THY former acceptance of my Book of Plants, (Pambotanologie,) containing the first part of the materia medica, doth now encourage me to present thee with the second, called Pan­zoologie, and a third, or Pammineralogie: in the first of which, thou hast the nature and use of all sorts of usefull Animals, both dieteticall and medicinall, &c. and that of Minerals in the last.

I. As for Animals, they are animate bodies, and sentient, having locall motion, and are either irrationall or rationall.

I. Irrationall. I. Four-footed beasts, which are. 1. Soli­dipedes, having whole hoofes; as the Horse, asse, onager, mule, zebra, elephant, unicorne, and cornute asse. 2. Bisules, ha­ving divided hoofes; and these are either cornigerous rumi­nants, horned and chewing the cudde; as the Cow, empalanga, ure-oxe, bison, butrones, bonasus, bugill, strepsiceros, sheep, musmon, goat, rock-goat, ibex, bubalis, pygargus. buck, ca­gua cuete, cugvacu-apara; musk-cat, bez [...]artick-goat, vicuna, taruga, Scythian suhak, Syriack mambrina, oryx, [Page] hart, macame, yztac macame, quauhtlamacame, tamamacame, seouasseu, tragelaphus, tarandus, rainger, elke, and rhinoceros: or ruminants without hornes; as the Camel, dromedary, hugium, becheti, ragvahil, and camelopardale: or not rumi­nating; as the Hogge, zainus, and tapierete: or aquatick, as the Sea-horse. 3. Viviperous digitates, having diverse toes, and bringing forth live young ones, and are either wild; as the Lion, puma, mitzli, quamitztli, macamitzli, cuitla­mitzli, tlalmitzll; Pardal, thcotochtli; lynx, tigre, tlaeooce­lotl; bear, wolfe, gulion, and sesef: or wildish; as the Fox, co­jotl, cuit-laxcojotl, azcacojotl, oztoa, izquiepotl, conepatl, ba­chirae, annae, ilpemaxtla, carygueja, tajibi, tamandua-gvacu, tamandua-i, coati; ape, orang-outang, baris, monkey, guariba, exquima, cagvi, sagovin, macaqvo, cay; cynocephalus, papio, upalim; ignauus, priguiza, bay, badger, heyrat, quaupecotli, tzcuintecuani, tlalcoyotl; beaver, otter, saricouieme, carygvei­beju; ichneumon, weasel, hermellani, visela, girella, rosola, chi­urca, vormela, lardiron, hamester, fitch, neerza; martes, mustela zibellina; civet cat, hare, citli, cotias, pacas; coney, pig-coney, pactli, eliztactotli, cuitlatepotli, tocanthoctli, quautochtli, me­tochtli, cacatochtli, cuitlatepolli, hapaztochli, viscachae; squir­rel, quauhtcchallotl, tliltic, quapachtli, techallotl, thalmototli, quimichpatlan, yztactechalotl; dormouse, mouse, rat; aquatick mouse, filberd, shrew, Alpin mouse, & coyopollin; mole, hedghogg, porcupine, and tatus: or domestick, as the Dogge, melitean, hound, grayhound, bloodhound, beagle, bandogge, mastive, curre, xoloitzeuintli, itzceuinteporzotli, tetichi, and cat. 4. Ovipe­rous digitates, having diverse toes, and bringing forth eggs, and are either covered with skin; as the Aquatick frog, toad, green frogge, temporary frogge, lizard, lizard green, and chal­cidick, Indian senembi, tejugvacu, taraguira, americima, ca­ropopeba, ameiva, taraguycu aycuraba, tejunhana; salaman­der, stellion, scinck, cordylus, chamaeleon, and crocodile: or te­staceous, [Page] having shells; as the Torteise, jaboti; lutarie torteise and marine, jurucua, jurura: or Exotick and dubious, as the Tlacaxolotl, cabim, animal maripetum, danta, cappa, ejulator, su, peva, foetid animal, Graffa, and caoch.

II. Birds, which are 1. Terrestiall carnivorous, or li­ving upon the land and eating flesh; as the Eagle, chrysaëtus, haliete, melanete, pygargus, morphnos, percuopter, ossifrage, ano­paea, white eagle, heteropos, avis scythica; vultur, little, cinere­ous, boetick, black, leporarie, and golden; hawk, asteriu, hobbie, sparrowhawk, faulcon gentle, merlin, kastrell, buzzard, ring­taile, colluriones, kite, harpie, cuckow, faulcon, saker, gyrfaulcon, peregrine, mountane, tunetane, gibbous, white, lapidarie, arbora­rie, red, cyanopus, and promiscuous; Parret, great cyanocroce­us, white cristate, green, poikilorinchus, green melanorinchus, leucocephalus, erythrocyanus, cinereous, erythroleucus, tor­quatus macrourus, erythrochlorus macrourus, erythrochlo­rus cristatus; crow, cray, rook, chough, coracia, pyrrhoco­rax; pie, caudate, indian, glandarie, garrulus, marine, persick ampelide, brasilian, rhinoceros, loxia; owle, scrich-owle, horn-owle, scops, aluco, howlet, caprimulgus; batt, and ostrich. 2. Phytivorous, or feeding upon plants; and these are either, granivorous not melodious, or feeding upon graine, and singing not, and are pulveratricious and wild; as the Pea­cock, japonian, and turky; pheasant, bustard, grigallus, heath-cock, hasle-hen, land duck, stella, oedicnemus, partridg, grecian, reddish, cinereous, white, and damascen; quaile, orty­gometra, and cynchramus: and pulveratricious domestick, as the Cock and hen, patavine, Turcick, Perfick, Scottish, In­dian, and Ginnie; and pulveratricious lavant, as the Pigeon, ring-dove, stock-dove, alchata; turtle, sparrow, white, yellow, spotted, whitish, mountaine, wild, torquate, juglandine, illy­rick, brachyurus, porphyromelanus, and embriza: or grani­vourous and melodious; as the Goldfinch, sisken, Canarie [Page] sparrow, finch, brambling, linnet, larke, cristate, and not cristate, green-finch, citrinella, serinus, and lutea: or bac­civorous, or eating berries; as the Thrush, ixophagus, trichas, black-bird, saxatile, mountain, torquate, double-coloured, roselike, brasilian and indian, stare, and clot-bird 3. Insectivorous, or feeding upon insects, and are. either not melodious; as the Woodpecker, great, grea­test, green, luteous cyanopus, murarie, nutjobber, wit­wal, hickwall, creeper, wren, cristate, and not cristate, hedg­sparrow, asilus, swallow, wild and riparie; martinet, houpe, tit mouse, great fennish, sylvatick, black, c [...]yuleous, caudate, & cristate; wagtaile, spipola, stoparola, muscicapa; robbin-red-breast, bunting, redtaile, phoenicurus, anthus, cannevaro­la, oenanthe, lusciniola: or melodious; as the Nightingal, titling and colemouse. 4. Aquatick palmipedes, living in the water, having whole feete, which are either, piscivo­rous, or feeding upon fish, as the Pelecane, bird diomedea, sea gull, white, cinereous, piscatorie, black, sterna, fidiped; sea-drake, cepphus, barnicle, plungion, sylvatick crow, night-raven, palmipede daw, mergus, rhenane, glacial, longi­rostrate, rau [...]edulous, red, white, cirrhate, merganser, gulo, morfex, scheladrachus, colymbus, uria, br [...]nthus; Phalaris, avosetta, and trochilus: or herbivorous, eating grasse or plants; as the Swan goose, tante and wild, barnicle, birgander, capricalca, duck, domestick, indian, lybian, cairine, wild, teale, glaucius, fuscous, muscovie, platy­rynchus, fistularie, candacute, black herle, la tardone, pu­ffin, and bird penelope, coot, and rallus. 5. Aquatick fi­ssipedes, abiding in the water and having divided feet; and are either carnivorous, or feeding upon flesh; as the Storke, ibis; phoenicopter heron, blew, dwarfe, garletta, egretta, squaioeta, bittour, falcinel, bird pugnax; porphyrion, ho­rion, h [...]lorius, limosa, barge, haematopus, kingfisher, and rous­serolle: or insectivorous, or eating insects, as the Arqua-Arquata, [Page] crece, totanus, calidris, himantopus, aquatick henn, chloropus, erythropus, rhodopus, erythra, ochra, hypoleucus, serica; wood-cock, snite, gallinula, chloropodes, trynga, red-sparrow, water-swallow; lapwing, cercio, plover; and charadrius: or herbivorous, feeding upon plants, as the Crane, balearick, and japonian. 6. Exoticks, or outlandish, chiefe­ly the American, and they are terrestriall; or such as live upon the land: as the Manucodiate, rhyntace, bird daie guitguit, maja, xochitenacatl, jajauhquitototl, tuputa, qua­pachtototl, tentzontototl, tritonus, hoactzin, emeu, xochi­tototl, aura, garagay, quetzaltototl, tzinitzian, totoquestal, tepetototl, hoitlallotl, dodone, ceoan, cenotzqui, pauxi, picicitli, polyglotta, chicuatli, tominejus, cuntur: of Brasil, Guranhae­engera, tangara, quereiva, tucana, quirapanga, macucagna, and mutu: of Maragnana, ouyra ovassou, moyton, toucan, ouru, jandou, salian: or aquatick, living in the water; as the Passer stultus, anser magellanicus, jochualcuachili, xochitenacatl, tlauhquechul, acolin, quachiltone, aca­calotli, xomotl, acototloquichitl, aca cahoactl, jacacintli, xlepapantototl, hoactli, heatototl, achalalactli, amaloz­que: of Farra, Lunda, alka, lomwia, ilabrimel, goi­fugel, hafflert, stormfinck, barnfiard, helfingegans, exand­gans, skua, aves lomsbay, vultur aquaticus, flamenco: or Brasilian, as the Nhanduguacu, jacana, curicaca, tiiepi­ranga jacapu, jambu, gallina africana, quiratangeima, ju­pujuba, sayacu, ani, guira guainumbi, jaeguacatiguacu, mitu, mituporanga, ibijau guainumbi, jacup ma, jacama­caii, jacurutu, soco, matuitui, jabiru, jabiruguacu, ma­nucodiata or paradisea, gui [...]apunga, quiraquerea, jaca­maciri, cariama, guara, urutaurana, maguari, guarauna, ajaja, picui pinima, pica cureba, tuidara, guaca guacu, tape­ra, psittaci aiuru, aiurucurau, aiurucuruca, tui tirica, jendaya [Page] tui ete, tui para, araracanga, ararauna, anaca, maracana, qui juba tui, paragua, tarabe, ajurucatinga, ajuruapara, ipecu, uru­bu, tamatia, guirajemoja, gurrarunheengeta, cocoi, guiratinga, jacarini, guiratirica, guiran heemgatu, curucui, caracara, tijeguacu, teitei, guiraguacu beraba, guiracoereba, guiraperea, japacani, cabure, andira aca, macuacagua, urubitinga, mare­ca, tijeguacu paruara, tangara, anhima, pitangua guacu, attin­guacu camacu, guira acangatara, matuitui, aracari, anhin­ha, ipecati apoa: the aquatick are, Quiratinga, caripira, calcamar, ayaya, caracura, guara, guirateonteon; the fabulous are, the Gryphin, harpie, stymphalides, sirenes, seleucides, phoenix, cinnamologus, and semenda.

III. Fishes, which are, 1. Marine, and these are either pelagious, living in the main sea, and either scaled; as the Linge, molva, morchuel, haddock, sea tench, herring, liparis, aper, scolopax, monoceros, glaucus, and hippurus; or smooth, as the tunie, pompilus, amia, swordfish, suckstone, sea-serpent, conger, orphidion, lamprey, myrus, and taenia; or cartilagi­neous, and they are long, as the Dogg-fish, galeus, catulus, eele, mustelus, asterias, maltha, vulpecula marina, centrine, simia marina, zygaena, mola; or plaine, as the cramp-fish, fork-fish, sea hawk, raie undulate and oculate, oxyrinchus, stella­rie oculate and clavate, spinose, rough, fullonick and roughest; sea frogge, skate, lamia, lump, and gibbous fish: or saxa­tile, living neer stones, and are squammose; as the Golden eye, thrush fish, peacock fish, lepras, cook fish, julis, phycis, sea perch, channe, liver-fish, black taile, alphestes, crow-fish, adonis, amber, anthiae, sea gudgins, sphyraena, horne-beak, and faber; or smooth, as the Larkfish cristate and not cristate, and pho­lis: or litorall, living neer the shore, and are either squam­mose not plaine, as the Mullet, swallow fish, cuckcowfish, keeling, harp-fish, pagrus, crythrinus, acarnane, orphus, dentix, synagris, chromis, guilt head, sargus, sparus, mormyrus, [Page] cantharus, stock fish, stromatheus, fiatola, scorpion fish, scorpae­na, blennus, pecten Rom, graundlin, phalerick, membras, co­bites, hephetus, anchovae, atherina, lavaronus, sprat, mana, smaris, and boops; or squammose plaine, as the Sole, citha­rus, rhomboides, and plaise; or smooth, and not scaled, and they are not plaine, as the Sandilz, dragon, dracunculus, star-gazer, roughtaile, mackrel, colia, saurus, corax; or smooth and plaine, as the Platessa, & sea flounder. 2. Ma­rine and Fluviatile both, and are squammose, or scaled; as the Salmon, pike, latus, alosa, ziga, mugil, capriscus, sturgeon, galeus rhodius, and cataphractus: or smooth, as the Huso, eperlanus, lamprey, eele, orbes, holosteos, and catan. 3. Fluvi­atile, or living in rivers, and are squammose, or scaled; as the Trout, grailing, umber, barbel, capitones, little, rapacious, and reddish; dace, oxyrinchus Rond, corvus niloticus, nasus, gudgin capitate and not capitate, pisciculus asper; cobites aculeate, and barbatula, phoxinus, bubulca, and roche; or smooth, as the Attilus, antacaei, ichthyocolla, glanis, barbota, mustela, fossil fishes, stonebright, and salmerinus; or living in rivers and other sweet waters, as the Perch, ruffes, scrollus, bley, jack, carp, breame, ballerus, tench, and lota; or lakish, as the Ʋmbla, trout, carp, lavaretus, bezola, albula parva, albus, farra, pigus, schilus, & sarachus. 4. Exotick, and they are either squammose; as the Tajasica, paru, pira acangata, acarauna, guaperua, piranema, acarapucu, pudiano vermelho, pudiano verde, juruucapeba, jaguaraca, carauna, cururuca, guatacuba juba, pira jarumenbeca, tamoata acara, pira pix­anga, vubarana, capeuna, acarapitamba, jaguacaguare, curi­mata, tareira d'Alto, tareira de Rio, piratiapia, ceixupira, piquitinga, camuri, gvara capema, miivipera, guaibi coara, guaperua, piraya, amore guacu, guacari, piraumbu, acaraja, acara, guaru-guaru, cucupu-guacu, maturaque, carapo, piaba, piabucu, nhaquunda, amore pixuma, amore tinga, guara [Page] tereba, piracoaba, corocoro, guatucufa, uribaco, guarerva, camaripuguacu, piratia pua, curema, parati, and aramaca: or smooth, & that altogether so, as Guamaiacu ape, petimbu­aba, nhambdia, guaperua, curvata pinima, puraque, piscis innominatus, mucu, abacatuaia, acaramucu, punaru, timucu, guebucu; bagre, ajereba, jabebirete, niqui, and guatacupu; or not altogether so, as the Guacucuja, guamajacu guara, and guamajacu attinga, narinari, tiburones, and iperuquiba: or monstrous, &c. as the fish Anthropomorphos, remora, piscis goensis, oxototl, pusta, michipillin, ambiza, piscis mularis, piscis tauriformis, and amilotl. 5. Cetaceous, as the Whale, whirle-poole, pustes, orca, dolphin, parpaise, cetaceous sco­lopender, sea-calfe, and indian manati. 6. Exanguine a­quaticks, which are either soft, as the Polypus, cuttle, lo­ligo, and sea hare; or Crustate, and are either tailed; as the Lobster, astacus, or crevisse, shrimp, broad, gibbous, and little; or round, as the Crab, majus, grampel, hippeis, undulate, mar­morate, fluviatile, little, and cancellus; Of Brasil, Guaja apara, guaia miri, carara una, cunuru, ciecie ete, ciri apoa, nca una, guanhumi, aratu pinima, maracoani, potiquiquiya, tamaru guacu, paranacare, guaricuru: or testaceous, and are, turbinate, which are either involute, as the Nautilus, purple, buccinum, murex, marmorecus, triangularie, white, purple orthocentros, coracoides, aporrhais; and conchylium; or orbicular, as the Welke, trochi, nerita, cochlea, sea urchin, spatagus, brissus, echinometra: or conchylious and bivalve, as the Chama, oister, pectines, muscles, tellinae, balani, pholades, solen, nakre; or univalve, as the Lepas, and concha venerea: as for Zoophytes, or plant-animalls, they are, Ʋrticae marinae, pulmo marinus, holothuria, tethyia, mentula marina, malum granatum, fungus marinus, penna marina, uva mari­na, cucumer marinus, malum insanum, and manus marina.

IIII. Serpents, which are. 1. The vulgar and lesser, & [Page] are either terrestrial, or living upon the land, as the Viper, ammodyte, horned serpent, hemorrhe, sepedon, aspe, dipsas, scytal, double head, slow-worme, myllet, dart, dryine, elaps, and snake; the exotick, and chiefely the Indian, are Boicininga, ibiboboca, boigvacu, boitiapo, iraraca, caninana, apochycoatl, alatus, bojobi, tetrauchcoatl, tleoa, cumcoatl, trinhutili: or aquatick living in the water, as the Water snake, torquate and rubeta­rie; boas, hydrus, sea scolopender, accatl, and boquatrara. 2. Dragons, and are not alate, or not having wings, either without leggs also, as the Basilisk, draco pythius, serpentes bambae and senegae, or not alate with leggs, as the Hydra, & bononian dragon; or alate, as the winged dragon.

