but if you add a Vowel to each of them, then they make by adding a to the first glad, e to the second Bless, i to the third sing, o to the fourth Lord u to the fifth Pluck.

A Consonant between two Vowels is usually joyned to the latter; as, be-fore, re-ward.

When a Consonant is doubled in the middle of a word, as, Ladder, Differ, one Letter is joyned to the first Syllable and the other to the latter, thus Lad-der, dif-fer.

And so it is also, if two Consonans come betwen two Vowels, as in sel-dom trm-pet, because ld, and mp are not proper to begin any word.

But if three Consonants which are proper to begin a word come between two Vowels, then the Conso­nants must not be separated, but must be joyned to the Vowel following, as con-strain-ed, not cons-trai-ned nor con-str-ained, because str are proper to begin a word.

These Consonants of two Letters may also begin wods, c r dr dw fl fr ga kn pl pa sc sh sl sp st sk sm sn sq sw th tr tw wh wr.

There are also Consonants of three Letters with which words may be begun, Scr phr str squ spr shr thr thw spl.

Dipthongs are proper or improper. The proper dipthongs are eight, ai, ei, oi, au, eu, ou, ee, oo,; The improper dipthongs are six, ay, ey, oy, aw, ew, ow; they differ not much in sound. but differ very much in writing; for the proper dipthongs are to be used in the beginning and middle, as in Giste,, fair, Air, either; but when you have the same sounds in the ending of a word, you must write ay, ey, oy, as prey, may, joy,

In the Alphabet of Letters here are some that have made these Observations.

That there are eight mute or dumb Letters. which are B. C. D. G. P. Q. T. because they are forced to borrow the Vowel E at the end, to help their sound.

There are eight Semi-vowels or half Vowels, namely F. L. M. N. R. S. X. Z. all which begin their sound with E, and end in themselves.

M. P. in his Vocal Or­gan distinguisheth the se­veral Letters thus: B. f, m. p. ph. v. are Lip-Con­sonants. Ce.ch.ge.je.s.sh. z. are Teeth-Consonants. D.l.n.r.t.th. are Tongue-Consonants. C. g. k. q. x. are Palate-Consonants. Gh. h. ng. y. are Throat-Consonants.

It is observed by some, that there are Eighteen Diphthongs in our English Tongue as you may see in the words subjoyned, which words are most of them either derived from the Hebrew or have affi­nity with the Latin.

• aa. as in Paal, Isaac.
• ai. Fair, despair.
• au. Laud, applaud.
• ea. Ease, please.
• ee. Free, bleed.
• ei. Receive, weight,
• eo. Jeopardy, Geometry, George.
• eu. Rheume, Eustace.
• ie. Field, Friend.
• oa. Boat, Goal.
• oe. Toe, shoe, Phoenix, foelicity.
• oi. Void, join.
• oo. Good, food.
• ou. Bloud, gourd.
• ua. Guard, quake.
• ue. Guerdon.
• ui. Quire, build.
• uo. Quoth.

There are also these ten Triphthongs which con­tain three Vowels sound­ed together in one word, as eau, in Beauty; ieu, in lieue, adieu, view; nai in quail, acquaint; nee. in Queen; uea in queasic, squeak, quean; uoi, in quoit, quoif; aw, in Law, Bawd, Daw; ew, in Dew, new, stews; ow, in now, know, how.

The Lords Prayer.

Our Fa-ther, which art in Hea-ven, Hal-low-ed be thy Name; Thy King-dom come; Thy will be done on Earth as it is in Hea-ven; Give us this day our dai-ly Bread; and for-give us our Tres-pas-ses, as we for-give them that tres-pass a-gainst us; and lead us not into Tempta-ti-on; but de-li-ver us from e-vil: for thine is the Kingdom, Pow-er and Glory, for e-ver and e-ver, A-men.

The Creed or Chri-sti-an Be-lief.

