerae, Cardui, Urticae, Malvae, Cicutae, Papavera, Rosae, Lilia, Aquae, Vina, Musta, Aera, Orichalca, Electra, with these other particular Nouns here mentioned, that follow, that either want the Plural, or have such Cases as are here set down, or else have it very seldom.

Adeps, Fatness.
Aevum, a, an Age.
Aer, the Air.
Album, a Muster-roll.
Allium, a, Garlick.
Arena, Sand.
Barba, a Beard.
Bilis, Melancholy.
Caestus, (r.) Woman's Belt.
Callum, Brawny skin.
Cancer, (r.) a Prison.
Clavus, (r.) a Doornail.
Cholera, Choler.
Crocus, Saffron.
Cruor, es, (r.) Blood.
Cutis, (r.) Skin.
Fama, as, Fame.
Fames, Hunger.
Far, rra, Bread-Corn.
Fascinum, a bewitching.
Fel, lla, Gall.
Fimus, Dung.
Forum, a, a Marketplace.
Fuga, as, a flight.
Fumus, Smoke.
Galla, Galls, or Shoemakers Auls.
Gaza, Riches.
Genius, an attendant Angel, good or bad.
Gloria, as, Glory.
Gluten; Glue.
Halec, the Pickle of an Herring.
Hara, an Hoggs-stye.
Hepar, a Liver.
Hilum, the black speck of a Bean.
Hordeum, a, Barley.
Humus, the Ground.
Indoles, towardliness.
Jubar, a Sun-beam.
Justitium, a Vacation.
Juventus, Youth.
Lac, Milk.
Lethum, Death.
Limus, Mud.
Lues, a Murrain.
Luculentia, fine speeches.
Lutum, a, Clay.
Lux, Light.
Macellum, a Butcher's Stall, Shambles.
Mel, lla, Honey.
Meridies, Noon-day.
Metus, us, (r.) Fear.
Muscus, Moss.
Mustum, a, Metheglin.
Mundus, Womens Decking.
Nihilum, Nothing.
Nitrum, Salt Petre.
Oblivio, Forgetfulness.
Pallor, (r.) Paleness.
Paupertas, (r.) Poverty.
Pax, Peace.
Pelagus, the Sea.
Penum, Meat and Drink.
Pituita, Flegm, or Rheum.
Plebs, the Common People.
Pontus, the Sea.
Proles, es, an Off-spring.
Prosapia, a Pedigree.
Pubes, es, ripeness of Age.
Pudor, es, (r.) Shame.
Ros, es, (r.) Dew.
Rus, ra, the Country.
Sal, es, (r.) Salt.
Salum, the salt Sea.
[Page 18]Salus, Health.
Sanies, an ulcerous Corruption.
Senium, Old Age.
Senectus, tes, (r.) Old Age.
Siler, an Osier.
Silex, ces, Flint.
Sitis, Thirst.
Sitûs, us, Scituation.
Soboles, an Off-spring.
Solum, a Soil.
Sol, es, (r.) the Sun.
Solium, a, (r.) a Throne, or Chair of State.
Sopor, Sleep.
Tabes, a Consumption.
Talio, like for like.
Tellus, the Earth.
Thus, ra, Frankincense.
Timor, (r.) Fear.
Tussis, Cough.
Valetudo, Health.
Velocitas, Swiftness.
Ver, the Spring-time.
Vigor, Liveliness.
Vinum, a, Wine.
Virus, Poison.
Viscum, Birdlime.
Vita, Life.
Vitrum, Glass.
Vulgus, Common-People.

2. Case, as

1. Aptots, which have 1. the same ending in all Cases in singular only.

2. Both Numbers, Gummi, frugi, pondo, nequam.

3. The Plural only, Tempe, tot, quot, and all Cardinal Numbers from quatuor to centum.

2. Monoptots, which have one Case only, as Noctu, natu, jussu, injussu, astu, promptu, permissu, inficias, incitas, nauci, expes.

3. Diptots, which have two Cases only, as Fors, forte, impetis-te, tabi, tabo, repetund-arum-is, suppeti-ae-as.

4. Triptots, which have three Cases:

1. Of one ending, viz. Nom. Acc. and Voc. as Cete, fas, nefas.

2. Of two endings, as Nom. Acc. Tantundem, Gen. tantidem.

5. Tetraptots, which have four Cases only, as

Nemo,
Vesper,

Nemini,
Vesperi,

Acc.

Neminem,
Vesperum,

Abl.

Nemine.
Vespere.

G. Precis, D. Preci, Acc. Precem, Abl. Prece.

[Page 19]

III. Change their

1. Gender, and are of one Gender in the Singular Number, and another in the Plural.

	Singular.	Plural.
Masc.	Singular.	Plural.	Sibilus,	Masc.	Neut.
	Pangaeus,	a.
	Infernus,
	Jacus,
	Locus,	i,	a.
Neut.	Rastrum,
	Fraenum,
	Capistrum,
	Filum,
	Caelum,	i.
	Siser,	es.
Neut.	Pergamus,	Neut.
	Hierosolyma,	a.
	Carbasus,
Neut.	Nundinum,	Fem.
	Epulum,
	Balneum,	ae
	Delicium,

2. Manner of Declining, as

Singular.	Plural.
Vas, vasis, vis,	vasa, vasorum. vires.
Iter, itineris.

3. Both Gender, and Flection, as Supellex, supellectilis, Plur. supeliectilia.

A VERB hath

I. Four Conjugations, known by the first person singular, which ends in the

1. First in o with a Consonant next before o. [Except some few in eo, and more in io, to be learn'd by Use.
2. Second in eo.
3. Third in o, to be learn'd out of a Book.
4. Fourth in io.

Which make the
Preterpl.	Supines.
abi,	atum, atu.
ui, i,	um, u.
ivi,	itum, itu.

II. Four Moods,

1. Indicative, which hath five Tenses,

	Signs.
1. Presenttense,	Active, do, dost, doth.
1. Presenttense,	Passive, am, art, is, are.
2. Preterimperfect-tense,	Active, did, didst.
2. Preterimperfect-tense,	Passive, was, wast, were.
3. Preterperfect-tense,	Active, have, hast, hath.
3. Preterperfect-tense,	Pass. have been, hast been, hath been.
4. Preterpluperfect-tense,	Active, had, hadst.
4. Preterpluperfect-tense,	Passive, had been, hadst been.
5. Futuretense,	Active, shall or will, shalt or wilt.
5. Futuretense,	Pass. shall or will be, shalt or wilt be.

2. Imperative,
- Active, let.
- Passive, let be.
3. Potential,
Signs.
- May or can in the
  - Present-
    - Tense,
      - in the Passive, be.
- Future-
Might, would, could, should, or ought in the
- Preterimperf. alone,
- Preterperf. have,
  - in the Passive, been.
- Preterplup. had,
4. Infinitive,
- 1. Active,
  - 1. Pres. and Preterimperf. to.
  - 2. Preterperf. and Preterpluperf. to have or had.
  - 3. Future-tense, to hereafter.
- 2. Passive,
  - 1. Pres. and Preterimperf. to be.
  - 2. Preterperf. and Preterpluperf. to have or had been.
  - 3. Future-tense, to be hereafter.

N. B. The Potential Mood is called Subjunctive when it hath the Indicative Signs, and is joyned with Quamvis, quanquam, ne, cúm, quod, uti, licet, ut, si, &c. utinam ne, quin.

N. 2. To the Infinitive belong also four Cases singular of the Participle dus, called Gerunds, and besides two Supines, viz, the

1. Genitive in di, as amandi of loving, set after certain Substantives and Adjectives which govern a Genitive Case.
2. Ablative in do, as amando in loving, put either alone or after one of these Prepositions, A, ab, de, e, ex, cum in pro.
3. Nominative
4. Accusative
- in dum,
  - Put alone or absolutely with the Verb est.
  - put after Ad, ob, propter, inter, ante.

Two Supines ending the

1. First in um, to; as amatum, to love.
2. Second in u, to be; as amatu, to be loved.

[Page 21]

Of Participles there are four kinds, one of the

1. Present-tense, whose English ends in ing, his Latin in ans or ens; as loving, am╌ans; read╌ing, leg╌ens.

2. Preter perfect-tense, whose English ends in d, t, or n, his Latin in tus, sus, xus; as lov╌ed, ama╌tus; knit, ne╌xus; seen, vi╌sus.

3. Future, in rus, to or about to; as Lecturus to read, or about to read.

4. Future in dus, to be; as legendus, to be read.

N. B. Certain Verbs in or are Englished with Active Signs only, and called Deponents; some with either Active or Passive, and therefore called Commons. Others in o, with Passive Signs only, thence termed Neuter Passives: Of which three sorts,

1. In Termination, as maereo, maestus, to mourn.

2. In Signification, as vapulo, to be beaten.

3. In Termination and Signification, gaudeo, gavisus, to be glad.

The Formation of Verbs from their Radical Tenses.

From Amo are formed	Ama bam, Pr. Im. bo, Future. re, Pr. Inf. ns, Par. pr.	From Ama╌vi, Preter-Perf. veram, Pr. pl. Ind. verim, Pr. pot. vissem, Pr. pl. po. vero, Fu. po.
From Doceo are formed	Doce bam, Pr. Imp. bo, Fut. Ind. re, Pr. Inf. ns, Par. pr.	From Docu╌i, Preter-Perf. eram, Pr. pl. In. erim, Pr. pot. issem, Pr. pl. pot. ero, Fu. po.
From Lego are formed	Leg-— cbam, Pr. Im. am, Future. ere, Pr. Inf. ens, Par. pr.	From Leg╌i Preter-Perf. eram, Pr. pl. In. erim, Pr. pot. issem, Pr. pl. po. ero, Fut. po.
From Audio are formed	Audi ebam, Pr. Im. am, Fut. re, Pr. Inf. ens, Par. or.	From Audiv╌i Preter-Perf. earm, Pr. pl. In. erim, Pr. pot. issem, Pr. pl. po. ero, Fut. po.

[Page 22]

	Tenses.	Conj.	1. I.	2. Thou	3. He	1. We	2. Ye	3. They
	Signs		do	dost	doth	do	do	do
Am- love	Present Tense.	1.	o	as	at	amus	atis	ant
Doc- teach		2.	eo	es	et	emus	etis	ent
Leg- read		3.	o	is	it	ĭmus	ĭtis	unt
Aud- hear		4.	io	is	it	īmus	ītis	iunt
	Signs		did	didst	did	did	did	did
Rog- ask	Preterimperfect Tense.	1	abam	abas	abat	abamus	abatis	abant
Ten- hold		2	ebam	ebas	ebat	ebamus	ebatis	ebant
Em- buy		3	ebam	ebas	ebat	ebamus	ebatis	ebant
Ernd-instruct		4	iebam	iebas	iebat	iebamus	iebatis	iebant
	Signs		have	hast	hath	have	have	have
Land- praise	Preterperfect Tense.	1	avi	avisti	avit	avimus	avistis	averunt avere
Mon- warn		2	ui	uisti	uit	uimus	uistis	uerunt uere
Defend- defend		3	i	isti	it	imus	istis	erunt ere
Pun- punish		4	ivi	ivisti	ivit	ivimus	ivistis	iverunt ivere
	Signs		had	hadst	had	had	had	had
Not- observe	Preterpluperfect Tense.	1	averam	averas	averat	averamus	averatis	averant
Terr- fright		2	ueram	ueras	uerat	ueramus	ueratis	uerant
Occid- kill		3	ĕram	ĕras	ĕrat	eramus	eratis	erant
Imped-hinder		4	iveram	iveras	iverat	iveramus	iveratis	iverant

[Page 23]

Persons	1. I.	2. Thou	3. He		1. We	2. Ye	3. They
The Passive Voice.	am	art	is		are	are	are
	or	aris are	atur		amur	amini	antur
	eor	eris ere	etur		emur	emini	entur
	or	ĕris ĕre	ĕtur		ĕmur	imini	untur
	ior	iris ire	ītur		īmur	imini	iuntur
	was	wast	was		were	were	were
	abar	abar abare	abatur		abamur	abamini	abantur
	ebar	ebaris ebare	ebatur		eabmur	ebamini	ebantur
	ebar	ebaris ebare	ebatur		ebemur	ebamini	ebantur
	iebar	iebaris iebare	iebatur		iebamur	iebamini	iebantur
	have been	hast been	hath been		habe been
	atus us sum vel fui us itus	es vel fuisti	est vel fuit	i.	sumus vel fuimus	estis vel fuistis	sunt, fuerunt vel fuere
	had been	hadst been	had been	had been
	atus us eram vel fueram us itus	aras vel fueras	arat vel fuerat	i.	eramus vel fucramus	eratis vel fueratis	erant vel fuerant

[Page 24]

	Tenses.	Conj.	1. I	2. Thou	3. He		1. We	2. Ye	3. They
	Signs		shall or will	shalt or wilt	shall or will	&c.
Serv- keep	Future Tense.	1.	abo	abis	abit		abimus	abitis	abunt
Detin-detain		2.	ebo	ebis	ebit		ebimus	ebitis	ebunt
Vert-turn		3.	am	es	et		emus	etis	ent
Vest-cloth		4.	iam	ies	iet		iemus	ietis	ient
Imperative Mood	Signs				Let		Let		let
	Present Tense.	1.		a ato	et ato		emus	ate atote	ent anto
		2.		e eto	eat eto		eamus	ete etote	eant ento
		3.		e ĭto	at ĭto		amus	ĭte itote	ant iunto
		4.		i ito	iat ito		iamus	ite itote	iant iunto
Potential Mood.	Signs		may or can	maist or canst	may or can &c.
	Present Tense.	1.	em	es	et		emus	etis	ent
		2.	eam	eas	eat		eamus	eatis	eant
		3.	am	as	at		amus	atis	ant
		4.	iam	ias	iat		iamus	iatis	iant
	Signe		might	would	should		ought or could
	Preterimperfect Tense.	1.	arem	ares	aret			aremus	aretis	arent
		2.	ērem	ēres	ēret			ēremus	ēretis	ērent
		3.	ĕrem	ĕres	ĕret		eremus	eretis	erent
		4.	irem	ires	iret		iremus	iretis	irent

[Page 25]

Persons	1. I	2. Thou	3. He	1. We	2. Ye	3. They
	shall or will be	shalt or wilt be	shall or will be
The Passive Voice.	abor	aberis abere	abitur	abimur	abimini	abuntur
	ebor	eberis ebere	ebitur	ebimur	ebimini	ebuntur
	ar	eris ere	etur	emur	emini	entur
	iar	ieris iere	ietur	iemur	iemini	ientur
		be thou	let him be, be he	be we or let us be	be ye	be they or let them be
		are ator	etur ator	emur	amini aminor	entur antor
		ere etor	eatur etor	eamur	emini eminor	eantur entor
		ĕre ĭtor	atur ĭtor	amur	imini iminor	antur untor
		ire itor	iatur itor	iamur	imini iminor	iantur iuntor
	may or can be	maist or canst be	may or can be &c.
	er	eris ere	etur	emur	emini	entur
	ear	earis eare	eatur	eamur	eamini	eantur
	ar	aris are	atur	amur	amini	antur
	iar	iaris iare	iatur	iamur	iamini	antur
	might would should	ought or could be
			arer	areris arere	aretur	aremur	aremini	arentur
			erer	ereris erere	eretur	eremur	eremini	erentur
	ĕrer	ereris erere	eretur	eremur	eremini	erentur
	irer	ireris irere	iretur	iremur	iremini	irentur

[Page 26]

Tenses.	Conj.	1. I	2. Thou	3. He	1. We	2. Ye	3. They
Signs		might would should	ought or could have
Preterperfect Tense.	1.			averim	averis	averit	averimus	averitis	averint
	2.			uerim	ueris	uerit	uerimus	ueritis	uerint
	3.	erim	eris	erit	erimus	eritis	erint
	4.	iverim	iveris	iverit	iverimus	iveritis	iverint
Signs		might would should	ought or could had
Preterplup. Tense.	1.			avissem	avisses	avisset	avissemus	avissetis	avissent
	2.			uissem	uisses	uisset	uissemus	uissetis	uissent
	3.	issem	isses	isset	issemus	issetis	issent
	4.	ivissem	ivisses	ivisset	ivissemus	ivissetis	ivissent
Signs		may or can hereafter	maist or canst hereafter
Future Tense.	1.			avero	averis	averit	averimus	averitis	averint
	2.			uero	ueris	uerit	uerimus	ueritis	uerint
	3.	ero	eris	erit	erimus	eritis	erint
	4.	ivero	iveris	iverit	iverimus	iveritis	iverint

Infinitive

Present

are
- to
ēre
ere
ire

Gerunds,

1
- andi, of.
- ando, in.
- andum, to.
2 3
- endi, of.
- endo, in.
- endum, to.
4
- iendi, of.
- iendo, in.
- iendum, to.

