Peter Ramus HIS LOGICK In two Bookes. Not onely truely Translate [...] into English, but also digested into Question and Answere, for the more easie understanding of all men.

By R. F. Gent.

LONDON: Printed for Nicholas Vavasour, and are to bee sold at his Shop in the Inner Temple, neere the Church-doore. 1636.

TO THE WORSHIP­FVLL, MY ASSVRED loving Vnkle, Bestney Barker Esquire, at Saint Gilses in Essex.

VVOrshipfull Sir, being excited, as well by the bond of kindred, as al­so by your loue and courtesie towards me, to shew you some thankfulnesse, withall to te­stifie a reciprocall and mutuall loue towards you againe, not forgetting that duty, which both as a kinsman and friend I owe unto you, I adventured (albeit my best strength bee but weaknes) upon a bold assay, namely, to tran­slate this worke, and present it unto you, as a small mite of that tribute, which even nature bindeth me to render. But seeing my first worke unluckely suppressed it selfe, I have added unto my former boldnesse, a more au­dacious part, namely, not onely to translate it againe, but also to illustrate it according to my small ability, by the plaine and facile way of a Dialogue. May it croude it selfe into your presence and gaine the least aspect of a favou­rable countenance, I shall thinke my time wa [...] [Page]spent, and not onely so, but imploy my selfe a­bout weightier matters. What said (weighti­er? this Science & Author may stand before Princes, if not spoiled by my own unskilfulnes. However it shroudeth it selfe under your pa­tronage, vntill the stormes of reproch and ig­nominie be overpassed, soliciting in the meane time a pardon for mee, in that I have presu­med to offer such a trifle to such a kinsman. So hoping that the worke, though small, may be accepted, and benevolentlie intertained, I sub­mit both it and my selfe unto your favourable cogitations in all dutifulnesse; and rest.

March 26. 1632.
Your assured loving Nephew Ro. Fage.

To the Courteous Reader.

BEnevolent Reader, I doe here present thee with this small worke, hoping it may pro­duce good effects. Certainly it hath assayed be­fore time to thrust it selfe into the world, but that it found so kind friends, who considering the unworthinesse, were pleased to suppresse it and keepe it prisoner in the goale of their owne houses. Howbeit now it is adventured abroad, and with the spring beginneth to spring afresh. Its winters imprisonment is likely to better its summers condicions, for I have laboured so far as I could to prune and loppe off the former er­rors, that so it may be the more plausible. I have also adorned it with a new weed, to wit of a Dia­logue, or questions and answers, that so my booke may even learne to stoupe to the weakest capaci­ties. If it shall be thought to come in a new fashi­on, may you please to looke into the world, you may see abundance in this habit, our common Catechismes weare this gowne; yea, Mr. St: Egerton of the Blacke Friers in London, hath contracted the seven treatises of Mr. Rogers into this forme. For my part, I hold it more ea­sie [Page]then the former tract, neither greatly preiudi­ciall to the Author.

This adorned, I have given this my second sonne, full libertie to be a free-man, banishing my first and worst labours, from the view (so farre as I can) of all men. For seeing it would not, when I would, I hold it not fit, that now it should be published. Touching that worke, it slowed so inconsiderately from my penne, and slipped so rashly out of my hand, that it escaped not without many defaultes, imperfections, ob­scurities & blemishes: that with the Egyptian Grashopper, it will not onely consume some part, but utterly eate up and waste the golden season and happie houres of the courteous reader. Let this last worke then kind reader finde favour in thine eyes; if that winter bird should be seene, it would appeare like a Cuckoe at Christmas, or like the Oule which is the admiration of other birds. I will onely now shew thee the causes pro­ducing this last worke, and the use thereof, and so leave it to thy discreet iudgement. The causes are manifold, first to stoppe the springing of that Abortiue forespoken off, that so it might not thrive to the discredit of its parent. Secondly that the gratuity and thankefulnesse to my Vn­kle aforesaid might not be buried in oblivion, for tritum est perire quod facis ingrato. Thirdly, for the benefit as I said of the simplest capacitie. [Page]And finally for the zeale I beare to mine owne country, being willing and desirous, that not one­ly men, but even women, should exercise them­selves in the study of the sacred artes.

If any shall demande what benefit shall re­downd hereby, or what may be the use hereof? I answere, it will availe greatly, not onely for ci­vill and morall discourse, but also for the over­throwing of all errors, either in manners or do­ctrine, for saith Ovid,

Adde quod ingenuas didicisse fideliter artes emollit mores nec sinet esse feros.

But may some say, I live privatly, converse not in the world, what neede have I of this science? It seemeth to consist chiefly in disputing, but I imploy my selfe most in silence and meditation. Well friend, thou mayest have great benefit by this science, even in that likewise, an example of which, word for word, I have here produced out of Mr. Egertons treaty aforesaid, that so thou mightest know how to benefit thy selfe by this science even in thy meditation.

What thing is this O my soule, that doth so besot thee? or what manner of thing may it bee, wherewith thou art so delighted, or rather bewitched, and how doth the Holy Ghost in the scriptures define it, and set it forth? who are sinners, but they that rebell against God, and against his holy will, revealed in his word?Definition. and what other thing is sinne, but a breach & trans­gression [Page]of the law of God, 1 Iohn. 3.4. a tur­ning out of the way of life, as the phrase of the old Testament doth import, and a swerving from the right marke and end, as the word useth in the new testament to signifie: viz. the glory of God and thine owne salvation. This cursed thing called sinne, is not of one sort or kind; it is is a monster of many heads, and (as it were) a beast of many hornes. It is both originall, bred and borne with us, and actuall springing out of us from that venomous root of our originall cor­ruption. Againe, it is either inward lurking and boyling in the heart; or outward shewing it selfe in the life and conversation: sometimes it onely inhabiteth and dwelleth in us, and oft times it doth raigne and overrule us; sometimes it is but an error and infirmity, and sometimes it is a willfull and presumtuous evill, Psal. 19.11, 12. sometimes it is pardonable, by the free grace and mercy of God to them that truely be­leeve and repent; and sometimes it is utterly unpardonable and never to be forgiven, being such that it is impossible that the committers thereof should be renewed by repentance, Matth. 12. Heb. 6. Sometimes it rusheth mediately and directly against God, and sometimes it reacheth more properly to the hurt of our neighbour. But who is able to reckon up all the branches of this most bitter and venomous tree, wherefore (to [Page]looke more nearely unto it) whence proceedeth this deadly poyson,Cause Efici­ent. what may be the cause where­of it commeth, and the fountaine from whence it springeth? Surely my soule, it is even thy selfe: thou art the roote that bringeth forth all this bitternesse, thou art the fountaine from whence all this deadly venome doth arise. For every man is tempted to sinne, and hee is drawne away of his owne concupisence, and enticed. Beware therefore O rebellius soule, that thou lay not the blame upon the Lord, neither make him the au­thor of thy sinne: for thou O God as thou canst not be tempted to evill thy selfe, so thou temptest no man to commit sinne, being a thing which thou so straitly forbiddest to all, and so severely threatnest in whomsoever it is found, and for which thou so grieveously plaguest the wicked, and so sharpely correctest thine owne children, Iam. 1.13, 14. Heb 12.7, 8. Thou O Lord art holinesse it selfe and the fountaine thereof, and there is none eternally, and unchangably good but thee alone, Mat. 19. Thou madest man good at the beginning, but he sought many inventions Eccles. 12. so all the imaginations & thoughts f his heart be came onely evill continually, or e­very day, sabboth and all, Gen. 6.5. True it is in­deed, that the Divell that old Dragon using the subtle serpent for his instrument, did offer the first occasion of sinning, wherby he became an ex­ternall [Page]cause of sinne, and is called a murtherer from the beginning, and the author and father of all deceit, Iohn 8.44. yet man had power to have resisted him if he would, which he not doing, be­came the true & proper efficient cause of corrup­ting himself, & all his posterity, who likewise by meanes of the poyson derived from his loynes, became also the proper and immediate causes of their own sinnes. Marke well then (O my soule) the roote of this evill, and further consider, what unsavory & cursed fruit it bringeth forth; sure­ly even such as it selfe is,The fi­nall Cause, or the end or fruit of sinne. for such as the tree is, such are the fruites: as is the roote, so are the branches; a poysoned fountaine casteth forth no wholesome streames, Iam. 3. and who can bring (as the wiseman saith) a cleane thing out of fil­thinesse? surely there is not one, but onely hee who is holinesse it selfe, Iohn 14.4. And with­out all controversie, the reward and wages of sin is death, and that not onely temporall and bodi­ly, which is a separation of the body from the soule for a season, but also spirituall and eter­nall both of soule and body for ever and ever. Is any good thing withheld from us? let us thanke our sin for it: is any plague or punishment laid up­on us? be sure that sinne is the cause, or at the least (even in the dearest children of God) the occasion of it. Is any good blessing of God made of no force, or even turned to a curse to us? wee [Page]may be sure that it is by reason of our sin: for (as the Prophet saith) the Lords hand is not short­ned that it cannot save, nor his eare heavie that it cannot heare, but our iniquities seperate betwixt us and our God, and our sinnes doe hide his face from us that he will not heare, Esay 59.1, 2. Fi­nally (as Iob saith) miserie springeth not forth out of the dust, neither doth affliction spring out of the earth, but man is borne to labour as the sparkles fly upward, Iob 5.6, 7. As if he should say, man is as prone by nature to sinne against God, & consequently to pull Gods iudge­ments upon him selfe, as the fire (which is a light element) is naturally prone to ascend and mount aloft. And to the end that thou (my soule) maist see upon what an ugly monster thou hast set thy delight, dost dote upon,The o [...] posites & contraries and art bewitched withall, consider how faire and amiable pietie and vertue are, for as they make a man lovely and honorable, so sinne maketh him loath some and contemptible: The feare of God (saith Sa­lomon) makes the face of a man to shine and be beautiful, but impiety and prophanesse do de­face and disfigure the image of God in him, and cause both God and all good men to loath and de­test him as a polluted and filthy thing, Favour (saith the same Wise-man) is deceitfull, and beauty is vanity, but the woman that feareth the Lord, shee shall be praysed, Prov. 31.39. A [Page] vile person is contemned (that is, a prophane man and basely esteemed how great soever he be in the world) in the eyes of him that feareth God, Psal. 15.4. And pietie is the onely beau­ty that the Lord himselfe is delighted with, 1 Pet. 3.4. Therefore it is cleare in the contrary part, that hee loatheth and abhorreth impietie and sinne,Com­pari­sons. and yet my soule to bring thee further out of love with this most ugly monster, consider whereunto it is like and to what it may be compared. It is like (saith E­say) to filthy raggs, that are cast aside upon the dunghill, and detested of al the passers by. It bi­teth as a serpent and stingeth as a Coccatrice, creepeth as a gangrene or deadly canker, that eateth to the heart and cannot bee cured; and though it seeme sweete in the beginning, yet it is most bitter in the end, and that which relisheth like hony in the mouth, will prove ranke poyson in the bowels.Testi­monies Finally O my soule if thou peruse the holy Scriptures, thou shalt find no booke, no leafe, no chapter, no scarce any verse, wherein there is not some precept, some prohibition, some promise, some threatning, or some example which seemeth not very fitly & profitably to shew forth the amiablenesse of vertue, and the uglinesse of sinne, & with what care, zeale, watchfulnesse, &c, the one is to be shunned, and the other to bee imbraced. Thus farre Mr. Egerton, Lib. [...]. Cap. 6.

Now that thou maist attaine kind reader unto this sweete delight of meditation, or to the top of whatsoever felicity thou aymest at by this art, use my booke in this manner follow­ing.

It consisting onely of rules and examples, will bee no great burthen for thee to commit it all to memorie, and so whether thou meditatest or dis­coursest, of sinne or piety in the generall, or any vice or vertue in the particular, thou shalt finde from the head of this arte after the example foreshewed, abundance of matter to furnish thy meditation. So cum pacis sapientibus I com­mit my labour to thy discreete and favourable construction, and with equall respect to all indif­ferently rest.

R. F. Junior.

PETER RAMVS to the reader wisheth health.

ARchymedes (O Reader) would have the reason of the spheares and clymates (in which invention he had more vehement­ly laboured) ingraven upon his sepulchre. And truely shouldest thou aske me of my vigils, and studies, I desire a piller to be raysed up­on my grave from the instructions, of the art of Logicke. Touching the cause of the wish, they answer first to the accuratnes of the art, the bookes of invention of arguments, and their disposition to be iudged, not onely from Aristotle Organicall, Rhetoricall, Physicall, but from Cicero and Quintilian, and so many Orators. In all which wee have strived with all studie & diligence, by all reasonable wayes, to contract them briefly into these two books, that no particle, or the least shadow of Lo­gicke might be there confused, whose truth might not bee expresly delivered. And this shall be first made knowne touching Archy­medes his probleme. They answer secondly to the use of Logicke, the elegance and dig­nity of all the parts to be explicated, to stirre [Page]up logicall meditations, as well the popular phrases of Poets, Orators, Historiographers, as also the liberall and ingenuous ar [...]es of a new body deliuered in a new forme to the studious, adorned with excellent indow­ments: and least any should feare least they should happen to be strangers, they are given and committed to the liberall custodies of their School [...]s. This shall be secondly made knowne touching Archymedes his probleme. These therefore shall be witnesse of so many daies & night watches, touching the truth & vtility of Logicke, and shall answer for the cause of our wish, shall also admonish thee (reader) as I hope of I know not what mad­nesse is in most academies of Europe, dispu­ting of their sophisticall precepts, how that they are farre unlike both to the verity and vtility of Logicke, and shall also inflame thee to the study of the more true & profitable fa­culties. But beside this there is obiected a great company, extructed with theatricall reproches, threatning paines of tribu­nall iudgement, condemnation at the least of filthy ignorance and calumny, will thrust us from the whole kingdome of Philosophy as strange & unheard of prescription, both with hands and tongue, whether will they forbid the small cause of our wish? what freedome [Page]was obtained by King Henry from the envy of so mad a Iudge; to the more solide iudge­ment of a milder censurer? what afterward, (when this Logical ardor had set foot into the cause of religion) was a more great offence, the life and health of us being aimed at by those three civill warres? will these shew no cause of our wish? yea rather they doe ad­monish, That we give great thankes to the almighty, who hath ayded and protected the course of our studyes hitherto, neither would suffer them by any meanes to be interrupted. Therefore I witnesse that this light of Logick will availe greatly to the studious in setting forth the truth, as also to adorne the ingenuous artes, as cheifly theillustrating the heavenly misteries of the sacred Doctrine: I pray that it may grow up more and more to these things, and and that this booke may be happily concluded to the glo­ry of GOD.

A TABLE OF THE Chapters in the two books of Peter Ramus his Dialectica.

