I. Of a Dropsie of the Brest.

II. Signs. It is known by a dry Cough, a painful heaviness, and a difficulty of Breathing, even to Suffocation; there is also great Thirst, little Appetite, and a paleness of the Countenance; sometimes there is a swelling of the Legs; and now and then it is accompanied with a Fever.

III. The Causes. They are be­fore declared, to which add an Obstruction of the Lymphaeducts, as it often happens.

IV. The Prognosticks. If it be recent, it is easier cured than when inveterate: So also, if it be in a Person Young than in one Old: But in whom soever, and though Recent, yet it is a thing of dif­ficult Cure.

V. It often degenerates into an Ascites; and if the Bowels be hurt, it is incurable.

VI. If the Water cannot be ex­pelled by Diaphoreticks, Diureticks, nor by Purging Medicines, then we must come to the Manual Operation, as at Sect. 18. fol­lowing. See the Third Edition of Our Synopsis Medicinae, Lib. 4. Cap. 26. throughout.

II. Of an Empyema.

VII. The Signs. When the In­flammation of the Lungs or Pleura, will not, upon Bleeding or other fit means, be removed, you may then judge a Collection of such Matter to come, within 12, 14, or 16 days.

VIII. The Patient finds a great heaviness in his Brest, without con­siderable Pain; but if it be with Pain, it is commonly with a new Afflux of Humours, which they divert by Revul­sion.

IX. There is a difficulty of Breathing, and in Motion the Pa­tient finds a rumbling; and is sensible that the Matter changes place, and the side affected is hotter than the other.

X. He casts up, with violent Coughing, a purulent Matter, ha­ving a continual Fever, or rather a Continent; (for such as I have seen afflicted with this Disease, had no remission of the heat:) The Appetite is depraved or weak, and he finds Anxiety or Pain at Heart.

XI. The Cause. It proceeds from a Fever, which many times putting the Blood and Humours into violent Motions, lodges them in the Lungs, Membranes of the Pleura, or Parts adjacent.

XII. The Differences. One is in the Lungs it self; another in the Membranes of the Pleura: Or, One arises from a Peripneumonia; another from the Pleurisie. One is from a Rupture of some pre­ceding Apostem, as aforesaid. Another from a Vein opened, broken, or gnawn asunder; whence comes Blood, which issuing forth, is converted into Pus, forming it self a Cystis. A­nother from an afflux of Rheum, or Humours, into the Thorax.

XIII. The Prognosticks. All Empyema's are dangerous, and Death is rather to be feared, than Life hoped for. But that, in a strong Person, and on the right side, and where the Pus is voided white, and without any great Pain or Coughing, it is the more hopeful.

XIV. So also, if, upon opening, the Sick has an Appetite to Meat, the Thirst goes away, and the Fever leaves the Sick the same Day, there is hopes; and con­trariwise.

XV. Between the thirtieth and fortieth day, the Apostem common­ly breaks; and if it be not spit forth in Forty Days, it com­monly turns into a Consumption.

XVI. But, if upon opening, the Pus be of an ill Colour or Savor, [Page 47] somewhat Bloody, or Water flows forth in great quantity, or it co­lours the Probe red, the Sick, for the most part, dies. See the Third Edition of Our Syn­opsis, Lib. 4. Cap. 22.

XVII. The Cure. If now the Humours collected connot be expell­ed by Expectoration, nor by Ʋrine, or Medicines, we must then come to Manual Operation, which is performed according to this following Method.

XVIII. The way and manner of Opening the Brest, both in a Hy­drops Pectoris, and an Empyema. The place of opening, is said, by some, to be between the third and fourth Rib; by others, be­tween the fourth and fifth; and others say, between the fifth and sixth (reckoning upwards;) this last is thought safest; for if higher, the Pericardium may be hurt, if lower, the Midriff.

XIX. But as in other Tumors, so in this, the most raised place is most fit. So that if a Tumor ap­pear on either side, make the Apertion four or five inches from the Sternon, and nearer to the lower, than the upper Rib, be­cause under each Rib there lies an Intercostal, Vein, Artery, and Nerve.

XX. First, mark the place to be cut, with Ink; and charge the Sick to hold his Breath, as long as he can, mean season make an Oblique, but small, Orifice, in­to which put a Pipe of Silver or Lead; at which suffer ℥iv. or v. to run out in a day.

XXI. If the Matter run not well, place the Sick on the wounded side, and make him Cough. If yet it will not come, by reason of its toughness, inject into the Cavity some abstersive, healing, and drying Medicine, as Decoctum Vulnerarium, Decoctum Fumaria compositum. See Pharm. Lond. Lib. 4. Cap. 14. Sect. 8, and 17. or Infusum seri Lactis Mesuae; let­ting the Patient take inwardly, Decoctum Vulnerarium Mynsichti (at Sect. 30. of the aforecited place) of which he may drink often in a day, about two ounces at a time.

XXII. If the Sick be weak, and the inward parts corrupted, this Operation is more dangerous, other­wise it has proved more effe­ctual, than in the Paracentesis, for a Dropsie in the Belly. But before you do it, first try all o­ther means, as Expectoration, Purging by Vomit, Stool and Urine, Sweating, &c. and if they fail, then make use of Chi­rurgery.

XXIII. If the Matter runs not, by reason of its toughness, Bar­bett advises to inject this: ℞ Goats Whey ℥xviij. Honey of Roses ℥iv. Juices of Celandine and Smal­lage a. ʒvi. mix.

XXIV. Or this; ℞ Comfrey-roots ℥i. Roots of Sanicle ℥ss. Leaves of Agrimony, Betony, Bur­net, Periwinkle a. Mss. the Cor­dial-flowers P. ij. Seeds of Hype­ricon, Carduus, Roman-Nettle a. ʒss. boil in Water and Honey q.s. to a pint and half, then strain out; with which Inject, letting him drink also a little of it twice or thrice a day.

XXV. Sometimes the collected Matter is contained in a Mem­brane of its own, and by its rising, [Page 48] manifests it self from without. This the Latins call Vomica Pul­monis. In this case, you must not stay till the Membrane breaks of it self: For, by delay, the Matter flowing up and down, will be more difficulty got out of the Brest; but it ought pre­sently to be opened, chusing no other place for the Apertion, but the most raised part of the Tumor.

III. Of a Pleurisie.

XXVI. And because an Empy­ema mostly follows a Pleurisie, I shall shew in this place, so much concerning it, as is necessary for a Chirurgian to know, because many of them are apt to mistake any Pain in the Side, though arising from Wind only, for a Pleurisie.

XXVII. A Pleurisie then is an Inflammation of the Pleura, and many times of the Lungs them­selves (but that is rather a Pe­ripneumony) arising from an Af­flux of Blood, attended with, 1. Pain; 2. Cough; 3 Short­ness of Breath; 4. Spitting of Blood; 5. Continent Fever; 6. And a quick Pulse.

XXVIII. The Cause. It is chiefly from Blood, or Blood and Humours, over-heated, and put into a violent Fermentation in the Lungs or Pleura.

XXIX. The Differences. It is, 1. Sincere, when it proceeds from Blood alone. 2. Bastard, when it comes from Blood mixt with other Humours. 3. Of the Lungs. 4. Of the Pleura.

XXX. The Prognosticks. If the Patient Spit not the third or fourth day, he will scarcely live to the seventh: And therefore the sooner the Matter is con­cocted, and the whiter and ea­sier it is ejected, the sooner and safer will be the Cure.

XXXI. And if upon a plentiful Expectoration, the Cough and Dif­ficulty of Breathing lessen not, it is an evil Sign: So also, if upon Bleeding, or other proper ap­plications, the Pain ceases not; for then the Sick must either die, or the Pleurisie will turn to an Empyema, or a Consumption.

XXXII. The Cure. Authors prescribe Bleeding largely, as one of the most necessary and safest means of Cure. However, Ex­perience has confirmed the ad­mirable use of the volatil Salt, or Spirit of Mans Blood, or Mans Flesh, and for want there­of, the same Preparations from Bulls Blood or Flesh; Spirit of Sal Armoniack, and many other things of like nature.

XXXIII. But if a Vein be opened, let it be on the same side the Pain is of; for thereby the Sick is much more and sooner relieved, than when it is done on the opposite side: If the Pain ceases not in twenty four hours, they sometimes Bleed twice or thrice on the same Arm, but with respect to the Patients strength.

XXXIV. After Bleeding, some­times Purging, Sweating, and Ex­pectorating Medicines are very good; this is commended by Barbett, (after once Bleeding) by an Experimental Success: ℞ Juice of Dandelion [...]iss. Plantane-water ʒij. Waters of Carduus and Sca­bious, [Page 49] Syrup of Corn Poppies a. ℥i. Crabs Eyes ʒss. mix them: and give the Sick every half hour, two Spoonfuls of it, for some time: The rest of the Cure seek out in the Third Edition of Our Synopsis Medicinae, Lib. 4. Cap. 27.

I. Closed Eyes.

II. Ancyloplepharon, Coali­tus, the Eye-lids growing together, or else, to the white and horny Coat, or both together. If before Birth, or naturally so, they are carefully to be divided by an Incision-Knife; on the Point of which is to be a little Knob; after which they are to be kept asunder with Lint, and fit Me­dicines.

III. If after a Wound, not being healed according to Art, so that the Eye-lids grow together; put in a small Probe by degrees, at the Corner next the Nose, and bearing it up, divide the joined Lids all along: Or you may do it with an Incision-knife, after the manner of the former Operation.

IV. If the Eye-lids should ad­here to the Coats, by reason of Ʋlcers ill cured, &c. they are carefully to be divided with the like Incision-Knife, rather lea­ving some of the Eye-lid on the Coat of the Eye, then cut the Tunicle, for that what remains may be taken off afterwards.

V. This done, ℞ Rose-water and Whites of Eggs, beat them together, and dip Pledgets therein, which apply, to hinder grow­ing together again: Then let the Sick be often moving their Eye-lids, and wash often with our Aqua Regulata, or Aqua Ophthalmica.

VI. Or, you may wash with this; ℞ Rhenish-wine, Red-wine, Damask-Rose-water a. ℥iij. Tutid prepared ʒiij. Myrrh in pouder ʒij. Scammony in pouder ʒi. boil till a third part is wasted; strain, and hang in a Nodule, Verdigrise, Camphir a. ʒi. digest a Week-strain again, and keep it for use.