V. Insects, which are. 1. Terrestrial with feet and wings, and are either anelytra, having no wing-coverings, and have four wings, and these membranaceous, as Bees, drones, wasps, hornets, grashoppers, blister-flies, cimices, perlae; or farinaceous, as Butterflies, phalanae, great, midle, least, great diurne, midle diurne, least diurne, and silken; or having two wings, as Flies, aquatick, phryganides, macedonick, ti­gurine, aeschnae, luteous, fuscous, and water-spider; terrestrial, zoophagae, carnivorous, canine, equisugae, bucularum osores, ovisugae, serpentivorae, merdivorae, bombylivorae, humisugae, her­bivorae, strutiopteros, erinopteros, chelidonios, seticaudae, unifeta, bipiles, tripiles, quadripiles; oxeflie, asylus, dayflie, and gnat: or coleoptera, having wing-cases; as Locusts, tenamazna. napaloa, gryllus, beetle, cornute platyceros, aigoceros, quici, bo­vicornis, nasicornis, ariecornis; not cornute, as the pilularie, melolonthes, purple, atrate, arboreous, fullo; scarabaeus, proscarabaeus, water-beetle, taurus volans, cantha­rides, burn-cow, ips, cucujus, glow-worme, blatta, eare­wig, scorpion, pismire, and pediculi alati. 2. Terrestrial with feet, and without wings; and are such as are pau­cipedes, or have fewer feet, and these are sepedes, having six [Page] feet, as the Pismire, wall-louse, louse, reduvius, flea, nits, forbicine, talpa Ferrantis, sphondyle, staphylinus, and anthre­nus; or octipedes, having eight feet, as the Scorpion, spiders, harmelesse, as the subdiale, & domestick, retiarie, & telarie; and various, longlegged black, white, red, nhamdui; or hurtfull, as the phalangia, formicarie, venatorie, rhagia, stellate, ceruleous, sphecia, tetragnathia, cantharidea, erve­stria, cranocalaptes, sclerocephala, scolecia, lanuginous, and lentiginous, or tarantulae & tunga; or having 12 or 14 feet, as Caterpillers, smooth, as the green, ligustrine, sambucine, lactucarie, mespilarie, quercine; yellow, vinula, fuscous; various; or hirsute and rough, with much haire, as the pity ocampes, ambulones, corylarie, polymidae, neustriae, tuber­culous, mesoleucae, urticarie, brassicarie, and sepiarie; or with lesse haire, as the Geranivora, jacobaea, antennula, echinus, rubicola, & cornute; silk-worme, & myre: or multipedes, having many feet, as the Cheselippe, pollin, coyayhoal, scolopender, and gally worme. 3. Terrestriall without feet, as Wormes, plantarie, as the arborarie, ligniperdes, corticarie, syrones, and fructuarie, nopal ocuillin, axocuilin, cuchipilutl, deces, enxulon, thripes, termites, cossi, teredines; fruticarie, legumina­rie, frumentarie, herbarie; or breeding in animals, with the litta, tarnia, meldera, cleri, humane, sinones, broad, sharp, ascarides, and monstrous; earthworme, and snaile. 4. Aquatick, and are either pedate, having feet, and these are paucipedes, having few feet, as the Squilla, locust, scorpi­on, notonecta, cicada fluv, anthrenus, forficula, neute, corcu­lus, aquatick flie, cantharides, beetle, water spider, attelabus arachnoides, ligniperda aquatica; or multipedes, having many feet, as the Tinea, sea flea, sea louse, aquatick asilus, sea scolopender and cadices: or apodes, and without feet, as the Leech, stellae, cartilagineous, testaceous, smooth, pecti­nate, [Page] echinate, arborescent, & solar, hippocampus, & uva ma­rina: These are the generall differences of irrationall animals.

There is further considerable. 1. Amongst Quadru­peds, that those that bring forth animals have haires, and the oviperous have shells: horses have most haire upon the mane, lions upon their shoulders, conies upon the corners of the mouth and leggs, and the hare is most villous; in all, they grow thick in old age, and gray in the horse; hogs and porcupines have bristles, the sheep is covered with woole, and the goat is bear­ded. The skinne, in the sea horse is so thick, that speares may be made thereof; and in the elephant and rhinoceros, it is almost impenitrable. The hornes, in the stagge are ramous, simple in the spitter, palmate in others, ramous and little in roes, not sheeding, turning round in rammes, dangerous in bulls, bending backwards in the rock-goat, adverse in the damae, erect contort and sharp in the strepsiceros, the Phry­gian have moveable hornes, the Troglodyte direct to the earth; also some have robust for butting, others for wounding, some aduncate, others reduucate, others for tossing are supine, con­verse or connext: and all are mucronate. The eares, are move­able, and all have them, at least all that bring forth ani­mals, and some have great eares, others have little; they are divided as it were in the hart, and pilous in the rat; in horses, and labouring beasts they shew their spirits, being emarcid in those that are weary, micant in the fearfull, somewhat erect in the furious, and loosed in the sick. The mouth, is large in the lion, and dog, and as it were rent, in those that live by hunting, and meane in swine. The trunk, is onely in the ele­phant. The jawes, are long in working cattle, and round in apes. The neck is stiffe in the lion, woolfe and hyena. The duggs are two, in those that have two young ones, and solid hoofes, and those betwixt the thighs, so in bisulcs and those that are cornigerous: cowes have foure teats, and sheep and [Page] goates two those that have a numerous breed, & are digitate, have more along the belly, in a double order, as swine; the best 12, the vulgar 10, so bitches: some have 4 in the middle of the belly, as panthers: others two, as lionesses, the elephant hath two under the shoulder: none have them between the thighs, that have toes. The toes, of those that live by prey, are five in the forefeet, and foure in the rest; but lions, woolfs, dogs, and a few others, have five in the other also, one hang­ing down neer the joint of the legge; the rest, which are lesse, have five. The nailes are in all that have toes; but the ape's are imbricate, those of the rapacious aduncate: in others they are straight; as in doggs, except that which for the most part depends on the legge. The hooses, are solid in those, that are not cornigerous: and those that are horned, are com­monly bisulks, the jllyrick swine in some places have solid, and they are renewed only in the veterine. The taile is in all, except apes, and in those that have eggs according to the body: they are bareish in those that are rough, as boares; little in the shagged, as beares setose in those that are longish, as horses; and being cut off, they grow again in lizards, it's very long in kine, and rough at the bottome, in horses the dock is shorter than in asses, but setose in the veterine; in the lion it's like the cowe's at the bottome, &c. but not so in panthers: it's bushey in foxes and woolfs, as also in sheep. Also in the internall parts, there is a diversity. The teeth, are exerted in the boar, serrate in the dogge and lion; contiguous in the horse and cow, the foremost acute, and the interiour plaine. The cornigerous have but one row: they are exert in none, in which they are serrate they are not exert or serrate in any that are horned: but concavous in all, & solid in the rest, and in the ape as in man; in those that are ruminant, the lion and the dog, they are changed in swine they never fall out. The tongue, in croco­diles, doth all adhere: in lions and cats, it's of an imbricate aspe­rity, [Page] and like a file: and broad chiefely in the elephant. The ribbes, are 10 in swine, and 13 in those that are horned. The heart, in all, is in the midle of the breast; in that of horses, kine, and staggs, there are bones. it's greatest in proportion, in mice, hares, asses, staggs, hyaena's, and all that are malefick by reason of feare. The lungs, in the tortise are without bloud: and grea­test in proportion in the chamaeleon, and nothing else within. The belly, in solipedes is rough and hard: in others that are terrestriall, of a denticulate asperity, and in some mordaceous cancellate. The spleen, is round in bisulks, and those that are cornigerous: prolix in the multifid; & very long in solipedes. The reines are in all that generate animals; & only in the tor­tise amongst the oviperous. The bladder, is in none of the oviparous, except the tortise: and in none that want sangui­neous lungs, or feet. The fat, is often in the horned, having teeth in one part, and huckle bones in the feet, these have tal­low; bisulks, or the cloven footed, and without hornes, grow fat, and this when cold is fragile, and ever in the extremity of the flesh; but the fat between the flesh and the skin, is succulent and liquid: some grow not fat: but all those that are more sterill, are fat. The marrow, is red in the young, and whitish in the old: it's only in hollow bones, and not the leggs of labouring beasts, and dogs: it's fat in those that are fat, and sevous in the cor­nigerous: bares have none, & the lions little in their thigh bones & fore leggs. As for the place, for the most part it's the land; but some live in the water, as the crocodile, sea-horse, beaver, and sea tortise; some in denns, others in trees; some in a hot climate, others in a cold; and in Africa, there are no boares, staggs, nor goats. The diet also is not alike, cowes, staggs, hor­ses and swine, feeding upon herbs and fruits; sheep, low, goats high, upon bowes and sprouts; woolfs, lions, and dogs upon flesh; the beaver, and cat, delighting in fishes; and the chame­leon in flies; some chew the cud, others not, the ape and mon­key [Page] eate any thing, and the beare is said to lie hid in winter, and to live by sucking the moisture, which is then in their swollen forefeet. The generation is diverse also, but most generate in autumne, summer or spring, and bears and bulls with ferocity, but doggs without it: for the most part, they bring forth live young ones, but the tortise crocodile and li­zard have eggs, and cowes have their young only in the right sinus of the womb. The gestation is various also, the woolf goeth a month or forty daies, the bitch nine weeks: the sow 4 months, the goat 5. sheep 6, cow 10, and mare 11. The number of their young differeth likewise, the mule is said never to breed, the woolf but once, & the hare is often troubled with superfetation. The bignesse is differing, solipeds and bisulcs usually being greater than the digitate. And the magnitude differs accor­ding to the place. torteises being of an hundred pound weight in Taprobana, and lizards 8 cubits long in Aethiopia. The life, in some is short, in others long. hares and cats live seven yeares; rams and goats seldome above ten; hogs twenty, and dogs sometimes; the exe seldome above 16, horses 35, mares till 40 or 50, or as Pliny, till 70 or upwards; the mule 80, & stags an 100. The sight is most acute in the lynx and dorcas; hyaenas and cats see in the night; moles, very little or not at all. The hearing is most exact in the hare. The smell is best in the dog, and so weak in swine that they are not offended with dung. The taste is exactest in the ape. The inward senses are very dull in the bugill, which having hid his head, thinks the whole body covered: others are more subtil; apes are full of imitation: the fox tries the thicknesse of the ice he is to passe over, by laying his eare to it: dogs remember the waies best, and are not excelled by any but onely man: staggs hearing the dogs bark, run down the wind, that their sent may not betray them: and most beasts know what remedies are best for their di­seases: the panther seeks mans dung, the tortise strengthens [Page] himselfe against serpents, by eating the herb called cunila, and the weasel useth rue. The love of apes is such towards their young, that they often kill them by hugging them. The lust of swine is such, that then they will wound such as stand in their way, the bull is most impetuous, but the camel en­genders only in the covert. The motion also, is differing; some being swift, others slow, and the hare swiftest, the elke will goe as farre in one day as the horse in three, but the asse is exceeding slow. The voice in horses is called neighing, lowing in bulls, braying in asses, grunting in swine, roaring in lions, houling in woolfes, barking in dogs, yelping in foxes, and croaking in frogs, &c. The use likewise is various, those that are hairie yeelding milk, others flesh; some, gar­ments: and that of the dogge, cat, and horse &c. is known, and the use of their severall parts follow.

2. Amongst Birds. The neck and parts towards the earth, are common with those of other animals: and wings, feathers and bill are proper; but they want lips, teeth, au­ricles, and nostrils, yet have little holes instead thereof. The eyes, are as those of other creatures, two in number, but without lids; but they winke, a membrane passing from the angle. The thigh is like the hip, long, reaching to the middle of the belly, fixed to it. The hip is large in those that have crooked clawes, and the breast is stronger than in others. The taile is supplied by a rump, it's short in those that have long leggs, or whole feet, but long in others. They bend the wings forewards. The leggs are two, as in man, but they bend them backwards as quadrupedes, they are long in those that have claws, and live in the water: yet the manuco­diats want them: they all have diverse clawes, and in some measure divided; those which flie high have all foure toes, three in the forepart, and one backwards, in stead of a heele; [Page] a few have two forewards, and so backwards, and some have spurs, but not the crooked clawed. The comb, is in the cock, yet some have feathers instead thereof. The inward parts are differing also. The tongue is found in all, in some long, in others broad, which may be taught to counterfeit speaking; in some it is hard and sharpe like horne, and fleshie backwards. The throat stopper is in none, yet they tem­per the motion so, that nothing may fall into the throat. The bowels are diverse, in some the craw lying before the sto­mach. The ventricle in very many is carnose and com­pact, having a very strong skin within. The craw being wanting, the gullet is broad and large where it's joyned to the ventricle, as in jack-dawes, crowes, and quailes; and those that want it, have a long one, and their excrements are more liquid, as the porphyrio. The intestine in some is small, and single. The appendices are explicate, but few, and not a­bove, as in fishes, but in the lower part, at the extremities of the intestines. The gall in some is in the belly, in others in the in­testines, as in the swallow, and pigeon, &c. The testicles, are joyned to the reines, and in some are little and obscure, and in the time of coiture they are greater. The sperme is white. The bladder is wanting, a great quantity of humi­dity being required to the nourishment of feathers. The place, is the aire, water, or earth, & some abide not in the some region, the swallow tarrying but halfe a yeare, the thrush and turtle three months, others depart after breeding, as houps, and some live in hidden places. The meat, is flesh, insects, herbs, grains, seeds, fishes and frogs: of these, some drink by sucking, as those that have long necks, with intermission, and resupination of the head and the porphyrio by biting. The generation is by the lying down of the female, as in hens; or standing, in cranes: in some at any time, as in hens: and they breed at any time, except in the two brum all months of winter; but for the most [Page] part in the beginning of Spring, and Summer, when also they breed, and commonly but once: they all lay Eggs, except the bat, which bringeth forth young ones. Those that have aduncat clawes are infecund, and their prey more fruit­full: of their eggs, some are white, as those of henns and par­tridges: others, pale, as of the aquatick; others spotted, as the turkie's; some red, as the pheasant's; and within they are all of two colours; the young when hatched, passe out by the round­est part, the shell being soft, but presently waxing hard: the time of sitting and number hatched is various, sometimes onely the hen sitteth, sometimes only the male: amongst pi­geons the cock in the day, and hen in the night: amongst ring­doves, the henne from noone till morning, and the cock the rest; after coiture they quiver, and stretch, themselves; amongst these there is sympathie; and antipathie, as betwixt the swan and eagle, crow and kite, and so as to beasts. The motion, is various, some walking, as crowes, sparrowes and black­birds leaping, partridges and woodcocks running, storks and cranes throwing their legs forewards, kites stretching their wings, and seldome shaking them; others, oftener, but only their feathers, the crow stretching the whole side, hick-ways for the most part close, linnets moving the wings once or twice, swallowes flying high, low, directly, partridges low, larks high & falling, quailes leaping, ducks upright at first & high; vul­tures and those of heavy bodies, flying from some high place, and being ruled by the taile; some looking about, others ben­ding the neck many making a noise when they fly, others being silent, some flying straightish, others pronely, obliquely, side­wise; and others resupinate; those that have long legs fly hol­ding them backwards; if short, they hold them contracted: those that have crooked clawes usually fly high, except the nocturnall. The voice is most frequent in those that are small, and chiefely when about generation, some make a noise [Page] in fighting, as quailes; others before it, sc. partridges, and cocks, after it; and amongst some, the cocks have one note and the hen another. some sing all the yeare, others at cer­tain times: the noise in ringdoves is the same in all, the bird taurus imitates the lowing of cattle, and anthus the neigh­ing of horses. The life, is various amongst them, the male sparrow not living much above one yeare, pigeons and tur­tles eight, & quailes & crowes many. Their disease, is known by their feathers, and they are subject unto many. Their divination is known, cranes foretelling faire weather by their silence, and tempests by their noise; so herons, crying at break of day, faire weather is expected when the owle hooteth at night, the crow and quaile making a noise in the evening portend foule weather, and swallowes flying up and down about waters. Their use, is for meat, medicine, and sport &c. and their flesh is light, wholesome, and well digested. Their difference, is according to their parts, so some have straight bills, some crooked; some long legs, others short; some have toes, others whole feet, others without: some are cristate or hor­ned, others not: some have long necks, as cranes, others short: their wings usually are proportionable, except in the dodo which is covered with doune, and for the most part all have tailes: they are great or little, terrestriall, marine, lakish, fen­nish, domestick, wild, feelden, or solitarie; their colours are diverse, so their meat, and frequency of generation. The voice in nightingals is called singing, croking in crowes, cal­ling in partridges, gagleing in geese, groaning in pigeons and turtles, crowing in cocks, chackling and clucking in henns, crunkling in cranes, quacking in ducks, cherping in spar­rows, chattering in pies, and hooting in owles, &c.