Preterper. & Preterplup.

avisse
- To have or had.
uisse
isse
ivisse

Supines,

1. atum.
2. 3. um.
4. itum.

Supines

1. atu
2. 3. u.
4. itu.

Future

aturum
- esse
  - To here after
urum
urum
iturum

Participles,

1. ans.
- ing.
2. 3. ens,
4. iens,
1 aturus
- To or about to.
2 3 urus
4 iturus

[Page 27]

1. I	2. Thou	3. He		1. We	2. Ye	3. They
might would should ought	or could have been.
		atus us us itus sim	sis	sit		simus	sitis	sint
		vel	vel	vel		vel	vel	vel
fuerim	fueris	fuerit		fuerimus	fueritis	fuerint
sim	sis vel	sit vel		simus	sitis	sint
fuerim	fueris	fuerit		fuerimus	fueritis	fuerint
might would should ought	or could had been
		atus us us itus essem	esses	esset		essemus	essetis	essent
		vel	vel	vel	i.	vel	vel	vel
fuissem	fuisses	fuisset		fuissemus	fuissetes	fuissent
may or can be hereafter	maist or canst be hereafter
		atus us us itus ero	eris	erit		erimus	eritis	erunt
		vel	vel	vel	i.	vel	vel	vel
fuero	fueris	fuerit		fuerimus	fueritis	fuerint

Mood.

Present.

ari
- To be.
eri
i
iri

Preterperf.

atum
- esse
  - To have or had been
- vel
- fuisse
2 3 um
itum

Participle of the Preter.

atus
2 3 us
- d, t, n.
itus

Future Tense,

atum iri vel andum esse
- To be hereafter.
um iri vel, endum esse
um iri vel endum esse
itum iri veliendum esse

Fut. in dus

andus
2 3 endus to be.
iendus

[Page 28]

Indicative Mood.
	Sum fui esse futurus, to be.
		Persons	I	Thou	He	We	Ye	They
		Pref.	Sum	es	est	sumus	estis	sunt	am, art, is, are
		Preterimperf.	eram	eras	erat	eramus	eratis	erant	was, wast, were
		Pref.	Fui	fuisti	fuit	fuimus	fuistis	fuerunt fuere	have been, hast been, hath been
		Plusq. perf.	fueram	fueras	fuerat	fueramus	fueratis	fuerant	had been, hadst been
		Fut.	Ero	eris	erit	erimus	eritis	erunt	shall or will be, shalt or wilt be
Imperative Mood.
	Sum	es	est	sumus	estis	sunt	am, art, is, are
			sis as esto	sit esto	simus	sitis este estote	sint sunto
			be thou	be he or let him be	be we or let us be	be ye	be they or let them be
	Potential Mood
		may or can be maist or canst be, may or can be.
				sim	sis	sit	simus	sitis	sint
				essem	esses	esset	essemus	essetis	essent	might, would, should, ought or could be
			fuerim	fueris	fuerit	fuerimus	fueritis	fuerint	have been
			fuissem	fuisses	fuisset	fuissemus	fuissetis	fuissent	had been
			fuero	fueris	fuerit	fuerimus	fueritis	fuerint	may or can be hereafter
Infinitive Mood.
	Pres. and Preterp. esse to be		Preterp. and Preterplup. fuisse to have or had been	Fut. fore vel futurum esse to be hereafter

[Page 29]

Of certain Irregular Verbs.

Praes.	Praeterperfect Tense	Infinitive Mood.	Participle.
Possum	potui	posse	potens. to may or can: or to be able
Volo	volui	velle	volens: to be willing
Nolo	nolui	nolle	no [...]ens: to be unwilling.
Malo	malui	malle	malens: to be more willing.
Fero	tuli	ferre	latum: to bear or suffer.
Feror	latus sum	fieri	latus: to be Born or suffered.
Fio	sactus sum	fieri	factus: to be made or done.

Eo, is, ivi, ire, eundi, eundo, eundŭ, itŭ, itu, iens, iturus to go, likewise Queo.

Indicative Mood.

	I	Thou	He	We	Ye	They.
Praes.	Possum	potes	potest	possumus	potestis	possunt	may or can.
Imperf.	Poteram,	as	Eram				might or could
Future	Potero,	as	Ero				may or can.

Potential Mood.

Praes.	Possim	possis	possit	possimus	possitis	possint	may or can.
		So	Velim,	nolim,	matim.
Imperf.	Possem	posses	posset	possemus	possetis	possent	might or could.
		So	Vollem,	nollem,	mallem.

Infinitive Mood,—Posse to be able.

Indicative Mood.

Praes.

Volo vis vult. volumus vultis volunt am willing.
Nolo nonvis nonvult. nolumus nonvultis nolunt am unwilling.
Malo mavis mavult malumus mavultis malunt had rather or am more willing.

[Page 30]

Fut. Vol╌am	es	et	e [...]s	etis	ent	shall be willing.
Nol╌am						shall be unwilling.
Mal╌am						shall be more willing.

Imperative Mood.

Noli do not
Nolito thou,
nolite do not
nolitote ye,

Infinitive Mood.

Velle to be willing.
Nolle to be unwilling.
Malle to be more willing.

These Verbs in all other Tenses of all Moods are varied like Verbs of the Second Conjugation.

Indicative Mood.

Pres.
I	Thou	He	We	Ye	They
Fero	fers	fert.	ferimus	feritis	ferunt,	bear or suffer
Feror	ferris ferre	fertur.	ferimur	ferimini	feruntur	are bornb or suffered.

Imperat.

Pres.	bear or	let him	Let us	Bear or	let them
	suffer	bear or	bear of	suffer	bear or
	thou	suffer.	suffer.	ye	suffer,
	Fer	ferat	Feramus	fer [...]e	ferant
	ferto	ferto		ferrote.	ferunto.
	be thou	Let him	Be we	Be ye	Let them
	born or	be born	born or	born or	be born
	suffered	or suffered	suffered	suffered	or suffered
	Ferre	feratur	Feramur	ferimini	ferantur
	fertor	fertor		feriminor.	feruntor.

Potential.

might would should, &c.

Imperf.	Ferrem	ferres	ferret	ferremus	ferretis	ferrent	bear or suffer
Imperf.	Ferrer	ferreris ferrere	ferretur.	ferremur	ferremini	ferrentur	be born or suffered.

[Page 31]

Infinitive.

Pres. Ferre to bear or suffer. Ferri to be born or suffered.

These Verbs in all other Moods and Tenses are of the third Conjugation, and so is Edo throughout, saving that Es, est, estis, esto, este, estote. Essem, esses, esset, essemus, essemus, essemus, essetis, essent, and esse are sometimes used for the same Tenses and Persons of Edo. Fio is a Neuter Passive of the fourth Conjugation exactly, except Fierem, fieres, fieret, fieremus, fieretis, ficrent and Fieri.

Pres.	Eo	is	it.	imus	itis	eunt	go
Imperf.	Ibam	ibas	ibat.	ibamus	ibatis	ibant
Future.	Ibo	ibis	ibit.	ibimus	ibitis	ibunt

Ambio to go about makes ambiam in the future.

go thou,	let him go.	let us go ye.	let them
I	eat	let us go ye.	go.	ite	go.
ito	ito	eamus	itote	eant eunto.

The Gerunds and oblique cases of the Partic. of the Present Tense use eun for ien as Per╌iens per╌euntis eunti eundo &c, Except ambiéns.

Of the Preterperfect Tense and Supine of Verbs of the four Conjugations.

1. Verbs of the first Conjugation make their Preterperfect Tense in avi and Supine in atum.

Except.
Present.	Pret.	Supine	to
		lotum	Wash.
la╌vo		lavatum	Wash.
la╌vo	Ju╌vo	jutum	help.
Crep╌o	ui	crepitum	crack
Cub╌o		cubitnm	ly down
Dom╌o		domitum	tame
Mic╌o			shine
Nec╌o		nectum	kill
Fric╌o		frictŭ	rub
Son╌o		sonitum	sound
Ton╌o		tonitŭ	thunder
Vet╌o		vetitŭ	forbid
Sec╌o		sectum	cut
Dinic╌o	ui avi	discrepitŭ	fight
Discrep╌o		discerepatŭ	differ
Increp╌o		increpitŭ	chide
	increpatŭ
caen╌o	avi atus sum	cenatŭ	sup
Jur╌o		juratŭ	swear
Pot╌o		potum	drink
Titub╌o		titubatŭ	stumble
Do	dedi	datum	give
Sto	fteti	statum	stand-
A╌sto	a╌stiti	astitum	stand by

II. Verbes of the second conjugation make the Pret. in ui and the Supine in itŭ.

Pres.	Pret.	Supine	To
Frend╌eo	i.	frenum	gnash
Sed╌eo		sessum	sit
Strid╌eo
Vid╌eo		visum	see
Cens╌eo	ui.	censum	think
Doc╌eo		doctum	teach
Lat╌eo		latitum	ly hid
Mise╌eo		mistum mixtum	mingle
Sorb╌eo		sorptum	sup
Ten╌eo		tentum	hold
Torr╌eo		tostum	rost
Abol╌eo	evi	abolitŭ	abolish
Adol╌eo		aduliŭ	grow
Exol╌eo		exolerŭ	decay
Inol╌eo		inolitum	grow bigger
Obsol╌eo		obsoletŭ	grow out of use
Ci╌eo		citum	stir up
Del╌eo		deletum	blot out
Fl╌eo		fletum	weep
N╌eo		netum	spin
Pl╌eo		pletum	fill
Vi╌eo		vietum	bind
Jub╌eo	jussi	jussum	command
Al╌geo	si		be cold
Ar╌deo		arsum	burn
Ful╌geo			glister
Hae╌reo		baesum	stick to
Indul╌geo		indultŭ	cocker
Man╌eo		mansum	tarry
Mul╌ceo		mulsum	asswage
Mul╌geo		muletŭ	milk
Ri╌deo		ris [...]pi	laugh
Sua╌deo		suasum	perswade
Ter╌geo		tersum	wipe
Tor╌queo		torsum	wrest
Tur╌geo			swell
Ʋr╌geo			enforce
Ca╌veo	vi.	cautŭ	be war
Fa╌veo		fautŭ	favor
Fer╌veo			be hot
Fo╌veo		fotŭ	cherish
Mo╌veo		motŭ	move
Pa╌veo			fear
Au╌geo	xi.	auctum	increase
Fri╌geo			be cold
Lu╌ceo			shine
Lugeo		luctum	lament
Spondeo	spospondi	sponsum	betroth
Tondco	totondi	tonsum	clip
Mordeo	momordi	morsum	bite
Pendeo	pependi	pensum	hang
Placeo		placui placitus	please
Careo		carui cassus sum	want
Prandeo		prandi pransus sum	dine
Mereor		merui meritus sum	deserve
Audeo - ausus		sum	be bold
Gaudeo - gavisus		sum	rejoice