II. Orifice of the Ears closed.

VII. The Passages of the Ears may be stopped, either visible, or scarce so: If they be visible, they may easily be divided, and after Cicatrized with fit Medi­cines, [Page 52] done round about a Pipe, which may be put into the Ear.

VIII. If they be so deep, as that they are scarcely to be seen, it is dangerous so to open them; and they are rather to be eaten away with eroding Medicines, but you ought to apply them with that Caution, as to save harmless the Drum of the Ear.

III. The Nostrils closed.

IX. They may be closed up, ei­ther almost, or altogether. They are both cured one and the same way; first open them with an Incisi­on-Knife, and then dilate them with prepared Elder Pith, or Puff-balls, or Spunge prepared, &c. which done, put up a hol­low Pipe, anointed with Ʋn­guentum Diapompholigos.

IV. The Mouth closed.

X. It is either almost closed, or quite closed; in both Cases it is to be opened with an Incision-Knife, then dressed with Balsam de Chili, Peru, or Tolu, applied upon dry Lint, and so gently bound up; which will heal them at one Intention.

V. The Praeputium closed.

XI. Whether it be from ill Con­formation, or Ʋlcers, closed at the end, or sticking to the Glans; 'tis first to be divided with a crooked Incision-Knife; after which, a thin plate of Lead is to be put between, sprinkled with Ceruse, Litharge, or burnt Lead in fine Pouder.

XII. The first dressing may be Lint dipt in Whites of Eggs; af­terwards for three or four days, with some digestive Mixture; as this, ℞ Honey, Turpentine a. ℥ss. Yolk of one Egg, mix them together by grinding; lastly, apply the Lead, Ceruse, &c. to dry and heal.

VI. The Glans not perforated.

XIII. It is to be carefully open­ed with a Lancet, after which you may put a small leaden Pipe dressed with some fit Balsam or Ointment into it, where it is to be kept till it is well.

XIV. If it be not rightly per­forated, having a small hole near the Fraenum only, so as that nei­ther the Urine nor Semen, can pass directly out, whereby Pro­creation may be hindred: In this case, you are to extend the Praeputium with the left hand, and divide the Glans to the hole, using a Pipe as before.

XV. If in Infants the Orifice be too little, make use of Elder Pith compressed, anointing it with Ʋng. Rosatum, not using Incision, as in the former.

VII. The Anus in Infants not Perforated.

XVI. This may either be in part, a small hole remaining, or else closed all together: If in part, it is carefully to be opened with a Lancet and Scissars, on both sides; after which you may do it with Tents or Pledgets dipt in Ʋnguentum Tutiae, or any other drying Oint­ment, to prevent Bleeding: [Page 53] Thus it will be cured in a few Days, without a Leaden Pipe.

XVII. But if it be wholly shut, and the end of the Intestinum Rectum is covered with a Mem­brane; if it be thin, it may some­times be opened with the Fin­gers; but if thick, with a Lancet, or small Incision-Knife, long­ways, (taking great care of the Sphincter Muscle) and then kept open with a small Leaden Pipe, and drying Unguents; or an Elder Pith dressed with the same.

VIII. Pudenda Virginum closed.

XVIII. This is many times ex­ternal, wherein the Vulva is quite closed with a preternatural Mem­brane, or only a very small hole left: And this is either natu­rally so from the Birth, or join­ed together upon an ill affected Ulcer: These you must open long-ways with a sharp Incision-Knife, in part wound about with Linnen Rags, and then the Wound is to be cured the com­mon way.

XIX. Sometimes a preterna­tural Caruncle shuts the Os Vul­vae; here you must have a Specu­lum Matrices; and in the latter end of the Cure, a small Pipe, perforated throughout, in length, to help the Cicatrizing.

XX. If there be a Membranous Coalition of the four Carneous Mon­ticuli, whereby the fore Parts of the Vulva are shut up, sometimes very close; it may easily be per­ceived by the Eye or Touch. Let the Legs be held a sunder up­wards, then make Incision, be­ginning from beneath, not ma­king the opening too small, lest in time it should hinder delivery, (yet carefully taking heed not to hurt the Bladder) then dress the Wound with thick flat Pledgets (that can­not easily fall out) dipt in cool­ing and drying Ointments; and so managed, that what has been parted, may not grow together again.

IX. The Vagina closed.

XXI. This may be closed either in part, or wholly; if in part, whe­ther naturally, or through an Ʋl­cer, it may be either in the be­ginning, or the middle, a hole being in the midst to discharge the Menses, and for admission of Seed.

XXII. If it be wholly closed, it is in many caused through hard Labour; in which it may be hurt, inflamed, and made raw, and by that means grow together: Sometimes it is also caused by some fleshy Excrescence, arising in the French-Pox, or otherwise.

XXIII. The Signs. It may ea­sily be known by feeling of a skilful Chirurgian or Midwife; the Hus­band also, by his not being able to enter. The Patient also com­plains of great Pain in the lower Ventricle and Loins, on that side where the broad Ligaments are connected with the Os Ilium. The Colour is pale and unhealth­ful; and at the New Moon they are apt to Vomit Flegm mixt with Blood, because they want their Menses.

XXIV. The Cure. The Patient [Page 54] is to be laid on her Back, with her Head low, her Loins raised with Cushions or Bolsters, her Knees high, and separated wide asunder; then with the Hands, the Vulva being kept open, a crooked In­cision-Knife is to be conveyed to the upper part of the Membrane, cutting it through downwards towards the Intestinum Rectum, going in a direct Line, and shunning the other way, for fear of hurting the Bladder.

XXV. Being thus opened, there is to be put up a Pessary, made of a dry Spunge, and moistned with Oil of Eggs, Earthworms, or Nervinum, mixed with Oil of Mastich.

XXVI. The Place being widened with the Spunge, you may then put in a Pessary of Wax, moistned with Oil of Eggs, applying a thick Bolster and Bandage, not to be removed, but upon making Wa­ter, or to use an Injection to cleanse the Part of the Pus, which is so long to be used, till it is perfectly healed. The Pes­sary may also be made hollow like a Pipe, and of Silver or Lead, as you see occasion.

XXVII. Or the Woman being put into a due posture, the part may be dilated with the Speculum Vaginae, or Matricis, and so be divided with a crooked Incision-knife tyed to the Fore-finger, cutting from the upper part downwards, &c. as before di­rected.

X. The Inward Orifice of the Womb closed.

XXVIII. It may be so closed as not to admit of a small Probe, caused thro' cold Humours, Seed, or Menses long kept, whereby when they are heaped upon it, it be­comes so swelled, as to close the Mouth thereof: In some the Mouth of the Womb is hard, from Wind, and Humours heap­ed up therein, which cause great pain both in the Belly and sides thereof.

XXIX. If it be very hard, ta­pering out, and sunk down, so that little good can be done by Emollient and Discussive Fomentations and Ointments, 'tis then to be en­larged with Gentian Root, or prepared Spunge, by which it may be widened, and come to its due purgation.

XXX. Being thus widened, there may easily be put in an Instrument of Silver or Ivory, after the fa­shion of a Screw, the one end thick­er than the other, and within hol­low, thro' which the Menses may flow, being assisted by Cough­ing, Sneezing, Laughing, or some other violent Motion.

XXXI. This may be carried without any trouble or inconvenien­cy, and 'tis better than Incision, which is certainly dangerous, tho' sometimes (all other means fail­ing) it may be attempted: But if there is an insensibility in the part, or no sharp pain, or there is a thin, fluid, or stinking, black Matter, the affect is In­curable.

I. Vesicatories, or Blistering.

II. It is done by Application of the common Epispastick or Vesica­tory of the Shops, Examples e­nough of which you may find in Our Pharmacopoeia's, Doron, Seplasium, and other Books. The Epispa­stick is spread upon Leather, and laid on generally at going to sleep, that the Patient by sleep­ing may be the less sensible of the pain: and it is continued on, sometimes 8, 10, 12 or 14 Hours, according to the Place and Na­ture of the Part it is applied to.

III. At the time appointed, it is taken off, the Blister clipt, and the Water let out; at which time some Artists take off the Skin wholly, but others as Learned and Experienced in their Faculty, let it lye on, over which they lay a Melilot Emplaster which gene­rally (better and more easily) pulls it off; or for want there­of, the smooth side of a Cole­wort Leaf, (which is said to be drawing, the contrary side dry­ing and healing:) And with this Emplaster or Leaves it is drest first twice a day, till the chief of the running is over; after once a day, till it is whole.

IV. As for taking off the Skin when the Blister is drawn, they say they do it that the Sore might run the more plentifully, freely, and longer: To which we answer, 1. That the taking off the Skin puts the Patient to a vast deal of pain more, than the letting it lye on. 2. That we have tryed by many Experiments, that by Appli­cation of the Emplaster or Colewort Leaves, we have found the run­ning as free and plentiful as by the former way of taking the Skin off, and sometimes the running to last much longer. 3. That the pulling off the Skin by means of the Emplaster or the Leaves, is not the tenth part of the pain, which that is, that is taken off by the Hands at time of draw­ing; for all which reasons that way is to be chosen, which being as advantageous to the Pa­tients as any, puts them to the least pain.

V. The Ʋses of Blistering are manifold, (tho' we exclude their vulgar use in all sorts of Fevers, which we think not much less per­nicious than the exhibition of Poy­son:) 1. Where any vehement pain is setled in any Part. 2. Where any Tumor is fixed that cannot be otherwise mo­ved. 3. For Derivation, where there is a Flux of Humours, that can no otherwise be mastered: As a Rheum falling upon the Eyes or Teeth; a Catarrh upon the Palate; a defluxion upon a­ny particular Joint, &c.

VI. The place of their Applica­tion is generally, 1. For the re­moving of Pain, upon the very place pained, for if it be but two or three Inches, above, below, or on either side, I have expe­rimentally found, that it does no good at all, whereas apply­ed upon the very place, it gene­rally does the work effectually. 2. Ʋpon the very place of the Tu­mor afflicting. 3. If for Deriva­tion, upon those parts which will easily derive from the Parts affect­ed, [Page 58] as upon the Nape of the Neck, for a Rheum in the Eyes, &c.

