CHAP. I. Of Primary Alteratives.

1. A Brotonum, [...], South­ernwood (hot & dry in 3 d.) cuts, opens, resists poyson, is diuretick; the Seed is a good Pectoral, and helps shortness of Breath. It is twofold, ei­ther Male, called [...], Abrotonum mas; or Fe­male, called [...], Abrotonum faemina, which is the greater Southernwood.

2. Absinthium, [...], Wormwood, (h.d. 2.) heats, opens Obstructions of the Li­ver and Spleen, kills Worms: it is also called [...], from it's Bitterness. It is of three sorts, 1. The common. 2. [...], Pontick, or Roman. 3. [...], Sea worm­wood.

3. Acetosa, [...], Sorrel, (c. d. 2.) Acetosella, Lujula [...], Wood-Sorrel; they both abate the violent heat of Fevers, and their Seed is good against both [Page 2]Flux and Bloody Flux: Wood-Sorrel is prevalent against the Plague.

4. Adianthum, [...], Maidenhair, (temp.) opens Obstructions of the Lungs provokes Urine, breaks the Stone, cures Coughs and Asthmas. There are three sorts of it, 1. [...], Ca­pillus Veneris Vulgaris. 2. [...], Polytrichon aureum. 3. [...], Trichomanes, fi­cidula Capillaris, red Maiden­hair.

5. Agalochum, [...], Wood of Alocs, (h. 2. d. 2.) comforts the Brain. cureth swooning Fits, kills Worms, strengthens the Heart, and is an excellent Perfume. Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 3. Sect. 2.

6. Ageratum, [...], Maudlin, (h. d. 2.) it is la­xative, opens the Spleen, and resists Putrefaction. The Es­sence cures the Griping of the Guts, the Cholick, and Bloody-Flux, strengthens the Brain, and stops Catarrhs. This is Eupatorium Mesues, Garden Costus.

7. Agnus Castus, Vitex, Salix marina, [...], Chaste tree, (h. d. 3.) the Seed heats greatly, stops the Cour­tes, and restrains Lust; it al­layes the Fury of the Womb, expells Wind, opens and cures hardness of the Liver and Spleen, prevails against the Bitings of Venomous Beasts. It is said to be a Spe­cifick against Hardness, Scir­rhus, Apostemations, and Ulcers of the Womb, Testi­cles and Genitals.

8. Agrimonia, Eupatorium Graecorum, [...], Agri­mony, (temp.) it nobly opens the Liver and Spleen, cures the Cachexia & Tertians, and is an excellent Vulnerary. There are two kinds, 1. The True, which is what we have now named. 2. The Bastard, called Eupatorium Aquaticum, Cannabinum, or Adulterinum, which is both Male and Female.

9. Alchimilla, Stellaria, [...], La­dies Mantle, great Sanicle, (temp. d. 1.) it is a most no­ble Wound-herb, cures Ul­cers and Phlegmons.

10. Alkagengi, [...], Winter Cherries, (c. d. 2.) pro­voke Urine, break the Stone, help the Yellow Jaundies.

11. Alkermes, [...], the Berry Kermes, (h. d. 1.) resists Poyson, com­sorts the Heart, and is good against the Plague.

12. Allium, Scorodon, [...], Garlick, (h. d. 4.) re­sists Poyson, expells Wind, provokes Urine.

13. Alliaria, [...], Sawce alone, or Jack by the Hedge, (h. d. 2.) It is used for Sawces for Meat, instead of the former. See our Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 2. Sect. 22. There is also another, called [...], Scorodoprassium, Al­lium Ʋrsinum, Great Moun­tain Garlick.

14. Apium, [...], Parsly, (h. 2. d. 3.) The Root and Seed opens, provokes Urine, the Courses, and the Stone. Here we may add, 1. [...], Olusatrum, Apium Syl­vestre, Horse Parsley, or Ale­xander's, see it in our Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 303. 2. [...], Oreoselinum, Apium Montanum, Moun­tain Parsley.

15. Argentina, Potentilla, [...], Wild-tan­sie or Silver-weed, (c. 1. d. 2.) it stops all Fluxes whatso­ever, yet is said to expell the Stone.

16. Auricula Muris, Pilo­sella, [...], Mouse Ear, (h. d. 2.) stops Fluxes and the Whites, helps Ruptures, and is a good Wound-herb: the Juyce drop'd into the Ears, eases the Pain of them, and cleanses them from all Filth and Corruption; the Essence cleanses the Blood, and cures Inflamations of the Eyes. To this you may add, [...], Cauda Murina, Cauda Muris, Mouse-Tail, Blood-strang; see it in our Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 141.

17. Betonica, [...], Be­tony, (h. d. 2.) It is a Wound­herb, comforts the Brain, helps Convulsions, provokes Urine: The Essence is good against the Falling-sickness, Palsie, dead Palsie, Vertigo, Megrim, Distempers of the Womb, Obstructions of the Kidneys and Bladder, bi­ting of venomous Creatures, Poyson, Plague, Inward Brui­ses, Spitting of Blood, Phthy­sick, Consumption, Cough, Head-ach, Frensie, Madness [Page 4]Illness and Pain of the Sto­mach, want of Digestion and Vomiting.

18. Betonica aquatica, [...], Water Betony: See it in our Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 91.

19. Buglossa, [...], Bugloss, (temp. m. 2.) It has the same Virtues with Bor­rage. Here add, 1. [...], Echium, Echi­on Alcibiadion, Buglossa Vipe­rina, Vipers Bugloss. 2. [...], Lycopsis, Buglossus Longifolia, which see in our Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 223 and 382.

20. Cardamomum, Grana Paradisi, [...], Car­damoms, or Grains of Para­dise, (h. d. 3.) they both ex­pell Wind, cleanse the Head and Stomach provoke Urine, break the Stone, resist Poy­son, kill Worms, cure Agues, and the Epilepsie, provoke the Terms, cure the Cholick and Griping of the Guts, and warm a cold Head and Stomach; the greater (which are the Grains of Paradise) being infused in Wine or S. V. make the Infusion smell persectly like a Quince.

21. Cardiaca, [...], Motherwort, (h. d. 2.) it is good in Swooning Fits, Mo­ther, Convulsions, Palsies; kills Worms, provokes the Terms, Urine, and causes speedy Delivery. Dodonaeus saith, that bruised and laid upon Wounds, it keeps them both from Inflamation and Apostemation; It stops Blood, conglutinates, heals, and skins Sores. It is called Si­deritis prima, being the first of the three kinds in Herbs called in Greek, [...], and in Latine, Sideri­tides.

22. Centaurium, [...], Centory, (h. d. 3.) it glews wounds, opens the Liver and Spleen, is good against the Scurvy, Jaun­dies, Gout, Worms, pro­vokes Urine and the Terms; it cures Agues, Dropsies, Green-sickness, Cholick: It is two-fold, 1. [...], Centaurium mag­num, Centory the greater, 2. [...], [Page 5] Centaurium minus, Centory the lesser; the Virtues of both little differ, but the les­ser is accounted the more ef­fectual, the greater is a Fe­brifuge, good against Rup­tures and spitting of Blood, Coughs and Asthmas; it provokes the Terms, and expells the dead Child; out­wardly it conglutinates and heals all Green Wounds. The lesser is said to be very good against the Sciatica, expelling gross Cholerick and Flegmatick Humours downwards: The Juyce mix'd with Honey, and put into the Eyes, clears the Sight, and helps it of all manner of Defects, for which, esteem it as a Jewel. It's other Vertues see in our Pharm. Lond. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 143.

23. Cepa, [...], Oni­on, (h. d. 4.) the root rost­ed heals the Lungs, and a Cough, expells Poyson; outwardly applied, they ease the Gout: sliced and infu­sed all night in Rhenish Wine, and drunk the next Morning, gives Infallible case in the Stone, and removes all Stopages of Urine. Here add, [...], Scilla, Squil­la, the Squil, or Sea Onion, which see in our Pharmdib. 1. cap. 1. Sect. 126.

24. Cer [...]f [...]lium, [...], Chervil, (h. d. 1.) ex­pells Wind, provokes Urine, and the Stone. Here add, [...], Gingidium, Lepi­dion, Tooth-pick Chervil, which see in our Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 278.

25. Chainedrys, [...], Germander, (h. d. 2.) it opens the Liver and Spleen, provokes Urine and the Terms. There is another called [...], Teucrium, Wild or Great Germander: it has the Vir­tues of the former, besides which, it is a Specifick a­gainst Pains and Swellings of the Spleen, and bitings of venomous Creatures.

26. Chamepitys, [...], Ground pine, (h. 2. d. 3.) it opens the Liver and Spleen, cures the Jaundies, Mother, Epilepsie, and Drop­sie, provokes Urine and the Terms, strengthens Nature, cleanses the Blood. The Juyce [Page 6]mix'd with Mead, and drunk for forty days toge­ther, is a Specifick in the Cure of the Gout and Sciati­ca; (whence it was called Iva Arthritica, Gout Ivy) also, the Juyce mix'd with Honey, and applied, heals green Wounds, old and cor­rupt Ulcers, softens and dissolves the Hardness in Womens Breasts, and cures the biting of Serpents, and other venomous Beasts.

27. China [...], the root China, (h. d. 1.) it is sudorifick, and diuretick, opens the Spleen, and drys much.

28. Cichoreum, Solsequi­um, Cariola, [...], Cichory, (c. d. 2.) it opens Obstructions of the Liver, and is Antifebritick. To this add, [...], Condrilla, Seris, Gum Succory: the Juyce thereof stops Fluxes, and is good against the biting of venomous Beasts and Serpents. The Seed strengthens the Sto­mach, and causeth Digesti­on. See it in our Pharm. Lond. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 159.

29. Consolida Major, Sym­phyton, [...], Comfry, (c. d. 3.) it is a Wound­herb, stops spitting of Blood, and Fluxes. Here to add, 1. [...], Consolida Re­galis, Delphinium, King's consound, or Larks-Spur. 2. [...], Del­phinium alterum; [...], Bucinum, Wild King's con­sound, or Larks Spur. See our Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 174.

30. Corylus, [...], the Hasle tree, (temp. d. 1.) the Nut opens the Stomach, the Oyl of the Wood cures the Epilepsie, Tooth-ach, and all other pains. The Nut is called, [...], Nux p [...]ntica, nux Avellana, nux H [...]racleo­tica.

31. Cuminum, [...], Cumin, (h. d. 3.) The Seed expells Wind, eases the Cholick and Head-ach, pro­vokes Urine, discusses Tu­mors. There is another sort of Cumin, called [...], Nigella, Gith, or black Cumin, which is three-sold, [Page 7]Garden, Wild, and Damask. See it in our Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 7. Sect. 97.

32. Daucus, [...], Wild Carot, (h. d. 2.) the Seed opens and expells Wind, provokes Urine, helps Fits of the Mother. To this, add [...], Caucalis, Hedge, or Bastard Parsly. See our Pharm. Lond. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 140.

33. Dracunculus, [...], Dragons, (h. d. 4.) the Root expells Poyson, Stone, and Urine; it is hot­ter and sharper than Aron. There are three sorts of Dra­gons, or Dragon-worts, viz. 1. [...], Dra­cuntium, Dracunculus major, Serpentaria major, the great­er Dragons. 2. [...], Dracunculus minor, Arum maculatum, the lesser Dragons. 3. [...], Dracunculus Palu­stris, vel aquatilis, Water Dragons. They are all much of one Vertue and Power, the roots of which, see in our Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 1. Sect. 58. Besides which, boyled and rosted, and made into an Electuary with Ho­ney, they help Asthma's and shortness of Breath, Coughs and Catarrhs; for they ma­turate, divide, and consume all gross, tough, and flegma­tick Humours: if you boyl them about three times in three several Waters, you may use them as Garlick, for Sawce, as Galen saith. Their Fruit cures virulent and malignant Ulcers, con­sumes and eats away super­fluous Flesh, prevails against Polypus, Cankers, and other fretting and corroding Ul­cers.

34. Eryngium, [...], Eryngo, or Sea Holly (h. d. 1.) the Root cleanses the Reins, provokes Urine and the Courses, opens the Spleen. There is also [...], Eryngyum Trifolium, Trefoil Thistle, which see in our Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 238.

35. Faba, [...], Beans, (c. d. 1.) the Meal is discussive in Tumors, [Page 8]abates Inflamations, and helps the King's Evil. The great Garden kind are called Pha­selus major, vel Sativus; the small Field kind, Phaselus minor, vel Sylvestris, Horse or Field Beans.

36. Fabaria, [...], Crassula, portulaca Sylvestris, Orpine, (c. d. 2.) It is a good Wound-herb, stops Fluxes, is good in Ruptures, heals Distillations into the Throat: made into a Syrup, with Honey, it cures Ulcers in the Lungs: applyed, it eases the Gout.

37. Ficus, [...], the Fig­tree, (h. d. 1.) the Figs open the Lungs, help Coughs, ri­pen pestilential Tumors. The Fig-tree is either [...], Ficus sativa, the Gar­den Figtree, or [...], Ficus Sylvestris, Caprificus, the wild Fig-tree. The Fruit is called [...], Ficus, a Fig: before it is ripe, it is called [...], Grossus, unripe: when it is ripe and dry, it is called [...], Carica, a dry Fig; but [...] in Greek, is properly the Syrian Fig. [...] 38. Foeniculum, [...], Fennel (h. 2. d. 1.) it opens, and expells Wind, provokes Urine, comforts the Sight, encreases Milk. There are two sorts of Fen­nel, Garden and Wild. The Essence of the Garden is good against the stinging of Scorpions, and other poy­sonous Creatures, opens all sorts of Obstructions, and prevails against an Erysipe­las: used in a Collyrium, it prevails against all Disea­ses of the Eyes. The wild Fennel is called [...], Faeniculum creaticum, wild, great, or Horse Fennel, and has the Vertues of the former.

39. Flos solis, [...], Corona solis, Sun Flow­er, (temp.) the Heads before they are flowred, are as good food as Artichoaks. See our Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 255.

40. Fraxinus, Oenus, [...], the Ash tree, (temp. d. 2.) the Leaves, Bark, and Keys, open the Liver and Spleen, provoke Urine, resist Poy­son. [Page 9]The Ash is either manured or wild. The Deco­ction of the Manured opens the Liver and Spleen, cures the Rickets: the Essence be­ing daily given, cures such as grow exceeding sat and gross, like Monsters. The Powder of four of the leaves given every day in Rhenish Wine, do the same. A lixi­vium of the Ashes of the Wood cures Scurf, mor­phew, and Roughness of the Skin. The wild Ash is call­ed [...], Fraxinus Bu­bula, Ornus, Fraxinus Sylve­stris, & sorbus aucuparia, be­cause it bears Berries. The Leaves are aperative, and good against the Dropsie and Pleurisie.

41. Fumaria, [...], Fumitory, (c. d. 1.) it opens the Liver and Spleen, clean­ses the Body of Salt Hu­mours, cures the Jaundice, Itch, and Scabs.

42. Fumaria bulbosa, ari­stolochia rotunda, [...], Bulbous or Onion Fumitory, (h. 2. d. 3.) the Root opens, provokes Urine, Courses, dead Child, cures the Jaundies and Gout.

43. Galega, Ruta Capra­ria, Foenugrecum sylvestre, G [...]ats Rue, (temp.) it opens, cures the Vertigo, and Fits of the Mother, resists Poy­son, kills Worms, cures the Plague, Epilepsie, and Cho­lick.

44. Gentiana, [...], Gentian, (h.d. 3.) the Root resists Poyson and Plague, opens Obstructions of the Liver, Spleen, and Womb.

45. Gramen, [...], Grass, (temp.) it opens Obstructions, cleanses and provokes Urine. The Roots boyled in Wine and drunk, are good against the Cholick, help the Strangu­ria, and expell Gravel: the whole herb bruised and ap­plied, stops bleeding and heals green wounds.

46. Horminum, [...], Clary, (h. d. 3.) it discusses, strengthens and binds. There is also [...], Oculus Christi, Geminalis, wild Clary; it has the same [Page 10]Vertues with the former, the Seed is excellent to clear the Eye-sight.

47. Hyoscyamus, [...], Henbane, (c. 4. d. 1.) It is narcotick, cures the Gout. Outwardly it is a good Wound-herb; the Seed is a Specifick in the Diabetes and Incontinency of Urine. According to the Age of the Person, you may give it from ℈j ad ʒij. I know one that has given it to half an ounce three or four days together, and all the Inconveniency he ever found by it, was, that it made the Patient as if he was drunk, without any other ill Symptom: he al­ways gave the Seed whole, but I believe, half the quan­tity may have as great Force being bruised.

48. Hyoscyamus Luteus, [...], Yel­low Henbane, or English Tobacco. See it in our Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 310.

49. Jacca, Staebe, [...], Silver knap-weed, (h. d. 3.) it is a kind of Hearts Ease Sudorifick, a wound-herb, and cures Scabs and Itch. There is another sort, called [...], Jacea Nigra, Mater­filon, black Knap-weed, be­ing a kind of Scabious. See them in our Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 313. & 399.

50. Lactuca, [...], Lettice, (c. 3. d 1.) the Seed and Leaves cause Sleep, ease Pain, stop a Gonorrhaea. Here add, 1. [...], Pherumbrum, Lactuca sylve­stris, Wild Lettice; this is the Herb which the Israelites did eat with their Passover-Lamb. 2. [...], Lactuca Agnina, Lambs Let­tice. See them in Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 333.334.

51. Lampsane, [...], Napium Charlock, Dock cress. See it Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 336, 560.

52. Lavendula, [...], Lavender, Bastard Spicknard, (h. d. 3.) it cures the Palsie, Falling-sickness, Convulsions, Swooning, Cho­lick, Dysentery, Strangury, k [...]lls Worms, expells Me­lancholy, comforts and strengthens the Head, Nerves, Heart, Liver, and Spleen. [Page 11]It provokes the Terms, and brings away the dead Child and afterbirth. The Flow­ers are good against the Pal­pitation of the Heart, Ver­tigo and Apoplexy. To this add [...], Cha­maecyparissos, Lavender-cot­ten, see it in our Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 205.

53. Laurus, [...], Bay­tree, (h. d. 3.) the Berries provoke Urine, ease Pain, expell Wind, resist Poyson, cure the Palsie. Here add, 1. [...], Lauru­stinus, Wild Bay. 2. [...], Laurus Rosea, Olean­der, Rose-bay. See them in our Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 346. & 442.

54. Lens, [...], Lentils, (temp. d. 2.) the M [...]al ripens and cleanses Tumours, and is good for green Wounds. Here add, [...], Lenticula Ma­rina, Sea or Water Lentils.

55. Levisticum, Ligusti­cum, [...], Lovage, (h. d. 3.) the Leavs and Roots expell Wind. provoke Urine, and the Courses powerfully, resist Fits of the Mother, and swelling of the Stomach, ex­pell the dead Child, ease Pain, cure Agues, green Wounds, Ulcers, &c. There is another called [...], Siler Montanum, Bastard Lovage.

56. Lilium, [...], Lilly, (h. d. 1.) the Roots exter­nally used, ripen, mollifie, soften, cure Burnings. There is also [...], Lili­um Sylvestre, called also, Dens Caninus, Denticulus canis, Dogs tooth, or kind of wild Lilly. Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 211.

57. Lunaria, [...], Moonwort, (c. d. 1.) it heals green Wounds, and stops all Fluxes. There is also Luna­ria Latifolia, Moon flower, or Money flower, a kind of Thlapsi, called Sinapi Persicum, and, of Dioscorides, Thlapsia Cratevae. See our Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 97.

58. Malva, [...], Mallow, (temp. m. 1.) it softens, relaxes, eases pains of the Stone both in the [Page 12]Reins and Bladder. There are four sorts of Mallows commonly used. 1. The common aforesaid. 2. [...], Althaea, Marsh-mallows, 3. [...], Alcea, H [...]rba Simeonis, Hungarica, Ver­vain Mallow, which glews Wounds and Ruptures, and heals the bloody Flux. 4. [...], Mal­va arborea. Holyock v. Dispens.

59. Malus, Pomus, [...], Apple-tree, (c. m. 1.) the Fruit, chiefly Pippins, and Pearmains, are cordial and good in Fevers. Here add [...], Musa, Mose, Adam's Apple; it is that of which they say Adam eat in Paradise.

60. Malus Armeniaca. [...], Apricock-tree. (leaves c. d. 1.) the Fruit (called [...], Mala Armeniaca, Praecoceia Apricocks) comfort a h [...]t and dry Stomach and Liver.

61. Malus Persica, [...], Peach tree. (leaves c.d. 1.) the Fruit (call­ed [...], Malum Persicum, the Peach) cools the Stomach, and gently loosens the Belly.

62. Marrubium, [...], Horehound, (h. 2. d. 3.) it opens all manner of Obstructions, cleanses, is good against Ptisicks, spitting of Blood, Ulcers in the Lungs. To this add 1. [...], Marrubiastrum, marrubium ni­grum, vel foetidum, black or stinking Hore-hound. 2. [...], Stachys, marrubium, A­quaticum, Water Hore-hound.

63. Melo, [...], Melon, Melopepo, [...], musk Melon, (c. 3. m. 2.) the Pulp of the Fruit abates Inflama­tions; the Seeds open, cleanse and provoke Urine, are good against Coughs, Consumpti­ons, and Feavers. The Fruit is called [...], Melons, Pompions, Pepones. The Pulp laid to hot and inflamed Eyes, and the Fore-head, cures them; it also comforts a hot Sto­mach. There is also [...], Pepo Sylvestris, the wild Pompion.

64. Mercurialis, [...], Herb Mercury, (h.d. 1.) [Page 13]it is emollient, loosens the Belly, purges the Reins.

65. Melilotus, [...], Melilot, (h.d. 1.) it mollifies, discusses, allays Pain, is good against all Sores, old or new, breaks the Stone, and expells it; the Juyce clears the Eyes of Spots, Web, Pearls, Dimness, &c. you may use it in a Cataplasm with yolks of Eggs, and meal of Fenugreek, for to discuss Swellings, and case the Pain of the Stomach. The Juyce drop'd into the Ears, eases their pain; and applyed to the Fore-head, with fine Bole and Flax, eases the Headeach. The Es­sence provokes Urine.

66. Mentha, [...], Mint, hot and dry in 3. It stops vomiting chears the Spirits, and causes Appe­tite. Here Note, 1. That Men­tha Romana is our common Garden Spear Mint. 2. [...], Mentastrum, Mentha aquatica is Horse mint. 3. [...], Sisym­brium, Scimbron, is another kind of Water mint, cal­led Fish or Brook Mint, and white Water mint.

67. Muscus terrestris, [...], Ground-moss, (temp. d. 2.) it stops vomit­ing and all Fluxes, breaks the Stone and expells it, fa­stens Teeth, drys Wounds. To this add [...], Coralina, Muscus mari­nus, Sea Moss, which see in our Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 180.

68. Myrtus, [...], Myrtle tree, (c. 1. d. 3.) the Fruit and Leavs bind, stop Fluxes and spitting Blood, heal sore Mouths. [...], Myrtus Sylvestris, Scopa regia, Butchers Broom.

69. Narcissus, [...], Daffodil, (h. d. 2.) the Roots are glutinative and cleansing, help Strains and Pains in the Joynts. Here add [...], Bul­bus Vomitorius, Juncifolius, Junquillias, Rush Narcissus, or Daffodil.

70. Nardus, [...], Spicknard, Spica Indi­ca, (h. 1. d. 2.) it is astringent and hurts Women with Child; it opens the Liver, helps the Rickets, provokes [Page 14]Urine, and breaks the Stone in the Reins and Bladder; resists Poyson: a Confect of Spicknard with Cinnamon, Nutmegs and Cloves, cures the Palpitation, and the Jaundies; is singular good against the Vertigo and Apo­plexy; comforts the Brain and Nerves, and prevails against the Palsie. There is also [...], Spica Cel­tica, Celticknard, which see in our Pharmac.

71. Nasturtium, [...], Cress, or Garden Cress, (h. d. 4.) There are several kinds of Cresses. 1. The Garden Cress aforesaid. 2. [...], Cardam [...]m Hybernum, Winter Cresses, which see Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 80. 3. [...] Dioscoridis, Nasturtium Grae­cum, Turkey Cresses. 4. [...], [...], Ibe­ris, Cardamantice, Lepidium, Nasturtium Sylvestre, Sciatica Cresses. 5. [...], Nasturtium Aquaticum, Water Cresses. 6. [...], Sium alterum, flos cuouli, the lesser Water Cress, Ladies Smocks, or Cuckow-flower, (by some falsly called Can­terbury Bells) see the Pharm. l b. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 122.7. Bank Cresses, (h. d. 4.) which resist Poyson, provoke Urine, break the Stone, cure the Yellow Jaundies, Sciati­ca and Scurvy.

72. Nepeta, Mentha felina, [...], Calmint, or Nep, (h.d. 3.) sometimes called Wild penny royal, and Corn mint; it is of thin parts, opens and attenuates, re­moves obstructions of the Womb, expells the Terms and the Child, and removes the Causes of Barrenness.

73. Oxymyrsine sylvestre, Agrifolium, [...], the Holly bush; the berries thereof taken in­wardly prevail against the Cholick and Griping of the Guts; some say they purge. Of the Bark, Bird-lime is made, as we have taught in our Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 8. Sect. 81.

74. Panax Heracleus, [...], [Page 15]Bastard All heal, see the Pharm.

75. Panax Coloni, Stachys Palustris, [...], Clowns All-heal, or Clowns Wound wort, (h. 2. d. 1.) see our Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 476.

76. Primula veris pratensis, [...], Ox-lips. Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 533.

77. Petroselinum, [...], Stone Parsly, (h.d. 2.) it expells Wind, Urine, and the Terms, easeth Pain in the Reins. Here add, [...], Petroselinum, Macedonicum, Apium Saxatile, Petrapium, Macedonian Parsly.

78. Peucedanum, [...], Hog Fennel or Sulphurwort, (h. d. 3.) it opens, attenu­ates, expectorates, purges tartarous Mucilage and Cho­ler; it is used chiefly in effects of the Breast and Lungs, as in Coughs and Asthmas, and in Obstructi­ons of the Liver, Spleen, and Reins; it provokes Urine, breaks and expells the Stone; and purges Flegm and Cho­ler. The Essence is an ex­cellent Pectoral, good against Coughs and Asthmas, Wind in the Bowels, Pain and Stoppages in any part, Fits of the Mother, Lethargy, Megrim, Vertigo, Phrensie, Epilepsie, Palsie, Sciatica, and Ruptures in Children. Outwardly, it cleanses and heals old stinking and cor­rupt Ulcers, which are hard to heal. In the Dropsie it is a Specifick given in Rhenish Wine, ʒj at a time. It is called Bonus genius, Stataria, Foeniculus Porcinus, Hore­strange, Sow-fennel, and Sulphurwort.

79. Phalaris, [...], Petty Panick, or Grass Corn, the Juyce of it, as also the Grain, are prevalent against Pain and Diseases of the Bladder.

80. Phaseolus, Dolicbus Smilax hortensis, [...], Kidney Beans, (temp.) they are of good Nourishment; the Salt of the Straw expells Urine powerfully; the Cods are called [...], Lobi, Sile­quae, [Page 16]and of Serapio, Lubia. There is another marine sort of Beans called [...], Isopyrum, Phasiolos, Phasiolon, Trifolium Palustre, Buck­beans, or Marsh Trefoyle, which you may see in our Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 679. By some it is esteemed an excellent thing against the Scurvy. Dropsie, Gout, and Kings Evil.

81. Pinaster, Pinus Sylve­stris, [...], Wild Pine. Lee our Pharmacop.

82. Prunus Sylvestris, [...], Bullies Tree, but it is for the most part taken for the Sloe Tree. The Fruit (especially if un­ripe) is incomparable to stop all Fluxes, Dysenteria's, Li­enteria's, and spitting of Blood; it is called in Greek [...], Pru­num Sylvestre, Bullies; which is, for the most part, taken also for Sloes, whose proper name in Latin is Prunelum. Of the wild Plum or Sloe, is made the counterfeit Acacia, in my opinion no ways inferiour to the true. The Flowers purge the Reins, help the Heaviness of the Heart, loosen the Belly, and Cure the Pleuriesi. Upon the Black Thorn also grows a Moss, which cures Rup­tures. Schroder says, that the Sloe tree or black Thorn, becomes a Garden-fruit by good ordering, and the Fruit will be much larger. See our Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 536, & 537. cap. 5. Sect. 56. and cap. 6. Sect. 77.

83. Pseudo-diciamnus, Di­ctamnus Creticus, Fraxinella, Tragium, [...], Bastard Dittany, or Dittany of Crete, (h.d. 2.) it is wasting, attenuating, and opening; it expells the Courses, Birth and After­birth, helps the Strangury, and cold Diseases of the Womb; it expells the Stone, resists Poyson, Pestilence, and biting of venomous Beasts, helps Asthma and Anorexia. The Leavs brui­sed and applyed, draw out Thorns and Splinters; the Root, taken with Rhenbarb, kills Worms, and is very good against the Rickets in Children.

84. Ranunculus, [...], Crow-foot, hot and dry in 4^o. The Leavs, Roots or Flowers stamped with Salt and applyed, help Plague Sores, draw Blisters, and at­tract the Venome, ease the Tooth-ach, and provoke the Terms; bruised and applyed they cure Scurf, Morphew, Tettars, Ringworms, Wheals, Scabs, Itch, &c. The Root in Powder, provokes sneez­ing. There are several kinds of it, One is called Ra­nunculus Illyricus, or Apium Risus, which is said to kill; for, being taken inwardly, it spoils the Senses and Under­standing; and draws the Si­news of the Face so together, that they do seem to laugh; and so without present Re­medy, they dye (as it were) laughing. Another is called [...], Ranuncu­lus Aquaticus, Water Crow­foot, of the nature of Apium Risus, and by some taken for the same.

85. Raphanus, [...], Radish, hot in 3. dry in 20. It expells the Stone, pro­vokes Urine, helps the Stran­gury, and is good against the Scurvy and Dropsie. There is another sort, which is wild, called [...], Raphanus Sylvestris, Horse, or wild Radish, whose Vertues see in our Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 558. And another sort called [...], Ra­phanus Marinus, Water Ra­dish.

86. Rapa Sylvestris, Ra­punculus, Rapuntium, [...], Rampion, or Wild Rape: The Root is generally used in Sallads, it increases Milk, and helps Soreness of the mouth and Throat.

87. Ribes, Ceanothus Le­vis, [...], Cur­rants, cold and dry in 1 deg. they abate the heat of Fea­vers, and Choller, resist Pu­trefaction, quench Thirst, stop Vomiting, and strength­en the Stomach.

88. Rubeola, Rubia Sylve­stris, [...], Field Madder.

89. Rubus Tricoccos, Hu­mi Rubus, [...], Dewberry, of the Nature of the Bramble.

90. Rubus Ideus, Raspis, [...], the Rasp berry Bramble. It has it's Latin name from the Moun­tain Ida, not far from Troy, where they did grow in great Abundance. The Fruit is called [...], Morum Rubi Idaei, Rasp­berries. See them in our Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 6.

91. Ruta, [...], Rue, hot in 3. dry in 4. deg. It re­sists Plague and Poyson, ea­seth Pains and Stitches in the Side, and cures most cold Diseases of the Head, clears the Sight, helps the Sciatica and Gout, and provokes Urine. Besides the Garden Rue, there are several other kinds; as, 1. Galega, Ruta Capraria, Goats Rue, 2. Ru­ta Muraria, Salvia vitae, Wall Rue. 3. [...], Harmel, Harmala, Ruta Syl­vestris, Wild Rue.