In the first booke.
  • 1. The definition of Dialectica.
  • 2. The parts and kindes of arguments.
  • 3. The Efficient procreant & conservant Cause.
  • 4. The Efficient alone and with others.
  • 5. The Efficient by himselfe or an Accident.
  • 6. The Matter. 7. The Forme. 8. The End.
  • 9. The Effects. 10. The Subiect.
  • 11. The Adiunct. 12. Diverses. 13. Desperates.
  • 14. Relates. 15. Adverses. 16. Contradicents.
  • 17. Privants. 18. Equalls. 19. Greaters.
  • 20. Lessers. 21. Likes. 22. Dislikes.
  • 23. Conjugates. 24. Notation. 25. Distribution.
  • 26. Distribution of the Causes.
  • 27. Distribution of the Effects whether of Kind or Spece.
  • 28. The Distribution from the Subiects.
  • 29. The Distribution from the Adiunct.
  • 30. Definition. 31. Description.
  • 32. Testimony Divine.
  • [Page]33. Testimonies humane of Lawes & Sentences
In the second booke.
  • 1. Of Iudgement.
  • 2. Axiomas affirming or denying.
  • 3. True and False.
  • 4. The simple Axioma.
  • 5. The copulate Axioma.
  • 6. The connexed Axioma.
  • 7. The Discreete Axioma.
  • 8. The Disiunct Axioma.
  • 9. The Sillogisme and his parts.
  • 10. The simple and contracted sillogisme.
  • 11. The first kind of the simple explicates Sillo­gisme.
  • 12. The simple explicate Sillogisme.
  • 13. The first connexed Sillogisme.
  • 14. The second connexed Sillogisme.
  • 15. The first disiunct Sillogisme.
  • 16. The second disiunct Sillogisme.
  • 17. The onely method according to Aristotle.
  • 18. The first illustration of Method by exam­ples of artes.
  • 19. The second example of Poets, Orators, and Historiographers.
  • 20. The secrets of Method.
FINIS.

THE FIRST BOOKE OF PETER RAMVS HIS DIALECTICA of Invention.

CAP. 1. What Dialectica is.

Q. What is Dialectica?

A. Dialectica is the art of disputing well, and in that sence is called Logicke.

CAP. 2. The parts of Dialectica and kinds of Arguments.

Q. How many ports hath Dialectica?

A. Dialectica hath two parts, Invention and Iudgement.

Q. What is Invention?

A. Invention is a part of Dialectica of inven­ting Arguments.

Q. What is an Argument?

A. An Argument is that which is affected to argue any thing: such as are all reasons con­sidered a part and by themselves.

Q. What be the Kindes?

A. Artificiall and Inartificiall.

Q. What is an Artificiall Argument?

A. That which argueth of it selfe.

Q. What be the Kindes?

A First, or derived from the First.

Q. What is First?

A. First is that which is of its own original.

Q. What be the Kindes?

A. Simple or Comparative.

Q. What is Simple?

A. Simple is that which is considered sim­ply and absolutely.

Q. What bee the Kindes?

A. Agreeing or disagreeing.

Q. What is Agreeing?

A. That which agreeth with the thing which it argueth.

Q. What be the Kindes?

A. Agreeing absolutely or after a certaine manner.

Q. What is agreeing absolutely?

A. The Cause and Effect.

CAP. 3. The Efficient, Procreant, and Conser­vant Cause.

Q. What is the Cause?

A. The cause is that by whose force the thing is.

Q. What is the Profit of it?

A. This first place of invention is the foun­taine of all knowledge: and hee is beleeved to know, of whom the cause is held.

As the Poet saith worthily:

The man sure happy is who cause of things doth know.

Q. How is the Cause divided?

A. Into two kindes, Efficient and Matter, or forme and end.

Q. What is the Efficient Cause?

A. The Efficient Cause is that from which the thing is.

Q. How many Kindes hath it?

A. There appeareth to us no true Kindes, yet the great plenty of it is distinguished by cer­taine meanes.

Q. What is that which effecteth by the first meanes?

A. That which procreateth or defendeth.

Q. Give me an example out of some Poet?

A. Ovid first, remedio amoris.

Therfore whē thou shalt look in this our medsonal Art
My admonition doe, set Idlenes apart.
This causeth thee to love, this doth defend it still,
This is the cause of Ioy, as meat somtimes breeds ill
Take lastly sloath away, God Cupids bow is lost,
His torches lose their light, cōtemd away the'r tost.

Q. Give me a more familiar example?

A. The Father and Mother procreate, the Nurse defendeth.

Q. Give an example of this out of some Poet?

A. 4. Aeneid.

Th'art no Gods Child, ne Dardanus his son,
Thou rather from the steep hard rocks didst come.
Of Caucasus: it seemeth of that breed,
Hyrcanian Tygars thee with breasts did feed.
Aeglog. 8.
Now what this whorson love is I well wot,
It is a little busie boy begot.
Not of mans seed ne sibb to one of us,
But farthest Garamants and Ismarus.
Or rockie Rhodope as it should seeme,
In their rough ragged hills ingendred him.

Q. Doe not builders and governours of Cities come under this head?

A. Yes Romulus the builder of the City of Rome, also all other Kings, Consulls, and Em­perors are defenders and keepers.

CAP. 4. The Efficient done and with others.

Q. What is that which effecteth by the second meanes?

A. That which effecteth alone or with o­thers.

Q. What are those others?

A. Some oftentimes are Principall, others are helping and Ministers.

Q. Give an example of the Cause that effe­cteth by it selfe?

A. Aneid. 6. Nisus calleth backe both the blame & the punishment of the Slaughter from Enryalus upon himselfe: because he was the on­ly author.

Lo here I am who only did this deed,
Latians, against me turne your swords with speed;
Tw'as my deceit: He could it never doe,
Ne would his courage serve him thereunto.

Q. Give an example of the solitary Cause with Principalls and Fellowes out of some Orator?

A. The Solitary cause with many both Prin­cipalls and Fellowes, is diversly set forth pro Marcello. For the warlike prayses (saith the Orator) they are wont to extenuate truely by words, and to detract them from their leaders, to communicate them with many; least they should bee proper to their Commanders: and certainely in warre, the strength of the Soul­diers, opportunity of places, helpe of fellowes, ranks, provision do much availe. But Fortune (as it were) by her own right, challengeth the cheifest part to her selfe, and whasoever is pro­sperously carried, that altogether she leadeth. But yet of this glory (ô Caesar) which a little before thou didest obtaine, thou hast no compa­nion: all that, how much soever it is, (which truely is the cheifest) all (I say) is thine. The centurion, president, Rankes and companies have taken from thee none of this prayse: Yea [Page 6]even the Lady of humane affaires, Fortune of­fereth not her self into the society of this glory, to thee she giveth place, and confesseth it all and wholly to be thine.

Q. Are not Instruments numbred among hel­ping Causes?

A. Yes.

Q. Give an example of it?

A. By this Argument the impious Epicure disputeth that the world was never made. Pri­mo de Nat. For by what eyes of the minde (saith hee) could your Plato behold the frame of so great a worke, wherby hee maketh it constru­cted and builded of God? what labour? what iron Ingens? what Lever? what devises? what Ministers were there of so great a worke?

CAP. 5. The Efficient by it selfe or an Accident

Q. What is that which effecteth by the third meanes?

A. That which effecteth by it self or an Ac­cident.

Q. How effecteth it by it selfe?

A. When it effecteth by its owne faculty.

Q. How effecteth it by its owne facultie?

A. When it effecteth by nature or counsell.

Q. Give an example of that which effecteth by Nature?

A. The Efficient of the windes is Naturall.

Aeneid. 1.

The East and South windes on the Sea doe blow,
They rush through deep, till on the top they show.
The affrick oft with these his blasts conioynes,
And so the floods are cast up by the windes.

Q. Give some example of that which effecteth by Councell?

A. That confession of Cicero, touching him­selfe, is an example of Councell. The warre ta­ken in hand (ô Caesar) waged also for the most part, not constrained by any of my Iudgement and will, I came forth to those warres which were undertaken against thee.

Q. How doth the Efficient Cause effect by an Accident?

A. When it effecteth by an external faculty.

Q. How doth it effect by an externall faculty?

A. When it is done by Necessity or Fortune.

Q. How by Necessity?

A. When as the Efficient is constrained to to the Effect.

Q. Give an example of this?

A. There is one in the excuse of the Pompe­ians. But to me truly (saith the Orator) if there may be sought out a proper and true name of our evill, it doth seeme that we are falne into a certaine fatall calamity, that hath occupied the vnprovident mindes of men; that none should wonder how humane Councell is ouercome by Divine Necessity.

Q. How by Fortune?

A. When somewhat happened beyond the scope of the Efficient.

Q. Give an example?

A. So the case chanced (saith Tullius tertio de Nat: deo:) That Pherius the enemy was pro­fitable to Iason, who opened his impostume with his sword; which the Physitians could by no meanes heale.

Q May not imprudence bee numbred amongst these kinde of Causes?

A. Yes.

Q. Give an example?

A. Ovid. de Trist. 2.

Why hurtfull light or ought else did I see?
The fault way mine and not unknowne to mee.
Wise Acteon Diana Naked saw,
And food became to's Doggs devouring maw.
Blind fortune mongst the Gods is surely blamed,
Ne pardon gets, the Gods shee hath so harmed.

Q. Doe not Deprecations then proceed from hence?

A. Yes.

Q. Give an example?

A. Pro P. L. Pardon ô Father: he hath er­red: he is slipped: he thought not: if ever hereafter. And a little after I have erred: I have done rashly: it repenteth me: I flie to thy clemency: I aske pardon for mine offence: I intreat thee that thou wilt pardon me.

Q. What first caused the name of Fortune.

A. The ignorance of the Causes hath feig­ned this name: for when as something happen­ned beyond Councell and Hope, it was called [Page 9]by the common people Fortune.

Q. What is Iuvenals opinion of it?

A. Wise if we were no God should want but For­tune: We place thee high and often thee importune.

CAP. 6. The Matter.

Q. What is the Matter?

A. The Matter is the cause of which the thing is.

Q. Give an example out of some Poet?

A. By this feigned Argument, the house of the Sunne is compounded of gold, carbunkles, Yvory and Silver. Ovid 2. Mettamorf.

The Suns high place was built with pillars tall,
The gold did shine Carbunkles flames let fall,
The top thereof was layd with Yvory neate,
And silver dores in portall shined feate.
Aeglog. 3.
A merrie Musor fram'd of beech in tree,
Caru'd worke, by hand of divine Alcimeden,
'Tis round impaled with a scattering trayle,
Of tender Vine, and over all betweene,
A pale greene Ivy, wherewith as a vale,
The thick diffussed clusters shaded beene.

Q. Give an example out of some Orator?

A. Caesar 1. Bel. Civil: Caesar cōmanded his sol­diers to make ships of that kind, which in for­mer yeares the use of the Brittaines had taught him: first they made the keyle and pinns of light [Page 10]matter, the rest of the body of the ship being knit together with Osiers, was covered over with Leather.

CAP. 7. The Forme.

Q. The first kind of the cause, in the Efficient and Matter being expounded; the second follow­eth, in the forme and the end; what therefore is the forme?

A. The forme is the Cause by which the thing is that which it is.

Q. What is the benefit of it?

A. From hence the thing is distinguished from all other things, and the Forme is ingene­rated together with the thing it selfe.

Q. Give some example of it?

A. A reasonable soule is the forme of a man, because by it a man is a man, and is distingui­shed from all other creatures thereby. The form of the geometricall figures is in triangles and quadrangles. Heaven, Earth, Trees, Fishes are the forme of Physicall things. From whence the cheife explication of things, as it is by na­ture, so (if it may be found out) it shall be as in artificiall things it is more easily met withall.

Q. Give example out of some Orator?

A. Caesar lib. 7. But all the French walls are almost of this Forme, the beames long and playne, with equall distance betweene them a­bout [Page 11]two foote, are placed upon the foundati­on. These are bound within and fastened very strongly: for those spaces (of which we spake) are filled up to the top with great stones. These placed and knit together, an other rowe is al­so added▪ that the same might keepe the spaces: neither doe the beames touch one another, but being distant by equall spaces, all of them are strongly fastened great stones being placed be­tweene them. And even so is the whole work knit together untill the iust height of the wall he fulfilled. This worke therefore is not defor­med, as well for the comelinesse and variety, beames and stones being by courses which keepe their rowes in right loynes, as, because it hath the cheife strength for profit and de­fence of Citties, because it doth defend both from the mischeife of stones, and the materiall ram, which with its forty feet, being oft bound to the long beames inward, can neither be bro­ken or drawne backe againe.

Q. Give an example out of some Poet?

A. Aeneid. 1. Virgill describeth the forme of his port.

Betweene two seas two Islandes there doth lie;
Sidewayes they'r made, the water runns fast by.
Huge double Rocks that doe reach up to heaven,
Vnder the which the seas lie still and calme:
And by the that place green woods there are grow­ing
Forth from the same comes great blacke darknes flowing
Vnder which rock a dens made very fleet,
Wherein's rich living stones and waters sweet.
Houses for Nimphs & chaines for ships there laid
Which would not by the Ancor or the chaines bee staid

CAP. 8. The End.

Q. What is the end?

A. The End is the Cause for whose sake the thing is.

Q. Give example?

A. To Physicall things the proposed end is man to man, God. There is some cheife good and last end of all artes: as to speake well, of Grammer: to plead well, of Rethoricke: to di­spute well, of Logicke.

Q. Give example out of some Poet?

A. Aeneid. 1. Iuno assumeth the end of Ma­riage when as she promiseth Deiopeia to Eolus to wit for solace and childrens sake.

Nimphs full fourteene I have of bodies rare
But who so is most beautifull and faire,
Even Deiopeia I to thee doe give
Her yeare in Mariage state with thee to live,
Thee to reward for thy love unto me,
And cause thine of spring beautifull to bee.

Q. Give an example out of some Orator?

A. Cicero pro Lig. Vrgeth Tubero his accu­ser, when as he presseth the end of the wars ta­ken up against Caesar. And truely (saith he) he is come forth armed against Caesar himselfe. [Page 13]But what did this Tubero his sword doe in the Pharsalian Armie? whose sides did the sharpe point ayme at? who was to feele the force of thy weapon? where was thy minde, eyes, hands, courage? what didst thou desire? what didst thou wish?

CAP. 9. The Effects.

Q. What is the Effect?

A. The Effect is that which ariseth from the causes, whether begotten or corrupted, or whether any thing be moved by any meanes. Here the motion, & the thing done by motion, is called the Effect. Of this place are prayses & disprayses, of which sacred & Prophane books are full.

Q. Give example of this out of some Poet?

A. Aeneid. 6. The facts of diverse people are compared to the praises of the Romans.

Some finely carve upon the boyling brasse,
They'l on the marble grave a living face,
They wish the causes better, they'l descry
Heavens shining parts, and tell the stars ith sky,
Remember thou Romes people brave to rule,
These things shall be thine art, peace to impose,
To spare thy subiects, and subdue proud foes.

Q. What else commeth under this head?

A. Hitherto are speeches and writings referd

Q. Give an example?

A. Pericles and Hortentius did celebrate the praise of pleading well: and by the same argu­ment also Demosthenes & Cicero writing wel.

Q. What further?

A. To this place are referred councells and deliberations, although not brought to their end.

Q. Give an example?

A. Per [...]menio and Phylotus were beaten to death, because they were suspected to be of the conspiracy against Alexander, as Curtius and Arianus have remembred touching Lentulus, Cethegus and others, the complices of Cateline, they suffered punishment by iudgement of the Senate.

Q. Have not vertues and vices their Effects also?

A. Yes.

Q. Give an example.

A. Horace after this manner describeth the Effects of drunkennesse.

Secrets it shews, and hope it doth command,
Vnto the wars it drives, although unarmd,
It takes the burden from the carefull man,
It teacheth art to all that will or can,
Who ere was drunke that wanted Eloquence?
Was any poore that used this defence?