VII. How often they are to be applied. Many times the Disease is inveterate, and the Humour malign and stubborn, and it of­ten falls out, that at once or twice blistering the Cure can­not be done; and if any part of the malign Humour is left be­hind, 'tis as good as doing no­thing, for that will quickly in­crease and grow as bad again; for this cause they must be so often applied till the Cause is wholly removed, which in some may be done at the first time, in others at the second, in others at the third or fourth Applica­tion; and in some cases they may be applied five or six times.

VIII. If any shall object, that by this often Application, a Hu­mour may possibly be drawn into a Part; we affirm from a large Experimental Knowledge the contrary: For a Vesicatory is so far from drawing an Humour into a Part, that it always draws the Humour out; for by its potency, and speedy way of Action, it draws with that vio­lence, that it breaks, and as it were, disjoints the Humour, and so takes it forth; and not as other lazy Attractives, which by long lying, draw and affix Humours in a Part, without drawing them out at all.

IX. As to their use in Fevers, we have very much to say against them; but because we design brevity in this work, shall re­fer it to another place, and in part mind you of what we have said already on this Subject, Chap. 12. Sect. 21. aforegoing.

X. The danger and ill effects of Vesicatories, are Heat and Scald­ing of the Water, difficulty of Pis­sing, and sometimes Pissing of Blood. This is remedied by plentifully drinking an Emulsi­on of the four cold Seeds; or Barley Water mixt with Milk. Thus, ℞ hull'd Barley ℥viij. Wa­ter three Pints or more, boil, and cast away the first Water; add two Quarts more, and boil till the Barley is broken, adding a double quantity of Milk; strain, and sweeten it a little with fine Sugar, of which let the Patient drink liberally.

II. Fontanels, or Issues.

XI. An Issue is a little Ʋlcer made by Art, in a sound part of the Body, by a red hot Iron, Lancet, Scissars, or corrosive Medicine, to evacuate superfluous Hu­mours, and so either to Prevent, or Cure Diseases.

XII. Let them be made be­tween the Muscles, not in the be­ginning, middle, nor end of a Mus­cle: If you make an Issue in the Head, let it be in the middle of the Coronal Suture: In the Neck, between the Shoulders: If on the Arm, about the middle space between the Shoulder and Elbow, towards the outside.

XIII. If on the Thighs, let it be on the inside, two or three Fin­gers breadth above the Knee; if on the Leg, as much below the Knee.

XIV. The way of doing of it, is by Incision, Caustick, or Burning. [Page 59] 1. By Incision. Take up the Skin on both sides, either with a pair of Forceps, or your Hand; which done, divide it in the place you intend, (first marked with Ink) with a Lancet, Inci­sion-knife, or a pair of Scissars.

XV. 2. By Caustick. The place being first marked with Ink, apply a Plaster, with a hole in the middle over it, in which hole put the Caustick, over the place mark­ed; over which lay another Pla­ster: After three or four Hours take off the Emplasters and Cau­sticks, and apply on the Escar a Plaster of Diapalma, dressing it twice a day, that it may the sooner separate.

XVI. For a Caustick, you may use Lapis Infernalis (in our Phar­mac. Londinensis, Lib. 3. Cap. 11. Sect. 102.) or that made of Silver (at Sect. 20. Cap. 2. Lib. 3. of the said Book.)

XVII. 3. By Burning. Ap­ply the Cautery red hot, yet so, as that the Skin be not wholly pene­trated, lest you hurt too much the subjacent Muscle; after remove the Escar, as before. The Escar be­ing fallen, take little hard Dos­sels made of Lint, upon which spread some detersive Medicine, and press them into the Ulcer, till they have made some Im­pression, then put into the hole a little Ball of Wood, Wax, El­der pith, Silver, or a Pea, &c. which are often to be taken out, and renewed continually, till the Disease be Cured, or weak­ness hinder, applying over only green Oiled Cloth.

XVIII. If the Issue should grow up, make Balls of Gentian, Her­modact, Orrice, &c. so may you remove the proud Flesh: A Ball made with Precipitate and white Wax, will keep it open.

XIX. If hot scalding Humours flow, apply to it Unguentum Al­bum Camphoratum, mixt with an equal quantity of Populneum: If it smells ill, wash it often with generous Canary, mixt with an equal quantity of Rhe­nish Wine.

III. The Seton, in the Nape of the Neck.

XX. The Seton is no more but one of the kinds of Issues, made after another manner, and chiefly applicable to the Nape of the Neck; tho' it may be made in other places too.

XXI. A Seton is much a grea­ter trouble than an Issue; yet this advantage arises from it, that what evils two Issues will not re­move, is oftentimes done by one Seton.

XXII. It is made in many places; as, Arms, Legs, Brest, Ears, Region of the Liver, Spleen, Navel, Scrotum, &c. But the chief place is the Neck, between the first and second Vertebra, or second and third, or which is best, between the third and fourth.

XXIII. Take up the Skin, with a perforated pair of Forceps, nip it pretty hard to stupifie it. Through the perforations of the Forceps and Skin, pass a Needle red hot, af­ter which, with another Needle, bring through the silken String or Cord.

XXIV. The first day to ease [Page 60] pain, apply to the part, Lint dipt in Whites of Eggs and Rose-water mixt together, then procure di­gestion with convenient Medi­cines; afterwards let the String be drawn every day sometimes to this side, sometimes to that, that the mattery part may hang out of the Wound: The Ulcer is thus to be kept open, as long as need requires.

XXV. But Barbett tells us, it may be much easier, and better performed thus. Let the Artist take up the Skin in one Hand, and his Servant with another; and in the place he intends (first marked with Ink) let him pass it through, with a sharp-poin­ted Needle, not made hot, to which let be first tyed a conve­nient Cord of Silk or Thread, rubbed over with Wax.

XXVI. This Operation evacu­ates from the Head, Eyes, Nose, Teeth, and causes derivation from the Mouth, Brest, Spinal Mar­row, and Joints; it Cures Head­achs, Megrims, Vertigo's, Fi­stula Lachrymalis, Hydrocepha­lus, &c. In Scrotum, Hernia aquosa, &c.

IV. Application of Leeches.

XXVII. Leeches are said to be more advantagious than Scari­fication, and safer than Bleeding, because they draw forth the Extra­vased Blood, which is in the Flesh; and they may with benefit be applied, as well in weak as strong Bodies, they drawing chiefly from the Cutaneous Parts, by which means they often Cure Cuticular Diseases.

XXVIII. Leeches are applied to the Veins of the Arms and Legs, to Haemorrhoids, Vulva, Gums, Lips, Nose, Ʋlcers, after sca­rifying in Gangrenes, Herpes, &c. and that in general Evacuations of the whole Body.

XXIX. When you apply them, make the place clean with Milk and Sugar, rubbing it till it grows red; then hold them near the Head in a Rag, and so apply them to the place, it being first moistned with Pigeons Blood.

XXX. If you would have them fall off before they have done, cast Salt on them: If you would have them suck longer than full, cut off their Tails.

XXXI. Chuse them in clear Water, sandy and gravelly Ponds, whose Heads are little, Bodies small, Bellies red and round, and Backs streaked like Threads of Gold. They ought to be kept twelve days at least before they are used.

XXXII. You may keep them a Year in Water with a few Crums of Bread, changing the Water once in four days.

XXXIII. Those in muddy, fil­thy and stinking Ponds, with great Heads, greenish colour, and blew streaks on the Back, are poysonous and dangerous, exciting Vene­mous Tumors, Inflammation, Ulcers, Convulsions, and some­times Death.

XXXIV. They are often used in Melancholy Diseases, Leprosie, Ringworms, repletion of malign Matter, Pleurisies, Inflammation of the Lungs, Phagedena, Fu­runculus, Vertigo, Epilepsie, Apoplexy, Megrim, old Head­achs, [Page 61] Diseases of the Eyes, and many other desperate Diseases.

XXXV. However, because some Leeches may be Venemous, and it is hard to discern which are not so, it will be good after Applica­tion, and that they are fallen off, to foment the Part well with Red or Claret Wine, as hot as it can well be endured, by which means, the Apertions will not only bleed the better, and the Effects of their Application be the more substantial; but the Venom they may have left be­hind, (if any be) will wholly be extracted or drawn forth.

V. Applying of Cupping-glasses.

XXXVI. They are applied ei­ther without Scarification, or with Scarification. The Modus of Application, is either to stick dried Flax with soft Wax to the bottom within the Cup, or put in loose, after set it on Fire, and presently clap it on. Some heat them very hot, in hot Wa­ter. Others stick in a little bit of Wax-candle lighted, and so apply them.

XXXVII. They are made of differing matters, and of various forms: Some are to apply and suck up withal, others are Blind.

XXXVIII. If you do it with Scarification, having applied them as before, and taken them off, then Scarifie the part, which is to be done either superficially or profound, as the Nature and Constitution of the same will permit. The best time of Ap­plication is in the Full of the Moon (not in the New) a­bout Two or Three in the After­noon; and they may continue on about half an Hour.

XXXIX. They are used to draw the Morbifick Matter out of a Part wherein it is: and to draw deep Apostems more outward; as also Matter in the more deep or no­ble Parts, to Parts more superfi­cial and less noble.

XL. They are of Ʋse also to stop Gangrenes, to warm Parts that are cold, by drawing Blood and Spirits into them; to reduce Parts elapsed, to draw out Fla­tulencies and thin Matter, and to ease Pains.

XLI. To ease Pains in the Head, or any other Part, they are to be applied upon the very spot or place pained: To the Mold of the Head to stop Catarrhs, draw up the Uvula, &c.

XLII. To the Neck, for the Palsie, Numbness, Weakness in the Limbs: To the Scapulae, for the Apoplexy, and all sorts of sleepy Diseases, and Diseases of the Head from cold: To the Nape of the Neck, for the Quinsie.

XLIII. To the Navel, in the Procedentia Ʋteri, Wind Co­lick: To the Flanks, for Wind in the Spleen: To the Ʋreters, to attract the Stone and Gravel in­to the Bladder.

XLIV. To the Ribs, for redu­cing them: To the Orifices of Ʋl­cers, and the Ears, to draw things out of them: To the Bi­tings of Venemous Creatures, to draw out their Venom and Poy­son.