92. Salvia, [...], Sage, hot in 2. dry in 3. deg. It prevents miscarri­age, stops spitting of Blood, strengthens the Sinews, helps fore Mouths, is an Enemy to the French Disease, and per­forms most things which Rosmary doth, but some­thing more weakly. The Juyce drunk, causes Fruitful­ness, which was the Custom of the Aegyptians after a Plague or Mortality, that their Women might con­ceive the sooner. It cures spitting of Blood, and stops all Fluxes of Blood at the Mouth; and is also a very good Traumatick and Vulne­rary. There is another kind of Sago, called Salvia agre­stis, Ambrosiana, & Scorodo­nia, [...], Wild or Wood Sage, which has all the Vertues of the former.

93. Sinapi, [...], Mustard, Seed is hot and dry in 4 deg. It attenuates, at­tracts, opens the Breast and Lungs, helps Asshmas, ex­pells the Stone, provokes Urine and the Terms, and plaisterwise, helps the Epi­lepsie, Lethargy, Bruises, Sci­atica, and all pains coming of Cold. Used as an Er­rhine, it purges the Head and Brain of Cold, Flegmatick and watery Humors, stops [Page 19]Catarrhs, and is a means of curing old, and almost incu­rable Headaches. It is an approved and experienced Specifick in the Cure of the Dropsie, drunk in Rhenish Wine.

94. Smilax, Volubilis, [...], Bind-Weed, hot and dry in 1 deg. It opens the Belly, and dissolves hard Swellings.

95. Sophia Paracelsi, So­phia Chirurgorum, [...], Flix-weed, temperate and dry in 3 deg. The Seed stops Lasks, and Fluxes of Blood, strength­ens and consolidates broken Bones, heals Wounds and Ulcers. Paracelsus commends it to the Skies.

96. Staechas, [...], Lavender gentle, and commonly French Laven­der, because a great deal of it comes from France. The Arabian Staechas is the best, then that of Candia; the French is the worst of all. It cleanses, attenuates, opens, used chiefly in Diseases of the Head and Nerves; as the Megrim, Apoplexy, Palsie, Lethargy, and most Diseases of the Breast and Lungs. It provokes Urine, Terms, re­sists Poyson and Melancholy; admirably opens all Obstru­ctions, helps Fits of the Mo­ther, prevails against the Stone in the Reins and Blad­der, helps the Cholick, ex­pells Wind, and strengthens the Stomach, driving forth all corrupt Humours. It is an excellent Cephalick and Pectoral. There is also [...], Eliochryson, Staechas Citrina, Tinearia, Amaranthus Luteus, yellow Stechas, gol­den Cudweed, or Cotton­weed; which see in our Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 226.

97. Testiculus odoratus, Tri­orchis, Tetrorchis, [...], Culli­ons, hot and moist in 2 deg. They stir up Lust, help Con­sumptions and Hecticks.

98. Thlapsi, Sinapi persi­cum, [...], Treacle Mu­stard, hot and dry in 3 deg. The Seed provokes Urine, and the Courses, kills the Faetus, resists Poyson, breaks inward Apostems, and being taken in ℥ij it purges Choler.

99. Tragopyrum, Fegopyron, [...], Buck-Wheat, cold and dry in 1 deg.

100. Tragoriganum, [...], Goats Marjoram, hot and dry in 3 deg. It has the compleat Virtues of Mar­goram, Origanum, Time, and Lavender.

101. Tribulus Marinus, [...], Water Caltrop. See the Dispensatory.

102. Trifolium, [...], Trefoil, cold and dry in 1 deg. See the Vertues in our Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 676. There is 1. another sort of Trefoil, called [...], Anagyris, Bean Tre­foil. 2. [...], Coloutea, Cytisus, Trifolium arborescens, Shrub Trefoil. 3. [...], Lotus Vr­bana, Trifolium odoratum, Sweet Trefoil. 4. [...], Trifolium Bituminosum, stinking Tre­foil. 5. [...], Trefoli­um Paludosum, Menianthes Theophrasti, Water Trefoil or Buck Beans. See Sect. 79. aforegoing. 6. Trifolium pur­purum, Purple Trefoil, called also Lotus quadrifolia, cold and dry in 1 deg. It helps Pains and fretting of the Guts, expells slimy Humours, abates Inflamations, &c. See it in our Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 680.

103. Tripolium, Inguinalis marina, [...], Sea Star­wort, or Scrapio his Turbith.

104. Triticum, Siligo, Ador, [...], Wheat, temperate. A Cataplasm made of Red Wheat and Vinegar, helps the shrinking of Sinews; with Juyce of Henbane, it stops the Flux of Humours. If maulted, and the Sweet­ness drawn off with Water, and fermented, (that is, made into a kind of Beer or Ale, called Mum) you may in B. M. draw off a Burning Spirit, no ways inferiour to Spirit of Wine, of great force in comforting the Head, Brain, Heart, and Bowels, and a good Menstruum for extracting of Tinctures.

105. Vaccaria, Tamecne­mum, Philitaerium, Ocimastrum, [...], Cow Basil, hot [Page 21]and dry in 1. deg. It pro­vokes Urine, but is not much used in Physick; the Seed is good for such as are bitten of Serpents, Vipers, and o­ther like venomous Crea­tures, if it be drunk with Wine.

106. Vuae Ʋrsi, [...], Spanish red Whor­tle Berries. Pharm. lib. 1. cap. 4. Sect. 721.

107. Viola Flammea, Her­ba Trinitatis, Clavellata, Vio­la Tricolor, [...], Hearts Ease, cold in 1. moist in 2. deg. But Schroder saith it is hot and dry in 30. If he means what we here intend. It helps Epilepsies, Scabs, Ulcers, Diseases of the Lungs, and some say it cures the French Pox. It is a notable Traumatick and Vulnerary, glutinates and heals Ulcers, and disposes old Sores and Fistula's to healing, given in Powder, Morning and Evening to ʒij, or in Es­sence to two Spoon-fulls.

108. Virga Pastoris, Cardus Fullonum, Labrum Veneris, Dipsacus, [...], Ful­ [...]ers Thistle or Teasle. The Juyce in a Gargarism heals sore Throats; and you may make of it an excellent heal­ing Oyntment.

109. Ʋmbelicus Veneris, Navel-wort, or Penny-wort. It is three-fold. 1. [...], Acetabulum, Herba Co­xendicum, great or Wall Na­vel-wort. 2. [...], Cym­balium, Ʋmbelicus Veneris alter; The other Navel-wort or mountain Penny-wort. 3. [...], Ʋm­belicus Veneris aquaticus, Sca­tum Caeli, Navel-wort.

110. Xylobaslamum [...], Wood of the Balsom Tree, hot and dry in 2 deg.

Water and Oyl of Wood of the Balsam Tree. ℞ Tylobalsamum rasp­ed, lb. xx. steep it in Rain Water q. s. in which, Tartar iij or iiij lb. is put in powder; digest in a warm B.M. for six weeks; then put a quarter of the Infusion, with a quarter part of the Wood, into a Vesica, and powre on more Rain or River water, till it is within six Inches of the Brim. Cover it with a Head, and fix to it a large Recipient; and give a gradual con­venient Fire, until the water in drop­ing appears to have no more of Oyl in it. The Recipient ought to be large, because the Oyl which falls [Page 22]in the end would be lost, if new Re­cipients should be applyed. This is also to be noted, that Oyls of Aro­matick Woods do distill somewhat warm, which is quite contrary to the distilling of inflamable and vi­olatile Spirits; for Oyls must be separated from their bodies by a strong Ebulition and heat, raising it with the Aqueous Vapors; but the heat must again be tempera­ted, lest the Flegm should ascend too largely. Whereas, in Spirits the water above the worm must be kept very cool, and when it grows too hot, the cold ought to be re­newed; but not so in the distillati­on of these oyls. You must separate the Water from the Oyl according to Art. They both of them have the virtue of the Wood, and are pow­erful against the Stone, and to cleanse the Kidneys.

CHAP. II. Of Secondary Alteratives.

1. ACetum, Vinegar. § 1. A strong Water out of the Lees of Vine­gar. ℞ Faeces or Lees of Vi­negar, distill in a Vesicatory, with it's Refrigeratory, so will you have a fiery Spirit. It dis­solves Metals, Stones and Mi­nerals. § 2. Vinegar of Tur­pentine. It is made of Vinegar and Turpentine, distilled in a Retort, then separating the Oyl and Spirit from the Water.

2. Ammoniacum. § 1. It is an admirable thing in Pains of the Spleen and the Gout, and to dissolve hard Swellings. § 2. Out of the Gum you may make a Resinous Ex­tract, which has the Vertues of the Gum exalted.

3. Gum Animi. § 1. This Gum by dissolution, in S. V. rectified, makes an incompa­rable white and clear Varnish; which besides it's use for Var­nishing, has all the Virtues of the Gum. § 2. Dissolved in Oyl Olive, it becomes an ex­cellent Balsam for the Sinews and Joynts. § 3. Dissolved in rectified Oyl of Turpentine, it yet makes a better Varnish.

4. Gum Arabick. To de­purate it, you must dissolve in Water and Inspissate.

5. Assa faetida, § 1. Pills of Assa. ℞ Assa, faetida ℥j, [Page 23] Galbanum, Ammoniacum a. ʒij Powder of an Ox-horn ʒiiij. Dissolve the Gums in Vinegar, strain, and inspissate to a due Thickness, then add the Pow­der. They are admirable a­gainst Fits of the Mother, and the Epilepsie. § 2. Balsam of Assa. ℞ Assa faetida ℥j. Tur­pentine, Wax A. ʒvj. Oyl of Roses q s. mix and make a Balsom; it is admirable in curing all green Wounds.

6. Benjamin. § 1. Liquor of Benjamin. It is made in the white of a hard Egg, as is Liquor of Myrrh. It takes a­way Morphew, Scurf, as also Spots and Scars contracted by the French Pox. § 2. A Per­fume of Benjamin. Dissolve pure Benjamin in Oyl of Nuts, chiefly, of Cherrie Kernels; to which, add Ambergrise, Musk, and Civit; after six months strain it off; it is an excellent Perfume for Gloves.

7. Camphir. § 1. A Fucus for Ladies Faccs. ℞ Simple Oyl of Camphir, distilled with Bole; put into it fine Talcum in powder, digest in B. M. two or three days, or a Week, so will it grow white, and be an admirable Fucus. § 2. Ole­um Camphorae Johannis Cas­pari. ℞ Camphir p 1. Bole p 2. powder, and distill in a Retort, in Sand, so will the Camphir come forth like Butter. Take of this p.j. Tartar calci­ned pij. S. V. enough to over­top it 3 Inches. Digest in B.M. till the Camphir begins to as­cend, then abate the Fire, and decant the S. V. that distilled forth, into a strait mouthed Glass; add Water, and the S.V. will be white, the Oyl of Camphyr swimming at top, which separate. To the matter left in the Still, add more S.V. distill again, and separate as before; this work repeat, till no more Camphir will ascend; so have you Oyl of Camphir ve­ry strong, but in a small Quan­tity, about an eighth part; the S. V. rectifie for other uses. § 3. Another Oyl of Cam­phir. ℞ Camphir ℥viij. Salt ℥j. Salt of Tartar ℥ijss. Pow­der, and make a kind of Cata­plasm with Milk; digest three days in Sand, then add Cana­ry ℥xij. distill by a low Alem­bick with a close Receiver, and a gentle Fire, so have you Wa­ter and Oyl, which separate. § 4. Oyl of Camphir with [Page 24]A. Fortis. It is made only by dissolving the Camphir in Aqua-fortis. It is not to be taken inwardly, outwardly you may use it for the Tooth­ach: This Oyl will at length be Camphir again.

8. Colophony. Being distil­led in a Retort, you have a famous Balsom, which cures all sorts of Wounds at once dressing.

9. Copal. You may make an Oyl from it, as from Gum Animi, and Colophony, which is excellent for the Cure of green wounds. There was a Liquor which came from the West-Indies, called Oyl of Copalyra, which Clusius supposeth to be from this Rosin.

10. Elemi. It yeilds an Oyl by a Retort, which is a Specifick in Gouts, Palsies, and Convulsions.

11. Fuligo, Soot. It clean­ses and cures the Suffocation of the Womb, the Salt cures ulcerated Cancers, causing the Venom to exhale like a Vapor.

12. Galbanum. § 1. Oleum de Galbano Clossaei. Dissolve Galbanum in Vinegar, and make a blew Oyl from an Iron Kettle, laid on one side, and a Retort upon a Trivet of Earth, then cover it with a Co­ver, having a hole in it, that so the degrees of Fire being kept, the Spirit may first come forth, then the Oyl; lastly, a Balsam. They have the vertue of the Gum, but the Oyl and Bal­som are more powerful. § 2. Compound Balsam of Galba­num. ℞ Purified Galbanum, dissolve it in Oyl of Turpentine, then with Rosin and Wax a. q. s. make a Balsom. It dis­solves hard Nodes, eases Pains of the Gout, and cures all sorts of green Wounds, in a very short time.

13. Labdanum. Although it be flamable, yet it will not (as Schroder says) be dis­solved with Fats. The Ara­bian is the cheaper, and is brought to us in an uniform mass. It is a good thing in the Tooth-ach and Stomach pains, being boyled in Wine and used. Outwardly, is said to be excellent against falling of the Hair.

14. Lacca, Gum Lac. It is made of the Juyce of a cer­tain Tree in Pegu and Mala­var; [Page 25]yet some say it is made by the winged Pismires, be­ing a Juyce that is sucked by them, which turns to Lacca, as Honey in Bees; this, they leave upon Boughs, with which it is brought to us. But there is two sorts, the former is vulgar Lacca, the latter is the true, which o­thers think rather grows or sweats out of the Boughs. It is prepared or washed in the Decoction of Birthwort and Schaenanth, till it is clear, then gathering what set­tles.

15. Mastiche, [...], Mastich, Rosin of the Lentisk tree. § 1. Oyl of Mastick, with S. V. ℞ Mastich lbjj. Bole in powder M iij. S. V. enough to make a Paste; digest 14 days, then distill by a Retort in an open Fire, so will you have a light Oyl at the top, and a heavy at bottom, rectifie both with Bole and Salt; the one you may call Oyl, the other Balsam. The Oyl is good in all Weaknesses and Crudities of the Sto­mach and the Cholick; the Balsom in green wounds. § 2. Simple Balsam of Ma­stich, It is made by boyling the Gum in Oyl of Roses Om­phacine. It is a good Healer and incarnative. § 3. Ac­cording to Clossaeus, it yields Oyl alone in Plenty: and if you rectifie it upon Vitriol, it will be sharp; and adding water by B. M. it will be yel­low.

16. Myrrh. § 1. To de­purate it. Powder it grossly, digest it in Wine three Inches above the Powder, by a gentle B. M. being dissolved, strain while hot, and inspissate. § 2. Oyl of Myrrh, with S. V. ℞ Liquor of Myrrh, put to it S. V. digest, and distill by an Alembick. § 3. Oyl of Myrrh with Vinegar. Mix the pow­der of Myrrh with Vinegar, digest, and then distill. These Oyls have the Vertue of the Myrrh.

17. Terebinthina. To make the blew Oyl of Turpentine. It is made by laying the fat Fir tree roots sliced, and flowers of Camomile Stratum super Stra­tum, in a Copper Kettle or Vesica, in Water, fermenting some days, till the Turpentine which is in the Fir, has drawn a Tincture from the Copper, [Page 26]which it carries with it through the Alembick. Thurnheuser commends it as an incompe­rable Vulnerary.

18. Tacamahacca. It is a most admirable Gum against all Pains and Tumors, Nodes, and such like. Schroder saith, that he has seen old Aches of the Thighs, cured by a Plai­ster made of this Gum; I sup­pose he means the Sciatica.

19. Vinum, Wine. Magi­stery, or vegetable Stone of Wine. Putrifie Sack for the Space of forty days in a horse­dunghill; distill in B. M. so have you first a Spirit, then an Oyl: separate them; after de­flegmate the Spirit, and putri­fie the Oyl for forty days in a Horse dunghill; from the Fa­ces with the Flegm make a volatile Salt without Calcina­tion. Then purisie both toge­ther, impregnate the Salt with it's Spirit, and digest it; after add the Oyl, and then digest till you have a red powder only. A few Grains (or Drops, if it be liquid) will make a quart of Water have a Wi­nish Property.

CHAP. III. Of Purgatives.

CHAP. IV. Of the Temperament of Medicines.

1. ALL Medicines simply considered in them­selves, are either, hot, cold, moist, dry, or temperate.

The Qualities of medicines are considered in respect of us, not of themselves; for those Simples are called hot which heat our Bodies, those cold, which cool them; and those temperate, which work no change at all in us, in respect of either Heat, Coldness, Dryness, or Moisture. And these may be temperate, as being neither hot [Page 40]nor cold, yet may be moist or dry: or being neither moist nor dry, yet may be hot or cold; or lastly, being neither hot, cold, moist, nor dry.

2. In Temporature, there is no degree of difference. The differences of the other Qualitics are divided into four degrees, beginning at Temperature: So that a me­dicine may be said to be hot, cold, moist, or dry in the first, second, third, or fourth degree [...].

The use of Temperate medi­cines, is in such c [...]ses, (where there is no apparent Excess of the first Qualities,) to preserve the body temperate, to conserve Strength, and to repair decay­ed Nature. And note, that those medi [...]ines which we call cold, are not so called, for that they are really cold in them­selves; but because the degree of their Heat, falls below the Heat of our Bodies: and so on­ly in respect of our Temperature are said to be cold, being other­wise in themselves really hot; for without beat, there could be no Vegetation, springing, nor Life.

3. Such as are h [...]t in the first degree, gently heat our Bodies, being cooled by Na­ture or Accident, thereby cherishing the natural heat, when weak, and restoring it when it is wanting.

Their use is, 1. To make the offending humours thin, that they may be expelled by Sweat. 2. By outward Application, to abate Inflamations and Fevers, by opening the peres of the Skin. 3. To help Concoction, and keep the Blood in it's just Tempera­ture.

4. Such as are hot in the second degree, as much ex­ceed the first, as the first ex­ceed a Temperature, or our natural Heat.

Their use is to open the Pores, and take away Obstru­ctions, by cutting tough Hu­mours through their own essen­tial f [...]ree, when nature can­not.

5. Such as are hot in the third degree, are more pow­erful in heating, being able to inslame the Body, and cause Fevers.

Their use is, to provoke Sweat extreamly, and cut tough Humaurs, and there­fore all of them resist Malig­nity, [Page 41]Plague, Pestilence and Poyson.

6. Such as are hot in the fourth degree, burn the Bo­dy, if outwardly applyed.

Their use is, to cause Infla­mations, raise Blisters, corrode the Skin, and expel wind.

7. Such as are cold in the first degree, fall as much on the one side of Temperature, as hot medicines do on the other.

Their use is, 1. To qualifie the Heat of the Stomach, and cause Digestion. 2. To abate the Heat in Fevers. 3. To re­fresh the Spirit almost suffoca­ted.

8. Such as are cold in the second degree, are chiefly of use to abate Inflamations.

9. Such as are cold in the third degree, are such as have a repercuslive force.

Their use is, 1. To drive back the matter, and stop De­fluxions. 2. To make the Hu­mours thick. 3. To limit the Violence of Choller, repress Sweat, and keep the Spirits from fainting.

10. Such as are cold in the fourth degree, are such as stupisie the Senses.

They are used, 1. In violent Pains. 2. In extream Watch­ings, and the like Cases, where Life is dispaired of.

11. Drying medicines consume the Humors, stop Fluxes, stiffen the parts, and strengthen nature. But if the Humidity be exhausted already then these consume the natural strength.

12. Such as are dry in the first degree, strengthen; in the second degree, bind: In the third, stop Fluxes, but spoil the Nourishment, and bring Consumptions; In the forth degree, dry up the ra­dical moisture, which being exhausted, the Body must needs perish.

13. Moist medicines are opposed to drying; they are Leoitive, and make slip­pery.

These cannot as some say, exceed the second degree, because they say, heat dries up the Hu­midity, and cold congeals it; but such are mistaken, for if the cold or heat is not excessive, or the medicine be temperate, it may be humid to the sourth degree.

14. Such as are moist in the first degree, ease coughing, and help the Roughness of the Wind-wipe; in the se­cond, losen the Belly; in the third and fourth, make the whole Habit watery and flegmatick, filling it with Dropsies, Lethargies, and such like dull diseases.

15. Thus medicines alter according to temperature, whose active qualities are heat and cold, and whose passive are Dryness and Moi­sture.

16. The Active qualities eradicate diseases. The pas­sive are subservient to Na­ture.

So hot medieines may cure the Dropsie, by opening Obstru­ctions; and the same may cure the yellow Jaundice by it's at­tractive quality, in sympathi­zing with the Humour abound­ing: cold medicines may com­press or abate a Fever, by con­densing the hot Vapors; and the same may stop any flux, by it's congealing power; dryness or moistness, all this time, only assisting of Nature. Thus much of Temperaments in general.

CHAP. V. The Temperaments limited.

1. MEdicaments Tempe­rate, chiefly in re­spect of Heat or Cold. Bears Breech, Aspa­ragus, Ladies Thistle, Erin­go, Mallows, Mechoacan, Garden Parsnips. Cinkfoile, Wall Rue, common Mai­denhair, black and golden Maidenhair, Wood roof, Bu­gle, Harts tongue, sweet Trefoil, common Trefoil, flix weed, Paul's Betony, Lluel­lin, Liquorice, Pine Kernels, Jujubes, Figs, Sebestens, Rai­sins, Currans, Dates, Gum Elemi, Tragacanth, Arabick Veal Suet, Goats Suet, Hogs Grease, Sweet Oyl, Sweet Almonds, Chestnuts.

2. Medicaments hot in the first degree, Roots of Marsh­mallows, Bugloss, Satyrium, Leaves of Avens, Eye-bright, Chervil, Cowslips, Self-heal, Burnet, Marshmallows, Bo­rage, Bugloss, Colworts, Camomile, Dodder, Liver­wort, Agrimony, Fumitory, Toad-flax, Melilot, Malaba­thrum, Spicknard, Scolo­pendrium, Colts-foot. Flow­ers of Borage, Bugloss, Beto­ny, Ox-eye, Melilot, Camo­mil, Staechas, Groundsel. Seeds of Coriander; Faenu­greek, Line, Gromwel, Sesa­mus, Beans, Pease. Fruits, Cypress-nuts, green Wall­nuts, ripe Grapes, Mulber­ries, fragrant Apples. Barks of Ash-tree, Tamarisk. Gums, &c. Sugar, Bdellium, Labdanum, Gum Haedera. Fats of a Kid, Doe, Hart, fresh Butter.

3. Hot in the second Degree. Roots of Smallage, Capers, Parsly, Fennel, Lovage, Spig­nel, Reeds, Waterflag, Swal­low-wort, Asphodel male, Carline Thistle, Cyperus long and round, Mercury, Devils bit, Butter Bur, Hogs Fen­nel, Sarsaparilla, Pimpernel, Zedoary. Leaves of Com­mon and Roman Worm­wood, Maudlin, Ladies man­tle, Calves Snout, Dill, Smal­lage, Pimpernel male and fe­male, Mugwort, Clary, Cost­mary, Betony, Calamus odo­ratus, Oak of Jerusalem, Ma­rigolds, Chamaepytis, Cook­ow Flowers, Faenugreek, Hipericon, Ivy, Hops, Broom, Alehoof, Alexanders, Dou­ble Tongue, Bawm, Hore­hound, Parietary, Archangel, Bays, Parsly, Polly mountain, Sage, Sanicle, Scabious, Sen­na, Soldanella, Vervain, Per­wincle, Scordium, Staechas. Flowers of Amomum, Gilli­flowers, Saffron, Bawm, Rock­et Jesamy, Wall-flowers, Winter Gilliflowers, Wood­bine. Seeds of Dill Smallage; Orobus, Rocket, Bazil, Net­tle. Fruits, Capers, Fistick-Nuts, Dry Figs. Barks, Cas­sia Lignea, Frankincense Caper Roots. Gums, &c. Ma­stick, Frankincense Galba­num storax. Fats, of the Lyon, Panther, Bear, Fox grease, Goose grease, Ducks grease.

4. Hot in the third Degree, Roots of Angelica, Birth­wort [Page 44]long and round. Sow­bread, Asarabacca, Acorus, Squills, Briony white and black, Dictamus, D [...]ni­cum, Celandine, Virg [...]n [...]a Snake-root, Galangal, both Hellebors, Elecampane, Or­rice, Radish, Turmerick, Filipendula, stinking Gla­don, Turbith. Leaves of Southernwood, male and fe­male, Asarum, Agnus castus, Amomum, Bishops-weed, Baccharis, Dittany, Brook­lime, water Cresses, Carduus ben: Centory greater and less, Scurvy-grass, Marjoram, To­bacco, Rosmary, Lavender, Calamint, Germander, Ca­landine, Pilewort, Flebane, Dwarf, Elder, Epithymum, Herb mastick, Featherfew, Mint, Origanum, Penny-royal, Savory, Time, Rue, Savin, mother of Time, Spike, Mentastrum, Cnicus, Ele­campane, Hysop, Nigella, Aenanthe, Bind-weed, Sneez­wort, Water mint, Nettles, Flowers of Agnus Castus, Epi­themum, Leucoium, Hops, Cloves, Aenanthe, Crow­foot. Seeds of Annis, Ca­raways, Amomum, Bishops weed, Cardamons, greater and lesser, Fennel, Carrot, Cumin, Smallage, Parsly, Nigella, Navew, Hurtwort, Stavesacre, Agnus Castus, Fruits of Juniperberries, Cu­bebs, Anacardiums, bitter Almonds, Bay berries, Nut­megs. Barks, Mace, Cinnamon, Oranges, Limons, Citrons, Winters Cinnamon, Guaja­cum. Gums, &c. Benjamin, Assa Faetida, Aloes, Myrrh, Am­moniacum, Cedar pitch, Opopanax, Musk. Metals, Flower of Brass, burnt Brass, Scales of Brass, Verdigrise, Diphryges, Alum, Salt, Niter, Sulphur.

5. Hot in the fourth Degree. Roots of Aron, Master-wort, Dragons, Garlick, Onions, Leeks, Pellitory of Spain, Costus, Gentian, Ginger. Leaves of hot Arsmart, Dit­tander, Sciatica Cresses, Garden Cresses, Stone Crop, Leeks, Crowfoot, Rosa solis, Spurge, Mezereon. Seeds of Mustard, Water Cresses, Onions. Fruits, Pepper white black, and long, Guiny Pep­per, Jamaica Pepper. Gums &c. Euphorbium. Minerals, Vitriol, Orpiment, Sanda­rach, Chrysocolla, Misie, Sory.

6. Cold in the first degree. Roots of Sorrel, Beets white and red, Comfry, Plan­tane, Rose root, Madder. Leaves of Sorrel, Wood sor­rel, Arach, Burdock, Shep­heards Purse, Parietary, Hawk weed, Yarrow, mild Arsmart, Colts foot, Violets, sharp pointed Dock, Apple tree, Myrtle. Flowers of Roses, Violets. Seeds of Barley, Millet, Rice. Fruits, Flesh of Quinces, Citrons, Limons, Pears, Prunes. Gums, &c. Acacia, Dragons Blood. Stones, Hyacinth, Saphir, Smaragd.

7. Cold in the second De­gree. Roots of Ravet, Dasies, Endive, Succory, Hounds Tongue, Hyacinth. Leaves of Blite, Chickweed, wild Tansie, Knotgrass, Succory, Buck horn, Plantane, Dande­lion, Endive, Fumitory, Straw berries, Lettice, Wil­low, Purslane, Ducks meat. Hyacinth, Sorrel, Solomon's Seal, Fleawort, Flowers of yellow Anemone, Endive, Succory, Water Lillyes, white and yellow. Seeds of En­dive, Lettice, Purslane, Suc­cory, Gourds, Citruls, Cu­cumbers, Melons, Pompions, Sorrel, Nightshade Fruits of the Gourd, Winter Cher­ries, Cucumber, Melon, Pom­pion, Peach, Pomgranate, Prune, Galls, Sowre Apples. Juyces of Oranges, Lemons, Citrons, Apples. Woods, of Sanders.

8. Cold in the third degree. Roots of Bistort, Housleeks. Leaves of Housleek, Night­shade, Hemlock. Flowers, Balaustians or Pomgranate Flowers, Corn poppies. Seeds of Hemlock, Henbane, Poppy, Nightshade. Fruits, Golden Apples, Mad Apples, Man­drake Apples. Gums, &c. Hypocistis.

9. Cold in the fourth degree. Roots of Mandrake, Henbane, Poppy. Leaves of deadly Nightshade, Henbane, Man­drakes, Poppies; Flowers of Henbane, all sorts of Poppies, except field or corn Poppies, Nightshade, Mandrake. Fruits Stramonium, or Thorn Ap­ple. Juyces, Meconium, Opi­um (according to the vulgar Opinion) Juyce of Henbane, deadly Nightshade, Man­drakes.

10. Dry in the first Degree, Roots of Madder, Tamarisk, [Page 46]Bears Breech, Burdock, Red beet, Calamus Aromaticus, Pilewort, Self heal, Endive, Eringo, Jacynth, Knee-holly. Leaves of Agrimony, Clea­vers, Burdock, Beet, Colworts, Camomil, Fennel, Jacynth, Malabathrum, Myrtle, Mullein Shepheards purse, Ladies thistle, Chervil, Eye bright, Cowslips, Hawk-weed, Tongue blade, Melilot, mild Arsmart, Self heal, Sena, Flixweed, Coltsfoot, Perwin­cle. Flowers of Ox-eye, Cow­slips, Camomil, Saffron, Hya­cinth, Melilot, Roses. Seeds of Beans, Faenugreek, Barley, Wheat, Fennel. Fruits, Juni­per berries, Chestnuts. Gums, Olibanum. &c. Frankincense,

11. Dry in the second De­gree, Roots of Capers, Succory, Radish, Waterflag, Alkanet, Smallage, Reeds, Swallowort, Asphodel male, Basil, Valeri­an, Spatling Poppy, Ladies Thistle, Avens, Succory, Hounds tongue, Cyperus long and round, Fennel, Lo­vage, Spignel, Mercury, De­vils bit, Butterbur, Parsly, Plantane, Buckhorn, Zedoary. Leaves of Pimpernel, Mug­wort, green Dill, Betony, Dodder, Shepherds purse, Horse tail, Tooth pick, Mint, Wild mint, Plantane, Ros­mary, Spicknard, Comfry, Fumitory, Burnet, Sorrel, Vervain, Shepheards Rod, Common and Roman Worm­wood, Wood Sorrel, Maud­lin, Ladies mantle, Smallage, Wild Tansie, Distaff thistle, Costmary, Betony, Bugle, Cookow Flowers, Carduus ben. Avens, Centory the less, Succory, Scurvy Grass, Dan­delion, Indian Leaf, Straw­berry Leaves, Broom, Ale­hoof, Alexanders, Arch­angel, Nettles white and red, Bay leaves, Marjoram, Fetherfew, Bawm, Mercury, Devils bit, Tobacco, Parsly, Bucks horn, Willow Leaves, Sage, Sanicle, Scabious, Sol­danella. Flowers of Pom­granates, Peony, Anemony, Groundpine, Bind-weed, Stechas, Rosmary, Amomus, Clovegillifer, Rocket, Sage, Burnet, Lavender, Spick­nard. Seeds of Dill, Garden Cresses, Lentils, Orobus, Millet, Rice, Barley. Fruits of the Quince tree, Capers, Cypress nuts, Balanus My­repsica, Nutmegs, Pears, [Page 47]Pistich Nuts, Pine Nuts, Bay berries. Woods of Sanders, Guajacum, Sassaphras, Cas­sia Lignea. Gums &c. Galba­num, Opponax, Stone pitch, Storax, Mastick, Honey.