CAP. 10. The Subiect.

Q. The argument agreeing after a certaine [Page 15]manner succeedeth, what is that then?

A. The Subiect and Adiunct.

Q. What is the Subiect?

A. The Subiect is that to which any thing is adioined.

Q. Make this playner by examples?

A. The minde is the Subiect of science, ig­norance, vertue, vice, because these happen be­side the being. The body, of health, sicknesse, strength, weaknesse, beauty, deformity. Man is the Subiect of riches, poverty, honour, infa­my, apparrell, company. The place is the Sub­iect of the thing placed.

Q. how prove you this last by testimony and example?

The Phylosophers attribute a place to divine beings, although wanting part and greatnesse. So the place of Geometry and the difference of places is in Geometrical things: so of physicke, it is more diligently considered in physicall things: In the world, in simple elements, in compound things.

Q. Give example out of sonte Poet.

A. So Virgill in his Georgicks admonisheth that the place bee diligently sought out for things proposed: as come, trees, plants, pa­stures.

Before we passe into a sea unknowne,
Know we the wind and various maner of heaven,
Our native soyle and every habitation,
What will refuse or grow in any nation:
Some beareth corn, th'other with grapes doth passe
Some with tall trees, the rest with unsowne grasse.

Q. Proceed further in explicating the subiect?

A. The subiects of sences are called sensi­bles; of vertues or vices things proposed to vertues or vices.

Q. Give an example of the former?

A. Colour is the subiect of the sight, sound of the hearing; because these senses are occupi­ed and exercised in the sensibles.

Q. Give an example of the latter?

A. Vertues and vices are set forth in mor­rall philosophy by this argument, temperance and intemperance by pleasure: magnanimity and sloth, by danger: liberality, and covetousnes, by riches.

Q. Explicate the subiect further?

A. So things numerable of arithmeticke: measurable (as I may say) are the subiects of geometry.

Q. Give example of the subiect out of some O­rator?

A. By the same subiect (Cicero (second A­gra) disputeth that there was no contention a­mongst the people of Campania, because there was no honour. They are not carried (saith he) with the desire of glory: because where there is no publike honour, there the desire of glory cannot be. There is no discord, neither by con­tention nor ambition: for there is nothing for which they should strive, nothing for which [Page 17]they should warre, nothing for which they should contend.

Q. Give example out of some Poet?

Propertius useth this argument.
Of windes the Saylors talke, the Husbandmen of Bulls
The Soldiers of their wounds, and shepheards of their woolls

CAP. 11. The Adiunct.

Q. What is the Adiunct?

A. The Adiunct is that to which any thing is subiected: which argument though it be ligh­ter then the subiect, yet more copious and fre­quent: therefore of its signes Ovid speaketh Se­cond: Rem: Anno.

Some man (for such there be) may count this small
Yet that helpes some which doth not profit all.

Q. Make this playner?

A. Those things which are called good and evill of the minde, body, and the whole man, are the adiuncts of the minde, body, man: also whatsoever happeneth without the subiect is the Adiunct.

Q. May not time also be reduced unto this head?

A. Yes, as place was in the subiect, so is time in the Adiunct, viz. the induring of things past, present, to come.

Q. What further is comprised under this head?

A. All those quallities beside the causes, ad­ioyned to the subiect, whether they be propet or common.

Q. What it Proper?

A. That which agreeth onely and wholly with the subiect, as laughing with a man, ney­ing with a horse, barking with a dogg.

Q. What is common?

A. That which is not proper after this manner.

Q. Give example of the Adiunct out of some Orator.

A. By this kind of argument, Cicero in the defence of Roscius the Comedian, cavelleth with Fanius Chereus. Doth not his head and eye-brewes, altogether bald, seeme to favour of malice, and cry out of deceit, doth he not seem to be compounded from the foote to the head, (if a man may coniecture by his shape) of frauds fallacies, lyes? Who therefore is altogether bald on the head and eyebrewes, least he should be said to have one haire of a good man.

Q. Give example out of some Poet?

A. So Martiall lib. 2. mocketh Zoylus.

Red haire, black mouth, short feet and ilke squint eyes
'Tis marvell Zoylus if goodnes in thee lies.

Q. What further may be reduced under this head?

A. Garments and company are Adiuncts.

Q. Give example?

A. By this kind of circumstance, Dido going a hunting is magnificently set forth, Aeneid: 4.

The morne appeard, Dido forsooke the sea,
The day stir up, toth heaven youth guides the way
Both nets & gins with picke stanes all were reddy
Messalian horse with hunting dogs so greedy
Princes did waite, the slow queene did expect.
With faire clad horse, her way for to direct,
Forth commeth shee at length with mighty traine
In her long robe with many a long seame,
Her horse down trapt, with gold her hair was trest
Her robes with goldē books, together did she wrest.

Q. What is the benefit of Adiuncts?

A. There is great use of Adiuncts to the sub­iects by which they are occupied.

Q. Give example?

A. By this argument Plato foretold those cities to be miserable, where the multitude of Physitians and Iudges were wanting: because, of necessity, there was conversant in those ci­tyes, both intemperance, and iniustice.

And thus much for the place of agreeings, from whence every agreeing argument may be said to be one or the same: and all manner of v­nity and (as I may say) identity are referred hi­ther as the first and simple fountaines.

CAP. 12. Diverses.

Q. You have expounded the first agreeing ar­gument: the disagreeing followeth, what then is disagreeing?

A. That which disagreeth from the thing.

Q. How are disagreeings manifested?

A. Disagreeings are equally manifested a­mongst themselves, and equally argued one of another, although they doe more clearely shine in their Disagreeings.

Q. What are the kindes of disagreeings?

A. Two, Diverse and Opposite.

Q. What are Diverses?

A. Diverses are disagreeings which disagree onely in reason.

Q. What are the most frequent notes of speech for this Argument?

A. These. Not this, but that; although, yet.

Q. Give example from some Orator?

A. Pro Pempeio. He carried not the victo­rie, but the ensignes of the victory.

Q. Give some other examples?

A. Ovid secund: Art: Amand:

Vlisses was nos faire but Eloquent.

Aeneid: 2.

This Triamus though held in dust of death Yetseased not.

Also this of the like matter, Pro Lig: callest thou that wicked (ô Tub [...]ro) why, he hath not hitherto deserved this name. For some called error, some feare, that which more hardly, hope, desire, hatred, pertinacy▪ the most grave temerity, none wicked besides thy selfe.

CAP. 13. Desperates

Q. What are Opposites?

A. Opposites are disagreeings, which disa­gree in reason and thing; therefore cannot bee attributed to the same, according to the same, to the same, and at the same time.

Q. Make this plaine by example.

A. So Socrates cannot be blacke and white of one and the same part. Father and sonne of the same man; whole and sick at the same time; but he may be white on the one part, blacke on another; Father of this, sonne of that man; sound to day, sick to morrow.

Q. It should seeme by this, that the one being affirmed the other is denied?

A. So it is.

Q. What are the kindes of Opposites?

A. Disparates or contraries.

Q. What are Disparates?

A. Disparates are opposites whereof one is opposed equally to many.

Q. Give example?

A. Greene, Ashcolor, Red, are meanes be­tweene white and black, which are Disparates, both with the extreames & among themselves. So liberality and covetousnesse are disparates a­mong themselves. So a man a tree, a stone and infinite of this kinde are Disparates; neither can one thing be, a man, a tree, a stone.

Q. Give example out of some Poet?

A. Virgill: Aeneid: 1. disputeth by this Ar­gument.

O virgin how shall I remember thee
Whose countenance not mortall seemes to bee:
Thy voice is sure aboue the humane reach
Both which thee Goddes proves and so doe teach.

Cap. 14. Relates.

Q. What are contraries?

A. Contraries are Opposites whereof one is opposed to one only.

Q What are the kindes of it?

A. They are either affirming or denying.

Q. What is affirming?

A. Affirming is that of which both of them affirme.

Q. How many kindes hath it?

A. Two, Relates and Adverses.

Q. What are Relates?

A. Relates are Contraries, affirming of which one consisteth of the mutuall affection of the other: and from hence they are named Relates.

Q. Make this plaine by example?

A. The Father, who hath a sonne, and the sonne who hath a Father, are relates.

Q. They may seeme by this to bee together by nature?

A. So they are, so that he which perfectly knoweth the one, knoweth also the rest.

Q. Give some examples of Relates?

A. Pro Marc. By which thou truely un­derstandest how much praise there is for the benefit given, when as for the receiving, is so much glory, Marc: against Sosib.

Sosibian, thou yeeld'st thou wast borne thrall When flattering thou thy Father Lord dost call.

So Quint. lib. 5. cap. 10. If it be honest to place himselfe at Rhoades, and to lodge at Hir­maereon. After which manner Tullius, in the perfect oration. It is therfore dangerous (saith he) least any should thinke it dishonestie, to teach that in the great and glorious Art to o­thers, which it was honestie for him to learne.

Q. Doth not earnest affection sometimes flow from these Relates?

A. Yes.

Q. Give example out of some Orator?

A. Cicero in his oration hath brought forth a certaine earnest affection from these Relates. Now these are grave (saith he) wife of the Sonne in law, step-mother of the Sonne, and baude of the daughter.

Q. Give example out of some Poet?

A. All this Ovid hath affected manifestly in his description of the Iron age, Met. 1.

Ne doth the guest safe in his Inne remaine
His host him troubles who doth him retaine,
Sisters ene from their brethren are not free
The husband longs the death of's wife to see
She hateth him and gainst him doth conspire
The Cursed stepdam's alwayes in an ire.
The Sonne before his time doth's fathers yeares in quire

Q. But the argument of such relations hath nothing contrary: yea it rather argueth mutuall causes: as, thou art my Father, I therefore am thy sonne, how then appeareth the Contraries?

A. When I say I am thy father, I am not therefore thy Son, then are the contraries true.

CAP. 15. Adverses.

Q. What are adverses?

A. Adverses are Contraries affirming, which are perpetually adverse among them­selves.

Q. Give example out of some Poet?

A. Aneid: 11. No health in warre, we all desire peace?

Q. Give further example.

A. White and blacke, hot and cold, ver­tue and vice, are opposed.

Q. Give example out of some Orator?

A. Parad. 1. Cont. Epe. Yet they doe hold strongly and defend accurately, that pleasure is the cheife good: which to me truely doth seeme to be the voyce of beasts, not of men; when­as whether God, or nature (as I may say) the mother of all things hath given thee a soule, then which nothing is more excellent, nothing more divine; dost thou so cast, and throw down thy selfe, as that thou thinkest there is no diffe­rence [Page 25]betwixt thee and the foure footed beasts.

Q. Wherein consists the force of this example?

A. Cicero hath opposed beasts and men, Ad­verses: pleasure is the good of beasts, and there­fore of men.

Q. Give another example out of some Poet?

A. So liberty and servitude in Tib. lib. 2. So servitude I see prepared for me, Yet parents freedome would farre better be.

Q. Give example out of an Orator?

A. Pro Marcell. For temerity is never ioyned with wisdome, neither is chance admit­ted to councell.

CAP. 16. Contradicents

Q. Having spoken of contraries affirming, we are come to contraries denying, what are they then?

A. Contraries denying are such, of which one saith, the other denieth the same.

Q. What are the kindes?

A. They are Contradicents or Privants.

Q. What are Contradicents?

A. Contradicents are Contraries denying, of which one denyeth every where.

Q. Give example?

A. Iust; not iust, a creature, not acreature; it is, it is not: These are Contradicents.

Q. Give example out of some Orator?

A. Pro Murena. The sentences of Cato & Cicero are Contraries; this of the Stoicks, that man of the Academicks. The Dialogue is in these wordes. Thou hast knowne nothing, yea something, but not all things. Thou hast done nothing meerly for thanks, yet refuse not thanks when as thine office and trust requireth it. Be not moved with mercy in condemning. But yet there is some prayse of humanitie. Stand in thine owne opinion: except a better should o­vercome.

Q. Give example from some Poet?

A. Mart. lib. 2.

Th'art faire Fabulla, rich, and al's a maid,
Can you deny, tis truth that I have said?
But if thou boastest of thy selfe too much,
Th'art neither faire, a virgine, nor yet rich.

Q. give another example out of some Orator?

A. Cicero primo Tusc. Forceth Atticus the Epicure by this argument to confesse, that the dead were not miserable, if they were not at all; as the Epicures believe, I had rather (saith hee) thou shouldest feare Cerberus, then speak so inconsiderately. Atticus, why? Marcus, that that which thou deniest that thou saiest. Where is thy wit? For when as thou sayest he is mise­rable, thou then sayest, he is, which is not. Then after long disputation Atticus said, go to, now I grant that those which are dead are not mise­rable: because thou hast forced me to confesse, that they be not all, lest they should be misera­ble.

Q. Give another example?

A. Terrence in Ev. Phedria frameth his speech to Dorus, when as he had affirmed that which he denyed afterwards. After a manner (saith he) he saith, after a manner he denyeth.

CAP. 17. Privants.

Q. What are Privants?

A. Privants are contraries denying, of which one denieth in the same subiect onely, in which the affirmatiue (of its owne nature) is.

Q. What is the affirmative called?

A. The Habit.

Q. And what the negative?

A. Privation.

Q. Make this playner?

A. Motion and rest, drunkennesse and sobri­ety, are comprised under this head.

Q. Give example?

A. Mart. lib. 3.

Th'art drunken sure, sober thou would'st not do't,

Q. What may further be under this head?

A. To be blind, and to see.

Q. Give example.

A. Pro Celio. There is therefore one of this family, and he truely is greatly blinde: for hee shall take no griefe who shall not see her.

Q. What may further be under this head?

A. Povertie and riches are thus opposed.

Q. Give example?

A. Mart. lib. 5.

Poore shalt thou be Emilian if poore:
Wealths never given but to the rich before.

Q. What further?

A. Death and life.

Q. Give example?

A. Cont. Mil. Sit yee still O revengers of this mans death; whose life if you thought you could restore, would you?

Q. What further?

A. Silence and Speech.

Q. Give example?

A. Primo Cat. What expectest thou the au­thority of the speaker, whose silence thou be­holdest to be their pleasures?

Q. What more?

A. Mortality and Immortality.

Q. Give example?

A. Pro Maro. I grieue when as the com­mon wealth ought to be immortall, that it con­sisteth of one mortall life.

And this sufficeth to be spoken of Disagree­ing, from whence every thing may differ from another by certaine meanes.

CAP. 18. Equalls.

Q. Simple arguments were agreeings & dis­agreeings; we are now come unto Comparatives; [Page 29]what are Comparatives therefore?

A. Comparatives are those which are com­pared amongst themselves.

Q. How are they manifested?

A. Although they bee equally knowne by the nature of comparison, yet one to another is more knowne and illustrated then another: and oftentimes are iudged by shorter notes, some­times distinguished by fuller patts.

Q. What may these parts be cald?

A. They are named the Propositiō & Reditiō.

Q. May not comparatives also argue fictions?

A. Yes, Comparatives doe argue feigned things, and goe cause trust.

Q. What be the kindes of Comparisons?

A. Comparison, is in Quantity, or Quality.

Q. What is Quantity?

A. Quantity is that whereby is shewed how much the thing compared is.

Q. What be the kindes of Quantity?

A. Equalls or unequalls.

Q. What are Equalls.

A. Equalls are those of which there is one quantity.

Q. What is an Equall argument then?

A. An equall argument is, when an Equall is explicated by an Equall.

Q. What are the notes of it?

A. Euen, equal, like, the same, that, so much the more, how much the more, by so much, by how much, so much, how much, not more not lesse.