XLV. To the midst of the Shoulders, for a Cough, diffi­culty of Breathing, Diseases of [Page 62] the Brest, Pleurisies, &c. To the sides of the Neck and Chin, in Diseases of the Mouth, Gums, Teeth: On the Region of the Reins, for Apostems of those Parts, and of the Liver.

XLVI. To the Arms, Thighs, Legs, &c. for pains in them: To the Os Sacrum, for Fistu­la's, Haemorrhoids Ficus, &c. To the Thighs, Legs, and Ancles, for the Strangury, pain of the Womb, Reins, Bladder.

VI. Scarification.

XLVII. Scarification is per­formed with a Lancet or Incision-knife: the Ancients have done it alone, without Cups, the Mo­derns use it not without Cup­ping.

XLVIII. It is intended either for Revulsion or Evacuation, sometimes of the whole Body, sometimes only of particular Parts.

XLIX. It has been used in A­cute, Putrid, Malign and Pesti­lential Fevers, chiefly in Children, and that with great success; in Apoplexies, Frensies, and all Affects of the Senses.

L. In Affects of the Gums, all outward Pains, Ʋlcers, Ecchy­mosis or Gangrene, where it was either present, or might be fear­ed; in which Case it might be said to be either Therapeutick, or Prophylactick.

LI. 'Tis performed sometimes very superficially, not passing he depth of the Skin, sometimes more deep in the Flesh; and is best done with a Lancet fixed to a Spring, which being done mo­mentarily, the Patient is not so fearful, nor yet so sensible of the pain.

VII. Ʋstion, or Burning.

LII. This is of Ʋse, when nei­ther Medicine nor Knife will bring Relief, as well in the soft, as the hard Parts; but in all sorts of Burning, great care is to be ta­ken, that the adjacent Parts be not hurt; to prevent which you must defend them with Lint, cold Iron, and other Defensa­tives.

LIII. It is performed either with actual or potential Cauteries. The Actual are the better and most certain, the Potential are more acceptable, because of Peoples fearfulness.

LIV. The Actual is done with a cauterising Iron, (made at the end in form like a Button) the Po­tential with Lapis Inferrnalis, and other Caustick Medicaments.

LV. The Intention is, 1. For Making Issues. 2. For Appli­cation of the Seton. 3. To Stop Bleeding after Amputation.

LVI. In removing of the Eschar, beware of using Oil alone, Butter or Grease, for Barbett has ob­served, that they have occasion­ed a Gangrene; and therefore he advises to Empl. Diapalma, or Lint wet in Wine, which will be sufficient.

LVII. Ʋstion is called the Actu­al Cautery, and has its Ʋses as afore specified; but Art has found out better, and more safe means, which I should advise the Young Chirurgian with all Industry to pursue.

VIII. Hemorrhoids.

LVIII They are either External, which being opened, diminishes the Plethora of the Part, and are of good Effect in Diseases of the internal Parts, &c. Or Internal.

LIX. Hemorrhoids are opened by Frictions, Fig-leaves, course Cloths, Juice of Onions, &c. If outward; but by sharp Clysters and Suppositories, &c. if in­ward or blind; being opened, they help Diseases of the Bow­els, Womb, Reins, Bladder, Joints, Liver, Spleen, Mesen­tery, &c.

LX. Being suppressed, they are tumified and painful, of various Magnitudes and Colours, and in some not very much unlike a small bunch of Grapes; whence they have various Names.

LXI. If they swell and inflame, they are in danger to Gangrene; to prevent which, you must imme­diately apply Leeches: And, if the Tumour be very great, you must apply many Leeches, by which a great quantity of Blood is to be drawn away; after the removing of the Leeches, to prevent Fistulating, you must foment for an hour or more with hot Red Wine.

LXII. If they suppurate and open, they may possibly leave a Fi­stula in Ano, which is many times incurable, especially with­out cutting: ℞ Juice of Mullein, Oil of Ben, Oil of Roses a. ℥ss. Yolk of Eggs N^o i. Honey, Turpen­tine a. ʒij. beat them well toge­ther, and keep it for use; apply­ing it with Lint or Linnen Cloth, and give every day Electuarium Lenitivum.

IX. The Opening of Varix.

LXIII. It is done by Incision all along the Tumor, having first tied both ends: others, having found out the extent of it, divide the Skin at both ends, where having taken up the Varix, and tied it, they make Apertion in the middle, and then heal it as an ordinary Wound.

LXIV. But Scultetus says, both ways may prove unsuccessful, and therefore advises rather to the Application of Topical Reme­dies.

I. Hydatis, a fat Substance under the Skin of the Ʋpper Eye-lid.

I. IF it proceeds from serous Hu­mors, the Eyes look red, and flow with Tears, not being able to endure the Light. If it be old, and included in a Cistis, divide the Skin, and take it out; on which apply Whites of Eggs beat with Rose-water.

II. If it be recent, fasting Spit­tle may remove it, or it may be fomented with a Decoction of Worm­wood and Camomil Flowers; after which apply Empl. de Ranis cum Mercurio, or Diachylum with Gums, into which a little Sal Armoniack is put.

II. Hordeolum, Tumor like a Barley Corn.

III. It arises from thick Fleg­matick Humors mixt with Blood; and is to be opened on the Inside of the Eye-lid, pressing out the Matter within; but some open it on the out-side; sometimes it is taken away by Application of a Plaster of Sagapenum.

III. Grando, the little round moveable Swelling.

IV. It arises on the Eye-lid, from a hard stony Matter: It is opened with a Lancet, and remo­ved with its Cistis: Some mollifie and dissolve it, by applying Empl. de Galbano Crocatum Myn­sichti; or a Plaster of Ammonia­cum, or de Ranis cum Mercurio.

IV. Lagophthalmos, when the upper Eye-lid covers not the Eye.

V. It may be caused either In­ternally, by ill Conformation; or Externally, by Wounds, Burns, &c. If by the last ways, it is incu­rable.

VI. If by the former, divide the Skin of the Eye-lid like a half Moon, with the Horns in this man­ner ☽; keeping the Edge of the Incision open, and cure it as a green Wound; but in Cutting, beware of the Gristle.

VII. Others use the Dry Stitch, with Emplastrum Glutinos. lay­ing on a Plaster on the Eye-lid; and another pretty low on the Cheek, that the Indents of each may answer; and then stitch them together, by which the Eye-lid will be drawn down to cover the Eye.

V. Ectropion, the lower Eye-lid fallen down.

VIII. If it be so fallen down as it cannot be shut (which often happens to Aged People) it is curred by the Dry Stitch, as the former, only the one Plaster is there to be laid upon the lower Lid, and the other above the Eye-brows.

IX. The same observe if the upper Eye-lid be relaxed, so that it keeps shut, and cannot lift it self up.

X. This Emplastrum Glutino­sum is thus made: ℞ Dragons­blood, Frankincense, Sarcocol, Ma­stich, a. ʒ ij. make a Pouder, which mix well with Whites of Eggs, to the thickness of Honey, as Scultetus has taught.

VI. Hypopion, Matter between the Horny and Grapy Coat.

XI. It arises either from Inter­nal or External Causes, as Inflam­mations, Blows, Bruises, &c. After Universals premised, use Cup­ping, with Scarification, Dige­stives, and Anodyn Collyriums.

XII. When it is come to Matter, you must open the Cornea at the [Page 65] Iris; then press out the Quitter, and cleanse the Ulcer with Hy­dromel, or some such like.

VII. Tongue tied.

XIII. Some Children are born Tongue-tied, whereby they are de­prived, first of Sucking, then of Speaking: This is remedied by cutting the String of the Tongue transverse, with a pair Scissars, and besmearing it afterwards with Honey of Roses, three or four times a day.

XIV. In Cutting, the neighbour­ing Parts and Veins must be care­fully shunned; for sometimes the Nerve of the sixth Pair, or its Branches, run so near the string, that a deep Incision may easily do much hurt, and bring upon the Patient sad Accidents.

XV. But there is not one Child of an hundred, scarcely of two hundred, which needs this manual Operation: And those Midwives are Ignorant, who in all new­born Children forthwith dila­cerate this Fraenum or String, whereby the Parts being hurt, evil Symptoms succeed, and sometimes death.

VIII. Cutting the Gums of In­fants.

XVI. The Gums in Infants are sometimes long in Cutting, where­by Death oftentimes ensues: if extremity urge, make a gentle Apertion with your Incision-Knife; so may you haply save the Life of a Child, which other­wise would be lost.

IX. Growing together of the Fingers and Toes.

XVII. If the Fingers and Toes grow together, whether Naturally, or by Accident, you must divide them with an Incision-Knife, (un­less conjoin'd by Nerves, Tendons, or Arteries) then strew them with some Astringent Pouder, laying over Cloths dipt in the white of an Egg, beaten with Rose Water and Oil of Earth­worms, after which, perform the Cure, as in other Wounds.

XVIII. Where note, that in this and in all such like Operations, use preparatively, general Eva­cuations.

X. Cutting of a Wry Neck.

This, though it is not a closed Part, yet is a contracted Part, and may well enough have place in this Chapter.

XIX. This Operation is per­formed after two manners: The first is done by the Hook, the other without it.

XX. The Wry Neck is caused from the Contraction of one of the Muscles of the lower Jaw, called Musculus Latus, or Quadratus, which arises from the upper part of the Sternum, Clavicula, and Acromium, and is inserted into the inferior Jaw, and firm­ly fixed in the middle of the Chin.

XXI. But where is this Muscle is very broad, so, seldom or never is it contracted in its whole Lati­tude, but sometimes more for­ward, sometimes more backward, [Page 66] and sometimes more laterally, and accordingly the Seat of the Chord appears.

XXII. Adjacent to this Chord, are the Jugular Veins, the Ar­teriae Musculae, the Recurrent Nerves, and Nerves of the hinder­most Branch of the seventh Pair arising from the Neck.

XXIII. These in Cutting, ought all (if possible) to be avoided: chiefly the Jugular Veins, because of the mighty Flux of Blood, endangering the Patients Life: Also the Recurrent Nerves (which spring from the external Branch of the Par Vagum;) for that if they be wounded, or cut asunder, the Voice is lost, and the Crea­ture becomes dumb.