[Page]3. Amongst Fishes, The Cartilagineous, are plaine or long: the lesser of them are above a cubit in length, and their spine is cartilagineous, their gills are detect, their finnes are double, and five on each side, they have egges all like birds; their place is various. The heart is pen­tagonous, and gall placed in the liver in the galeus. The womb hath sinus's, and those placed under the septum of the midriffe, as birds. Some have their mouth upwards, or in the extreame, and cannot take the prey, without resupination. They live in the deep sea, and when they bring forth, they goe to the foords & shores. Their meat is fishes. Some of them generate aversly; the plaine that have tailes, copulate being supine upon the backs of the females, and they have egges in the superiour part: and hate the forkfish. The Raie hath a long and rough taile, the eye is covered with a nebula: the genital is like that of the sea-calse. Their place is in dirty places not farre from the shore. They generate by the con­junction of their supine parts, and beget egges, and bring forth animals. The Psettaceous, or plain and spinose, have a spine that seemeth to be divided in the midd'st. Their finns are foure, two in the prone part, two in the supine, & circum­vallate round. Their gills are foure, on each side. The tongue is wanting. The eyes are in the supine part of their heads. Their jawes are rugous and rough, and serve instead of teeth. Their Throat is somewhat like a craw, and con­tiguous to the ventricle. Their mouth is little in respect of their bodies. The heart is gibbous in one part thereof. The liver is broad, and embraceth the ventricle. The gall is in the extreme part thereof. The spleen is black; situated under the ventricle, which is broad. Their place is the sea, and muddie rivers. Their meate is of cru­stats and shell-fishes. They breed once in a year: & they swim transeversly. They take their prey, by hiding themselves in [Page] the mudde and putting out their virgulae, and so alluring the small fishes, comming to them as weeds. The Cetaceous, have lungs, arterie and neck, and other members common with the terrene quadrupedes. Their skin is extraordinary thick. Their lungs serve to coole their great heat: therefore they want gills; but have fistules. Their mouth is down­wards, that the fishes might escape, when they are resupina­ted. The teeth are wanting in some, others are toothed, ha­ving them broad forewards, and sharp backwards. The teats in the female yeeld much milk. Their fat increaseth much, they eating fishes, and moving slowly. The internall parts, under the peritonaeum, which are made for nutrition and generation, are more like those of terrestriall quadrupeds, than of fishes: for the epiploon is lesse fat in them, the ven­tricle is great. The pancreas is joyned to the fundus there­of, and it passeth to the intestines, which have many win­dings. The mesentery is joyned to the vertebra's, having black glandules, veines and arteries interwoven. The reines are situated betwixt the liver and testicles. The urine is percolated through the ureters into the bladder, which is like that of terrestriall animals, and in the inferiour part of the belly, and it is retained by the sphincter. To the u­rachus the umbilicall arteries are joyned. The testicles are on each side, longish, having preparant vessels, sc. many ramuli of veines and arteries arising from the great veine, which after many turnings are inserted into the epididymis. The genital is in the urinary passage, consisting of a hol­low nerve, the end of which hangeth out, terminating in a slender glans; and within it's replicate, and hath its veines, nerves and arteries. The thorax consisteth of true and small ribbs, a sternon, vertebra's and muscles. The lungs fill the capacity of the same, and are of a thicker substance than in terrestriall animals, in thicknesse and colour resembling the [Page] liver of quadrupedes, and are divided into two parts. The heart is on each side embraced thereby, being included in the pericard, and placed in the middle of the thorax, like that of the hog: also they have the rough arterie, oesophagus, muscles, &c. as in the terrestriall animals, the clavicle excepted. The head is articulated with the vertebrae. The brain is di­vided forewards and backwards, thence conjugations of nerves arise, the choroid plexus, rete mirabile, and two me­ninges. The womb in the females hath a neck of one hand in length, and then it's divided into two rami, as in terrene quadrupedes, their testicles are placed at the hornes of the womb, and the pudend is betwixt the navill, and anus. Their magnitude is various. Their place is the sea onely, yet not in all, and in the deep; they are seen chiefely about the solstices, and are at other times in the bottome of the water. Their meat is fish, and chiefely herrings, which sometimes they so gree­dily follow, that they cast themselves upon the shore. They generate within themselues, and bring forth young, which when young follow the damme. Their motion is slow, by reason of their largenesse. Their sight and hearing is dull: some say they use a little fish for their guide, they love the smell of pitch, insomuch that they rub themselves against the sides of ships: & they are driven away by noise. The Mollusca, or soft, having neither a rough or testaceous skinne, nor scales: they have a middle nature betwixt flesh and nerves. Their head is betwixt the feet and belly, in the mouth are two teeth, instead of a tongue they have a certain carnose sub­stance in the mouth, by which they taste. Their eyes are two, and large. Their feet are in the forepart, about the head, bending about the eyes: some have acetabula, and two long trunks, which they use as anchors in stormes. They have a fistule above the head before the alveus which they move a­bout, they have a little finne compassing in their alveus, by [Page] which they swimme and direct themselves therein. To the head is joyned a venter of large capacity, the flesh of which is orbicularly fissile. They have capillamenta in the side, serving in stead of gills. The throat is narrow, after which is a receptacle, to which the belly is joyned; the intestine is slender, which tendeth towards the upper parts. The bladder is wanting. They have a black humour ser­ving in stead of blood. Their place is in salt waters. Their meat is flesh. Their womb is bifid, and they have two testicles neere the genitall. The male hath the prone parts of the body more black than the supine, and all parts more rough than the female, various by intervening lines, and the taile sharper. They copulate long, and the females have egges, at first undivided, afterwards seperated, and then increase, after they have received a vitall strength from the sperme of the male shed thereon, and that after the manner of wormes. The Crustates are in a mean be­twixt the testaceous and soft. They want bones. They have a head, capacity, throat, and belly, common with other ani­mals without blood. The belly is little in respect of their bulk, and the intestine single, to the passage of excrements. They have two foreteeth in the mouth, and three in the ventricle, one on each side, and the third below: betwixt those in the mouth, is a carnose part, serving in stead of a tongue. above the mouth are the eyes, which are hard in all, fit to move inwards, outwards, obliquely, and swiftly, there­fore they want eyeleds. Their head is little, with hornes and appendices, with which they fight, and feele their way. Their feet are eight, and move obliquely. They have two clawes, which they use instead of hands, of which the right is biggest and strongest usually. Their flesh is red­dish like blood, and in the belly is a kind of palish humour. [Page] Their place is about the mouthes of rivers, stony and dirty places. Their meat is little stones, reites, mud, and ex­crements, and flesh also. Their coiture, is as theirs that pisse aversely, in the spring time, and long, being without blood, and cold: the female bringeth forth a reddish egge, compassed in with a very thin membrane, sticking to the belly and sides, which afterwards increaseth: the male is biggest and thickest, and the first foot is single, and taile narrower. Their age is long, yet none of them breath, but they are refrigerated by casting out water with their fistula. Their sight is dull, but smell and taste well, they sleep like other aquatiles, they are without voice, goe obliquely, and swim onely with the taile. they lie hid in the winter, and are fat in spring and autumne. they fight with the hornes, and cast their shels after breeding. The Squillae have a taile, but no forceps. The body is blackish in spring, but whi­tish after. Their hornes are sharp and in the top of the head. The intestine is terminated in the taile, as in crevisses, by which they evacuate excrements, and bring forth eggs: they live in marine, fennish or stony places: their meat is oisters, & reites. The male is known by two white particles in the flesh of the breast, and the female hath egges annexed to the belly: they copulate like quadrupedes that pisse backwards, in the spring time, neere the earth. They are enemies to the pike, whom they wound by their hornes. The round crustates, sc. the Cancri, have moveable eyes, an indiscrete head, without a brain, yet having a part serving in stead thereof. The taile is turning: they look obliquely, and go so, having ten feet with clawes, the right of which is biggest, and in the foremost, the superiour part is moveable and the infe­riour not. they have two teeth inwards, betwixt which, is a caruncle like a tongue: to the mouth, the sto­mach [Page] is joyned which is little. They live in rockey places, open in the winter, and hidden in the summer. Their meat is shell-fishes, they draw the water into the mouth and so passe it out again. They copulate in the forepart, by joyning their opercula, in which also they bring forth eggs: also the fe­male hath the first foot double, and the male single; these on­ly amongst crustates swimme not, but goe, and that side­wise. They are very crafty, and in danger hide them selves in the mud, or amongst stones: they fight like rams with their hornes: they feed on shelfishes by casting in a stone, when they open themselves; they lie hid five months, and in the be­ginning of spring cast their shell, like serpents, under which is a soft shell, so that they can hardly move. The Testaceous are without blood, their shell within is smooth. Their flesh increaseth in the increase of the moon, which is contai­ned by the shell which is terrene, and preserveth their little heat, and they cast it not. They have teeth, and somewhat proportionable to a tongue. Their head is downwards. The stomach is joyned presently to the mouth, and is little; after which is the belly, in which also there is a papaver, from which passeth a single intestine. They are nourished like plants, by pores, and that by a sweet humour. Their motion is adverse. They differ in the hardnesse of the shels, the holo­thuria, pulmones, and echini having softer, than the purple and buccina; some are covered on every side, as oisters, cocks, and tellinae; others have but one valve, the other side sticking to rocks; the chamae, and solenes, are uncovered in the ex­tremes, so that they put forth the head, and hinder parts: of those that are covered on every side, some are turbinate, as the purple, and buccinum; others not, as the conchae; some have one shell as the lepas; others two, as mussels; of the shels, some are smooth, as of the ungues, and mussels, others rough, as of the purple, buccina, and oisters. their place is the sea, and they [Page] lie hid in great heate and cold. Their generation is spon­taneous, of spumous faeces. Their sense is denied by some, though others grant it, and they have an antipathie against thunder. The Turbinate have a torcular shell, out of the middest whereof commeth the head with two hornes: some of them have small teeth; some have a proboscis like flies, and it's hard in the purple and buccina. neere to the mouth is a venter, like the craw of birds, after which is the gula, to which the intestine is joyned, which is single, and recipro­cating towards the head, about which the excrement is evacuated in all turbinates terrene or marine. they grow like wormes their motion is as in the former. The turbines, are great, eared, tuberous, angulous, muricate, or pentedactyls, and they are orbicularly turned, &c.

4. Amongst Serpents. The head is light in some, heavy in others, broad, narrow, white, black, yellow, or spotted, and some turn them so quick, that they seem to have two heads. Their cares are not protuberant, but hollow. Their eyes are hardish. Their upper eye-lid moveth not, but they wink with the lower. The neck is wanting. Their slough is in stead of a skin. The taile is various. As for their inward parts, their head is covered with one bone. The teeth are serrate & sharp, and two are long in the upper part, perforate, by which they ejaculate their poyson. The tongue is thin, long, black, bifid in the end, and sharp, under it is a cuticle, which like a vesicle covereth the teeth, in which is poyson, which is shed forth by the holes of the teeth in biting. The heart is little, long, and represents the figure of the reines, and is very hot. The arterie is very long, and seemeth to be under the tongue, and after it's carried to the lungs, by which they differ from fishes; their lungs are single, fibrous, divided by pipes, very long and fungous. The epiglottis is wanting, but they contract and dilate the passage at their [Page] pleasure. The ventricle is as it were a great intestine, like that of a dogge, sc. angust, and of a long figure. The in­testine is small and long, reaching to the vent. The liver is long and single. The spleen is little, and round. The gall in all, except the water-snake, sticketh to the intestines, and is full of a certaine black and liquid exerement. The bladder and reines are wanting: as also the genitall, they not having leggs, and testicles, the body being long; but they have two meatus, like fishes, arising from the septum, passing on both sides the spine, which in the time of congresse yeeld a white sperme. They want duggs, not having milke. The womb is bifid and long, in which eggs are begotten, and passe thence in a certaine continuous series. Their bones are like those of fishes. Their vertebra's are cartilagineous & flexile, & there are as many ribbs in snakes as daies in a month; also in re­spect of the heart, lungs, and rough arterie, serpents are like birds; and in the liver, intestines, and abdomen, like fishes; but differ from both, in respect of the gall and disposition of the eggs. Their place is Ophiusa, Melitaea, Thessalia, Apulia. Arabia, Numidia, Aethiopia, Africa, and the Indies. Their meat is earth, and oniscs, and they live long without meate, & when they devoure any great baite, they contract themselves; when they swallow birds, they vomit up the bones and fea­thers: they delight in wine, milk, water and yolks of egges, which they get, by twisting themselves about them: as for their temper, some are cold, and others hot. They are genera­ted of the putrifaction of the earth, of the blood of certain birds, and of the marrow of mans back: they generate by con­junction, so, that they seem but one serpent having two heads, they lay eggs and hatch them, hanging together like a brace­let; but some of them bring forth animals. Their voice is hissing. Their motion is creeping, and their ribs serve them as leggs. Their enmity is against men, eagles, peacocks, storks, [Page] hawks, vulture, swallowes, cocks and henns, elephants, leop­ards, stags, swine, rats, tortise; ichneumon, chameleon, crabs, & spiders; the ash, oake, betony, garlick, rue, wormwood, mugwort, southernwood, herb frankincense, nep, elecampane, and fire. They love one an other, eels, foxes, cats, ivy, fennel, and savin. As for their nature and manners, they have their poyson in the taile, which they bring to a little bladder neere the mouth; which, after the former is evacuated, is againe filled with more, in the space of a naturall day. in the foure coldest moneths they lie hidde, and eate nothing, and their poyson then is so weake, that they may then be handled without danger: at the rising of the dogge starre they are so furious that they cannot rest. in the spring when they come out of their holes, they cast their slough, beginning at the head. they live long, eating but little. they sleep with their eyes open: in danger they chiefe­ly defend their heads; exposing their bodies to wounds, which are soone healed againe. if they are struck, they strive as much as possible to wound their enemies. their poyson is under their tongue, and there are as many kinds thereof, as species of serpents: of these, the males, old, great, and fasting are most pernicious, and all in summer, more than in winter. As for their differences, the female is lesse than the male, and some grow to be above an hundred foot long. As for their colour, some are spotted, some streaked, some of the colour of brasse, gold, silver, red, and green; as to their place, some are aqua­tick, others terrestriall, some live in mountaines, others in plaines, some amongst oakes, others about bee­ches, and hasels: in respect of smell, some are sweet, like musk. in Hispaniola some are harmlesse, [Page] Some have great eyes, some little; and others, of a bloody colour. some have narrow mouthes, others very large, some have combs, others have hornes, or wings, and are monstrous.

5. Amongst Insects, the hornes are in some, others are without them. The eyes are open in all, and hard, and moveable, The eyelids are wanting, and cheeks also. The tongue in some is soft and weake, but hard and strong in all such as have no sting in the taile. The teeth are wan­ting in such as use moist meat. The covering is of a mid­dle nature, betwixt skin and crust, and dry, and they seeme to have no nerves, bones, spine, cartilages, fat, or flesh, but have parts of a middle nature betwixt all these. The wings are in some, others are without them. The taile is onely in the scorpion. The case is usually cast by such as have wing cases. The legges are moved obliquely in those that have them: and in some, the foremost longest are bended fore­wards; but those that leap, or have the hindmost feete longest, are bended backward, and nature hath given some longest feet forewards, that thereby, wanting good sight, they might remove what might trouble them: also those have most, which by reason of the length of their bodi [...]s are most cold; and the wild fewer, in some their want of feet is recom­pensed by the help of wings. Their generation is partly spontaneous, partly by coiture. [...]gnats and little worms doe neither copulate, nor are bred of animals. few of the males in coiture insert into the female; but the females have a long genital, by which they attract the generative spirit from the male. those that generate without coiture, en­gender wormes, and those that are spontaneous. the coiture of the rest is long, and they part slowly. whether they emit sperm or not is uncertain, their generation is perfected for the most part in three or foure septenaries, as in oviperous creatures, [Page] seven daies after coiture there is a concretion and consum­mation of the egges, in the other three septenaries they che­rish and hatch them, sc. those which procreate with their foetus, as spiders. Their motion, is creeping, walking, & flying, &c. they all move with more kinds of motion than the san­guine animalls. Their breathing is not acknowledged by diverse, who acknowledg only perfrigeration; but they want lungs, and not refrigeration, they being of a cold temper. the noise that bees and flies make, is occasioned by the agi­tation of the interiour spirits. those that seem to sing, make a noise by the membrane under the septum transversum, against which the included spirit is moved. Many of them are exanimated under the water, and recovered in ashes, not be­cause they cannot inspire; but by reason that, that interiour spirit was suffocated by the humour, which being discussed by the heat, it's againe restored to it selfe. Their smelling is performed by their native spirit. Their sound is by the at­trition of the interiour p [...]llicle, locusts make a noise by rub­bing themselves with their gubernacula; that of the bee is humming, but it's shrill in the grassehopper. The life is more tenacious in them, than in the sanguineous, chiefely in those that have long bodies and many feet, as in the palmer-worme, by reason of the multiplicating part of their originall, yet they are easily killed by pouring oile on them, its viscosity stopping the narrow passages, and so intercepting the spirits. They differ according to place, the fier-flie living in the fire, rough-wormes in the snow, scolopenders in the sea waters, water-beetles and leeches in sweet waters, wormes in the earth, wood-worms in the roots of trees, the cerastes in the sig­tree, red and hairy wormes in the service-tree, the butyri in vines, and ipes, and the vinefretter in the leaves thereof, maggots in the cypresse, caterpillers on leaves, pras [...]curid [...]s [Page] in leekes, crambides in cabbages, punies in mallowes, weevills in wheat, the mida in beans, nits and lice in beasts, tikes in sheep, brees in cowes, or horse-flies, the scolichia in the mullet, others in the carp, perch, gudgin, and dace; the clerus in bee­hives, & moths in garments. The colour in some is the same, in others various. As for quantity and figure; some are little, others great, round, ovale, angulous, smooth, or rough, &c. some are winged, others not; others change their forme, as catter­pillers, which turne into butter-flies. Some have wing­cases, as beetles, and cantharides &c. others have their wings alwaies open, as flyes, bees, &c. Some have two wings; others foure, sc. those that have stings in their bellies; if in their mouthes, two, The wings pulled off, grow again in none of them, and those that have crusts over their wings are without stings. Some have wings not divided, as bees, and wasps, and in butterflies they are mealy: as for the leggs, wormes are without them, others have many, and most have not fewer than six. The tongue in some is soft and weake, in others hard and strong, as oxe-flies, and it is in all that have not a sting in the belly. very many have teeth; but not those that live on moist things, some have a sting in their mouth, & is in­stead of a tongue & lips; others in the belly; also they are terre­striall or aquatick, with or without feet, &c. Also amongst the aforesaid living creatures, some are Solar, sc. those that are generous, and lively, as the bull, goat, horse, lion, and ramme. Amongst Birds; the eagle, cock, crow, swan, and vulture. Of Insects; the pilularie beetle and spanish flies: the contrary, are such as are Lunar, Saturnine, and Martiall, &c. The Lunar, are the Cat, beaver, dog, goat, hart, otter, and men­struall blood. Of Birds; the Duck, goose, heron, and merguli, &c. Of Fishes; the carp, crab, gilt-head, frog, cister, pearch, and cockle. Of Insects, Spiders, &c: the contrary are [Page] such as are Solar and Martiall. The Saturnine, are the solitary, nocturnall and sad: as the Asse, camel, cat, ape, hare, mule, mouse, mole, bear, toad, and wolfe. Of Birds, the Bat, crow, crane, houpe, ostrich, owle, and peacock, and Serpents. Of Insects, Flies, scorpions, pismires, and wormes: the contrary, are all but the Martial. The Joviall, are the Hart, bull, ele­phant, lamb, and sheep. Of Birds, the Hen, eagle, partridg, pheasant, pigeon, storke, and swallow: the contrary are the Martiall. The Martiall, are those that are quarrelsome, impetuous, powerfull, bilious, & rapacious; as the Dog, goat, kid, fox, mule, purdal, & woolfe. Of Birds, the Crow, chough, eagle, hawke, faulcon, kite, owle, and vulture. Of Fishes, the Dogge-fish, jack, pearch, and fork fish: the contrary are all, except the Venereall. The Venereall, are the delitious, lascivious, mild, kinde, pleasant, and tame; as the Calfe, cony, dog, goat, and scinck. Of Birds, the Crow, cock, eagle, pigeon, peacock, partridg, pye, swallow, swan, turtle, and wagtaile: the contrary are the Saturnine. The Mercuriall, are those that are ingenious, crafty, sagacious, fauning, and lo­quacious; as the Dogge, ape, hare, hart, mule, fox, and weasell. Of Birds, the Bat, colemouse, blackbird, gold-finch, larke, parret, pie, nightingale, swallow, and thrush. Of Insects, the Beetle, bee, kind, locust, and pismire: the contrary, are the Martiall and Saturnine. Of the influence of which Plants, See my Isagoge Phytolo­gica, &c.