III. Verbs of the third Conjugation are here ennumerated with their Preterperf. Tenses and Supines.

Pres.	Pret.	Supine	To
Bib╌o	i	bibitum	drink
Lamb╌o			lick
Scab╌o			scratch
Ic╌o		ictum	smite
Abscond╌o		absconditŭ	hide
Accend╌o		accensum	kindle
Cud╌o		cusum	forge
Defend╌o		defensŭ	defend
Ed╌o		esum	eat
Frend╌o		fressum	gnash
Mand╌o		mansum	eat
Pand╌o		passum pansum	set open
Prebend╌o		prebensŭ	catch
Occid╌o		occasum	die
Occĭd╌o		occisum	to kill
Rud╌o			to bray
scand╌o		scansum	climb
Sid╌o			sink down
strid╌o			gnash
Deg╌o			live
Leg╌o		lectum	read
Psall╌o			sing
Refell╌o			refute
Sall╌o		salsum	salt
Em╌o		emptum	buy
succurr╌o		succursŭ	help
Incess╌o			invade
verr╌o		versum	brush
Vet╌o		versum	turn
Lav╌o		lautum	wash
Solv╌o		solutum	loose
Volv╌o		volutum	roll
Glu╌bo	psi	gluptŭ	flea
Nu╌bo		nuptum	be married
Scri╌bo		scriptum	write
Com╌o		comptum	kemb
Dem╌o		demptŭ	takeaway
Prom╌o		promptŭ	draw
Sum╌o		psisumptum	take
Tem╌no		temptŭ	despise
Car╌po		carptum	crop
Re╌po		reptum	crawl
Scal╌po		scalptŭ	scratch
Scul╌po		sculptŭ	grave
Ser╌po		serptum	creep
Clau╌do	si	clausum	shut
Divi╌do		divisum	divide
Lae╌do		laesum	hurt
Lu╌do		lusum	play
Plau╌do		plausum	clap hands
Ra╌do		rasum	shave
Ro╌do		rosum	gnaw
Tru╌do		trusum	thrust
Va╌do		vasum	go
Mer╌go		mersum	drown
Spar╌go		sparsum	sprinkle
Vi╌so		visum	visit
Mi╌ito		missum	send
Ce╌do	ssi	cessum	give place
Pre╌mo		pressum	press
Ge╌ro		gestum	carry
Ʋ╌ro		ustum	burn
Quatio		quassum	shake
Percutio		percussum	smite
Compesc╌o			refrain
Dispesc╌o		drive	Beasts from pasture
Al╌o		altum alitum	nourish
Col╌o		cultum	till
Consul╌o		consultŭ	counsel
Excell╌o		excelsŭ	excel
Praecell╌o		praeceisŭ	surpass
Mal╌o			haverather
Mol╌o		molitum	grind
Nol╌o			be unwilling
Occul╌o		occultŭ	hide
Volo			be willing
Frem╌o		fremitŭ	roar
Gem╌o		Gemitŭ	groan
Trem╌o			tremble
Vom╌o		vomitŭ	vomit
Accin╌o	accentŭ	to sing to
a Cano
Strep╌o		strepitum	make a noise
Ser╌o	sertum	layin order
Pins╌o		pistum	bake
Stert╌o			short
Tex╌o		textum	weave
Desip╌io			doat
Rap╌io		raptum	snatch
Ac╌uo	ui	acutum	sharpen
Ann╌uo			yield unto
Arg╌uo		argutŭ	reprove
Congr╌uo			agree to
Dil╌uo		dilutum
Imb╌uo		imbutŭ	season
Ingr╌uo			invade
L╌uo		luitum	pay
Met╌uo			fear
Min╌uo		minutum	diminish
Ren╌uo			refuse
Resp╌uo
R╌uo		rutum ruitum	rush
Sp╌uo		sputum	sspit
Stat╌uo		statutŭ	appoint
Stern╌uo		sternutŭ	sneeze
S╌uo		sutum	sow
Trib╌uo		tributŭ	give
Di╌co	xi	dictum	speak
Du╌co		ductum	lead
Au╌go			perplex
Cin╌go		cinctum	gird
Clang╌o			sound
Fi╌go		ficum	fasten
Fin╌go		fictum	feign
Fli╌go		flictum	beat
		frixum
Fri╌go			parch
		frictum
Jun╌go		junctum	joyn
Lin╌go		linctum	lick
Min╌go		mictum	piss
Meio
Mun╌go		munctum	shite
Nin╌go			snow
Pin╌go		pictum	paint
Plan╌go		planctŭ	lament
Re╌go		rectum	govern
Rin╌go		rictum	grin
Su╌go			suck
Strin╌go		strictum	bind
Stin╌go
Stin╌guo		stinctum	extinguish
Te╌go		tectum	cover
Tin╌go		tinctum	colour
Ʋn╌go		unctum	anoint
Tra╌bo		tractum	draw
Ve╌bo		vectum	carry
Co╌quo		coctum	boil
Fle╌cto		flexum	bend
Vi╌vo		victum	live
Flu╌o	fluxum	flow
Stru╌o	structŭ	build
All╌icio	exi	allectum	allure
Dil╌igo		dilectum	loue
Intell╌igo		intellectŭ	understand
Negl╌igo		neglectŭ	neglect
Dir╌igo		directŭ	direct
Insp╌icio		inspectŭ	look into
&c. a specio & rego
Ab╌do		didi	abditum	hide
Ad╌do	additum		add
Con╌do	conditŭ		build
Cre╌do	creditŭ		believe
De╌do	deditum		yieldup
E╌do	editum		publish
In╌do	inditŭ		put in
Ob╌do	obditŭ		put agst.
Pro╌do	proditŭ		betray
Red╌do	redditŭ		restore
Tra╌do	traditŭ		deliver
Ven╌do	venditŭ		sell
No╌sco	vi	notum	know
Igno╌sco		ignotŭ	forgive
Pa╌sco		pastum	feed
Quie╌sco		quietŭ	rest
Sci╌sco		scitum	determine
Sue╌sco		suetum	accusto
Cre╌sco		cretum	grow
Cal╌vo			bald
Cerno	crevi		fee
Sperno	sprevi	spretŭ	despise
Ster╌no	stravi	stratum	strow
Tero	trivi	tritum	wear
Quaero	quaesivi	quaesitŭ	seek
Sero	sevi	satum	plant
Sino	sivi	situm	suffer
Arcess╌o	ivi	arcessă	go to call
Lacess╌o		Lacessit
Pet╌o		petitum	ask
Cup╌io		cupitum	desire
Vinco	vici	victum	overcome
Quinisco	quexi		nod
Fido	fijussum		trust
Findo	fidi	fisum	cleave
Fundo	fudi	fusum	pour out
Scindo	scidi	scissum	cut
Ago	egi	actum	do
Satago	sategi	satactum	perform
Perago	peregi	Peractum	finish
Cogo	coegi	coactŭ	compel
Frango	fregi	fractum	break
Pergo	perrexi	perrectum	go forward
Surgo	surrexi	surrectŭ	rise
Percello	perculi	perculsŭ	strike
Recello	reculi	recuisŭ	pull back
Tollo	sustuli	sublatŭ	take away
Gigno	genui	genitum	beget
Pono	posui	positum	put
Rumpo	rupi	ruptum	break
Linquo	liqui	lictum	leave
Fero	tuli	latum	bear or suffer
Plecto	plexui	plexum	punish
Meto	messui	messum	mow
Sisto	stiti	statŭ	make to stand
Facio	feci	factŭ	do
Jacio	jeci	jactŭ	cast
Fodio	fodi	fossum	dig
Fugio	fugi	fugitŭ	fly
Capio	cepi	captă	take

Such as double the Preterperprovoke fect Tense are,

Pref.	Pret.	Supine	To
Cado	cecidi	casum	fall
Coedo	cecidi	coesum	beat
Cano	cecini	cantŭ	sing
Curro		cursum	run
De Curro	cucurri	decursŭ	un down
Ex╌curro		excursŭ	run out
Prae╌curro		Praecursŭ	runbefore
Disco	didici		learn
Falso	fefelli	falsum	deceive
Pario	peperi	partŭ	bring forth
Pedo	pepedi	peditŭ	fart
Pello	pepuli	pulsum	drive out
Pendo	pependi	pensum	weigh
Posco	poposci		require
Tango	tetigi	tactum	touch
Tendo	tetendi	tensum tentum	stretch out
Tundo	tutundi	tunsum	knock

These following have two of used in Composition only. three Preterperfect Tenses.

Capess╌o	i	capessitum	go to take
Facess╌o	ivi	facessitum	go to do
Lino	lini livi levi	litum	besmear
Necto	nexui nexi	nexum	knit
Pecto	pexui pexi	pectŭ pexum	kemb
Pango	perpegi panxi	pactŭ	bargain join
Parco	peperci parsi	spare
Pluo	plui pluvi	plutum	rain
Pungo	punxi pupugi	punctŭ	prick
Sapio	sapui sapivi		be wise
Vello	velli vulsi	vulsum	pluck
Verro	verri versi	versum	brush

These Preterperfect Tenses are

Cellui, plevi	from	cello, pleo
Quassi, crevi		quatio, cerno
Cubui, levi		cumbo, leo
Nivi, lexi		niveo, lacio
Sorpsi, spexi vasi		sorbeo, specio vado

IV. Verbs of the fourth Conjugation make their Preterperfect Tense in ivi, and Supine in itum, Except.

Singultio	ivi	singultum	sob
Sepelio	ivi	sepultum	bury
Comperio		compertŭ	find
Reperio		repertum	find
Farcio	farci	fartum	stuff
Refercio	si	refertum	stuff
Sarcio		sartum	patch
Fulcio		fultum	prop
Raucio		rausum	be hoarse
Sepio		septum	hedge
Haurio		haustum	draw
Sentio		sensum	perceive
Aperio	ui	apertum	open
Operio		opertum	cover
Amicio		amictum	cloath
Sal╌io╌ui	& ij	saltum	leap
Sancio	sanxi sancivi	sanctum sancitŭ	establish
Venio	veni	ventum	come
Fio	factus sŭ		be made or done
Veneo	venivi	venum	be sold
Eo	ivi	itum	go
Queo	quivi	quitum	may or can

Of Compounds.

The Preterperfect Tense is doubled is these only.

didici	from	disco
Poposci	from	posco

Do Sto Oleo

makes
- didi
  - venundo
    - dedi
      - Applico
        make ui or avi
      - Complico
      - Explico
      - Implico
      - Increpo
      - Discrepo
- pessurdo
- circundo
- satisdo
- abscondo di 3ae
except
stiti
olevi
except
- redoleo ui.
- suboleo

[Page 38]

These Verbs in Composition change the first Syllable.

1. Of both Present Tense and Preterperfect Tense in

	e	i	except
Ad	Damno	Habeo	post-habeo
Per	Lacto	Salio
In	Sacro	Statŭo
Inter	Fallo	Cado
Trans	Arceo	Laedo
Praester	Tracto	Cano
Post	Fatiscor	Quaero
Ob	Partio	Caedo
Ante	Carpo	Tango
a ab	Patro	Egeo
de	Scando	Teneo
e	Spargo	Taceo	remaneo
ex	Pario	Maneo	permaneo
Pro	Farcio	Sapio
Prae	Capto	Rapio

Sub	jacto
Super		From	Placeo Displiceo only.
Di dis	Cando
re	Gradior
se con
Exc.	Atlacto

From

Pasco
- compesc╌o
  - ui
- dispesc╌o
Pario
- comperio
  - peri
- reperio
Juro
- dejero
  - only
- pejero
mando
commendo
Halo
anbelo
Patior
perpetior

II. Of the Present Tense, and such as come of that only

i.	Exec.
Frango
Rego	pergo	Scalpo	makes	sculpo
		Calco		culco
	surgo	Salto		sulto
Sedeo	supersedeo	Claudo		cludo
Emo	coĕmo	Quatio		cutio
Capio	depango	Lavo		luo
jacio	oppango	Causo		cuso
	circŭ ăgo	plaudo		plodo
Pango	repango
Lacio	circumago
Specio	perago	From		Lego
Ago	satago	Colligo
Premo	dego	Deligo
	cogo	Eligo		legi
		Seligo

Facio— Its Compounds with satis bene male, or a Noun.

Diligo
- lexi
Negligo
Intelligo
The rest change not:

So these Supines in Composition change thus.

c	tunsum	becomes	tusum
captum	ruitum		rutum
factum	saltum		sultum
jactum	sutum		situm
raptum	datum		ditum
cantum	statum		stitum
Partum
sparsum	Congnosco	makes	cognitum
carptum	Agnosco	agnitum
fartum	Adoleo	adultum

The Compounds of Edo, make esum— But comedo both estum and esum.

Irregular Futures in rus.

From		To
Orior	oriturus	rise
Morior	moriturus	die
Pario	pariturus	bring forth
Arguo	arguiturus	argue
Eruo	eruiturus	root up
Nosco	nosciturus	know
Nascor	nasciturus	be born
Fuo	futurus	be

These want the Preterperfect Tense and Supines.

	To
Ambigo	doubt
Aveo	desire
Cerno	see
Clueo	be counted
Fatisco	gape
Fero	suffer
Ferio	strike
Furio	rage
Glisco	glow
Liquor	melt
Medeor	heal
Meio	piss
Maelreo	mourn
Polleo	be able
Reminiscor	remember
Renideo	glister
Rigor	grin
Tollo	lift up
Vergo	bend
Vescor	eat

And Passives, whose Actives want the Supines. Also Inceptives in seo and Meditatives

except	Partur╌io	itum
	Esur╌io

Such as want the Supines only, are before set down in their Order, to which add

	To
Absilio	ui	leap away
Prosit╌io	leap forwards
Cl╌uo	be famous
Gestio	desire
Incesso	invade
Prodigo	squander

And also all Neuters of the second Conjugation in eo, except

Caleo	calitum	be warm
Doleo	dolitum	be troubled
Lateo	latitum	lie hid
Noceo	nocitum	hurt
Oleo	olitum	smell
Pareo	paritum	obey
Placeo	placitum	please
Taceo	tacitum	be silent
Valeo	valitum	be in health

[Page 40]

Verba Deponentia.

1. Conjugationis jmoe.

A To

Abominor Abhor or hate
Adminiculor Help or stay
Adulor Flatter
Adulteror Commit Adultery
Aelitimor Oversee a Church
Aemulor Imitate
Affor Speak to
Aginor Buy or sell small Wares
Altercor Wrangle
Alumuor Nourish or foster
Amplexor Embrace
Ampullor Speak big words
Ancillor Serve
Apricor Sit Sunning
Aquor Water
Arbitror Think
Architector Build
Argumentor Dispute
Argutor Speak sharply
Ariolor Prophesy or foretell
Aristor Glean
Aspernor Despise
Assentor Flatter
Aucupor Hawk, or go about to
Auguror Prophesy
Aversor Abhor
Aurigor Drive a Coach
Auspicor Begin a matter
Auxilior Help or aid

Baccbor Play the Debau
Bellor War or Fight
Bubulcitor Play the Herdsmă

Cacbinnor Laugh aloud
Calumnior Accuse falsely
Caprificor Dress wild figtrees
Cavillor Cavil or reason craftily
Cauponor Sell for gain
Causidicor Plead an excuse
Causor Except against
Comessor Feast together
Comittor Accompany
Commentor Devise
Concionor Preach
Conflictor Fight
Conor Endeavour per╌ceive
Conspicor Behold or
Contemplor Consider
Contemptor Despise often
Contor Sound to the bottom
Convitior Rail at
Cornicor Chat like a Daw
Criminor Accuse
Cunctor Delay

Delector Take delight
Despicor Despise
Digladior Fight withSwords
Dignor Vouchsafe
Dominor Rule

Essor Speak out
Emacror Make or wax lean
Epulor Feast
[Page 41]Execror Curse
Exequior Execute Funerals

Fabricor Invent or Build
Fabulor Talk
Foeneror Borrow, Acc. to lend on usury, Dat.
Famulor Serve
Fari Speak
Fatuor Play the Fool
Ferior Keep Holyday to float
Fluctuor Rise in Waves:
Focillor Nourish or Comfort
Fornicor Commit fornicatio
Frumentor Provide Corn
Frustror Deceive
Furor Steal

Gesticulor Leap for joy
Glorior Boast
Groecor Be merry as a Greek
Grassor Rob or flay
Gratificor Gratify
Grator Give thanks to
Gratulor Rejoice in ones behalf

Hallucinor Mistake or err
Helluor Eat much or devour
Hortor Exhort
Hospitor Lodg or entertain

Jaculor Shoot darts
Imaginor Imagine
Imitor Imitate
Inficior Deny
Inimicor Hate or be an Enemy
Injurior Wrong
Insidior Ly in wait
Interpretor Expound
Jocor
- Jest
Joculor Jest
Jurgor Chide
Juvenor Play youthful pranxs

Lacrymor Shed tears or weep
Loetificor Rejoice
Loetor Rejoice
Lamentor Bewail
Latrocinor Rob
Lenocinor Practice Bawdry: or intice or assure
Libidinor Lecher it
Licitor Cheapen or set to sale
Limitor Bound
Litor Sacrifice
Loquitor Speak much or often
Lucror Gain
Luctitor Struggle
Luctor Wrastle
Ludificor Mock
Lurcor Eat ravenously
Lustor Haunt Bawdy houses
Luxurior Riot

Machinor Devise or Plot
Moecbor Whore
Manticulor Steal craftily
Manuor Filch or Steal
Mastupror Frigg
Medicor Heal or cure
Meditor Muse or meditate
Mentior Ly
Mercor Buy
Meretricor Play the Harlot
Meridior Sleep at Noon
[Page 42]Metor Set bounds
Minitor
- Threaten
Minor
Miseror Be sorry for
Moderor Govern
Modificor Measure
Modulor Model or tune
Moror Delay
Moror Play the Fool
Multor Punish
Muneror Reward or give gifts
Mutuor Borrow

Naviculor Go out on water in a Boat
Negotior Exercise Merchădise
Nepotor Live and spend riotously
Nictor Wink, twinkle it, flatter
Nidulor Make a Nest
Novercor Play the Mother in Law
Nubilor Make Cloudy
Nugor Trifle or delay
Nundinor Buy or sell
Nutricor Nurse or Nourish