XXIV. Now this Contraction seems for the most part to be in the Tendons of the Quadratus, chiefly where it is joined to the Clavi­cula; but, by reason of the ex­ceeding shortning thereof, the Muscle (in length) seems to be a continued Chord.

XXV. This Chord in many Persons (especially if grown into Years) becomes not only very hard, but perfectly Cartilaginous or Gristly: So that in Cutting, its hardness has caused a kind of cracking noise.

XXVI. The Cutting of a Wry Neck by the Hook. You must carefully avoid all the before-named Vessels, and make a Trans­verse Apertion of the Skin over the Chord, about an Inch or somewhat more on each side; then with a Hook (made of Steel for this purpose) being put under the said Chord, you must gently pull the contracted part forth, which must immediate­ly be cut compleatly through by an Incision-Knife, advising the Patient the while to hold his Neck up.

XXVII. This done, you must heal it as a Green-wound, com­mitting withal the Sick to his Bed. This is the old Butcherly way, which puts the Patient to great pain and danger; and withal, a long Cure.

XXVIII. The Cutting of a Wry Neck, by a new way, without the Hook. Here you must strongly take hold of the Chord with your Thumb and Fore-finger, with which feeling for the Vessels (chiefly the Jugular Vein, whose Approximate is the Recurrent Nerve) you must carefully thrust it by, Then having fast hold of the Chord with your Thumb and Finger, you must warily thrust in your Incision-Knife, as it were beyond the Chord, and just above your Fingers; then making the Patient hold up his Head, the Chord will be a cut asunder, the outward Skin remaining whole; thus will the work be done, with no more but a prick appearing outwardly, and the Wound will be well in about twenty four hours, without any effusion of Blood.

I. Trepaning, or Perforation.

I. WHere it is needful to apply the Trepan, it ought to be done as soon as possibly it may; viz. on the third, fourth, or fifth day, lest the putrefying Blood should cause greater E­vils, but to know whether it be needful to be applied or not, is our first enquiry, because it is an Operation of great danger.

II. It is of great Ʋse when the Bones are very foul; but of great­est use where ill Symptoms fol­low a Fissure, or Fracture of the Skull, or a Contusion.

III. Yet a Fissure, or a Fracture, simply considered, require not the Trepan, as an Instrument without which they cannot be Cured: and a slight Contusion does not al­ways cause such dangerous Symptoms as that Operation of Trepaning does; a small quan­tity of extravasated Blood, be­ing oftentimes in strong People discussed by the strength of Na­ture it self.

IV. Now as Blood is oftner ex­travasated between the Dura Ma­ter, and the Pia Mater, than in other places; so there the Trepan can do but little good; but in this Case Barbett would advise to di­vide the Dura Mater; for that Experience has evinced, that by the help of Art, an Incision, yea a Gangrene of the Part it self has been Cured.

V. So that for the most part, the Trepan is required but in three cases; 1. Where the loose pieces of the Bones prick and wound the Meninges. The signs are a con­tinual pricking pain, from the very moment of hurt (if the Sick be sensible, if not, he is al­ways feeling the Part affected with his Hands:) There are likewise Contortions of the Membranes of the Eyes, and Con­vulsions of the Limbs; to which add, the Quality of the Instru­ment making the Fracture.

VI. 2. Where the first Table is only depressed, but the second bro­ken, there being no way to remove the pieces how well soever separa­ted, but by this of Trepaning. The signs are Dimness of Sight, Gid­diness, Fever, Vomiting, fee­ble Pulse, especially about the Temples, and sometimes an A­poplexy.

VII. 3. Where there is an Ex­travasation of Blood, upon which follows Putrefaction, and if not soon remedied, Death. The signs are a Continent Fever, Head in­flamed, Restlesness, unquiet Sleep, Watchings, Inflammati­ons of the Eyes, and a light Delirium: And if the Sick be Sanguine, there are also Laugh­ing, Talxing idly, Redness of the whole Face: If Cholerick, Yellowness of Face and Eyes, great Heat, Madness: If Fleg­matick, [Page 68] the Symptoms are less, but accompanied with a Palsie or Apoplexy: If Melancholick, there are Fear, Laughing, and Impertinent Talk.

VIII. The manner of Trepaning is thus; the Hair being shaved, let the Skin be divided with a double Incision in form of a Cross, to the Pericranium, avoid­ing with the greatest diligence always the Temporal Muscles, and Sutures of the Head.

IX. This done, bind up the Wound, unless the Haemorrhage be small (which sometimes is so vio­lent as to hinder the Artist for some days from his Work) if it will then give leave, divide the Pericranium from the Skull: After a few Hours (the Skull being bare of the Pericranium) let the Patient be well placed, his Head firmly held, and his Ears stopt with Cotton.

X. Then set on the Trepan with a Pin, which ought neither to be upon the Fracture, nor the Su­tures, (as some have done it) and holding the Instrument with the Left Hand, with the right gent­ly turn the Trepan about, till it has taken good hold round; now take out the Pin, and set on the Trepan again without it, moving it still about.

XI. If there be any filings of the Skull, take off the Trepan, and wipe them away; the Trepan you may sometimes Oil, that it may go the easier: and sometimes wet it with Water, that it may not grow hot.

XII. If Blood appears, be sure the Trepan has past the first Ta­ble, after which you must have greater care, lest it unawares should slip in, and wound the Meninges, from whence often­times follows sudden Death.

XIII. The Dura Mater invests the inside of the Skull, in the same manner as the Pericranium doth the outside, but is not so strongly joined to it, but that a Fall or Blow may easily separate them.

XIV. The piece of Bone sepa­rated by the Trepan, beginning to be loose, with a little Instrument, viz. the Levatory put in between the Skull and the Trepan, free it from the hole, and take it out with a pair of Forceps.

XV. If any inequality yet re­main in the inside of the inward Table, which may hurt the Me­ninx, take it away with the Len­ticular, or Scraper. The coa­gulated Blood and Matter take away with Spunges, Lint, &c.

II. Scraping, Filing and Sawing.

XVI. Parts of the Bones are removed by Scraping, which is of use in Fissures and foul Bones, as also in the Teeth, being crusted over with a Blackish, Tartarous Substance. The Bones are to be scraped till you come to the sound Part, which is white and solid; upon the Bone thus scra­ped, strew some Pouder.

XVII. But before you go about this Operation, you must separate the Pericranium and Periostium; for they are no ways to be touched with Instrument, nei­ther the Lips of the Wound.

XVIII. 2. By Filing. This is chiefly used to the Teeth, when [Page 69] they stand unnaturally, either too high, or too far forth.

XIX. 3. By Sawing. It is done with a Saw in a mortified Part, of which we shall speak when we come to Amputation.

I. Apparatus minor.

XVIII. Lithotomia, by the Apparatus Minor. Let the Child, (for it is chiefly used to Chil­dren) be placed on a soft Pil­low, in a strong Mans Lap (af­ter three, or four times jump­ing from a fitting high place) tye both his Hands to the Soles of his Feet; and let two stand­ers by hold each Knee, pulling them as far asunder as may be.

XIX. Then his Fingers being a­nointed with Oil of Roses, let him take the first Finger of his Left Hand, or, if necessity requires, the two first Fingers, and thrust them up the Fundament, with his Right Hand let him gently compress the Parts above the Os Pubis, so that the Stone may slip down under the Os Pubis into the Pe­rinaeum, which when brought thither by the aforesaid Fingers.

XX. Make an Incision with a sharp Knife, in the Left Side, be­tween the Testicles and the Anus, near to the Suture of the Perinae­um, cutting to the very Stone it self: If it comes not out of the Wound of it self, nor by the thrusting forth of the Fingers, which are in the Intestinum Re­ctum, draw it out with a pair of Forceps, or which is better, with the Lapidillum or Spoon.

XXI. The Stone being taken out, and all the Ligatures loosed, apply Medicines stopping Blood, as Meal mixt with Bole, &c. then bind it up according to Art, taking care to consolidate it, as soon as possible, lest the Patient have a dropping of Urine through the Wounded Part.

II. Apparatus major.

XXII. The second way of Cut­ting, called Apparatus Major. Put the Patient on a Table, be­ing first bound, and held, as a­bove: then through the Ʋre­thra pass a Director into the Bladder to the Stone: After make an Incision, as aforesaid, in the hollow of the Director; put in the Conductor, taking the Director out; then pass through the Wound the Forceps or Lapidillum, or other fit In­strument, by which the Stone may be both layed hold on, and drawn forth, not making use of the Fingers in the Anus, except great necessity urge it.

XXIII. If the Stone is bigger than the Orifice, so that it cannot come forth, the Wound must be in­larged either by Incision, or the Di­lator; or else the Stone must be broken in pieces by the Forceps, and so drawn forth in Parts; after this, dry, stop the Blood, bind up, and consolidate, as we taught before.

XXIV. But if the Wound be too great, give it a stitch, and put in a Silver Pipe two or three days; that thereby the concreted Blood, Slime, Tartarous Mat­ter, and Sandy Urine may be compleatly brought forth, be­fore the healing up.

III. Apparatus Hypogastricus.

XXV. Lithotomia by the Ap­paratus Hypogastricus, which is the third way of Cutting. The man­ner is thus: Let the Patient be laid and held fast, upon a Mat­teress or Quilt; then let a Ser­vant thrust his fore and middle Fingers one after another into the Anus, up the Intestinum Re­ctum, to make the Stone rise as high as one can; this done,

XXVI. Let the Operator make Incision gently above the Groin, and on the side of the Linea Alba, to wit, in the Right Muscle a­bove the Os Pubis, according to the Ductus of its Fibres, and by the assistance of the Lapidillum or Forceps, take forth the Stone.

XXVII. The bottom of the Bladder may without doubt be o­pened without hurting the Parts of the Abdomen, because it is situ­ated between the duplicature of the Peritonaeum: And the fuller it is of Urine, the more appa­rent it will be.

XXVIII. The Cure is to be per­formed as of Simple Wounds in the Abdomen; or you may other­wise change the Method, ac­cording as Symptoms are pre­sent; and Experience has taught us, that Wounds of the Bladder are not Mortal.

XXIX. De Franco was the first that practised this Operation, which is called Apparatus Hypo­gastricus, or the High Operation, because it is performed in the Hypogaster; and though he does not advise the doing of it, yet if there be a necessity for it, he says it is not impracticable.