Q. Give example?

A. Aeneid. 2. Equall with light windes.

Aeneid. 3.

And mow't should grow in equall age with thee.

Aeneid 6.

Behold this thing Great Rome with earth is even
The spirit of man shall also equall heaven.

Q. What further is necessary to these equalls?

A. A proposition or Reddition doth distin­guish them.

Q. Give example out of some Orator?

A. Quart: Cat: Whose things done, and the vertues to the same, by which things one­ly the course is contained in its regions and bounds.

Q. Give example out of some Poet?

A. Aeneid. 4.

As well a bruiter of things false that be,
As messenger of truth and verity.
Cat.
By how much I am worst of poets all,
By so much thee men best of patrons call.

Ovid de Trist. 4.

As many shells on shore, as roses sweete.
As many sleeps as men, by popy seedes doe get.
As many beasts in woods, fish in the sea doe lie,
As many birds as in the ayrie heavens doe fly,
So many griefs me passe, their number should I tell
Icarian waters I must surely number well.

Q. Proceed to further examples?

A. Phil. 9. Neither had he more skill of the law then of iustice: therefore those things [Page 31]which the lawes had brought forth, chiefely the civill, he alwayes referred to ease and equi­ty: neither had hee rather approve actions of strife, then take away controversies.

Ovid de Art. Amand: 'Tis no lesse vertue for to keepe then get.

Pro Mur. I acknowledge this to be equall for Lucius Murena: and so equall, that neither hee shall bee overcome by dignity, neither by dignity shall overcome thee.

Phil. 2. Whose burthen being common, why not a common pray of them?

Ter in Adelph. When as I care not for thine, care not thou for mine.

Q. What may further be comprised under this head?

A. Of this place are those that follow de­rived truely from contraries, but treated of in the place of equals; as this of Mart. Sosibian thou yeeld'st, thou wast borne thrall, When flattering thou thy father lord dost call.

Ovid 1. Fast.

Ther's price in price, the Censors honors give;
He giveth friendship, poore alone doe live.

Q. But are they not more frequent from ad­verses?

A. Yes.

Q. Give example?

A. Cicero Syl. Neither doe I understand my selfe to have beene angry. But if I defend him whom thou accusest, why should I not be [Page 32]angry with thee, who accusest him whom I defend? hee saith I accuse mine owne enemy; and I said, I defend my friend. So primo Tusc: But when as they confesse that there is force e­nough in vices to cause a miserable life, why should it not bee granted that there is force e­nough in vertues to effect a blessed life.

Q. It should seeme by this, that contraries are sequences of contraries?

A. So they are.

Q. What may further be comprised under this head?

A. Sometimes there is put forth like for like.

Q. Give example?

A. Such is the contention of the shepheards in Virg: Aeglog: 3. Damaetas first of all putting forth this riddle.

Tell in what place and I will herry thee,
For great Apollo's selfe, the welken large
Iust three els broad and no more seemes to bee:
And Menalcas answering in this other riddle.
Tell in what place the flowers have their marge,
With kings names in their leaves inscribed plain;
And to thy selfe take Phillis for thy paine.

Q. Give example of feigned equalls?

A Feigned equalls are such as is in Aeschinus Sacraticus wherein Socrates sheweth Aspatia speaking to Zenophons wife, & Zenophon him­selfe. Tell me I pray thee thou wife of Zeno­phon, if thy neighbour should have better gold then thou, whether hadst thou rather have hers [Page 33]or thine? hers, said shee. And if shee have a goune, and other womens garments of a grea­ter price then thou, whether hadst thou rather have hers or thine? hers, said she. Goe to then if she have a better husband then thou, had'st thou rather have hers? here the woman blu­shed. But Aspatia spake to Zenophon himselfe, I pray thee (said shee) if thy neighbour have a better horse then thou, had'st thou not rather have his or thine? His, said he: but if he have better ground then thou, whether had'st thou rather have his? His, said hee: viz. the best. But if hee have a better wife then thou hast, whether had'st thou rather have his or thine? And here Zenophon also himselfe held his peace.

CAP. 18. Greaters

Q. What are unequalls?

A. Vnequals are those of which the quan­tity is not one.

Q. What be the kindes of unequals?

A. Vnequall is greater or lesser.

Q. What is greater?

A. Greater is that which quantity excee­deth.

Q. What be the proper notes of it?

A. Not only, but also, I had rather this, then that, more also by grammaticall comparison.

Q. Give example.

A. Cicero pro Mur. There is taken from a­mongst us not onely that verball counterfeit of prudence, but also that Lady of things Wise­dome it selfe: The thing is carried by force, not onely the hatefull Orator in pleading, or the pratler, but also the truely good is despised. A horrid souldier is loved.

Q. Is not a certaine logicall gradation, some­time ioyned with a rethoricall climax taken from hence?

A. Yes.

Q. Shew example?

A. Pro. Mil. Neither did he so handle him­selfe to the people onely, but also to the Senate, neither to the Senate only, but also to the pub­lique president and souldiers: neither to these alone, but also to the power of those, to whom the care of Senate souldiers, & the whole com­mon wealth of Italy was committed.

Q. Give a poeticall example?

A. Iu. Sat. 8. Against a proud noble man, Rather had I Thirses thy Sire should bee, Whil'st that Aeacides is like to thee: And that thou shouldst with Vulcan armor make, Then for Achilles sonne men should thee take. Or that thy feature should like Thirses be.

Q. Proceede to further example?

A. Pro. Marc. Having more admiration then glory, Aeneid. 1.

O fellowes we these evills knew before, [Page 35]God will them end, we greater far have bore.

Cic. pro Mur. Be not so uniust, that when as thy fountaines are opened by thine enemies, our rivers should bee stopped up even by our friends.

Q. Give an example of a gradation, without a rethoricall climax?

A. Ter. Thr. But doth Thais give me many thankes for it? Gn. Many. Thr. sayest thou so? is she glad? Gn. Not so much for the gift it selfe, as that it was given by thee; for that shee triumpheth in good earnest.

Q. Are not also greaters feigned?

A. Yes, and of great force.

Q. Give example?

A. Ter. Hert. A noble man if hee be made a lover can never undergoe the charges, much lesse thou then. Aeneid. 5.

O great Aeneas although love should not
Promise to helpe or aide me now one iot,
I hope that Italy shall reach to heaven,
The windes once chang'd their forces crosse have driven.
Ariseing from black night i'th city cast,
Our power is weake, our greatest strength but wast.

CAP. 20. Lessers.

Q. What is Lesser?

A. Lesser is that whose quantity is excee­ded.

Q. How is a Lesser iudged?

A. Oftentimes by proper notes.

Q. What be these notes?

A. Not onely, but not at all: rather this then that, when as, as also.

Q. How else?

A. By grammatical, comparison.

Q. How lastly?

A. By the denying of partes.

Q. Give example of the notes out of some O­rator?

A. Cic. secund. Cat. No man not onely of Rome, but in no corner of all Italy was ever op­pressed with so great a taxe, as that hee once knew of so incredible a Cesar. Cat. 1. Thou canst rather as an Exul tempt, then as a Consul vexe the common wealth. Ag. 2. Which when to all it is very hard and an evill reason, then truely to me above the rest.

Q. Give poeticall examples.

A. Ovid Trist. 1.

More fierce then Busiros, more fierce then he,
Who in flow fire his Oxe burnt furiously.

Ovid. pri. de rem. amor.

Thy body to redeeme beare sword and fire,
Ne drinke to coole thy thirsly hot desire:
To save thy soule wilt thou not all forbeare,
This part exceedes the other price by farre.

Q. Give example of those which are done by the denying of parts.

A. Phil. 9. All in all ages who have had the [Page 37]understanding of the law in this city, if they might bee brought together into one place are not to be equalled with Servius Sulpitius: Cat. 2. Although those which say that Catilina is gone to Messilia, doe not so much complaine of it, as feare it.

Q. Is it not sometimes without notes?

A. Yes.

Q. Give example?

A. Pro Mur: Thou art so much wanting from the perfection of great workes, as the foundation, which thou thinkest thou hast not yet layd. Pro Arch: The stones and desartes often times answer to the voyce; wilde beasts are tamed and subdued by singing: shall not then the instructions of the Poets in the best thing move us?

Q. Is there not also a gradation from lessers?

A. Yes.

Q. Give example?

A. Ver: 7. Is it a great act to overthrow the city Rome, to beate a knave, to kill a Parriside, what shall I say? to hang him upon the gal­lowes.

Q. Are not lessers also sometimes feigned?

A. Yes.

Q. Give example?

A. Virg: Aeglog: 1.

The light held hynds in th'aire shall feed therfore,
And in the Ocean all the fishes die:
For want of water on the naked shore,
The wandring Parthyan first shall drinken dry tide,
Huge Araxis, and gusling Germany:
Sucke downe their thirsty throates, swift Tigris
Ere his deare lovely face shall from my bosome slide.

Q. Give another example.

A. Phil. 2. O filthy thing? not onely in the sight but also to heare of? if it had happened to thee amongst thine inhumane pots, who would not have accounted it filthy? but in the assem­bly of the Romans about publique affaires▪ the master of the horse to whom it is not comely to belch, hee vomiting a crust of bread and wine, filled his lap and all the tribunall with stinke.

CAP. 21. Likes.

Q. You have expounded comparison in quan­tity, comparison in quality followeth, what there­fore is quality?

A. Quality is that whereby the things com­pared are said to be such.

Q. What are the kindes of quality?

A. Like or dislike?

Q. What are likes?

A. Likes are those of which there is the same quality.

Q. What are likes called?

A. Like is called proportion, as the likes are proportionable.

Q. What are the notes of likenes, whereby it is concluded in one word?

A. Like, effigies, in that manner as also de­nials of dislikenes.

Q. What be they?

A. Such as this not otherwise.

Q. Give example of the first sort?

A. Aeneid: 1. His mouth and shoulders be­ing like to God. Phil: 9. Although Servius Suspicius could leave no clearer monument then his sonne, the effigies of his manners, vertues, constancy, piety, wit.

Q. Give example out of some Poet?

A. Ovid. Trist. 1.

For he or none, even he that made the wound,
Onely Achilles 'tis can make me sound.

Q. Proceed to farther examples?

A. In Phis. There was one day which was to mee the likenesse of immortality, wherein I returned to my countrey. Ver: 1. But presently from the same likenes of a man as it were by some Circean pot, hee is made a Beare. Pro Pomp. Therefore all in this place doe behold Cons. Pompeius not as one sent from the citty, but fallen from heaven. Aeneid. 3. They doe not that which I have commanded. Ter: I am not, neither have beene otherwise then he.

Q. What is the partition of likenes?

A. Disjoyned or continued.

Q. What is a disjoyned similitude?

A. A disjoyned similitude is when as foure [Page 40]termes are distinguished to the thing.

Q. Give example?

A. Eglog: 5.

So me thy song as sleepe on grasse doth queme
The travailer, his weary lims to drench.

Q. What is the force of this example?

A. The songs to the hearers, as sleepe to the weary, are foure distinct termes.

Q. Give another example?

A. Ad fratrem: As the best governours can not overcome the force of the tempest, so the wisest men often times cannot overcome the violence of fortune.

Q. Shew the force of this example?

A. Here are foure termes, as the governour to the shippe, so wise men to fortune.

Q. Proceed to farther examples?

A. Trist. 1.

Evē as the yellow gold in flaming fire is seen,
So men may trust, behold, in time that's sharp and keen

Cic. Phil. 2. But even as those who in a great sickenes doe not taste the sweetnesse of meate, so the lustfull, covetous, wicked have not the taste of true praise. Virg. made these verses.

All night it rain'd, next day the signes are seene,
Th' Empires parted Cesar and love betweene.

Battillus arrogated them to himselfe and ob­tained a great reward: therefore Virgill in these verses mocketh Battillus.

I made these rimes, another had the land,
So birds you neasts not for your selves have made,
So you ô Bees make hony not for you:
So you ô Sheepe beare wooll but not for you,
So you ô Oxen plough but not for you.

Q. Are not the notes sometimes omitted?

A. Yes, sometimes there is no note at all.

Q. Give an example?

A. Virg: Eglog: 2.

Ah my faire boy trust not thy hew too much,
Hurtles though blacke, by every handsome hand
Are pluck'd, while dayses none vouchsafe to touch,
All be they white, yet shed they as they stand.

Q. What is continuall likenesse?

A. A continuall likenes is when as the first terme is to the second, so the secōd to the third.

Q. Give an example?

A. De Leg: 3. See you not that this is the Magistrates power that he should rule and pre­scribe right, profitable, and agreeing things with the lawes: for as the lawes doe governe the Magistrates, so the Magistrates doe rule the people.

Q. What is the force of this example?

A. Here are three termes, Lawes, Magi­strates, People.

Q. Have not feigned likenesses equall force with these above?

A. Yes.

Q. Give example?

A. It appeareth chiefly in this explicated similitude of Esope his Apology taken out of

Horace Epist. 1.
But if Romes people aske me happily.
Why not 'mongst Iudges on the bench sit I:
And doe that which they love, fly that they hate?
I answer as the crafty Fox of late.
When tooth-sick lion he this message sent,
Faine would I come to that thing was I bent:
But that I saw the steps of many feet,
That way to goe, none back againe to get.

CAP. 22. Dislikes.

Q. What are dislikes.

A. Dislikes are comparatives, whose qua­lity is diverse.

Q. What are the proper notes of dislikes?

A. Dislike, different, another.

Q. Give example?

A. Pro Plan. Although the paying of mony and thankes bee unlike. Aeneid. 1. O ancient house? O how unlike for that Lord to governe Caes. Pri. Bel. Gal. All these differed in their tongues, instructions, lawes. Agra. 2. One is knowne by his countenance, another by his voyce, another by his gate. De Nat. Deo. 2. Because I have begun to doe otherwise then I had said in the begining.

Q. Are not dislikes also knowne by denying she likes?

A. Yes.

Q. Give example?

A. De Orat: 2. Philosophy is not like the other artes: Aeneid: 2. But he was not of that seede wherein thou remembrest Achilles, such was Priamus his enemy. Lor. Epist. 2. There is not the same age, the same minde, ad frat. 1. So thy ring is not as a certaine vessell, but as thy selfe: Phil: 3. This certaine day he is wont to expect not so much of sacrifice as counsell.

Q. Give some poeticall examples?

A. By this argument the shepheard con­fesseth his error. Aeglog: 1.

Ah fond friend Melibe I whilom dempt,
That famous city which I now and then,
In common chat amongst our countrey men:
Have heard yea cliped by the name of Rome,
Certes for all the world cib to our homely home: and by and by,
— so did I dare.
Kids liken to their Goates, whelps to their dams,
And moule hills wont to mountaines to compare.

Q. Shew the force of this example?

A. As neither the whelpes to the dogges, nor kids to their dams, so neither is Mantua like to Rome.

Q. Be not notes of dislikes sometimes wanting?

A. Yes, often times, and the dislikenesse is more clearely explicated.

Q. Give an example out of some Orator?

A. Quint. l. 1. c. 11. Brutus slew the children of the traytors: Muntius did punish by death [Page 44]the vertue of his sonne.