I Be-lieve in God the Fa-ther Almigh-ty, Ma-ker of Hea-ven and Earth, and in Je-sus Christ his on-ly Son our Lord, who was con-ceiv-ed by the Ho-ly Ghost, born of the Vir-gin Ma-ry, suf-fe-red un-der Pon-ti-us Pi-late, was cru-ci-fi-ed, dead and bu-ri-ed; he de-scend-ed in-to Hell, the third day he a-rose a-gain from the dead, he a-scend-ed in-to Hea-ven, and sit-teth on the right hand of God the Fa-ther Al-migh-ty, from thence he shall come to judge both the quick and the dead; I be-lieve in the Ho-ly Ghost, the Ho-ly Ca-tho-lick Church, the Com-mu-ni-on of Saints, the for-giveness of Sins, the Re-sur-rec-ti-on of the Bo-dy, and the Life e-ver-last-ing. A-men.

The Ten Com-mand-ments.

ANd God spake these words, say-ing,

I am the Lord thy God which brought thee out of the Land of Epypt, out of the House of Bon-dage.

1. Thou shalt have no o-ther Gods be-fore me.

2. Thou shalt not make un-to thy self a-ny Gra-ven I-mage, or the like-ness of a-ny thing that is in Hea-ven a-bove, or that is in the Earth be-neath, or that is in the wa-ter un-der the Earth, thou shalt not bow down thy self to them, nor serve them; for I the Lord thy God am a jea-lous God, vi-si-ting the i-ni-quity of the Fa-thers u-pon their Chil-dren un-to the third and fourth ge-ne-ra-ti-on of them that hate me, and shew-ing mer-cy unto thou-sands of them that love me and keep my Com-mand-ments.

3. Thou shalt not take the Name of the Lord thy God in vain, for the Lord will not hold him guilt-less that ta-keth his Name in vain.

4. Re-mem-ber the Sab-bath day to keep it ho-ly, six days shalt thou la-bour and do all thy work, but the seventh day is the Sab-bath of the Lord thy God, in it thou shalt not do a-ny work, Thou, nor thy Son, nor thy Daugh-ter, thy man-ser-vant, nor thy maid-ser-vant, nor thy Cat-tel, nor thy Stran-ger that is with-in thy gates; for in six days the Lord made Hea-ven and Earth, the Sea, and all that in them is, and rested the se-venth day; where-fore the Lord bles-sed the Sab-bath day and hal-low-ed it.

[Page 8]5. Honour thy Fa-ther and thy Mo-ther, that thy days may be long up-on the Land which the Lord thy God gi-veth thee.

6. Thou shalt not kill.

7. Thou shalt not com-mit A-dul-tery.

8. Thou shalt not steal.

9. Thou shalt not bear false wit-ness a-gainst thy Neigh-bour.

10. Thou shalt not co-vet thy Meigh-bours House, thou shalt not co-vet thy Neigh-bours Wife, nor his Man-servant, nor his Maid-ser-vant, nor his Ox, nor his Ass, nor any thing that is thy Neigh-bours.

There are several words that have some Letters in them that are not sounded or pronounced, and yet must be used when the same words are written.

AS A. in some words; as we pronounce Pharo, but must write Pharaoh, and so in Isaac, Canaan, &c.

B. in some, for we must write Dumb, thumb, lamb, womb, doubt, debt; but we pronounce them, dum, thum, lam, wom, dout, det, &c.

C. Written between a Vowel and K is not pronounced; as in black, check, sick, lock, truck, &c.

C. Written after s is not pronounced, as in descent, conscience, disciple, ascent, &c.

C. Before a, o, oo, commonly sounds like K: as cat, court, custome, colour, cook: but C before e, i, y, or ee, sounds like s: as censer, city, cider cypress, exceed, proceed.

Ch. in words purely English, have a peculiar sound with them, both before and after Vowels. Before a Vowel, in chance, cheap, chine, choke, churl: after a Vowel in ach, reach, rich, roch, such: But in words of a Hebrew or Greek derivation Ch sounds like K, as in Che-der-la-o-mer, A-chan, La chish, Mal-chus: and so also in the end of words: as Be-ro-dach, Mel-chi-ze-dech, An-ti-och, Baruch: but still except Ra-chel, Che-ru-bin, Ty-chi-cus: as also words compounded of Arch, as Arch-bi-shop, Ar-chi-tect.