Oblector Delight or recreate
Obsidior Lie in wait for
Odoror Smell
Ominor Prophesy or bode
Operor Labor or give himself to
Opinor Think
Opilulor Help
Opsonor Provide victuals
Oscitor Gape for want of sleep
Osculor Kiss

Pabulor Go a foraging, also to feed and serve Cattel
Palor Straggle
Palpor Handle gently
Pandiculor Stretch
Parasitor Cog, lie and flatter
Patrocinor Defend or plead for
Peculor Rob a common
Peregrinor Wander as a stranger, (Treasury or to Travel abroad
Periclitor Be in danger
Periculor Make Tryal
Perplexor Twist together
Philosopher Study, profess, or (teach philosophy
Pignoror Take a pledge
Pigror Be slow or loiter
Piscor Fish
Pollicitor promise often
Popinor Tipple, or be sottish
Populor Destroy,
Precor Pray
Proedor Take away plunder
Proelior Fight in Battel
Proemior Reward or recompence
Proestolor Abide or tarry for
Pressor Press hard
Pro [...]mior Begin a Speech
Propitior Appease or sacrifice To Inform for a 4th

Quadruplor part of the Penalty
Queritor plain
Quiritor Call for the help of the Romans

[Page 43]Radicor Take root or grow
Ratiocinor Reason
Recordor Remember
Refragor Gainsay, or resist
Reliquor Be in arrears
Rimor Search diligently
Rixor Brawl or scold
Ructor Belch or spew
Ruminor Chew the Cud
Rutor Dwell in the Country
Ruspor Scrape
Rusticor Lead a Country life

Sciscitor Enquire
Scitor Ask or demand
Scortor Go a whoring
Scurror Jest saucily
Sector Follow or Chase
Sermocinor Talk or Commune
Siliquor Grow in a husk
Solor Comfort
Spatior Walk abroad
Speculor Spy
Stabulor Stand in a Stall
Stipulor Bargain or require performance of a Covenant
Stomachor Stomach at
Suavior Kiss sweet
Subsidior Help, if need be
Suffragor Vote for to favour
Suppetior Aid or help
Suspicor Conjecture or suspect
Sycophantor Forge false Accusations

Tergiversor Turn ones back
Testificor Bear witness
Testor Witness
Tricor Trifle or dally
Trutinor Weigh or examine
Tumultuor Storm
Tutor Defend

Vador Take security, or appoint a day of appearance
Vagor Wander
Varicor Go stradling
Vaticinor Prophesy
Velificor Hoise Sail
Velitor Skirmish
Veneror Worship
Venor Hunt
Verecundor Be ashamed or abashed
Vermiculor Breed Worms
Versor Be with often, or conversant
Viaticor Provide necessaries for a Journey
Villicor Busie about Husbandry
Visceror distribute raw meat
Vitulor Play the Calf
Vociferor cry aloud
Ʋsitor Dive or duck
Ʋsitor use oft
Vulpinor Play the Fox

II. Conjugationis secundae

Censeor Enroll, reckon or account
Fateor Confess
Liceor set the price higher
[Page 44]Medeor Heal or cure
Mereor Deserve
Misereor Take pity on
Polliceor Promise
Reor Suppose
Tueor Defend
Vereor Reverence, doubt, fear or dread

III. Conjugationis Tertiae.

Aedituor Over-see a Church
Adipiscor Get, gain or obtain
Ampleotor Embrace
Avertor Abhor
Calzor Disappoint
Comminiscor Invent contain
Complector Comprehend or
Expergiscor Awake
Fruor Enjoy
Fungor Exercise a Duty or
Gradior Go by steps Office
Irascor Be angry
Labascor Fail, decay or faint
Labor Slide, slip or fall
Liquor Dissolve or drop
Loquor Speak
Morior Die
Nanciscor Get or obtain
Nascor Be born, grow, spring, breed, be ingendred or to rise
Nitor Endeavour or strive
Obliviscor Forget
Pacisoor Bargain
Pascor Feed
Patior Suffer
Proficiscor Go forward
Queror Complain
Redipiscor Recover or get again
Reminiscor Remember
Ringor Grin, fret or chafe
Sequor Follow
Tuor Behold
Vescor Eat or feed on
Ʋlciscor Be revenged
Ʋtor use

IV. Conjugationis Quartae.

Assentior Accord, consent or agree to
Crinior Have a bush of hair
Experior Try
Largior Give liberally
Mentior Ly
Metior Measure, set out, esteem, judg consider
Molior Move, endeavor, attempt, labour, build
Operior Look or stay for
Ordior Begin
Orior Arise
Partior Divide
Potior Obtain or enjoy
Sortior Cast lots

[Page 45]

	I	Thou	He	We	Ye	They
Praes	Aio	ais	ait			aiunt
Imperf.	Aie bam	bas	bat	bamus	batis	bant
Praes.	Inquam	is	it	imus		iunt
Imperf.			inquiebat			inquiebant
Perf.	inquisti
Fut.		inquies	inquiet
Imperat.		inque ito
Aus-im Fax╌o		is	it			sint
		Salv╌e eto Av╌e				et etoie
Salve╌bo		bis	bit	Infin.	salvere
Quaeso				Quaesumus

Apage apagite. Cedo Explicit Infit. ovac ovans. Pres. or a for. Imperat. sci fi are not used.

An Adverb sheweth the Circumstances of signification in other words; as How? When? Where? Whither? Whence? How long? How oft? How much? After what manner? Whether or no? Why? and other like circumstances; and ends commonly in o, e, um, or ter in Latine; In English for the most part in ly. Others are best known by use, and so are Conjunctions, which differ in use not from Adverbs, only they are joined to a Subjunctive Mood. An Interjection is a word of Passion, as [...]eu! alas! voWo!

[Page 46]

Of a Preposition out of Westminster Introduction.

A Preposition is either set before Cases to govern them, or those and other words to compound them; they govern

1. An Acc. Case these thirty.

1. Ad, to, at, about, towards, into, according to, even to, as to before, by, near to; in, until, against, on upon, for, amongst; besides, with, after.

2. Adversus - sum: against, to, towards, over against, before, according to.

3. Ante; before, to.

4. Apud, at, among, before, by or near to, within, under.

5. Circa, about, round about, about, the time of, by, near to, concerning, in, against.

6. Circiter, about, almost, nigh to.

7. Circum, about, to.

8. Cis, citra, on this side, within, short of, afore. Also Citra, without, besides.

9. Contra, against, over against, to the face of.

10. Erga, towards, against.

11. Extra, without, forth, out of, besides.

12. Infra, beneath, under.

13. Inter, between, amongst, in, into at, of.

14. Intra, within, in, short of, as far as, amongst.

15. Juxta, nigh to, next after, together, with or by, as well as.

16. Ob, for, against, before.

17. Penes, in, in my power, possession.

18. Per, by, through, over, about, for, because of, in, at, in the time of, for the sake of, as to, among, between, afore, under, with.

19. Pone, behind, after.

20. Post, after, since, from, behind.

21. Proeter, besides, above, by, beyond, without, against, before, near to.

[Page 47]

22. Prope, nigh, hard by.

23. Propier, for, because of, near to, nigh.

24. Secundum, according to, nigh to, next to, next after, about, concerning, for, in.

25. Secus, near to, by.

26. Supra, above, over, beyond, besides, upon, morethan.

27. Trans, beyond, over, on the other side.

28. Versus, towards, by.

29. Ʋltra, beyond, above, more, besides.

30. Ʋsque, up to, well nigh, until, besides.

II, An Ablative Case, these Ten.

1. A, ab, abs, by, after, at, from, of, out of, for, against, on, over, through, with.

2. Absque, without, but for.

3. Coram, before, in presence of.

4. Cum, with, amongst, by, in, at.

5. De, of, concerning, from, for, on, upon, as to, by, in, at, after.

6. E, ex, of, out of, from, amongst, for, according to, by, on, above, after, in, with.

7. Palam, in sight of, before.

8. Proe before, for, because of, in comparison of, in.

9. Pro, for, instead of, in defence of, as, as it were, at, in, upon according to, as to.

10. Tenus, to, up to, down to, nigh to, as to, only in, as far as, within compass of. Tenus serves also a Gen. Case Plural.

III. Both an Accusative and Ablative, these six.

1. Clam unknown to.

2. Procul, far of, far from, without.

3. Subter, under, in.

4. In

1. Acc. Into, to. afore, until, towards, upon, against, about, at, near to.
2. Abl. In, by, concerning, with, at.
3. Acc. and sometimes an Abl. after, for, on, upon, among.

5. Sub.

1. Acc. 1. With a Noun of time; about, a little afore, towards.
2. With a Noun of Action, after or upon.
[Page 48]3. After a Verb of motion; to, unto, under.
2. Abl. Under, in, at, by, hard by, forthwith, or upon, in the time of.

6 Super.

1. Acc. Beyond, above, over and above, besides, amidst, at. set over or belonging to [in Office.]
2. Abl. Concerning, for about, or at. Acc. or Abl. upon,

These are used in Composition only 3 am an about, con together. Di, dis, se apart. Re, again or against, un, ve, without.

Some in Composition change 2, lose 3, or take a Letter for the better sound. p. 222

Aos before f, is made au, as aufero.

In
- before b, p, change n into im.
con
Ad-
Ob-
Sub
In
- before
  - c, f, g, l, n, p, r, s, t.
    - Change their last letter into the Consonant of the word following, as.
      - Accurro
      - Opprimo
      - Suggero
      - Illudo
      - Corrigo
      - Pellucco
      - Intelligo
      - Effero
    - c, f, g, p.
    - c, f, g, m, p.
    - l, m, r.
    - l, sometimes.
  - Con
  - Per
  - Inter
  - Ex before f.
  - Ad
    - sometimes before a Consonant lose a Letter; as,
      - Aperio
      - Omitto
      - Trajicio
      - Divello
  - Ob
  - Traens
  - Dis, &c.
  - Con, always before a Vowel, as coemo.

[Page 49]

Construction or Syntax hath two general Parts, Agreement and Government.

IN Latin Speech there are 3 Agreements or Concords between the

I. Nominative Case and the Verb.

II. Substantive and the Adjective.

III. Antecedent and the Relative.

I. The Nominative Case hath a, an, or the, (and sometimes no sign before it, but (most commonly) cometh before the Verb with which it agrees in Number and Person, as, Praceptor legit, vos negligitis. Frater studet. Pater dormit.

Yet between the Nom case and the Verb may stand

1. A Genitive Case or a Gerund in di; as Facundia Ciceronis celebratur. Studium discendi me tenet.
2. An Adjective or Participle; also Conjunctive or Relative Clauses; as, vir doctus studiis addictus, si gloriam appctat, & sceleratos oderit, merito amatur.

Sometimes the Nominative Case is set after the Verb, if.

1. A question be asked, as Amas tu? Venitne Rex?
2. The Verb be of the Imperative Mood; as Amito ille. Legat petrus. Taceant coeteri.
3. The Signs It or There, nor or neither, come before the English of the Verb; as Est liber mcus, venit quidam.

II. A Noun Adjective cannot stand by it self, but must have a Substantive [expressed or understood] with which it agrees in Number, Case and Gender; as Amicus certus magni nomin [...]s cum ingenti Satellitio bue venit. Homo armatus. Rara avis. Ager colendus. Meus berus.

III. The Relative rehearseth another word going before, (called the Antecedent) with which it agrees in Gender, Number and Preson; and is always placed first in the sentence; such are which [Page 50] whom, what, whose, who and that put for which

This Relative must be

1. The Nominative Case to the Verb when there cometh no other between it and the Verb; as vir sapit, qui tacer. Qui nocent, docent.
2. Such Case as the Noun, Verb. Participle or Adverb, which after, or the Preposition next before it do govern, when the Nominative Case comes between it and the Verb; as Hîc est, quem tu quoeris, Ancilla est, quam accersisti. En marcum, cui studeo, cujus causâ boec scribo. Hi sant libri, quibus utor. Quod statui, saciam. Illam, quem tu colis, amo, prae quo ceteri sordent.

N. B. The Substantive is often understood, and then the Adjective supplies its place, and may be the Nominative Case to the Verb, or Substantive to another Adjective, or governed of another word in the sentence; and if Things be joined with it, or understood, it shall be put in the Neuter Gender, and may govern a Genitive case; as Omnes mortales sunt miseri. Semperavar us eget. Minimum hinc acceler lucri. Pauca inveniuntur his similia. Quantum babes nummorum tantum & fidei.

To find the Nominative Case to the Verb. Substantive to the Adjective or Antecedent to the Relative, you must ask the Question Who or What, and the word that answereth, shall be the Nominative Case Substantive or Antecedent.

The Adjective [in English] stands before the Substantive; The Substantive follows the Adjective.

All casual words are governed of the word that goes next before them [in plain sense] according to the sign; (by which the Case is known) or of some Preposition. Except they have which, who, whom, what, whose, and that for which joined with them, for then they are governed of the word following.

To confirm this general Rule, take these following; Any Substantive is governed of another of the same Case going next before by Apposition, if both belong to one thing; as Tullius Orator. Naso Poeta. Domirus Deus Creator Mundi, novi Simonem virum egregium, patrem tuum, Lydiae fratrem.

The Nominative Case is governed of the Verb when

1. It is an Adjective, which agrees with the Nominative Case before the Verb, in Number, Case and Gender; as Loquor frequens Taceo multus. Scribo rarissimus.
2. It follows.
- 1. Verbs Substantives. Sum forem, fio, existo; as, Fama est malum. Deus est summum Bonum.
- 2. Certain Passives (especially of calling: as, Dicor, vocor Salutor, appellor, babeor, existimor, videor, nuncupor, &c. as Croesus vocatur dives. Alexander appellatur magnus.

2. The Genitive Case is known by the token of after a Noun [expressed or understood] and is governed of

1. A Substantive betokening another thing going next before; as Facundia Ciceronis. Amator studiorum. Dogma Platonis. Amor nummi. Laudis cupido.
2. Adjectives.
- 1. Signifying desire, knowledg, remembrance, ignorance, forgettirg, care, fear, and such like passions of the mind; as, Cupidus auri. Peritus belli. Ignarus omnium. Dubius mentis. Memor praeteriti. Immemor sui. Metuens tui.
- 2. Ending in ax, and derived of Verbs; as, Aulax animi. Protositi tenax. Pecuniarum petax.
- 3. Having after them the English of or among, whether Partitives, Interrogatives, Nouns of Number, Comparatives, or Superlatives; as Aliquis nostrûm Quis fratrum? Quatnor judicum. Sapientûm octavus. Manuum sortior. Hominum nequissmus. Romanorum ultimus.
- 4. Made of Participles; as, Alieni appetens, sui profusus. Cupientissimus tui. Inexpertus belli. Indoctus piloe.
3. Verbs.
- 1. Betokening to Esteem or regard; as Fit parvi virtus, permagni nummus babetur. Plurimi fit pecunia.
- 2. Of warning, accusing. condemning, acquitting, and the like, which three last often change it into an Ablative; [Page 52] as, Furti se accusat vel furto. Monuit me errati Infamiâ notatur, poenâ liberatur.
- 3. Satago, misereor, miseresco; as Rerum suarum satagit, miscrere mei Deus. The two last have sometimes also a Dative.
- 4. Reminiscor, obliviscor, Recordor, memini, which govern also an Accasative Case; as, Reminiscor historiae, Oblivisco, carminis, Recordor pueritiam, Obliviscor lectionem, Meminitui de te.
- 5. Sum, when it signifieth Possession, or belonging to a thing, as a Property or Duty; as, bac Domus est patris. Regis est benefacere. Timidi est optare neccm. Except that meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester bumanum belluinum, and such like are used in the Nominative Case; as, Hic codex est meus, nostrum est pati. Humanum est irasci.
- 6. Impersonals, Interest and refert; as, omnium interest, Parvi refert; except meâ, tuâ, suâ, nosirâ, vesirâ, cujâ; as meâ interest, tua refert, &c. in the Ablative Cafe.
4. Adverbs of Quantity, Time and Place, with Instar; as multum lucri. Tunc temporis. Ʋbique locorum. Instar omnium.