12. Dry in the third degree. Roots of Birthwort long and round, Angelica, Sow bread, Acorus, Asarum, Doronicum, Galangal, Cinkfoil, Squill, Wood Sorrel, Trefoil, Bistort, Bryony white and black, Carline thistle, China, Ce­landine, Virginian Snake root, white Dittany, Elecampane, Filipendula, Galanga greater and lesser, Orrice, English and Florentine, Rest harrow, Peony, male and female, Hogs Fennel, Sarsaparilla, stinking Gladdon, Tormentil, Ginger. Leaves of Angelica, Southern­wood male and female, Brooklime, Fearn, Yarrow, Cinkfoil, Polium, Trefoil, Briony white and black, Ca­lamint, Germander, Chame­pytis, Worm-wood, dry Dill, Bishops weed, Asarum, Pile­wort, Fleabane, Epithymum, Ebulus, Bank Cresses, Clary, Lavender, Lovage, Chame­drys, Hysop, Juniper, Mar­joram, Horehound, Origa­num, Parsly, Sneezwort, Herb Mastich, Mint, hot Arsmart Pennyroyal, Rue, Savin, Willow, winter and summer Savory, water Mint, Time, Mother of Time, Spicknard, Tansie. Flowers of Epithy­mum, Cloves, Wood bine, Germander, Chamaeptitys, Bind weed, Balaustians. Seeds of Dill, Smallage, Bishops weed, Amomum, Anise Ca­raway, Cumin, Coriander, Nigella, Gromwel, Parsly, Agnus castus, Grana Tincto­rum. Fruits, Nutmegs, Galls, Carpobalsamum, Juniper berries, unripe Bramble ber­ries, unripe Mulberries, A­corns. Gums &c. Aloes, Aca­cia, Acetum, Camphir, Musk, Myrrh. Minerals, Flowers of Brass, burnt Brass, Scales of Brass, Alum, Salt, Sulphur, Niter, Diphryges, Calcitis.

13. Dry in the fourth De­gree, Roots of Pyrethrum, Costus, Dragons, Onions, Lecks, Garlick, black and white Hellebor, Gentian. Herbs, all sorts of Cresses, Masterwort, all the sorts of Spurge, Aron, Dragons, all the sort of Crowfoot, Rue, wild Rue, Onions, Leeks, [Page 48]Garlick, Flowers of Crow­foot. Seeds of Mustard, Trea­cle Mustard, Rocket, Poppie. Fruits, all the sorts of Pep­per. Barks, Cork, Cinnamon, Winters Cinnamon, Pomgra­nate Peels, Mezereon, Oak, Frankincense tree, Mace. Mi­nerals, Verdigrise, Vitriol, Orpiment, Sandarach, Chry­socolla, Misie, Sory, Lead.

14. Moist in the first degree. Roots of Satyrium, Bugloss, Rapes, Parsnips, Dasies, white Beets, Grass, Scorzo­nera, Skirrits. Herbs, Bo­rage, Bugloss, Parietary, Ba­zil. Flowers of Borage, Bu­gloss, Mallows, Endive, Suc­cory. Seeds of Mallows, Se­samus. Fruits, Pulp of Ci­trons, Jujubes, Sweet Al­monds, the greater cold Seeds. Gums, &c. Manna, Sugar.

15. Moist in the second de­gree. Roots of water Lillyes, Purslane, Lettice. Herbs, Violets, water Lillyes, Orach, Blite, Dasies. Flowers of wa­ter Lillies, Violets, Henbane, Poppies. Fruits, Apples, Peaches, Damask Prunes, ripe Grapes.

16. Moist in the third De­gree. Herbs, Chick weed, Southistles, Hemlock. Fruits, Gourds, Melons, Pompions, Cucumers.

17. Moist in the fourth de­gree. Herbs, Lertice, Purslane, Ducks meat. Fruits, Night­shade berries. Liquors, Fair­water, Rain-water, Dew, di­stilled waters from cold and moist things.

CHAP. VI. Of the Appropriation of Medicines.

1. CEphalicks, are such medicines as are ap­propriatrd to the Head, and help against such Diseases as it is subject to.

§ 1. Cephalicks are some hot, some cold, and so mani­festly alter the disposition of the Head; or else, by an oc­cult property, in changing [Page 49]the disposition of the mind, by their sweet Scent, pleasing Harmony, delightful Signa­ture, or excellent Tast. § 2. They are known (most of them) from their Signatures, from their Warming, clean­sing, cutting, and drying; and from their thin, subtle, volatile and spiritual Sub­stance and Property. § 3. Cooling Cephalicks are used in watchings and head-aches; heating Cephalicks, in Dull­ness, Heaviness, and Sleepi­ness. § 4. If the Brain be afflicted, before you strength­en it, purge and cleanse it; and when you purge it, let it be done with Cephalicks: but first be sure to purge and cleanse the whole body, lest the head be soon filled with Vapors again. § 5. In pur­ging and cleansing of the Brain, Cephalick Pills, and other purging Medicines, are commonly used; but these are not the best things. God and Nature have ordained another way of purging the head and brain, which is, by the Nostrils. In this case, solid Errhines are best, and of great power and force to cleanse and bring away all Impuri­ties: These, ten or twelve times used, will cleanse the Brain, and bring away more filth and corruption, than ten thousand Internal Purges gi­ven in Pills, Potion, or what other form you please. § 6. The Brain and Head being purged by these solid Errhines not only much relieves the head, eases head-aches, takes away Dulness and Drowsi­ness, &c. but it is of excellent use in all Distempers of the Eyes, Ears, Throat, Amygda­la's, &c. in all Strumous or Scrophulous Tumors of the Neck, defluxions of Humors, Rhumatisms, &c. by draw­ing a vast Flux of matter from all those parts by the Nostrils. § 7. Under the name of the Head are con­tained the Eyes, Ears, Nose, Pallet and Teeth; and most things (if not all) which re­spect the Brain, respect them also. § 8. In Externals, ap­ply not to the Eyes, things too hot, sharp, hard, biting, nor viscous; nor yet things oyly. To the Nose apply not things stinking, because they hurt the brain. § 9. [Page 50]The Pallate requires things grateful, because otherwise the Stomach would be sub­verted. The Ears require warming and drying medi­cines, because they are cold and dry in Substance. § 10. The Teeth are soon hurt with sowre, sharp, and austere things, because they are not covered with either Flesh o [...] Skin to defend them. They require things cleansing and binding; sweet and fat things rot them.

2. Pectorals, Are such as are appropriated to the Breast and Lungs, and these either regard the parts afflicted, or the matter afflicting.

§ 1. In ulcerated Lungs, things glutinative and bind­ing are used, which are na­turally enemies to the Lungs because they hinder respira­tion and cleansing; but Le­nitives are most proper, be­cause they open and remove the matter which sticks, and cause free breathing, as also easie spitting. § 2. In Di­stillations, if the matter be so thin, that it cannot be ex­pectorated, it must be made thicker; if too thick, it must be cut, and made thinner. § 3. Those things which make thick, are cold by na­ture (as Poppies, Opium, &c.) Those which make thin are hot, (as Bawm, Coltsfoot, &c.) But such are natural Pectorals, whose essential Properties, are to strengthen the Breast and Lungs.

3. Cordials are such medi­cines as are appropriated to the Heart; and these, by a singular Property, chear, comfort, and revive the Spirits.

§ 1. The heart is afflicted, either by too much heat, by Vapors, or by Poyson: and therefore such things as cool the heat of Fevers, strength­en the heart, and resist poy­son, are Cordials. § 2. Yet are not all cold things cor­dial; for Henbane is cold, as well as Coral or Pearls, yet not a Cordial as they are. § 3. And of Counter Poysons, some strengthen the heart against Poyson; others by Antipathy oppose it. § 4. Such things as strengthen it, do it either by Similitude or by Attracti­on, which is a forceable drawing away of what of­fends.

4. Orecticks or Stomachi­cals, are Medicines appropriated to the Ventrical or Stomach, which by a pleasing Sharpness, contract it, and by a grateful Tast delight it.

§ 1. Their use is, first in lost Appetite; secondly, in Concoction weakned: third­ly, in the Retentive Faculty destroyed. § 2. The first is cured by cleansing and acid things: the second by Aro­matical, heating, and strength­ning things: the third (from whence comes belchings, Vomitings, &c.) by Astrin­gent Medicines. § 3. The first ought to be given after due cleansing of the Stomach; the second before meat, for so the Concoction is best helped: the third against Vomiting, after meat.

5. Hepaticals are such Me­dicines as are dedicated to the Liver, to open Obstructions, to strengthen it, and to correct it's Vices.

§ 1. Such things delight and strengthen the Liver, as are sweet, and do gently bind: (but because the Li­ver is most subject to Obstru­ctions, have a care of great Binders.) § 2. Such things correct it's Vices, as either hinder Obstructions, or open them; and these are such as cut, attenuate, and cleanse, with a gentle heat. § 3. But if after Obstruction, there be Inflamation, you must use cooling Hepaticks. Here then beware, that you hurt not the concoctive Faculty, or so cool the Diaphragma, as to hinder breathing.

6. Spleneticals, Are such things as are appropriated to the Spleen, the Seat (as some sup­pose) of Melancholy.

§ 1. And these are such as are appropriated to Atra­bilis or Melancholy; and do remove Obstructions of the Spleen, arising from that humour. § 2. This is done, first by cordial, cooling, and moistning medicines. Second­ly, by opening and cutting Medicines, which differ from Hepaticks in this, that these are more loosing, those more binding, by Sect. 5. § 1.

7. Nephriticks or Renals. are such medicines as are dedi­cated to the Reins and Bladder, remedying their Vices.

§ 1. The Urine is stopped by Stones, Humours, or In­flamations, and therefore, those Medicines, 1. Either break the Stone, 2. Or cut gross Humors. 3. Or cool and cleanse. § 2. Binding things in these Cases are dan­gerous, because they stop Urine; and therefore those are only proper, which are Lenitive, cut and extenuate, without violent Heat.

8. Hystericals are such things as are appropriated to the Womb, and these are most of them Cephalicks.

§ 1. These are known chiefly by their Scent; for sweet scents draw the Womb that way they are applyed; stinking Scents the contrary. § 2. The Reason is, because it sympathizeth with the head and Brain, from whence the nervous parts take their beginning. § 3. And there­fore those are said to be Hyste­ricals, which (as well as by their intrinsick Vertue) have a power or force in their Scent, to repress Vapors and fits of the Mother.

9. Arthriticals are such Medicines as are appropriated to the Joynts, having a drying, heating, and gentlt binding quality.

§ 1. Their use is either in easing of Pains, or strength­ning the part that is weak­ned. § 2. Pain is either taken away (by taking away it's cause) or asswaged. § 3. It is asswaged by Anodyns, when the Symptons are so great, as to cause Fluxion, Inflamations or Fevers. § 4. If you respect the part, use Anodyns; if the pain Nar­coticks. § 5. If by the pain there be an Influxion, 'tis a Sign the matter proceeds of Blood or Flegm. § 6. Such things as take away the Cause, are strong Cephalick Drawers and Cutters. § 7. After the Pain is ceased, and the cause taken away, apply Astringents, not only to strengthen the parts lately weakned, but also to hinder future Defluxions.

CHAP. VII. Of hot Medicaments appropriate.

1. HEating the Head. Doronicum, Fen­nel, Peony, Spick­nard, Winter his Cinnamon, Betony, Costmary, Carduus ben. Cowslips, Eye-bright, Featherfew, Goats Rue, Herb Mastich, Lavender, Laurel, Lovage, Maudlin, Melilot, Time, Pennyroyal, Rosma-Celandine, Scurvy-grass, Sneezwort, Sena, Vervain, Camomil, Sage, Stoechas, Anacardiums, Cubebs, Nut­megs, Lilly convally, Prim­rose; Roots of Birthwort, Masterwort, Acorus; Cori­ander-Seed; Kermes, Bay and Juniperberries, Carda­moms, Cloves, Misletoe of the Oak, Frankincense, Sto­rax, Amber, Ambergrise, Musk, Castoreum; Limons, Oranges, chiefly the Rinds; Black cherries, Rue, Marjo­ram, Centory, Spicknard. Add these Ophthalmicks; Va­lerian, Fennel, Celandine, Eye-bright, Pimpernel, Ros­mary, Aniseeds, Rue, Saffron, Centory the less, Betony, Lignum Aloes, Flowers of Hypericon, Melilot, Seeds of Clary, Line; Honey, Treacle, Mithridate, Aloes, White Vitriol, Tutia, White and Rhenish wines.

2. Heating the Throat. De­vils-bit, Pilewort, Arch­angel white and red, Black and white Pepper, Honey, Sugar, Ginger, Cloves, Car­damoms, Vitriol, Orange and Limons Peels, Garlick, Leeks, Onions, Horehound, Musked Cranes-bill, Verbain, turneps, Mustard-Seed, Ground Ivy, Ivy berries, Camphir, Nutmegs.

3. Heating the Breast and Lungs. Birthwort, Calamus Aromaticus, Cinkfoil, Ele­campane, Liquorice, Orrice, Squills, Cassia Lignea, Cin­namon, Betony, Bays, Bawm, Calamint, Camomil, Distaff Thistle, Fennel, Germander, Hysop, Horehound, Indian [Page 54]Leaf, Maiden hair, Nettle, Oak of Jerusalem, Organy, Perwincle, Rue, Scabious, Time, Schaenanth, Dates, Figgs, Raisons, Coltsfoot, Pimpernel, Scordium, Dra­gons, Soapwort, Fluellin, Ground Ivy, Spotted Lung­wort, Spicknard, Sea grass, wild Rue, Siler montanus, Chervil, Carduus ben. Sou­thernwood, Saffron, Sassafras, Guajacum, Orange Peels, Fine Bole, Ammoniacum, Turpentine, Myrrh, Frankin­cense, Olibanum, Aniseeds, Carraways, Fennel Seeds, Sage, Faecula of Aron, Costus, Orrice root, Wall-flowers, Cummin seed, Mustard seed, Pepper, Grains of Para­dise.

4. Heating the Heart. An­gelica, Butterbur, Bazil, Cinnamon, Citrons, Carline Thistle, Doronicum, Scorzo­nera, Tormentil, Valerian, Zodoary, Pimpernel, Bays, Bawm, Broom, Carduus ben, Rue, Goats Rue, Ros­mary, Southernwood, Sena, Saffron, Spicknard, Juniper­berries, Mace, Nutmegs, Wall-nuts, Mastard seed, Scordium, Devils bit, Camo­mile, Dictamnus, Master­wort, Swallow-wort, Bistort, Contrayerva, Virginian Snake­root, Cochinile, Sage, Sca­bious, Fluellin, Cardiaca, Garden and wild Cresses, Centory, Borage, Bugloss, Seed and Peels of Oranges, Limons, Citrons, Lignum Aloes, Myrrh, Camphir, Benjamin, Mastich, Amber, Amber grise, Fine Bole, Ter­ra Sigillata, Bezoar stone, Harts Horn, Rhinoceros Horn, Bone of a Stags heart, Cloves, Gentian, Vervain, Marigolds, Indian Nut, ber­ry Kermes, Elecampane, Oyl of Cinnamon, Burnet, Calamus Aromaticus, Spirits of Wine, Honey, and Su­gar.

5. Heating the Stomach, Avens, Fennel, Galangal, Ginger, Rhadish, Spicknard, Enula, Cassia lignea, Cin­namon, Citrons, Limons, Oranges, Sassafras, Bays, Bawm, Broom, Hysop, Indi­an Leaf, Mint, Time, Parsly, Sage, Schaenanth, Smallage, Worm-wood, Rosmary, Cloves, Mace, Nut-megs, Almonds, Nut ben, Pine­nuts, Olives, Anise, Carra­ways, [Page 55]Ammi, Cardamoms, Cubebs, Cumin; Pepper the three sorts, Burnet, Rhapon­tick, Zedoary, Motherwort, Acorus, Grains of Paradise, Fennel-seed, Coriander, Ju­niperberries, Bay berries, Aloes, Xyloaloes, Mastich, Spirit of Wine, Sasafras, Hy­pericon, Labdanum, Taca­mahacca, Styrax calamita, Balsamum verum, de Peru, de Tolu, Staechas Camo­mil.

6. Heating the Liver. Chi­na, Carline Thistle, Dogs grass, Fennel, Gentian, Parsly, Rhubarb, Smallage, Spara­gus, Turmerick, Agrimony, Alecost, Ash, Bays, Asarum, Centaury minor, Chamepy­tis, Germander, Fox gloves, Hops, Hore-hound, Harts tongue, Maiden-hair, Time, Ladies Thistle, Maudlin, Pim­pernel, Celandine, Sampire, Sage, Scordium, Water Cres­ses, Camomil, Betony, Elder, Annis, Caraway, Ammi, Cumin, Amomus, Schaenanth, Kneeholy, Eringo, Capers, Rest harrow, Madder, Bur­net, Eupatorium, Horseradish, Squills, Rhapontick, Cento­ry, Liverwort, Spike, Brook­lime, Seeds of Oranges, Li­mons, Citrons, Juniper ber­ries, Cinnamon, Zedoary, Cassia Lignea, Lignum Aloes, Guajacum, Yellow Sanders, Worm-wood, Hops, Broom, Scurvy grass, Chervil, Mu­stard Seed.

7. Heating the Spleen. Ash, Round Birthwort, Capers, Carline, Ferne, Fennel, Gen­tian, Parsly, Sparagus, Bays, Agrimony, Centaury minor, Ceterach, Chamepytis, Dod­der, Germander, Hops, Hore­hound, Harts tongue, Mai­denhair, Time, Smallage, Sampire, Sage, Scordium, Sena, Tamarisk, Water Cres­ses, Worm-wood, Betony, Wall-flowers, Anise, Cara­ways, Rue, Peach-Kernells, Ammoniacum, Galbanum, Opoponax, Bdellium, Broom, Roots of Ferne, (which are Specificks) of Florentine, Orrice of Scorzonera, of Avens, of Horse Radish; Scurvy grass, Black Hellebor, Chervil, Mustard Seed, Wild Parsnip; Leaves of Scolopen­drium Verum, Brook lime, Dead Nettle, Saffron, Sassa­fras, Xyloaloes, middle Rind of Ash, and Elder roots, [Page 56]Acorus, Bawm, Burnet, Ju­niperberries.

8. Heating the Bowels. Ginger, Valerian, Zedoary, Ground Ivy, Alexanders, Camomil, Lignum Rhodi­um, Xyloaloes, Sassafras, Bay and Juniper berries, Aniseeds, Caraway, Cumin, Seeds and Roots of Parsly, Parsnip. Dill, Fennel, Chervil, Smal­lago, Garlick, Leeks, Onions Costus, Galanga, Hog Fen­nel, Spicknard, Indian and Celtick, Pellitory of the Wall, Savory, Tansie, Schae­nanth, all the sorts of Pep­per, Hartwort, Worm-seed Manna, Sugar, Honey, Oyls of Olives, Almonds, sweet and bitter, of Peach Kernels, Oyl of Ben, Oyl of Wall­nuts.

9. Heating the Reins and Bladder. Bazil, Burdock, Car­line Thistle, China, Cyperus, long and round, Dropwort, Knee-holly, Marsh mallows, Parsly, Smallage, Asparagus, Spatling Poppy, Spicknard, White Saxifrage, Valerian, Sassafras, Lignum Nephriti­cum, Agrimony, Betony, Brooklime, Bays, Broom, Chervil, Costmary, Camo­mil, Clary, Germander, Hops, Melilot, Time, Nettles, Or­gany, Pimpernel, Pennyroy­al, Rocket, Sampire, Schae­nanth, Scordium, Toadflax, Vervain, Almonds, Juniper­berries, Raisins, Cicers, Grom­wel, rest Harrow, Liquorice Parietary, Elder, Winter cherries, Turpentine, Burnet, Featherfew, Flowers of Hy­pericon, Peach stone Kernels, Oyls of sweet and bitter Almonds, Cherry stone Ker­nels, Pease, Beans, Oak of Jerusalem, Cassia Fistula, Cassia Lignea, Saffron, Ta­marisk, Myrrh, Gum Guaja­ci, Lapis Judaicus, Lapis Ne­phriticus, Stones of Peaches, Crabs Eyes, Earth worms, Egg shells, Jaws of a Pike, Spirit of Salt, of Turpentine, of Elder berries, of Vitriol, Waters of Perficary, Hydro­piper, Rest harrow, Saxifrage, Oyl of Juniperberries, Elixir proprietatis, Tartar Vitrio­late; Salts of Rest harrow, of Broom, of Beans, of Bean Stalks, of Nettles; Extracts of Veronica and ground Ivy, Syrup of the Juyce of Parie­tary.

10. Heating the Womb. Peony, Valerian, Burdock, Angelica, Pimpinella, Briony round Birthwort, Mugwort, Rue, Mercury, Featherfew, Savin, Betony, Elder, Hype­ricon, Staechas, Spicknard, red Vetches, Rosmary, Indi­an Nut, Juniper berries, Oranges, Cinnamon, Nut­megs, Cassia Lignea, Saffron, Cardamoms, Ash, Pepper, Castorem, Laserpitium, Cu­bebs, Xyloaloes, Guajacum, Hysop, Zedoary, Amber, Am­bergrise, Musk, Civet, Oyl of Cloves, Assa saetida, Oli­banum, Labdanum, Bdellium, Caranna, Benjamin, Galba­num, Ammoniacum, Sagape­num, Opoponax, Myrrh, Gum Guajaci, Sweet Marjo­ram, Bawm, Motherwort, Acorus, Oyl of Amber, Spi­rit and Tincture of Castor; Oyls of Rhodium, Mace, Nutmegs and Cinnamon, of Wall flowers, of Angelica, Rue, of Castor and Scorpi­ons; Tincture of Pepper white and black.

11. Heating the Joynts. Branca Ursina, Costus, Gin­ger, Hermodacts, Iallop, Me­choacan, Agrimony, Hydro­piper, or hot Arsmart, Asa­rum, Camomil, Costmary, Garden Cresses, Cowslips, Hypericon, Melilot, Rosma­ry, Rue, Sciatica Cresses, Water Cresses, Staechas, Sage, Bays, Spicknard Indian and Celtick, Calamus Aromaticus, or Acorus, Juniper berries, Chamepytis, or Gout Ivy, Tree Ivy, Doronicum, Peony male and female, Flixweed, Ash-tree leaves, Bay leaves, Pellitory of the Wall, Laven­der, Turpentine, Galbanum, Saga penum, Opopanax, Am­moniacum, Myrrh, Bdellium, Rosin, Colophony, Oleum Nervinum, Oyl of Nutmegs, Figs, Wall-nuts, Raisins, Greck Pitch, Pine Rosin.

CHAP. VIII. Of Cold Medicaments appropriate.

1. COoling the Head, Mandrake, Lettice, Purstane, Plantane, Nightshade, Henbane, Wa­ter Lillyes, White Poppies, white Roses, Violets, Gourd, Cucumer, Melon, Opium, Housleek, Leaves of the Vine, Willow, Venus Navel, Juyce of the Birch-tree, Water and Oyl of Froggs. Add these Ophthalmicks: Roots and leaves of Succory, Succory Flowers, Straw berries, Rape, Fumitory, Water Lillies, Plantane, White Roses, Vi­olets, Quinces, Rotten Ap­ples, Pears and Plums alone, or with Sugar or Honey, Poppies, Puislane, Dandelion, Oak, Fleawort, Bean flow­ers, Fine Bole, Terra Sigilla­ [...]a, Ceruse, Litharge, Lapis Calaminaris, Tutia, Saccha­rum Saturni, Spodium, Blew bottle, Clivers, Mucilages of Fleawort Seeds, and Seeds of Mallows, Marsh mallows, and Quinces.

2. Cooling the Throat. Bram­ble, Orpine, Privet, Straw­berries Leaves and Fruit, Poppies, Juyces of Oranges, and Limons, Verjuyce, Vi­negar, Album Graecum, Acacia, Juyce of Slows, Galls, Acorns, Alum, Berries of the Bramble, whilst green and red, Mulberries, almost ripe, and ripe, Dew berries, Rasp­berries, Violet Leaves, Co­lumbines, Cranes bill, An­choves, Pickled Herrings, Cucumers, Barberries, Grapes ripe and unripe.

3. Cooling the Breast and Lungs. Endive, Lambs tongue, Plantane, Polypody, Purslane, Water Lillies, Coleworts, Violets, Mallows, Bugloss, Succory, Poppy, Quinces, Barley, Pruncs, Mulberries, Jujubes, Sebestens, Sanders all the sorts, Faenugreek, Tragacanth, Gum Arabick, Whey, Red Roses, Seeds of Citruls, Gourds, Cucumer, Melon, Henbane, Nightshade, [Page 59]Hemlock, Sorrel, Dandelion, Chickweed, Barley, Hips of both wild and sweet Bryar, Barberries, Mucilages of Flea­wort seed, Faenugreek and Althaea, white Lillies, Goats Milk, River Crabs.

4. Cooling the Heart. Dan­delyon, Sorrel, Wood Sorrel, Water Lillyes, Violets, Suc­cory, Cucumers, Gourds, Rasp berry, red Currants, Barberries, Oranges, Limons, Citrons, Pomgranates, San­ders, Pearls, Coral, Frag­ments of the precious Stones, Mulberries, the four cold Seeds, Quinces, ripe Apples, Pears, Plums, Cherries, Juyce of Wood-sorrel, Roses, E­glantine berries, Grapes ripe and unripe, Acacia, Juyce of Slows.

5. Cooling the Stomach. Succory, Sorrel, Asparagus, Water Lillyes, Endive, Pur­slane, Mirtle, Roses, Violets, Balaustians, Cucumers, Me­lons, Gourds, Barley, Juyces of Quinces, Citrons, Oran­ges, Limons, Pomgranates; Seeds of Citrul, Gourd, Cu­cumer, Melon, Roses, Myr­tle berries, Medlars, Tama­rinds, Curans, both white and red; ripe and unripe Apples, Pears, Plums, Cher­ries, Goose-berries, Pearls, Coral, Alum, Verjuyce, Oak buds.

6. Cooling the Liver. Aspa­ragus, Grass, Water Lillies, Straw berries, Sorrel, Succo­ry, Sow-Thistle, Endive, Purslane, Lettice, Roses, Bur­rage, Bugloss, Balaustians, Acacia, Poppy, white and red, Barley, Juyces of Oran­ges, Citrons, and Limons, Seeds of Cucumers, Gourds, Melons, Citruls, Pomgranate Peels and Juyce, Juyce of Quinces, Currants, Goose­berries, Wood Sorrel, Myr­tles, Medlers, Tamarinds white and red, red Coral, Shavings of Harts horn and Ivory, whey of Goats milk, Fumitory, Dandelion, Bar­berries, Crystals of Tartar.

7. Cooling the Spleen. Wil­low, Hemlock, Fumitory, Polypody, Dodder, Epithy­mum, Bark of Willow roots, the four greater and lesser cold Seeds, Water Lillies, Straw berry, Sorrel, Wood-Sorrel, all the kinds of Succo­ry, or Succory like Plants, Henbane, red and white San­ders, [Page 60]Barberries, Crystals of Tartar, white Coral, whey of Cows and Goats Milk, Oyl of Salt, Sulphur and Vi­triol.

8. Cooling the Reins and Bladder. Grass, Straw ber­ries, Water Lillies, Purslane, Willow, Lettice, Whey, Cassia Fistula, Violets, Roses, Poppy, Oranges, Limons, Citrons, Barley, Endive, Suc­cory, Hearts ease, Flowers of Violets, Beans; Seeds of Ci­truls, Cucumers, Gourds, Melons, Medlar Stones, Vio­let Seeds, Flesh of Quinces, Barley water, Niter, Sal-pru­nellae, Salt of Chrystal, Tartar, Saccharum Saturni, Prunes.

9. Cooling the Bowels. Cas­sia Fistula, Sow Thistle, Bucks Horn, Fumitory, Mallows, Althaea, Orpine, Plantane, Myrabolans, Prunes, Tama­rinds, Comfry, Chickweed, white Sanders, Buck horn Plantane, Dasies, Succory, Endive, Beets white and red, Bistort, Elder, Pomgranate Rinds, Myrtles, Parslane, white Lillyes, water Lillyes, Arach, Oyl of Poppy seeds, Mucilages of Fleawort seed, and Faenugreek, Oat-meal, Whey, Butter-milk.

10. Cooling the Womb. Bi­stort, Comfry, Shepheards purse, Perwincle, Plantane, stinking Arach, Oak, Purslane, Loostrife, Roses, Quinces, Ba­laustians, Water Lillyes, Wil­low, Henbane, Poppy, Pom­granates, Medlars, Myrtles, red Coral, Acacia, red and white Sanders, Dragons Blood, wild Tansie, Sow thistle, Madder, Barberries, Hypocistis, Cab­bage and Colworts, Alum, red Coral, Pearl, Mother of Pearl, fine Bole, Terra Lemnia.

11. Cooling the Joynts. Henbane, Housleek, Lettice, Nightshade, Poplar, Willow, Poppy, Opium, Comfry, Knotgrass, Dasies, Vine leaves, Myrtle, Sorrel, Bistort, Hounds tongue, Plantane, Endive, Al­kanet, Madder, Bears breech, Eryngo, Iallap, Mecoachan, Burdock, Shepheards purse, Flixweed, Yarrow, wild Tan­sie, Bucks Horn, Fumitory, Ducks meat, Hermodactils, Woodbine, Quinces, Gourds, Citruls, Cucumers, Melons, (the five last being outward­ly applyed) Cypress, Horse tail, Oak Leaves, Colcothar, Alum, Saccharum Saturni.

CHAP. IX. Of the Properties of Medicines.

1. EMollient Medicaments are such, as soften and resolve an hard­ness to an equal Temperature. Or thus, An Emollient is that which by Heat and Moisture, warms what's frigid and con­gealed, and moistens it's dry­ness.

§ 1. Cold thickens the Humors, and Dryness har­dens them, and this in a Tumor requires an Emolli­ent. § 2. Their use is, first in melancholick Tumors; where, if the Humor be com­plicate, so must the Medicine be; and if the Humor be very tough, the Medicine must be the hotter. Second­ly, in softning hard places. Thirdly, in Sinews shrunk. § 3. And these are known, First, by Tast, as being sweet­ish or incipid, fat and oyly. Secondly, by feeling, as being smooth and Slippery.

2. Relaxers, Are such as l [...]osen any member contracted, or through Cold, Dryness, or Repletion of Wind, Humours, or other matter; and they are a little hot, and very moist.

§ 1. This property of stretching, properly belongs to the musculous and ner­vous parts of the body, to which, Relaxers are general­ly applyed; and therefore, less heat and more moisture, is required. § 2. Their use is chiefly in Convulsions, Cramps, and such like Dis­eases.

3. Rarifying Medicines are such, as being of thin and sub­til parts, make tough and thick Humors thin and rare, and so fit them for Expulsion, being only so hot, as neither to draw matter together, nor yet to dis­cuss it being gathered.