Thus of the more generall differences of Animals, in respect of parts, quantity, quality, place, meate, generation, motion, voice, life, sense, and actions, &c.

Now follow their differences, as used in Meat, & Medicine, & they are as followeth. 1. Of Quadrupeds, or fourfooted beasts, [Page] those most used in diet are the tame, sc. the calfe, oxe, cow, bull, lamb, weather, ram, ewe, kid, goat, pig, sow, boar, and hog: amongst the wild; the wild boare and sow, red and fallow deere, roebuck and capreol, hare, conie, and squirrels, &c. of which, see more in their proper places. Of these, the Substance of some is thin and light, fit for fine complexions, idle and tender persons, and such as recover out of some great sicknesse, as rabbets, &c. others are more grosse, tough and hard, agreeing chiefely with country persons and such as labour, and secondarily with those that are strong using much exercise, and accustomed to feed thereon, as the bull, and hog, &c. others are of a middle substance, and generally the best, and most proper aliment, ingendering mean blood, agreeing almost with all ages, times, and complexions, neither binding the body or loosening it, neither strengthning nor weakening the stomach, neither procuring nor hindering urin or sweat, causing no alteration in the first qualities, neither over-nourishing or extenuating the body, but preserving it in such state as before, and restoring little more than is daily decayed; as the heifer, calfe, sheep, lamb, kid, pig, and coney. As for the Temperature, some are hot; as the lamb, hog, pig, in the first degree; in the second, the hare, and roe-buck: others are cold as the cow, steere, coney, rabbet, & young hedg­hogs, in the first degree; some are moist, us the wild boare, &c. in the first degree, in the second, the hedgbuck, &c. in the third, young hogs, and pigs: others are dry; as the oxe, deere, hare, and coney, in the second degree. In respect of Taste, some are sweet; which agree well with nature, being of a tempe­rate heate, and so fittest for nourishment, they delight the sto­mach, and liver, fatten the body, increase naturall heate, fill the veines, digest easily, soften that which is two hard, and thicken what is too liquid; but if over sweet and glut­tish, they soone turne into choller, stop the liver, puffe up the [Page] lungs, and spleen, swell the stomach, and often cause sharp feavers: the bitter, if exceeding, doe not much nourish, except first boiled or infused in many waters, they otherwise engen­dring cholerick humours, and burning bloud, they kill worms, open obstructions, cleanse the body, but nourish little or not at all, and that which is, is derived only to some speciall parts: those made sharp, dry the body exceedingly, hurt the eyes and liver, &c. drawing down humours, sending up vapours, infla­ming the blood, fretting the guts, and extinuating the whole body; therefore they are to be tasted or fed upon, their sharp­nesse being allay'd with washing, infusion, oiling, and inter­mixture of sweet things: those made soure, though they na­turally offend sinewey parts weaken concoction, coole naturall heat, make loane, and hasten old age; yet they are profitable in cutting phlegme, opening obstructions, clensing impuri­ties, bridling choller, resisting putrifaction, extinguishing su­perfluous heat, staying loathsomenesse of stomach, and procu­ring appetite; but if made soure without sharpnesse, they strengthen the stomach, bind and corr [...]borate the liver, stay fluxes, heale ulcers, and give indifferent nourishment to them that eat them: if made salt, as such, they nourish little or nothing; but rather accidentally, in procuring appetite, strengthening the stomach, & giving it a touch of much heate; for if very salt, they engender choller, dry up naturall moi­sture, inflame blood, stop the veines, gather together viscous and crude humours, harden the stone, cause sharpnesse of urin, and leannesse, sc. the accidentall salt, not the naturall, and inbred: the fat, if excessive, glut the stomach, decay ap­petite, cause belchings, loathing, vomitings, and scowrings, choake the pores, digest hardly, and nourish little; so if two dry and leane, on the contrary, it's worse, and nourisheth lesse, but the mean is best: the insipid, are of weak nourishment, yet extraordinarily they nourish some, nourishment being [Page] according to the relish usually, and the unsavoury nourish lesse and not speedily: also what hath here been said of sub­stance, and taste, agreeth also to birds, fishes, and other edi­bles. As for the age, the flesh of those that are young, espe­cially if newly brought forth, is slimy, soft, moist, and excre­mentitious, especially when they are most moist by nature; yet it is sooner concocted, and makes the belly soluble: the flesh of those that are old, is hard, dry, nervous, hard of di­gestion, and of little and bad nourishment: wainelings, are lesse hard and dry than the one; and more firme, temperate, and nourishing than the other; but generally they are best for most complexions, when they are almost come to their full growth, both in height, length, and bignesse, their temper being then best, and so most agreeable to our naturall moi­sture, being in a mean: the same may be said of birds, as of beasts. In respect of sex, the flesh of the males, is more strong, dry, and heavy of digestion; the females sweeter, moi­ster, and of more easy concoction; but the males are to be preferred, being hotter, dryer, more laborious, and lesse ex­crementitious, when gelt, as appeares, in oxen and weathers: when gelt they are more tender, sweet, and of an easier di­gestion, as appeares in barrow hoggs; they then being of a middle nature. As for their feeding, those that feed in moist and moorish places, have moist flesh, and full of super­fluities; but those that feed on dry places and mountaines, are without excrements, more easy of digestion, and fit to nourish: those that feed in good pastures, are sweeter and more nourishing; so those that feed upon sweet herbs; also the flesh of wild beasts is lesse excrementitious and dryer, than that of the tame; so likewise of birds. And as to the preparation, beasts after they have been fatted with goood food, as often as they desire it, in a clean and spatious place, and chased, [Page] then killed in their season; they either keep relinquish or al­ter their property by preparation; here therefore it's to be noted, that flashy meate and naturally moist, should be dressed with a dry heate, (as in baking, broiling, frying, and rosting,) and meats naturally exceeding in arynesse and firmnesse should ever be boiled; and the temperate may be used any way: if crude, it's eaten only by the barbarians: if rosted, it yeeldeth a dry aliment, and often retaineth the excrements: if adust, it's worse: if fryed with externall hu­midity, it's sweet, by reason of its fat humidity, but by rea­son it doth not conveniently emit its internall superflu­ity, but rather imbibeth more of the redundant externall, it's hardly concocted, nidorulent, and torrifieth the bloud: if seasoned with salt, and spices, it is yet dryer: if boiled it's dryer within, yet by reason of exteriour humi­dity, it moist [...]neth and descendeth sooner; but rosted meat hath more of it's own proper and naturall moisture, that of the boiled passing into the broth, and therefore it nouri­sheth lesse except eaten with the broth; yet boiled flesh is best for such as are yet growing, and so of a hot temper, as also for such as are sick of hot and dry diseases, and that in hot and dry countries, and seasons of the yeare; but ro­sted meats are best for those who are of a cold and moist tem­per, who are loose, and subject to cold and moist diseases: if stewed, being equaly prepared, it generateth good, tem­perate, and permeable juyce: if seasoned, it's according to the cookery. Note also that flesh engendreth better, purer, and more perfect bloud, than fish, & for sound men is the best sustenance. As for the Parts of beasts. The musculous flesh is more hot by vivifick heate, than in birds, & therefore they grow larger: the head, is edible, sc. of the cow, calfe, sow, boar, kid, & hare, &c. but of hard concoction, thick and viscous juyce, yet of much [Page] nourishment: the tongue is loose, fungous, humid, and glu­tinous, therefore it yeeldeth not a solid, thick, or lasting ali­ment; yet in some it is most sweet, soft, of good juyce, easy con­coction, and good aliment; but the part exerted is harder; the tongues of calves, kids, lambs, hogs, and sheep, are of easy digestion, and breed laudable juyce, neats tongue is thicker, but more fit for nourishment and not dryed: the eares, are cartilagineous, & nourish little, except eaten with the vieine parts: the eyes, of those that are young, seperated from their skinne, fat, bals, and humours, are of a tender and mus­culous flesh, which is very easy of digestion, especially the calves: the cheeks, if of young, sat, and carnose beasts, are of good juyce, and those of calves most tender: the brain, is pituitous, of thick juyce, hardly distributed, and concocted, causing nauseousnesse and vomiting, and helps against poyson by its viscidity; those of calves, lambs, kids, and pigs, are to be eaten at the beginning of meales, the pigs are to be dressed at the fire being the moistest: the pallate, which is commended in the cow, hath a certaine membranous flesh, and is often used in pies: the snowt, in hogs, is worse than the feet, but better than the head. The heart, is hard of concocti­on, and that of the hog causeth sadnesse, it nourisheth little; but if well concocted, the nourishment is not weak or bad. The lungs, are of a cold and moist temperament, pituitous juyce, & of easy concoction and distribution, by reason of their rarity and levity, some say they cause inflation of the belly, they are of a froathy substance, & they are good for young men sick of hot agues; but bad for strong and labouring men, so light a meat not sufficiently nourishing them, but putrifying in the stomach; those of foxes are not wholsome, but rather medicine for sore lungs; they are softer than the heart, liver, kidnies, and spleenes; but not inferiour to the liver, as to nourishment. The liver, of all animals, is of thick [Page] juyce, hardly concocted, & slowly penetrating; that of hogs is preferred, that of lambs and kids doth more easily passe along, and is of lesse thick juyce; that of goats is said to cause epi­leptick convulsions, no lesse than the hee goats; but the hogs with the fat, is commended; usually they cause obstructions. The spleen, drawing thick lutulent and melancholick blood, yeeldeth also a like nourishment; those that are reddish, as the hoggs; being tinged with a lesse evill blood, are not of so bad juyce; others are hardly concocted and distributed, & of an un­pleasant taste. The reines, are of ill juyce, an ungratefull sapour, & hard concoction; those of kids and calves, being nei­ther hard or virous, are commended; others are of thick juyce, betwixt flesh and kernels, allwaies having a smack of that which passeth through them, and being two strong for most stomachs, after sucking. The testicles, being virous, espe­cially after coiture, are hard, and not easily concocted, but those of hogs are preferred, and those of lambs are not dis­commended; those of boares help decayed bodies, and cause lust, so those of bucks, and staggs. The womb, is of cold and crude juyce, therefore hardly concocted and of little juyce. The ventricle, what nourishment it yeeldeth, may easily be con­jectured from its constitution, it is filmy, and therefore cold, hard, dry, and glutinous; it is of hard digestion, generates phlegme, begets obstructions, and is the cause of many diseases; soft and sedentary men must abstaine from it, it being fit only for porters, ploughmen, and mariners. The guts, are of the same nature; but those of lambs, and kids, are of an ea­sier substance and concoction; the other are farre harder than flesh, hardly concocted, of little nourishment, & unwhol­some, causing itches, and leprosies, &c. The mesentery, if of a young calfe and fat, is good with a little vineger. The ud­ders, of milch beasts, as kine, ewes, do [...]s, and shee-goats, are of laudable taste, and better than tripes, being of a more fleshy [Page] nature; the lean must be sod tender in fat broth, the fat may be sod alone; but each of them needs first a little corning with salt, being naturally of a phlegmatick and moist substance. The feet, and other extreme parts, of fourefooted beasts, consisting ef membrans, ligaments, nerves, veines, arteries, and gristles, are cold, and dry, clammy, viscous, of little nou­rishment, and hard digestion, except of young and sucking animals, as of hogs, pigs, lambs, and calves; also a tender cow heele is counted restorative, and pigs pettitoes boild in barley water for the aguish; the sodden feet of geese also were counted restorative. The kernels, are sweet, tender, and short, yeelding a thick nourishment; and if the beast be sound, very good; and being well concocted in the stomach, they nourish as much as musculous flesh; not well digested, they breed flegmatick and raw juyce, sc. those of the breast; of the other, those that are soft generate phlegmatick blood, & the hard, that which is raw; the sweet breads of beasts, are best first rosted, then boiled, their superfluous moisture being so consumed. The fat, hinders appetite, gluts the stomach, hardly digesteth, turneth wholy to excrements, & decayeth the retentive powers, especially that of greater beasts; it relaxeth the stomach, causeth nauseousnesse, turnes into choller in hot bodies, and is rather sawce for our meat than nourishment. The marrow, is the sweet of fat, as it were, secretly convey'd, into bones; sweet, unctuous, and pleasant of taste, nouri­shing such whose bodies are dry, and stomachs able to digest it: it may be sod usually with capons, cockrels, and henns, in a nourishing white broth; or pies may be made thereof; but it soone causeth surfeits: of all; that of the deere is coun­ted by some to be easiest of digestion, next that of a young mutton, and that of beefe the heauiest, [Page] that of a goat is offensive, and that of lambs or calves not good, being crude, bloody, and imperfect for want of age: the chine or pithmarrow, is much harder and dryer, than the brain it selfe, especially towards the further end of the back; which drynesse makes it lesse loathsome to the stomach, than brains are; and it strengthneth that body, which is able to concoct it: some make candles therewith and yolks of new laid eggs, to restore nature, and recover the weaknesse of the loines cau­sed by venery. The tripes, are farre harder in substance, than their flesh, long in concocting, nourishing little, and ex­crementitious, ingendring filthy diseases. The skinne of beasts, even of rosted pigge is so farre from nourishing, that it can hardly be well digested of a strong stomach. This is the Ʋse of the severall parts of Quadrupedes: there are diverse other things taken and made from them. As milk, which is the abundant part of blood, whited in the breasts of such creatures, as are ordained by nature to give suck; serving for the young, sick, or old; which, if crude, it's to be taken fresh, that it may not provoke flatulency, and it is not good pre­sently after bringing forth, it may be corrected with a little salt or sugar; if boiled it's lesse flatulent, but thicker, the serum being boyled away, and so is apt to obstruct the veines; if caseous, it nourisheth much, but is lesse wholsome; if bu­tyrous, it's somewhat more viscous, more difficultly distri­buted, and causeth inflations; if serous, it nourisheth least, but presently passeth through the belly; if of lean beasts, it nourisheth little; if of fat, it causeth danger of a convulsion; if of black, it's better than that of white beasts; if milked after delivery, that which is most liquid and thin, is after more thickned; the best is that which is tepid, of equall substance, not quickly running off the naile if put thereon, light, not viscous, but sweet, without smell, [Page] white, somewhat shining, and taken from a sound beast of good feeding, that hath good dugs. The most usuall are the womans, which is the best; the cowes is thicker, fatter, more nutritive, obstructive and hardly concocted; the sheeps, is worse and obstructeth more; the goats, is a little hotter, than the former, of a thinner substance, more nourishment, and sooner passeth away; the mares is very thin, hot, and de­tersive; the asses, is colder than the rest, thinner; and more serous, lesse nutritive and obstructing, and cleanseth without acrimony and mord [...]eity, of all which, see more in their pro­per places: here note, that the milk of any beast chewing the cud, is bad for rheumes, coughs, feavers, headach, obstructions, inflammations, sore eyes, shaking sinewes, young men, cramps, convulsions, the stone, & teeth, & the camels is the best of those, that chew not the cudde, being sweetest and thinnest; also all is thinnest in the spring, and thickest in the summer; and that of horned beasts is not to be eaten uns [...]dden, it so, not curdling or easily engendring wind; but that of women, asses, or mares, will never curdle into any hard substance, raw; the other is to be seasoned with salt, sugar, or hony, ab­staining from wine, or foure things after it, eating it upon an empty stomach, and fasting an houre after it, abstaining from exercise, and sleep, after that of beasts chewing the cud, and cleansing the teeth after it it's best for children, and old men, in the marasinus, atrophie, and phthisick, and the camels for the first, the womans for the second, and asses for the third, being of a middle age, kept cleane, fed with grinded malt and a little fennel seed, then drink the milk morning and evening with sugar of roses, also shee is to be kept in fine leaze, or with good hay in winter, and red cowes milk may be the substitute, so fed: also milk is in active qualities, temperate, inclining to cold, in the passive moist by the fat and watry substance, thickning by the cheesy, abstersive by the serous, [Page] and asswaging by the butyrous quality, and the best is soon turned into blood, and fattens the healthfull and clean, but is soon soured in cold stomacks, adust in the chollerick, and swels the stomach and guts. The whey, as to its aqueous sub­stance and phlegmatick, doth refrigerate and moisten; and cleanseth as to that which is sharp, salt, and bilious. The but­ter, helpeth the breast and lungs, bringeth forth spittle, hel­peth hot and dry coughs; if taken much, it looseneth the belly, and hath a faculty of digesting, discussing, concocting, and gently evacuating; but if old, it groweth acrimonious: also butter is hot and moist 1°, and almost of the same na­ture, as oile of ripe olivers; but it's more moist than hot; the stale is hotter and thinner; and the new, almost temperate in the active qualities, it nourisheth and fattens; if too much used, it loosens, hurts retention of the stomach, takes away the appetite, and begets a naufeousnesse, and it's therefore to be avoided by those who are subject to loosenesse, as also by men of hot complexions, who turn it into choller; it is to be eaten first, it quickly descending into the belly, and making way for other meats; but if it be eaten last, it loosens the stomach, and hinders the orifice from embracing the meat, and closing up, hastning meat into the belly before it be con­cocted, it's rheumatick, and easily converted into oily fumes, hurtfull to the throat and head, and fluxes of blood, humours, or sperme, and it's rather to be used as sawce and physick, than as meat to feed upon: it's best at breakfast, tollerable at the beginning of dinner; but no way good at supper, it hin­dring sleep, and sending up unpleasant vapours to annoy the brain; it is also best for children whilest they are growing, and for old men decaying; but unwholsome betwixt those two ages, hot stomachs turning it into choller, and the weak not concocting it, it floating in the stomach; the fattest is made of sheeps milk the strongest of goats milk, and the best [Page] and most of cowes milk, of which see more afterwards. The creame, which is either the flower of raw milke taken from it without fire, after it hath stood in a cold place; or the other, from it, when sod, or clouted creame; the first of which though pleasant, yet weakeneth concoction, hindereth retention, and is of harder digestion than any milk; the last, used in tarts, fooles and custards, is lesse offensive, and of better nourishment; but it's to be eaten first, it being light and unctuous: some count the former, to be like butter, and to agree with it in vertues and qualitie; the other is of thick juyce, & helps hot de­fluxions, and watching. The curds, which are fresh, with­out salt or runnet, or the other, with the one or both, are both utterly unwholsome when of skimmed milke, clamming the stomach, stopping the veines and passages, speedily bree­ding the stone, and many mischiefes; but if they be equally mixed with the butterish part, the cheese made thereof is wholsome; except age, or ill ordering hath done hurt. The cheese if new, sweet and fresh, nourisheth much; the middle aged nourisheth strongly; but the old and dry hurteth dangerously, it stopping siege, obstructing the liver, causing the stone, choller, and melancholy, lying long in the stomach undigested, procuring thirst, making a stinking breath, and a scurvy skin; so that no more thereof is to be eaten, than to close up the mouth of the stomach after meat, though the fresh may be eaten more liberally of: as to the Differences, the good is neither too soft or hard, close or spongy, clammy or crumbling, salt or unsavory, dry or weeping, pleasantly or strongly smelling, easily melting in the mouth, and never burning when tosted at the fire; Also that of ewes milke is soonest digested, that of cowes more nourishing, and the goats most, when new and soft; for it soon becomes dry, earthy, and crumbling the best is counted that of Banbury, & Cheshire, & [Page] the Holland cheese with salt. Also the old is hot and acrimo­nious: when new; cold, moist, more windie, lesse provoking thirst and binding, making fat, helping the stomach, easily di­stributed, yet hard of digestion, causing the stone, &c. the stin­king is worst; the sharp and salt is hot and dry, and causeth thirst and evil juyce; the sower is of evil juyce and cold, the sweet and fat is moderately hot, and more nourishing and of better juyce; and the lean is farre worse, the laxe is better than the close, and the friable bad. As for medicine, the carnose parts, as also the creatures themselves used alive or divided, and hot, applied to any member, have a fomentative vertue, paregorick, and discutient, and so are of great use in the phrensey, headach, and watching; and they may be applied to the head, neck, and soles of the feet; applied to pestilent tu­mours, and stinging of poysonsome animals, after ventoses, they draw out the poyson, defend gallings by the shooes from inflammation; and more particularly, every part respects its like; as the liver, the liver; and spleen, the spleen &c. The hornes, are cold & dry, discusse, incide for the most part, cause sweat, and are alexpharmick, according to the various nature af animals. The bones, dry, discusse, bind, or stop fluxions, & strengthen the bones and ligaments; those of the heele burnt, help the collick, &c. The gall, heateth, dryeth, incideth, clen­seth, stimulats the expulsive faculty, kills wormes, applied it helps dimnesse and spots of the eyes, and purulent eares, and they differ according to the nature of the aliment and animal: amongst those of quadrupeds, the bulls is the chiefest, that of partridges and hens amongst birds; and generally those of birds are stronger, than of the terrestrials. The blood, heateth, bindeth, stops fluxes of bloud, more or lesse according to the various nature of animals, and nutriment; that of birds, being for the most part nitrous, doth incide, cleanse, break the stone, and help suffusions of the eyes, as that of the pigeon, [Page] kite, and vulture: also bloud is hard of digestion, moist, and excrementitious; that of geese, swans, hoggs, and sheepe, is used in sawce and puddings, but it's a grosse and fulsome nourishment, except meeting with a strong and good stomach. The tallow, is hot and moist moderately, or 1°. mollifyeth, dis­cusseth, and somewhat bindeth. The siege, is according to the nature of the aliment and animal, which by the chylifick ver­tue is altered; the excrements of birds, (being of a most hot na­ture,) are altogether nitrous, and therefore have a woonder­full strength, to discusse, incide, attenuate, dissolve, open, and cleanse the spots of the skin; but diversly, according to the di­versity of birds and their aliments: those of labouring beasts, are anodyne, refrigerant, discutient, and are used both in­wardly and outwardly. The urin, is the colamen of chyle and blood, consisting of salt and a viscous earth, mixed with phleg­matick humidity; it heats, dryeth, cleanseth, resisteth putrifa­ction, and expels urin, &c. The rennet, even all, is of a sharp and digestive faculty, and drying.