D. is not pronounced in badge, hedge, bridge, lodge, judge, friend-ship, hand-maid, wed-nes-day.

E is usually written, but not pronounced in the end of a word, as in horse, breathe, virtue, and is usually added not so much for necessity as beauty: But you must always except some words of a foreign Derivation as E-pi-to-me, Jes-se, Ju-bi-le and others.

But e is never pronounced in the end of any English word but in these ye, me, be, we, he: But yet e is necessarily added to some words, or else it will alter the sence, as to write flaming fire, o must be added, lest it be taken for a fir tree: and so, It made me mad, e is useful, though not pronounced: and so in mile, quire, ride, fare, to distinguish them from mill, quit, rid, far: and so in others. Sometimes e is added at the end of a word to change the sound, as in face, grace, which without e, would sound as fac, grac: e softeneth the sound of g in age, stage, &c. It is usual when a word endeth in i, o, or u, to add e at the end, [Page 17] but it is indifferent whether it be added or omitted. When words end with a double Consonant they must not have an e after them, as hall, ball, call, wall, all, fall, &c.

If E be written at the end of a word after r, or l, it comes before them in the pronouncing: as able is pronounced abel, Temple, Tempel, nitre, niter, crackle, crackel.

G is not pronounced in sign, reign, flegm, design, assign, but yet must be written.

Gh is sounded like ff, in laugh, cough, enough, &c. G hath some­times a hard sound, as in gain, gold, good, and sometimes a flat sound, as in Ginger, and therefore if a, o, or u, follow this flat sound, it must be written with I, as Joseph, Judith, James, not Goseph, Gudith, Games: but when the sound hath i next, it is writ­ten with G, as Ginger, but when E follows, it is to be written with I, except these words following gesture, gender, generation, gentili­ty, geometry, genealogy, gem, gentil, and some proper names.

Gh is not often pronounced in any word, as light, bright might, right, they are sounded lite, brite, mite, rite: and so in high, Al­mighty, thigh, nigh, gh are not sounded.

H is written, but yet not sounded in many words, as Christ, Thomas, Rhetorick, Rheume, Scholar, scheme; but they are pronounced as Crist, Tomas, Retorick, Reume, Scolar, sceme: also the sound of H is lost at the end of some words, as Shiloh, Hezekiah, Isaiah, Jeremiah, and others.

I is not sounded in adieu, juice, fruit, Parliament, carriage, cousin fashion, &c.

I before r sounds like u, as thirst, third, fir, bird, thirty; and I Consonant before a Vowel is sounded as G, and written dif­ferently from an i vowel, as joy, judge, &c.

K seems not to be sounded in back, deck, sick, thick, rock, buck, pack, &c.

L sounds not in half, ealf, stalk, salve, alms, balm, salmon, falcon, Lincoln, Bristol, Holborn, folk: but l is always pronoun­ced in ale, scale, gale, and others.

In words of one Syllable l is usually doubled, as ball, bell, bill, bull: but if a Consonant be added at the end, it loseth a Sylla­ble, as shalt, wilt, &c. Words of above one Syllable end in a single l, as sinful, evil, &c.

N is not sounded in Solemn, condemn, Hymn, Autumn, contemn, column, &c. yet they must be written thus with an n at the end to shew their derivation from the Latin.

O is not pronounced in youth, damosel, courage, Gaoler, People, Jeopardy, scourge, nourish, young, &c.

P is not sounded in Tempt, Receipt, Symptom, Psalm, Simpson, Redemption, Sumptuous, &c.

Ph is sounded sometimes like F, as in Triumph, Phebe, Sulphur, Orphan, Philip, Philemon, &c. But if Ph be in two Syllables, then it is otherwise, as in Shep-herd, Clap-ham.

Q is always followed by u, whensoever it is written, although u add nothing to the sound thereof, as in Queen, quaker, quill, question, &c. Qu sounds like K in liquor, Exchequer, &c.

S is not sounded, but always written in Isle, Viscount, Island, &c. There is s long, and s short, and you must always write s long in the beginning and middle of words, as son soul, blossom, blessing; and s short in the ending, as Sisters, Sons, Mothers, Husbands, lands, &c. except into words that are alterable, viz. Nouns singular into plural, or verbs into another person, as cause, causes, disburse, disbursest, disburseth; also S so soundeth like Z in some words, as easy, bosome, &c.