§ 1. Their use is, to open the pores of the Skin, make matter thin, and so ease pain. § 2. Their Anodine property appears from this, for that in Tumors, it is not [Page 62]only plenty of Humours. which causes the pain, but a certain dryness, hardness, and stretching of the Skin, which these medicines reme­dy by their emollient and re­laxing Property. § 3. To these are opposed Medica­ments, making thick, which have opposite qualities: these are cold, moist, and viscous, such as stop the pores of the Skin.

4. Aperitives are such as (being of thin parts, and biting) open the mouths of the Vessels, warming and comforting of them.

§ 1. Their use is, chiefly in Mouths of the Vessels in the Stomach, in the Aspera Arteria, and other Vessels dedicated to the Lungs, and also to ease the violence of Coughing. § 2. They are known by Tast, being sharp and piercing, biting the Tongue like pepper.

5. Attenuating Medicines are such as by a gentle cutting quality, loosen the Bowels, and open Obstructions there.

§ 1. The Bowels being obstructed by thick, tough, and viscous Humours require Medicines of a thin cutting Substance, being either hot or hold. § 2. Their use is, first, to open the Bowels; secondly, to cleanse the Breast of Flegm. Thirdly, to ex­pell the Terms. § 3. Let them be used after some gen­tle Purge: They are gene­rally in Tast sharp, sowre, or bitter, dilating the tongue and not contracting of it; and may properly be called Inciders.

6. Astringents are such at by their Sharpness and Rough­ness, contract, dry up, and bind the places where they come.

§ 1. They are all dry by Nature, being either hot as Cinnamon, or cold as Alum, Opium; they are known by their contracting the tongue, and are generally opposed to loosening, or lenitive Medi­cines. § 2. Their use is, first to make the Humors thick; secondly, to hinder Defluxions: Thirdly, to stop Fluxes of the belly: Fourth­ly, to contract the pores of the Skin: Fifthly, to stanch bleeding.

7. Attractives are such as by their heat and thinness, draw Humors, or matter to any part of the body desired.

§ 1. And these do it either by natural Heat, as Onions, Leeks, Garlick, Briony, Spurge, Nettles, Aron, Euphorbium, Dittany, Mustard, Pyrethrum, Crowfoot, Cantharides, Oyls of Turpentine, Bricks, Bays, Castoreum, &c. § 2. Or by Putrifaction, as Leven, Pige­ons, Hens, and Goats Dung, and all other Excrements. § 3. Or by Sympathy, as all Purges and Vomits, Viseus Quereinus, Peony, Amber, Load stone, &c. § 4. Their use is, First, Inwardly, to take away corrupt Humours out of the body, and to ex­pel Poyson. Secondly, Out­wardly to draw out Poyson, Fire, or the offending matter. from the Internal to the Ex­ternal parts. Thirdly, to warm parts over much cool­ed, and to help forward the Crisis.

8. Repercussives, Repul­sives, or Repellers, Are such as by a cold Quality (being astringent also) drive back the matter or humour to some other place.

§ 1. And so these are op­posed to Attractives, as whites of Eggs, Horse-tail, Roses, Purslane, Lettice, Nightshade, Housleek, Me­lons, Cucumers, Ducks-meat, Quinces, Balaustians, Pomgra­nate peels, Poppy, Opium, dryed Toads, the Popular Oyntment, Mercurial Oynt­ments. § 2. Their use is, chiefly, first to stay Influxi­ons, and repel Vapors. Se­condly, to help Inflamations, hot Tumors, Head-aches, and the like. § 3. They may be best used in the beginning, Discussives in the latter end. § 4. But if the matter be ve­nomous or pain be great, take heed of Repulsives, or for­bear them till due purging. § 5. Take heed also, lest you too much contract the Pores with them.

9. Discussives are such as generally disperse the matter, and so dissolve it by insensible Transpiration.

§ 1. Their uses are chiefly External; first, in opening the Pores, and making the matter thin. Secondly, to dissolve Tumors. § 2. These Medicines the Greeks call Di­aphoretica, [Page 64]more because they make the matter perspire through the Pores, than that they are considered as Sudorificks: but being in­wardly given, their chief In­tention is to cause Sweat. § 3. These Medicaments have ad­joyned with them a power also of attracting, but they generally expel, or bring out only serous thin Humors and Vapours; not Blood nor gross Humors, which are on­ly evacuated by Phlebotomy and purging. § 4. But in Tumors, they ought to be used with caution, lest by drawing away the thin parts the thick being left behind, the Swelling should grow so hard, as to become past all the hopes of cure; in this case, mix Emollients with your Discussives.

10. Cleansing Medicines are such as by a drawing qua­lity, have power to take away the Sanies, Filth, or Matter of Wounds or Ʋlcers, and make them clean.

§ 1. In a putrified Sore, it is necessary to cleanse it be­fore it can be healed; and those Medicines do it by a certain kind of Roughness, Sharpness, or nitrous quality. § 2. They are hot, cold, salt, sweet, bitter, nitrous, used in external Applications, as Pur­ges are in internal Exhibiti­ons. § 3. As their use is to cleanse the Sanies and filth of Wounds and Ulcers; so also ought they to be used af­ter general Prescriptions and Evacuations; the pain of the Ulcer being first eased, the Quittor ripened, the flux of humors stopped, and the In­flamation abated; otherwise, the Cure will never go on successfully.

11. Anodynes are such as by a gentle warming, or tempe­rate quality, and soft substance, ease and take away pain; with having some small regard to the cause, and entering into the part by their Tenuity.

§ 1. These are generally hot, and so abate the pain and heat of Inflamations, by opening the pores, and let­ting those hot Vapors out. § 2. Yet ought they not to be too hot, lest, instead of easing the pain, they should inflame. It will be good to chuse such as are of a mode­rate [Page 65]Temperature, and of a thin Essence. § 3. And the reason is yet farther apparent, that they ought not to vary much from Temperature, be­cause they are to be applyed both to hot and cold effects. § 4. In cold effects they ease pain, by opening the pores, pe­netrating, and warming: In hot diseases they ease the pain by opening the Pores, by which, the hot, fuliginous Va­pors being let out, the part is cooled.

12. Narcoticks or Hypno­ticks, (improperly called Ano­dyns also) are such things as by reason of their exceeding cold quality, case pain by Stupefa­ction, or dulling the Senses.

§ 1. These some think take not away pain at all, but only stupifie the Senses, that you cannot feel it. § 2. They are mostly used, when the Symptoms appear more dangerous than the Disease: but in the beginning and height of Fevers, beware of them inwardly, unless pre­pared with a sharp or nitrous Spirit. § 3. If the pain be in the Skin, let the Anodyn or Narcotick be liquid; but the deeper it lyes, the more solid, lest their virtue should be lost, before the work is done.

13. Carminatives are such as by a heating, rare, and ano­dyn quality expell Wind.

§ 1. Their chief use is in the Cholick, Stone, Griping of the Guts, and the like Diseases. § 2. Wind is gene­rally contained in some cer­tain cavity, and that either in the Bowels, or in the Ex­ternal parts, in Tumors. § 3. But in what part of the body soever it be, if it makes too great a distention, it causes pain; the removing of which, must be by opening the Ves­sels or the Pores. § 4. So that Carminatives are said to contain in them a complex Operation: for they ease pain by opening the stoppag [...]s, let­ting the extending matter out; this they do by their Heat, Thinness, and speci­fick property to those Inten­tions. § 5. And they com­fort and heal the parts alrea­dy hurt, by an Anodyn pro­perty, having a Sympathy with the part hurt and pain­ed.

4. Diaphoreticks, or Su­dorificks, are such as provoke Sweat, and work by insensible Transpiration.

§ 1. Their use is to expel serous thin Humors, and fil­thy Vapors, lying in the outward parts of the body, and near the Surface of the Skin. § 2. But if there be gross matter with all, (as in Tumors) there is danger; for by sweating, the thin matter being transpired, no­thing but an incurable hard­ness is left behind. § 3. They are to be used generally in the declining of the Disease, unless in Diseases proceeding from Blood, where they are used in their Increase and State. § 4. They are of a hot quality, and thin parts. § 5. But some Authors make a difference between Diapho­reticks and Sudorificks; which to me seems needless, they are so near a kin. § 6. The former, viz. Diaphoreticks, they call Transpirers, which are such things as drive the Morbisick matter through the Pores of the Skin invisibly, or by insensible Transpirati­on. § 7. The Latter, viz. Sudorisicks, which they also call Hydroticks, are such Me­dicaments as drive out the morbisick matter by the ha­bit of the body, in a sensi­ble manner, to wit, by sweat. § 8. But to declare my own Opinion in a word, I think there is no difference between them, but in degrees; Dia­phoreticks being the weaker sort of sweating Medica­ments, Sudorificks the stron­ger.

15. Alexipharmacks, or Alexiteria, are such Medicines as resist Malignity and Poyson.

§ 1. They are twofold, First, such as strengthen Na­ture against Poyson. Second­ly, such as over-come it by a contrary quality. § 2. If poy­sons kill by their quality, let them be overcome by their contraries, as cold Poysons by hot Antidotes; Corrosives by Lenitives, &c. § 3. The best way is to do it speedily, by Vomit, Purge, or Sweat; let vomiting be first, purging next, and sweating last, ac­cording to the Time, Place, Nature and Motion of the Poyson. § 4. For, if it be newly received, and in the [Page 67]Stomach, use vomiting. § 5. If by longer time it has infe­cted the Blood, and Spirits, or it be the biting of a mad Dog, or other venomou [...] Beast, use sweating. § 6. If the body be cacochymical or full of evil humors, use pur­ging. § 7. Lastly, the Cure ended, strengthen the parts of late afflicted.

16. Pyroticks are such me­dicines, as by their exceeding heat, burn, or scald the Skin or Flesh, or both.

§ 1. These [...]re threefold; first, Catheretica, or Corro­sives, which by excessive dry­ing, consume the Excrescen­ces of the Flesh: Their use is in Ulcers, to eat away dead Flesh. § 2. Septica, or Putre­factives, which by their ve­hement heat ulcerate the Skin, with very little pain: their use is to draw Blisters. § 3. Escarcotica, or Causticks, which consume all they come near: Their use is to make Issues. § 4. The first are strong, the second stronger, the third strongest. § 5. They are also used in eating off of Hair, and then they are called Psylothrons; as also in wasting hard and callous Tumors, consuming Warts, Polypus, in Gouts, Lethar­gies, Fistula's, malignant Ul­cers, defluxions of Humors, violent Burning, malign and pestilential Fevers. § 6. But beware lest they inflame, or cause Convulsions, which you may prevent by purging the body well first. § 7. Take heed also, lest you in­flame the parts adjacent, which you may prevent by anointing the place round with Defensatives.

17. Suppuratives (called in Greek Peptica) are such as by a natural heat, bring Blood, raw, superfluous, and undige­sted humors, to Matter and Ripeness.

§ 1. These by reason of their emplastick Body, close the Pores of the Skin; and so by keeping the heat toge­ther, bring to Putrefaction and matter. § 2. These dif­fer from Emollients in this, They make hard things soft; These draw, or generate hu­mors, and ripen them. § 3. Their chief use is to ripen Plegmons, or Tumors pro­ceeding of Blood, and are [Page 68]generally applyed in the height of the Disease.

18. Sarcoticks, or Incar­natives, are such things as breed Flesh, changing the blood there into.

§ 1. These are generally hot in the first degree, and something drying; if they be applyed to a dry part of of the body, the Sarcotick must be very dry, sometimes in the fourth degree. § 2. And these prevent the Blood, that it may not turn into Corruption while it turns in­to Flesh. § 3. If they be ap­plyed to a soft and tender place, let the Medicine be gentle, and not exceed the first degree, unless the Ulcer be moist.

19. Glutinatives are such Medicines, as by their glewy quality, joyn the mouths of Wounds or Ʋlcers together.

§ 1. These the Greeks call Symphitica, and are generally dry in the second degree, drying up, not only what flows out, but what remains liquid in the Flesh. § 2. They are to be used when the Ulcer is cleansed, and filled with Flesh. § 3. They are of a consistence either dry and earthy, or moist and watery, but without any biting qua­lity.

20. Cicatrizing or Scar­rifying medicines, called in Greek Epulotica, are such as by a drying and binding quali­ty, cloath a raw place with Skin.

§ 1. These are to be used after the Ulcer is cleansed, in­carnated, and the lips of it joyned together. § 2. They perform their work by con­suming both that which flows to, and that humour which is already in the Flesh, that it may be changed into the property of Skin. § 3. They are drying, that they may suck out the humidity in the place; and binding, that they may stop a Flux of new matter, by strengthning the part.

21. Emmenonagogicks are those medicines, which by a certain specifick quality, pre­voke the Terms.

§ 1. These medicines are generally of a hot nature, and thin essence, which have a power to attenuate and rari­fie the Blood, and to open [Page 69]the mouths of the Vessels. § 2. They are generally hot in the third degree, but not over drying, § 3. In the Exhibition of these Medica­ments, you are to consider the Age and the time. § 4. As to the Age, they are rare­ly to be expected before 14 years old, and they common­ly leave the Woman about 50. § 5. As to the Time, that you give the medicine four or five days before the time of their flowing or co­ming down; having a day or two before used universal Preparatives by proper Ca­tharticks, of which, the Tin­cture of Colocynthis in S. V. or it's decoction in water, or infusion in Lime water, are excellent; so also Syrup of Roses solutive given to ℥iiij. Alocs Rosata, Elixir Proprie­tatis. § 6. The retaining of the Terms, often breeds Dropsies, Cachexies, Green-sickness, Fits of the Mother, Convulsions, Falling-sick­ness, Blindness, and other cruel Diseases; and some­times Madness it self. § 7. Always have in mind this verse, Luna vetus veteres; juvenes nova Luna repurgat.

22. Diureticks are Me­dicines which are said to make a Separation of the Serum from the Blood, and so to provoke Ʋrine; or, such as provoke it by opening the Ʋrinal Passages.

§ 1. Such things as make a Separation of the Serum from the Blood, are the things intended here, the other, which open more powerfully the Urinal passages, you may see, Cap. 11. Sect. 26. and Cap. 12. Sect. 6. following. § 2. These are hot and dry, and are known by their tast, as being very biting, and of an attenuating, cutting, and abstersive property, that they may alter, and make more fluid, the thick, tenacious, and viscous Blood, whereby it may let go it's Serum. § 3. Those things of a nitrous Property, properly open the Urinal Passages; of which, hereafter. § 4. Beware of giving violent Diureticks, be­fore the passages be opened, lest, instead of curing, you kill the Sick, which in this case often happens. For, strong Diureticks being gi­ven [Page 70]while the passages are stop'd, make the Obructions more obdurate, and some­times incurable; and then the water not having it's na­tural Passage, either falls in­to the Abdomen, or regur­gitates into the Veins, and then the sick dies of a Drop­sie. § 5. Give also with and before them, a good quanti­ty of Oyl of sweet Almonds,

23. Traumaticks or Vul­neraries, Are such Medicines as having a specifick Vertue to the Intention, are accommoda­ted to the more facile, dextrous, or speedy healing and curing of Wounds and Ʋlcers.

§ 1. These Medicines ought to be used after a due purging, and cleansing of the body, lest they being recei­ved in, be, by the habit of the body, turned to Corrup­tion also. § 2. They ought to be given for a long time, viz. during the whole Cure (after proper purging) that they by their Balsamick pro­perty, may beget a habit of healing. § 3. They ought to be conveyed in such a men­struum, as may not be too strong, lest it inflames the wound, or endangers a Fe­ver: and likewise such as may have a good diuretick force, that if the sick should drink freely of it, it may not endanger a Dropsie. § 4 It ought to be grateful, that the Stomach may receive it with pleasure, for thereby it's healing power is more easily exerted and insinuated into the Universal Habit. § 5. The Distinction between Traumaticks and Vulneraries, may be said to be this; the former are used internally, the latter externally: No Balsam that I know of, was ever called Traumaticum, the latter is common.

24. Cosmeticks are such Medicines as beautifie and adorn the Body.

§ 1. These are applyed ei­ther to the Skin, Hair, or Teeth. § 2. Freckles, Sun­burning, and blackness of the Teeth, are to be taken away by cleansing Medicines; redness of the Face, accord­ing to the Cause, as from heat of Blood by internal Coolers; from external Ac­cidents, by cooling and ex­tenuating. § 3. Wrinkles are [Page 71]remedied by Lenitives and Emollients. § 4. Falling of the Hair, by correcting the Humor which causes it, and by gentle heating the part; too much Hair by, cleansers and corrosives. § 5. Smooth­ness of the hair by Dryers and Binders, which cause it to curle. § 6. Scurf and Dandriff is taken away by Abstersives. § 7. Loosness of Teeth, by things drying and binding.

CHAP. X. The Properties of altering Medicaments.

1. EMollients. Roots of Lillyes, Althaea, wild Cucumer, Briony, Leaves of Mallows, Parieta­ry, Violets, Elder; Flowers of Camomil; Seeds of Fae­nugreek, Lime, Mallows; fat Figs, fresh Butter, Hogs grease, Bears grease, old Oyl, Bdellium, Liquid Storax, Ammoniacum, Galbanum; all marrows of Beasts, Fat of a Stag, Horse, Calf, Hen, Capon, Goose, Duck, Sheep, Goat; Rosin, Currants, Rai­sins, Dates, Meal of Wheat, Barley, Beans, Lentiles, Mault, Saffron, Opoponax, Turpen­tine, Colophony, Pitch, A­rach, Beets, Cypress leaves, Bay leaves, Fleawort; Oyls of Lillies, Camomil, Earth­worms, Foxes; Oyntments of Marsh mallows, of Wax, Resumptivum, Diachylon sim­ple, and with Gums, Cerat of Ammoniacum, Oesypus.

2. Relaxers. Lillyes, Line­seed, Faenugreek, Althaea, Mallows; Oyls of Camomil, Earth-worms, Dill, Castor; Roots of Orrice, English and Florentine; Herb Mercury; Oyls of Spike, Turpentine, Juniper-berries, Rosmary, Amber, Worm-wood, Sassa­fras, Rhodium, Caraways, (all distilled) being mixed with a sufficient quantity of Oyl Olive, Oyl of sweet Al­monds, [Page 72]or of Ben, or with Hogs grease.

3. Rarifiers. Althaea, Herb Mercury, Camomil, Melilot, Elder, Faenugreek, and Line­seed, old Oyl, Butter, Ca­pers, Orrice, Time, Penny­royal, Hysop, Mugwort, Seeds of Anise, Fennel, Stae­chas, Juniper leaves and ber­ries, Caraways, Caper-roots; Oyls of sweet and bitter Al­monds, mix'd with the hot distilled Oyls in Sect. 2. just aforegoing Oyl of Bays. To these are opposed Thickners. viz. Purflane, Sorrel, Poppy, Rice, Lentils, Quinces, Pears Starch, Juyce of Pomgranates, Cha­lybeat milk, &c.

4. Aperitives. Roots of Grass, Smallage, Fennel, As­paragus, Parsly, Holm, Suc­cory, Endive, Eringo, Gen­tian, Ferne, Madder, Rha­ponticum, Asarum, Capers, Tamarisk, Ash. Leaves of Fu­mitory, Worm-wood, Agri­mony, Maidenhair, Liverwort, Ceterach, Chamepytis, Cha­maedrys, Dodder, Horchound, Calamint, Penny-royal, Scur­vy grass, Brook-lime, water cresses, Hops, Seeds of Anise, Fennel, Ameos, Agnus Ca­stus, Lupins, Almonds, Cin­namon, Juyce of Limons, of Endive, of Succory, Vine­gar, Garlick, Onions, Leeks, Parietary, Turmerick, pow­der of Steel, Carline Thistle, Filipendula, Bruscus, Mal­lows, Marsh mallows, Peach Flowers and Kernels, Cu­bebs, Ammoniacum, Opo­panax; Oxymel simple and scyllitick, Syrupus de quinque Radicibus; Troches of Rhu­barb, Worm-wood, Eupato­rium, Gum Lacca, Cream, Crystal, and Tincture of Tar­tar, Tartar Vitriolate, Tin­cture, Powder, Wine, ape­rient Crocus, and Pills of Steel.

5. Attenuaters. Roots of Gentian, Ferne, Radish, Horse Radish, Sorrel, Wood-Sorrel, Juyce of Limons, Oranges, Citrons, White and Rhenish Wines, Pepper, Ginger, Cinnamon, Cloves, Nut-megs, Mace, Vinegar, Oximel simple, and of squils, Scurvy-grass, Brook-lime; all sorts of Cresses; Seeds of Mustard, Onions, of Rock­et, and of Charlock; Genti­an, Ferne leaves, Cassia Fi­stula, Tamarinds, Prunes, [Page 73]Myrobalans, Crystals of Tar­tar, Tartar Vitriolate, steel­ed wine, Sal-niter, Lapis prunellae, Sal Gem, Whey, Syrups of Bar-berries, and of Quinces, of Limons, of Ci­trons, of Coral simple and compound, and of Pearls; Oyls and Spirits of Sulphur, of Salt, of Vitriol; Spirit of Niter, and of Sal Armoniack; Flowers and volatile Salt of Armoniack, Salt of Harts horn, of Urine, and of mans Blood.

6. Astringents. Roots of Tormentil, Plantane, Com­frey, white Lillies, Peony, Bistort, Rhubarb roasted; Leaves of Amomum, Agnus Castus, Cyperess, Cinkfoil, Bawm, Fleawort, Horsetail, Ivy, Knot-grass, Solomons Seal, Bays, Myrtles, Oak, Purslane, Shepheards purse, Willow, Mouse ear, Poppy, Sorrel, Quinces, Medlars, Rice, Lentils, Amylum, Galls, Myrtle berries, Barberries, unripe Bramble berries, and Mulberries, Balaustians, A­corns, Acorn cups, Mastich, Dragons blood, Acacia, Alum, Coral, Fine Bole, Iron, Su­mach, Pomgranate Rinds, small Daisie, Bark of the Frankincense-tree, Services, Terra Sigillata, Privet flowers, Trefoil, Crab-Apples, un­ripe Grapes, Crocus martis Astringens, Saccharum Satur­ni, Coral, Laudanum, Opium, Pilulae de Cynoglossa, Acorus, Schaenanth, Aloes, Thus, Oli­banum, Myrrh, Spicknard, Cypress Nuts, Drop-wort, Avens, Loostrife, Hypocistis, Lapis Haematitis, Diacodium, Powder of mans Bones by calcination, Conserve of red Roses, Grape-stones, man's and beasts blood dryed, Chalk, Calx of Egg-shells, Ceruse, Litharg, Rosin, stones of Raisons, Gum Traga­canth, and Arabick, Cobwebs, Hair burnt.

7. Attractives Roots of Birth-wort, Anemony, Bind­weed, Taragon, Gentian, Py­rethrum, Crow-foot, Dasso­dil, Aron, Masterwort, Dra­gons, Thapsia, or Turbith, Garlick, Onions, Leeks; Leaves of Sciatica Cresses, Water Cresses, Calamint, Dittany, Pimpernel, Thlapsi, Ivy; Seeds of Mustard, Net­tles, Rocket, Onions; Eu­phorbium, Ammoniacum, [Page 74]Galbanum, Sagapenum, Pitch, Rosin, Cantharides, Pigeons and Hens Dug, Soap, Reed roots, Garden Cresses, Winter Cresses, Seeds of Navew, of water Cresses, of Radishes; Emplastrum Oxy­croceum, Roots of Briony, Spurge; Goats Dung, and all other Excrements: all Purgers and Vomitories whatsoever; Viscus Querci­nus, Peony, Amber, Magnet. Southern-wood, Asphodel, Bdellium, Opopanax, Assa faetida, Xylobalsamum, Car­pobalsamum, Asarum, Tur­pentine; Oyls of Bricks, Fo­xes, Bays, Dill, Rue, Peter. Castoreum, Hypericon, Un­guentum Martiatum, Agrip­pae, Aregon, Mithridate and Venice Treacle, outwardly applyed, Diachylon magnum, and with Gums, Emplaster of Melilot simple and com­pound, Leaven, Old Cheese, Cantharides, Vesicatories, Horse-leeches, Cupping-glas­ses.

8. Repercussives. Roots of Plantane, Mandrake; Leaves of Housleek, Purslane, Duck­meat, Endive, Lettice, Night­shade, Henbane, Sumach, red Roses, water Thistle, Navel­wort, Lentisk; Seeds of Fleawort, Plantane, Grape­stones, Sorrel, Violets, water Lillies, cold Water, Whey, Coriander, Cinkfoil, Trefoil, Parietary, Apples, Pears, sour Plums, Whites of Eggs, Horse-tail, Wood bind, Tea­sle, Shepheards purse, Me­lons, Gourds, Citruls, Cu­cumers, Myrtles, Quinces, Pomgranate rinds, and flow­ers, Sanguis Draconis, Pop­py, Opium, Fine Bole, Ter­ra sigillata, Ceruse, Lead burn'd, and not burn'd, Saccharum Saturni, Alum, Cypress nuts, Comfrey, Cen­tory, Worm-wood, Hore­hound, Cyperus grass, meal of Lupins and Orobus; Un­guentum refrigerans, Album, Citrinum, Populcum, Desicca­tivum rubrum, Pectorale; Empl. Diacalciteos, de Ranis cum Mercurio, &c.

9. Discussives. Roots of Asphodil, Birthwort, Briony, Capers; leaves of Arach, Beets, Camomil, Checkweed, Dill, Maiden-hair, Althaea, Mint, Parietary, Bawm, Clea­vers, Mallows, Scordium, Melilot, Marjoram, Rosma­ry, [Page 75]Spicknard. Lavender, Rue. Wormwood, Aniseeds, Cara­ways, Dittany, Leeks, Oni­ons, Garlick, Vinegar, Spi­rit of Wine, Savin, Origanum, Cumin, Hysop, Fumitory, Elder, dwarf Elder, Valeri­an, Southern-wood, Faenu­greek, Rosin, all sorts of Turds, Turpentine, Old Cheese, Wines, Pyrethrum, Cinnamon, Nutmegs, Pep­per, Chervil, Crowfoot, all the hot Seeds; Oyls of Eu­phorbium, Castor, Nervinum, Ʋng. Laurinum, Diachylon magnum, and with Gums, de Cymino, Empl. Oxycroceum, de baccis Lauri, de Meliloto, de Ammoniaco Forresti, de Galba­no Croeatum Mynsichti, de Ra­nis cum Mercurio; Oynt­ments of Agrippa, Arregon, Martiatum.

10. Cleansers. Roots of Aron, Asphodil, Birthwort, Celandine, Orrice, Gentian, Solomons Seal, Tamarisk, leaves of Smallage, Worm­wood, Horchound, Hysop, water Cresses, Agrimony, Tansie, Pimpernel, Parieta­ry, Arach, Beets, Aloes, Su­gar, Honey, Faenugreek seed, Turpentine, Verdigrise, Vi­triol, Whey, Centory, Sou­thernwood, Germander, Harts tongue, Line seed, Bar­ley, Lupins, Orobus, Galls of Beasts; Urine, White wine, Salt, Alum, Myrrh, Briony roots, Hellebor, Betony, Sar­cocol, bitter Almonds, Ele­campane, Scammony, Oxy­mel simple and scyllitick; Ʋnguentum Nicotianae, Aposto­lorum, Aegyptiaeum; Empla­strum divinum, Aqua Ophthal­mica nostra.

11. Anodyns. Roots of E­ringo, Orrice, Rest harrow, water slag, Marsh mallows, Lillies, leaves of Arach, Beets, Camomil, Chickweed, Dill, Maidenhair, Fennel, Marjo­ram, Time, Parsly, Rosma­ry, Rue, Saffron, Faenugreek­seed, Hogs, Goose, and Hens Fat, Ducks grease, Oyls of Linseed, Almonds, Eggs, Hy­pericon, Camomil, Dill, Bays, Juniper berries, Rosmary, Elder, Wax, Earth worms; Oyntments of Althaea, Arra­gon, Nicotiance, Resumpti­vum, Rosarum, Martiatum, Emplastrum de baccis lauri, Calves and Mans Fat, Mar­row of Oxen, Calves, Sheep, Milk, Spirit of Wine, Butter. [Page 76]If with the Pain there be an Inflamation, you may use cooler things; as Oyl Om­phacine, Oyls of Poppies, Roses Omphacine, Parietary, Fleawort, Ʋnguentum Album, Rosarum, Populeon, Refrige­rans Galeni.

12. Narcaticks. Roots of Mandrake, leaves of Man­drakes, Henbane, Hemlock, Poppy, Opium, Spirit of Dar­nel, Darnel meal, Lettice, Housleek, Purslane, Night­shade; Philonium Persicum, Romanum, Magistrale, Lauda­num nostrum, Londinense, Pa­racelsi, Fabri, Queroctani; Pi­lulae è Cynoglosso, è Styrace, Mi­thridate, Venice Treacle, Di­ascordium, our London Trea­cle, Lead, Saccharum Saturni, Camphir, Spiritus Odontalgi­cus, Anodyn extract of Opi­um, Pilulae Bechicae, & Nar­coticae Plateri; Trochisci albi Rhasis, Alkakengi, & de Cam­phora, Sief de Plumbo, Tro­chisci Diacorallion, Diasperma­ton, & Haemoptoici.

13. Carminatives. Costus, Galingal, Garlick, Fennel, Parsly, Smallage, Spicknard, Zedoary, Camomil, Dill, Ju­niper, Marjoram, Organy Savory, Wormwood, Bays, Schaenanth, Cinnamon, Cloves, Mace; Nutmegs, Pepper, Ginger, Annis, Ca­raways, Cumin, Fennel; Roots of Water-flag, Hogs Fennel; Rinds and Seeds of Oranges, Limons, Citrons, Cassia Lignea, Angelica. Mint, Calamint, Rosmary, Time; Bay and Juniper berries, Amo­mus; Seeds of Dancus, Car­rots, Nigella, Parsly, Hart­wort, Bishops weed, Mustard, Rocket, Cardamoms, Grains of Paradise, Rue, Cubebs, Coriander.

14. Diaphoreticks. Roots of Tormentil, Zedoary, Con­trayerva, Virginian Snake­weed, Ginger, leaves of Car­duus ben. Scordium, Butter­bur, Rosmary, Rue, Sage, Saffron, Torrified Silk, Be­zoar stone, Cochinile, Trea­cle, Carline Thistle, China, Sarsaparilla, Opium, Gen­tian, Scabious, Pimpernel, Angelica, Bezoar stone, Bezo­ar Animale and Minerale; Spirit of Guajacum, Aurum, Diaphoreticum, Liquor Vitae Anodynus, Anodyn extract of Opium, Electuarium de Ovo, Volatile Salt Armoniack, [Page 77]Swallowort, Southernwood, Juniper berries, Bay berries, Fumitory, Sassafras, Spiritus cornu cervi, Melilot, Faenu­greek, Marjoram, Spirit of Terra sigillata, Salt and Tin­cture of Tartar, Treacle wa­ter, Roots of the smaller Galangal, Bay leaves, Di­ctammus, Pennyroyal, Ori­ganum, the four greater and lesser hot Seeds, fixed Flow­ers of Antimony, Laudanum nostrum, Londinense, & Para­celsi.