XXX. If any one would practise this High Operation, it would be necessary for him to try many Ex­periments on Dead Bodies, after the Water is taken out of the Blad­der: Yet after all, by reason of the danger thereof, it is now quite out of use.

XXXI. The manner of perform­ing these Operations in Women is the same, save the Fingers are not put into the Anus, but into the Vulva, where the Catheter and Director must be straight, and much shorter than those used for Men: But Stones are often drawn out of Womens Bladders as big as a Walnut, and that without Incision, only by for­cing it with the Fingers.

XXXII. Note also, that where­as at Sect. 23. above, advice is given to break the Stone with the Forceps, it may prove of ill conse­quence to the Patient, if any bits of it remaining within, should be the occasion of its breeding again: In this Case therefore, it will be much better to make the Ori­fice so wide at first, as that it may be taken out whole.

XXXIII. The Cordial afore­prescribed, is to be given upon Fainting or Convulsions, or any kind of Sickness at Heart. The Astringent Bath is to put the Pa­tient into, as soon as Cut, as [Page 81] warm as he can endure it, in which he is to sit for some time, according to the Method of some Practisers. The Astringent Pou­der is for stopping of the Bleed­ing; and the other things, as Balsams and Emplaster, are after to be applied, according as the Intentions of the Cure require.

I. The Common Way, in the Sound Part.

V. The Body ought first to be purged with Ʋniversals; after which, before the Operation, the Spirits ought to be raised with Cordials; of which, this is excellent: ℞ Canary ℥iv. of our Aqua Bezoartica ʒvi. Juice of Alkermes ℥j. mix them for a Dose.

VI. Some Authors say, That this Operation is most conveniently done in the Joint, but then the Cure is rendred the more difficult, and the use of the other part alto­gether lost: Therefore the Ex­tirpation is much better to be done, two or three Fingers breadth, or more, below the Joint; except the Mortification has seized the uppermost part of the Arms or Thighs, then you must necessarily take the Joint it self.

VII. The Amputation is also more safe in the Sound Part than in the Dead, though the former is accompanied with the greater pain. But Woodall, and some others, perform it in the Dead Part.

VIII. The Common Way is this, 1. Prepare the Body with good Diet, as Yolks of Eggs, Toast dipt in Muscadine, Tent, Alicant, or Canary: And let the Patient be purged for some days before­hand with Cassia new drawn, and such gentle Lenitives; let him take three or four times a day Confectio Alkermes of Our Prescription, (see Pharm. Lond. Lib. 4. Cap. 22. Sect. 2.)

IX. 2. Have in a readiness, 1. Two Saws, lest one should break. 2. A Dismembring Knife and Cat­lin. 3. Several Rowlers, five or six Yards long. 4. Three great Needles (not much now in use.) 5. Boulsters, greater and lesser. 6. Pledgets of Tow, greater and lesser. 7. Dorsels and Buttons, of several sizes. 8. A large Bowl, with Ashes, Water, and Vinegar.

X. 3. Then the Patient being conveniently seated, draw up all the soft Parts with a strong Hand, after make a Ligature hard, girt­ing it strongly, and pressing pow­erfully upon the great Vessels, with your Fingers, which may in part also keep the Patient steady.

XI. 4. This done, with the Dis­membring Knife, cut the Skin and Flesh round, very speedily, to the Bone. If it be in the Leg, or be­low the Elbow, divide the Flesh between the Fossiles with the Incision Knife; after separate the Periostion from the Bone, by scraping of it either with the edge or back of the Incision Knife.

XII. 5. With a sharp Saw, cut the Bone as near to the living Flesh as may be.

XIII. 6. The Operation thus over, there will be a Flux of Blood, which if it be not too great, you may stay it only by such Medi­cines as stop Blood, as Pulvis Dysentericus Crollii, Pulvis Sper­niola Crollii; or rather with Pou­ders causing an Escar; thus you may mix equal parts of Ʋm­ber and unslakt Lime together, with a little Hair in Pouder or [Page 94] Ashes of an old Hat, which re­duce into an Ointment with the White of an Egg.

XIV. Or this: ℞ white Starch ℥vi. Sanguis Draconis, Frankin­cense, a. ℥j. fine Bole, Terra Si­gillata, a. ℥ss. Gypsum ℥jss. Frogs prepared ℥ij. Moss of Mens Skulls ℥j. Hares hair cut small ʒij. Tragacanth in Pouder, Spunge Torrefied in Pouder, a. ʒj. mix, and make a subtile Pouder.

XV. But if the Flux is great, you must use an Actual Cautery to the Mouths of the Vessels, other­wise in the use of the aforesaid Pouders, take four of your great­est Buttons, made of Tow moist­ned well in Posca, which arm with either of the said Pouders, and apply them to the great Vessels, speedily applying over them a thick Bed, made of Tow, dipt also in Posca, and spread thick over with the Pouder.

XVI. 7. Have another Bed made so much larger, as to reach an Inch or two over every side round, and armed with the Pou­ders as aforesaid, to be laid over the former; on which draw a Bladder, and on it make a Liga­ture an Inch broad near the top, over all these lay a fourfold Lin­nen Cloth.

XVII. 8. But if the Flux be great, and the Patient refuses the Actual Cautery; then, as soon as the Member is taken off, let the Skin together with the Flesh, in four distinct places opposite one to the other, be taken up with a Needle and waxed Thread, and the Ligature loosned above, or drawn down, that if possible they may meet.

XVIII. This way is painful and troublesome, and therefore sel­dom to be used, yet it stays the Hae­morrhage, preserves the Bone from all danger, and makes the Wound to be the sooner Cu­red.

XIX. 9. If you use not the Bladder, be sure your Buttons be ready to apply to the place where the Blood appears, as you roul up the part: And having loosed the Ligature, roul up the Member with Swaths dipt in Oxycrate, applying to the next Joint above, a Defensative.

XX. 10. Observe, that unless there be great pain, that you dress it not till the third day; then have in readiness Stuphes and good Roulers, the first may be dipt in White-wine, or S.V. to be laid on the former Applica­tions, that they may be the more easily removed, which do very gently.

XXI. If the Bed next the Wound stick, remove it not till the third dressing: The Applica­tions being removed, strew the Vessels, with some of the former Pouders of Crollius, on which apply three or four Pledgets, with Whites of Eggs dipt in the Pouder.

XXII. On these, and the rest of the Wound, apply Basilicon, Balsa­mum Terebinthinae, or Balsa­mum Arcaei, till there is digesti­on. Or this: ℞ Strasburgh Turpentine ℥iij. Oil of Roses ℥ij. Gum Elemi dissolved in the Oil, and strained ʒss. Saffron ʒss. mix, and make an Ointment.

XXIII. 11. After Digestion, mundifie with Apostolorum, or [Page 95] Hartman's Vulnerary Balsam, or Ung. è succis aperitivis. Or with this: ℞ Turpentine ℥iij. Meals of Orrice Root, and of Bar­ley, Pouder of round Birthwort Root, a. ℥ss. Honey of Roses ℥j. S.V. ℥ss. Mithridate ʒij. mix, and make a Mundificative. Or this: ℞ Juices of Parsly, Smal­lage, Scordium, Plantane, Rue, a. ℥iv. Juices of Self-heal, All­heal, a. ℥ij. Honey of Roses lbj. boil to the thickness of a Syrup, to which add Pouders of the Roots of round Birthwort, Angelica, Swal­low-wort, Meal of Lupins, Mi­thridate, a. ℥j. S.V. ℥ij. mix them, then Incarnate, and dry with Pulvis Dysentericus Crollij: It dries without any biting pro­perty.

XXIV. Over this you may apply some Glutinative Emplaster, as Ceratum ex pelle Arietina Ar­noldi de Villa Nova, Empla­strum Gratia Dei, or the like.

XXV. 12. If proud Flesh a­rises, use Ung. Aegyptiacum laid on hot, upon which lay another Pledget, and so dress it up for a­bout two days: The next dres­sing use only dry Lint or Flax, by this means the great sensibili­ty of the Ulcer will be abated; or to eat the Flesh away, you may lay on burnt Alum mixt with Vitriol, burnt Ceruse, and burnt Lead.

XXVI. At every dressing, en­deavour to draw the Skin and Muscles together by degrees, that the Bone may be covered; it is best done with the dry Stitch ap­plied a Fingers breadth from the Lips of the Wound, round a­bout the Member, &c.

XXVII. Lastly, Fingers and Toes, yea Hands and Feet, as al­so superfluous Joints, may be re­moved by Chizels, &c. of which see Scultetus Tab. 27. Fig. 12. and 15. but the Saw is best.

XXVIII. If Humidities a­bound, ℞ Pouders of Roots of Hog-fennel, round Birthwort, Flo­rentine Orrice, Pine bark, and Lignum Guajaci, a. ℥ss. mix, and strew it on the Ulcer once or twice a day. It dries with­out biting, and will cause the scaling of the Bone, which will be within thirty or forty days.

II. Aquapendens his Way, in the Dead Part.

XXIX. This is done in the Dead Part, but near the Sound, yet not too near it: Let two strong Men hold both Parts of the Mem­ber very steady, then begin the Operation: The Part being ta­ken off, remove as much dead Flesh as may be; then with red hot Cauteries, sear the dead Part, and therewith heat the end of the Bone, till such time as the Patient perceives the heat of the Fire.

XXX. After that, make a fo­mentation with a good Lixivium, as in a Gangrene, which apply (not too hot) for about half an hour: This done apply Stuphes very warm to the Part, binding it up; within the space of two or three days, there will be a separation of the mortified Part from the sound.

XXXI. At second dressing do the like again, and cutting off the dead Flesh with Sciffers, forget not to [Page 96] heat the Bone; but beware of an Haemorrhage stealing upon you, for which you ought to be pro­vided, as aforesaid.

XXXII. Some Authors say, That the dead Flesh toucht with Oil of Vitriol or Sulphur, as in a Gangrene, may be better, and less dangerous.

XXXIII. Now here is to be no­ted, 1. That the Body must be before-hand prepared, as aforesaid. 2. That in a Sphacelus caused from a defect of Innate heat, the former way is the better, viz. Amputating in the Sound Part. 3. But in a very slow Sphacelus, sprung from an Internal Cause, in a Body otherwise Sound, this latter way is the best. 4. That this way causes very little pain, and puts a sudden stop to the Putrefaction. 5. That by this Method, a Flux of Blood is not to be feared, &c.