3. The Dative Case is known by the token To, before a Noun, and is governed of

1. Adjectives.

1. Signifying profit or disprofit, likeness or unlikeness, pleasure, submitting or belonging to any thing, and Adverbs derived of them; as, Ʋtilis bello. Paci gravis. Idoneus patriae. Aequalis Hectori. Mihi proprium, utiliter tibi, vivis.
2. In bilis and dus, derived of Verbs, and signifying pasfively; as, Flebilis, flendus omnibus. Formidabilis formidandus bosti.

2. Verbs.

1. Having after them [expressed or understood] the tokens to or for [the use of any one]; as, Tibi babeo. Mihi seritur.
2. Betokening Profit or Disprofit, Anger and Threatening, [Page 53] Obedience and Resistance, Comparison and Trust, Commanding and Shewing, Promising and Paying, Giving and Restoring; as, Bonis nocet. Malis prodest. Irascor tibi. Minatur fratri. Sibi servit. Deo repugnat. Hero solvit, cui promiserat. Mihi librum reddidit, cui mutuo dedi.
3. Sum with all its Compounds, except Possum; as also Suppetit; as, Hoc tibi prodest, aliis obest. Sum tibi praesidio, cui suppetit pecunia. Haec res est mibi voluptati.
4. Compounded with Proe, ad, con, sub, super, inter, ob, ante, in, post. Satis, bene, male; as, Ʋrbi praesidet, cui beneficit. Convixit nobis, quibus obstrepit. Pecuniae famam post-posuit. Ingruit sociis, quib us maledixerat. Adbaeret nemini. Votis tuis satisfaciam. Bello pacem antefero.
5. Certain Impersonals, viz. Accidit, certum est, libet licet, pater, liquet, constat, placet, expedit, prodest, &c. as, Tibi licet, Mihi dolet. Patri accidit. Vobis benefit.
6. Passives [of the Doer] which have oftener an Ablative with the Preposition à or ab; as, Mihi [à me] laudatur. Tibi [à te] fama petituar.

4. The Accusative Case followeth the Verb, and answereth to the Question Whom or What made by the Verb, and is governed of

1. Adjectives.

1. Signifying high, long. broad or thick, which have sometimes also an Ablative, seldom a Genitive; as Turris alta centum pedes. Area lata tres ulnas. Liber crassus tres [...]ollices, vel tribus polli ibus.
2. Exosus & Perosus, signifying actively, for they have a Dative when they signify Passively; as, Exosus saevitiam. Perosus Deo. Exosus bonis. Pertaesus hath an Accusative or a Genitive; as Pertaesus vitam or vitae.

2. Verbs.

1. Transitives, whether Active, Common or Deponent; as, Avarus nihil largitur, Nummos miratur, quaerit opes, quas prodigat haeres.
[Page 54]2. Neuters of the same signification; as Gaudeo gaudiu. Vivo vitam, which have often an Ablative; as Ito rectâ viâ.
3. Actives of Naming, Teaching and Araying, which may have two Accusative Cases; as, Voco te Petrum. Doces me literas. Posce Deum veniam. Induit se calceos, quos exuerat.
4. Impersonals, Delectat, Decet, Juvat, oportet; as, Tedelectat. Nos juvat. Me oportet. Illum decet.

5. The Vocative Case is always governed of some Interjection.

6. The Ablative Case is

1. Sometimes put alone by it self, or Absolute, (when the word hath before it, Whilst, when, if tho, after that, where,) with a Participle [being or some other] expressed or understood; as, Rege veniente, me Duce. Hoc audito. Ʋrbe deditâ. p 355.
2. Commonly joined with some Particle or Preposition, of which 'tis governed; as also of

1. Verbs.

1. Of any sort when it signifies an Instrument [wherewith] Cause [Why] or manner [How] a thing is done; as, Ferit eum gladio. Taceo metu. Dolis me ludit.
2. Of Plenty, Scarceness, Filling, Emptying, Loading or unloading, &c. as Affluis opibus. Cares virtute. Expleo te fabulis. Oneras me nugis. Pondere se levat. And the three former may also have a Genitive. Impletur vini. Indigeo patris.
3. Of Price [namely of buying, selling, prising, valuing, &c.] which a thing is worth, costs, or valued at; as Emit aureo, vendidit asse. Denario constitit. Exc. Tanti, quanti, pluris, minoris quantivis, quantiliber, quanticunque, tantivis, tantidem. Genitives when put alone without Substantives.
4. Of Comparing or Exceeding; as, Gradibus multis bunc robore praestat. Dignitate me praeis.
5. Certain Neuters and Deponents; as, Prosequor afficio, &c. Prosequor te honore. Afficis me dolore. Vescor pane quo delector. Vestra fruor amicitiâ, quâ loetor. Gaudeo sociis quibus utor.

2. Adjectives,

1. Comparatives and their Adverbs, having than, by, or in, after them; as, Frigidior glacie. Pede altior. Melle dulcior. Tanto Doctior.
2. Signifying fulness, emptiness, Plenty or wanting, &c. which govern a Genitive Case also; as, Spe or spei plenus Dives opium or opibus Vacuus irâ or iroe. Copiis abundans. expers fraudis. corpus inane animoe or animâ.
3. Buying and Selling; as, Asse carus. Vilis aureo. Gemmis venale.
4. Signifying some Property or Passion of Body or Mind, as sauciue fronte or frontem. Aeger pedibus. Crine niger.
5. Dignus, indignus, praeditus, capto, contentus, extorris, fretus, Natus, Prognatas, Satus, cret [...], creatus, ortus, editus, opus & usas for need, as Dignus bonore. Captus oculis. Virtute praeditus. Paucis contentus. Extorris patriâ. Diis fret [...]. Ancillânatus. Mari ortus. Terrâ editus. Opus est mibi numais.

8. Gerunds, Supines and Participles govern such cases as the Verbs which they come of, and are Construed as followeth.

1. The Gerund in

di
do
- is put after.
  - 1. Substantives and Adjectives which govern a Genitive Case; as, Studium videndi Romam. Spes vincendi bostes. Ratio scribendi literas.
  - 2. Prepositions serving to the Abl. case a, ab, de, e, ex, cum, in, pro, or alone, when it signifies the cause or manner of doing as, Ab amando. De edendo, in apparando. Coesar dando, sublevando ignoscendo gloriam adeptus est.
  - 3. Prepositions serving to the Accusative case ad, ob, propter, inter, aat, as, ad consulenau tibi, Ob redimendum [...] or Absolately with the Verb est as vigilanlum est. Abcunaam est.
dum

2. Of the Supines. The

1. First in um follows Verbs and Participles of motion, as, Eo cubitum Spectatum admissi ludos. Veni auditum Poetas.
[Page 56]2. Latter in u follows certain Adjectives, as, Facile factu. Turpe dictu, Indignum relatu.

9. Names of

1. Common places, as, ad Ʋrbem, in foro,
2. Great Places: as, 1. Parts of the World. 2. Kingdoms 3. Countreys. 4. Provinces. 5. Iselands, as, ex, Angliâ veni per Galliam in Italiam.
- are governed of a Preposition.
3. Lesser Places, as Cities, Towns, Streets, Villages, &c. are used without a Preposition thus.

In a Place At a Place

1. If the Noun be of the first or second Declension, and the Singular Number, it shall be the Genitive Case, as, Natus Londini. Vixit Oxonia. Studuit Lutetia. So bumi, domi, militiae, belli, as Domi bellique clarus.
2. If it be the Plural Number, or the third Declension, it must be the Dative or Ablative Case, as Athenis docuit. Cartbagine obijt.

To a place always in the Accusative, as Eo Romam. Neapol m profectus est. So rus & domum; as, Ite domum.

From By A place always in the Ablative; as Cantuariâ, Londino, Eboracum itur. So rure & domo: as abiit domo

10. Nouns of Time, if they answer to the Question.

1. When? are put in the Ablative Case; as nocte vigilas. Luce Dormis.
2. How long; commonly in the Accusative, yet sometimes in the Ablative, as, Decennium vixit vel decennio. Noctes atque dies studuit. Biennium vel biennio languit.

II. The Question and Answer must be of the same Case and Tense, as, Quid agis? Lego virgilium. Cujus est bic puer? Xantbi. Quem ad caenam vocasti? Petrum. Except the word which answers be put in annother Case by some other Rule: as, Quanti constitit? deuario. Cujus est bic Codex? Meus. cujum pecus? Melibai, furtine accusas an bomicidij? 'utroque.

Some words govern two cases.

1. An Ecce
- 1. Of shewing a Nominative, as, En Priamus.
- 2. Of upbraiding an Accusative, as, En habitum,
2. Sum, do, dono, babeo, duco, verto, accipio, puto and such like admit two Datives [besides an Accusative] as, Do tibi vestem pignori. vertit boc mibi vitio. Hoc sibi laudi ducit.
[Page 57]3. Poenitet, toedet miseret, miserescit, pudet, piget, an Accusative of the person and Genitive of the thing, as Senectutis eum non poenituit. Toedet me vita. Illum pudet negligentiae. Nati te misereat, oro. Fratrem tui piget.

These Particles, Et, que, quoque, ac, atque, nec neque, tanquam, item, itidem, cum, tum, ni, nisi, quasi sed, an, aut, ve, vel, seu, sive, quam, praeterquam, &c. couple like Cases and Moods; as, Rex & Regina beati. Nec tacet, nec sapit. Except a former rule requires another Case, as, Studui Romoe & Athenis, Liber meus & statris, quem emi centussi & pluris.

Of Signs of Words.

CASES are known by Signs. Their Signs are of the

1. Nominative
- a an the
  - before the Verb
    - and many times no Particle at all.
  - after the Verb
2. Accusative.
3. Genitive.

Of after

1. ANoun, except 1. dignus, in dignus, opus & usus, for need which govern an Ablative. 2. Of before mine, thine, his, ours, yours, theirs &c. where 'tls made by meu [...], tuus, suus, &c.
2. These Verbs admonish, accuse, condemn, acquit, or am, which four last often put it in an Ablative, and Passives in a Dative.

N. B. Of, after a Verb or Participle is made by a Preposition.

4 Dat.

1. To, before a Noun—Except it follows, 1. Words of motion and readiness. 2. Verbs of exhorting, provoking, inclining, calling, belonging, as atinet pertinet spectat & loquor. Where tis made by ad.
2 For
- 1. Before a person, [for the use of.]
- 2. After, good, fit, profitable, lawful, ready, &c.

Abl.

5. Ablative.

With. Except it notes together with (cum [...] or comes after Verbs of Comparing Contending, Meeting and being Angry, where 'tis made by the Dative.
[Page 58]By
- 1. Before the Instrument [wherewith] manner (how) and words of Time.
- 2. Before Name, Birth, Country or a Noun of measure or space.
- 3. After Comparatives and Superlatives.
For after Words of Buying and Selling, and before the word of Price, otherwise 'tis a Dative.
At or on before Time, age, game. So at Table, at Night, at first fight, at first coming. Also on after nitor vescor.
From is usually expressed by a Preposition, a, ab, abs.
Of
- 1. Denoting a part after an Adjective or Verb, signifying Passively.
- 2. After sick, weary, born, descended, worthy, unworthy, and opus & usus put for need.
- 3. After Verbs, of filling, emptying, easing, depriving, ridding, spoiling, unburdening.
Than, after a Comparative, otherwise quam which makes the two Nouns compared agree in Case.

These Signs and many more, as, against, afore, before, after, between, upon, over, &c. oftentimes belong to the foregoing word, of which the Case is governed without their Latin, as to admit (of) to wish (for) to wonder at, &c.

The English Infinitive Mood To with a Verb is Latined after
- 1. Another Verb of the Infinitive Mood as Cupio discere.
- 2. A Noun that governs a Genitive Case by the Gerund in di.
- 3. Verbs of provoking, inviting, applying, acting, calling, &c. Also the Person, matter or Instrument, and some Adjectives, as ready, flow, &c. by a Gerund in dum.
- 4. A Verb of motion by the first Supine, Gerund in dum, or Participle in rns.
- 5. Sum by a Participle in rus to, dus to be.
- 6. Certain Adjectives, facilis, dignus, indignus, turpis, foedus, &c. by the latter Supine to be.

The Participle in ing.

1 Becomes a Substantive when it
- 1. Admits of a Plural number by adding s.
- 2. Hath a, an, or the before it, and of after it.
- 3. Immediately follows an Adjective agreeing with it.
[Page 59]
- 2. Is rendred after.
  - 1. Verbs of motion by the first Supine in um.
  - 2. A Noun governing a Genitive Case, by the Gerund in di.
  - 3. Of, from, by, within, by the Gerund in do.
  - 4. To, because of, between, before, by the Gerund in dum.
  - 5. Am, art, are, was, were, &c. by its own Verb.
  - 6. Of, for that, For for because, by quod.
  - 7. Of, or From, for lest that, by ne.
  - 8. A Verb importing to cease, leave or give over, by an Infinitive Mood, or a Substantive with a Preposition a or an.
- 3. Having is rendred by the
  - 1. Participle preter of a Deponent, as having, spoken, gotten.
  - 2. Preterpluperfect Tense of the Subjunctive Mood with cum.
  - 3. Ablative Case Absolute with a Participle of the Preter Tense in tus, sus, or xus, as having heard this. Hoc audito.

N B. That between two Verbs is put away, and the latter made the Infinitive Mood with an Accusative Case before it, instead of a Nominative in English. Again sometimes the English Infinitive is Latined by quod or ut, and a Subjunctive Mood.

The Prosodia, or Rules to know the quantities of Syllables in the Latine Tongue.

OF the 22 Letters in Latin there are two general sorts.

I. Vowels five a, e, i, o, u,

II. Consonants all the rest which are twofold.

1. Mutes b, c, d, f, g, p, q, t, j and v, Consonants.
2. Semivowels.
- 1. Liquids four l, m, n, r.
- 2. Double Consonants two, x, z.

N. B. S is a Letter of a peculiar validity, and not reducible to [Page 60] any of the foregoing sorts, and y, k, and z, are Greek Letters, never used in Latine words.

H, is no Letter but only a note of Breathing.

A Letter or Element is the most simple or least part of which a word is compounded. Of Letters are made Syllables

A Syllable is a perfect and articulate sound, consisting of one Letter or more.

The Quantity of Syllables is twofold

1. Long marked thus ā, ān, ās, pān, &c.

2. Short, marked thus, as lĕ╌gĕ╌re.

Of Syllables are made feet.

A foot is the joining together of two Syllables or more, according to their quantity and the use of Poets.

Of Feet two sorts are most usual.