Q. Give another example?

A. Cat: the sunne sets and riseth againe: but when our little light setteth, there is a perpe­tuall night.

CAP. 23. Conjugates.

Q. Hitherto you have expounded the first ar­guments, those derived from the first follow, what are they then?

A. Those derived from the first are these, which are even to that which they argue, as the first from whence they are derived.

Q. What be the kindes of these arguments?

A. A conjugate, a notation, a distribution, and a definition.

Q. What are conjugates?

A. Conjugates are names drawne diversly from the same principle.

Q. Give example?

A. Iustice, just, justly.

Q. Is there not a symboll in conjugates of a­greeing arguments?

A. Yes.

Q. Give example?

A. Propert: lib: 2.

Because in love there is no liberty,
Who ever loves that man can ne'r be free.

Q. Shew the force of this example?

A. Here liberty is the cause why we should be free.

Q. Give another example?

A. Cic: Nat: Deo: 2. Where he speaketh of Dionysius the Tyrant. He commanded that the tables of silver in which were the images of the gods, should be taken away, in which after the manner of the Grecians should be ingraven. The goods of the gods, saying, that he was wil­ling to use of their goodnes.

Q. Shew the force of this example?

A. The Gods are good, therefore their goodnes is to bee used: here from the effects it is directed to the causes.

Q. Give another example?

A. Ter: I am a man, no humane thing is strange to me.

Q. Is it not sometimes from the subject to the adjunct?

A. Yes.

Q. Give example?

A. Phil: 2. I will not handle thee as a Consul, least thou handle mee as one standing for the consulship. In Pis: When as all the cause was of the Consuls and Senate, both the Consuls & Senate had need of my helpe.

CAP. 24. Notations.

Q. What is notation?

A. Notation is the interpretation of a name.

Q. What are names?

A. Names truely are notes of things.

Q. May there not be rendred a reason of the names?

A. Yes, either from the derivation or com­position, if they be made by true notation, from some first argument.

Q. Give example?

A. Homo ab humo. Ovid: Fast: 6.

Stat vi terra sua, vi stando vesta vocatur.

Q. Shew the force of this example?

A. This is a notation from the cause.

Q. Give another example?

A. At focus a flammis, & quod fovit omnia dictus:

Q. Shew the force of this example?

A. This is a notation from the effects.

Q. Give another example?

A. Vir: 4. O Verrea praeclara! quid enim ac­cessisti, quo non attuleris tecum istum diem? & e­nim quam tu domum, quam urbem adijsti, quod fanum denique, quod non eversum atque exter­sum reliqueris? quare appellentur sanè ista Ver­rea quae non ex nomine, sed ex moribus, natura­que tua constituta esse videantur.

Q. Shew the force of this example?

A. This is also a notation from the effects.

Q. Give another example?

A. Ovid: Fast: 1.

Prima dies tibi carua datur, dea cardinis haec est.

Nomine clausa aperit, claudit aperta suo.

Q. Wherein is the force of this example?

A. This is a notation from the subjects in the inward, about which the deity of this god­desse is exercised.

Q. Give another example?

A. From the adjuncts, there is a notation from Bambalion. Phil. 2. Quia balbus & stu­pidus: hinc igitur cavilatio in Antonium generum. Tuae conjugis, bonae faeminae, locupletat is quidem certè, Bambalio quidem pater, homo nullo nume­ro, nihil illo contemptius, qui propter haesitantiam linquae stuporemque cordis cognomen ex contume­lia traxerit.

Q. Shew the force of this example?

A. This is a notation from adjuncts.

Q. Are there not notations also from disagree­ings?

A. Yes.

Q. Give example.

A. Quint. lib. 1. cap. 6. Lucus, quia umbra apacus, parum luceat: & ludus quia sit longissi­mè a lusu, & dis quia minimè dives.

Q. May not notation bee also from compara­tives?

A. Yes.

Q. Give example?

A. Pyropus, quod ignis flammam imitotur.

Q. But is there not, as to the notation to his name, so an affection of the name to the nota­tion?

A. Yes.

Q. Give example?

A. Animi plenus, ergo animosus.

Q. Shew the contrary?

A. Animosus, ergo animi plenus.

CAP. 25. Distribution.

Q. What are the other derived arguments?

A. Distribution and definition.

Q. Is there not a reciprocall affection in both these?

A. Yes.

Q. What is the affection in the distribution?

A. Of all parts with the whole.

Q. What is the affection in the definition?

A. Of the definition with the things de­signed.

Q. What is a distribution?

A. A distribution is, when the whole is di­stributed into parts.

Q. What is the whole?

A. The whole is that which containeth parts.

Q. What are parts?

A. Partes are those which are contained of the whole.

Q. It should seeme then that the distinction of the whole into parts is distribution?

A. So I said.

Q. What is then the collection of the parts to the making up of the whole?

A. It is called induction.

Q. Whence is distribution taken?

A. Distribution is taken from arguments altogether agreeing, but disagreeing amongst themselves: therefore it shall bee by so much more accurate, by how much the agreeings of the partes shall be with the whole, and the dis­agreeing among themselves.

CAP. 26. The distribution from the cause.

Q. Whence is the first distribution?

A. The first distribution is from absolute agreeings.

Q. What are these absolute agreeings?

A. The causes and effects.

Q. What is distribution from the causes?

A. Distribution from the causes, is when the partes are causes of the whole. Here the distribution of perfect into its members is greatly praysed.

Q. What is perfect?

A. Perfect is the whole, to which the parts are essentiall.

Q. What is a member?

A. A member is a part of the whole.

Q. Give example?

A. Grammer is divided into Etymology, [Page 50]and Syntaxis; Rhetoricke, into Elocution and action; Dialectica, into invention and judge­ment: for those artes are constituted of those partes.

Q. What is the principall distribution?

A. When the explication of a longer thing is received.

Q. Give examples?

A. Georg: 1.

What makes glad corne, & how to till the ground,
How to plant elms that be so strong and sound:
How to guide oxen, cattell how to tend,
And how the little pretty bee defend,
I will declare. —

Q. Give another example?

A. Cic: pro Mur: I understand O you Iudges, that the whole accusation hath thre [...] parts, one of which is in reprehension of life, another in contention of dignity, the third touching the fault.

Q. How is the second kinde of handling this kinde of argument?

A. Either from the partes to the whole; or from the whole to the partes.

Q. Give example?

A. Cat:

Quintia is faire to many, so to me,
I will not therefore this same thing deny;
But wholly faire I will not say she's not:
True beauty in her there is not a jot,
Lesbius faire in every part most fine,
Venus adorn'd her, cleare did make her shine.

CAP. 27. The distribution from the effects, also the genus and species.

Q. What is the distribution from the effects?

A. The distribution from the effects, is when the partes are effects.

Q. Give example?

A. In a shippe the sea-men, some scale the masts, some runne in at the doores, some draw water, the governour holdeth the rudder in the ship.

Q. May not distribution of genus into species be comprised under this head?

A. Yes, distribution of genus into species doth here excell.

Q. What is genus?

A. Genus is the whole essentiall in parts.

Q. What is species?

A. Species is the parts of genus.

Q. Give example?

A. We say a living creature is the genus of a man, and a beast: for a living creature is the whole of that effect, viz. a corporall living substance, which commonly pertaineth to the beasts and men: wee say the species of a man and a beast is living because they are parts of a living subject, which living essence they have common: wee say a man the genus of every [Page 52]man, and a lion the genus of every lion, but contrary, every man the species of a man, every lion of a lion.

Q. What is the kindes of the genus?

A. The genus is most generall or subalternat.

Q. What are the kindes of the species?

A. The species is subalternate or most spe­ciall.

Q. What is the most generall genus?

A. The most generall genus is that of which there is no kindes.

Q. Give example?

A. In logicall invention an argument is the most generall genus of artificialls and inartifi­cialls.

Q. What is the subalternate genus, and the subalternate species?

A. The subalternate genus, as also the sub­alternate species, is that which is the species of this, but the genus of that.

Q. Give example?

A. The cause is the species of an absolute arguing argument, but the genus of the matter and forme.

Q. But what is the most speciall species?

A. The most speciall species is that which is individable into other species.

Q. Give example?

A. The matter and forme singly.

Q. What are the genus and species notes of?

A. Of the causes and effects.

Q. Give example?

A. In a living thing there is a corporeall es­sence which in the matter is belonging com­monly to the species, as also the faculty of life and sence, which in the forme pertaineth com­monly to the species.

Q. It should seeme that the genus containeth the causes, which doe attaine to the species of it; and therefore contrarily, the species containes the effects of their genus?

A. So it is.

Q. From whence then is that universall fa­mousnes and excellency?

A. From hence, because it declareth the causes.

Q. Shew some example now of the distribu­tions of the genus into species?

A. Distribution of genus into species is ve­ry excellent truly, but hard and seldome found, yet we will bring what illustrations and exam­ples wee can. Ovid: Met: 1. Divideth living creatures into five species; starres, birds, beasts, fish, men: hee giveth life to the starres as the Philosophers doe.

No region is without some living thing,
Starres in the skies the formes of gods being:
Birds in the aire in abundance be,
Beasts on the earth, and fishes in the sea.
But yet 'mongst these a creature more divine,
Who may them rule and governe all in fine;
There wanted much untill that man was borne.

So Cic: Offic: 1. divideth vertue into foure [Page 54]species, prudence, justice, fortitude, and tem­perance; but all that is honest springeth out of one of these foure parts, for either it is conver­sant in the knowledge and skill of the truth, or in the defending the society of men, and giving every one his owne; also in trust of things bar­gained, or in a high minde and admirable great­nes and courage, or lastly in all things which are made and called order and meanes in which is modesty and temperance,

Q. What is distribution of the genus into the formes of the species?

A. Distribution of the genus into the formes of the species is the same; because the forme with the genus, constitute their species.

Q. Give example?

A. Of living creatures, one is speaking, ano­ther dumbe.

Q. May not genus and species bee handled a­part and severally?

A. Yes, genus & species are not only hand­led after this simple forme of division, but also apart one from another.

Q. Give example?

A. Pro Arc: But least any should wonder that we say so, that there is a certaine faculty of wit, and this reason or discipline of speaking, neither that we have truely given our selves al­together to this study; for all artes which per­taine to humanity, have a certaine common band, and are contained (as it were) in a cer­taine [Page 55]knowledge amongst themselves.

Q. Shew the force of this example?

A. Art is the genus, poesie and eloquence the species.

Q. Is not the genus handled also by the spe­cies?

A. Yes.

Q. Give example?

A. Ovid: de Trist: 4.

Fill thy sad matter with thy vertues grave,
Hot glory doth decay, it none can save:
Who had knowne Hector if Troy well had beene?
Through publique vices way to vertue's seene.
Thine art ô Typhis lyes, if in the sea
There be no floods, if men be well truly,
Then Phoebus art decayeth instantly.
That which they hid, and is not knowne for good,
Appeares at last, and shewes where evill stood.
Q. But are there no speciall examples fitted to this kinde?

A. Yes, such as this. Attic. 7. Wilt thou leave the city? what if the French men come? The common wealth hee saith is not in walls but altars and religion. Theomistocles did the same, and a whole host of Barbarians were not able to take one city. But? Pericles did not so, who in the yeare almost before fifty, when he kept nothing but a wall; our city before be­ing taken they kept the tower notwithstan­ding.

CAP. 28. Distribution from the subject.

Q. What is the other distribution?
A. The other distribution is of agreeings after a certaine manner.

Q. What are agreeings after a certain manner?

A The subjects and adjuncts.

Q. VVhat is the distribution from subjects?

A. The distribution from subjects is, when the parts are subjects.

Q. Give example?

A. Cat:

Thy maiden head's not wholly thine I wene,
One part thy father gave, the part betweene
Thou of thy mother had'st, so that to thee
None but the third remaineth for to be.
Therefore resist not two, cast not away
The thing thy parents gave to thee I say.

Q. Give example out of some Orator?

A. Cic: Tusc: 1. There are therefore three kindes of good, as I understand from the Sto­icks, to whose use oftener then I am wont wee give place. There are therefore those kindes of good, whilst that the external things of the bo­dy are cast upon the ground, & because they are to bee undertaken they are called good. There are other divine things which doe more near­ly concerne us, and are heavenly, so that those who have attained them, why may I not [Page 57]call them after a manner blessed, yea most happy.

CAP. 29. Distribution from adjuncts.

Q. What is distribution from adjuncts?

A. Distribution from adjuncts is, when the parts are adjuncts.

Q. Give example?

A. Of men, some are sound, some sicke, some rich, some poore.

Q. Give a poeticall example?

A. Virg: Georg: 1. Divideth the world into five partes, the middle scorching hot, the other two extreame cold, the two last temperate.

Five zones the heavens doe hold, the middle hot:
The Sun there burnes, cold in it there is not,
But on the right and left hand there is seene.
Raine, frost and cold, that's bitter, sharpe & keen.
The two last temperate, yet in them is
Mortality, and many sicknesses.

Q. Give an Orators example?

A. Caes: Bel: Gal: 1. All France is divided into three parts; of which, one the Belgians inhabite, the other the Aequitans, the third those who in their tongue are called Cetts, in our language the Gaules.

CAP. 30. Definition.

Q. What is definition?

A. Definition is when it is explicated what the thing is, and that interchangeably may bee argued with the thing defined.

Q. What are the kindes of definition?

A. A definition is perfect or imperfect.

Q. What is the perfect definition called?

A. This is properly called a definition.

Q. What is the imperfect called?

A. A description.

Q. What is a perfect definition?

A. A perfect definition is a definition con­sisting of the onely causes which constitute the essence: such as the causes comprehended by the genus and forme.

Q. Give example?

A. After this manner is a man defined, viz. by the genus, (a living creature) we understand (as it is said) a corporeall essence full of life and sense, which is the matter and a part of the forme of a man, to which (if thou addest reaso­nable) thou comprehendest the whole forme of a man, by the whole faculty of his life, sense, reason.

Q. It should seeme then that the perfect defi­nition is nothing else then an universall symboll [Page 59]of the causes, constituting the essence and na­ture of things?

A. So it is.

Q. Give an example?

A. The artes have such definitions, Gram­mer of well speaking; Rethoricke of pleading well; Dialectica of disputing well; Arithme­ticke of numbring well; Geometry of measu­ring well.

CAP. 31. Description.

Q. What is description?

A. Description is a definition defining the thing from other arguments also.

Q. Give example?

A. This is the description of a man, a man is a living creature, mortall, capable of disci­pline.

Q. Are not proper circumstances also mingled with common causes sometimes?

A. Yes.

Q. Then it seemeth that succint brevity is not alwayes in this kinde?

A. No, oftentimes it desireth a clearer and greater explication.

Q. Give an example out of some Orator?

A. In Mil: Glory is described. But yet of all rewards of vertue (if there be a reason of re­rewardes) the greatest is glory; this one com­forteth us touching the shortnesse of our life, [Page 60]causeth that wee are present with the absent dead, maketh us to live to conclude, by these steppes wee doe seeme to ascend into heaven.

Q. Give a poeticall example?

A Aeneid: 4. Fame is described.