I. Of FRICTION.

II. Friction is a rubbing of the whole Body, or of some of its Parts, as Head, Back, Shoul­ders, Arms, Thighs, Legs, &c. with course Cloths, or other proper things.

III. The Intention is, to disperse Humours, Excrements, Spirits, loosen Obstructions, open the Pores, divert Fluxes and Rheums, cause free Circulation of the Blood, prevent Scabs, Itch, Pustules, Breakings out, Tumours, Cramps, and take away cold pains, (cau­sed through Congelation) in most parts of the Body.

IV. It is to be done with awarm Hand, Spunge, or course Linnen Clothwarmed; beginning at first softly, and increasing by de­grees, till the place becomes red, first from lower Parts, and so ascending upwards.

V. If it be done soft and long, it opens the Pores, and wastes the Humours: if hard and short, it makes the Skin red for a time: if hard and long, it fastens and makes the Flesh hard, and stirs up natural heat.

II. BATHING.

VI. Baths are either Natural, or Artificial.

VII. Natural Baths are chiefly those at Bath (supposed to spring from Sulphur, and some Golden Mineral, Iron, &c.)

VIII. They are used in Palsies, Sciatica's, Numbness, Hardness, and Contractions of the Nerves, Morphew, Scabs, Scurf, old Sores, Tumors, old Pains, Dis­eases of the Joints, Liver, Spleen, Itch, Leprosie, &c.

IX. Artificial Baths are made in Imitation of the Natural, and to the same intentions and pur­poses: of which you may see several forms in Our Pharmac. Lond. which may easily be made much stronger, by the Solution of proper Minerals therein.

X. They are used either to the whole Body, or to a Part only; not too hot, for fear of hurting, and always after due purging.

XI. The time is chiefly at Eight in the Morning, and about Five in the Afternoon: At first, stay in not much above half an hour; the following times you may stay in an hour or two, as your strength and conveniency will serve.

XII. Being too much used, they dry and weaken the Body: Their use is to ease Pain, open the Pores, evacuate superfluous Hu­mours, resolve, make thin, heat, cool, dry, moisten, cure Gouts, Sciatica's, Poxes, Leprosies, &c.

XIII. An Artificial Bath of Sulphur may be thus made. Take Flowers of Sulphur ℥xx. Salt of Tartar or Pot-ashes ℥x. Water lbx. mix, and boil for two hours, or something more, almost conti­nually stirring it; then put it all together into a Bathing-tub almost full of warm Water, fit for Bathing in. It is excellent against Scabs, Itch, Scurf, Morphew, Lepro­sie, French-Pox, and other Breakings out.

II. SWEATING.

XIV. Sweating, it is used for all the same Intentions and Pur­poses that Baths are designed for, and no ways inferiour to them; and being used three or four times a Year, is found to be a good expedient against the Scurvy, and to preserve the Bo­dy in Health.

XV. Go into it in the Morning, with an empty Stomach (as to Food,) but it will be good to be repleat with two or three Glasses of Sack.

XVI. In the time of the Sweat, give some pleasant Sudorifick Cor­dial, a little sharpned with Oil of Vitriol or Sulphur. Take Black-Cherry-water ℥ij. Our Aqua Be­zoartica ℥j. Syrup of Citrons ℥ss. mix them. Or thus: Take Car­duus Water ℥ij. Our Aqua Bezo­artica ℥j. Syrup of Red Poppies ℥ss. Spirit of Sulphur, enough to give it a grateful acidity.

XVII. Stay in as long as may be conveniently, but come forth before Fainting, wiping off (in the mean season) the Sweat with warmed Napkins.

XVIII. Then let the Patient be immediately laid in a warm Bed, and covered with Cloths, where let them Sweat well again for two or three Hours, and if they can, repose themselves to sleep.

XIX. If they enter into the Sweat about seven or eight in the Morning, they may rise before Dinner, and use gentle Exercise, keeping themselves warm, be­cause the Pores are open.

XX. The way of doing it, is in Hartman's Chair, with Spirit of Wine set on Fire: Which certain­ly was one of the most happy In­ventions in the World: I shall omit the description of it at this time, because it is now com­mon in London.

IV. FASTING.

XXI. Fasting is of use (whilst the Body is emptying) to lessen the quantity of Humors, by hindering their Generation, and this chiefly in universal ill habits, and el­derly people: For Children are scarcely able to bear it, nor Cho­lerick People; for Bile causes a vast Consumption of Humi­dity.

XXII. This possibly is one of the most useful courses in the whole Art of Physick or Chirurgery; for as much as many Diseases may be cured by Fasting alone, which no other course could do any good in.

XXIII. Besides, the Stomach being empty, draw Humours from all other Parts of the Body; by which means they come to be removed, and so cast forth in the common Draught, with the other Recrements of the Body.

XXIV. More especially, it is to be used in all Diseases proceeding from fulness, for in them it makes an Alteration almost to a Mira­cle; and therefore it is of great use in Surfeits of every kind, and Diseases proceeding from Gluttony, Gormandizing, and Drunkenness.

I. Of the Eyes.

III. If therefore, the Eye hap­pen to be broken, or put out by any Violence or Inflammation, or if it waste or consume, by reason of a Consumption of its proper Sub­stance, there can be no hope to restore the Sight or Function of the Eye; but you may cover the Deformity of the Eye so lost, by another Eye Artificially made of Gold, Silver or Glass, coun­terfeited and Enamel'd, so as it may seem to have the Bright­ness, Decency, and Life of the Natural Eye; which may be put into the place of the Eye so lost.

IV. If it cannot be worn, being put into the place, you must make a stiff Iron or Brass Wire, like unto Womens Ear Wires; which may be so formed, as to bind the Head harder or looser (as the Patient shall see reason) from the lower Part of the Head be­hind, above the Ear, unto the greater Corner of the Eye.

V. This Wire ought to be cover­ed with Silk, and made somewhat broad at both ends, lest that the sharpness thereof should hurt any part it comes to; but the end in which the Artificial Eye must be put, ought to be broader than the other, and covered with a thin piece of Leather, that up­on it the Colours and liveliness of the Eye may be shadowed and Counterfeited.

II. Of the Nose.

VI. If the Nose be lost, it is requisite to make a Nose-Artificial of Gold, Silver, Tin, Paper, or Linnen Cloth glewed together; and it ought to be Coloured, Coun­terfeited and made, both for Fashion, Figure and Bigness, [Page 124] that it may as much as possible, resemble a natural Nose.

VII. This Artificial Nose must be stayed with little Threads or Strings, unto the hinder part of the Head, or a Cap upon the Head: And if any part of the upper Lip is lost with the Nose, you may shadow it with an Appendix to the Nose, and Counterfeit it according to Art, like the for­mer.

III. Of the Ears.

VIII. The Ear is gone, either wholly or in part: If it be wholly wanting, another must be made of Paper Artificially glewed to­gether; or else of Leather, which is much better, and so fastned with Laces from the top or hin­der part of the Head, that it may stand in the appointed place.

IX. Or you may have an Arti­ficial Ear made of Leather, and Counterfeited or Painted, so that it may resemble the Shape and Co­lour of a Natural Ear; which may be retained in the place where it ought to stand, with a Steel or Brass Wire coming from the top, or hinder Part of the Head, as we have before spoken of the Eye.

X. If the Ear be only lost in part, it ought not to be neglected; but you must make many holes in the remaining part, with a Bodkin; and after that the holes are cica­trized, or healed, let some con­venient thing be artificially for­med, like unto the part of the Ear lost, which being shadowed and Painted, let it be tied, or fastned, unto the remaining part by those holes.

IV. Of the Palate.

XI. If a part or portion of the Bone of the Palate being broken by any accident, is lost; or corroded, through the Virulency of the Pox, falls away (as is usual,) where­by the Patients cannot easily pro­nounce their words, but ob­scurely, and with snuffling; this is to be remedied by an Artifi­cial Palate, or a Plate filling the Vacancy in the Roof of the Mouth.

XII. It ought to be made of Gold or Silver, a little bigger than the Cavity it self is, as thick in the middle nearly as a Crown-piece, and in form like unto a Dish: On the upper side, which shall be towards the Head or Brain, a little Spunge must be fastned, which when it is moistned with the moisture distilling from the Head and Brain, will be swollen and puffed up, so that it will fill the Cavity of the Palate, that the Artificial one shall not fall down, but stand fast and firm, as if it stood of it self.

V. Of the Teeth.

XIII. If the fore Teeth are broken, or come forth of their places, causing a Deformity to the Mouth, or causing a Lisping, and hindring a right Pronounciation; other Teeth are Artificially made of Bone or Ivory, which may be put in the place of those which are wanting.

XIV. They must be joined fast one to another, and also so fastned unto the Natural Teeth adjoining, [Page 125] which are whole; And this must be done with fine Gold or Silver Wire; or, for want of them, with a common well twisted Thread of Silk, throughly wax­ed for strength sake.

I. Of Wounds, Mortal, Dange­rous and Safe.

III. Of Wounds, some are Mor­tal; some Dangerous; some Safe. Those Wounds may be called Mortal, which are made in a Principal Part; and therefore they are denominated from the Nature and Quality of the Parts, alone: For from the Essence of the Wound, it cannot be, because a Wound, as to its Es­sence is the same in all Parts, it being a fresh Solution of U­nity in a soft Part; so that, were any Wound in its Essence Mortal, all Wounds would for that reason be Mortal, and none Safe.

IV. Whether Wounds may be said to be Mortal, from any supervening Symptom: 'Tis true, if grievous Symptoms come between, such a Man must be mortally affected; but in truth, no Wound has from the Symptoms any thing, why it should be Mortal; for if [Page 127] a Man was wounded in his Foot, and an Inflammation, Gan­grene, or Convulsion should follow upon it, whereby the Patient should die, must the Wound therefore be said to be Mortal? If so, all Wounds may be so denominated. There­fore, though supervening Sym­ptoms may bring Death, yet they can never alter the Nature of a Wound.