1. A Dactyl consisting of three Syllables, the first long, and the two following short, as dīcĕrĕ tēndĕrĕt porrĭgĭt.

2. A Spondee, consisting of two Syllables, both long, as vīr╌tūs cāu╌tē fōr╌nāx.

A Verse is the Collection of a certain number of Feet, according to proper Ruler. Of Latin Verses the two most usual sorts are these.

1. A long or Heroick Verse, consisting of six feet, the four first Dactylls or Spondees, the fifth usually a Dactyl, the sixth always a Spondee.

2. A short or Elegiac Verse, consisting first of two feet either Dactyls or Spondees, and then a long syllable, next two Dactyls and a long Syllable.

The last Syllable of a Verse is always common.

To know what Syllables are long, and what short take these directions.

1. Observe the Vowel which gives the sound to the syllable, which

1. If it comes before 2 Consonants or x or z in the same word, or one Consonant ending the former word, and another beginning the next following 'tis long by Position. Except that a short Vowel set before one of the Mutes l or r, immediately following is held common.

2. If it comes before another Vowel, 'tis always short. Except. [Page 61]

1. When e in Genitive and Dative case singular of the 5th Declension comes between 2 Vowels. as faciēi.
2. In these Genit. Cases illius, ipsius, istiu, uniu, nullius, ullius, neutrius, solius, totius, i. is common, in alterius i is always short, in alius always long.
3. Fi in fio is always long, except in fierem, fieres, fieret, &c. fieri.
4. A Vowel before another in Greek words is most commonly long, as Rhodopēïus, Orpbēus.

II. Every Dipthong in Latin is long, as aūt, baūd, aērts, eūge, except a Vowel immediately follows, as praealtus, praeibis, praeustus.

A Dipthong is a sound made of 2 Vowels joyned together in one syllable, of which there are five, ae, oe, au, ei, eu

III. Derivative and Compound keep the same quantity as the Primitive and simple ones of which they come, as ămo, ănator, ămabilis, redămo; except innŭba, prenŭba of nūbo, and dejĕro, pejĕro, of jūro.

IV. Of Prepositions these are always long, ā, ē, dē, sē, except a Vowel follows next after. Dī also is long, except in dĭ╌imo & dĭsertus. And Prō, except in these following Procella, profugus, protervus, pronepos, propago, profanus, profueor, profuna [...]s, proficiscor, profari, propero, profugio, profecto, Propheta, propino, in all which pro is short. In procurro, profundo, propello, propulso, propago, as pro is common. All other Prepositions are short, except Position makes them long.

V. In all Preterperfect tenses and Supines of two syllables, the former is long, as vīdi, lēgi, lōtum—Except fĭdi of findo [not fido] bĭbi, dĕdi scĭdi, stĕti, tŭli, & Supines quĭtum, sĭtum, ĭtum, lĭtum. cŭtum, rătum, dătum, sătum & cĭtum of cieo.

NB. The first syllable of all. double Preterperfect tenses is always short, such as pĕpendi, tŏtondi, mŏmordi, pĕpedi, rŭtudi, fĕfelli, tĕtigi, dĭdici, cĕcidi of cado, and cĕcidi of caedo to beat.

VI. Adjectives in nus and ōsus are always long—Except diutĭnus, crastĭnus, pristĭnus, perendĭnus, bornotĭnus, serotĭnus, oleagĭnus. fagĭnus, cedrĭnus, carbasĭnus—and others which denote matter whereof a thing is made, as Chrystallĭnus, Myrrhĭnus, Hiacinthĭnus, Adamantĭnus;

[Page 62]

VII. Of Conjugations the mark letter is to be observed,

1. In the first ā is always long, as ābam, ābas, āveram, āveas, ābo, ārem, āre, &c.
2. In the second ē is always long, as ēmus, ēbamus, ēbimus, ē ēmus ē ē-e Except a vowel follows next after e, as ĕam, ĕas, ĕat, ĕamus, ĕatis, ĕant.
3. In the third ĕ is short before r, as ĕram, ĕrem, ĕrim, ĕro, ĕre, excepting ērunt, ēre in the Preterperfect tense active, and ēris, ēre in the Fut. tense passive of the Indicative Mood, if not before r 'tis always long, as ēbam, ēbar, ēmur, ēmini.
4. In the fourth ī is always long, as īmus, īvi, īveram īto, ītem, īre, except a Vowel immediately follows, as ĭebam, ĭam, ĭamus, ĭar, ĭatur, &c.

VIII. Almost all other syllables except final, are long or short by Use or Authority—and so is,

IX. The encreasing syllable of the Genit. case which for the most part is,

[Page 63]

I. Long in such as increase in

ā

—ā—Except

ācis—A few Greek nouns & fax
āis—Annibal & Sal
ānis
ā [...]is—Jubar, hepar, par, nectar, baccar.
āsis
ātis from as—Anas.

ē

—ē—

ēcis—nex
ēdis—Pes and his Compounds
ēgis—grex.
ētis—Aries, abies, paries, bebes, interpres, teges, seges, and all ending in es short.
ēais

ī

—ī—

īcis from
- trix—natrix, varix, fornix, filix,
- ix—appendix, calix, bistrix, coxendix.
īris

ō

—ō—

ōcis—praecox, and names of Country-men.
ōlis—Tripos, &c.
ōnis—certain foreign & Gr. Nouns which increase by little o
ōris from
- os
- or — arbor, marmor aequor, ador, robur, memor, & certain gr Nouns increasing by little o
ōtis—compos, impos.

ū

—ū—

ūlis—pecus
ūris—augur, murmur, furfur, cicur, ligur, vultur.
ūtis—

II. Short in such as increase in

ă

—a—Except

ăbis
ălis
ătis from a

ĕ

—ĕ—

ĕmis
ĕri
ĕris—Verb and some Greek Nouns besides aer and aether.

ĭ

—ĭ—

ĭcis from ex
ĭdis—Psophis crenis
ĭgis
ĭus
ĭnis—Salamis, Trachis, Delphis.
ĭps
ĭri
ĭtis—Samnis; Quiris
ĭvis

ŏ

—ŏ—

ŏbis
ŏgis
ŏpis—Hydrops, Cenops, Cyclops, Cercops,
ŏris from
- ur
- us
ŏvis

ŭ

—ŭ—

ŭcis—Pollux
ŭgis
ŭlis
ŭpis
ŭris

y

—y—

ybis
ycis—Bombyx
ygis
yris

[Page 64]

Of the Quantity of ending syllables.

These Terminations are long
Except

a

1. Pută, ită, quiă.
2. All cases in a besides the Ablative singular of the first Declension, as musâ, pennâ bonâ. And Vocatives of Greek Nouns in as, as O Aeneā, O Thomā.
3. Nouns of number in ginta makes the last common.

c

1. Lăc, nĕc, donĕc, always short.
2. Fac and the Pronoun hic, which with hoc (if it be not the Ablative case) is always common.

i

1. Mihi, tibi, sibi, ubi, ibi, in which the last is common.
2. Nisĭ, and quasĭ always short.
3. Datives and Vocatives of Greek Nouns, as Dat. Phyllidĭ, [...]allaabreve, Minoïdĭ, Vocat. Amaryllĭ, Alexĭ, Daphnĭ.

n

1. Forsăn, forsităn, ăn, tamĕn, attamĕn, veruntamĕn.
2. In with his compounds exĭn, subĭn, deĭn, proĭn.
3. Nouns in en that increase short in the Genitive case, as carmĕn, peciĕn, tibicĕn.
4. Words cut off by Apocope, as mĕn, viaĭn', nemŏn'.
5. Greek words in on by ŏ short, in in by ĭ. in yn by y. also in an from the Nominative in a not in as.

as

1. Greek Nouns which make the Genit. singular in dos. as Arcă, and the Latin word Ană.
2. Accusatives plural of such as increase in the Genitive singular, as Heroă, Phyllidăs.

es

1. Nouns of the third Declension which increase short in the Gen. case sing as milĕs segĕs, divĕs. Except ariēs, abiē. parē, Ceres and pēs with his compounds.
2. Es the second person of sum with his Compounds, as potĕs, adĕs, abĕs, and the Preposition penĕ still short.
3. Neuters of the singular, and Nominatives and Vocatives plural of Greek Nouns.

os

1. Compŏ, impŏ, and ŏs ossis, for ōs ōris is long.
2. Greek words written by short ŏ as delŏ, logŏs, &c.

[Page 65]

Words are common that end in
Except

o

1. Datives and Ablatives singular of the 2d. Declension, as dominō, bonō, magistrō which are always long.
2. Adverbs derived of Adjectives in o, as tantō, quantō, liquidō, falsō, primō &c. Except sedulo, mutuo, crebro, fero, common. Citŏ, moao, and quomodo, always short. Ambo, duo, ego and homo seldom long.
3. Words of one Syllable in o always long, as dō, stō, and ergō put for causà.
4. All Greek words by ω still long, as Sapphō, Didō.

b

d

t.

These Termiations are short
Except

e

1. Ablatives singular of the 5th Declension, as fidē, glaciē. diē with its Compounds hodiē, quotidiē, pridiē, postridiē: And rē with its Compounds quarē, qua de rē, ea rē, &c. and famē.
2. Second persons singular of Verbs of the 2 d. Conjugation in the Imp. Mood active, as docē, movē, cavē.
3. Adverbs in e derived of Adjectives, as pulchrē certē, valdē, also fermē ferē: Except benĕ and maiĕ.
4. Monosyllables in e, as mē, tē, dē, se, Except quĕ, nĕ, vĕ inclitic's.
5. Greek Nouns written by ἠ or long e, as ethē, tempē.

l

1. Nīl made by contraction of nihīl and sōl.
2. Hebrew words, as Michaēl, Gabriēl, Raphaēl, Daniēl.

r

1. Fār, lār, nār, vēr, fūr, cūr, and sār with his compounds, as compār, impār. dispār.
2. Greek words, in ηρ or er long, as aēr, charactēr, aethēr, sotēr, Except pater and matĕr in which er is short.

is

1. Datives and Ablatives plural of the first and second Declension, as musīs, dominīs, templīs, and quīs for quibus.
2. Nouns increasing long in the Genitive case, as Samnīs, Samnītis, Salamis īnīs.
3. Monosyllables, as vīs līs, Except ĭs, quĭs, and bĭs.
4. Second persons singular in is whose second persons plural end in ītis, as audīs, velīs, dederīs, audītis, velītis, dederītis.

us

1. Nouns increasing long, as tellūs ūris, virtūs ūtis.
2. The Genit. sing. Nominat. Accusat. and Vocat. plural of the 4th Declension in us, as bujus manûs, hae manus, has manus, ô manus.
3. All Monosyllables as pūs, thūs, rūs, mūs, sūs, crūs, &c.
4. Greek Nouns ending with the Dipthong ους, as Panthū, Sapphū, Cliū.

In scanning Verses certain Figures are used. viz.

1. A Vowel ends the former word. and another begins the following, the former is struck off by Synalaepha.
2. M ends the former and the following begins with a Vowel or Dipthong, the last syllable of the former word is cut off by Ecthiipsis.
3. Sometimes
- 1. Two syllables are drawn into one by Synaeresis, as aureū. alvēo.
- 2. One syllable is divided into two by Diaeresis, as voluïsse for volvisse, suëtus for suetus.
4. A short syllable in the end of a word, if it begins a foot, may be made long by Caesura, of which are 4 sorts, viz. when a short syllable is produced after,
- 1. The first foot by Triemimeris, as pectoribus inhians.
- 2. The first two feet by Penthemimeris, as Omnia vincit amor & nos cedamus amori.
- 3. The three first feet called Hepthemimeris, as Ostentans artem pariter arcumque sonantem.
- 4. The four first feet termed Eneemimeris, as Ille latus niveum molli fuliūs biacintho.

[Page 67]

Mr. Walkers Particles in Tables accommodated to the Capacities and Memories of young Lads.

A, an

1. Signs of Noun Substantives common.
2. Put for
- 1. One—unus.
- 2. Each or every—in with singulus, and sometimes without it.
3. Before
- 1. A Participle in ing
  - 1. After a Verb of moving—made by the first Supine, a Participle in rus, or Gerund in dum.
  - 2. Denoting present Action—made by a Verb.
- 2. Words of Time
  - 1. After, once, twice, thrice, &c. Sign of the Ablative Case with in or w [...]out it.
  - 2. Having a Participle in ing after them—by a V [...]b.
Above
- 1. In Order, height & place, generally super. supra— also.
- 2. More than, longer than —plus, amplius, majus, diutius.
- 3. Excelling, beyond —ante, prae, praeter, ultra, & supra.
- 4. Higher, in place or dignity —prior, superior.
- 5. After
  - 1. Over —ad, extra, super.
  - 2. From —superne, desuper.
About
- 1. Concerning —de, super, Abl. circa, Accusat.
- 2. Near upon, more or less, over or under —quasi, ad, instar, plus, minus, praeter, propter.
- 3. Before
  - 1. Time —sub, circa, circiter.
  - 2. Place and Persons —circa, circum.
- 4. Or ready, a Participle in rus.
- 5. Belongs to the foregoing word and is omitted. About to be —futurum ut.
Abroad
- 1. Out of doors, foris.
- 2. Moving out of doors, forás.
- 3. A f [...]r off, or at a distance, peregré.
- 4. In the open Air, sub dio
- 5. In open sight, in publico, in aperto, in propatulo.
- 6. All abroad, passim, laté.
- 7. Far abroad longé, latéque.
- 8. Asunder, apart, di, dis, in Composition.
According
- 1. To, ad, de, ex, secundum, pro.
- 2. As, prout, sicut, proinde ut.
Accordingly, juxtá, pariter, perinde.
After
- 1. Before
  - 1. A Nominat. case, postquam, posteaquam, ubicum, or ur.
  - 2. An oblique case, a, ab, ex, or post.
- 2. After
  - 1. A Noun of time, post the Adverb, and quam if a Verb follow it.
  - 2. A Verb belongs to it, and is omitted.
- 3. Signifying
  - 1. According to, de, ad, and in Acc. also a sign of the Abl, case of the manner.
  - 2. Nearness or degree, order, or succession, juxta, proxime, secundum, sub.
  - 3. Afterwards, postea, exinde.
Again
- 1. Once more, iterum, denuo, rursus, ab integro.
- 2. On the other hand, e, contra, invicem, vicissim.
- 3. Hereafter post, posthac, or postea.
- 4. Even, etiam, vel.
- 5. After Verbs, or back again, retro, or re in Composition.
Again and again, iterum atque iterum, etiam atque etiam.

To and again, ultro, citroque. As big again, dxplo major, &c.
Against
- 1. Before
  - 1. A Noun of time, in Accusat.
  - 2. A Verb with its Nom. case. dum.
- 2. After.
  - 1. A Verb of motion. ad, or in Acc.
  - 2. Mind, thought, will, law, custom, right, just, good, &c. praoeter.
- 3. Signifying
  - 1. Damage, or opposition, also cross or contrary, adversus, adversum, in, contra.
  - 2. Defence or Preservation, a, ad, adversus, contra.
Over against, é regicne, ex adverso. To be against, adversor, repugno.
All
1. Whole, totus, integer, universus.
2. Every one, singulus, quisque.
3, Only, solus, unus.
4. As much as, so much as, how much soever, whatsoever, quantumcunque, quod, quicquid, quantum, or quam for quantum
5. Otherwise, omnis, cunctus, universus.
No or none at all, nullus, omnino. Not at all, Non omninoy nequaquam, nullo modo. Nothing at all, nibil omnino, nibil prorsus, nihil quicquam. Never at all, omnino nunquam. No where at all omnino nusquam.
Along
1. With a man or a thing, una.
2. Otherwise it
1. Is made by per or an Abl. case.
2. Belongs to the foregoing word.