From Libeans temple cometh forth great fame,
Nought swifter then ill newes which beares this name,
Moving she goes, by going strēgth she gets,
She feares at first, at last with windes she fleets.
Walkes on the earth, her head she lifts to'th skie,
Earth brought her forth, the Gods were angry;
In Caeus and Encelladus his land,
She was at last as I doe understand;
Her feet were swift, her wings most hurful were
A horrid monster, wicked, full of feare,
As many feathers as upon her are:
So many eyes attend her every where.
So many tongues, so many mouthes doe sound,
So many yeares doe lessen her around.
In night she flies through heaven, & in the shade
About the earth she goes, no noyse is made:
She sitteth by the light on houses high,
And causeth townes to quiver fearefully;
As well a bruiter of things false that be,
As messengers of truth and verity.

Q. Proceede to further example?

A. Such are the descriptions of plant? an living creatures, in physicke: also of rivers mountaines, cities, in geography and history.

CAP. 32. Divine testimony.

Q. You have expounded the artificial ar­guments, the inartificiall followeth; tell me then what an inartificiall argument is?

A. An inartificiall argument is, that which argueth not by its owne nature, but taketh force from some artificiall argument.

Q. It seemeth by this when a hidden truth of things is more subtily searched for, that this ar­gument hath small force of proofe?

A. So it is, but in civill and humane things oftentimes this argument effecteth the greatest trust, from the moving arguments, if wise­dome, vertue, and good will be present.

Q. What is it called?

A. In one name it is called testimony.

Q. What are the kindes of testimony?

A. Divine or humane.

A. What may be comprised under the head of divine testimony?

A. Not onely the miracles of the gods, but also the answers of prophets and fortune­tellers, are counted amongst divine testimo­nies.

Q. Give example?

A. All these are brought forth. Cat: 3. For that I may omit (saith the Orator) the fires seene in the night from the West, and the bur­ning [Page 62]of heaven, as also lightning, as earth­quakes, with other many things done to us Consuls, as those which are now done, doe seeme to proclaime the gods immortality. And a little after, at which time when the Araspa­tians were come together out of all Herturia, they said that slaughter, burning, perishing of the lawes, civill and domesticall warre, and the fall of the whole city and empire approach­ed, unlesse the immortall gods pleased by all reason, by their power should change those de­stinies. At length when hee had said that they mocked at the answer of the Arispatians, and that they did more regard the signe of Iove, turning to the East, he then said; but is not hee so present that it should seeme to be done at the becke of the mighty Iove, that when this mor­ning before my doore by my command and conjuration, the Iudges being then in the house of Concordia, at the same time there appeared a signe: which being turned towards you and the Senate, both you and the Senate saw mani­festly laid open, who they were that were a­gainst the health of all men.

Q. Give another example?

A. That of Tibullus is more short.

But if that oracles true things doe tell,
Then this in our name see thou doe declare:
That he doth promise Delius to give,
To be thy spouse with whom thou'lt happy live.

CAP. 33. Testimony from humane law and sentences.

Q. What bee the kindes of humane testimo­ny?

A. Humane testimony is common or pro­per.

Q. What is common?

A. Law; and a famous sentence.

Q. What is legall testimony?

A. Legall testimony is both unwritten and written.

Q. Bring forth authority for this?

A. Pro Mil: For there is (O ye Iudges) a law not written, but borne with us; which we have not received, learned, read; but ta­ken, drawne, expressed from nature: as if our life should bee in some hazard, force danger, either of theeves or enemies, all honest reason were to bee sought of safety; but if the twelve tables will have the night theefe, yea the day theefe to, if he defend himselfe after any manner killed without punishment; who is there that will thinke him that is slaine to bee punished, when as there is a sword reached to us, to kill that man by the lawes themselves.

Q. What are famous sentences?

A. Proverbes.

Q. Give example?

A. They bee such as these. Pares cum pari­bus facilimè congregantur. Spartam nactus es, hanc ex orna.

Q. What may farther be under this head?

A. Sayings of wisedome also.

Q. Give example?

A. Nosce teipsum. Nequid nimis. Sponde praesto ad detrimentum.

Q. What is proper testimony?

A. Such as this of Plato. 1. ad Quinti: frat: And then truely Plato the Prince of wisdome and learning thought those common wealthes blessed, if either learned and wise men gover­ned them, or those that did governe, placed all their study in wisedome and learning.

Q. Proceed to further example?

A. Such were in the Poets Aeneid: 4. Learne justice and admonitions, and contemne not the rich. So in Homer.

[...].
Ajax led out of Salaminus twelve ships.
The Magatenses were overcome by the Atho­nians.

Q. What are testimonies of the living?

A. Testimonies of the living, are not onely when it is inquired of ground, felling of wood and such like businesse, but also there are testi­monies of obligation, confessing oath.

Q. Give an example of obligation?

A. Phil: 5. For I dare bind my faith, (P. [Page 65]C.) to you and the people of Rome, that truely when no force constrained me I durst not doe; and I feared an opinion of timerity, in a thing greatly hurtfull; I promise and sweare (P. C.) to become alwayes such a citizen to Cesar as he himselfe is, and as wee ought chiefly to wish or desire.

Q. Have we not an obligation set forth some­times with a pledge?

A. Yes. Virg Eglog: 3.

Wilt then by turnes, we hand to hand doe try,
What either can, and prove each by our deed;
Ile paune this heifer, (which least thou deny)
She twise hath come already to the payle,
And two twins suckles at this time now say,
What paune thou'lt gage with her to countervail.

Q. What are the kindes of confession?

A. Confession is free or extorted by tor­ments.

Q. What is this latters properly called?

A. A question.

Q. Give example?

A. Such an argument there is against Milon whom Cicero derided. Goe to then, what or how is the question? How? where was Roscius? where was Casca? Doth Clodius lay snares for Milon? he hath done; surely the gallowes. He hath done nothing.

Q. What further may be reduced hitherto?

A. Hitherto may bee referred the argu­ment which wee used when wee bring forth [Page 66]our approbation, and experience of our affir­mative.

Q. Give example.

A. Ver: 4. Even Volcatio if hee had come freely, would he have given a little booke? he shall come, he shall be tryed; no man truely re­ceiveth it. Ter: spend thy time in letters, in the woods, in musicke: it is meete for youth to know these liberall thinges, I will give di­ligence.

Q. Give a poeticall example?

A. Ovid. Trist: 3.

The which that thou mayst better credit me,
Try thou my paines, beleeve it then to be.

Q. Give an example also of the testimony of an oath.

A. Aeneid: 6.

I sweare byth' gods, and all in earth unseene;
I have departed from thy shore ô queene.

Q. This reciprocation seemeth to be more ob­scure, as because the testimony is true, the witnes is also true?

A. So it is: and thus much suffiseth to have spoken of invention, the first part of the science Dialectica.

THE SECOND BOOKE OF PETER RAMVS HIS Dialectica of Iudge­ment.

Cap. 1. What Iudgement is.

Q. Hitherto the first part of Dialectica in Invention hath bin expounded, the other part fol­loweth, in Iudgement, what then is Iudgement?

A. Iudgement is the second part of Lo­gicke of disposing arguments to bee iudged well.

Q. How are they iudged?

A. Every thing is iudged by a certaine rule of disposition.

Q. It may be thought then that this part of Lo­gicke is called both judgement and disposition from hence?

A. So it is.

CAP. 2. An affirmative or negative Axioma.

Q. What are the kindes of Iudgement?

A. Iudgement is Axiomaticall, or Diano­cticall.

Q. What is an Axioma?

A. An Axioma is the disposition of an ar­gument, with an argument, wherein somewhat is iudged to bee, or not to be.

Q. What is it called, and whence receiveth it the name?

A. In the Lattin of Enuntiatum, it is called Enuntiation; of Pronuntiatum, Pronuntiation.

Q. What are the affections of an Axioma?

A. An Axioma is affirmative or negatiue.

Q. What is affirmative?

A. Affirmative is when the force of it is af­firmd.

Q. And what negative.

A. When it is denied. From hence sprin­geth the contradiction of Axiomas, when the same argument is affirmed or denied.

Cap. 3. True and False.

Q. What may be a second kinde of the affecti­ons of an Axioma?

A. An Axioma secondly is true or false.

Q. How true?

A. When it pronounceth as the thing is.

Q. How false?

A. Contrary.

Q. What are the affections of a true Axioma?

A. A true Axioma is contingent or neces­sary.

Q. How contingent?

A. When it is so true that it may sometimes be false.

Q. Give example?

A. Fortune helpeth the bold; for it may be that which is true to day, to morrow may bee false: and therefore the iudgement of this con­tingent verity, is called opinion: those things of the time past or present, may be certaine to a man, but of time to come they cannot by na­ture, although with God all things are present. Therefore Martiall doth worthily mocke Priscus

Priscus thou often asksts what I shall be,

If now most rich, hereafter what truely?
Things for to come canst thou not tell them mee,
If thou a Lion art, what wilt thou thou be?

Q. How necessary?

A. When it is alwayes true, neither can be false.

Q. What is this affirmative called?

A. This affirmative is called Katapantòs of every thing.

Q. How imposible?

A. Contrarily where it can bee true of no­thing.

Q. What belongeth to an Axioma of the artes?

A. An axioma of the artes ought to bee Kantapantòs as also Homogene & Catholique

Q. What is an homogene axioma?

A. An homogene axioma is when the parts are essentiall among themselves: as the forme to the thing formed , the subiect to its proper adiunct.

Q. what is this called?

A This Genus of the Species is called Kath' autò by it selfe.

Q. What it a Catholique axioma.

A. A Catholique axioma is when the con­sequent is alwayes true of the anticedent; not onely in every thing and by it selfe, but also re­ciprocally.

Q. Give example?

A. A man is a living creature, reasonable, number is equall or unequall.

Q. What is this called?

A. This is called Katholon prôton vniver­sally first.

Q. What then are the lawes of the proper do­cuments of the artes.

A. These three: the first, Catàpantòs the law of verity: the second Kath' autò the law of iustice: the third Kathòlou prôton called the law of wisedome, and such is the iudge­ment of Catholique axiomas, the most true & cheife knowledge.

CAP. 4. The simple Axioma.

Q. You have expounded the common affections [Page 71]of axiomas, the kindes follow, what are then the kindes of an axioma?

A. An axioma is simple or compound.

Q. What is simple?

A. Simple is that which is contained in the force of one word; and therefore by an affir­mative or negative word it affirmeth or deni­eth.

Q. Give example?

A. Fire burneth, fire is hot, fire is not wa­ter.

Q. Shew the force of these examples?

A. Here fire is the anticedent, burneth, the consequent: and this is the first disposition of invented things; of che cause with the effect, as in the first example; the subiect with the ad­iunct as in the second; the disagreeing with the disagreeing, in the third: after a certaine manner, any argument may be enuntiated (ex­cept those full of comparison and distributi­on) agreeings truely by affirming, disagreeings by denying.

Q. What are the kindes of a simple axioma?

A. A simple axioma is generall or speciall.

Q. What is generall?

A. Generall is when the common conse­quent is attributed generally to the common antecedent. and this contradiction, doth not alwayes devide the true & false, but both parts of the contingent, as also not of contingents may be false.

Q. Give example of the first?

A. Eaeh place delighted is, with Baijs pleasant
No place delighted is with Baijs pleasant roomes.

Q. Give example of the second?

A Every creature is reasonable, no creature is reasonable.

Q. What is a speciall axioma?

A. A speciall axioma is when the conse­quent is not attributed to every antecedent, and here the contradiction ever divideth the true from the false.

Q. What are the kindes of speciall?

A. Speciall is particular or proper.

Q. What is particular?

A. Particular is when the common conse­quent is attributed particularly to the antece­dent: but to this axioma it is generally con­tradicted.

Q. Give examples.

A. Somewhat is to be pardoned: Nothing is to be pardoned. Some clemency is not to be praysed. All clemency is to be praysed.

Q. What is a proper axioma?

A. A proper axioma is when the cōsequent is attributed to a proper antecedent.

Q. Give example?

A. Fabulla is faire, whose negative & con­tradiction is Fabulla, is not faire.

CAP. 5. [Page 73] The copulative axioma.

Q. What is the compound axioma?

The compound axioma is that which is contai­ned in the force of a coniuction. Therefore from an affirmative or negative coniunction it is affirmed or denyed. And a part of the con­tradiction is true, a part false.

Q. VVhat are the kindes?

A. A compound Enunciate is for his con­iunction congregative, or segregative.

Q. VVhat is congregatiue?

A. Congregative is that which enuntiateth all agreeings by affirmings and disagreeings by denying.

Q. What are the kindes.

A. Copulative or connexed.

Q. VVhat is copulative?

A. Copulative is that whose coniunction is copulatiue.

Q. Give example?

A. Eneid: 1.

The east and south windes on the seas do blow,
They rush through deepe till on the top they show,
The affricke oft with these his blasts conioynes.

This therefore shall be the negatiue and con­tradiction.

The east and south windes not on seas doe blow,
They rush not through the deepe, ne on top show,
The affricke doth not oft his blasts conioyne.

Q. But whereupon dependeth the judgement of the copulative enunciate?

A. The iudgement of the coplative Enun­ciate being true dependeth of the truth of all parts: false, at the least of one part false.

Q. VVhat may further bee comprised under this head?

A. The enunciate of a relative quallity is of this kinde, whose coniunction is the relation it selfe.

Q. Give example?

A. Eglog. 3.

So me thy song as sleepe on grasse doth queme
The travailer his weary lims to drench.

Q. Shew the force of this example?

A. Here the coplative iudgement is as if he should say, sleepe is gratefull to the weary, and so thy song is pleasing to me.

Q. VVhat is the Negative hereof?

A. Not me thy song as sleep on grass doth queme The travailer his weary lims to drench.

CAP. 6. The Connexed Axioma.

Q. VVhat is a connexed Axioma.

A. A connexed axioma is congregatiue, whose coniection is connexiue.

Q. Give example?

A. Eneid. 2. If fortune doth feigne Simon miserable, it dishonesly feigneth him to bee vaine and a lyer, whose negative is if fortune doth not feigne Simon miserable it dishonesly [Page 75]feigneth him to be vaine and a liar:

Q. Is not this coniunction also denyed more ma­nifestly, by denying the consequent?

A. Yes.

Q. Give example?

A. Pro Amer. I am not a murtherer though in their company. De fato: Neither if every Enunciation be true or false, doth it follow therefore that the causes are immutable; For affirmation signifieth, if the antecedent be, that the consequent is also. Negation therfore and contradiction determineth if the antecedent be that therefore the consequent is not. Where­fore, when thou shalt iudge the connexiue to be absolutely true, thou shalt iudge it also ne­cessary, and thou shalt understand this neces­sity to spring from the necessary connexion of partes, the which may also bee even in false partes.

Q. Give example of this?

A. If a man be a Lyon, he is also a foure foo­ted, this is a necessary connexion.

Q. But if the connexion be contingent, and on­ly put for his probability, how shall it bee iudged then?

A. Its iudgment then shall be only opinion.

Q. Give example?

A. Ter: and Phamphilus if thou dost this, this day is the last thou shalt see mee.

Q. What may be further under this head?

A. This relation connexive of consequence [Page 76]is like to the connexed axioma, as when Tulli­us is said to be an orrator, hee hath also skill in pleading well, and thus much of the congre­gative axioma.

CAP. 7. The discreet Axioma.