15. Alexipharmicks. An­gelica, Birthwort, Bistort, Bugloss, Costus, Cyprus, Car­line, Doronicum, Enula, Garlick, Gentian, Smallage, Tormentil, Vipers Bugloss, Zodoary, Betony, Carduus, Calaminth, Agrimony, Avens, Juniper, Organy, Pennyroy­al, Rue, Scordium, Worm­wood, Centory, Bay-berries, Pepper, Citrons, Aniseeds, Ammi, Cardamoms, Cara­way, Fennel, Saffron, Cochi­nile, Contrayerva, Virginian Snake-root, Butterbur, Sage, Rosmary, Spicknard, Bezoar Stone, Bezoar animal and mineral, Alkermes, Our Lon­don Treacle, Venice Treacle, Mithridate powder, and Salt of Vipers, Electuarium de Ovo, Treacle water, Prophylactick, water of Sylvius, Swallowort, Southern-wood, Maiden hair, Germander, Alexanders, A­grimony, Hore-hound, Po­ley-mountain, Wall-nuts, all the sorts of Pepper; Ivy ber­ries, Seeds of Oranges, Li­mons, Citrons, and outward Peels of the same, Myrrh, Camphir.

16. Pyroticks. § 1. Cathe­reticks, or Corroders, which eat away proud and dead Flesh. Roots of white Vine, black Hellebor, Gentian, Ashes of the Oak, Fig-tree, Conchy­lium, Aloes, Alum burnt and not burnt, burn'd Lead, An­timony calcined, Quicklime, Flowers of Brass, Brass burn'd Vitriol calcined, Quicksilver precipitated, sublimated; Oyls of Vitriol, Sulphur, and Salt, Verdigrise, Salt calcined, Euphorbium, Ʋnguentum Aegyptiacum, Apostolorum. § 2. Septica, Vesicatories or Putre­siers, whose use is to draw Blisters, and melt hard Flesh. Roots of Bindweed, Pyre­thrum, Squills, Garlick, Thapsia, Leaves of Crowfoot, [Page 78]Flamula, Spurge, Tythimal, Mezereon; Seeds of water Cresses, Mustard; Euphor­bium, Turbith, Dryopteris, Pityocampe, Aconitum, Can­tharides, Leven, Sope, Pige­ons Dung, Chrysocolla, Or­piment, Arsnick. § 3. Esar­cotica, Causticks, or Burners, which bring a thick Crust, and consume all they come near: Their use is to make Issues. White Hellebor, Vine Ashes, Salt of Tartar, Ashes of the Fig tree, Savin Bush, Brass burn'd, Flower of Brass, Quicklime, Vitriol, Orpi­ment, Arsnick, Ley and Salt of Pot ashes, Lapis Infernalis. Silver Caustick.

17. Suppuratives. § 1. Such as are temperate, clammy, and applyed to hot Tumors; Mucilages of Seeds of Line, Faenugreek, Mallows, and Marsh mallows; Water and Oyl, Wheat and Barley meal, Mault, Milk. Crums of wheat­en Bread, Hogs grease, fresh Butter, Ʋnguentum Dialthaea, Yolks of Eggs, Honey, Figs, Raisons, Currants, Dates, Oyl of Lillies, Roots of Bry­ony, white Lillies. § 2. Such as are hot, and used in cold Tumors. Saffron, Camomil, Ammoniacum, Bdellium, Galbanum, Labdanum, Opo­panax, Sagapenum, Turpen­tine, Liquid Storax, Pitch, Rosin, Tears of the Fir, Birch and Pine trees; Oyl of Ca­momil; Roots of Aron, Birthwort, Briony, Cresses, Cantharides, Castor, Ditta­ny, Gentian, Ranunculus, Pyrethrum, Hellebor, Onions, Garlick, Leeks, Nettles, Eu­phorbium, Sulphur, Leven, Niter, Quicklime, Black Sope, Mustard seed, Oxe Gall, Pi­geons, Goose, Hens, and Goats Dung, Basilicon majus & minus, Oyntment of Agrip­pa, Diachylon simple, and with Gums, Emplaster of Mucilages, Oxycroceum, Mi­thridate, Venice Treacle, Ca­taplasma Laxativum Schro­deri, & pro adultis, Dropax confortans, common Salt, and Salt of Tartar.

18. Sarcoticks, or Incarna­tives. § 1. Me me which are to be applyed to moist and deli­cate Bodies. Meal of Wheat, Barley, Mault, Beans, Pease, Faenugreek, Thus, Olibanum, Manna of Frankincense, Ma­stich, Oyl Olive, Betony, [Page 79]Shepheards purse, Mouse ear, Vervain, Scabious, Burnet, Tutty. § 2. Stronger to be applyed to Plethorick or Caco­chymick bodies. Meal of Lu­pins, Lentills, and Orobus; Turpentine, Rosin, Larch Rosin, Honey, Honey of Ro­ses, Aloes, Pompholix. § 3. Strongest, which are appropria­ted to deep Ʋlcers. Meal of Orobus, raw Honey, Roots of Birthwort, long and round, Sanicle, Orrice root, Centory greater and lesser, burn'd Lead, Myrrh, Vitriol, Gum Arabick, and Tragacanth, Hypericon, Sarcocol, Ʋn­guentum Aurcum, & Comitis­sae, Emplasters of Betony, Diapalma, Nigrum, de Janua. A larger Catalogue you may see in our Synopsis Medicinae, lib. 3. cap. 24. Sect. 31. The last Edition.

19. Glutinatives. Roots of Solomons Seal, Dasies, Tor­mentil, Cinkfoil, Bistort; Leaves of Mouse ear, Plan­tane, Hypericon, Bugle, Sani­cle, Pyrola, Wall-sage, Rup­turewort, Althaea, Centory, Germander, Agrimony, Maudlin, Mallows, Woad, Willow, Vervain, Yarrow, Tansie, Cranes bill, Horsetail, Cinkfoil, Hounds tongue, Myrrh, Olibanum, Thus, Sarcocol, Aloes, Hypocistis, Pitch, Turpentine, Mastich, Colophony, fine Bole, Dra­gons Blood, Terra Lemnia, Gum Elemi, Gum Hederae, Tragacanth, Arabick; Com­fry Roots, Knot grass, Ros­mary, Flowers, Red Wine, Diapalma, Emp. de Minio, Oyntments of Litharg, and of Betony.

20. Epuloticks, Cicatrizers, or Scarrifyers. Roots of Tor­mentil, Cinkfoil, Comfry, Madder; Leaves of dead Nettles, Comfry, Through­wax, Horsetail, Plantanc, Bucks horn, Straw-berry, Willow, Agrimony, Avens, Sage, Vervain, Burdock, Shepheards purse, Hawk­weed, Coltsfoot, Self heal, Speedwell, Mullein, Flix­weed, Perwincle, Ladies Mantle, wild Tansie, Mug­wort, Costmary, Betony, Downe of Carduus ben. Bur­net, Scabious, Mint, Cala­mint, Germander, Parietary, Devils Bit, Clary, Lovage, Herb mastich, Cinkfoil, Tre­foil, Southernwood, Balau­stians, [Page 80]Pomgranate Peels, Coral, Pearl, Aloes, Dragons blood, fine Bole, Terra sigil­lata, Litharge, Galls, Spunge burn'd, Cassia Lignea, Bra­sele, Log-weed, Sanders red, white, yellow, Pompholix, Tutty, Alum, Spodium, Cy­press nuts, Acorus, Myrrh, Thus, Olibanum, Sarcocol, Ceruse, Lead, Lead burn'd, Cadmia, Saccharum Saturni, Antimony, Brass burn'd and wash'd; Ʋnguentum Album, Desiccativum rubrum, Diapom­pholigos; Emp. de minio, Dia­palma, &c. The rest see in our Synopsis Medicinae, lib. 3. cap. 24. Sect. 33.

21. Diureticks. Roots of Mallows Althaea, Maiden hair, Smallage, Asparagus, Fennel, Parsly, Burdock, Grass, Knee holly, white Sa­xifrage, Hogs Fennel, Meco­achan, Iallap, Radishes, Ma­sterwort, Rest harrow, Gar­lick, Onions, Leeks, Scabious, Squills. Sassafras, Rhodium, Lignum Nephriticum, Bark of Elder, and dwarf Elder. Leaves of Mallows, Althaea, Dandelyon, Endive, Succory, Yarrow, Straw berries, Let­tice, Purslane, Water Lillies Pimpernel, Brook lime, wa­ter Cresses, Germander, Camomil, Samphir, Cher­vil, Broom, Rest harrow, Bays, Scordium, Parietary, Nettles, Spicknard, Saxifrage. Flowers of Rosmary, Peaches, Marsh wormwood, Melilot, Lavender, Dill, Camomil. Fruits, Cubebs, Pepper, Juni­per berries, bitter Almonds, Peach Kernels, Winter Cher­ries, Straw berries, ripe Grapes, Figs, Raisons of the Sun, Olives, Ivy berries. Seeds of Rocket, Onions, Leeks, Garlick, Saxifrage, Radishes, Nettles, Grom­wel, Cicers, Pease, Beans, An­nis, Fennel, Caraways, Amo­mus, Smallage, Cumin, wa­ter Cresses, Mustard, Poppies white, black and red, Ash-tree Keys. Oyls of sweet and bitter Almonds, of Hyperi­con, of Scorpions. Tartar, Salt, Tincture and Oyl of Tartar. Turpentine and oyl of Turpentine. Ashes and Salt of Broom. Spirits and oyls of Vitriol, Sulphur, Salt. Whey of Milk, chiefly of Goats milk. Peach Kernel water with Muskedine. Per­sicary water is commended [Page 81]above all things. Crystal, and Salt of Crystal, Niter, Spirit of Niter, and Lapis Prunellae. Sal Armoniack, and Spirt thereof. The whi­test Flints quenched (red hot) in rich Wine. Oyl of Wax à gut iiij ad vij. Salt of Amber ad ʒss. Water of Hipps. Oyl of Juniper ber­ries. Tincture or Decocti­on of Hops. Juyce of Oni­ons in Rhenish Wine and Sack.

22. Emmenonagogicks, or provoking the Terms. Roots of Birthwort, Aron, Asarum, Waterflag, white Dittany, Asphodel, Garlick, Centory the less, Cypress long and round, Costus, Capers, Ca­lamus Aromaticus, Master­wort, Dittany of Creet, Ca­rots, Ginger, Eryngo, Fen­nel, Parsly, Smallage, Grass, Elecampane, Peony, Valeri­an, Knee-holly: Leaves of Southernwood, Garlick, all sorts of Maiden-hair, Mug­wort, Wormwood, Bishops weed, Betony, Centory, Ca­momil, Calamint, German­der, Dittany, Fennel, Hype­ricon, Marjoram, Horehound, Brook-lime, Water Cresses, Rocket, Origanum, Bafil, Pennyroyal, Parsly, Smallage, Rue, Savin Rosmary, Sage. Berries of Ivy, Juniper, Bays, Capers, Cardamoms, Pepper of all sorts, Aniseeds, Amo­mus; Seeds of Asparagus, Fennel, Smallge, Parsly, Lo­vage, Hartwort, Bishops­weed, Cicers, Carrots. Gum of Guajacum, Aloes, Myrrh, Juyce of Damask Roses, Sy­rup of Roses solutive, given to ℥iiij.

23. Traumaticks or Vulne­raries. Roots of Comfry, Bistort, Tormentil, Avens, Gentian, Cinkfoil, Birth­wort, Bears Breech, Hog-Fennel, Zedoary, Galangal, Leaves of Prunella, Pyrola, Ladies Mantle, Sarracens consound, Bugle, Tansie, Betony, Liverwort, Blood­wort, Golden Rod, Flix­weed, Balsaminum, Mint, Vervain, Fluellin, Hypericon, Melilot, Yarrow, Horsetail, Elm, Plantane, Bucks horn, Cyperus, Mouse ear. Flow­ers of Red Roses, Hypericon, Balaustians, Rosmary. Cy­press Nuts, Frankincense, Aloes, Mastich, Tears of the Fir tree, Turpentine, Pine, [Page 82]and Larch Rosins, Stone Pitch, Liquor of Elm Leaves. Gum Elemi, Gum of Juni­per, of Ivy, Tragacanth, Tachmahacca, Caranna, Sar­cocolla, Dragons Blood, Ho­ney, Sugar, Wax. What are here wanting, see in Our Synopsis Medicinae, lib. 3. cap. 24. Sect. 29. & 34. last Edition.

24. Cosmeticks. Meal of Wheat, Barley, Oats, Pease, Beans, Lentils, Lupins, Oro­bus, and their Bran boyled in Water. Roots of Orrice, Onions, Hermodacts, Mal­lows, Marsh Mallows, white Lillies, red Docks, Briony, Solomons Seal, Radishes, Virginian Snake-root, Aspa­ragus, Grass, Polypody, Horse-radish, Aron. Leaves of Purslane, Lettice, Sow Thistles, Poppies, Maiden hair, Trefoil, Borage, Bu­gloss, Endive, Succory, To­bacco, Fumitory, Housleek, Popular Buds, Melilot, wa­ter Cresses, Brook-lime, Fen­nel, Centory, Scurvy grass, Perficary, Sorrel, Wood-Sorrel, Hydropiper, Garden Cresses, wild Tansie, Plan­tane, Dandelion, Ducks meat, Willow, Mallows, Althaea, Chick-weed, Crowfoot, A­vens, Time, Lavender, Ros­mary, Sage, Sena. Flowers of Rosmary, Cowslips, Prim­roses, white Roses, white Lillyes, Beans, Blew-bottle, Flower-de-luce. Seeds of Fae­nugreek, Linseed, Fleawort, Quinces. Juyces of rotten Apples, Pears, sowre Plums, Oranges, Limons, Citrons, Wine, Tears of the Birch, and Vine, Verjuyce, Spirit of Vinegar. Bulls Gall, and Galls of most Beasts and Fowls. May dew, distilled Rain, Spirit of Rain Water, Lime water, Lac Virginis. Soap. Goose, Ducks, and Hens Grease. Oyls of Vipers, Scorpions, Lizards, Toads, Talk, Tartar, Almonds, Roses, white Lillyes, Ben, Myrrh, and of Eggs. Niter, Salt, Alum, Vitriol, Borax, Camphir, Quick-silver, Mer­curius dulcis, Sulphur, Flow­ers of Sulphur, Litharg, Ce­ruse, Lead, Saccharum Satur­ni. Tartar, Salt of Tartar, Sal prunellae, Vine Ashes.

CHAP. XI. The Kinds of purging Medicines.

1. PƲrgation is a taking away of somewhat; or a convenient drawing out of Humors, of­fending either in Quantity or Quality, or both; by Medi­cines proper thereto.

2. It is sixfold, to wit, Cathartick, Emetick, Diure­tick, Sudorifick, Ptarmick, and Salivatick.

CHAP. XII. The Properties of purging Medicines.

1. PƲrging Choler. § 1. Mild; as Cassia Fi­stularis, Tamarinds, Manna Calbrina, Aloe Suc­cotrina, Rheubarb, Damask Roses, Violets, Turpentine. § 2. Strong, as Assarum, Scammony, Pilulae Rudii, Pilulaeaureae. § 3. The Num­ber of mild simple Chola­gogues is VIII. of the strong II. of both together X.

2. Purging Flegm, § 1. Mild; as Myrobalans Che­bulan and Emblican, Cartha­mus Seeds, Mecoachan, Hie­ra picra. § 2. Strong; as Agarick, Iallap, Turpethum, Coloquintida, Hermodacts, Euphorbium, Opopanax, Sa­gapenum, Spurge, Sow-bread, Squils. § 3. The number of mild Simple Phlegmagogues, is IV. of the Strong XI. of both together XV.

3. Purging Melancholy. § 1. Mild; as Myrobalans Indian, Epithymum, Polypody, Sena. § 2. Strong; as Lapis Arme­nius, Lazuli, Hellebor white and black. § 3. The Number of the mild simple Melana­gogues, is IV. of the strong IV. of both together VIII.

4. Purging watery humors. § 1. Mild; as Soldanella, Our Orrice Root, or Root of blew Flower-de-luce, Peach Flowers, Benedicta Laxativa, § 2. Strong; as Gambogia, Elaterium, Briony, Ebulus, Cataputia minor, Hedge Hy­sop, Esula, Mezereon, Rici­nus or Palma Christi, which is the greater Spurge, Oyl of Elder stones, black Alder. § 3. The number of the mild simple Hydragogues is III. of the Strong XI. of both XIV.

5. Purging all Humors. Buck thorn berries, Pulvis Diasena, Electuarium Diaca­tholicon, Extractum Catho­licum Sennerti, Panchymago­gon Hartmanni, Pilulae Hola­gogae, Mel Scilitum, Confe­ctio Hamech, Tinctura Ca­tholica Grulingii; Tinctura [Page 95]Cathartica Clossaei. The Number of these are X.

6. Purging by Vomit. § 1. Mild; as Warm water, fat Broth, Oyl with Water, But­ter, Groundsel, Roots of Garden Cucumer, of Orach, of Melons, of Asarum. § 2. Strong; as Hellebor white, black, Tobacco, Gutta Gam­ba, Sulphur of Antimony, Crocus, Metallorum, Vitrum Antimonii, Mercurius Vitae, Turpethum minerale, Vitriol, Salt of Vitriol, Hercules Bo­vii, Aurum vitae. § 3. The number of the chief mild E­meticks are IX. of the chief Strong XIII. of both together XXII.

7. Purging by Ʋrine. § 1. Mild; as Roots of Parsly, Smallage, Eringo, Ruscus, Asparagus, Pimpernel; leaves of Parietary, Asarum, Cher­vil, Scordium, Saxisrage; Seeds of Gromwel, Winter Cherries, Whey. § 2. Strong, as Sal Tartari, Succini, Ab­synthii; Oleum Tartari, Bac­carum Juniperi, Terebinthi­nae, Vitrioli, Sulphuris, Salis, Cerae; Wood and Bark of Guajacum, Sassafras, Salt of Broom, Sal prunellae. See cap. 10. Sect. 21.

8. Purging by Sweat. § 1. Mild; as Spirit of Wine, An­gelica, Rosmary, Pimpernel, Tormentil, Gentian, Cardu­us ben. Scabious, Zedoary, Pepper. § 2. Strong, as Lig­num Guajacum, Spirit and Oyl thereof, Sassafras, Bezoar Stone, Aurum Diaphoreti­cum, Antimonium Diapho­reticum, Bezoar Joviale, & minerale, Sal Tartari, Sul­phur Auratum, Salt of Vipers, Spirit of Sal Armoniack, Mi­thridate, Venice Treacle, Our new London Treacle, Electu­arium de Ovo; Laudanum nostrum, Londinense & Para­celsi, Treacle water, Prophy­lactick water of Sylvius, Spi­rit and Salt of Harts Horn, Sassron, Camphir, Opium.

9. Purging by the Nose. Roots of Orrice, Bindweed; Leaves of Beets, Anagallis, Marjoram, Sage, Betony, Ivy, Elaterium, Ginger; Roots of Pyrethrum, white Helle­bor, Sneezwort Leaves, To­bacco, Pepper, Mustard, Sta­phisacre, Nigella, Euphorbi­um, Scammony, Gambogia, Colocynthis, Confectio Ha­mech, Grains of Paradise.

10. Purging by the Pallet or Throat. § 1. Apophlegmati­zers. Ginger, Pyrethrum, Wa­ter Cresses, Pepper, Mustard­seed, Staphisacre, Mastich. § 2. Expectorators. Elecam­pane, Liquorice, Birthwort, Angelica, Orrice, Squills, Fennel, Parsly, Dill, Hysop, Maidenhair, Scabious, Colts­foot, Seeds of Water Cresses, Erysimum, Cotton, Jujubes, Raisons, Currans, Figs, Su­gar, Honey. § 3. Mercuri­ates. Mercurius Dulcis praeci­pitatus & sublimatus, Tur­pethum minerale, Crude Mercury, Unguentáque mer­curiata.

CHAP. XIII. Of the Accidental Virtues of Medicaments.

1. THE Accidental Vertues of Medi­caments, are the Complements of the Essen­tial.

Thus, A Medicine essenti­ally provokes Ʋrine; it there­fore essentially cures the Stran­guria, &c. But by accident it helps the Dropsie, because it is a watery Disease.

2. Therefore Medicines are considered in the Cure of Diseases under a twofold Notion, to wit, as they ei­ther alter, or resist Poyson, or purge.

3. Altering Medicines are considered, first, as they change the Temperature; secondly, as they ease Pain; thirdly, as they restore some­thing that is lost.

4. Those which alter the Temperature, do it by their Contrariety in Heat, or Cold­ness, Moisture, or Dryness; and so make soft, relax, rari­fie, open, bind, draw, reper­cuss, discuss, cleanse, &c. and all this, as they are appro­priated to the Head, Breast, Heart, Stomach, Liver, Spleen Reins, Womb, Joynts.

5. Those which ease pain, do it by Sympathy, as all warming things which are called Anodyns: or, by Anti­pathy, as all cold things which are called Narcoticks.

6. Those which restore some­thing are called Analepticks, which are such things as ei­ther increase Flesh, called Sar­coticks, as in Wounds and Ulcers; or add Strength and Magnitude to the body, or some of it's parts, as in Con­sumptions; which last, are only properly called Analep­ticks, or Restauratives.

7. Medicines resisting Poy­son, commonly called Alexi­pharmicks, or Counter Poy­sons, are such as either defend the Heart and Vessels against the force of the Poyson, as Mithridate, Treacle, Virgi­nian Snake-root, Contra­yerva, Salt of Vipers, Liver of a Mad Dog, &c. Or else such as, by Antipathy, destroy the Nature and Essence of the Poyson, as Salt of Tartar, and indeed all Alcalies: or the Oyls of Sulphur and Vitriol, and all the greater Acids, as they are opposite to the na­ture of the Poyson.

8. Purging Medicaments are considered as they evacuate, 1. By Stool. 2. By Vomit. 3. By Urine. 4. By Sweat 5. By the Nose. 6. By the Pal­lat.

9. Those which evacuate by Stool, cure Diseases of the Humors, Belly, and Joynts: Those by Vomit, Diseases of the Stomach, Liver, Spleen, Gall, Joynts, and habit of the body. By Ʋrine, Disea­ses of the Reins, Bladder, and Abdomen. By Sweat, Diseases of the whole body, universal Corruptious, ma­lign Fevers, Plague, Poyson. By the Nose, Diseases of the Head, as Apoplexes, Lethar­gies, Frensie, Madness, Epi­lepsie, Vertigo, Megrim, Head-ach, Sleepiness, Con­vulsions, Palsies, Catarrhs. By the Pallat, Diseases of the Lungs, Liver, Spleen, Bones, Joynts, Diseases oecult, ma­lign, and poysonous.

10. Therefore consider the places where Diseases lodge, the Humors from whence they come, the Tem­perature that they have, the Effects that they produce, and the Symptons by which they [Page 98]are known: and so accord­ing as a Medicine is said to be either appropriate to that part, depress that humor, al­ter that Temperature, destroy those Effects, or abate those Symptoms, either in part, or in whole; so shall the Medi­cine be said to be accidentally helpful in, or good against the Disease afflicting.

11. Hence the essential Vir­tues vf Medicines are taken from their Property alone, by Cap. 9. and 10. The Acciden­tal from their Properties con­joyned with their Tempera­tures and Appropriations, by cap. 4, 5, 6, 7, & 8.

CHAP. XIV. Of the Choice of Medicines.

1. MEdicines are to be chosen, either in re­spect of their mat­ter, or in respect of their use, or in respect of their form.

2. First, in respect of their matter. § 1. That it may be powerful in rooting out of Diseases. § 2. That it may be cheap, and so the more ap­plicable to the poor and nee­dy. § 3. That it be easie to be made, to prevent Error in Preparation. § 4. That it be small in Composition, to avoid as much as may be Hetrogenity in Nature. § 5. That it be made pleasant as may be, to deceive the Pal­late, and not become loath­som to the Stomach. § 6. That it be small in dose, be­cause large Doses, and great quantities, not only over­come the Stomach and bur­then Nature, but also bespeak so much the less Vertue in the Medicament. § 7. Last­ly, that it may be durable, to retein it's Strength and Vertue through many Ages; and this it can only attain through an exact Purity. And those are the things which [Page 99]we have been as eareful as might be, to observe, in handling the following parts of this work, and to communicate to the World without deceit.

3. Secondly, in respect of their Ʋse or Intention. First, That they sympathize with the part affected. Secondly, With the Habit and Consti­tution of the Body. Third­ly, That they may be Speci­ficks (if possible) against, and powerful to root out the Disease afflicting. Fourthly, That they may be pleasant and grateful to the Sick.

If one be to cure a Disease of the Head, besure it be with a Cephalick Medicament. Se­condly, Let it sympathize with the Constitution; so that whether Salt, Sulphur, or Mercury abound, the Medicine may answer in Quality, viz. Be either Saline, Oleaginous or Spirituous. Thirdly, Be sure all this while, it be a proper Specifick against the Disease. Fourthly, Endeavour to make it pleasant to the Pallat and Stomach, and if it be not plea­sant, give it in a pleasant Ve­hicle; for, when all is done, if the Stomach loaths and abo­minates it, it will prove insuc­oessful, nor will it answer the intended end; for, the Stomach not embracing, but rejecting it, it's Virtues can be communica­ted to no part of the whole man. By this you may easily perceive, how, out of variety of Medi­cines (all equally powerful against the same Disease) to chuse that which shall really do the Cure: and without the Knowledge and Observance of which, (although the Medicine be both proper and powerful, absolutely to extirpate the Ma­lady, yet) you shall wholly miss of the end. Now, the rea­son is this, if the Medicine be homogenious with Nature, and the Stomach, (which is the Index of Nature) it joyns it self with it, and so easily over­comes the Disease, there being two against one: but if it be beterogenious with Nature and the Stomach, (although it be a real and powerful Specifick, yet) then it performs nothing, because it has two Enemies to contend with, to wit, Nature and theDisease.

4. Thirdly, in respect of their Form. § 1. According to the Nature and Situation [Page 100]of the Disease, the Medica­ment is either to be Internal or External, or both. § 2. If it be Internal, it is either cast in by the Mouth or by the Lower parts, and sometimes both ways: for, sometimes the inferiour parts are so ob­structed, that the things gi­ven by the mouth, can do no great matters, till those Ob­structions be removed. § 3. If the Medicament be external, it ought to have respect to the Part, to the Pain, and to the Disease. In respect of the Part, it ought to be hard or soft, moist or dry. In respect of the Pain, it must be anodyn or narcotick. And in respect to the Disease, it ought to be specifick. §. 4. If both Inter­nals and Externals be apply­ed, the Considerations ought to be conjunct, as afore­said.

CHAP. XV. Of the Forms of Internal artificial Medicines.

1. OF the Forms of Chy­mical Medicaments. § 1. We have al­ready delivered the Forms of Chymical Medicaments in Our Pharmacopaeia lib. 6. cap. 16. and that in a very parti­cular manner; yet, besides what we have there deliver­ed, these few following things may be observed. § 2. In distilled Waters, if you coho­bate the matter distilled of­ten, it will be much the stron­ger and better: and if you impregnate the Water with the Salt of the Ashes, it will make the Water not only more virtuous, but more du­rable. § 3. In making of Spi­rits from Juyces; if the Juyce be strained from fer­mented matter, and be fer­mented again with fresh Herbs, there will be a great­er plenty of Spirits. § 4. In making of distilled Oyls from Vegetables; they ought [Page 101]first to be putrified; and then from that putrified mat­ter you may draw off the Oyl (with some Spirits and a water) in a Vesica, which by a glass Funnel, with a small Orifice, you may sepa­rate. Moreover, dry Herbs yield more Oyl than green; but Peels of Oranges, Li­mons, &c. not dry, are best. § 5. Tinctures are made with S. V. simple, or tartarized, or acuated with Spirits of Vinegar, Sulphur, Vitriol or Salt; to lb 1. of which, put of the matter of which you would make the Tin­cture, being dry, or rasped, or grossly beaten, ℥j. ij. or iij. to wit, so much as may yield Tincture enough to fill the body of the Menstruum; di­gest in a warm place, till the Liquor will no more augment it's Color or Tast; then de­cant it off, and filter it; or, which is better, purifie it by long Digestion. Mineral Tinctures are extracted with Spirits of Vinegar, of Honey, of Sugar, of Salt, Vitriol, or Sulphur: but an admirable Menstruum (whether for Ve­getables, Minerals, or Ani­mals) is the Spiritus Vini Philosophicus Kirkringii, and that of Basil Valentine, as al­so, Aqua Calcis. § 6. Ex­tracts are but only Tinctures inspissated; for while the Menstruum remains unsepara­ted, it has the Title of Tin­cture: after Separation, it is called an Extract. These are most commonly made of Purgatives, more seldom of Alteratives: and sometimes the Menstruum is fermented Spirit of Mault, Honey, Su­gar, &c. § 7. In making of Magisteries, it is to be obser­ved, that if the matter, be very hard, as Stones, and such like, that it will be best to be first calcined. § 8. Salts are to be confidered in a twofold Respect; viz. as volatile or fixed. The Vola­tile are raised by many Co­hobations of the Spirit or Li­quor distilled upon the Faeces or Caput mortuum, as we have taught in Our Pharm. Lond. lib. 4. cap. 5. Sect. 1.9.29. & 32. The more that there is raised of this Vola­tile Salt, so much the less will you find of the fixed, which is made by Incinera­tion. [Page 102]You may also have the Essential Salt another way, according to that which we have taught in making the Essential Salt of Sorrel, lib. 2. cap. 10. Sect. 5. And here both volatile and fixed are conjoyned. Fixed Salts if they be made very pure, by many Incinerations, Dis­solutions, &c. ought then to be given in a larger dose: moreover, that the lixiviate Tast may be taken away, you ought to mix them with an equal quantity of Sulphur, and then set them on fire; so will they be not only more pleasant, but also much better resist the Penetration of the Air: these fixed Salts distilled as common Salt (as some Chymists affirm) will yield a most picrcing Spi­rit.

All artificial Medicaments have a twofold method of Pre­paration, as we have hinted in Our Synopsis Medicinae, lib. 3. cap. 1. Sect. 17. to wit, ei­ther Galenical or Chymical; and each method hath its seve­ral mode or manner of perfect­ing the thing designed; from which modes or ways of prepa­ring arise various forms of Me­dicines, which are either fluid, soft only, or solid; according to the Constitution and matter of which they are made: and from which form and matter arises their Division, Ʋse, and Application, both to Internal and External Purposes and Affects.

We here intend to shew the principal Forms of Galenical Preparations, which are in Number fourteen, viz. 1. Es­sences. 2. Wines. 3. Vine­gars. 4. Infusions. 5. Deco­ctions. 6. Syrups. 7. Quid­donies. 8. Lohochs, 9. Pre­serves. 10. Sugars, 11. Pou­ders. 12. Electuaries. 13. Pills, 14. Troches. There are ma­ny other Titles of Forms, but they are particular, as being derived either from some part of the Body, or some singular formality of the Preparation; or, from the manner of their Operation; or, lastly, from the manner of their Exhibition; all which, are comprehended under some of those we have already named.