As
1. Before a Verb or Participle [in ing] with a passive sign made by
1. A Verb with dum cum ubi or ut.
2. A Preposition, inter, super, and in an Ablative.
2. For
1. Which, quod, id, quod, qui, quoe, quod.
2. In this regard or respect, ut, quia.
3. Like as, even as, ut, sicut, velut, quomodo, quemadmodum.
4. According as ut, uti, sicut, ita, ut, pro, prout.
[Page 70]3. Answering to
1. Such, or such an one, qualis, qui.
2. So, or as great as, as much as as little as, &c. quantus, qui, quam or ut with a Superlat.
4. Doubled with an Adjective or Adv. betwixt, & put for
1. Tho, altho, quamvis.
2. Howmuchsoever, quantuscunque.
3. How little soever quantuluscunque.
5. Found
1. In the former part of a sentence, tam, non, minus, aque.
2. In the latter part, quara.

And
1. Next before not, autem.
2. If another word comes between and and not, nec, neque.
3. Before, yet, therefore, and if, omitted.
4. Otherwise, ac, atque, &c, necnon, que, tum.

At
1. Before
1. Time, Price, Manner, Instrument, Cause, Games, commonly sign of the Ablative case.
2. Common or great places
1. In a place, in with an Abl. case.
2. Nigh, near, or close by, ad.
3. Proper and small places
1. of the first or second Declension & singular Number in the Genitive case.
2 Of the third Declension, or the Plural Number in the Ablat.
4. A Participle in ing to be varied by when or after that, &c. cum with a Verb, or an Ablative case absolute.
2. To be at or present, intersum. At supper, inter, super coersam.
3. Near, nigh, close, ad.
4. Belongs to the foregoing word, and is omitted.

Away
1. Get you gone, or fie, apage, apagite.
2. With, i e. abide or endure, fero, patior.
3. After a Verb is part of it and omitted.
4. Put for hence or from thence, it belongs to the next word.

Become
1. Its meet, fit, or handsom, decet.
2. Is made, or proves to be, fio, evado.
3. Before of, fio, futurum est with a Dative, or de with an Ablative case.

Before
1. For [before that] antequam, priusquam,
2. In time or place, ante.
3. In presence, coram.
4. In Comparison prae also
1. More than, plusquam.
2. Rather than, potius quam.
3. Sooner than, citius quam:
5. Written or spoken, supra, ante, prius.
6. Formerly, olim, quondam.

Being
1. The same with
1. Since that, cum, quandoquidem!
2. Presence in a place, prasentia.
3. To abide, continue, dwell, esse licet,
4. As being, utpote.
2. Before to with a Verb, a Participle in rus.
3. After far from, ut, and a Subjunctive Mood.
4. Often left out, and the word following sometimes in the
1. Ablative case absolute.
2. Same case as the word before by Apposition.
5. With a Verb or Participle, many times quod or quia.

Beside
1. By, or nigh to, prope, propter, juxta, secundum.
2. Except, save, but, Proerer, extra, praeter quam.
3. Moreover, surthermore, porro, praeterea.
4. More than, over and above, praeter, praterea.
5. Beyond, above, ultra, praeter, trans.

Beyond
1. On the further side, trans, ultra.
2. Above, praeter, supra, extra, ultra.
3. To go beyond, or over-reach, circumvenio, fallo.

Both
1. Spoken of two, ambo, uterque.
2. Answered by and, cum, tum, &, vel, and quia doubled:

But
1. After
1. The word nothing what, or what else, before
1. A Verb quam.
2. A Noun or Pronoun, quin or quod, non & nisi.
2. Cannot, non, or quin with a Subjunctive Mood.
3. Words of
1. Time, cum.
2. Denying, quin.
3. Not doubting, not hearing, not thinking, not questioning, &c. quin, or ne, non.

2. The same with
1. Only, tantum, solummodo, or modo.
2. Except, nisi, praeterquam. But for absque.

But that, ni, nisi, quod, or quod nisi. Not but that, non, quod non.

By

1. Before
- 1. The Instrument [wherewith] or the manner [how] and words of time, sign of the Ablative case.
- 2. Words of place, per or an Ablative case.
- 3. Participles in ing, sign of the Gerund in do.
- 4. Self or selves [for alone] per, solus.
2. The same with
- 1. Through, by means of, per. So in swearing, Protestaction, &c.
- 2. Before, ance, priusquam.
- 3. About, circiter, sub, ad.
- 4. Near, or nigh to, prope, juxta, propter, ad apud.
- 5. From, a, ab, abs, ex.
- 6. According to, de, ex,
- 7. Concerning, de, ex,
- 8. Indirect, evil, malus, sinister, inhonestus.
3. After
- 1. Comparatives, sign of the Ablative case.
- 2. Passives, a, ab, abs, or sign of the Dative.
4. Sign of an Adverb [commonly in im] as by stealth, furtim. man by man, viritim. Day by day, quotidie. &c.
5. Belongs to the foregoing word, and is omitted.

By reason of, per, ob, propter. By and by, mox, brevi. By the by, obiter.

[Page 73]

By reason of that, or because of, propterea quod.

By the way

1. Slightly, obuer, cursim, perfunctorie, leviter, in transun.
2. In going, in itinere, in via.

Either

1. One of the two, alteruter, utervis, uter, uterlibet.
2. Or, aut, vel.

Else

1. For
- 1. Other, alius.
- 2. Otherwise, alioqui, aliter, alias, ni, ita:
- 3. More, further, praeterea, porro, adbuc, amplius.
- 4. Besides, praeterea with nemo.
2. After, or answering to
- 1. Either expressed or understood, aut or vel.
- 2. Whether, sive or an.

Even

1. Not odd, par.
2. Smooth, level, plain, aquus, lavis.
3. Equal or as big, aqualis, par.
4. Namely, nempe, nimirum.
5. Also, etiam, quoque, vel.
6. Almost, ferme, fere.
7. With from before
- 1. Time, jam, inde, usque, a or ab.
- 2. Place [i. e. as far as from] usquc, a, or ab.
8. An Expletive is omitted.

Ever

1. For
- 1. Any [before a or an] nunquis, ecquis, ecquisnami
- 2. At any time, unquam, ecquando, siquando.
- 3. Always, continually, semper, oeternum, jugiter.
2. After
- 1. As redoubled with an Adjective or Adverb quam, or ut with a Superlative.
- 2. Or for before that, cum, nondum, ut ut.

Every

1. All, omnis, universus.
2. Whole, ad, as ad quadrantem.
3. Each one, quisque, unusquisque.
4. Before words of time
- 1. Quot with an Ablat. case, as quotannis,
- 2. In with an Acc. case plural, as in horas.

Far

1. Before-
- 1. A Substantive longinquus.
- 2. An Adjective or Adverb, multo, longe.
2. After a Verb

[Page 74]

So sar from that, ita, non, ut; Adeo non—ut; Tantnm abest, ut or ue in the former clause, and nedum in the later.

As far as quantum quoad

To usque ad, So far that, eò, eò usque.
From, ab usque, Far from, far off from, longe procui, multum.

For
- Without, from
  - Longe.
  - Procul.
Far off

For

1. The same with
- 1. Instead, or in behalf, according to, considering. pro, gratiâ, causâ.
- 2. By reason of, for the sake of, propter, obprae, erga.
- 3. As,—in, pro as, in signum for a sign.
- 4. For all—per, for a time—ad, in, as in diem for a day.
- 5. On ones side, a, ab, pro.
- 6. As for, de, quod, ad, quantum ad.
2. Before
- 1. A Sentence, as touching, nam, enim, etenim.
- 2. Diseases (against) contra, ad, Except nought for
- 3. A person (for the use of) sign of the Dative case.
- 4. Words of price and wagers, sign of the Ablative case.
- 5. Part, pro, ex.
- 6. A Participle in ing denoting
  - 1. Because that, quod, or qui with a Subj. Mood.
  - 2. To the end that, causa, and a Geruncive with its Genitive case.
- 7. Profit and honour, e, ex.
- 8. Distributives, in Accusative case.
- 9. Purpose use, end, &c ad and in, Accusat.
- 10. An Infin. Mood later of two Verbs omitted.
- 11. A case with an Infin. Mood after it.
3. After good, fit, profitable, lawful, &c. sign of the Dat. case.

From

[Page 75]1. Before
- 1. A common place, word of time, age or order, a, ab, abs.
- 2. A Participle in ing, a, ab, or ex, and the Gerund in do.
2. After
- 1. A word of motion, and before a proper name of a small place, sign of the Ablatcase without a Preposition.
- 2. Verbs of differing and taking away, sign of the Dat. or Abl. with a, ab, abs.
3. With, of, or out, de, e, ex.
4. Often belongs to the foregoing word, and is omitted.

Hence

1. From this place, bine
2. Signifying the original or cause of any thing, hinc, ex hoc.
3. After words of time, ad, post.

Henceforth, posthac, quod superest, dein, porro.

Henceforwards, deinceps, quod reliquum est.

His, hers, theirs, its before a Substantive
- 1. With own, suus.
- 2. Without own, illius, ipsius, ejus.
Him, her, them, it with self in the
- 1. Nominative case, ipse, a, um.
- 2. Oblique cases, sui, sibi, se.
Hither
- 1. Towards this place, horsum.
- 2. To this place, huc.
- 3. An Adjective, citerior.
Hitherto
- 1. To this time, adbuc, usque adbuc.
- 2. To this place, or bound, thus far, bactenus.

How

1. In what manner, quomodo.
2 Before
- 1. Adjectives and Adverbs come of them
  - quam.
- 2. Verbs with admiration
- Much, and a Comparative degree, quo, quanto:
3. By what means, qui, unde.
4. Put with, or for that, quod.
5. For what or why? quid.

How far

1. In space or place quam longe.
2. In going forward, quatenas.
3. In degree of Exeess or Excellency, quanto.

[Page 76]

How is it that? or why? quid? quare? cur? quid est cur? quid fit ut?

Howbeit, at, tamen, attamen, veruntamen, autem.

However, ut ut, utcunque.

If
- 1. In the former part of a speech, si, in the latter, sin,
- 2. Put for whether, numsi.
If not
- 1. Put for unless, ni, nisi, si non.
- 2. Having yet after it, si non, sin minus.

But if not, sin aliter, sin minus.

1. With, to, an Accusative case In
2. Without, to, an Ablative case
3. Before
- 1. Place, apud, ad, in.
- 2. Time, in, de, per, intra, inter.
- 3. Words of Price, sign of the Ablative case.
4. Put for inward, insitus.
5. Belongs to the foregoing word, and is omitted.

In Latin Latinè, in Greek Graecè, In English Anglicè.

1. Before
- 1. A Verb usually omitted, sometimes id or res.
- 2 Self, ipse.
2. After a Verb or Preposition, id, hoc, istuc.

Last

1. Signifying
- 1. Time, postremus.
- 2. Order or Place, novissimus, extremus, ultimus, supremus, summus, or Adverbs come of them.

2. To last, perenno, duro.

3. A last, modulus, crepida.

At last, jam, tandem, aliquando, demum, denique, ad extremum.

Let

1. To hire, for Rent, Use, &c. loco, eloco.
2: Alone, or to leave off, or pass by, mitto, or omitto.
3. To give leave, or to suffer, permitto, sino.
4. To hinder, obsto, impedio.
5. Delay or hinderance, mora, impedimentum.
6. Before another Verb, sign of the Inperative Mood; but if the Verb be of the first person, of the Subjunctive.

Lik [...]

1. An Adjective, par, similis, aequus.
2 A Verb, probo, gaudeo, cordi est.
3. Importing likelihood or probability, verisimile, probabile.
4. After the manner, way, or fash [...] made by some Adverb denoting that manner, way or fashion.

[Page 77]

Like as, in like sort, in like manner, &c. Quemadmodum sicut, pariter ac, perinde ac, bujusmodi,

Little before.

1. A Substantive.
- 1. Parvus, exiguus.
- 2. Sometimes a Diminutive, as agellus puella, ungula.
2. An Adjective Positive, aliquantum nonnibil.
3. A Comparative, aliquant. paul.
4. A Verb, paulum, nonnibil, parum, aliquantulum.
5. Time [space or while understood.] parumper, paulisper.

Less.

1. With a Substantive—minor.
2. With a Verb, or no, nothing, never, much, little, &c. minus the Adverb.
3. Part of a Verb, as to make less—minuo. extenuo.

Least

1. Referring to a
- 1. Substantive—minimus.
- 2. Verb—minimè.
2. Following at or the—minimùm, or minimè.

Lest, [that]—ne.

Long

1. An Adjective—longus.
2. To desire greatly—percupio. expeto.
3. Following all (with something between)—totus, omnis.
4. An Adverb—diu.
5. Denoting a
- 1. Fault—culpa, as sum in culpa, 'tis long of me.
- 2. Good cause—causa—non eras in causa, 'twas not long of you.

Man.

1. No Child or Coward—vif.
- Any man, quis, aliquis.
- Every man, quisque, omnis.
- Ʋnus quisque.
- No man, nemo.
2. No Woman—mas, vir.
3. A Servant—Servus, famulus.
4. Often understood in Latin after certain Adjectives, viz. good, wise, just, &c.

Much

[Page 78]1. With a Substantive—multus, plurimus.
2. With a Verb—multum, magnopere, vehementer.
3. Of value, price, or concernment—tanti, quanti, bujus, magni, parmagni, maximi, plurimi.
4. Before Comparatives and Superlatives—multò, longè. So How much, quò, quantò. So much, hoc eò, tantò.
5. Belongs to the foregoing Verb sometimes, and is omitted.

1. From much—major, or plus with a Gen. Case.
2. From many—Plures, & plura.
3. Before an Adjective or Adverb, Sign of the Comparative Degree.
4. With Verbs of esteeming, valuing, buying and selling pluris.
5. For
- 1. Rather—magis.
- 2. Hereafter—post hac.
- 3. Further—amplius ultra.
- 4. Else or besides—praeteria, amplius.
- 5. More greatly—plus, magis.
- 6. Above—plus, amplius, magis, supra & super.

The more

1. In the former part of a Sentence—quò, quantò.
2. In the latter—tantò, eò So these answer each other, Quot tot, quoties toties, qualis talis, quantum tantum, quantopere tantopere.

Most with

1. An Adjective or Adverb Sign of the Superlat. Degree.
2. A Substantive, plexique.
3. A Verb—maximè, plurimùm.

Must signifying

1. Necessity, necesse est.
2. Need, opus est.
3. Duty, oporter.

Near

1. An Adjective—propinquus.
2. For almost—prope.
3. Belongs to the next Verb—near to, or unto—prope, juxta, propter.

[Page 79]1. An Adjective—proximus.
2. In Order.
- 1. Before a Case—juxtà, secundùm, post.
- 2. Without a Case—deinde, deinceps.
3. In Time—posterius, or some Adverb.
4. In Place—vicinus.

Neither

1. Of the two—Neuter.
2. Answered by nor, nec, neque, neve.

Never

1. No, none or not—nullus, non unus, non ullus.
2. At no time—nunquam, non unquam.
3. With the before a Comparative—nihilo.
4. A Note of forbidding—ne.