Q. VVhat is a segregative axioma?

A. A segregatiue axioma is that whose con­iunction is segregative, and therefore enuncia­teth disagreeing arguments.

Q. What are the kindes?

A. A segregatiue enunciation is discreet or disiunct.

Q. VVhat is discreete?

A. Discreet is that whose coniunction is dis­cretiue, and therefore of disagreeings it cheifly enunciateth diuerses.

Q. Give example?

A. Tusc. 5. Although they may be iudged by the force of the body, yet they are referred to the minde: whose negatiue and contradicti­on is, although they may be iudged by the sence of the body, yet they are referred to the mind, or, although they may be iudged by the sence of the body, yet they are not referred to the mind. For yet is here a cheife coniunction.

Q. How is the discreet Enunciat iudged to be true?

A. The discreete enunciation is iudged to [Page 77]be true & lawfull, if the parts be not only true but may be also discreet.

Q. How is the false or ridiculous iudged?

A. Contrarily.

CAP. 8. The disiunct Axioma.

Q. VVhat is a disiunct axioma?

A. A disiunct axioma is a segregative axio­ma whose coniunction is disiunct.

Q. Give example?

A. Georg. 1.

There as they say is either silent night
Alwayes most darke and voide of any light,
Or else the morning from us here doth goe
And brings the day unto them there also.

Q. Shew another example?

A. Do fato every enunciation is true or false

Q. Here it seemeth is signified from the dis­iunct, that one onely is true?

A. So it is.

Q. What shall the negative and contradiction bee.

A. Not every enunciation is true or false.

Q. And what doth the contradiction signifie?

A. That one of them is not true by necessi­ty, for if the disiunction be absolutely true, it is also necessary: and the parts of the disiunct are opposite without any meanes.

Q But although the disiunction bee absolutely [Page 78]and also necessary may there not be a necessity, that the parts should be seperately necessary?

A. No.

Q. Give example?

A. A man is good or not good, here the disjunction is necessary, and yet a man is good is not a necessary enunciation, also a man is not good, is not a necessary enunciation.

Q. Whereupon then dependeth the necessity of the disjunction.

A. The necessity of the disiunction depen­deth on the necessary opposition, and disiun­ction of the partes, not as their necessary veri­ty.

Q. But is not the disiunction of tentimes from condition.

A. Yes.

Q. Give example.

A. As if it be though whether Cleon will come, or Socrates, because it was so agreed that one of them onely should come.

Q. It seemeth by this that if the disjunction be contingent, it is not absolutely true, but is onely opinionable?

A. So it is, and that more frequently in the use of man.

Q. Give example?

A. Ovid: Epist: Lean.

Either good hap shall now unto me fall,
Or else feirce death the end of loving thrall.

CAP. 9. The Syllogisme and its parts.

Q. You have manifested in its selfe the axio­maticall judgement, by axiomas: the dianoeticall followeth, what therefore is dianoia?

A. Dianoia is when one axioma is derived from another.

Q. VVhat are the kindes of dianoyia?

A. Syllogisme or methode?

Q. VVhat is a Syllogisme?

A. A Syllogisme is a dianoia whereby the question is so disposed with the argument, as the antecedent put, it is necessarity concluded.

Q. Make this plainer?

A. When the axioma is doubtfull the que­stion is effected, and there is neede of a third argument to bee placed with the question, for its trust.

Q. How many parts hath the antecedent?

A. The antecedent of a Syllogisme hath two partes, a proposition, and an assumption.

Q. VVhat is a proposition?

A. A proposition is the first part of the an­tecedent, whereby the consequent of the que­stion, is at least disposed with the argument.

Q. VVhat is the assumption?

A. The assumption is the second part of the antecedent, which is affirmed from the proposition.

Q. But what is the consequent part of the syllogisme?

A. The consequent part of the syllogisme, is that which imbraceth the part of the que­stion and concludeth it.

Q. What is it called?

A. It is called from the nature of it com­plexion and conclusion.

Q. If any part of the syllogisme want, what is said to be?

A. It is called Enthymema.

Q. But what if any part happen to be besides its partes?

A. Then it is called a Porsyllogisme.

Q. Is not the order of the partes oftentimes confounded?

A. Yes.

Q. What then if any doubt shall arise from it?

A. Then that shall be filled up which wan­teth, those cut of which abound: and every part digested into his place.

CAP. 10. The simple contracted syllogisme.

Q. What are the kindes of a syllogisme?

A. A syllogisme is simple or compound.

Q. What is simple?

A. Simple is where the consequent part of the question is placed in the proportion, the [Page 81]antecedent part in the assumption.

Q. What are the affections of it?

A. It is affirmed, denyed, generall, speciall, and proper.

Q. How is it affirmed?

A. From all the affirmative parts.

Q. How is it denyed?

A. From one negative of the antecedent parts, with complexion.

Q. How is it generall?

A. From the generall proposition and as­sumption.

Q. How is it speciall?

A. From one of the generalls onely.

Q. And how is it proper?

A. From both propers.

Q. VVhat are the kindes of the simple syllo­gisme?

A. The simple syllogisme is contracted by partes, or explicated.

Q. What is contract?

A. Contract is when the argument for the example is so subjected to a particular question, that the antecedent may bee understood to af­firme each part; and in the assumption.

Q. Give an example?

A. Certaine confidence is vertue, as con­stancy, certaine confidence is not vertue, as boldnes.

Q. Shew the force of this example?

A. This argument is understood to goe be­fore [Page 82]each part of the question, as if it were ex­pressed, constancy is a vertue, and confidence, and therefore certaine confidence is a vertue: also boldnes is not a vertue, and yet it is confi­dence; and therefore some confidence is not a vertue. So in the use of disputing the master of the Syllogisme draweth the judgement, neither is it set forth otherwise. And this exposition the beginning of the Syllogisme is expounded by Aristotle, so that the Syllogisme in its full judgement is more cleare and manifest.

CAP. 11. The first kinde of the simple ex­plicated Syllogisme.

Q. VVhat is the explicated Syllogisme?

A. The explicated Syllogisme whose partes are explicated.

Q. VVhat are the proprieties in this explica­ted Syllogisme?

A. Two, first the proposition is generall or proper, secondly the conclusion is like to the antecedent or the weaker part.

Q. What are the kindes of it?

A. The kindes are twofold.

Q. What is the first?

A. The first is where the argument alwaies followeth the negative in the other part.

Q. Shew some Syllogisme of this kinde?

A. GEN. 1.

Ce­sa­re. A troubled man useth not his reason well:
But a wife man useth his reason well,
A wife man is not therefore troubled.

Q. Produce, the example of some Orator for this Syllogisme?

A. This judgement is so brought forth of Cicero Tusc: 3. And when (saith hee) the eye is troubled, it is not honestly affected to the ful­filling of its duty: and the rest of the partes, as also the whole body, when it is moved from its state, wanteth its office and function, so a troubled minde is not honestly affected to ful­fill his duty. But the duty of the minde is to use reason, and a wise man is alwayes so affe­cted, that hee useth reason most excellently; he is therefore never troubled.

Q. Give example of another generall Syllo­gisme?

A. GEN. 2.

Ca­me­stres. A mortall thing is compound.
A soule is not compound.
A soule therefore is not mortall.

Q. Produce the authority of some ancient, a­vouching this Syllogisme?

A. Cicero judgeth the soule to be immortall by this Syllogisme. Tusc: 1. For wee cannot doubt saith hee in our mindes, unlesse wee bee perchance ignorant in physicall things, but that [Page 84]there is nothing knit to soules, nothing con­nexed, nothing copulate, nothing joyned, no­thing double; which when it is so, can surely never be parted, nor divided, nor severed, nor drawne asunder, neither perish therefore: for perishing is as it were a departure and separa­tion or breach of those parts, which before the perishing were joyned together.

Q. Give an example of a speciall syllogisme?

A. SPEC. 1.

Fe­sti­no. A pale man is not couragious.
Maximus is couragious.
Maximus therefore is not pale.

Q. Produce authority for this syllogisme?

A. By this judgement Ovid: concludeth. De Pont: 3. El: 3.

Palenes and sloth are not in the high minde,
Rather with vipers them on ground we finde▪
In highest things thy minde excels we see,
No name I finde t'expresse the wit of thee.
Some miseries doe taste, hurt and out worne,
Are made to feele sharpe pricking of the thorne:
Yet thou art wont to helpe complaning men,
Amongst which number pray let me be then.

Q. Shew another example of the special syl­logisme.

A. SPEC. 2.

Ba­io­co. A dauncer is Lecherous.
Murena is not Lecherous.
Murena therefore is no dauncer.

Q. Produce some Orator for this syllogisme?

A. Cic: pro Mur: For no man almost be­ing sober daunceth, unlesse perchance hee bee mad, neither alone, nor at a moderate and ho­nest banquet; for dauncing is the companion of untimely banquets, pleasant places, and many delights, thou snatchest that from me that it is necessary that vices should be: thou leavest that whereby this removed, this vice ought not to be at all: no filthy banquet, no love, no glotte­ny is shewed, and when we finde not all these things which have the name of pleasure, and are vices; there thou canst not finde lechery, nay thinkest thou to finde a shadow of lust in such.

Q. Avouch some other authority after the like manner?

A. After this manner of judgement Ovid: de Trist: 1. concludeth triply, whil'st hee sets forth the excuse of his verses.

They that make verses should not merry be,
Our time is clouded with adversity:
They that write verses should enjoy their ease,
The seas, the windes, with winter fierce me presse.
Good poets should not feare, but I feare death,
I dread least swordes doe take away my breath:
Then what is here, a right judge will admire,
If reading them they satisfi's desire.

Q. Give example of proper syllogismes?

A. PRO. 1.

Agesilaus is not painted by Apelles.

Alexander is painted by Apelles.

Alexander therefore is not Ageselaus.

Q. Give another example of a proper Syllo­gisme?

A. PRO. 2.

Cesar oppressed his contrey.
Tullius opressed not his countrey.
Tullius therefore is not Cesar.

CAP. 12. The second kinde of the simple explicate Syllogisme.

Q. What is the second kinde of the explicate Syllogisme?

A. The second kinde of the explicate Syl­logisme is, when the argument goeth before in the proposition, the affirmative followeth in the assumption.

Q. Give an example of an affirmative gene­rall after this kinde.

A. AFF Gen.

Bar­ba­ra. Every just thing is profitable.
Every honest thing is just.
Every honest thing therefore is profitable

Q. Produce some Orator avouching this Syl­logisme?

A. Thus Cicero concludeth, Offic: 2. The Philosophers truely with great authority, se­verely, [Page 87]soundly and honestly, doe distinguish these three confused kindes by cogitation. For whatsoever is just, that also they thinke to be profitable: also, whatsoever is honest, that is just; from whence ariseth, that whatsoever is honest, that is also profitable.

Q. Give an example of a negative generall Syllogisme?

A. NEG. GEN.

Ce­la­rent. A fearefull man is not free.
A covetous man is fearefull.
A covetous man therefore is not free.

Q. Prove this by some Poet?

A. It is thus concluded and judged by Hor­race: Epist: 1.

Who freer is he that as servant dwelleth,
Or he that in his monies love excelleth:
I doe not see, he that desires doth feare,
And he that feares his freedome doth not beare.

Q. Give another example of this kinde of Syl­logisme?

A. Ten: in Eu▪ concludeth and judgeth this, That which is voyd of counsell, cannot be go­verned by counsell.

Love is voyd of counsell.

It cannot therefore be governed by counsell.

A. Produce the wordes of Terrence?

A. The former Syllogisme followeth in these words: master, that thing which hath in it neither counsell nor meanes, that thou canst [Page 88]not governe by counsell. In love are all these vices, injuries, suspitions, enmities, flatteries, warre, peace againe: these uncertaine things if thou wouldest guide by certaine reason, thou dost no more then if thou shouldest labour to to be mad with reason.

Q. Give an example of the affirmative spe­ciall syllogisme?

A. AFF. SPE.

Da­ri­i. Consuls made by vertue ought studiously to defend the common wealth.

Cicero is made Consul by vertue.

Cicero therefore ought studiously to de­fend the common wealth.

Q. Produce Tullies words avouching this syl­logisme?

A. The Orator doth both conclude and judge his owne diligence. Agr: 2. For the great care and diligence aswell of all the Con­suls, ought to be placed in defending the com­mon wealth, as of those who not in the cradle; but in the campe were made Consuls: none of our ancients promised to the people of Rome for mee that I ought to bee trusted: to aske of mee that I ought, even when I did aske, none of our ancestours commended mee to you, therefore if I neglect any thing, there is none who shall intreat mee for you. Yet while my life lasts (I being hee who am able to de­fend it from their wickednesse) I promise [Page 89]this to you O Quirites, that you have com­mitted the common wealth to the provi­dence of a good trust: to a watchfull man, not a coward; to a diligent man, not a slug­gard.

Q. Shew another syllogisme of this kinde?

A. That which comes wished for is grate­full.

Lesbia comes wished for to Catullus.
She is therefore gratefull.

Q. Set forth Catullus his wordes wherein he thus concludeth?

A. That which we long for with desires great,
Is acceptable to us when we heate:
Wherefore this gratefull is, more deare then gold,
That Lesbia is come our friend of old.
Thou dost our wishes grant, our hope restore;
O light most cleare! who is there that is more
Happy then I, who have what I desire;
Even what I wish ther's nought I can require.

Q. Give an example of an negative speciall?

A. NEG. SPE.

Fe­ri­o. The deceiver of a loving maid is not to be praysed.

Demophoon is the deceiver of a loving maide, to wit Phyllis.

Demophoon therefore is not to bee pray­sed.

Q. Set forth the words of Phillis in Ovid so judgeing.

A. It is no glory virgins to deceive,
Who love a man and wish him for to have;
Simplicity should rather favrur gaine,
But I that love and al's a woman am.
Deceived am by thee with flattering stile,
The gods thy prayses make it all the while.

Q. Give an example of an affirmative pro­per?

A. AFF. PRO.

Octavius is Cesars heire.
I am Octavius.
I am therefore Cesars heire.

Q. Give an example of a negative proper?

A. NEG. PRO.

Anthony is not Cesars sonne.
Thou art Anthony.
Thou art not therefore Cesars sonne.

CAP. 13. The first connexed Syllogisme.

Q. You have expounded hitherto the simple Syllogisme, what now is the compound Syllogisme?

A. The compound Syllogisme is a Syllo­gisme where the whole question is another part of the affirmed and compound propositi­on, the argument is another part.

Q. But what if any thing were taken away in the compound Syllogisme?

A. That were to put a speciall contradi­ction.

Q. What are the kindes of a compound Syllo­gisme?

A. A compound Syllogisme is connexed or disjunct.

Q. What is a connexed syllogisme?

A. A connexed syllogisme, is a compound syllogisme, of a connexed proposition.

Q. How many are the manners of distinction?

A. It is of two manners.

Q. What is the first?

A. The first manner of the connexed syllo­gisme is that which assumeth the antecedent, and the consequent concludeth.

Q. Give an example of this?

A. After this manner Cicero concludeth. lib. 2. De Divinatione.

If they be gods it is divination.
But they are gods.
It is divination therefore.

Q. Give another example?

A. Offic: 3. And if also nature prescribeth this, that a man to a man, whatsoever he bee for that same cause that hee is a man, will use consultation it is necessary according to the same nature, that the profit of all should bee common. Which if it bee so all of us are con­tained in one, and the same law of nature; and [Page 92]this if it be so indeed we are certainely forbid­den by the law of nature to violate one ano­ther: but the first is true, the last therefore i [...] also true.