2. Of Birds, those most familiar unto us, are the tame, as the cock, hen, capon, chicken, turkey, peacock, goose, guiny-hens, duck, and pigeous: Amongst the wild; feeding chiefely upon the land, are, the bistard, crane, heronshaws, bittors, stork, pheasant, heath-cock, partridg, plover, lapwing, cuckoe, pye, crow, woodcock, railes, redshanks, gluts, woodsnites, godwits, smiring, turtles, stock-doves, rock-doves, ring-doves, jays, wood peckers, stone-chatters, thrushes, mavis, feldefares, black-birds, stares, quailes, and all sorts of little birds, as sparrows, reed-sparrows, larks, bulfinches, goldfinches, thistle-finches, citron-finches, bramblings, linnets, nightingals, buntings, waggetailes, robin-redbreasts, wrens, witwalls, siskens, ox-eyes, creepers, titmise, titlings, swal­lows, and martlets: Others in or upon the waters, as the swan, bergander, barnicle, wild-geese, wild-duck, teale, widgin, fly-duck, shovelars, cormorant, curlnes, gulls, black-gulls, sea-mews, [Page] coots, water railes, sea-pies, pufins, plovers, sheldrakes, moor-cocks and moore-hens, dobchicks, water-crows, kingfishers, and water-snites, &c. of which see more afterwards. Amongst these, some are of a thin and light Substance, as chickens, young pheasants, partridg, heath poulse, godwitts, all small birds when young, wings and livers of hens chickens and partridges, and their warme egges; others are more grosse, and strong, as geese and swans; others are of a midle substance, as hens, ca­pons, turkeyes, and house-doves. The Temperature, of some is hot, as of the gosling, partridg, quaile, thrush, in the first degree; in the second, the turkie, peacock, pigeon, duck, & turtle; others are colder than the former; some are moist in the second degree, as the turkie, young pigeon, ducks, & young quailes; others dry, as the peacock, and heath-cock in the first degree; in the second, the partridg, turtle, thrush, and blackbirds, &c. others are temperate, as a young pullet, crowing cockrel, grown capon, hens egges poched, and all small birds when young. As to the taste, they are diverse. The preparation after feeding with good meat as often as they desire it, in a spa­cious place, and rightly killed, garbelled, and pulled, must be by boyling, rosting, or baking, &c. according to the aforesaid rules, about beasts. In respect of age, the young are most moist tender and excrementitious, and the old more tough heavy lean and dry, and the full grown best. As to the sexe, the males are more strong, dry, and heavy of digestion, and the females are sweeter moister and more easily concocted; but the kerned are of a better nature. According to their feeding, those that feed themselves abroad fat with wholsome meat, are of better nourishment, than such as are cram'd in a coop: and those that live in moist and moorish places, have a more moist and ex­crementitious flesh, and harder of digestion; those that feed upon mountaines, have dryer flesh, more easily concocted, and void of excrements; the flesh of the tame nourisheth more than [Page] that of the wild, and rosted or fryed they are dryer than boyled: Also the purer their meat is, the better they are themselves; and those that feed upon flesh and garbage, are not so wholsome as those that feed upon corne, bents, and seeds, those that feed upon wormes and fishes at the sides of the water are worse; and such as eate serpents, and spiders, &c. the worst, yet, may be more medicinable, and those taken by flight are preferred; and those that have the whitest flesh are of easiest digestion, the red fleshed are of strongest nourishment; and that which is of black flesh, is hardly digested, and of slow nourishment, and so much the worse, by how much the flesh and skin is blacker. As for the Parts of birds. The combs of cocks, some reckon amongst meats, and they are counted aphrodisiastick. The wings are of good juyce and easy concoction, their crude superfluous humi­dity being consumed by exercise; the Pinions are of like dispo­sition with the feet of beasts; yet those of geese, hens, capons, and chickens are of good nourishment. The rump which is most fleshy and fat in those that have short leggs, doth often cause nauseousnes, they are correspondent to the rumps of beasts, having kernels, and cloying the stomach. The brain is more dry and hard, than that of quadrupeds, and that of mountain birds better than the other of such as live about fens and fields; that of cocks, partridges, and phesants is most sweet, and that of sparrows and pigeons is venerious; but none are absolutely commendable, except of such foul as are temperate, as cocks, chickens, capons, pullets, partridges, and pheasants; also those of rosted wood-cocks, snites, black birds, and all small birds, are counted wholsome; but those of great birds, water-foule, pigeons, and all sorts of wild doves are counted bad; yet those of quailes help the epilepsy, and the cranes the hemorrhoids. The neck is hurtful to the eyes by reason of blood coagulated there, yet some say, ala mala, coxa noxa, crura dura, cropium dubium, collum bonum. The tongue, the [Page] more musculous it is, the better, and that of geese causeth luste; but those of birds, are generally very dry, hard, and gristly, except those of parrets. The heart is of a fibrous and hard substance, hardly concocted and distributed, and of­ten eaten, it causeth melancholick blood, & it nourisheth little, except overcome. The lungs are easily concocted by reason of their rarity, and nourish little. The ventricle, which for the most part is carnose and callous, is most sweet in geese, that of hens is more fleshy than callous. The intestine, of some is used, as the larks, wood-cocks, and suites, when fresh. The liver is hot and moist, sutable to our heat, that of geese is very nourishing; those of tame foule, as hens, capons, chickens, ducklings, and geese, fatted with wholesome meat, please the taste, clear the eye-sight, agree with the stomach, and in­crease blood; those of cranes sod in the broth of cicers, asswage the pain of the back and kidnies, but they are of small and bad nourishment; those of larks & suites are very sweet & restorative, as also of the wood-kock, which hath the greatest in pro­portion of all other birds. The testicles, which are best in cocks fed with a serose meat, steeped in milk, are desired by the delicate, as promoters of lust, and some say, that being kept from the hens, they will every day adde so much flesh to the body, as the stones themselves are in weight; some attribute the same to those of sparrows, pheasants and partridges. The feet, having but little flesh, nourish but little; and having nerves and tendons concoct difficultly, those of geese are counted restorative. The skin of those that are fat, is sweet, but of little nutriment, and hard concoction, but that of the loines of cocks is most sweet; that of the neck, if rugous and fat, is better boiled than ro­sted; yet the skin of no bird turneth to nourishment, but rather to ill humours, or filthy excrements, and some [Page] birds are sodden or rosted without them, being black or bitter, as rookes, daws, coots, and moore hens. The marrow of the back, is of the same vertue, as the brain, but somewhat harder; that of the bones is more pleasant and fat, but being leberally eaten, it causeth nauseousnesse. The fat, moderately taken with salt, nourisheth a little but not well, yet pleasantly; it destroyes ap­petite, wine being drunk after it, the ventricle being made smooth, and the wrinkles taken away; but that of little birds and small chickens, is not amisse, being soone overcome, but of such the lean is best. The kernels are counted restorative. The egges consist of a yolk and white, that is easily inflamed and turned into fumes; but this is cold, glutinous, begetteth ill blood, and is hardly concocted, but together they generally agree with all stomacks: the best are those of hens, partridges, and pheasants, being of the young and fat trodden by the cock, new, white and long, such nourishing quickly, plentifully, clearing the voice and breast, & strengthing the stomach, helping con­sumptions, and increasing nature; & are best in the winter, & morning eaten alone, they otherwise corrupting; and hurt chil­dren and old men, but are good for temperate young persons, in fluxes, sharp humours, and weaknesse; others are of a bad re­lish, and strong savour, and worse, as of ducks, geese and pea­cocks, and of all water-foul, and the paler, being more aqueous; the trembling are of much nourishment, good juyce, easy con­coction and distribution, and generate good blood; the sorbile nourish lesse, and help asperity; the boiled are hardly con­cocted, passe slowly, and yeeld thick aliment; the rosted are grosser, and worse if covered with ashes, but better on the coles, and sod in water; if tryed, they become nidorous, corrupt other meat, and cause thick juyce; and the poch't are best for hot cōplexions. As for their use in medicine, see the proper places.

3. Of Fishes those we feed on in England, are either scaled, as sturgian, salmon, grailing, shuins, carps, [Page] breams, the barbel, mullet, pike, luce, perch, ruffs, herrings, sprats, pilchers, roche, shads, dorry, gudgin, and umbers; or shelled, as scallops, oisters, muscles, cockles, and periwinkles; or crusted over as crabs, lobsters, crevisses, and shrimps; Or neither scall'd shell'd, nor crusted, as tuny, ling, hake, haber­dine, haddock, seale, conger, lampreys, lamprons, eeles, plaise, turbut, flounder, skate, thornback, maides, sole, curs, gildpoles, smelts, cuttles, sleeves, pouts, dogfish, poulps, yards, mackrils, trouts, tenches, cooks, whitings, gurnards, and rochets: to which may be added minoes, spirlings, and anchovaes: of which see more in their proper places. And as for their Substance, that of some, is thin and light, as of all little fishes of the river; others are more grosse tough and hard, and bad if clammy, as salt-fish, ling, and tunies; and others in a mean, and the best are friable, fat, new, and adult. Their Temperature, is cold and moist usually, of some it's hot, as of sturgian, mullet, oisters, cockles, in the first degree; in the second, pickled oisters, and anchovaes; others are cold, as eeles, lumps, old-wives, fresh tunny, fresh sprats, and fresh herrings, in the first degree; in the second, tench, pike, shrimps, crabs, and crevises: some are moist, as lamprey, barbel, crab, shrimps, and crevise, in the first degree; in the second, fresh sturgian, lumps, olaffs, tunny, tench, eele, and fresh oisters; o­thers dry, as the dorry, and all fresh fish lightly powdered; in the second, mullets, crabs, perwinkles, and cockles; in the third, fish long salted, and stockfish: and some are temperate, as soles, and perches. The taste, is diverse. Their Preparation also, altereth them much; the flaggy, slimy and moist, are best broil'd, rosted or bak't; and the firme and dry, sodden. And as for their Age, the little, if of more hard flesh, are bad, and the softer that are mucous; the old, loose much of their flesh, by age; those of a midle age, being neither mucous, nor of evil juyce, are good. In respect of Sexe, the males are more strong, [Page] dry, and heavy of digestion; and the females are sweeter, moi­ster, and easier to be concocted, and the barren fish are coun­ted of a midle nature, and grow most fat. According to their feeding, those that eat flesh, are of a harder and dryer flesh; those that live upon a mucous matter, are of a glutinous sub­stance: and those that eate roots and herbs are of a friable and soft flesh: those that feed upon salt, and saltish mud, are very salt, and unwholsome for most stomacks: those that de­voure bitter weeds and roots, in some places, are bitter: those that feed upon garbage, carrion, or cittie filth, and the like; are not so sweet, wholsome and pleasant, as they which feed themselves in seas, and rivers, they injoying the benefit of fresh aire, agreable water, and meat correspondent to their own nature. In respect of place, those that live in fennes, being more muddy and lesse exercised, are full of excrements, most slimy, unsavory, last digested, and soonest corrupted: those of great lakes are better; the pond-fish are soone fatted, having much meat and little exercise, but they are not so sweet as river fish, except they have been kept in rivers to scoure themselves, especially if kept in standing ponds, not fed with continual springs, nor refreshed with fresh wa­ters: those of rivers, if troubled and defiled with the filth of great citties, are bad for the stomach, of grosse substance, and of difficult excretion; but those of clear waters, are bet­ter than the lakish, and they are best and most wholsome and light, when they live in rocky, sandy, or gravelled ri­vers, running northward or eastward, and are best when swimming up highest; but those that live in slow, short, and muddy rivers, are excrementitious, of corrupt juyce, and of a bad smell and evil taste: the marine, living in seas agi­tated with the wind, and boreal, have very good flesh by reason of their exercise, and purity of the wind: and [Page] sea fish is not only the sweetest of all other, but the least hurtful, and though their substance be thicker and more fleshy, yet it's most light and easy of concoction, and whol­some, the salt water washing away the inward filth; it's lesse moist and clammy, easier of concoction, sooner turn­ed into blood, and every way fitter for mans body, when the next continent is clean, gravely, sandy, or rockey, and northeast; and not calme or muddy: the pelagious, li­ving in the bottom of the sea, are of a hard flesh, hardly concocted; but of much nourishment: the littoral, by exer­cise dissipating the excrements of their feeding, are better than the former: the saxatil are easily concocted, of good juyce, abstersive, light, and of little nourishment, sc. those that keep their place and feeding; the wanderers, by reason of their constant motion and beating of the waves, have harder flesh: the fossile have a hard and unpleasant flesh, and sometimes have been so bad, that all have dyed, that have eate thereof: the Amphibii, living partly on the land, partly in the water, by reason of the variety of their meat and motion, are hardly approved of: also fishes of the same kind and species differ in their goodnesse according to the healthfulnesse of the place, in which they live, and some are better in the ocean than in the mediterranean, and the contrary. Note, that be a fish well grown, it sheweth it's heal thy; if fat, it's young; and new, it's sweet; and keepeth but till the next day, if fed in a muddy or filthy water, it soon corrupting; also sodden fish or broiled, is presently, to be eaten hot, for kept cold, in one day, if without pickle or vineger it will corrupt, and hurt the eater; and if taken out of a pan, it's not to be covered with a platter, least the congealed vapour drop thence, and so cause vomiting, scouring, or corruption in the veines; also before the eating of a fish dinner, the body is [Page] not to be heated with exercise, least the juyce too soone drawn by the liver, corrupt the whole masse of blood; neither is it to be sodden or eaten without salt, pepper, wine, onions, or hot spices; all fish compared with flesh being cold and moist, of little nou­rishment, engendring watrish and thin blood; & though crabs, skate, cockles, and oisters, procure lust, yet it's not by great nou­rishment, but by wind, making sharp nature and tickling, and such sperme is unfruitful; furthermore those fish which are scaly, and have a substance that crumbles easily, are more wholsome, than those that are without them, being of a dryer substance; but the other are more slimy, moist, and glutinous. As for the Parts of fishes. The head, in some is edible, as that of the mullet, salmon, umber, and carp. The tongue, is tender and fat in the dolphin, sweet in the carp, and causeth venery. [...]he eyes, in the salmon are tender and fat. The barbs are counted delicate. The neck and throat, salted, are pleasant, and hardly vitiated. The livers of the aselli, are counted better than those of other fishes; and that of the sheath-fish, is so sweet, that it causeth nauseousnesse; that of the pike rosted and sea­soned with the juyce of an orange, is not inferiour to that of geese. The sides of sturgians and lampreys are commended. The bowells are commended in the scarus, and are plea­sant in the dolphin, by their taste and smell. The belly of the huso tasteth like hoggs flesh, that of tunies is to be seasoned with salt vineger and fennel. The lactes, are commended in the huso and lamprey. The abdomen in the tuny is fat and savorie. The intestines are commended in the pike, salmon, asellus, & conger. The ilia of the flounder are commended also. The Ioines are counted good in the sphyraena. The taile, in the pike and tunie is desireable. The skin of the tench, is by some women preferred before the flesh. The egges or spawn, of perches broil'd, of carps sod and fried, of the pike, salmon, and huso seasoned, are desireable; but those of barbels, cause [Page] pain in the belly. As for medicine, the crustaceous, or te­staceous, are all of a saline and tartareous nature, and yeeld excellent remedies to resolve the stone or tartar, to help the strangury, dysury, ischury, and difficulties and suppression of urin, the collick passion, and tartareous diseases of the lungs; &c. And outwardly they are used in dentifrices, especially if burnt, also they consolidate and dry chaps in the skin: And all kinds of stones found in the heads of fishes, powdred and drunk in wine, help the collick, and stone in the reines.