Never so, or never such, vel, ut, quamvis, quamlibet, etiamsi.

1. Without a casual word—ne, non.
2. Next before a Substantive—nullus nequis—nibil, nequid.
3. Before an Adjective and a Substantive—non, haud.
4. Person—nemo, nullus, nequis, non quisquam.

No more—non plus, non amplius, ne quid ultrà, nihil ultrà, nihil amplius.

Not

1. In denying—non, baud, minus, nec, neque.
2. In forbidding.
- 1. Non, with a future Tense of an Indicative Mood.
- 2. Ne, with an Imperat or a Subjunctive Mood.
- 3. Noli, with an Infinitive Mood.
2. After
- 1. Words of Caution, warning, &c.—ne
  - with a Subj. Mood.
- 2. Words intreating or deprecating—ne or ut.
- 3. Verbs of fearing—ut or ne non.
3. In Questions—non, nonne, annon, & quc the inclitic.

Now importing.

1. Time
- 1. Present—nunc.
- 2. Newly past—modò.
- 3. Instantly to come—jam.
2. Connexion—autem, jam.
3. Transition—deinceps.

[Page 80]1. The same with
- 1. Concerning, touching—de, super.
- 2. Out of, where of, noting matter—e, ex, de.
- 3. With or by—Sign of the Gerund in do.
- 4. From or by, most commonly after Passives—à, ab, abs,
2. Before
- The latter of two Substantives. Sign of the Gen. Case.
- 2. A Participle in ing, sign of the Gerund in di.
3. After
- 1. Nouns of desire, knowledg, remembrance, ignorance, forgetting, care, fear, &c. Many Participials and all Verbals in ax. Also Partitives and Comparatives and Superlatives put partitively. Also Verbs of accusing. condemning, warning, purging, acquitting, & paeultet, pudet, piget taedet. Sign of the Genitive Case.
- 2. Nouns and Verbs of plenty or wanting, filling, emptying, spoiling, disappointing, joy, pride, &c. also after the English of dignus, indignus, natus, cretas satus ortus editus prognatus creatus, & opus & usus for need; Sign of the Ablative Case.
- 3. A Substantive & before mine. thine, ours, yours, his, and theirs is omitted—as amicus meus, a friend of mine.
- 4. Most Verbs, especially of inquiring or hearing—à, ab, è, ex, de.

What kind of? What manner of—Qui, qualis.

On or Upon

1. Before
- 1. Words of Place for
  - 1. Beside, near unto, toward which—ad, ab, à.
  - 2. Above—in Abl. super.
- 2. Words of Time
  - Sign of the Ablative Case.
- 3. Musical Instruments.
- 4. Words noting Food.
- 5. Condition. Terms. &c.
2. After Verbs.
- 1. Of Depending—à, ab, è, ex, de.
- 2. Of bestowing, spending, imploying, wasting, losing—in Acc.
- 3. Misereor, miseresco—Sign of the Gen. Case.
3. For after—super, as literae super literis or literas.
4. Belongs to the next word, and is omitted.

[Page 81]1. Alone, or noting Correction—ve, seu, sive.
2. Answering.
- 1. Whether—an, ne, seu, sive.
- 2. Either—aut, vel.

Over à super

1. Signifying
- 1. Beyond—ultrà.
- 2. Above—suprà.
- 3. Cross or overthwart—trans.
- 4. In Comparison—prae.
- 5 After or within—post, intra.
- 6. Concerning—de, super.
- 7. Too or too much—nimius, nimis, nimium.
2. After
- 1. A Noun of Rule, Power Command—in Acc.
- 2. A Verb, Sign of the Dative.
- 3. With Verbs of motion—per, trans.
- 4. Belongs to the next word, and is omitted—All over per, or an Abl.

Ought or must

1. Oportet, debto.
2. The Gerund in dum with est.

Ought for any thing—quid, ecquid, siquid, res— for ought—quantum:

Out

1. From place or number—de, è, ex.
2. Away or of from—a, ab.
3. Not within—extra.
4. Belongs to the foregoing word, and is omitted.

Out of, for, by reason of, propter.

Own, suus, proprius.—Own self—ipse.

Self after a Pronoun, my, your, him, &c. ipse.

Self-same

1. Ipse with Ille, iste, hic, is, qui.
2. Idem—with ille, iste, quod or unus.

Since for

[Page 82]1. Seeing that or because—cum, quando, siquidem, quandoquide.
2. From or after—à, ab, ex, post. Sometimes by ut, quòd, cum, & postquam
3. Ago, abhinc, antè, diu, dudum, olim pridem.

1. In a former clause, and answered by as or that in a later—tam adeò perinde, sic, itâ.
2. In a later clause, and answering to as in a former—sic, ita.
3. For this, that, the same—id, idem.

So many tot—So often—toties. So much, so great—tantus—so that, modo, dum, dummodo—so—eu cunque, an Enclitier.

Such noting

1. Kind, sort or quality—talis, qualis, ejusmodi, and is for talis.
2. Nature, Disposition or Condition—sic, ita.
3. So great—tantus, ita magnus.
4. This, that, they or those: denoting quality—hic or is.

Such a—before a Noun—tam, adeo.

That

1. Before a Substantive; ille, is, iste.
2. Which or who—qui, quis.
3. To the end that, or before, may, can, might, could, should, ought, &c. ut.
4. Betwixt a Comparative and a Verb is omitted.
5. Put with or for, because
- quòd.
6. Referring to something done or doing
7. After words of Opinion, knowledg relation or complaint.
8. After
- 1. Same—qui, ac, atque.
- 2. Words of care, endeavour, desire, intreaty, wishing, warning, counselling, commanding, obtaining, happening, permitting and affecting—ing at—which after volo, peto, censeo, jubeo, sino facio [Page 83] &c. is elegantly omitted.
- 3. So or such—ut.
- 4. Words of fear in Speeches
  - 1. Affirmative— [...].
  - 2. Negative—ut or ne non.

Before that—antequam priusquam. After that—postquam, posteaquam.

Than after.

1. Comparatives.
- 1. Before a Noun; Sign of the Ablative Case.
- 2. Before another word—quam.
2. Other or otherwise—ac, atque, quam.

Then

1. At that time—tum, tunc.
2. Next or after that—tum, deinde.
3. Therefore or so then—ergo, igitur, tum postea, tum porrò.

Thence

1. From that place—illinc, indè, istinc.
2. From that cause, occasion, or ground—exeo, inde, exinde.

There

1. In that place—ibi, istic, illic.
2. Often Sign of the Verb to be set before the Nominative Case is omitted.
3. In Composition, with, about, after, at, by, from, in into of, on, out, upon, to, unto, with, withall, &c. [...], iste, &c.

The before a Comparative for
- 1. By how much—quô quantò.
- 2. By so much—eò tantò.
Through applied to
- 1. Place—per.
- 2. Occasion, cause or means—ex, per.

Till

[Page 84]1. Before a
- 1. Noun - in, usque, ad.
- 2. Verb - dum, donec, quoad.
2. For
- 1. Before a
  - 1. Ante alone before a Noun of Time.
  - 2. Antequam, or antea-quam before a Verb.
- 2. To allure or draw on - lacto, allicio.
- 3. To plow or order land - colo.

To before

1. A Casual word.
- 1. And signifying.
  - 1. To the use of - Sign of the Dat. case.
  - 2. In comparison of - ad, prae.
  - 3. Towards - in, erga, adversum.
  - 4. Of, or concerning - ad, de.
- 2. Of Time, for until - in, ad.
- 3. Of that Person, to or before whom any person or thing is complained, accused, condemned or spoken of - apud
- 4. And following.
  - 1 Words of motion, also Verbs betokening to apply, add, appertain, belong, call, exhort, provoke, invite, &c. And Adjectives of forwardness, readiness, fitness, inclinableness, &c. ac,
  - 2. According - ad, de, ex, secundum, pro.
- 2. A Verb, sign of the Infinitive Mood, and may be rendred after.
  - 1. Any Substantive or Adjective by the Gerund in dum with ad.
  - 2. A Passive Sign, when necessity or duty is noted by a Gerund in dum; when purpose or likelihood, by a Participle in rus.
  - 3. Adjectives of worthiness, fitness, &c.
    - By a Subjunctive Mood and qui.
  - 4 Substantives that may be varied by who or which, with may, can, might, &c.

To be

[Page 85]1. After.
- 1. A Passive Sign. or Noun or Verb Substantive. Sign of the Participle in dus.
- 2. An Adjective, the later Supine or Subjunctive Mood with qui.
- 3. Any other Verb, or an Acc. Case, the Infinitive Mood Passive.
2. Without a Sign, alone, or before a Substantive, Adjective or Preposition in the same clause - esse or us or qui with sum.

Together

1. After words of Time - per.
2. After words of gathering or uniting - con in composition.
3. In Company, at the same time or place - unà, simul, inter.

Too

1. For also - etiam quoque.
2. For over before an Adjective or Adv. nimis, nimium.
3. Sometimes by the Comparative degree with quam, qui or ut.

Towards

1. For to noting, favor, reverence, duty, &c. in, ad, erga, versus.
2. Importing prospect or motion towards a place - ad, in, versus.
3 Denoting nearness in
- 1. Time - sub.
- 2. Place or situation (without motion) - a

Very

1. Before a Substantive for
- 1. Meer, true, pure - merm, verus, purus, putus.
- 2. Even - vel, etiam.
- 3. Himself it self, or themselves, or with or for the word same - ipse.
2. Before an Adjective or Adverb - multum, valde, admodum, apprimé.

Under

[Page 86]1. Referring to
- 1. Place, viz. below or beneath - sub.
- 2. Government, or time of Government - sub abl.
- 3. Dignity, honor, or order or degree - infra.
- 4. Colour, shew or pretence - per Acc. sub Abl.
- 5. Number, nothing short of, not so many as, fewer, than - infra, minor, minus.
2. For lower, an Adjective - inferior.

What

1. For
- 1. That which - quod, and after, contrary to contra with ac, atque or quam.
- 2. To what pass, end or purpose - quorsum.
- 3. Partly - qua.
- 4. How - quam.
2. Before a Substantive on which it depends - qui, quis, qualis.
3. A question, or without a Substantive - quid.

When

1. At what time, or at the time that - quum, ubi, quando.
2. While or whilst that - in, inter, cum.
3. After that, or assoon as - ubi, tum, ut, postquam.
4. In a question - Quando?

Whence

1. Any thing cometh or proceedeth - ex quo.
2. Or from what place - unde?

Where

1. In what or which place - ubi?
2. Any thing began - unde.
3. By what or which place, or way - quà.
4. Compounded with at, by, from, of, on, in, to, upon, with, &c. is the same with by which, from which, or what, &c. quis, qui.

Any where - usquam, uspiam - no where - nusquam, nuspiam, Somewhere - alicubi.

Whether

1. In the former clause answer'd by or in the later seu sive
2. Which of the two - uter.
3. To what (or which) place - quò.
4. Whether or no, of asking or doubting - nè, utrum, num, ansi.

Which

[Page 87]1. A Relative - qui.
2. A Question - quis,
3. For whether of the number - uter.

While

1. Alone or after great or little - parumper, paulister, aliquantisper diu.
2. Before go or fince - dudum. For
- 1. In the mean time or space that - dudum.
- 2. So long as - dum, quoad.
- 3. Until, so long till - donec, dum, tantisper dum.

Who

1. In a Question - Quis?
2. A Relative - qui.
3. An Indefinite - quis & qui.

What	soever	Quod	cunque
When		Quando
Where		Ʋbi

With

Before
- 1. The Cause Instrument or manner answering to the Question, Why? Wherewith? How? sign of the Abl. Case.
- 2. Words that end in est, by
  - 1. A Positive degree with nimium.
  - 2. A Comparative with aequo or quam & decet.
- 3. A person with reference to a place, where one is, or to some power with him - apud, and sometimes ad & penes.
2. After
- 1. Verbs of comparing, contending, meeting, and being angry - Sign of the Dat Case.
- 2. Verbs of beginning put for at of from à, ab.
3. Noting Company or together with - cum - where note that in me╌cum, tecum, secum, nobiscum, vobis╌cum, quicum, quibus╌cum, the Preposition is set after its Case.

Within before

[Page 88]1. A word of Place - intra, but if the place be not expressed in tus.
2. A word of time - cis, in, citra.

Without

1. Not within - foris, extrà.
2. Not with sine, citra, extra also somtimes by
- 1. A Verb signifying to be vold - vaco, careo.
- 2. A Word compounded with ex, & in for non.
- 3. A word of contrary signification to that which follows without.
- 4. Negative Particles coming together with Nouns, Participles or Adverbs.
3. For unless or except - nisi.

Worth noting

1. Dignity or Authority - dignitas, authoritas.
2. Price or value by a Verb of esteeming, and a Gen. case.

Worth ones labour, worth ones pains, care or while - operae pretium, curae pretium.

Yet

1. Answering to although.
- at, certe, tamen, attamen, veruntamen.
2. Joined with but.
3 For notwithstanding, or for all that.
4. Noting Correction - quanquam, etsi, tametsi.
5. For thither to this time in
- 1. Affirmative Speeches - adbuc.
- 2. Negative ones, with not, nothing, scarcely or hardly - nondum, necdum, nihil╌dum, neque╌dum, vix╌dum, haud╌du.
6. For still or at this time, adbuc, etiam - num etiam - nunc.
7. With or for more, i e. further - adbuc etiam.

You and yours directed to

1. One person - tu, tuus.
2. More than one - vos, vester.

N B Sometimes Your is elegantly made by tibi for tuus, and My by mihi for meus.

When a Passive English comes before a Verb

[Page 89]1. Neuter; for the Present Tense Passive make the Preterperfect Tense active, and for the Preterimperf. Passive, the Preterpluperf Tense active.
2. Deponent, change the English Passive by another English active, and so make it.

If the Sign of the Case be far from it, or from the Verb that governs it, reduce the words to their natural order, and so make them into Latin.

If an English seems hard, change it into some other of the like sense.

FINIS.

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1. In English,	2. In Latin,
I, me, we, us.	Ego, nos.
Thou, thee, ye, you.	Tu, vos.
He, she, it, him, her.	Ille, iste, ipse.
They, them.	Illi, isti, ipsi.
Self.	Sui.

Author: Philomath, J.1682

Moreover, There do belong to Nouns, Pronouns, and Participles,

Exceptions from the Rules concerning Nouns and the Declensions.

Nouns that differ variously in the Terminations from the common road.

Rules for Genders of Noun-Substantives.

Except from these general Rules:

Of Irregular Nouns out of the Westminster-Introduction.

A VERB hath

Of Participles there are four kinds, one of the

The Formation of Verbs from their Radical Tenses.

Of certain Irregular Verbs.

Of the Preterperfect Tense and Supine of Verbs of the four Conjugations.

Verba Deponentia.

Of a Preposition out of Westminster Introduction.

Construction or Syntax hath two general Parts, Agreement and Government.

The Prosodia, or Rules to know the quan­tities of Syllables in the Latine Tongue.

Of the Quantity of ending syllables.

Mr. Walkers Particles in Tables ac­commodated to the Capacities and Memories of young Lads.

The Prosodia, or Rules to know the quantities of Syllables in the Latine Tongue.

Mr. Walkers Particles in Tables accommodated to the Capacities and Memories of young Lads.