Ti before a Vowel commonly sounds like si, as it patience, per­secution, nation, Oration, &c. but if s go before it, then it is sound­ed as it is writ as in Question, Combustion, Bestial, or as it is in Ti­tus; and so after the same manner you must pronounce those words that end in ty, as Crafty, Lofty, Pity, and so also loftier, loftiest.

V Consonant should differ from a Ʋ Vowel, and should be pro­nounced as value vain, vengeance, verily, vice, vine, voice, vultur, &c.

Ʋ Vowel is not sounded in guard, guest, guile, buy, build, conduit, circuit, &c. u is always joyn'd with Q, as Quail, quick, quiet, neither is u sounded in Saviour, Scrupulous, &c.

W after O is not sounded, as in grow, slow, yellow, shadow, wid­dow; nor in wretch, write, wrath, &c.

Y is not pronounced in Monkey, Key, Chimney, kidney, journey, pulley; if a word end in i we make it commonly y, as cry, reply, misery, mercy, &c.

S is pronounced like Z in some words, as lose, abuse, use, sins, Sons, &c.

Now though there may be reason for many of these super­fluous Letters, because they shew from whence the words are de­rived, yet it might be wisht they were written as they are spo­ken, which would make it easier both to strangers and our selves also. There is a brief Table at the end to shew you the difference that there is in writing and pronouncing many words.

SInce Points, Stops, or Notes used by the learned in writing, are not the least part of Orthography, or the right manner [Page 19] of writing, I thought good to give an account of them in brief, and they are these.

• A Comma (,)
• Semicolon (;)
• Colon (:)
• A full-point (.)
• Asterism (*)
• A note of Admiration (!)
• A note of Interrogation (?)
• A Parenthesis ( )
• Obelisk †
• Hyphen (-)
• An Index ☞

1. A Comma is a note of convenient silence, or rather a breath­ing time to that which succeeds, marked thus —,

As for Example, Loves companions be unquiet longings, fond comforts, faint discomforts, hopes, jealousies, carefulness.

2. A Semicolon is a pause somewhat longer than a Comma, and thus noted—;

Example, Her witty perswasions had wise answers; her eloquence recompenced with sweetness; her threatnings repelled with disdain.

3. A Colon is a middle distinction between a Comma and a full stop in the middle of a sentence, marked thus—:

Example, If I speak nothing, I choke my self, and am in no way of relief: if simply, neglected: if confused, not understood: If I express any thing very lively of what I truly feel, this is a token forsooth my thoughts are too much at leisure.

4. A Period is a perfect or full Point, to put at the end of a compleat Sentence, marked thus—.

Example, Lines cannot blush, so as modesty admits a freedom to my pen, which would be taxed immodesty being delivered by the Tongue.

5. A note of Exclamation or Admiration is thus noted—!

Example, Oh endless endeavours! O vain glorious ignorance!

6. A note of Interrogation thus—?

Example, What shall I do? whither shall I flee? whom shall I blame? what shall I pretend—?

7. A Parenthesis is shutting a sentence between two half moons, which notwithstanding, the discourse remains intire, noted thus ()

Example. Tell me ingenuously (if there be any ingenuity in you) whether you did not know it.

8. Index thus ☞ is to note from the margin what is remark­able.

9. Obelisk noted thus † always refers from the matter to the Margin.

10. Asterism thus marked * when any part of a Sentence is lost or wanting.

11. Hyphen marked thus (-) is a note of Connexion, as some-times House-keeping.

Moral Precepts and Instructions for Youth, which may also serve for Copies to Write out.

Of those Holy Men that were supposed to be the Pen-men of the Holy Scriptures of the Old Te­stament.

1. MOses the Son of Amram, the Son of Levi, was called by of the God when he was Forty years Old, to be the Leader of the Children of Israel. He wrote the Book of Genesis about 800 Years after the Flood. He spake by a large measure of Gods Spirit, of many things that were done two thousand four hun­dred and fourteen years before he was Born. He also Wrote Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy.

2. Joshua, and Eleazer the High Priest, are supposed to have Penned the Book of Joshua, who Governed Israel Victoriously 17. Years, and died in the 110 Year of his Age.