4. Of Serpents, there are few that are eaten, or that eate them. And as for medicine, the body having the head and taile cut off and intrals cast away, being flead, well washed, boiled with wine, with aromatized broth, is commended a­gainst the leprosy. The fume provoketh the menses. Boiled in oile with the flowers of cowslips, it helps the gout. The ashes helpe fistula's. And as for the parts: The eye applied is said to help epiphora's. The heart bitten or applied helps the toothach. The liver eaten is said to be prophylactick. The gall, helps bitings of mad dogs, tasted caseth delivery, and ap­plied helps the hemorrhoids. The blood makes red the lips, applied cleanseth the skin, and helps stinking of the gumms. The fat with other things helps the french disease, the palsey and gout boiled with may butter and strained, and with bulls gall in pessaries it helps sterility. The flesh cleanseth the skin, and a dramme of the powder taken with syrup of honey helps the leprosy, also it helps wounds and cut sinews. The cast skin, helps falling off of the haire, and cleareth the eyes rubbed therewith, boiled in vineger it helps the toothach, and bringeth out the same, and boiled in vineger or oile it helps pains of the eares. And the fume with apopanax, myrrh, galbanum, casto­reum and pigeons ar hawks dung, bringeth forth the foetus alive or dead. The Particular Serpents, See after.

5. Of Infects, few are used as meat, except snailes, which [Page] some count most dainty sweet and nourishing meat, and are best towards winter having scoured themselves, and those are to be preferred that are of a midle size, feeding in the summer time in hilly places upon wholsome herbs, and are to be eaten after september: also they are bad for those that are of cold and moist complexions, being cold 1°. and moist 2°. but help those that are hot, cholerick, thirsty, inflamed, watchful, and those that have ulcers of the lungs being parboil'd in warme water, and so broil'd upon the coles, and eaten. As touching the use of insects in medicine, there is little to be said in general; but of them, as also of the rest of the irrational animals, see more after, more particularly, in Alphabetical order.

Having thus spoken of Animals, as to their general differences, in respect of parts, magnitude, place, quali­ties, meat, generation, motion, voice, life, and actions, &c. together with their use as Meats, with their dif­ferences, as considered in kind, substance, tempera­ture, taste, preparation, age, sexe, feeding, and place; and of their several parts, both natural and excremen­titious, in general; as also of their use in Medicine: it may not be amisse to adde something concerning Sawces, &c. Which serve to help the want of appetite and digestion, and fit each meat to the several stomacks, by which it is to be received.

As for Sawces therefore, they are either hot, serving, if the stomach want appetite, by reason of cold and raw humours furring it, and dulling the sense of feeling in its orrifice; & are made of dill, fennel, mints, organy, parsly, dried gilli-flowers, galingal, mustard seed, garlick, onions, leekes, juniper-berries, sage, time, vervain, betony, salt, cinamon, ginger, mace, cloves, nutmegs, pepper, pills of citrons, limons, [Page] and orenges, grains, cubebs, &c. mixe 1. 2. or 3. of them, as need requireth, with wine or vineger, made strong of rose­mary or gillyflowers: or cold, helping the stomach and appe­tite, hurt by much choller, or adust and putrifyed phlegme; as those made of sorrel, lettuce, spinache, purselane, or saun­ders; mixt with vineger, verjuyce, cider, alegar, or water; or the pulp of prunes, apples, and currens, &c. some help also for slow digestion, which is caused by coldnesse of the stomach or hardnesse of the meat, and helped by hot things; mustard therefore is to be used with beefe, and all kinds of salted flesh and fish; and onion sauce with duck, widgin, teal, and all water foule; salt and pepper with venison, and galingal sawce with the flesh of cygnets; garlick or onions boi­led in milk, with a stuble goose; and sugar and mustard with red deere, crane, shovelar, and bustard: and others are for temperate meats, and speedy of digestion; as pork, mut­ton, lamb, veale, kid, hen, capon, pullet, chicken, rab­bet, partridg, and pheasant, &c. these therefore must have temperate sawces; as mustard and green-sauce for pork, verjuice and salt for mutton; juyce of orenges or limmons with wine, salt and sugar for capons, pheasants, and partridges; water and pepper for wood-cocks; vineger and butter, or the gravet of rosted meat with rabbets, pi­geons, or chickens; for such meats, their sawces being too cold or too hot, would quickly corrupt in the stomach, be­ing else most nourishing of their own nature; but others are to be corrected by artificial preparation, and appropriated sawce, which nature hath made queazy or heavy to indifferent stomacks. These are the chief meats, sawces, or matter of Aliment; yet many times they are joyned with other Vegetables &c. they serving likewise for meat & nourishment; of which the Substance of some is grosse, as of cucumbers, turneps, beans, hard pease, & brown and rye bread, &c. that of [Page] others, is mean, and of good juyce, as sodden lettuce, skirrets, almonds, raisins, and bread made of the purest wheat, new, well baked, and leavened; the hard are not easily concocted, but quickly corrupted; the soft are soon corrupted; the viscid are hardly distributed; others are of firme or infirme aliment, and of easy or difficult concoction or corruption. In respect of Quality, they are either hot, attenuating thick humours, inci­ding the viscid, discussing flatulency, and increasing choller in the temperate; and some are hot in the first degree; as new hasle-nuts, new almonds, asparagus, borrage, bur-roots, skirret-roots, white thistle roots, hop-buds, parsneps, wheat, rice, figs, sugar, raisins, sweet apples, and ripe pomegranates; others 2°. as ripe mulberries, new walnuts, pickled olives, preserved capers, phisticks, dates, chestnuts, artichokes, carrots, pota­toes, parsly, raddish roots, eryngo roots, nutmegs, and saffron; 3°. mints, tarragon, onions, leekes, alisanders, old wallnuts, cinamon, ginger, cloves and pepper; and 4°. skallions, gar­lick, and ramsies; but such as are hot beyond the second degree, are rather medicine than meat: others are cold, tempering the heat of the stomach and blood, but cause flatulency; and are so 1°. as pompions, melons, cherries, straw-berries, peaches, some apples, peares, quinces, medlars, services, spinache, succory, sorrel, goose-berries, cabbage, coleworts, pease and beans; 2°. prunes, damsins, apricocks, most sorts of plumms, lettuce, endive, citrons, orenges, limmons, gourds, and cucumbers: some are moist, helping the drynesse of the parts, and loosening the belly; and are so 1°. as pine-apple kernels, new filbeards, sweet almonds, dates, sperage, spinache, borrage, hop buds, carrots, turneps, and French pease: others are dry, which are hardly concocted, and nourish strongly, but cause a melancholick juyce, and help those that are overmoist­ened; and are so 1°. as straw-berries, soure fruit, med­lars, fennel, artichokes, coleworts, and reddish saffron; [Page] 2°. cinnamon, nutmegs, ginger, galanga, pears, quinces, soure pomegranats, pickled olives, phisticks, chestnuts, succory, sorrel, parsly, onions, leekes, limons, citrons, beans, and rice; 3°. poudred capers, services, mints, garlick, ramsies, scallions, water-cresses, cloves, and the best cinnamon; 4°. pepper, and all things over seasoned therewith. And the rest are temperate not exceeding the first degree, as fine wheat, &c. and are the best, being ea­sily concocted, nourishing much, yeelding good aliment, not ea­sily corrupted, or gaining an evill quality, and such as leave little excrement. As for the Taste, some are bitter, as sperage, hop sprouts, broom-buds, and wormwood, &c. others sharp, as onions, skallions, leeks, garlick, radish, mustard seed, cresses, and hot spices; others soure, as sorrel, limons, orenges, citrons, soure fruit, and things strong of vinegar and verjuyce; some are austere and acerb, binding if taken first, but loosening if used last, as rosted quinces, wardens, services, medlars, &c. & others insipid, as melons, pompions, pears, apples, berries, & plums of noe rellish, &c. others are sweet, &c. but amongst all other things that arise from plants, the chiefe is wheat, serving to make the best bread of, which agreeth to all stomachs, with­out which if meat be eaten, it soon corrupteth and passeth out of the body; and it's to be made of the purest wheat, well cleansed, washed, kept, and ground, with clean water lukewarme, a little salt, mean leaven, well moulded, and slit, made into mean loaves, well baked, and full of eyes; and it's then to be eaten, being 24. houres old, the crumbs to nourish and the crust to dry, and the leavened for weak stomachs, in such quantity as may make a convenient mixture of meat and drink, and the more when the meats are liquid to retain them, avoiding fulnesse thereof, it being most dangerous, by reason of its clamminesse. If new and hot, it's thirsty, and windy; if two dayes old, dry & hardly concocted; if old & musty it's melancholick, and binding; if heavy it's flatu­lent, [Page] and troublesome; and the bisket is dry; if branny, it nou­risheth best, but passeth soonest through the belly, but the finer is more nourishing; the domestick is good, the unleavened is heavy, and the unsalted obstructive: also Drink is no lesse necessary, serving to mix the meat and bread, and help their distribution, restore the humid substance of the body, and quench thirst, help to concoction, and fusion, and to hinder inflammation of the nutritive fat; and the most simple is Water, the purest of which is cold and moist, and the best is clear, limpid, without muddi­nesse or contents, taste or smell, thin and smooth, which runs presently through the hypochondria, and is soon distributed through the body, soone hot or cold, and lightest: Therefore Fountain water is to be preferred, having these qualities, ea­stern and running through sand or gravel, the southern and northern are worse, raw, heavy, and of slow passage; it's bad if running through pipes: Rain water is next best, being brought in earthen pipes into a cistern, or through gravel, in spring, and with gentle showres, and kept clean in a cistern; it's worse, if falling in stormes; if with thunder it's most light and thin, but soone corrupting; that of snow and ice, is thick, hurts the ventricle, and causeth griefs of the joynts and bowels; that taken in cisterns is bad if falling from houses, by reason of the lime, &c. Well waters are thick and heavy, obstructing, yet are better having good fountains neere them, drawn out of deep wells, if the sun come at them, often drawn, cleansed, re­mote from dung hills, and the water is sweet in clay, colder in tophous earth, thin in sand, and best amongst red stones, of good taste in gravel, cold at the bottom of mountains, and best amongst stones and flints: River-water is sometimes preferred before well water, being sweet, and clear, and taken from swift streams, flowing in good ground, and a temperate region: That of standing pooles, and lakes, is the worst, thick, raw, and sometimes malignant, hurting the stomach, corrupting the [Page] humours, stopping the bowels, and causing putrid feavers: but water may be corrected by boyling it. An other sort of drink is Beere, which is made of wheat, oats, or rye, but chiefely of barly, which by reason of hopps is hot and diuretical; and if new, it's unwholsome, obstructive, and begets the stone; the defecated is more wholsome; and ale is said to make fat: As for Metheglin, it's hot, and soon turned into choller: And Wine generally is hot and dry, cherishing the heart, increasing the spirits, re­freshing the strength, purging choller by urin, and provoking the expulsion of excrements; and the Muscadine is of good juyce; Malago heats the stomach, and helps the collick. The Rhenish is thin, strengthning the heart, and restorative. The Thin soon penetrats, quickly restoreth, openeth, provokes sweat and urin, and is of lesse aliment, such is the aquose, deep yellow, and yellow; the Thick is more nutritive, heating, drying, sticking, and sometimes obstructing, as the black, red, sweet, and austere; the White is colder than the yellow or deep yellow, if thin also; the deep Yellow is next it, and good if thin; the Red doth moderately heat, begets good blood, & troubles not the head, if thick also, but obstructeth the spleen & liver; Claret is almost of the same vertue; the Black is of a thicker substance, for the most part sweet, very nourishing, and begets thick blood, but causeth obstructions and filleth the head; the Sweet nouri­sheth well, and is pleasant to the pallat, bowels, lungs, and mouth, and troubleth not the head, but obstructeth and turneth into choller; the Austere is lesse hot, resteth longer in the belly, penetrats to the passages of urin, and helps fluxes, but because it restraineth spittle, it's not to be used in the deseases of the breast; and the Mean is best; the Fragrant by it's smell resto­reth strength; increaseth the spirits, and strengthneth the fa­culties, and is good for old men, but that it fills the head, and troubleth the nerves; that without smell is not so desired or nou­rishing; and that affected with an other smell is noxious; Muste [Page] causeth the collick and hindreth urin; the New is excremen­titious, of difficult distribution, and causeth fluctuation; the Old troubleth the nerves and head; but the Mean is better for use: Thus meat in general is a more grosse and corporeal sub­stance, taken either from living creatures living upon the earth, or living ever or sometimes in the water; or vegetables in the earth, whereby the grosser part of our body is preserved; and liquours are thin and liquid nourishment, serving as a sted to convey meat to every member, and are converted most easily into humours in the body.

This is the chief matter of meat and drink, by which the body of man is preserved, augmented, and strengthned, there is further to be observed, that what is according to nature is to be preserved, a mean is alwayes to be followed, suddain muta­tions are to be avoided, things accustomed are not presently to be left off, bodies in exact health are to be cherished with their likes; those that recede from it, are by little and little, and mo­derately, to be reduced to the contrary; occult qualities are so to be preserved that the temper of the body be not hurt; the innate heat of all the parts is to be preserved by moderate heaters and binders. The Aire most wholsome, must be temperate, pure, clean, thin, open, free, without any ill vapours, moistnesse or corruption, but moved with gentle winds, and serene, and sea­sonable, sc. hot and moist in spring, hot and dry in summer, cold and dry in autumne, cold and moist in winter, so for the months according to the quadrature of the moon, and for the dayes, in respect of morning noon evening and night, the ef­fects of which are according to the qualities, and winds, yet all winds in their proper nature, moisten and cool, but alter ac­cording to the site and condition of places through which they blow, the septentrional being most vehement, the oriental mo­derately hot and dry, and moist from the sea; the occidental moderately cold and moist, and the meridional watrish showry [Page] and sickly; it's altered also by the starrs, meteors, as fiery aereal aqueous or impure, zones; cardinal regions, the oriental being moderately temperate, and healthy; the occidental sickly, the meridional making moist, and the septentrional dry; by the parts of the world, kingdoms, and provinces, cities and edifi­ces, & particular constitution of places; being pure in high, moist in low, mean in plain, thin in the stony, open in mountains, cloudy in woods, moist neere rivers, sickly in fennes, wholsome in marine places, & various neere baths: that is to be shunned that is stinking, and suddain mutations therein are not to be made, the cold is to be altered with fire, hangings, or stoves; the hot by cold water, roses strewed, water-lillies, nettles, willows, and leaves of trees; the moist by fire, and aromatick fumes; the dry by irrigation of waters, and moistning herbs; the pestilent with the fume of aromatick wood, and frankincense, those that are idle are to walk in the open aire and fields, in the morning about mountains, and fountaines and rivers in the evening.