2. To make or prepare Essen­ces.

§ 1. Essences are made of the Juyces of Green herbs, pressed out with Spirit of Wine, and digested in B. M. where they receive their Co­lor, separated by Inclination, and with a little Sugar redu­ced almost into the form of a Syrup. § 2. The former way is good: But some, and they no mean Artists, make all vegetable Essences only by Putrefaction; the Herb being bruised and putrified, the Juyce is separated while it stinks abominably; this is kept, and in one Revoluti­on it suffers a Change, the Internal Spirit or Agent re­vives, and the Seminal Idea has a Resuscitation, Corrup­tion puts on Incorruption, and a new body appears in it's Purity (and Immortality, as in a Sense it may be said) having the same natural Odour or Smell, and Tast, with that growing in the Fields, or Garden; but much more pure, clear, perspicuous, powerful, strong, and plea­sant; containing in it self, all the natural Principles of which mix'd Bodies are com­posed, but separated from their Putrefaction and Filth. § 3. From hence appears how close the Spirit and Souls of things, adhere to their own matter; that although the external form is destroyed, and the matter it self bruised, broken, and as it were mor­tified; yet the Internal ener­getick power, Life, or Idea, can suffer no Hurt, Diminu­tion, Loss, or Change, but remains eternally unalterable in it's pristine Estate, being at most, but only clouded by the Alteration of the said external form. I could speak almost infinitely about this Subject, and give Demon­strations not to be refuted: but I am confined here to be short. § 4. The Essences of Minerals are not to be prepa­red without great Difficul­ties, because their bodies must also be brought to a perfect Mortification and Putrefacti­on; but of this we shall say nothing here, referring it to another place.

3. To make or prepare Wines medicate.

The ground of medicate Wines is commonly Rhenish, Sherry, or Canary; and they [Page 104]are medicated by Digestion (in a gentle heat) of the de­signed Medicament. To eve­ry Gallon of Wine, if you use dryed herbs, you may put M. iv. If Juyces, lb ij. If of Spices or Aromaticks, ℥viij. If of Catharticks, ℥xij. If of Emeticks, chiefly, Antimoni­al, ℥iv. But if you design the Aromatick or Spicy Wine to drink for pleasure, ℥ij. of the Spices will be sufficient, add­ing a little treble refined Su­gar.

4. To make or prepare medi­cate Vinegars.

The Foundation of these kinds of Vinegars, is pure Spirit of the best or sharpest Wine Vinegar; of which, you may take one Gallon, and put thereto, of dryed Herbs Flowers, or Seeds, ℥xvj. or better. If of Spices or Aro­maticks, ℥viij. If of Alexi­pharmicks, ℥xx. If of Vege­table Emeticks, ℥xiv. or xviij. put all into a glass Vessel, stop it close, and digest in the Sun for forty days, or else in a gentle Sand heat, then de­cant, strain, and keep it for use.

5. To make or prepare Infu­sions.

§. Let the Simples be cut, stamped, or rasped, then in­fuse them in Water, Whey, or Mead, which agrees best with your Intention; set them in the heat of Ashes, Sand, Sun, or naked Fire, for a day, two, or three, ac­cording to the Quality of the things to be infused: The quantity of the Liquor is to cover the Ingredients three or four Inches above them. §. 2. Some instead of the former Liquors use a Lixivi­um of Salt of Tartar; but then it is not properly what we call an Infusion. Others use Aqua Calcis, or water of Quicklime, which is an ad­mirable Vehicle. § 3. Infu­sions are chiefly used for purging Potions, upon pre­sent occasions: but if the things be infused in S. V. or other strong Menstruum, it is called Tincture, not Infusion.

6. To make or prepare De­coctions.

Take Spring or Rain wa­ter, Whey, Beer, Metheglin, or Wine, in which, put ei­ther Weeds, Barks, Roots, [Page 105]Seeds, Leaves, Spices, or Flowers, being cut, rasped or [...]bruised; a pound of In­gredients, more or less (ac­cording to their Strength) to a Gallon of Liquor, boyl them in a glased earthen Ves­sel, or a Copper Vesica tin'd within (commonly called a Dyet-Pot) close covered, to the Consumption of a third or forth part of the Liquor; then clarifie it with whites of Eggs (if you so please, or it be not thin and clear enough) sweeten it a little, and aro­matize it with a few grains of Musk, or Tincture of Am­bergrise: if it be for Wo­men, you may do it with Cinnamon. Decoctions are chiefly used in Diets for af­fects of the Belly, Reins, and Womb; as also in Distempers of the universal habit of the Body, as Scorbuts, Dropsies, Consumptions, &c. and in all manner of Obstructions of the Breast, Stomach, Liver, Spleen, and Womb, whatso­ever.

7. To make or prepare Sy­rups.

§ 1. The ordinary way. If the things be green, take their expressed Juyce; if dry, a strong Infusion or Decoction of them: This Juyce, Infu­sion, or Decoction, clarifie with whites of Eggs, or otherwise; and to every Pint put lbij. of good white Su­gar, boyl them together to the Thickness of new Honey, taking off the Skum if any arises; then strain it, being hot, through a Flannel bag, and keep the Syrup for use. § 2. After this manner, are made the Syrups of all cold, moist, and juycy Herbs. § 3. But if you make your Syrup of hot and spicy or Aroma­tick things, dry them and in­fuse them in S. V. (simple or tartarized, or acuated with Oyls of Sulphur, Vitriol, or Salt) ℥ij. more or less, (as the Ingredients are in strength) to a Pint: Digest in a very gentle Balneo or Sand heat; close stop'd, for ten, twenty, thirty, or for­ty days, as the matter is in hardness; shaking or stirring it twice every day; then be­ing settled, decant off the clear Tincture, and with most pure Sugar, or clarified Ho­ney, a pound to a pound, both [Page 106]being put into a Pelican, let them circulate for a month upon a gentle Heat; then pour it forth, and keep it in a glased Vessel for use. § 4. Zwelfer has another way of making Syrups, by distillati­on in M. B. which is a very excellent way; you may see it in our Pharmacopaeia Londi­nensis, lib. 4. cap. 16. Sect. 9. at large. § 5. Faber a most excellent and learned man, has also another way of pre­paring Syrups, no way in­feriour to the former, only it is more troublesom to do: you may see it in our said Pharmacop. lib. 4. cap. 16. Sect. 100. To which I refer the Reader.

8. To make or prepare Quid­donies.

§ 1. Quiddony is the same thing which we call Rob or Sapa: It may be made of the Juyce of any Herb, Plant, or Fruit; but it is for the most part, made of the Juy­ces of Fruit in this manner. § 2. Take the Juyce you in­tend to make a Quiddony of, boyl it gently, to the Con­sumption of a third part; then add to what remains, half it's quantity or weight of White Sugar, and by re­peating the boyling to a just Thickness, make Quiddony. § 3. Marmalades or Gellyes, are made after the same man­ner, the Difference only be­ing, that these latter are made of the Pulp.

9. To make or prepare Lo­hochs.

§ 1. Take any Infusion, Decoction, Tincture or Juyce, of which, make a Syrup ac­cording to Art; or take the Pulp of any fruit brought to a good Softness: To this Sy­rup or Pulp lbj. add impal­pable Powders of the things you design to make your Lohoch of, ℥ij. viz. a sixth part; mix and make a Lo­hoch, according to Art. § 2. This is a needless Title a­mong the forms of Medica­ments; for although, it be thicker than a Syrup, and thiner than an Electuary, yet it is, in Truth, nothing more or less, than a soft Electua­ry.

10. To make or prepare Pre­serves or Conserves.

The way of making or preparing of Preserves and [Page 107]Conserves, whether of Roots, Stalks, Barks, Flowers, Fruits, and Pulps; and those either with Sugar, or Pickle, we have so largely and plainly taught in Our Pharmacop. lib. 4. cap. 19. that nothing more need be said here.

11. To make or prepare Su­gars, Confects, or Lozenges.

§ 1. Take white Sugar, dissolve it in Rose-water, or their proper Liquor, beat them very well with whites of Eggs, and clarifie it by boyling; strain through a Cloath, boyl again, till the Water is neerly consumed, which done, put in the mat­ter you would make Lozen­ges of, and then boyl gently again, till it rises up in great Bubbles, and being chewed, sticks not to your Teeth: then powring the matter up­on a cold Marble, anointed with Oyl of Almonds, (let­ting first the bubbles sink af­ter it's removal from the Fire) there work it with your Fingers; and your hands being rubbed with the pow­der, of which your Mass is made, forme it into Lozen­ges, of what Fashion you please. § 2. Here note, that the matter you intend ought to be in a very fine impalpa­ble powder if it be for Lo­zenges. § 3. Otherwise, if you take Juyces, and order them in the aforegoing Me­thod, they are properly call­ed Sugars. § 4. But if you take the things whole, whe­ther Roots, Tops of Herbs, Flowers, Fruits, Seeds, Barks, or Peels, and cover them with Sugar, they are then called Confects: it is done thus. Take Liquid Sugar, or Sugar made into a strong Syrup, with water, or Rose water: and putting the things to be confected into a brass Bason or large Copper Vessel, let the melted Sugar drop there­on from a place above, through a very small hole in a Funnel; then continually move and shake the things over a convenient Fire of Charcole, that the moisture may be consumed, and the Sugar clear, and at length cover it over with a Crust. § 5. Lastly, if you would make Confects crusted with Sugar Candy, it is like that of Candying, only it dif­fers [Page 108]in the Thickness of the Liquor.

12. To make or prepare Pou­ders.

§ 1. These are made of Vegetables, by drying them choicly, and beating them in an Iron Mortar, with an Iron Pestle, adding in the beat­ing now and then, a few drops of Oyl of Sweet Al­monds, to facilitate the La­bour, and this more especi­ally, if they be Resinous; then searse them by degrees, as they grow small. § 2. Minerals are brought to a powder by first calcining them, and then beating them without Oyl. § 3. Let them be kept alone, but when they are exhibited, adjoyn to them their equal weight of Su­gar.

13. To make or prepare Ele­ctuaries.

§ 1. ℞ Clarified Honey, prepared according to Art lbj. or ℥xij. melt it; to which add of the things you would make into an Electuary, (be­ing first reduced into a very fine or impalpable powder) ℥iv. v. or vj. according as you would have the Electuary in Thickness: mix them well together, stirring them till the Honey is cold. § 2. Put the Electuary either into a Glass, or glased Vessel, to keep; else, it will peirce it. § 3. Fill it not above 2/3 parts full, otherwise by reason of it's Fermentation it will run over. § 4. Tye it over with a Bladder, and a Lea­ther over that. § 5. Note also, that if the Pouders be mixed with Essences, Li­quors, or Syrups, they are called Mixtures.

14. To make or prepare Pills.

§ 1. Let your Medicines be brought to a fine Pou­der, and with any proper clammy Liquor, (as Syrup of Vinegar, Limons, de Spina Cervina, or Honey) beat them well in a Mortar, till they are exactly mixed, and stick well together. § 2. But here note, first, that purging Medicines ought chiefly to be made into Pills. Second­ly, That a small quantity of Cremor Tartari, or Crystals thereof be added in the Com­position; for that will make them work more nimbly and [Page 109]pleasantly. § 3. It is also to be observed, that Extracts and insipate Juyces, are bet­ter made into Pills with pro­per Pouders, than by Inspis­sation only. § 4. At the end, add a few Drops of some Chymical Oyl, as of Anise, Caraways, Cloves, Sassafras, Rhodium, or some such like. § 5. When you form the Mass, or any part of it into Pills, you may (as the pati­ent pleases) gild them with Leaf gold, by rouling the Pills up in a Leaf, and shaking them in a Box.

15. To make or prepare Tro­ches.

§ 1. Bring your Medica­ment into fine Pouder; and with the Dissolution of Gum Tragacanth in Rose water, or Wine (persumed with Tincture of Musk or Amber­grise, if you so please) make Troches, which dry in the Sun, or a warm Oven. § 2. But here note, first, if you make them long, they are called Rotulae or Rouls; if broad, they have generally a Character impressed upon them, (as a Viper, upon Troches of Vipers) Secondly, if they be of no regular form, but irregular, they they call­ed Morselli, Morsels. § 3. Those which are made up with fine Sugar, or Sugar Candy, are called Sugars, or Lozenges.

CHAP. XVI. Of the Forms of External artificial Medicines.

Consideration being had to this our brief Method, and our original Pur­pose and Intent, which was to emit things needless, seldom used, useless or unprofitable, and only to represent what is re­ally the more effectual and pow­erful to destroy, extirpate, and root out diseases; We out of the intricate Labrinth of Au­thors, and great Variety of [Page 110]Forms, have only chosen these eight; viz. 1. Lotions. 2. Oyls 3. Balsams. 4. Oyntments. 5. Cerates. 6. Emplasters. 7. Cataplasms. 8. Clysters; as being sufficient enough to ex­hibit the Vertues of any Medica­ment whatsoever, according to any Intention or purpose.

1. To make or prepare Lo­tions.

§ 1. Lotion is a general name given to all kind of Liquors for External use; but in their particular Appli­cations, they have as many various Names as Intenti­ons. § 2. First, what is de­signed to beautifie the Skin is called Cosmetica. 2. If for the Eyes, Ophthalmica. 3. If for the nose Errhinum. 4. If for Application by Spunge, Cloath, or Stuph, Epithema. 5. If for the Mouth, Diaclys­ma. 6. If for the Throat, Gargarisms. 7. If for Wash­ings, Lixivium. 8. If for bath­ing, Balneum. § 3. The Ground of all these is gene­rally Waters, Vinegar, Wine, Milk, Whey, Mead, Juyce, or Lye: in which, the medi­cinal matters are either infu­sed, boyled, or dissolved; and then filtered, or strained, or not; according to the nature and intention of the matter, for which it is made.

2. To make or prepare Oyls.

§ 1. If it be from hot Herbs, dry them, and infuse them twenty, forty, sixty, or a hundred days in good Oyl of Turpentine, or Amber; then strain and press them out, repeating the Infusion if you please, two or three times; lastly, mix this strain­ing with double quantity of Oyl Olive, and keep it for use. § 2. But if from cold Herbs, take their expressed Juyce, and boyl it in an equal quantity of Oyl Olive, to the Consumption of the Humidity, then strain, and keep it for use. § 3. But it will be much better, if you boil the herb and all being first bruised, till it is crisp, then strain and press out; for by this means, the Oyl will be stronger, and of a green colour, which last it would otherwise want. § 4. Some, before boyling, inso­late for forty days in a ho [...] Sun.

3. To make or prepare Bal­sams.

§ 1. These are made of Oyl, Butter, Fat, Suet, Tur­pentine, Wax, Gums, Ro­sins, and other things, which will mix or melt. § 2. Take Oyl or Fat, and make it thick by mixture only, or melting, with the things which you would have made into the form of a Balsam; mixing with every ounce of Oyl ʒij. of Sheep or Beef Su­et. § 3. But here you must note, that if Juyces be added, they must be boyled to the Consumption of their humi­dity, which is thus known; let a drop fall on fire Coals, and if it makes no Noise, it is enough. § 4. This also note, that let the other In­gredients be what they will, if Oyl, Turpentine, and Wax, be wanting, it can be no proper Balsam.

4. To make or prepare Oynt­ments.

§ 1. If you make them of hot herbs, dry, and infuse them into Oyl of Turpentine, as we have taught above at Sect. 2. Then mix that Oyl with Sheeps Suet, Hogs Lard, or other Fat; and so much Wax as (being well melted) may make it of the Consi­stence of an Oyntment. § 2. If the Herbs be cold, then take their expressed Juyce, and boyl it in the aforesaid Lard, or fresh Butter, if you so please, to the Consumpti­on of the Humidity, adding at last, the Wax. § 3. How­ever, it will be much the bet­ter, if you boyl the Herbs and all, being first bruised, but not juyced, till they are crisp, then strain and press out, so will your Oyntment be not only stronger, but of a deli­cate green Colour. § 4. Some, having bruised the Herbs, beat the Lard with them, then insolate for for­ty days; and after, boyl as aforesaid. § 5. Lastly, here note, that if it be made up without Wax or Rosin, it is called a Liniment.

5. To make or prepare Ce­rates, or Cere-cloaths.

§ 1. This form takes it's name from the Wax that is in it, being a very soft stick­ing kind of Medicament, stif­fer much than an Oyntment, and yet nothing near so hard [Page 112]as an Emplaster: But now in our days, all soft kinds of Emplaster bear that name, al­though they have not the least Wax in them. § 2. Take those Ingredients you design to make your Cerate of, (reducing them, if they be things that will not dis­solve, into a subtle Pouder put them into their equal weight of Oyl Olive, or other Oyl; to which, add Turpentine, Rosin, A.p¹³. Wax enough to give in the Con­sistence of a Cerate, or such a Thickness, that it may ea­sily spread, being cold. § 3. For ordinary Uses you may spread the Cloath here with but on one side; but for the first Intentions, for which they were invented, the Cloath ought to be dip'd in on both sides, while the Me­dicine is scalding hot. § 4. If instead of the Wax, you put in Pitch, or if you put in Pitch also with your Wax, it is then called Dropax. § 5. You may make it of what Colour your please; (if you avoid the Pitch) as Green by adding Verdigrise: red, by adding Minium; yellow, by adding Oaker: blew, by ad­ding Bice, or Smalt.

6. To make or prepare Em­plasters.

§ 1. They are made of sat things, Oyls, Suet, Grease, Marrow, Turpentine, Wax, Rosin, Gums, thus: Melt some of the aforesaid things, as Wax and Oyl, then add the Rosins (if there be any) and lastly, put in your pou­ders, if you design them; stir them well from the Fire, till they are almost cold; then putting all into cold water, work it well with your hands, and make it up into Rolls. § 2. If you add Litharge, you must boyl it first in Oyl. § 3. If Gums be put in, they must be first cleansed and dissolved in Vi­gar, or other Liquor. § 4. If any Decoction, Juyce, or Mucilage, be put in, they must be first boyled with the Oyl, till their Humidity is exhaled. § 5. Sometimes, instead of Wax, there is add­ed Labdanum, or other Gums, § 6. The Proportions of each Ingredient cannot be exactly set down; yet they are commonly an ounce of [Page 113]dry things to three ounces of Oyl, Fat, or Honey: an ounce of Wax, to four of Oyl: an ounce of Rosin to six or eight ounces of Oyl or Grease.

7. To make or prepare Cata­plasms.

§. 1. A Cataplasme or Pultise is commonly made of Herbs dry or green, Roots, Flowers, Seeds, Oyls, Fats, Grease, Fruits, Bran, Oat­meal, crums of Bread, &c. being beaten by themselves or with other things into a Pulp; or by beating the dry things into a Powder, and making them into a Body with the moist. § 2. It is done either without or with fire. § 3. Without fire a Pultise is made of green herbs stampt, or of their juices, to which other Muci­laginous things are added. § 4. With fire, the Ingredi­ents being fitted and mixed, are boyled in a convenient Liquor, as Water, Wine, Milk, Honey, Oyl, &c. to their just thickness. § 5. Some Seeds as of Faenigreek, Lin, Mallows, Flebane, &c. are made into a Mucilage by boiling first in Water. § 6. Juicy Fruits are boiled in wa­ter to be softned, and their pulse drawn out by a Sieve, and then other things mixed therewith to the due thick­ness. § 7. Green things ought first to be well stampt, and then boiled to a Muci­lage. § 8. Lastly, Cata­plasms are commonly laid on pretty warm: but Anacolle­mata, which are Pultises for the Forhead; and Sinapisms, which are to make the Flesh red, are laid on cold. § 9. A Sinapisme, ℞ Leven, Ho­ney, Soap, or pulp of Figs boiled in Vinegar, ℥ij. Mu­stard-Seed well beaten ℥j. mix them.

8. To make or prepare Cly­sters.

§ 1. A Clyster is a thin or Liquid Body impregnated with the properties of Medi­cinal things, and cast into the Guts by a Pipe. § 2. The Liquor is the Infusion or decoction of Herbs, Plants, Seeds, Flowers, Pease, Flesh, &c. in Water, Milk, Whey, Beer, Ale, Wine, Urine, Oyl, &c. § 3. The proper­ties are either purging or al­tering; [Page 114]the altering are ei­ther Emollient, cleansing., binding, Nephritick, Car­minative, or Anodyne, &c. § 4. The purging Clysters are the more usual; they are made by boiling or infusing of the Purgative matter (in double or treble dose to what you give by the mouth) in the intended Liquor. § 5. Altering Clysters are made by boiling in every pint of Liquor, of the Medicinal In­gredients bruised from half an ounce to ℥ij. ss. according as the Medicaments are in strength; then straining and dissolving therein about ʒj. of common salt, or sal Gem. § 6. If they be Emollient Clysters, you may mix with them Oyl ℥iiij. v. vj or vij. § 7. In purgative Clysters, if they be powders, you need only mix them; of Electuaries or Extracts, only dissolve them in your proposed Li­quor, adding as aforesaid ʒj. of sal Gem. § 8. The quantity is for a Child ab ℥iij. ad vj. for a man ad ℥xij. ad ℥xvj. § 9. To Clysters add Suppositories and Pessa­nies: A Suppository must be hardish, smooth, long, and fit to put up in to the Funda­ment, having in it all the medicinal properties of Cly­sters, as Purging and Altera­tive: The Purging are ei­ther gentle, strong, or strong­est: Gentle, are such as are made of Bacon; of a Fig turned; of Goats, Ox, or Sheeps Suet; of a Candles end; of Stalks and Roots, of Beets, Blites, Cabbage, Mercury, Parsly, &c. Strong are such as have a little sharp­ness, as Alum cut and form­ed; Honey boiled thick; Soap boiled; Turpentine; to which add Mustard, Salt, Sugar: strongest are such as are made of Agarick, Aloes, Hellebor, Scammony, Hiera Picra, Confectio Hamech, Gutta Gamba. § 10. The way to make Suppositories. Boil Honey gently to a thick­ness, so that you may handle it, which you may try by droping it upon a cold Ear­then dish; then pour it up­on a Plate anointed with Oil: if you will add any thing, do it in powder be­fore melting; otherwise make Rouls, and cover them there­with. [Page 115]The proportion of Honey is ℥j. of gentle purg­ers ʒj. of strong purgers, common Salt, or Sal Gem, from ℈ss. ad ℈ij. or ʒj. § 11. Pessaries are made for the Womb, in the same man­ner as Suppositories (but of other Medicaments) being like in shape, but longer and thicker. They are also put into a long Linnen Bag, or tozed Wool; or may be made of Roots of Madder, Cypress, Orrice.

CHAP. XVII. Of the Ʋse and Application of Medicines.

1. THe use of Internal Medicaments are to be considred, ei­ther as to the time of giving, or to the way and manner of giving.

2. The time is to be ob­served, in respect of the Quality: if it be an Alterer only, it is best given over­night, unless it be a great opener: for then (as Au­thors say) it is best given in the morning fasting, and sweating stoutly after it; vix credo. All openers are cer­tainly best given at night; for so there will be the less danger the next day of ta­king cold.

3. If it be a purgative, let it be given in the morning; unless it be very gentle, and then you may venture to give it over-night: other­wise it may be given the one half at night, the other the next morning.

4. The way and manner of giving is taught from the form.

5. Waters are only Vehi­cles to convey other things in, down the throat.

6. Syrups may either be taken alone, or mixed with some convenient decoction, Insusion, Water, Thicture, or Broth.

7. Tinctures and Spirits are best taken in some con­venient Water or Syrup.

8. Essences, Oyls, and E­lixirs, are best taken in Broths, being first well mix­ed with white Sugar) for so they least offend; or else with good and fragrant Wine or Sack.

9. Pouders, Electuaries, Extracts, and Troches, are best made into a Bolus, and with a little Syrup, or other moist thing swallowed.

10. Pills are best taken a­lone, otherwise with a little Syrup; or else put into a stewed Prune, and so swal­lowed.

11. Magisteries and Salts are best taken in Broths: yet Magisteries may be made up into a Bolus, and so taken well.

12. External Medicines, ought to be applyed to the place grieved: Oyls, Oint­ments, and Balsoms ought to be anointed upon the part: if they be hot by nature, let them be well rubbed in be­fore the fire: but if cold, let the part be gently anointed without.

13. Cerates, Emplasters and Cataplasms, ought to be spread upon Cloth or Lea­ther, and so clapt upon the place pained: the two first warm, the latter as hot as it can be endured.

14. Lotions you are to Bath or Gargle withal: Cly­sters are to be cast in by the Anus either with a Clyster­pipe, or Clyster-Syring.

CHAP. XVIII. Of the Doses of Medicines.

1. ALtering Medicines if Temperate, are gi­ven à ʒj. to two ounces: hot or cold in the first degree from a dram, to six drams: in the second degree, [Page 117]from half a dram to 4 drams: in the third digree, from a scruple to two drams: in the fourth degree, from half a scruple to a dram.

2. Purgers which are mild and gentle, from an ounce to six ounces: those which are mean, from half an ounce to two ounces: those which are strong, from a dram to two drams: the strongest, from half a scruple to half a dram, As Mezereon, Asarum, Colo­cynthis, Aloes; but Black Hellebor, Esula, Scammony, are given à gr. x. ad xx. Ela­terium, Euphorbium, a gr. iiij. ad viij. Crocus metallorum, Mercurius, Vitae à gr. j. ad iij. or iiij. if in very strong Bodies.

3. In respect of Form; the common Dose is that which is given to one man at a time; so Infusions, Decocti­ons and Waters, are given from two ounces to six oun­ces: Clysters are given a pint at a time to Men; a quarter of a pint to Children: Purg­ing Lenitives, from one dram to two ounces: altering Ele­ctuaries, from one dram to half an ounce: Elixirs, Li­quors of Salts, and distilled Oyls, from five grains to a scruple: Altering Extracts, from a scruple to two drams: Magisteries, from a scruple to a dram: Purging Extracts, from half a scruple to two scruples: Purging Pills, from half a scruple to one dram: Troches, and Salts of Vegi­tables, from half a scruple to half a dram, or something more: Syrups, from an ounce to three or four: Mineral Powders, Spirits, and Oyls, from two grains to twelve.

4. But here you are to note, that these, nor any other Rules, can be so absolutely general, but that there may be some exceptions, or par­ticular observations, which are necessary to be known, not being comprehended, in them; so that notwithstand­ing the limitation of these Doses, they must be propor­tioned from hence, accord­ing to the age and strength both of the Medicament and Patient, giving to Children such a quantity, as may be well considered with their Condition and Ability.

CHAP. XIX. Of Medicinal Requisites.

1. HE that would be an accomplished Phy­sitian ought to be furnished with three things; First, Honesty, and a good Conscience: Secondly, A sub­stantial, real, and well grounded Understanding, through the whole Art of Medicine: Thirdly, With all such Instruments and Neces­saries, which are ordinarily made use of, in the perform­ing of any Medical Operati­on, whether Paraseuological, Chirurgical, or Pharmaccuti­cal.

2. As to the First, Th [...] he undertakes nothing, but what he really thinks he can perform; and having un­dertaken it, to manage the Cure, with the greatest of his skil, care, and diligence; to let the Patients health be his chief aim and end; and to proportion the Value of the Cure, in some measure to the Quality, and ability of the Patient, as well as to the difficulty, danger, and mag­nitude of the affect; and Lastly, (setting Covetous­ness aside) to act as earnest­ly and faithfully on the be­half of the Poor and Needy, where no recompence can be expected; as of the Rich and Full, where large and bountiful rewards are prosti­tuted.

He that thus always walks, let the Blessings of the Highest for ever attend him, with the Presence and Good-will of him that dwelt in the Bush: let his Days he long, his Life without care, let his Enemies fall before him; let his Name and Memory live; and arriving at the highest of Old-Age, let his last End be happy and ho­nourable.

3. As to the Second: That he well understands the princi­ples of Natural Philosophy, the Mathematicks, and Philo­logy, (without which it is al­most impossible he should e­ver truly understand Medi­cine:) and then, that he has often and seriously read over the whole Body of Phy­sick, both Galenical and Chy­mical, and been very conver­sant with the best Authors of both kinds, as well in Ana­tomy and Chirurgery, as Phar­macy: And lastly, not only to be acquainted Verbally withal the aforesaid specula­tions; but also Actually, let him perform and manage eve­ry thing with his own hands: without which, all is but an Airy knowledge, which can never perform great things, or create any true credit, or lasting Fame.

Thus Practice will bring Experience, and Experience Reason; which will manifest the true, essential, and intrin­sick Vertues and powers of Me­dicaments; without the real knowledge of which, no great Cure can be perfected, nor any eminent thing attained.

4. As to the Third; That he be furnished with conveni­ent Instruments: First, To prepare Medicines with: Se­condly, Instruments of Chy­rurgery: Thirdly, A conve­vient quantity and number, of the most effectual and choise Medicaments, adapted to the most general and usual distempers afflicting man­kind.

5. The Parascuological In­struments, wherewith Medi­cines are prepared, whether Galenical or Chymical, are chiefly these sollowing: A Brass Kettle, an Alembick, a Circulatory, a Sieve, a Gourd, a Balneum Mariae, Tongs, Fire­shovel, Bellows, a Cauldron, a File, Iron rings, a Hippocras bag, an Iron Mortar, an Iron Pestle, a Marble Mortar, a Wooden Pestle, a Glass Mor­tar, a Glass Pestle, a Pitcher, a Marble, a Grinding Stone, a Muller, a Seperator, a Fun­nel, a Seirce, a Press, a Tile, a Pair of Sheres, Boxes, Vi­als, Gally Pots, Corks, Spoons, Strainers, Retorts of Earth, Retorts of Glass, Crucibles, Receivers, Bags, Spatula's, Scales, Weights, Goldsmith's [Page 120]Bellows, together with conve­nient Furnaces, sitted for any Operation, or Use.

6. The Chirurgical are ei­ther general and small for the Pocket; or special and large for the Closet and Chest. The small Instruments for the Poc­ket are, 1. A Plaster Box. 2. An Incision Knife. 3. Scis­sers. 4. A Spatula. 5. Two small Probes. 6. An Ʋvula Spoon. 7. A Levatory. 8. A Director. 9. A pair of For­ceps. 10. A Speculum Lin­guae. 11. A Fleame. 12. A small Raisor. 13. A stitch­ing Quill and Needles. 14. A Borax Pipe (if you so please.) 15. A Case of good Lancets. 16. A Salvatory, furnished with these Ointments, Basi­licon, Apostolorum, Aureum, Album, Dialthaea, Linimen­tum Arcaei, Diapompholigos, de Minio: let them all be kept very sharp, clear, and bright.

7. The large Instruments for the Closet. 1. Crows Bills. 2, Terebellum. 3. In­cision Knife. 4. Large Sheres. 5. Serew Probe. 6. D [...]smem­bring Knife. 7. Tr [...]sine. 8. Head Saw. 9. Dis [...]embring Saw. 10. Speculum Oris. 11. Syring. 12. Clyster Syring. 13. Clyster Pot. 14. Clyster Pipes. 15. A Catheter. 16. Cupping-Glasses. 17. Spatula Mundana. 18. Large Spatu­la's. 19. Speculum Ani. 20. Speculum Matricis. 21. Cau­terizing Irons. 22. Forceps for Teeth. 23. A Punch. 24. A Percer. 25. A Pel [...]jcane. 26. A Dyet Pot. 27. Blood Por­rengers. 28. Needles and Thread. 29. Dismembring Pincers. 30. Raso [...]s. To­g [...]ther with Spunges, Splin­ters, Junks, Tape Rowlers, Linnen Cloth, Wax Can­dles, &c.

8. The Pharmaceutical Ne­cessaries, are those Medica­ments which we have exhi­bited in the Second and Third Books of this present work; as also those in our Pharmacopaeia Londinensis, lately Publiched, under the several Titles of Waters di­tilled, Spirits, Oyls distilled and expressed, Balsams distilied, Quintessences, Elixirs, Tin­ctures, Extracts, Magisteries, Sals, Liqu [...]rs, Wines, Vine­gars, Infusions, Decoctions, Syrups, Quiddonies, Lo [...]ochs, [Page 121]Preserves, Sugars, Pouders, E­lectuaries, Pills, Troches, Lo­tions, Oyls, Balsams artifici­al, Cerecloths, Emplasters, Cataplasms, Clysters, Suppe­sitories and Pessaries.