3. Samuel is supposed to have Penned the Books of Judges and Ruth.

4. The first and second Book of Samuel, were Written by Samuel the Seer, Nathan the Prophet, and Gad the Seer.

5. The first and second Books of Kings were Penned by Na­than the Prophet, Ahiah the Shilonite, Iddo thee Seer, Jonah the Prophet, and Semeia.

6. The first and second Book of the Chronicles, were Writ by Iddo the Seer, and Semeia.

7. The Book of Ezra was written by Ezra the Priest.

8. He also wrote the Book of Nehemiah and therefore in the Hebrew they are put both together.

9. The Book of Esther was Written by the Chronicler of Ahasu­erus, [Page 24] and was taken out of the Records of the Medes and Persians

10. Job was of Kin to Abraham, and out-lived Moses, for he lived 140 years after his Temptation. The Pen-man is not ex­actly Recorded.

11. The Psalms were pen'd by divers, as David, Moses, Asaph, and others, they were collected by Esdras.

12. The Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, and Solomons Song, were writ­ten by Solomon, after his Conversion.

13. Isaiah the Son of Amos prophesied in the days of Ʋzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, Hezekiah, and Manasses.

14. Jeremiah Son to Helkiah the Priest, prophesied in the days of Josias, Jehoiakim and Zedekiah.

15. Ezekiel was a Priest in Babylon, five years of Jehoiakins Captivity.

16. Daniel was a Captive in Babylon, and prophesied under Nebuchadnezzer, Evil Merodach, and Belshazzer.

17. Hosea prophesied in the days of Ʋzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah, Kings of Judah.

18. Joel prophesied in the days of Ʋzziah, and Jeroboam.

19. Amos was a poor simple Shepherd, and prophesied at the same time with Joel.

20. Obadiah prophesied against Edom, at the time the Palace of the Temple and City was set on fire.

21. Jonah prophesied in the days of Amasiah and Jeroboam,

22. Nahum prophesied in the days of Hezekiah King of Judah, Ʋzziah King of Israel, and Salmanazar King of Assyria.

23 Habakkuk prophesied about the same time.

24. Zephaniah prophesied in the days of Josiah the Son of Amon.

25. Haggai, Zacchariah, and Malachy the Prophets, were ap­pointed after the Captivity to comfort the people, and wrote all about the same time.

Of the New Testament.

1. S. Matthew wrote his Gospel eight years after Christs A­scension.

2. S. Mark wrote ten years after Christs Ascension.

3. S. Luke wrote fifteen years after Christs Ascension.

4. S. John wrote 32 years after Christs Ascension.

5. The Acts of the Apostles were written by S. Luke.

6. The Epistle to the Romans was written by S. Paul, as also the two to the Corinthians, those to the Galatians, Ephe­sians, [Page 25] Philippians, Timothy, Titus, Philemon, and the Hebrews, as the Learned allow.

7. James the Son of Alphaeus, the Brother of Jude, called also the Brother of our Lord, Wrote his Epistle.

8. St. Peter one of the Chief of the Apostles Wrote two Epistles.

9. St. John the Son of Zebedee, beloved of Christ, Wrote three Epistles, and the Revelation.

10. Jude one of the Apostles Writ his Epistle.

The Names and Order of all the Books of the Old and New Testament.

• Genesis hath Chapters 50
• Exodus 40
• Leviticus 27
• Numbers 36
• Leuteronomie 34
• Joshua 24
• J [...]dges 21
• Ruth 4
• I Samuel 31
• II Samuel 24
• I Kings 22
• II Kings 25
• I Chronicles 29
• II Chronicles 36
• Era 10
• Nehemiah 13
• Esther 10
• Job 42
• Psalms 150
• The Proverbs hath Chapt. 31
• Ecclesiastes 1 [...]
• The Song of Solomon [...]
• Isaiah [...]
• Jeremiah [...]
• Lamentations [...]
• Ezekiel [...]
• Daniel [...]
• Hosea [...]
• Joel [...]
• Amo [...] [...]
• Ob [...] [...]
• Jo [...] [...]
• M [...] [...]
• [...]

• Matthew hath Chapters 2 [...]
• Mark [...]
• Luke [...]
• John [...]
• The [...]
• [...]