Then as for Meat, it is to be temperate, and familiar, accep­table and usuall, sc. the flesh of animals, and fishes, with bread well baked; also simple, or various, yet not of a diverse sub­stance or qualities at the same time, that it may be concocted at the same time, with the same heat, and not being taken in too great a quantity, and it's convenient; firm flesh, thin blood, sweet phlegme, bitter gall, and sourish melancholy being to be preserved; but they must be well prepared, orderly taken, and no errour committed in quantity, time, order and manner of eating; it's necessary in sicknesse also if compound, of which more particularly after. And as for the Quantity of meat, it is either full, increasing flesh, spirits and humours; and is fit for those that are young, growing, strong, lusty, and able to endure much exercise: or moderate, repairing flesh, spirits, and hu­mours lost; and is fittest for persons of a midle health, of an estate of body neither perfectly strong, nor very weak: or else [Page] thin, lessening flesh spirits and humours for a time to preserve life, and the strictest especially is to be used, only where there are violent diseases, caused by fulnesse or corruption, where the sicknesse is abated by the substraction of sufficient food. Also a man in health, must never eat to satisfy, but rise with a quick appetite. If drowsy, weary and heavy after eating, being before nimble & cheereful, it's a signe that accustomed measure is ex­ceeded; and that the quantity must be diminished, till such in­conveniences cease. If after meals, there be unfitnesse for the actions of the mind, as study, contemplation, and other functi­ons of the mind and body, then the due proportion is exceeded. If there be too much repletion, there must be evacuation; and that is known, by pain and heavinesse of the head, long and troubled sleeps, troublesome dreams, sleep in the day-time after meals, lazinesse, wearinesse, pain in the whole body, or any part thereof, want of appetite, crudities in the stomach, sower bel­ching, binding of the belly, frequent distillations, stopping of the nose after supper, with little excrement evacuated, and much in the morning, much spitting, unusual abundance of wind, and loosenesse. If a change be to be made, it must be by degrees, till come to a proportion not offending the functions of the body or mind; and several sorts of meat are to be shun­ned, at the same time, some being concocted sooner, others more slowly, and so there is an evil concoction. The Quality of meats also is to be regarded, there being like food like flesh, like meat like nourishment. And the temperate are best for all sorts of persons, especially for those well tempered, as flesh and bread of good juyce. The quality is to be heeded; it altering the con­stitution of the body. That is to be used which is most agree­able to every ones particular nature, age, temperature, distem­perature, and complexion. Young, hot, strong, and labouring men may eat hard & grosse meats, as beife, bacon, poudered flesh and fish, hard cheese, hard eggs, and rye-bread, &c. which [Page] may be concocted by degrees, and nourish slowly; the lighter meats, as veal, lamb, capons, chickens, partridges, pheasants, or plovers, &c. in them, being too soon digested, and turned into choller; and milk is best for children, tender flesh for such as grow, and liquid meats for such as are sick of sharp diseases. If the body be bound, the diet must be moist, and of boiled meats; but dry, if moist. Sweet meats are bad for young children, and men, and for hot stomachs; but help those that are old and cold. The bitter engender choller, burn blood, and give no general nourishment to the whole. Sharp spices hurt tender bodies, but the strong may eat them with grosse meats Soure meats with sharp, as citrons, limons, oranges, and vineger, hurt cold stomachs, and sinewy parts; but if cold and astringent, as sorrel, quinces, services, and medlars, they help the stomach eaten last, except subject to fluxes. Those over-salted help those only that toile and labour, causing inflamma­tions and obstructions, &c. the Fatty are good only for cold and dry stomachs. All meats are to be given very hot to cold & raw stomacks. They are to be contrary to the disease when sick, that which is naturally or accidentaly loathed, is not to be ea­ten greedily when hungry, being turned into wind, belchings, vimitings, and gripings. A strong and good stomach may taste of all things, but not feed on them as nourishments. The Time of eating, depends upon custome, but that houre may be omitted if the appetite be not quick, yet it's most convenient to eat twice in the day. The supper, in some that are healthy and in the flower of youth, ought to be equal or larger than the dinner; but in others more sparing; and the most sea­sonable hour of dining, is about 2. or 3. houres before noon, and it's most wholsome: as for break fasts, in close pla­ces, and times of sicknesse, they are very necessary; other­wise it's best to fast till dinner, where the air is clear, and wholsome, except growing or chollerick, the meals [Page] are to be often for children and much, little and often for old men, labourers very often, sc. 4. or 5. times in a day, if work­ing hard; and the time, quantity, and frequency may be altered by custom, sicknesse and appetite. &c. The Order of aliments is this, that thin meats, liquid, easy of concoction, loosening and easily descending, are to be first taken, and the contrary last. At the beginning of the meal, some broth, flesh, or some what else actually hot, is to be taken, not drinking first; but drink with meat is necessary, without fluctuation, the most nou­rishing meat is to be eaten first, and the cold last, if the stomach be hot; the breakfast may be of liquid meats, the dinner of moist and boiled, and the supper chiefely of rosted meats. As for the Manner of eating, it is to be with fine chewing, leisu­rely, sitting upright for an houres time or lesse; except longer time be confirmed by custom, or alleviated by pastime or dis­course; but the time of sitting is not to be very long or short, that the meat may descend, and not too hastily settle. Here also the Custome and delight in the use of meats is to be observed, the usuall being more profitable though not so good, and that not only in the substance, but quality, quantity, and time of eating also; and if it be changed, it must be by degrees, and the most pleasing is to be used. In respect of Age, the meat and diet of children should be cold and moist, given in a great quantity: it's to be midling in quantity and quality for youths and young men, and cold and moist: and it must be lesse for old men. Ac­cording to the Season of the year, in Winter it must be co­pious, hot and dry, and drink more sparing, and wine pure: in the Spring it must be moderate in quantity and quality, more hot and copious than in summer, but lesse than in winter: in Summer it must be cold and moist, small in quantity, but with more drink: in Autumne, it must be fuller, hotter, and dryer than in summer, and lesse at the beginning than at the latter end. And this is to be observed, the Spring being temperate, in a mean between the first qualities, or moderately hot and [Page] moist; the Summer is hot and dry; Autumne is cold and dry; & Winter cold & moist, & they produce diseases accordingly; a hot air, attenuating, dissolving and weakening; the cold thickning binding and helping concoction; the moist softning, increasing excrements, and making dull; the dry diminishing excrements, making agile, and quickning; and the cloudy fil­ling with ill humours and spirits.

Also that the aforesaid meat or diet may be the more profi­table to the body, & health preserved: Motion & rest are to be considered, exercise exciting natural heat, and increasing the spirits, and making the body more strong, perfecting concoction, and causing transpiration; and it may be by walking, running, leaping, riding, gestation, and other wayes; but the chief is mo­derate Walking through green and pleasant places, under a se­rene skie, before meat, & chiefely before dinner, and that till the body swell, appears fresh, begin to be weary, and a hot vapour breaks forth; also that is the best exercise, which exerciseth all parts equally; if excessive, it exhausteth, refrigerats, weakens, & hurts the eyes; if Swift, it attenuats, and thickens the body; if Slow, it refrigerats and causeth flesh; if Vehement, it makes lively, but lean; if continued and equal, it more wearieth; and lesse if unequal; if Interrupted & ordinate, it wearieth lesse; if in Places hot, it burneth, and humecteth if moist; if by Leaping, and continual, it hurts the head and breast; if upwards, it helps the hips; if downwards, it cleanseth the head, and streng­thens the leggs; if with capering, it helps matter from the head; if by Running, and vehement, it helps moist bodies, but hurts the head; if moderate, it heats, causeth appetite, and stops fluxions; if long and forewards, it diffuseth the flesh, and makes thicker if by degrees; if backwards, and placid, it helps the head eyes, stomach and loins; if circular, it hurts the head; if up hill, it hurts the breast and leggs; and the bowels, if down­wards; in plain places, it's good; if the body be covered, it [Page] moistens and makes pale, if bare it causeth evaporation. If by Quoits, it helps the limbs, but hurts bad reines, & breast; if by Shooting, it causeth a good habit. Moderate Walking helps defluxions and retentions; if swift, it extenuats; if slow, it helps old men; if too much, it discusseth and hurts the head; if much it helps the pined lower parts, and head affected by the breast; if little, it helps the heavy body; if long and straight it helps the head, and dryeth; if long and swift it helps hickets; if short and turning it hurts the head; if upon the heels it helps a moist breast; and the belly bound, if on the toes; if up hil, it wea­rieth, and causeth sweat, but hurts weak knees; if down hil, it draws from the head, but hurts weak thighs; if through unequal places, it's good for such as are soon wearied; if through rough, it fills the head; if on sand it strengtheneth; in a close place it's bad; if by the sea it dryeth and attenuats; by rivers, it moistens; it's bad in the dew; and in winds, it's according as it's said of them before, as they alter the aire; if in the sun, it hurts the head; but it's good under mirtles, bay-trees, amongst sweet herbs, & in fair weather; if in the morning, it loosens, quickens, and helps appetite, and moist bodies; in the evening it prepares for sleep, helps inflations, but hurts the head; a little after meat, is good, to help descent. Standing, if upright, hurts weak backs, & in­flamed or ulcerated reines; if before meat, it draws down excre­ments, strengthens the leggs, but hurts the vertiginous; if after meat, & moderate, it helps descent; if long, it sends up vapours, draws down humours, & hurts the breast & bladder; in the shade & sun, it's as in walking. Riding, if slow, makes weary; if swift & seldom, it causeth lust & hurts the breast; if trotting, it hurts the back parts, but helps the reines; if rūning, it too much heats, dulls the senses, & offendes the eyes. Gestation, increaseth heat, discusseth, draws down excrements, & causeth sleep; if in a coach, if gētly, it helps diseases of the head & fluxes, & the sight if looking back; if fast, it makes lean; in a horslitter, it's good [Page] after meals and for the sick; as for the nature of Rest, it may hēce appear. And as for Sleeping & watching, they are no lesse to be regarded; moderate sleepe, helping concoction, restoring lost strength, moistening the body, & helping old men; but if immo­derate, it loosens the members, causeth ill colour & habit, makes the head heavy, fills it full of vapours & humours, dulls natural heat, & makes unfit for exercise: now the time that is most con­venient for it, is the night, 1 or 2 houres after supper, after a gentle walk, to help descent of meat. And it's hurtful at noon, except great labour did precede, or sicknesse or weaknesse, or wearinesse & watchfulnesse, or to recal the heat to the internal parts in a hot day, if usual, & then it must be very long, or short; the body being upright, and that, after dinner, a gentle walk being used, & it must be the longer, the weaker the digestion is & slow; & it must be first on the right side, then on the left, the head being highest, & the limbs gathered up: also lying on the belly helps concoction, but hurts the sight; but if on the back, it hinders the evacuation of excrements, and hurts those that are subject to the stōe. Watching, if moderate, doth excite the spirits & senses, & helps to distributiō, & the evacuatiō of excrements; but if immoderate, it dissipats the spirits, dryeth the body, chiefely the brain, increaseth choller, inflames, & the heat being dissipa­ted, causeth cold diseases. Excretiōs & retētions likewise must be regarded, the excrements being too long retained, begetting several diseases, sc. apepsie, nauseousnesse, putrid vapours, the collick, giddiness & head ach; but if naturally evacuated, they are soft, of a midle substance, brown colour, not of very offensive smell, and corresponding with the quantity of things received. And if they are often evacuated, they ease the body, and pre­serve health; if frequently and long, it weakens the body, and corrodes the intestines. Ʋrin natural is of a moderate sub­stance, brown colour, with or without sediment, white, smooth, & corresponding to the quantity of liquour taken; & if it be too long retained, it distends the urinary passages, & if the serous [Page] humidity be not attracted by the reines, it causeth the cachexie, and dropsy. Insensible transpiration, if prohibited, causeth great diseases, as pleurefies, peripneumonies, and putrid feavers, &c. but if according to nature, it preserveth health. The sperme unduely retained, causeth a heavinesse of the whole body, and dangerous accidents if corrupted; if too much eva­cuated, it dissipats natural heat, debilitats the whole body, ac­cumulats crudities, hurts the nerves, and causeth the palsey, and debility of mind; the flux of the flowers should be mode­rate, according to the temper and custom of the woman, with certain intervals and periods: as for Venery it hurteth men more than women, if immoderate; and it's to be used chiefly in youth and at the middle age; But it hurts old men, and those of a dry and weak constitution; when used, the interval must be such, that the body may be lighter after than before; also it's worst after hard drinking, strong exercises, in time of famin, or after long evacuations. The Passions of the mind are no lesse to be regarded; they if moderate, preserving health; and decaying it, if immoderate, and therefore they are to be brid­led; and as for the effects. Immoderate love doth accend, and often causeth palpitation, madnesse, or fainting. Joy, if mode­rate, it recreats the heart and vital spirits; if suddain and excessive it so dissipats the spirits, that often it causeth death. Sadnesse doth by degrees dissolve the spirits, cool and dry the body, hurt concoction, and cause watching, and melancholick diseases, palenesse, and smallenesse of pulse. Fear cals the heat inwards, makes cold, pale, weak, causeth loosenesse, resolution of the muscles, and sometimes death with a small pulse. Anger moves the spirits outwards, agitats the same, and humours, beats, causeth feavers, trembling, abortion, and death. Exter­nals, also may be profitable, as Baths, which alter much; but often do not a little hurt those that seldom use them, or that are cocochymick, plethorick, rheumatick and inclined to inflam­mations, [Page] and the erysipelas. That of the vapour of sweet water, heateth, at first relaxeth and moisteneth, after it melteth, cau­seth sweat; and if used long, it dryeth. Water hot, moisten­eth, but first heateth; & the hot vapours being gone, it cooleth, attenuats, and dryeth if tepid, cooleth the hot and heateth the cold, relaxeth, and impinguats moderately used, and concocts; used long, it dissolves, and discusseth; therefore it's moderately to be used, by those that are hot and slender, it helping them, as also the kectical, melancholick dry feavers, thirsty, weary, pain­ful, and cutaneous affections: if cold, it refrigerats, binds, thickens, strengthens, calls in heat, helps concoction, prevents external injuryes; but is bad for such as use not a good diet or exercise, or are bound, or full of crudities, and sharp vapours. The artificial vary, according to the ingredients; and the me­dicate according to their minerals; the sulphureous heating, drying and resolving; and the nitrous, dry and cleanse. Inun­ctions may be used before or after bathing. Friction, if hard, hardens and thickens; and the contrary, if soft; the mean is indifferent; if much, it dssolves and extenuats; if mean, it in­creases flesh; in the morning after evacuation of excrements, it helps the dry and weary; so in the evening, and helps the atro­phie. As for Garments, they all heat; if of silk they heat more, and mollifie if fine, and heate more if villous; cloth heateth, and dryeth; that of skins if full of hair is warmest. Scarlet is hot, and draws forth the spirits; that which is aromatized is naught for a hot brain, and causeth head-ach; if linnen and flaxen, made white with lime, it biteth and causeth scabbinesse; and that of hemp, is dryer. This may suffice to be said in ge­neral of Animals, as used in diet, together with the quantity, quality, time, order, manner of eating them, custom, & season of the year; with other things necessary, as motion and rest, slee­ping and watching, excretions and retentions, passions of the mind and externals, &c. Now more particularly, as for the [Page] diet of those that are great and of infants, &c. see the regimen after. And those betwixt 21. & 50. should use a quātity that may not load; less if hard, the stomach cold, & appetite wanting, idle, & in sūmer time; if too much, it's to be corrected by fasting, sleep, abstinence, rest, & vomiting; using flesh chiefely, with suitable sawces to the temper, yet sparingly, or little & often, according to age, temperament, life, & custom, twice in a day; or oftner, if labouring, chollerick, lean, and when appetite, with some varia­tion, & according to custom, & least at night if health decays, the liquid first & laxāts last to loosen, & the corruptible apart, drinking without fluctuation, betwixt eating, & after conco­ction, the stomach not being empty; also the affections must be moderate; & motion, little, if lean, hungry, or meat crude, mo­derate before & after it, avoiding study, & long exercise, slee­ping 6 or 9 houres, on the right side first, the members being con­tracted, & head elevated upon a soft bed; avoiding often & long bathing before concoction, not eating soon after, voiding excrements by lenients, & exercise dayly. That of old men, must be hot & moist, so the aire, of good juyce and easy concoction. With a little honey, & thrice in a day in exact quantity, with some change, thin wine midle aged, mulse, or beer, shunning pas­sions, using gentle exercise, frictions, long sleep and lenients, as honey, raisins, &c. That of the Intemperate must be altered by degrees to the cōtrary, til tēperate: if declining, fasting, bleding, purging: if recovering, by purging, moist, easy fit & good meat.

This may suffice concerning Animals, their differerences, use as meat and medicine, sauces, & things to be joyned therewith in diet, sc. bread, drink, water, wine, beere, & fit aire; the quan­tity of meats, quality, time, order, & manner of eating, custom, & season of the year; with motion & rest, sleeping & watching, excretions and retentions, passions of the mind, externals, & par­ticular dietetick rules, serving for the preservation of health, by the use of Irrational Animals: Now follow the Rational, for whose use they are.

II. Rational, viz. Man, who is an animal, besides sense and motion, having reason also: in whom may be considered. 1. His [Page] Use in medicine. 2. His Anatomy, & general external division of the whole body, into venters & limbs; as also the bones, carti­lages & ligaments, muscles, veines, arteries, nerves, lower belly, midle venter, & upper venter. 3. Also his Diseases, which are. 1. Internal, & these are. 1. Universal, sc. feavers; & 2. Particular, with their symptomes, sc. 1. The diseases of the upper venter or head; & it's symptomes, of the eyes, eares, nostrils, tōgue, lips, face, teeth, gumms, jawes, mouth, uvula, & tonsils. 2. Of the midle ven­ter, & it's symptomes, sc of the gullet, throat, rough artery, lūgs, breast, symptomes thereof, & of the heart. 3. Of the lower venter and it's symptomes, sc. of the oesophagus, ventricle, symptomes thereof, of the intestines, symptomes thereof, of the anus, mesente­ry, spleen, liver, symptoms thereof, of the reins, symptomes thereof, of the bladder, symptomes thereof, of the genitals in mē, symptomes thereof, of the navil, of the abdomen, of the pudend in women & neck of the womb, of the womb it selfe, of the symptomes therein, & about the menses & other fluxes thereof, with those of virgins & women after twelve yeares of age from the same, those about conception, preternatural affections of those that are great & their regimen, symptomes about parturition, affections after child-birth & the regimen of breeding women, as also their di­seases of the duggs, & symptomes thereof. 4. The diseases & symptomes of infants. Also the arthritis, occult diseases from internal humours, water, & aire, french disease, diseases from witchcraft & inchauntment, & poysons inward or outward, from animals minerals & vegetables. 2. Externals, sc. tumours, ulcers, wounds, fractures, luxations, & paines. Of all which par­ticularly, in the same order, more shall be said in their proper places, together with their definitions including the signes, cau­ses, particular method of curation, brief Theory, Remedies internal & external, general & particular. The inward, are medicines cooling & attenuating choller, cooling & thickning it, altering flegme & melancholy, & black choller, aperients, cholagogons, phlegmagogons, melanogogons, hydragogons, vomi­tories, sudorificks, diureticks, errhines, sternutatories, ma­sticatories, [Page] cephalicks, ophthalmicks, pectorals, cardiacals, he­paticals, stomachicals, spleneticks, nephriticks, hystericals, arthriticks, increasers and diminishers of milk, increasers and diminishers of sperm, discutients of wind, astringents, killers of worms, and vulneraries; the outward, are medicines refrigerating and repelling, emplasticks, anodines, narco­ticks, emollients, resolvers, epispasticks, suppurants, deter­gents, sarcoticks, cicatrizers, stoppers of blood, glutinants, vesicants, cathereticks, and causticks; and use of the London Dispensatory for the same purpose, Doses of remedies, and Way of prescribing making and using of them, according to the best rules of Art. &c.

Thus of Animals irrational and rational, &c. now follow Minerals.