9. But because it is not necessary to have in store all that Variety; and because e­very young Artist is not able to make an Estimate or good choise of the best and most effectual things; we shall here condescend a little to enlighten the Industrious Stu­dent; and shew as well how the Closet ought to be fur­nished, as in our Synopsis Medicinae, we have given a Praemonition to the Military Chest.

CHAP. XX. The Art of Compounding Medicines.

1. ALL Diseases what­soever are cured by Medicaments (whe­ther Simple or Compound) having a certain property, pecu­liar appropriation, and a di­stinct limited Temperament.

2. Therefore, When any Disease falls under Considera­tion, in respect of Cure, you are to consider the means or nature of the Medicament by which it is to be removed, whether by alte­ratives alone, or by medicines taking away something, or by medicines adding or restoring something: In order to which, if you have none so Artfully or Skilfully composed, as you desire, but must consti­tute one anew, you must carefully observe the follow­ing Rules.

3. Where Alteratives are only necessary, as in Diseases of Intemperature, you are to chuse such, as may alter the said Di­stemper, by an opposite quality, in a certain and limited propor­tion; and withal, by such medicaments, as (composing the said Temperament) may stronly Sympathize with the part afflicted.

Ex, gr. Suppose the Dis­ease to be a Cephalalgia pro­ceeding from a hot Distemper of the head: in this case you ought to use a Medicament cooling, and withal a Ce­phalick, such an one as may be made of Lettice, Plantane, [Page 129]White Poppies, Violets, Hous­leek, &c. Suppose it should proceed from a cold Distem­per: then you must use a Medicament healing, and sympathizing with the part as aforesaid, such as may be made of Peony, Spicknard, Be­tony, Featherfew, Lavender, Bays, Pennyroyal, Rosemary, Anacardiums, Cubebs, Nut­megs, &c. The like under­stand of other parts afflict­ed.

4. The next thing to be concluded on, is, the Degree of the Temperature in which the Medicament ought to be composed. If the Distemper be light, the Medicament need not exceed the first de­gree, whether it be of Heat or Cold. If it causes great pain, but without Inflam­mation, it may be composed to the second Degree of Cold. If the pain be so great, as to cause Inflamma­tion or a Fever, you may ex­alt it to the third degree of Cold: But if it be yet more outragious, as to cause a Frenzy, Delirium or Con­vulsion, the Medicine ought to exceed to the 4th. degree.

5. Contrariwise, if the Dis­ease proceeds of Cold: If it causes but a small Obstru­ction and Stiffness, the Me­dicament need not exceed the first degree of Heat: If it causes Numbness with­all, you may compose it to the second Degree of Heat: If the cold Distemper be so great, as to induce an abso­lute loss of Feeling, or en­dangers a Palsie or Lethar­gy, you may exalt it to the third negree of Heat: But if it be so extream as to en­danger the Dead Palsie, or a Gangreen, you have a ne­cessity to use things hot in the fourth degree.

6. The same Order and Difference you must observe in Passive Qualities of Dryness and Moisture, making choice of things dry, for Diseases moist, and things moist for Discases dry; withal, chosing such things as sympathize with the parts affected.

7. These things being con­sidered, it now remains to shew how, according to Art, to com­pose, to exalt, or to depress a Medicament to any degree pro­posed: Or, to find out the ex­act [Page 130]Temperament of a Medi­cine: Or lastly, to augment or diminish the Quantities of any of the Simples, keeping the desired Degree of its Qua­lity; all which in the fol­lowing Sections shall be ma­thematically explicated and demonstrated at large.

8. First, To compose a Medicine proposed in any De­gree of Quality whatsoever.

Let the Qualities ascend from 1. to 10. so that Tem­perature may be equal to 5. as in the following Table you see: where the upper Figures may stand for dif­ferences to the lower Quali­ties, o. standing for Tem­perate: the degrees hot and dry on the left Hand; those cold and moist on the right Hand: Setting down the Differences in order, from the highest degree of Heat; and then by Alligation al­ternate, take the alternate difference from the Degree proposed.

Ex. gr. Simples hot in 3. tem­perate; cold in cold in 1.3. what quantities must be taken of each, to compose a Medicine cold in 2? Answer, 1 part hot in 3. 1. part temperate. 1. part cold in 1.6. parts cold in 3. See the Exam­ple.

Exa. 2. Simples hot in 4. hot in 2. hot in 1. cold in 1. cold in 2. cold in 3. What quan­tities of each will make a Me­dicine Temperate? Answer. 3 parts hot in 4. 1. part hot [Page 131]in 2. 2 parts hot in 1. 2 parts cold in 1. 1 part cold in 2. 4 parts cold in 3. as by the Operation you may see: Or by the second Operation, 3 parts hot in 4. 2 parts hot in 2. 1 part hot in 1. 1 part cold in 1. 2 parts cold in 2. 4 parts cold in 3. both ways the quantity of the Me­dicine is 13.

9. Secondly, To find out the exact Temperament of a Medi­cine, dispose the Simples in­to one row, with their quan­tities, against which set their qualities; then multiply each quantity by its own quality, and substract the Sum of the facts of hot from cold, moist from dry, or contrariwise, which divide by the Sum of Quantities; the Quota's are the resultment, which is always of the same with the greater Product.

Example 1. Tragea fortis Schroderi. ℞ Piperis nigri ʒxvj. cal. 4. sic. 4. Zinzibe­ris ʒj. cal 3. sic. 3. Croci op­timi, ʒj. cal. 2. sic. 1. Cary­ophillorum ʒij. cal. 3. sic. 3. Galangae, ʒij. cal. 3. sic. 2. quid Temperamentum?

Answer.

• 3 11/22 deg. hot.
• 3 6/11 deg. dry.

See the Operation.

Examp. 2. What is the Temperature of a Medicine having Simples ʒvj. of one hot in 3. moist in 2. and ʒvj. of another, cold in 1. dry in 3?

Answer.

• 1 deg. hot.
• ½ deg. dry,

See the operation

The like Order you must observe as (in this second Ex­ample) in other cases where the Medicament is more com­posed.

10. Thirdly, To augment or diminish the Quality of a Medicine to any degree propo­sed.

Alligate alternately the Quality of the Medicine proposed, with the degree of the Simple, with which you desire to raise or depress it: then say, as the higher Alternate different is to the lower, so the Quantity of the Medicine which you would raise or depress to the quantity of the Simple (whose quantity you alliga­gated) which shall raise or depress the Medicine in qua­lity, to the degree desired.

We will take the second Example at Sect. 8. whose quality is temperate, and raise it to one degree of Heat: what quantity must be added more of that which is hot in 4. to make the Augmentation of its Quality. Answer. ʒ 4 ⅔. as by Sect. 9. you may easily prove.

11. Fourthly, To augment or diminish in quantity any Medicine, keeping its first pro­portion and quality.

As the Sum of the quan­tities of the Simples, is to the Augmentation or Dimi­nution, so is the quantity of each particular to its Aug­mentation or Diminution desired.

12. Fifthly, To find what quantity of any Ingredient is contained in any part of a Composition.

As the quantity of the. Composition to the part gi­ven, so the quantity of the Ingredient in the whole, to the quantity contained in the part proposed: Or thus, As the quantity of the whole Composition, to the quantity of the Ingredient in the whole: the part proposed, to the quan­tity of the said Ingredient, con­tained in the said part.

13. If the Cure of the dis­ease requires a Medicine, which may take away something, which we call Purgatives; you are to consider the part or parts afflicted, the matter afflicting: and by what ways and manner the diseased matter may be carried off.

14. From the Considera­tion of the parts afflicted, you are to make choice of a pur­gative, simpathizing with those parts, by cap. 11. sect. 10, & 11. From the morbi­fick matter, the quality of the purging materials, by cap. 11. sect. 19. § 1. From the place, the kind of the Purge is known, or the way and mannor, by which the morbifick matter may be car­ried out.

15. The first two Conside­rations are fully discussed in cap. 11, and 12. aforegoing: the last only remains to be en­enquired into; for some Dis­eases require Catharticks, some Emeticks, some Diu­reticks, some Sudorificks, some Ptarmicks, some Sa­livaticks; and that accor­ding either to the scituation or place of the Disease; or else according to the malig­nity or contumacy of the Effect.

16. If the Seat of the Disease be in the upper Ven­tricle or Head, Catharticks and Ptarmicks, chiefly solid Errhines, are of admirable use: If the matter lodges in the Bronchia of the Lungs, or the Stomach, an Emetick is required: If in the Guts or Bowels Cathartick Potions, and Clysters: If in the Reins or Bladder, Openers and Diureticks: If in the Joynts and extream parts, Cathar­ticks, Emeticks and Sudori­sicks: If in the habit of the whole Body, Sudorificks are of singular use; but chiefly after Salivation, or the o­ther kinds of Purgation: If in the Mass of Blood, there is required the alternate use of Openers, Diureticks, and Sudorificks, whereby the se­rous and windy matter is taken away, both by Urine and Sweat. Lastly, if the Seat of the Disease is in the Superficies of the Flesh or Skin, as in Apostems, Buboes, and the like, all manner of Purgation is to be forborn, except that which drives the matter outward; of which kind are all Diapho­reticks.

17. If the Disease be con­tumacious and malign, as the French Pox, Salivation, (if discrectly used) may be pro­sitable; so also in some o­ther stubborn and rebellious Diseases, as the Gout, Scia­tica, &c. Catharticks effect much in diseases recent, and in such Bodies which have not been used to much Phy­sick. But if the Disease i [...] Chronick, or of long Stand­ing, and deep rooted, especial­ly in some remote part, as in an excruciating Sciatica, E­meticks are of wonderful force (if aptly chosen) and sometimes perform Cures e­ven [Page 135]to a miracle. In Diseases of the Reins and Bladder, as also in a Hydrops, Diureticks seem to be the most proper Remedies: but in their use, you must be exceeding cautious, lest you bring fresh Coals to put out the Fire. First, open the passage by Apperitives. Secondly, make them very slippery with O­leaginous things, such as are Oyl of Sweet Almonds, Nuts, &c. Thirdly, exhibit the Diuretick with an oily Body: lest the force of the Diuretick should heap up much matter together, and making the Obstructions greater, should kill instead of curing.

18. The Form of the Com­position is to be chosen accor­ding to the place of the Dis­ease; Let it be solid (as in Pills and Troches) for Dis­eases in remote parts: of a middle consistency, (as Syr­rup, Lohoch, Quiddony) for Diseases of the Mouth, Breast and Lungs: Liquid for Diseases of the Stomach and Bowels: If this cannot be, you must follow the Fantasy of the Patient: But above all (if it may be) e­very kind of Purge ought to be given in a liquid form, and in a Spirituous Menstru­um, or Vehicle (such as are the Tinctures of Grulin­gius) because that it is pro­bable, the Powers and effi­cacy of the Compositum, are thereby received into the Veins; which by reason of the fluidity of the Salts, and spiritous nature of the Ve­hiculum, are united to the Spirits and Vehicles of the Blood, and so dilated through the whole sangui­nous Mass; thereby indu­cing Struglings, Combina­tions, Fermentations, Pre­cipitations, and Excretions of the morbifick matter: by which Diseases of parts at a great distance, viz. cu­taneous Diseases, Leprosi [...]s, Gout, Sciatica's Struma's, Melancholly, Agues, &c. are oftentimes cured, beyond expectation.

19. The strength of the Ingredients are next to be con­sidered, which is to be fitted to the Age, Sex and Strength of the Patient, with relation also to the Power and malig­nity [Page 136]of the Disease. If it be a Child or Woman-kind, or one of a weak Constitu­tion, or the Disease is re­cent, gentle, and without malignity; you may chuse Ingredients of a more weak and gentle operation: But if it be a man, or one of a robust and strong Body, or the Disease is chronick, rebellious, or contagious, you must chuse things more powerful and strong: If the Patient be weak, and the Disease strong, chuse things indifferent; yet ra­ther let the Compositum re­spect the weakness of the Sick, than the strength of his Disease, lest by endea­voring to destroy the Mala­dy, so great a Chasm be opened as to let out Life: In this case, let the Medica­ment be made gentle (espe­cially at first) then by de­grees increase its force; and by long and many reitera­ted exhibitions, perform that safely in length of time, which otherwise may not be attempted without ma­ny doubts, and absolute ap­parent Danger.

20. The Numbers of the Ingredients, are only to respect the several Intentions for which the Medicament is compound­ed; and herein you are to ob­serve, 1. That those intenti­ons be not opposite one to ano­ther, as the Mixtion of Pur­gatives with Astringents, Scammony with Opium &c. 2. That the chief Intentions be drawn from the chief Sym­ptoms or Indications of Cure; that the Medicament may dispose of the morbifick matter, that way which Nature most inclines to: As if the Stomach be op­prest and soul, to vomit: If a Cephalalgia be accom­panied with a great Cold, and Obstructions in the Head and Nostrils, to use solid Errhins: If Wind op­press the Stomach, to use Aromaticks: If the Bowels, Carminatives, &c. 3. That the number of the Ingredients be not need [...]esly increased a­bove the number of Intentions, to avoid as much as may be Heterogenity, and Confusion in the mixture. It is a great Folly and Vanity in many men, premiscuously to jum­ble [Page 137]up many things toge­ther, as if thereby the Dis­ease was only to be over­come; whereas those Com­positions, for want of an exquisite Judgment in chu­sing each Ingredient, be­come many times rather hurtful than helpful to the Patient; and that great Variety of Simples, being commonly of different Pro­perties and Natures, of­ten enervate and weaken the Powers and Forces of each other, which in the more simple Compositions there is no need to fear.

21. The Proportions of the Ingredients are sometimes to be determined by the gradati­ons of their Temperature; of which we have spoken suf­ficiently before, Sect. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12. and this is al­ways to be considered when the Disease proceeds from a simple Intemperature. In all other cases the Proportions are to be determined according to the Judgment of the Physi­cian. And herein he is to consider what he intends to make the Basis or Ground of his Composition (I mean) not in respect of the Body or Matter; but in respect of that Ingredient which an­swers to his Principal In­tention; As in a Hydra­gogue Electuary designed a­gainst Hydropical and wate­ry Humors: I call not Ho­ney the Basis of the Medi­cament (though it be com­monly of treble quantity to all the other Ingredients) but that particular Hydra­gogue, which is principally designed to evacuate the se­rous or watery humor. The chief material answer to the primary intententi­on being found out, all the other particulars are to an­swer to it, according to the exigency of those Cau­ses which drew them into confederacy with the first.

22. The Dose of the Com­positum is to be drawn from each particular constituting it, being a mean proportional between them all.

Exemp. gr. ℞ Sammony ℥jss. Coloquintida ℥j. Gutta Gamba, fine Aloes, A ʒvj Extract of black Hellebor. Turbith A ʒiiij. Agarick ʒij, Elaterium ʒj. [...]r. mor Tarta­ri [Page 138] ʒx. Cloves, Nutmegs, Cin­namon, Ginger, Anniseeds, A ʒiij. make all into fine Powder and mix them. What is the largest Dose of this Powder? First, consider the largest Dose, or near thereto, of each of the Cathartick in­gredients singly, and you will find it to be of Scam­mony about gr. xv. of Co­locynthis ℈j. of Gutta gamba, gr. xv. of Aloes ℈ij. of extract of black Hel­lebor ℈j. of extract of Tur­beth ʒss. Agarick ℈ij. Ela­terium gr. v. Secondly, find out how many of those Doses are contained in each particu­lar. In the quantity of Scammony, you will have 48 Doses (for ℥jss = ʒxiij = gr. 720. which divided by gr. 15=48 doses:) In the Coloquintida, you will have 24 doses; (for ℥j = ʒviij = ℈xxiiij. or Doses:) In the Gutta Gamba, you will have 24 doses, in the Alocs 9 doses, in the black Hellebor 12 doses, in the Turbith 8 doses, in the Agarick 3 doses, in the Elaterum 12 doses: (the other Ingredi­ents are put in but to cor­rect the Purgers, &c.) Third­ly, find out the Sum or Num­ber of those several Doses, by adding them together: Scam­mony 48. Colocynthis 24. Cambogia 24. Aloes 9. Hel­lebor 12. Turbeth 8. Aga­rick 3. Elaterium 12. All these being added together, make 140 doses. Fourthly, find out the Sum or Number contained in the whole Compo­situm, Thus, ʒ 12 + 8 + 12 + 8 + 2 + 1 + 10 + 15 = 68 drams: These 68 multi­plied by 60. the number of grains in a dram, produce a fact of 4080 grains, the Sum of the whole Composi­tion. Fifthly, divide the number of Grains contained in the whole Composition, by the Sum or Number of the se­veral Doses added together, so will the Quotus be the num­ber of Grains for the largest Dose. So in this our Ex­ample, the number of Grains in the whole Com­positum, are 4080. the number of the Doses before accounted 140. by which, if you divide the said 4080. the Quotus will be gr. 29 1/7, or nearly gr. xxx. the lar­gest [Page 139]Dose, which is the thing required: from whence we conclude the aforesaid Me­dicament may be given from gr. x. ad ʒss. according to the Age and Strength of the Patient: The like must be done in all other Com­positions.

23. If the Disease requires Medicaments which restore something, these Intentions are necessary, 1. To open the Obstructions of the parts. 2. To strengthen the parts afflicted, chiefly the Sto­mach. 3. To carry off the matter obstructing by Me­dicines Oily, Balsamick, or Lenitive. 4. To nourish by strong Analepticks.

Hitherto we have only shewn the Art of Compound­ing, by Precepts: In some of the Chapters immediately fol­lowing; we will elucidate the same by manifold Exam­ples.

CHAP. XXI. Examples in Compounding Emeticks and Anti-emeticks.

1. ℞ INfusion of Crocus Metallorum, ab ℥ss. ad ℥j. Oxymel of Squills ʒvj. drams, mix them for a Dose.

2. ℞ Mercurius Vitae gr.ij. Sal Viarioli, a gr. x. ad ℈j. Sal Tartari ℈ss. mix it and them well together on a Marble, and take it in a little Honey, or Pap of an Apple.

3. ℞ Salis Tartari Eme­tici Mynsichti gr. iij. Salis Vitrioli ℈ss. Oxymel of Squills ℥ss. mix them for a Dose.

4. ℞ Oxymel of Squills ℥jss. Wine of Squills ℥ij. Carduus Water ℥ijss. mix for a Vomit.

5. ℞ Salt of Vitriol à gr. xx. ad ℈ij. Wine of Squills ℥iss. mix them, 'tis an excel­lent Dose.

6. ℞ Powder of Asara­bacca roots ʒj. or ℈jv. Oxy­mel of Squills ℥jss. mix them, and take it in a draught of Carduus Posset drink.

7. ℞ Aquae Benedictae Ru­landi ℥j. Wine of Squills ℥jss. mix them for a Dose.

8. ℞ From vj. to ix. of the fresh Leaves of Asara­bacca, bruise them, and put them into ℥iij. of White wine, or Sack; squeez them forth strongly, and take it with care.

9. ℞ Hartman's Infusion of the Glass of Antimony ʒj. Emetick Syrup of Sala ʒjss. mix them, and give them in a Draught of Pos­set Drink.

10. ℞ Infusion of Crocus Metallorum ʒvj. Oxysaccha­rum Emeticum of Sala ʒiij. Decoction of Carduus ℥iij. mix for a draught.

11. ℞ Sulphur of Anti­mony, à gr. iv. ad viij. Cry­stalls of Tartar, ℈j. mix, and give it in the Pap of an Apple, or in a stewed Prune, Honey, or Broth.

12. ℞ Aurum Vitae gr.iij. Emetick Salt of Tartar gr. ij. mix, and take it as the former.

13. ℞ Gutta Gumba gr.x. Powder of Jallap gr. xij. Honey enough to mix them.

14. ℞ Crocus Metallo­rum, Crystalls of Tartar, A. gr. iv. Scammony gr. viij. mix them.

15. ℞ Scammony gr. viij. Cambogia gr. vj. Crocus me­tallorum gr. iij. mix them.

16. ℞ Juice of Elder, or Dwarf Elder, chiefly of the Roots, à ʒj. ad ʒjss. Cam­hogia gr. vj. Spirit of An­gelica ℥j. mix and dissolve the Cambogia for one Dose: It is an admirable thing a­gainst the Dropsie.

17. ℞ Glans Ʋnguenta­riae, from ʒj. ad ʒij. which mix with Oxymel ℥j. Prae­votius saith, it purges crude Flegm: you may take the Oyl to ʒij. mixt with the Emulsion of Citron Seeds; and give it in Clysters for the Cholick to ℥ij.

18. ℞ Juice of green To­bacco, à ʒj. ad ʒij. Emulsi­on of Citron Seeds ℥iij. mix them, it purges all humors.

19. ℞ Warm Water, Oyl Olive A. lbss. mix them for a draught: If the person be adult, you may give it to lbij. to Children from lbss. ad lbj. It is good in hot causes.

20. ℞ Orange or Citron Seeds ℥ij. Bay leaves ℥iij. boyl in fair Water, a pint and a half, and drink it warm; it is good in a cold cause: Some mix Oxymel with it.

21. ℞ Decoction of Bay leaves lbj. Niter, à ℈j. ad ʒj. mix them for a draught.

22. ℞ Decoction of Nar­cissus Root lbj, powder of Betony Root ʒiss. mix them.

23. ℞. Juice of Radishes, ab ℥j. ad ℥ij. Oxymel of Squills ℥j. Niter ℈j. mix them, and exhibit in Broth.

24. ℞ Decoction of Groundsell lbss. Juice of Radishes ℥j. Wine of Squills ℥j. Niter ℈j. mix.

25. ℞ White Vitriol, à ℈j. ad ʒj. Decoction of Ci­tron Seeds lbj. mix for a Draught.

26. ℞ Barley water lbj. Oyl Olive ℥ij. powder of Asarabacca Roots ʒj. mix for a Draught.

27. ℞ Decoction of O­range Seeds lbj. Oxymel ℥ij. Juice of Radishes ℥j. raw Agarick ℈ij. mix, and make a Potion; it evacuates flegm excellently.

28. ℞ Young Sprouts of Broom ℥jss. Bay leaves, Tobacco A. Mj. Citron, or Orange Seeds bruised ℥ss. water lbij. boyl to the con­sumption of half; strain and infuse therein for 12 hours, roots of Asarum, Agarick thin sliced, A ʒiij. strain, and with clarified Honey lbj. boyl gently to the consi­stence of a Syrrup, dose ab ℥ss. ad ℥j. in warm Water. Praevotius.

29. ℞ Roots of Asarum, Agarick A. ℥ss. Roots of Betony, Pompions, A. ʒij. Cinnamon ʒj. Anniseeds ʒss. all being in fine powder, mix with clarified Honey ℥iv. Dose ab ℥j. ad ℥iss.

CHAP. XXII. Examples in compoundin [...] Opiates, and Cor­dials or Antidotes.

1. BEfore we come to the Exemplary part of compounding O­piates, (that this our Opio­logia may be compleat) we shall shew you the Kinds, Natures, Qualities, and se­ve [...]al Operations of Opium, both good and evil: and because that Famous and Learned Man, Dr. Willis, has exquisitely performed the same, we shall (ceasing at present our own Concep­tions) give you here the E­pitomy of what he has said [Page 145]concerning Opium in parti­cular, and Opiatick Medica­ments in general; but in a different Method.

2. The Kinds of Narco­ticks are several, as Purslane, Lettice, Hounds Tongue, Nightshade, Henbane, To­bacco, Mandrakes, Poppies, red, white, and black: be­sides some other Simples ex­treamly venomous, and so never medicinally prescribed. The Juyce and Seeds of Henbane are much used in some Hypnotick Compositi­ons: Mandrakes are seldom used. Hounds Tongue having a plain soporiferons Odour, shews it's narcotick Nature; it is a very neat Plant, with soft Leaves; and in it's flou­rishing Time, is crowned with a bright Red, and most delicate purplish Flowers: the Powder of it's Roots goes into that famed Opiate called Pilulae de Cynoglosso: the juyce of the whole Plant gathered about the begin­ning of the Spring, being expressed and depurated by a close and warm Digestion, and decanted from it's Fae­ces, yields a clear Liquor, and splendidly redish, and blushing like a Ruby. This may be used either for a Menstruum, for making up of Narcotick Confects: Or, for to make an Hypnotick Syrup: Or lastly, It's Humi­dity being evaporated, to make Tinctures and Ex­tracts out of it, as is done out of Opium. Lettice and Purslane are used to make Syrups of, which is done of their expressed Juyce; which Syrups, are commonly given to Children, and very aged People, (where Opiates may prove dangerous) because they very gently, without any Prejudice, enduce Rest and Sleep, and sometimes Indolency, as in Fluxes, Gripings of the Guts, and such like. Nightshade is used to cause Rest by outward Application, to the Temples; chiefly, it's depurated Juyce, or distilled Water is taken, and being mixed with Rose­water, the Temples are bath­ed therewith, then a Rose-Cake very hot, and dip'd in the same, is forthwith to be applyed to the said Parts, and so bound on. Tobacco [Page 146]is accounted as a Narcotick, although never put into Narcotick Compositions; because its Fume taken in a Pipe, produces the same Ef­fects as they; yea, it doth the same thing with our Country-men, as Opium does with the Turks, to wit, ei­ther of them by affecting the animal Spirits, by an un­accustomed manner, and by rendring them as it were astonished, disposes them to the doing or suffering of any thing without any great sence or trouble of Weari­ness; it renders them fear­less of dangers, and makes them patient in Hunger, Cold, and Labor. When any one first begins to take Tobacco, he is for the most part affected with a Verti­go, and Scotomia, then a cruel vomiting, and some­times purging follows, the Feet grow weak, the man staggers, the Hands tremble, the Tongue faulters, or speaks at random, and some­times a cold Sweat, and terrible Swooning follows. The cause of all this, is, from the Animal Spirits being, as it were, intoxicated by the Narcotick Sulphur, which are distracted very much in their whole Dominion, and are agitated into Ataxias, or Ir­regularities. But this Fume once becoming familiar and customary, it is on the con­trary grateful, and takes the Animal Spirits with so great a Witch-craft, or pleasing Allurement, that some had rather be forbidden Meat or Drink, than the use thereof. The reason of which is, that this Fume being once made familiar with the said Ani­mal Spirits, gently awakes, or stirrs them up at any time being sluggish and sloathful, and as it were tickling of them, provokes them into gentle and expansive moti­tions, with which they are wonderfully recreated, as with the drinking of Wine.

3. The red Erratick, or Corn Poppy, has a great Hyp­notick Quality, much great­er than any of the for­mer things, though far less, more gentle, and more be­nign, than that of the white or Black Poppy; and there­fore [Page 147]in some cases it is very needful, and may be more secure in its use. From this Poppy, the Apothecaries pre­pare a distilled Water, and a Syrup, which are many times with great advantage given in most continual Fe­vers, and are thought to be absolute Specificks in the Plcurisy, because they truly take away pains; and by stopping somewhat the pulse, depress the feverish Aestuation of the Blood. Em­pericks prepare a Tincture from the Flowers with S.V. which has the aforesaid Vir­tues, & have been oftentimes proved effectual against Sur­feits: the reason of which seems to be, that the Spi­rits of the Wine preserve the Contents of the Sto­mach from putrefaction; and the Narcotick Sulphur of the Flowers, resist the violence and heat of the as­saulting Fever.

4. The White Garden Pop­py is the next to be consi­dered: From the Heads and Seeds of this Poppy is made Diacodium, both liquid, as in Syrrup; and solid, as in Tablets or Lozenges, and that according to the pre­scripts of many famous men; from the same Decoctions, expressed Oyls, Emulsions, and other Hypnotick Confects are made: This Poppy abounds much more with Narcotick Sulphur than the former, but with much less than the Black, of which Opium is made; and therefore the Medicines aforenamed pre­pared from the White Poppy, as they contain less of the said Sulphur, so are they much more pure and Inno­cent, and are oftner and more securely given than a­ny thing made of Opium: For it is not convenient to use Laudanum or Opiates, unless, when for the vehe­mency of Symptoms in any Disease, Diacodiates will do little or no good. And as Diacodiates (which are preparations from the White Poppy) contain in themselves less of the said Narcotick Sulphur, so they want not much preparation; but be­ing simply made by Infusi­on, Decoction, or Expressi­on, they may be brought in­to [Page 148]a medical use; whereas Opiates (which are prepa­rations from the Black Pop­py) containing in themselves a vast quantity of the said Narcotick Sulphur, are com­posed, corrected and made by divers and various prepa­rations of a much higher Nature, that thereby they may become safe and pra­cticable.

5. The Black Garden Pop­py, is that of which our Opium is made, being a con­creted Juice flowing from the wounded Heads or Leaves of the said Poppy be­ing ripe: and from this Black Poppy, nothing more is taken for a medical use than the said Opium, which is a Tear or Gum flowing as a­foresaid. There are several kinds of this Opium; but the best is the Thebian, being hea­vy, thick, strong-scented like Poppy, bitter and sharp, in­flamable, almost of the co­lor of Aloes, and easily dis­solvable in Water, or almost any other Liquor. See our Pharmacopaeia lib. 1. cap. 8. Sect. 50. where you may see the various preparations thereof: its preparation with Adjuncts, or rather Compositions are divers and many. The most famous Opiates of the Ancients are Pilulae de Cynoglosso, Requi [...] of Nicholaus, and Philonium, which last is fourfold, viz. Roman, Persian, Magistrale of Mesue, and Tarsence of Gale [...]. The Opiates of Neotericks from the Praise-worthiness of the same are commonly called Laudana, and by some Nepenthes, from their taking away pain: these ought not to be admitted into practice, unless invented by skilful Men, and of which long tryal has been made, of which there are many pub­lickly extant, received and approved of, the chief of which, are those of Para­celsus, Crollius, Quercetan, Hartman, Mynsicht, and Hel­mont. The first five of which are composed only in the form of an extract, whose Basis or Ground is the Tin­cture of Opium drawn forth with a fit Menstruum, and then corrected with Saffron, Castor, Bezoar, Pearls, spe­cies Diambrae, and several [Page 149]precious Chymical Oyls. That of Helmont is a liquid Tincture of Opium, drawn with Juyce of Quinces fer­mented. And this may be given ab ℈ss. ad ℈j. or somewhat more in any Cor­dial Vehicle, where the use of a Pill cannot be admit­ted.

6. In treating about these 2 sorts of Laudana, we ought to have great respect to the Menstruum. Some use S. V. because they think Opium cold: others Spirit of Vine­gar, or Juyces of Citrons or Limons, because they think the Opium hot (as in­deed it is) but this signifies nothing in respect to the heat or cold of the Opium, but in respect to its Narco­tick Sulphur, thereby to cor­rect it. The Ancients cor­rected it with things hot in the fourth degree, as Py­rethrum, Euphorbium, Pepper, &c. out of a supposition that it was cold in the fourth (but is indeed hot:) how­ever those Correctives be­came most proper, because these biting sharp things, be­ing full of a volatile Salt, do predominate over the Narcotick Sulphur of the O­pium, and break its potency. Helmont used the Juyce of Quinces put into Fermenta­tion; but Dr. Willis com­mends the S. V. impregna­ted with the volatilized Salt of Tartar: Or the Tincture of the Salt of Tartar brought to the highest Red by long digestion, which is the Ba­sis of his Liquid Laudanum, adding for its Complement, Saffron, Castor, Cloves and Lignum Aloes: the Dose of which is, ab gut. xv. ad xx.