Q. Give another example?

A. Aeneid: 4. Dido judgeth Aeneas to [...] ­maine with her.

Dost thou me fly by these teares I thee pray,
By thy right hand I thee beseech to stay:
Else thou wilt leave me wretched here alone,
By our deare marriage, our deare love like none.
If I doe ought deserve if thou hast beene
Sweet unto me, have pitty on me then:
Looke on thy slippery house, and now I pray,
If any place for prayers be I say:
For Libians sake, for Nomades his kings,
Who hated me and for all other things.
Which I for thee did beare, my credits lost,
I am alone, for thee thus am I crost:
Besides all this, my fame is quite decayed,
Rather I had my flesh in dust were laid.

Q. Doth it alwayes assume the same?

A. Oftentimes not the same but a greater.

Q. Give example?

A. Cat: 1. If thy parents feared and hated thee, neither couldest thou please them by any reason, in my opinion thou wert to abstaine a little from their sight: now the countrey (which is our common parent) hateth and feareth thee, and of a long time judgeth no­thing of thee, except it be touching thy death, [Page 93]canst thou neither avoyd its authority, neither follow its judgement, neither fearest thou its force.

Q. What may farther be under this head?

A. This manner of concluding is the very same when the proposition is a relate of time.

Q. Give example?

A. After this kinde the nymph O Enon in Ovid, concludeth the error of her foolishnes.

When Paris O Enon hoped to forsake,
It would to Xanthus with all speede betake:
Xanthus make haste returne thou back againe,
That so this Paris O Enon may sustaine.

CAP. 14. The second connexive syllogisme.

Q. What is the second manner of the connexed syllogisme?

A. The second manner of the connexed syl­logisme taketh away the consequent that it may take away the antecedent.

Q. Give example?

A. If a wise man assent to any thing, some­times also he shall be opinated.

Therefore he shall assent to nothing.

Q. Give another example?

A. By the like syllogisme Ovid: Trist: 12. judgeth his foolishnes.

If I were wise those sisters I should hate,
Deities hurtfull to whom on them waite:
But now so great my foolishnesse is seene,
I build them alters whom my hurt have beene.

These two kindes of the syllogisme are most usuall of all.

CAP 15. The first disjunct syllogisme.

Q. What is the disjunct syllogisme?

A. The disjunct syllogisme is the syllogisme composed of a disjunct proposition.

Q. What are the manners of distinction?

A. Two.

Q. What is the first?

A. The first taketh away one and conclu­deth the rest,

Q. Give example?

A. Either it is day, or it is night.

But it is not day?

It is therefore night.

Q. Give another example?

A. The judgement of Cicero in defence of Cluventius is such: But when as this conditi­on was proposed to him, that either he should accuse justly and piously, or die sharpely or un­worthily: [...] would rather accuse after that manner then [...] after this.

Q. Make the disjunction appeare clearer?

A. Either he must accuse or die.

He must not die,

He must accuse therefore.

Q. Give another example like to this?

A. There is the like reasoning Phil. 2. dost thou not understand it is determined, that ei­ther, those who have done this thing are homicides or revengers of liberty? But attend a lit­tle and take the thoughts of a sober man for a little time, and I who am of them, as my selfe doth confesse, will familiarly argue with thee as a fellow: I deny that there is any meane: I grant that they are, except they be deliverers and conserveres of the Roman common wealth more then villany, more then homicides, more parricides: if truely it be cruelty, rather to bee a father to the country, then a murtherer of ones selfe: Thou art a wise and considerate man what sayst thou: if they be particides, why were they honored of thee, and called to this order by the Roman people why was Mar­cus Brutus by thy meanes freed from the law, if he were absent more then tenne dayes from the citty? why did Apolinares receive Marcus Brutus with incredible honour? why was the prouinces given to Cassius and Brutus, why were their questors added? why were the number of Legates increased and this done by thee? they are not therefore homicides. It fol­loweth then that by thine owne iudgement they are deliverers, when as truely there can be [Page 96]no third admitted.

Q. If the parts of the disiunct proposition shall be more then two, how shall they be iudged then?

A. The art of iudging them and concluding them shall be the same.

Q. Give example?

A. So Cicero iudgeth Rabitious to bee a­mong the consulls: And wee see (saith hee) these three to be in the nature of things, to wit that either he should bee with Saturninus, or with the good, or that he should lie hid. But to lie hid is proper to the dead and rotten: to be with Saturninus of sury & wickednesse: ver­tue and honesty and shamefastnesse constrai­ned him to be with the consulls.

CAP. 16. The second disiunct?

Q. What is the second disiunct?

A. The second disiunct, from the proposi­tion the affirmative assumeth one, and taketh away, the rest.

Q Give example?

A. It is day or it is night.

But it is day,

It is not therefore night.

Q. Give another example after this manner?

A. Thus Iuno concludeth with Iove touch­ing Turnus, Aeneid. 10.

What if thou sayest the thing thou dost not meane?
And should to Turnus give life againe,
Now I remaine in misery and woe,
And hope for that which will not happen so:
But rather than this ill should come to passe,
I'le mocke my selfe and hope past hope alas.

Q. Shew another syllogisme of this kind?

A. There is the like Syllogisme effected from a proposition copulative negative, which is cal­led negative complexion, and which obtaineth the force of an affirmative disjunction.

Q. Give example?

A. It is not both day and night,

But it is day,

It is not therefore night.

CAP. 17. The onely method according to Aristotle.

Q. What is method?

A. Method is a dianoia of diverse homogene axioma, preposed for the clearenes of their na­ture, from whence the agreeing amongst them­selves of them are iudged and comprehended in memory.

Q. What is to be considered in method?

A. As verity and falsity is beheld in the ax­ioma consequence and inconsequence in the syl­logisme, so in method it is to be considered [Page 98]that by it the more cleare may precede, the more obscure may follow, and that altogether order and confusion be iudged.

Q. Make this plainer?

A. After this manner is disposed from ho­mogene axiomas in the first place by an absolute notion, the first; in the second place the second, in the the third place the third, and so for­ward.

Q. It seemeth by this that method doth conti­nually passe from vniversalls to singulars?

A. So it is, for by this sole and onely way it proceedeth from antecedents altogether, and ab­solute notions, to the declaring of unknowne consequences, and this is the only method that Aristotle taught.

CAP. 18. The first illustration of methods by illustra­tion of artes.

Q. But doe not examples set forth this head more clearely?

A. Yes, the examples of doctrines and artes doe cheifly demonstrate and set forth the vnity of method, in the which although all the rules are generall & vniversall, yet the degrees of them are distinguished: and by how much every thing shall be more generall, by so much it shal more precede.

Q. Why shall the first be in the most generall place and order?

A. Because in light and knowledge it is first.

Q. Why shall the subalternates follow?

A. Because in their clearenes they are next.

Q It seemeth by this that those things which by nature are more knowne shall precede, those which are lesse known are subisttute, and at length the most speciall follow?

A. So it is.

Q. What then shall precede and be first?

A. The most general definition shal be first.

Q. What shall follow?

A. The distribution.

Q. But how if their be many.

A. Then the partition in perfect partes shal precede.

Q. What shall follow?

A. The division into kindes.

Q. What then?

A. The partes themselves and the kindes are in the same order to be handled and defined againe in which they were distributed.

Q. What further is required?

A. If there shal be a long explication of them they are to be chained together by the chaines of transcition.

Q. What benefit redowndeth from hence?

A. It refresheth and recreateth the Au­ditor.

Q. But may not example be under this head?

A Yes as a more familiar thing is taken, so a more familiar example must bee u­sed.

Q. Give example of what you have here shewed out of the art of grammer?

A. All definitions, distributions, are found in the rules of grammer, and every one of them severally judged, and all these documents in­scribed in diverse tables, are confounded and mingled together as it were in a certaine port.

Q. What part of dialectica teacheth us to compose these confused rules and digest them into order: first there is no need of the places of invention, when as they are all found: neither in the first iudgement of axiomas, when as eve­ry axioma is proved and valued: neither of the second iudgement of the filogisme, when as all of them are disputed and concluded controver­sies of several things by these onely syllogismes: it seemeth therefore to bee onely method, is it not?

A. Yes it is onely method.

Q. How is it done?

A. The Logitian by this light of artificiall method selecteth out of this pott the definition of grammer (for that is most generall) and pla­ceth it in the first place: grammer is the do­ctrine of speaking well. Then hee taketh out of the same Oven the particion of [Page 101]grammer, and placeth it in the second place: the partes of grammer are two: Etymology and Syntaxis. Then out of the same vessel hee seperateth the definition of Etymology of worde, and joyneth it in the third place to those that goe before: then hee seeketh out the partes of wordes in letters and syllables, and the kindes in wordes of number, and without number, and placeth them with their transciti­ons in their severall places. And so the defini­tions of all the partes of Etymology, together with their distributions, colligations, and most speciall examples hee placeth in their severall places, and so likewise in the Syntax. This way all the artes have proposed to themselves.

CAP. 19. The second example of methode by example of Poets, Orators, Histriographers.

Q. But is methode onely set forth in matter of the artes and doctrines?

A. No, it is also declared in all things which we would teach easily and plainely: therefore Poets, Orators, and all manner of writers as often as they propose any thing to teach to their auditors, doe follow this way, although they doe not enter and insist upon it all alike.

Q. Give an example out of some Poet?

A. Virgil in his Georgicks distributeth as I [Page 102]said before the proposed matter into foure parts, and in the first booke followeth com­mon thinges, as Astrology, Meteorology, and of corne and tillage; this was the first part of his worke: then the transcition is adhibited in the beginning of the second book.

Thus far of tillage and of starres were we,
Now of the Bacchus we'l sing presently.

Then hee writeth generally of trees, as al­so specially of plants; the second transcition is adhibited to the third part, but more imperfect and without an Epilogue. In the beginning of the third booke of Oxen, Horses, Sheepe, Goates, Dogges.

We'l sing of goddes Pales, al's of him,
Who by Amphryso kept his sheepe most trim.

At length in the beginning of the fourth book there is the third transcition of the fourth part, but also imperfect from the onely prepo­sition of their Bees.

Now of the eyre hony Bee I'le speake.

So therefore the Poet studdieth to place the most generall first, the subalternate middle, the most speciall in the last place.

Q. Give another poeticall example?

A. Ovid: in Fast: useth this kinde of dispo­sition, proposing in the beginning the summe of his worke.

I'le sing of times that passe throughout the yeare, Fall of the starres and rising I'le declare.

By and by having made imploration hee de­termineth [Page 103]the partition of the yeare made first by Tumulus into ten monethes, which hee re­prehendeth.

When as Romes builder did the yeare devide, In it he made five moneths and five beside.

And a little after hee adjoyneth Numa his more full devisor.

But Numa neither Ianus did omit,
Nor yet the ancient shadowes out did put:
But to th'old monethes two more appointed he.

Here the Poet having interpreted the com­mon differences of holy-dayes, working-dayes, banquet-dayes, kalends, nones, ides, at the last hee followeth every moneth in his place, and with a preface after this order he passeth from generalls to the study of specialls.

Ith what I have you shewed what these things be,
It now remaines, we part them presantly.

At length after the exposition of every part the transcition is joyned as in the end of the first and beginning of the second booke.

The first part of my taske is ended now,
The moneth is done, my little booke also:
Ianus is done, another moneth beginneth,
Another booke now with that moneth reneweth.

And in every one of his bookes afterward the transcitions are adhibited, but lesse accu­rately

Q. How doe the Orators follow this methode?

A. The Orators in poems, narrations, con­firmations, perorations doe follow this order [Page 104]as the nature both of the art and the order of the thing doe require, and sometimes more studiously too.

Q. Give example?

A. Cicero in an accusation first by propoun­ding, then by parting, followeth this order. Questor Cn: Paxeris saith he, thou hast beene Confull unto this time fourteene yeares, and from that day unto this day in which thou hast made me, I call thee into judgement; there was no voyd houre found in robbery, wickednesse, cruelty, iniquity. This is the proposition & de­finitiō of the chief matter, as in this judgement most generall. The partition followeth: these are the yeares consume in the questorship, end a Sciatican embassage, and the Vrban pre­torship, and in the Sicilian pretorship: where­fore this shall bee the fourefold disposition of my accusation, which foure partes with their particular partitions hee hath also handled in th [...]ir severall order and place, and coupled them with transcitions; the three first in the third booke. Wherefore (saith he) his questorship being shewed, & his first magistracy, together with his theft and wickednesse looked unto, let us attend to the rest. Then having expoun­ded the faults of his embassadorship, the tran­scition to his pretorship followeth. But let us now come to that famous pretorship, and those faults which were more knowne to those which were present, then to us who come me­ditated [Page 105]and prepared to pleading. This tran­scition is more imperfect without an epilogue: at length in the beginning of the fourth oration there is the like transcition to the fourth part of the Sicilian pretorship. Many necessary things O Iudges I must pretermit, that I may in some manner speake of thos [...] things which are committed to my trust, for I have received the cause of Sicilia, that province hath drawne me unto this businesse.

Q. Give an example out of some Historiogra­pher?

A. Livy doth so imbrace the summe of seventy yeares in the beginning, then divideth them by tennes.

CAP. 20. The secrets of method.

Q. It seemeth that in the diverse axiomaticall homogens, as also in the judgement of the syllo­gisme, the notes of methode shall be as often as any thing is taught clearely: but is there no other kinde of methode?

A. Yes, when as the auditor shall be decei­ved in a certaine part with, delectation and a greater motion, then certaine homogens are re­jected, as the lights of definition, partition and transcition: and certaine heterogens are assu­med, as digressions from the matter, and com­morations upon the thing; but chiefly the or­der of thinges in the beginning is turned over, [Page 106]and certaine antecedents are put after conse­quents. Therefore to that rule of perfect me­thod this may seeme somewhat more imper­fect; the forme is not onely lame, things being detracted; or abounding, things being added; but also the order of it being inverted by cer­taine degrees is preposterous.

Q. Give an example of it?

A. The like the Poet maketh with a cer­taine greater kinde of artificialnes, while hee propoundeth to himselfe to leade the people. viz. the beast like heads of the multitude, and therefore hee deceiveth diverse wayes, hee be­ginneth in the middle, and there oftentimes he comprehendeth the first, to conclude the last, he placeth in an uncerca ne and an un­thought of chance. So as (Horace saith) Homer disposeth his Iliads.

Ne doth this man Troyes warres divide so well,
He alwayes maketh haste the vent to tell:
Even in the midst reader he doth catch,
Leaves off his tract, with haste frō it doth snatch,
And thus he lies, thus mingles false with true,
So that ne first nor midst in it I view.

Q. Proceed to further examples.

A. So Virgil taketh Aeneas from Sicilia, and makes a narration of him in the banquet of Carthage; and at last bringeth in his diverse troubles. So the commedian Poets, although with great judgement they have distinguished their Comedies by acts and seenes yet doe [Page 107]so effect, that all thinges seeme to be done by chance. The Orators attribute all to victory. Therefore this seemeth to be placed chiefly by them not so much to teach as to perswade, when as also those things which doe equally excell, are kept even unto the last, and the meanes are conferred into the middle, according to Ho­mers disposition.

FINIS.

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