II. As for Minerals, they are bodies perfectly mixt; inani­mate, not having sense or motion; and they Differ according to colour, chalk, alum, the amianth and arabick stone be­ing white for the most part; and marble, chrystal, silver, and quick-silver: but pnigites, sory, and others, black; earth of e­retria, and Melos is of an Ash colour; the sapphir and cyane­ous, of a Skie colour; the emerald and chrysocolla, Green, and vitriol; oker is Muddy; gold Yellow; the sarda and carbuncle is Reddish; and these differ in intension, the emerald being very green, the chrysocolla meanly; some have a proper colour, as black lead, and copper; others imitate those of others, as auri­pigment, & ammochrysos of gold, aspilates of silver; chalcite of brasse, &c. some are of two colours, others of 3. 4. or more. Some have pellucidity, yet not earths, mettals, or great stones, and those so properly called, except the specular, phengites, plaster; among juyces, nitre, alum, vitriol, amber and most je­wels; and of these many vary by inclination, as the eristalis from white to reddish; others are lesse lucid thereby, as the e­merald, charchedonius, & the globous, &c. nitour, is in all kinds [Page] of fossils, as in the argentary chalk amongst earths; in all tran­slucid juyces, stones, and gemms, and pure mettals; some have only little Sparks, as misy: also amongst those things that shine, some represent the Species, as the emerald, carbun­cle, cepites, cepionides, hephaestites and all hard stones, polished; and the obsidianus, a Shaddow. The sapour is diffe­ring, some being Sweet, as the melitites, and galactites; others Fat, as the terra samia, and marla; some Bitter, as nitre; partly Salt, as fossil salt; partly Sharp, as lapis asius, and Spo­des; some Bind, as rubrick; others are Acid; some have a Mixt taste; as vitriol, &c. some yeeld a Juyce, when rubbed on a whetstone, as the haematites and schistos, but jewels and stones not and the sapour of earths and mettals may be Found by stee­ping them in water. As for the smell, that of sory is nauseons, it's drawn out of some by striking with a stone or iron, out of others by stamping as sandaracha; or burning, as myrrh, ga­gates, bitumen, camphire, and mettals by melting. As for other Qualities, some of them are hot, others cold, some moist, others dry. Some are Fat, as marle, sulphur, gagates; others Lean, as oker, salt, sand stone, and almost all stones; some are Hol­low, as some chalk, & pumice stone; some are Hard, as stones & mettals; and others Soft, as spodos, and most earths; some are Rough, as smiris, earth of Melos and tripela; some are Smooth, as many gemms and pure mettals; some are Heavy, and others light, as the pumice stone, gagates, and tophi; some of them may be Liquefied by liquour, as earths, salt, nitre, alum, copperas, &c. some by fire, as metallick fluores, translucid gemms, flints, & mettals; some are soon Mollified, as soft and lean earths; the con­trary slower, as also mettals & stones; & those that are mollifi­ed by liquours, are not by the fier, & the contrary; some are mol­lified by humidity as earths, & some by fier as sulphur; also some are Humected as earths, and others which are mollified by the aspersion of water; some of them are clammy and glutinous, as [Page] bitumen and fat earth mollified; some are Flexible, as the amianth, and mettals; for the most part they are Friable, and very few Fragil, as the loadstone; some receive Impressions, as fat earths, soft, and moistned, bitumen, and mettals; others that yeeld to iron may be Ingraven, & some turned; some break when pierced, as flints; others hardly admit it, as the basal­tes, and the adamant not at all; some may not be Filed, as the sapphire and carbuncle, but the tapaz may; and all may have Sculpture by the powder of smiris, except the adamant, which must have it done by it's own fragments. Some may be com­pressed, as spodos; others not, as stones and mettals; some may be Densated, as earths fat and soft; some may be Extended, as the same; but the hard, lean and dry, not. Some may be Drawn out, as gold, silver, and brasse, and stones not; some are Fissil, as the spectacle stone; others not, as mettals; some Burne, as brim­stone, bitumen, gagates; and stones, earths, and mettals not; some totally, as bitumen, & brimstone; & others partly, as the spinus, and they all yeeld smoak; some may be Burned as all met­tals except gold, and others are powdered thereby as earths; some yeeld Fier, as the fierstone, flint, milstone, and chrystal; others, not; some Move in vineger, as the astroites and trochites; some Bubble in water, as certain earths; some Swim, and being broken sink, as the pumice stone, & thyreus. Some rubbed on a whetstone yeeld a juyce, as the galactites, schistos, & haematite. Some colour mettals, as cadmia; some impart their colour to other things, as chalk, black earth, silver, and earth of eretria, &c. some sharpen iron as the whetstone, & sandstone; the load­stone Attracts it; the the amedes Repels it, and amber attracts straws. As for figure, some are Round, as the thyites; Semi-spherical, as callai, astroitae; Cylindric, as the beril, and syenites; Triangular, as some gemms; Quadrate, as the and roda­mas; of Five angles, as the basaltes; Sexangular, as chrystal; of More angles, as the pangonus; & some partly plain, as the spe­cular, [Page] and loadstone, partly Convex, as the aetites within, partly Concavous, as some emeralds; some are like warts, as the myr­mecias; like the curvat moon, the tephrites; the amiauth like haires; stelechites like the trunk of a tree; belemnites, like ar­rows; chalazias like hail; the lapis judaicus, like an acorn, &c. some Represent the effigies of things, as the enorchis, entrochos, enosteos, leucophthalmos, aegophthalmos, lycophthalmos, astroi­tes, and the achates of woods and rivers. They differ also in quantity, some being great, as marble, and gemms small, &c. And some cure the pestilence, as the emerald, sealed earth, & armenian. The sapphir drunk helps stingings of scorpions, and sulphur applied, nitre drunk helps toadstools eaten, and vitriol; salt applied helps against many sorts of stinging, and opium drunk; some Stop bleeding, as the hematite and hieracites; some help the stomach, as the jasper applied, the aetites worn preserves the foetus; some move vomiting, as chrysocolla, arme­nium, and sutorie atrament. All fossils dry; but some Heat also, as alum, sutorie atrament, chalcite, misy, sory, melante­ria; others Cool, as earth of eretria, plumbarie stone, and sti­bium; some Soften, as gagates; others Harden, as plumbarie stone and stibi; some Open, as nitre, it's spume, aphronitre; some Shut, as samius after, and all glutinous earth; some Discusse, as the pyrites, molaris, & bitumen; some Cicatrize, as chalcite, misy, & fissil alum; others Diminish proud flesh, as rust of brasse, and chalcite if the body be soft, and misy; some Putrify, as san­daracha, auripigmentum, and chrysocolla; some are of Diffe­rent vertues; others of the Same, as chrysocol, and armenium; auripigment and sandaracha; the haematite and schistos; and sutorie atrament, chalcite, misy, sory, and melanteria, and the first are strongest. Some also are Deadly, some by erosion, as spodos, cadmia, chrysocolla; & others by stopping, as gypsum, & the specular stone. Thus of the colour, Pellucidity, Fulgor, Ni­tor, sapour, odour, heat, cold, moisture, drinesse, fatnesse, lean­nesse, [Page] thicknesse, rarity, hardnesse, softnesse, asperity, smoothnesse, heavinesse, lightnesse, liquidity, mollification, humectation, clamminesse, glewishnes, flexibility, friability, sculpture, turning, filing, compression, densation, traction, ductility, fissure, bur­ning, inflaming, motion in vineger, swimming, juycinesse, tincture, communication of colour, sharpning of iron, attraction and repulsion of the same, figure, quantity, helps, and hurts of Fossils, by which they differ in general. Now more particularly.

1. Earths, which are fossil bodies, which irrigated by humidity, are first softened into a lutum, & with more moisture become liquid; and the matter of the fossil is a terrene exhala­tion, concrete with an adjunct aqueous vapour; and they Differ by the variety of exhalations, heat, place, & mixture & are ge­nerated betwixt stones, caves, veines, fibres, fountaines, chan­nels, ditches, and plaines, &c. they differ in simplicity and composition, and it's Light if aereal, Binding if aqueous, Sharp if igneous, and complex if more compound: the simple vary by fatnesse, leannesse, rarity, thicknesse, or meannesse, softnesse, hardnesse, as in a mean; and as smooth, rough or mean: and they are Fat, when being moist they are concocted by tempe­rate heat; Clammy, when with much humidity, heat hath con­cocted them to a fat spissitude; Thick when the humour is mixt, & a dry heat hath condensed it by concoction, or cold hath condensed it; 'tis Light from air, Rough from an inequability of the matter; Liquability is from humidity first concocted, and after constringed by cold; & they burn, if having a fat humour; also the fat and glutinous being airy, make a noise in water, and the contrary. As for colour, they are white, black, lu­teous, red, purple, green, ceruleous, ash coloured, or fuscous: the compound earth is metallik, when a metallik juyce spread on the earth doth combine by cold, and the earth is not chan­ged, and it is like gold, silver, brasse, lead, or iron; it's Lapidose, when a clammie and brittle earth are [Page] mixed, and heat hath concocted them, and it's saxeous, marmo­reous, lapideous, glareous, sabulous, sandy, calculous, or gem­mose; it's succous, to which concreat juyces are adjunct, & they differ as salt, & sulphureous, &c. & the more cōpound are made of more. As for their taste, it's astringent, if cold constringeth it moistned in water, before much heat hath well concocted it, or an astringent humour being imbibed; but being relax't with heat, it becoms sweet if humid; with more heat it's made salt; and bitter if more extenuated and elaborated by a dry heat; and it's acid, acerb, or austere, by such juyce imbibed. The odour, if stinking, shews a metallick mixture, and the Fragrant are rare: if Fat it's good for plaisterers, & husband­men if solute; for potters if fat and thick; for fullers if fat & sharp; for Physitians if astringent, & then it's cold, it's hot if sharp, and emplastick if purely fat; for painters if Lean or in a mean, and for carpenters; and for barbers if abstersive. And in generall, all earth cooleth, stoppeth, and shutteth; but in particular as to medicine, some resist poyson, as the Arme­nian, and that of Lemnos; others Bind, as oker, smopick and fabrile rubrick, also earth of eretria, samos, chios, selenusia, and even all earths: some Discuss, as the ampelite, fullers, and testae fornaciae; others Clense, as that of Melos, &c.

2. Mettalls, which are fossil bodies, hard, that may be melted by the fire, consistent in their own nature, and malleable; their remote matter is vapour, and the proximate, sulphur and quick-silver; their common affections are, congelability, soli­dity in all, but quick-silver having an aqueous humidity, li­quability, ductibility, having an aqueous vapour, well mixed, therefore gold is most ductile, ponderosity, being compact, but gold most; their tast is acute, being sulphureous; and they are all foetid in smel, but gold least, and all but it, are combustible, and they are 6 in number. Of these with their excrements, as to medicine, some alter the body as conservant, by a manifest [Page] quality, and are either Temperate as gold; or intemperate, and are either Hot and Dry 2°. as iron, and crocus martis; 3°. as the flower of brasse, burnt brasse, the squams thereof, it's rust, diphryges, and chalcite; 4°. as misy, sory, chrysocolla and melanteria; or Cold 2°. as the filings of silver, its spume, lead, burnt lead, washed lead, the dust of lead, cerusse, and plum­bage: also some are A [...]tringent, as cadmia, tutty, pompholyx, spodium, antispodium, and verdigrease; others Glutinate and cicatrize, as washed lead, and burnt brasse; others Corrupt, as the spume of silver, and cerusse.

3. Semi-mettals, &c. which are mineral bodies, neere in nature unto mettals. Of them, some are Hot and Dry 2°. as sinople; others are Cold, 1°. as stibium, and 2°. as quicksilver; some Bind, as sinople; others Glew and cicatrize, as stibium, and others Corrupt the body, as quicksilver, &c.

4. Salts, which are concrete juyces, and of all the chiefe, begotten of what is humid, with a terrestrial exhalation, adust by heat, but not decoct; and it's either natural or factitious, and both caused by the concoction of humors or exsiccation thereof, & it's marine, stagnatick fluvial, pureal, fontane, arenary, am­moniack, bituminous, montane, lignary or carbonary, or ter­rene; and according to qualities, red, white, rufous, purple, shining, croceous, translucid, odorate, sharp, dry, pure, adul­terate, hard, soft, fossil, sweet, bitter, or florid, the Sarmatick which is pellucid is white; and the fossil black; that is Black that is made of wood, the spanish fossil is pellucid; the dryer, the salter it is; the ammoniack is unpleasāt; the sodomine is Bitter, the Arabian is Odorate; the fossil is more Thick; the marine and lakish, lesse, and those are of thin parts that are made of salt water; the Sarmatick and gemm salt is Quadrangular, and the white indian is Piramidal. The tarentine was most used in physick, and the Humid for meat, but the Dry preser­veth it longest. The Fossil is strongest, which is white, pellucid, [Page] thick and equal; and of the marine, the thick, white and equal. Of salts, as to medicine, some are Hot 1°. as flos salis; others 3°. as alum, salt, nitre; and some 4°. as vitriol; some Bind, as vitriol, and alum; others Glutinate and cicatrize, as alum, which worketh also by an Occult quality.

5. Sulphurs, which are the fat of the earth, which is conco­cted by moderate heat, and joyned together, having in it aire and fire; therefore they are easily inflamed, especially Naphth, being more fiery and the flower of bitumen, as the luteous sul­phur is of the rest; but Auripigment and Sandaracha arise of a fat and sulphureous juyce mixed with a sharp earth, and when burnt yeeld a certain sulphureous fatnesse, and seem sharp to the taste. It's begotten, where mettal is, it being the Fa­ther thereof; it's quick, & native, or factitious boiled out of wa­ter, or with squamms of iron till thick, which makes the cabal­line, and it's of a hot and dry nature, citrine or white colour usually, dry, of a fattish unpleasant taste, and smell, of a dif­ferent fatnesse, rarity, and levity, and the Fossil is usually dugg up in knobs; and of Sulphurs, as to medicine, some are Hot as brimstone, parmacity, and sweet amber; some Bind, as amber citrine; and others Mollify, as asphalt, bitumen, naphth, and pissasphalt, &c. and some worke by an occult quality, as bitumen, &c.

6. Stones, which are dry fossil bodies and hard, which are not mollified by water in a long time, but may be burned by the fire, and may so be powdered; and the matter of those that are not perspicuous, is earth, having a mixture of what is humid, unctuous, & viscid; but of the perspicuous, that which is aqueous & humid with a mixture of a most subtile terrene exhalation, which is very dry, & caused by a mineral vertue, by heat persi­stent in a terrene matter and tenacious humour, and cold consi­stent in an aqueous substance, and terrene having it's super­fluous humidity pressed out, and that in divers places: and the [Page] colours, of the perspicuous, arise from much matter of water and air, which apprehended by the terrene is congregated and congealed, as in the christall, berill, and diamond; of the Black, frō burnt earth; the Red is when an incended thin fume is spread upon a perspicuous luminare; the Yellow from a per­spicuous substance, with which is mixed a subtile terrene com­bust exhalation; the Sparkling and Ceruleous is caused by a lu­cid perspicuum, with a superinduced thin, and a mean aque­ous incended vapour, as in the topaz, chrysoprase, & chrysolite; and the Green, as the emerald and chrysolite, though of a di­verse viridity, yet it's caused by an aqueous perspicuum with a terrestriall much adust. As for the hardnesse of stones, it a­riseth from siccity, caused by heat evaporating the humidity, and a most cold siccity vehemently apprehending the humid perspicuum, and pressing out the moisture thereof, and so hardening, as in perspicuous stones. The porosity ariseth from the evill mixture of the humid part with the terrene. As for Gemms, they are pretious stones, and as to their colour, some are Green, as the emerald, chalcosmaragdus, prasius, berill, chrysoberil, chrysoprase, jasper, topaz, callaica, molochites, beliotropius, sagda, myrrhites, melichlores; others Red, as the coral, onyx, sardonyx, hematite, amber, and lyncurius; some Purple, as the amethist, sapphire, jacinth, hyacinthizon, a­methistizon, chelidonia, cyamea, and roditis; others White, as perls, paederus, asterites, galactites, galaxia, solis gemma, selenites, cynoedia, belioculus, epimelas, and exebenus; the Black are achates, absyctus, egyptilla, me­dea, veientana, baroptis, mesomelas, dionysia, piritis; others Chrystalline, the chrystall, diamond, galatias, ceraunius, iris, astrion, alectoria, enhydros, carbuncle, antracites, sanda­ctrus, lychnites, carchedonius, alabandina, draconites, chri­soprase, phlegontis, syrtites, ermiscion; the Golden, are the chrysophis, chrysolite, chrysalectrus, chrysolampis, ammochry­sus, [Page] leucochrysos, melichrysos, chrysocolla, argirites, andro­damas, chalcites, chalcophonos, balanites, sideritis, ideus da­ctylus, aethiopicus, zmilacis, haephaestitis, ostracites, and glos­sopetra; the Various are, panchus, olea, mitrax, droselitus, o­palus, pontica, hexecontalithos, and murrhina. As for medi­cine, amongst stones some are pretious, and alter by a mani­fest first quality; and so some are Cold 1°. as jacynth, sapphire, and the emerald; 2°. the rubie, carbuncle, granate, and sar­donius, &c. and 4°. the diamond; others alter by a manifest se­cond quality, as the bezoar stone, jacynth, sapphire, emerald, carbuncle, granate, sardonius, and amethyst, in amulets, &c. and some Occultly, as the bezoar stone, topaz, snake stone, toad stone, emerald, alectorius, chalcedonius, amethyst, sapphir, ja­sper, nephritick stone, and lapis tiburonum, &c. others are lesse pretious, and alter by a manifest first quality, and so are Hot, as the hematite, fier stone, asian stone, thyites, smyris, and cleaving stone, &c. or Cold, as chrystal, phrygian stone, and samian, &c. or Dry as sand, &c. others by a second quali­ty; so some Bind, as the asian stone, naxeus, geodes, and pumice stone, &c. others Mollify, as the alabastrites, gagates, and thracian stone, &c. Some Stupify, as the memphites, jasper, and ophites; others are Abstersive, as the arabian stone, &c. some Glutinate, as the galactites, and melites; others Cica­trize, as the morochtus, &c. some Break the stone, as the lynx stone, jews stone, and spunge stone; others Retain the foetus, as the eagle stone, and jasper; some Provoke the menses, as the ostracites; and others serve as Amulets, as the selenites, ami­anth, and myexis; and some act Occultly, as the spongites, che­lidonius, load stone, fishes stone, snaile stone, vulture stone, merlucius, lyncurius, coral, gagates, eagle stone, crabs stone, amber, and chrystall, &c. others Purge thick humours, as the load stone, or melancholick, as the armenian stone, and cyaneus, or lapis Lazuli, &c. here Note that waters flowing [Page] by any of these minerals retain their nature, as the salt, nitrous, aluminous, sulphureous, bituminous, ferreous, aureous, cupre­ous, and gypseous, &c. Of the aforesaid Minerals, some are Solar, as solar sealed earth, gold, solar antimony, amber, eagle-stone, carbuncle, chrysolite, jacynth, and ruby. The Lunar, are white sealed earth, all that are white and green, marca­site, alum, white coral, christal, pearle, mother of pearl, am­ber, camphire, and parmacity. The Saturnine, are lead, an­timonie, marcasite, alum, auripigment, loadstone, and all ter­rene things fuscous and ponderous. The Jovial, are silver, tinn, tutty, alum, coral, jacynth, emerald, green jasper, and the sap­phir. The Martial, are ostiocolla, salt armoniack, all things red fiery and sulphureous, the amethist, diamond, and load­stone. The Venereal, are copper, silver, tutty, amber, beril, chrysolite, coral, corneol, calaminare, eagle-stone, emerald, lapis lazuli, and sapphir. The Mercurial, are quicksilver, sil­ver, tinn, marcasite and the emerald; and as for their contraries, See the contrary Planets aforesaid, concerning Animals.

Thus Reader, having performed what is promised in the Title, desiring thy health, I rest, Thine.