7. Opium consists of a vast quantity of sulphurous par­ticles, mixed with some sa­line volatile particles, with a little quantity of Earth. That sulphurous particles do abound in it, is manifest to Sence, to wit, from its strong Odor, and its Inflammabi­lity. The Volatile Saline par­ticles are evident in its sharp­ness, bitterness and prick­ing; as also from the Vola­tile Property of the Opium, and its speedy ascending to the Head, and intangling of it self with the saline vo­latile [Page 150]Spirits of the Brain; the Earth is apparent. Hence it appears, that since a Narcotick Quality is con­tained in the Opium, that it is chiefly lodged in the Sulphur thereof, because it is oftentimes found so hurt­ful to the texture of the A­nimal Spirits, which its sa­line property would rather cherish, as sympathizing with them. Now because the Animal Spirits may be of a differing texture in di­vers Bodies, therefore Opi­ates may work more strong­ly and virulently on some than on others. The Turks, who have an adust Blood, and in whom more fixt Spi­rits and less volatile are bred, cat Opium without hurt, or at least without danger of Life; but the Europeans, who have more subtil and purer Spirits, can­not do so. Dogs will de­vour Opium in a great quan­tity, without either Sleepi­ness or Death; but a small Dose of it will presently kill a Cat: for that the Spi­rits of this Creature are so very volatile and pure, that that they cannot at all en­dure the Narcotick Sul­phur.

8. Opiates as they are en­dowed with many great Vertues and excellent Pro­perties, so also have they some evil ones, and often­times deadly effects. We have seen it by the sad ex­perience of some, who have no sooner taken an Opiate, but they have fallen into a perpetual Sleep; and some, who by taking too great, or untimely a Dose, have ren­dered their Lives unhappy and unprofitable afterwards, by the hurt of the princi­pal Faculties: Some by ta­king one Dose, have fallen into so profound a Sleep, that they could never be awa­kened. They have lived in­deed 3 or 4 days, having their Pulse, Respiration and Heat well enough; yet not to be recalled to Sence and Waking, by any Medicines or Tortures: Some by ta­king it, have slept mode­rately, or almost nothing at all; yet not long after, have grown very bad, languish­ed, drawn their breath very [Page 151]difficulty, their Pulse, natu­ral Heat, and Strength of Body momentarily decay­ing, in such sort, as not to be restored by any Cordials; these lingring on by degrees lost their Lives. One by taking an Opiate, has pre­sently fallen into his last and deadly Sleep, complain­ing of a great weight and coldness of his Stomach, by and by he was affected with a notable Languor, a sink­ing down of his Spirits, and a coldness of the extream parts; and within a few hours after, complaining of the dimness of his Sight, and then of quite Blindness, he streightway expired. The reason of this suddain destroying of Life is this, that the Narcotick Particles of the Opiate, do forthwith, and vehemently affect either the Cerebrum or Brain, or the Cerebellum, where, by oppressing the Animal Spi­rits, as well the outmost Spirits as the internal or inmost, they become great­ly profligated and over­thrown; where by their Forces, being altogether suppressed, then presently a deep Sleep, or an invincible Drowsiness and Stupefaction follows, which forthwith induces Death, the Pulse and Respiration being in a good state for some time.

9. As for the harms that Opiates may do, they are not by me to be all here e­numerated. In the Head, they sometimes hurt the chief functions of the Mind, as Memory, acuteness of Wit, Discourse: Sometimes the frequent use of Opiates causes loss of Memory, and sometimes a Lethargy; and sometimes it does these e­vils, by being given in too large a Dose. In some it has caused a Stupidity of Wit, and in others perfect madness. The reason of these things, is as before declared, for that the Nar­cotick Sulphur first and chief­ly assaults the Brain, where, whilst it destroys or profli­gates some Animal Spirits, it perverts many others from their wonted ways of Ema­nation, and leads them in­to devious or unusual Paths. In the Breast and Praecordia, [Page 152]it clearly appears, that they do sometimes hurt the Vital Actions, from their depressi­on of the Pulse and Respi­ration, causing them to grow languid, or weak and difficult, and by degrees, wholly to cease: wherefore in Fevers, where the Blood being greatly depraved, yields but very few and weak Animal Spirits, Opiates are for the most part hurtful, and as it were poy­sonous: For though in the Plague, and other malignant Fevers, Mithridate, Treacle, Diascordium, yea and Lau­danum are often given with good Success, yet it is while the Pulse and Respiration are strong; but if in those Diseases, or other Fevers they be weak, these famous Antidotes are but very spa­ringly to be used; but stronger Opiates not at all: Also in a vehement Cough, or Astmah, Empyema, and in other diseases of the Breast, where Nature is suddainly provoked to the casting out of what is troublesome to the part, and urges it with great endeavor, we must abstain from Opiates no less than from Poyson; because they increase the matter to be removed and fix it; and also weaken the parts which ought to expell it. In the Belly and Bowels, Opi­ates being often taken, are sometimes injurious to the principal Faculty, viz. the Appetite, or desire to eat, on which depends all Nourish­ment, and the root of Life. And the reason is, because the concoctive Faculty of the Ventricle is debilitated, and the excretory motions of the Intestines made slug­gish, from the Stupefaction or Hurt of the Spirits in­habiting the Interior Coat of the Stomach and Guts, so that those nervous Fibres, although empty, are no more corrugated, from which cause all hunger cea­ses. And it is a common Observation, That want of Appetite, and Slothfulness of the Belly, are the familiar effects of Opiates.

10. How Opiates do af­fect the Animal Spirits, has been already in part decla­red; not by raising Vapors [Page 153]into the Head, as some have thought, nor by opening the Pores of the Brain, there­by to admit the soporiferous matter; but only by de­stroying or profligating some Animal Spirits, where­fore the rest, as being ama­zed, or compelled more in­wardly, or at least being called back from their won­ted efflux into the Nervous Parts, do relinquish, or remit for a while their required Tasks. This is evident, be­cause Opiates taken in too great a Dose, do destroy the Animal Spirits so abun­dantly, that they cause Death; whereas given in a just dose, and to a fit object, although they may cause an Overthrow and Amazement of some Spirits, yet they only allay the too great fierceness and impetuosity of the sensitive Soul, that she, sinking down, as it were, within her self, may lie qui­etly, or at rest and ease. This Property of Opiates consists not in apparent qualities, as of Heat or Cold, nor in any occult Quality; but in Par­ticles, much contrary to the Animal Spirits, and which may be said to be Extin­guishers of them; but in what kind of Subsistencies the contrary particles of ei­ther kind are, will be hard to shew, because not ob­servable by the Sence. The Animal Spirits are thought to be most subtil Particles, composed of Spirits and vo­latile Salt, united together & highly exalted: So Opiates, on the contrary, may be thought to be composed of stinking Sulphur, with Salt, and an Earthy Matter, so much opposite to the subtil Texture of the Animal Spi­rits, that sometimes they profligate them at a di­stance by their meer Effluvia.

11. Now the places in which Opiates do first and chiefly begin to operate, are thought to be at the Shell of the Brain, to which, up­on the Opiatick Particles ap­proach, the Spirits dwelling there, (they being, as it were, the Watchmen that first of all) recede, and indulge the Body to Rest and Sleep; and it is just so to think: For the Particles of every [Page 154]kind of Opiate, after it is taken, being carried into the Blood, and circulated with it, doth chiefly exercise its Narcotick Quality, near the Shell of the Brain: for they meet within this place the first Opposition, and forces the Animal Spirits, and de­stroy, or rather extinguish wholly, many of these Spi­rits placed in the fore part of the Battel; the other Spirits of this place not de­stroyed, go back, and by their Emanation being re­strained, fly towards the middle of the Brain, thereby indulging Rest and Sleep; but yet by what means in so short a space, viz. some­times before it can be dissol­ved in the Ventricle, it should cause such an Operation, is not easie to unfold. To this however we say, that the Journey from the Ven­tricle, by the Blood, to the Head, is very expeditious, and may be performed in a very little time: But should not this be granted, it is probable that Opiates may act more immediately on the Ventricle, and by its mere Contact (from a con­sent of the stomatick Nerves, with those of the Par Va­gum in the Brain) procure the said Rest and Sleep, be­fore there can be any Com­merce of the Particles of the Opium with the Blood; and hence it is, that if the Stomach is afflicted, the Head is not well, the affli­ctions and evils of either of them, do afflict each other. Thus it appears, that the places where Opiates first exert their Power, are the Ventricle and Cortex of the Brain, and from acting on those parts, they first begin to procure sleep.

12. How far, or into what part Opiates do ex­tend their Vertues, we shall now speak, and shew the Sphere of their Activity. By what has been already said, it appears plainly, that they act upon the Animal Spirits: but whether the Blood, and other Humors are hurt thereby, remains to be questioned. Certainly the Blood is not at all vitiated by them: This we judge, First, from their so very [Page 155]little Dose, by which it is not probable that the whole Mass of Blood should be corrupted thereby. Second­ly, for that though Narco­ticks be often applied, no Pustles, or little Whelks ap­pear in the Skin or Viscera, as is wont to happen when the Blood is empoysoned, or but a little corrupted, as it were, by an ordinary Surfeit. Also those with whom Opiates are become familiar, are not hurt in their Animal Spirits, altho' daily taken in a great quan­tity, so that no Dyserasy of the Blood can come from thence. However it is not to be thought that the Par­ticles of Opiates, either a­gree with, or are assimila­ted to the Blood, but are rather wholly Heterogenous and immiscible: for they no sooner come into the Mass of Blood, but they are suddenly expelled from it, and from thence being partly cast on the Cortex of the Brain, cause Sleep; and partly thrust forth by the Pores of the Skin, stir up Sweat, and for the most part an itching. As to the other Humors, we see not how Opiates do any ways hurt the Serum, or Nervous Juyce, or the Chylous Juyce, so that their Vertue and Power seems chiefly to ad­here to the Animal Spirits. From hence we judge, that Opiates given in a just Dose, only reach the Spirits in the Cortex, and stir up no more than a natural Sleep; the Pulse, Respiration, Con­coction, and Separation of Humurs being performed af­ter their wonted Custom. But if it be given in too great a Dose, it imposes more strong Chains on the Spirits of the Brain and its Appendix; and if the Dose be yet greater; it inlarges its Narcotick Force, even to the Cerebellum, whereby the Appetite is destroyed, Re­spiration very much streight­ned, the Pulse fails, as also the motion of the Heart; so that there happens as it were an Eclipse of all the Facul­ties, a cold Sweat and a per­petual Sleep, whereby the motion of the Heart quite ceasing, the vital flame is ex­tinguished.

13. It remains now that we enquire into the good effects of Opiates, and how they may be given to the Safety and Benefit of Hu­mane Life. As to their good Effects, they are ei­ther on the Animal Spirits, or on the Blood, or in the Humors; the former are indeed first or more imme­diately affected; the other only secondarily, and by means of the affected Spi­rits. And indeed Opiates seasonably, and in just dose administred, in the too great and irregular motions of the Animal Spirits, may bring notable Relief; as al­so in faults of the Internal Sences, which are Watchings and Delirium; and in Vi­ces of the External, the chief of which is pain. Now the Irregularitis which Nar­coticks rectifie, are violent and too swift Pulse, Con­vulsions of the Praecordia or Viscera, and the too violent and excessive Excretions of these; so there are many and divers cases, in which, whilst the Animal Spirits like fierce and furious Hor­ses, run about, or leap be­yond their Bounds; they ought to be reduced or re­strained by Opiates, as it were with Bridles.

14. That they help a­gainst unnatural Watchings, Experience has confirmed; and the reason is known Philosophically from the cause of want of Sleep: which is chiefly from the Animal Spirits, being car­ried too much forth, and being of themselves unqui­et, whereby they blow up, and irradiate both the sen­sory Organs, and possess e­specially the outmost Border of the Brain, or the Cortex so called; where the Opia­tick Particles being carried, either by the passage of the Blood, or otherwise, do forthwith destroy or profli­gate those watchful Spirits, and make those which are next to them, to fly more inwardly, whence Sense and Motion being in some measure hurt, and the Spi­rits kept from their Ema­nation, a Dulness and Drow­siness presently seizes, and immediately after that, a [Page 157]sweet and pleasant Sleep.

15. In a Delirium, an Opiate is for the most part given with good Success (tho' sometimes they may hurt also:) For when the Spirits are too much stir­red up within the Brain (by the force of any other cause) and struck as it were with a Fury, they fly beyond their wonted Bounds and Passages; then the Opi­ate approaching towards the Cortex of the Brain, re­presses them, and stops them a little while from their Motion, and this as often­times as it is repeated, till at length the Spirits return into their ancient Channels, and rightly perform their Duties.

16. For easing all man­ner of Pains whatsoever, Opiates may deservedly be called Nepenthe, and are tru­ly a kind of Divine Reme­dy; insomuch as we can scarcely enough admire how an almost intollerable pain, whether in any Member, or in the Viscera, is, as it were by Inchantment, of a sud­dain taken away, or made at present to cease, by the taking of a very small Dose of these Remedies, yea some­times without Sleep, or at least before Sleep comes: And it is yet more stupen­dious, that whilst the Opi­atick Particles do continue to operate, and sometimes a little after Sleep is ended, that there is a high Allevia­tion, and Freedom from Pain in the part afflicted, which ease continues, till the Force of the Medicine is spent, after which the pain returns again as before: now in the Opiates casing of pain, the Question is, by what means or artifice it does it, whether its Narco­tick Power is employed on the afflicted part, or on the common Sensory, or on the whole sensible Soul?

17. The reason of the Difference of the former Proposition is, because pain being excited in one place, is felt in another, and its effect is poured forth through the whole sensitive Soul: Now the Production of Pain consists in this, that the Nervous Fibres are [Page 158]irritated very much, and pulled one from another, by some incongruous and great­ly unproportionate thing, so that the Spirits abound­ing in them, are by and by distracted; and put into confusion, by being snatch­ed from their equal expan­sion. But the Sense of the pain is caused by a certain Undulation of the Spirits, through the Nervous Pas­sages of the Common Sen­sory; which sort of affecti­on still proceeding even to the middle of the Brain, stirrs up the Imagination, from whence being present­ly reflected through the whole Hypostasis of the Spi­rits, diffuses that certain Disaffection and Inquie­tude.

18. Hence it is, that as oft as Opiates induce Sleep, an Analesia, or Cessation of pain presently follows. For the Spirits which actuate the first Sensory, are by the Opiatick Particles also bound with the Spirits inhabiting the Brain; for which cause, although the paining part be irritated, yet the sense of all pain is inhibited. But now when the Sick awakes, that he should continue free from pain for many hours, become lively, and exercise exquisitely all the Animal Functions, till the strength of the Medicine is spent; and then the Pain present­ly to return again, accor­ding to its old Exorbitancy, is a thing worthy to be en­quired into.

19. For the solving of this Question, we think not that the Spirits of the grieved part, nor those of the com­mon Sensory, either singly; or both, are bound by the force of the Opiate, it can­not be believed its Particles could penetrate so deeply as to enter into the Brain and Nervous Stock, and in so short a time descend to the part afflicted, suppose a Finger or Toe. Since there­fore the Analesia, or Cessa­tion of Pain after Sleep for some Hours can be refer­red neither to the grieving part, nor to the First Sen­sory, stupified by the Opiate; let us see how the reason of this may be deduced from [Page 159]a certain Narcotick Affection of the whole Sensitive Soul.

20. First, it is necessary absolutely for the stirring up, or continuing of any Pain, that there be a great plenty of Spirits abounding in the part afflicted. For their mutual Allision, or beating one against another (causing a Distraction and Excandescency) is the con­junct Cause of all Pain: Wherefore, if there be a calling back of the Afflux of Spirits into the Brain, to supply the place of those which are destroyed or pro­stigated by the Powers of the Opiate, or to help to maintain the Contest with the Opiatick Particles; it follows, that the Pain must necessarily cease, and so long, till the part pained is supplied again with such an Afflux of tumultuating Spi­rits, which cannot be done by the Spirits in the adja­cent Fibres: For they lie so thinly dispersed every where, that they scarcely touch one another.

21. Now this withdraw­ing of Spirits here necessary for the causing an Analesia, or Cessation from Pain, can be produced by no o­ther Remedys whatsoever, but only by Opiates: For truly not only the outmost, and as it were percursory Spirits, are destroyed by the Opiatick Particles en­compassing the Borders of the [...], but the first springing forth of these Spi­rits, within the Brain or Cerebellum, and for that cause, their Efflux upon the Nervous Stock, are forth­with greatly suppressed; so that during the Power and Force of the Opiate, they are much more sparingly dispensed; and yet less in­to the Praecordia, Viscera, and all other Extream Parts.

22. Hence it is, that the Pulse and Breathing, do re­mit of their Vehemency and Quickness, even because of the suppression of the Afflux of Spirits from their genera­tive Fountain, by the said Opiatick Particles: Hence also an unwonted Languor and Slothfulness comes up­on [Page 160]all the Members and Limbs. Hence also Opiates take away Convulsions. And from hence the Visce­ra being before provoked (into excretory Convulsions) by Vomit or Stool, or Ve­hemecy of Pain, as in the Cholick or Gravel and Stone in the Reins or Bladder, find their Analesia or Cessa­tion of Pain: For whilst a plentiful Afflux and Supple­ment of Spirits are want­ing in the part afflicted, the few remaining can be no longer tumultuous and an­gry; but rather lie at qui­et, that they may subsist and maintain themselves. So also in the Scorbutick Cholick, Opiates seem as it were a certain kind of Ex­orcism: They also bring cer­tain ease in the Gout and Stone, whether in the Reins or Bladder as aforesaid. In Gout Pains, they have been an egregious, and as it were a Divine Succor; and have given Ease when all other things have failed, yea, where the Disease has been incurable. In this case, I have persuaded some to the constant use of this Panacaea, to wit, Landanum, which they have done with great comfort of Life, and with­out the least hurt, although they increased its Dose by degrees to a very great quan­tity.

23. Now afterwards, when the Sulpburous Par­ticles of the Opiate are scat­tered or blown away, the stock of Spirits within the [...], and their Emana­tion from thence on the Nervous parts is renewed, so that they may descend a­gain to the parts afflicted in a full Stream, and fill full again their Fibres: Forth­with by reason of the Spi­rits being again accumulated and stirred up as before, the same Convulsions or Pains return. And without doubt, by this means, and accord­ing to these reasons now assigned do Opiates quiet the strongest pains, and procure an Analesia or Indolency, with, or without Sleep, for some determinate time, as afore-mentioned.

24. How Opiates help the Irregularities of the mo­tive [Page 161]faculty, we now come to declare. These Irregula­rities have chiefly a respect to the Praecordia and Visce­ra. To the First, ought to be referred the Pulse and Breathing; To the Later, Excretory Convulsions. When the Motions of the Heart and Lungs in Fevers, is so rapid, as to hasten vehe­mently the Circulation of of the Blood; it is then hurt both as to its Accensi­on, and depraved as to its Crasis, in that it cannot se­perate its Superfluities and Filth, for want of a perfect Concoction. In this case Opiates break the Impetuosi­ty of this motion, where­by the intense Heat is lessen­ed, from whence the Cir­culation is gently and tem­perately performed; and they also loosen the Blood in its joynting, whereby it sends forth its Serum and Defilements both by Sweat and Urine.

25. How Opiates quiet this motion of the Heart, we have already above plain­ly enough declared, to wit, by depressing the Action of the Pulse: For that the O­piatick particles do some­what stop the Springs of the Animal Spirits in the Cerebellum, and diminish their Emanation or Efflux, from thence destinated to the nervous Praecordia, which if it should happen to be too much (from too large a Dose of the Optate) then follows a great Dejection of the Vital Faculties, and sometimes Death it self.

26. Not in a much dif­fering manner do Opiates quiet the too vehement Mo­tion of the Lungs, to wit, by regulating the Inordina­tions of the Respiration or Breathing, whether it be in­terrupted, convulsive, or otherwise disturbed. They help above all things in a vehement and continual Cough. In Asthmatick Pa­roxysms (where the Sick seems to be in the very Agony of Death it self;) a fit Dose of an Opiate ren­ders (as it were) unexpect­edly all things presently se­rene and quiet. In a Pleu­risy also, (chiefly in its beginning) they exert their [Page 162]Power in full as large a mea­sure.

27 The reason whereof is, that forasmuch as in these kinds of Affections, troubling chiefly the Vital parts, the Spirits dwelling in them being highly irrita­ted, break forth into vehe­ment and cruel Excande­scencies, where, by their violent Motions, they disturb and invert all things; the Opiate being now taken, its Narcotick Sulphur beginning to act, immediately draws away the Succors of those raving Spirits, and forth­with stops the Afflux of new; whereby they being in a manner extenua­ted, and without fresh Sup­ply, lay down their Inordi­nations.

28. How Opiates help the immoderate or convul­sive Motions of the Viseera, to wit, of the Ventricle and Intestines, chiefly in horrid Vomitings, and dysenterick or violent Purgings, is now our present Task: For that these Affections can scarce­ly be cured without the use of Opiates. Now Opiates perform not these things by fixing the fervescent and corrosive Humors of the Party; but partly by stupi­fying the Nervous Fibres by a mere Contact, where­by the Spirits implanted within the Cavities of the Viscera, are, as it were be­nummed; and partly by suppressing the Efflux of Spirits within the Cerebel­lum to those parts; where­by, becoming destitute of help and supplies, they forthwith lay aside their Convulsive Excandescen­cies.

29. In the Blood and Humors, Opiates have an apparent Operation in Ca­tarrhs and Defluxions of e­very kind, we fly often­times to these, as to the last refuge; they strongly stay Bloody Excretions, also re­strain the serous, when they are excessive, and colliqua­tive or melting; or reduce their Inordinations; they repress the immoderate E­bullition of the Blood grow­ing Feverish, and lessen its too great Inflammation. Lastly, they happily stop all [Page 163]Fluxes arising from what cause soever, and induce an Halcyon or most calme State to the Blood however di­sturbed.

30. How these sorts of Effects are for the most part produced, we have already hinted, to wit, through the mediating affections of the Animal Spirits: For the Nervous Fibres being inor­dinately contracted, do agi­tate the Blood and Humors, compelling them into di­v [...]s Fluctuations and Dis­orders; which being taken away by the Exhibition of Opiates, they presently be­come smooth and quiet. But yet it seems, that they operate also another way; For the Opiatick Particles being poured into the Blood, do cause certain Alterations as to its Liquor, by their mere Syncrasie or Com­mixion: For (as we said before) they are altogether untameable, and immiscible, and Heterogenous to the Blood; yet they are not E­nemies to it, nor injurious to its Liquor.

31. And therefore Opiates may be accounted as it were Alexiterians of the same sort, which being confused with the Blood, do suddenly, and as it were in a Trice, and almost untouched, pass through its Mass; and by opening all the Holes and Pores in the passage of the Sulpburous Particles, make a free and open Passage for the Serum (in a kind of plea­sing Sweat) whereby the said Serum and other Super­fluities, or Malignities close­ly bound or shut up, go forth of themselves, or else by the said Sulphurous Par­ticles are driven out before them.

32. Hence it appears, that Opium is not altogether un­deservedly (as an Alexiphar­macon) put into the Com­positions of the greatest An­tidotes, as of Diascordium, Mithridate, and Venice Trea­cle. Moreover, 'tis a Sign, that the Particles of Opiates, are presently (after taken) carried into the Blood, and swiftly pass through its Mass; For that they are so suddenly carried to the [...], and so procure Sleep and Ease.

33. Also it appears by common Experience, that Opiates procure Sweat and Urine, which also are ac­coundated as some of their particular Vertues: whereby it is clear, that their Particles are not ve­nemous to the Blood, but rather Alexiterian or resist­ing Poyson, which is also more manifest from hence, for that Laudanum is often­times administred with great Success in the Small Pox, malignant Fevers, yea, the Plague it self; as also in se­veral other Diseases. In which cases, or in any o­ther, we see not those qua­lities which some ascribe thereto, of fixing and thick­ening the Blood, unless by unlocking its joyntings, it causes its Serosities to be plentifully separated and sent away by Sweat and U­rine, whereby it may be said to become thicker and more compact.

34. We have little more to say concerning Opiates in general, save to give you a few Cautions in their Ex­hibition. Before an Opiate is given, you ought to con­sider, First, the Constituti­on of the Sick. Secondly, the Kind or Quality of the Disease. Thirdly, the State of the Animal Spirits, in respect both to the Animal and Vital Faculties. Fourth­ly, the State or Condition of the Blood and Humors.

35. First, As to the Con­stitution, or Temperament of the Patient, see that the habit of the Body, Indispo­sition, Custome, or kind of Living do not forbid their Use. You may give them to such as are of a mo­derate Stature, strong, or firm Body, well set, have a hot Blood, are commonly so­luble in their Bellies, and have a quick or lively As­pect; and much more se­curely, if they have been be­fore accustomed to use them. But they ought to be forbid den to such as are too fat, or too lean, have a cold Tem­perament, soft and flaccid Flesh, have a rare Texture of Body, and Spirits easily dissipable, and for the most part bound in their Bodies, and are of a sleepy, dull, and [Page 165]sluggish Nature; and more especially, if they never had taken an Opiate be­fore.

36. Secondly, As to the Kind or Quality of the Dis­ease, Opiates ought to be interdicted in all the more light Affections, and in the Palsie, Vertigo, Incubus, Apoplexy, Orthopnea, (or straitness of the Lights) Dropsie of the Breast, As­cites, Stupor, (or trembling of the Members) and in ve­ry malignant Fevers, in the Paroxysms of intermitting Fevers, and in the Crises of other Fevers: Also in the Asthma, and other Disaffe­ctions of the Thorax, Op­pression of the Lungs, in Hysterick and other convul­sive Passions, you are to give them rarely, and not without great Caution and Consideration. But in ve­hement Head-achs, Catarrhs, Cholicks, Fluxes, the Pleu­risy, ordinary Fevers, in Vomiting, Dysentery, Ne­phritick Paroxisms, in Gouts, Stitches of the Side, and all kind of Pains, Opiates may be lawfully exhibited, as the only, and as it were Di­vine Panacaea.

37. Thirdly, As to the state of the Animal Spirits, Optates are not to be given when they are already few, or oppressed, or do not e­nough expand themselves; or whilst the Animal Facul­ties, as to the Senses, are not very vigorous, or do not enough exert themselves; or when the Pulse and Re­spiration are by turns reci­procally weak, or are stop­ped, or unequal, or more quick or slow than usual; or if a Stupor, or Enerva­tion, with unaccustomed Languishing, possesses the extream and motive parts. But if any vehement and painful Disease afflict; if the Animal Spirits in all their Dominions are robust and strong: or are also too much expanded, or enlarg­ed, or carried forth above measure; or lastly, that they become fierce and unruly, Optates may be safely made use of, with the hopes of exceeding good Suc­cess.

38. Fourthly, as to the State of the Blood and Hu­mors; and first as to the Blood, which we are to consider in respect to its Quantity or its Quality: As to the Quantity of the Blood, Opiates ought not to be given in a Plethora (if there be such a thing which we intend in another place largely to discuss:) whilst the Blood is turging and boyling up, as in a Fe­ver, greatly distending the Vessels, by which its Cir­culation is swiftly repeated, lest it should any where st [...]gnate or overflow.

39. Nor ought they to be given where there is a defect or want of Blood, as after large Blood lettings, great Haemorrhages, long Fastings, or continual Sick­ness. In these cases the Heart endeavors its quick Circumagitation, working with a very quick and nim­ble Pulse, as it were with double endeavors, lest that its Fluor should be broken off, and so cease. What hurt then may Opiates do here, which put a Remora, or Stop to this working of the Heart (so needful to the Life of the Sick) as is apparent from their making the Pulse dull or slow, or totally stopping of it. And for this reason it seems to be, that Sleep is forbidden persons who have been new­ly let Blood; and that Sleep also is forbidden to Wo­men presently after Delive­ry, whilst the Lochia are flowing, l [...]st the Spirits in the time of Sleep, being cal­led back, should leave the Heart, by which it drives about the diminished River of the Blood.

40. The Quality, Crasis, or Disposition of the Blood being hurt, forbids the use of Opiates: For being stuft with Recrements or Super­sluities, as in a Cacochymia, Dropsy, &c. it ought to be more swiftly circulated, that the Heterogen [...]ous Par­ticles might be overcome, and quickly expelled: This Narco [...]icks hinder by stop­ping the endeavor of the Praecordia, (manifest in the diminution of the Pulse) whereby the Lustration or [Page 167] Circulation of the Blood, is either frustrated or retarded. But if they be giv'n in so large a Dose as to cause Sweat, this later Operation makes some amends for the hurt of the former, because many of the said Heterogenous Particles are driven out through the Pores of the Flesh and Skin.

41. Lastly, as to the Re­crementitious Humors accu­mulated within the Stomach or Guts, Opiates ought not to be given, till they are carried off, or purged out, either by Vomit or Stool: otherwise being fixed there, they will stick the more strongly; for that the sple­netick Fibres, being, as it were, stupified, are not ir­ritated as before, nor easily, or lively perform the excre­tory Convulsions, for the expelling those superfluous Humors; wherefore (accord­ing to the old rule (super­fluous humors (if any) are first to be evacuated, before the Administration of Opiates.

42. We will only give you one memorable History of an Opiatick Cure, from that Learned Man, and so conclude this Theory. Some time past (saith he) I was advised with concerning a Gentleman very Cacochy­mick, or full of evil Humors, and miserably vexed with Nocturnal Pains, arising from the Venereal Disease, being not, or not well cured. I prescribed many things, but in vain; because very much abhorring Medicines, he would yield to take no­thing almost besides a Dose of Laudanum. Shortly he became Hydropical from an Ascites and an Anasarca: He swelled so much, that he could scarce move from one side to the other without the help of Servants. In this Condition, I being at length sent for, and finding him obstinate, because of his before taken Medica­ments: I made a Progno­stick, that he was not far from Death; and that it was certainly to be expected; therefore he should prepare himself and his Affairs for Eternity. He not much di­sturbed, earnestly asked, that for his more easy dying, he might take our Lauda­num; [Page 168](before, but sparingly permitted him) at his pleasure) or at the least in the Evening. Granting it, with a certain Admonition, I left him, and gave him, as I thought, the last Farewel, Afterwards he took that Me­dicine daily, and daily in­creased its Dose; so that in a short time, he had taken an incredible quantity of it. By the use of this only Medicine, he grew better every day; and within a Month space, was so well, that being free from all Humors and Pains, he had got a Stomach, and went abroad. By the assiduous use of this Opiate, his Thirst before troubling him went away; and be­ing every night put into a great Sweat, he also made plenty of Urine.

43. Hitherto of the The­oretick part of our Opiology; the Practick follows; the which we will exactly de­lincate, according to the various Classes of the famous Johannes Daniel Horstius, in his Pharmacopaeia Galeno-Chymica Catholica Specialis, lib. 13. pag. 369. After which we will give you the exact Recipe of Guttae Vitae nostrae, or our Drops of Life according to their two-fold manner of Preparation; which Medicine is now fa­mously known throughout the three Kingdoms for its manifold and adminable Vertues.

CHAP. XXIII. Examples in Compounding Catharticks and Sudori­ficks, Diureticks and Ischureticks.