V. What Wounds then may be said to be Mortal? Truly all such as are made in the Prin­cipal Parts and Fountains of the Body; as the Brain, Heart, Li­ver, Stomach, (from the great Necessity of its Action) and Spinal Marrow, (from its great Affinity with the Brain:) Also such as are made in those Parts, which once divided, scarcely ever grow together again; and yet they exercise some neces­sary Action of Life; as the Dia­phragma, Small Guts, and Blad­der: Lastly, such Parts, as by their large Effusion of Blood, or Spirits, destroy Life, as the great Arteries and Veins. And Hippocrates, Praedict. 2. Aph. 6. and in some other places, dis­coursing of Mortal Wounds, takes them from the Nature of the wounded Part, and never from any thing else. Yet, if a Man be bit in the Finger by a Viper, or a Rattle-Snake, that may be said to be a Mortal Wound, though neither the Quality of the Part, nor Great­ness of the Wound makes it so; but that is so, only from the Quality of the Poison infused.

VI. Invisible Wounds in the Great Arteries and Veins, never bring Death, without the inter­vening of heavy Symptoms. From whence it appears, that those Symptoms, through whose in­tervention wounded Persons seem to die, do always follow the Nature, Quality, and Ex­cellency of the wounded Part: So if the Mouth of the Stomach should be wounded, Swooning necessarily supervening, kills the Patient: If the Brain be wounded, a Convulsion, or A­poplexy supervening, the Party dies: So that Mortal Wounds wholly depend upon the Nature of the Parts wounded; and whatever Symptoms supervene, they always succeed according to the Nature and Property of the Part.

VII. Such Wounds are dange­rous, as are inflicted on the less Noble or Principal Parts; as a Wound of the Lungs, Spleen, Testicles, Womb, &c. For Wounds of the Lungs have been healed, so also Wounds of the Womb; and the Spleen and Testicles have been totally taken away, and the Animal has done well again: These are such Wounds, as Galen says, have an equal tendency to Life or Death. And to these, such Wounds as are called Cacoethe, or Malig­nant, and such as are Contu­macious to Cure, may be refer­red; also such as touch the ex­tream Parts of the Liver, or the Meninges of the Brain.

VIII. Such Wounds are safe, which are in Places remote from the Principal Parts, and are void of dangerous Symptoms: That is [Page 128] to say, such as tend according to the Course of Nature, to Recovery; but these Parts are manifold, and of various kinds, according to their Place and Si­tuation, Majority or Minority, and other proper Circumstances.

II. Of Wounds, Great.

IX. Wounds, says Paraeus, are called Great in a threefold re­spect; the First is from the Great­ness of the Dissolved Ʋnity, or Resolution of Continuity. And such are those Wounds, which made by a violent stroke of a Back Sword, have cut off an Arm or a Leg, or have wounded the Brest over-thwart.

X. The Second is, from the Dignity or Worthiness of the Part: Now this Dignity depends on the Excellency of the Action; thus any little Wound made with a Bodkin or Tuck, in any Part whose Substance is Noble, as the Brain, Heart, Liver, or any other Part, whose Action and Function is necessary to preserve Life, as the Wind­pipe, Lungs, Bladder, is judged Great.

XI. The Third is, from the ill Habit, or Abundance of ill Hu­mours, or Debility of the wound­ed Person: So Wounds made in the Nervous Parts, and old de­cayed People, are said to be Great; but in searching of Wounds, the Chirurgian ought to take Care, that he be not de­ceived by his Probe; for some­times it cannot go into the bottom of the Wound, but stops and sticks by the way; either because the Patient is not placed in the same Posture he was in, when he received the Wound; or else, for that the stroke being made down-right, slipt aside to the right or left Hand; or upwards, or down­wards; whereby, expecting that the Wound is but small, may judge that it may be cured in a short time, whenas it may ei­ther be long in Curing, Dange­rous, or Mortal.

XII. For this Cause sake, in some Cases the Artist ought for some time to suspend his Judg­ment. For from the First day it behoves him to suspend his Prognosticks of the Wound, un­til the Ninth, because in such a space of time, the Accidents may truely shew themselves, whether they be Small or Great, according to the Condition of the Wound, and Habit of the wounded Person; State of the Air, Season of the Year, or o­ther Qualities attendant.

III. Diseases, Great or Small, Long or Short, Mortal, or not.

XIII. But mostly the Signs where­by we may judge, whether Diseases are Great or Small, Long or Short, Mortal, or not, are four. They are drawn either from the Na­ture and Essence of the Disease; or from the Cause, or the Effects thereof; or from the Simili­tude, Proportion and Compa­rison of those Diseases, with the Season, or Constitution of the Time; as whether it be Health­ful or Sickly, Malign, Pestilen­tial, or otherwise.

XIV. Being called therefore to a Green Wound, whose Essence, and Nature, and Danger, is no other but a simple Solution of Continuity in the Musculous Flesh; we may presently pronounce, that the Wound is of no danger, but will soon be Cured: But if it have an Ulcer with it, or is Sa­nious, then we may say, it will be more difficult, and long in Curing; and so of all other Dis­eases, taking the Signs from their Essence and Nature.

XV. What are the Signs taken from the Causes. Those which are taken from the Magnitude, Weight, and Form of the Wea­pon, or other Matter causing. So a Wound made with a heavy and sharp Edged, or Pointed, Weapon, as a Halbert, if the Blow be with great Violence, must be accounted great; and also Mortal, if the Accidents be corresponding.

XVI. What are the Signs, from the Effects. Truly if a Patient fall to the Ground, through the Violence of the stroke; if a Cholerick Vomiting follow thereon; if his Sight fail him, and there be a Vertigo; if Blood comes forth at his Eyes and Nose, and if Distraction or a Delirium follow, with loss of Memory, and Sense of Feeling; we may say, that the hope of Life is small; and that it only remains to be presaged from the Similitude and Comparison of the Wound, with respect to the Season, and Constitution of the Time.

XVII. What are the Signs from the Similitude, &c. These are taken from the likeness of the affect, to another of the same kind; also the Likeness and Comparison of the Season, con­sidered in respect to its Con­stitution: For at some time, through fault of the Air, and evil Humours in Mens Bodies, and the Disturbance of them, most Gun-Shot Wounds are Mortal: So in some Seasons, the Measles, Small-Pox, Vomi­ting, Fluxes and Fevers, carry with them a kind of Pestilent Contagion; whereby, in such Constitutions of the Air, the Judgments of Diseases are the less difficult.

IV. Wounds considered, in respect to the Parts hurt.

XVIII. All Wounds received in the Outside; and Forepart of the Body, do for the most part hurt Extension; and what are received on the Inside, Flexion, or Bending. For Galen demonstrates, that Inside Muscles serve for bend­ing of a Part, and External for stretching it out. A Muscle so long operates, as it is contract­ed towards its beginning, and draws the part moved, towards that; whether it be done by drawing the whole Muscle to that they call the Head; or when it is drawn in the whole, or altogether.

XIX. Whether the External or Internal Muscles are cut asunder, in both, the Figure of the Part re­mains immoveable. For neither Extension is lost alone, nor Fle­xion alone, but both continue, and both are lost together; not that the Operation really pe­rishes, whose Muscles are in­tire; [Page 130] but because those Muscles succeed one another in their Operations by turns: For the internal bending Muscle being whole, the external Extensor being cut, at first indeed you may bend the Part, but you cannot bend it again, unless you extend it with something else: & contra, if the internal Muscle or Bender is cut, the External, or Extensor, being whole, this will extend at first, but no more afterwards, unless the Part be bended with your Hand again; for then the whole Muscle will perform its Operation again.

XX. Since some Parts are com­posed of many Joints, it sometime happens, that the Function of the Part where the Wound is made, is not always hurt, but of an ad­joining Part, which is tied to the wounded Part by Articulation: Because Muscles are derived from superjacent Bones, where­in there are Acetabula, and are inserted after the beginnings of the subjacent, which are to be moved; and by these intense Muscles, when their Heads are drawn upwards, the whole Mem­ber is drawn up with them.

XXI. So that if a Wound is made in the Brachium, it will hurt the Functions of the Cubit; if it be made in the Scapula, it will hurt the Functions of the Brachium, &c. But the use of a Part is not always lost, by the cutting of one Muscle, where several Muscles conspire to that one Action; and therefore the cutting of that singular Muscle, is not sufficient for the whole Action of the Part.

V. What the Event of the Wound may be.

XXII. If it should be demand­ed of us in a Court of Judicature, what the Issue of a Wound may be, before the Event is seen; as, whether the Man will be Lame, or made Imperfect in any of his Functions: To that we answer, that great care is to be taken in this Matter, that no room may be left for reprehension, so as to lay the blame upon the Physicians Cure, and not upon the Wound received: But this you are to understand, that we intend not here all kinds of Hurts, but of some which have respect to the Animal Function; to wit, such as are External, whereby some manifest and vo­luntary Motion is hurt: But the Evil which is done to the Na­tural and Vital Instruments, are not intended here, because upon Recovery, no such Im­ment may be left, as may obstruct the doing his ordinary Affairs.

XXIII. For, if the Heart, Lungs, Liver, Stomach, Arte­ries, or Veins, should be hurt or wounded, it either kills the Pa­tient, or he escapes: If he escapes, he may perform voluntary Mo­tions, and go about his ordinary Occasions.

XXIV. From what has been said, it may be deduced, that a Muscle is the Instrument of Spon­taneous or voluntary Motion; to wit, of that Motion, which is at the command of our Will: For there is no Part in the whole Body, which if it has a Sponta­neous Motion, but it has Muscles inserted into it; which Muscle [Page 131] is said to consist of three Parts, 1. The Beginning, which is called the Head and Rise of the Muscle, coming from the Bone. 2. The Middle, or Belly, which is of a carnous or fleshy Sub­stance, with many Fibres dis­persed in it, from Ligaments and Nerves. 3. The two Ends, which are Nervous: Now the end of a Muscle is called a Ten­don, because its Action is to extend, and the Muscle ends in it, being made up of many mixt Fibres, and is inserted either into a Bone, or into another Muscle, to wit, into that Part which is to be moved. And though Galen may say, that a Tendon, not a Muscle, is the Instrument of voluntary Moti­on, the Difference is not great; for a Tendon is indeed a part of a Muscle, and that to which the Action is principally owing; but the Muscle is the entire In­strument of Moving, so that it makes not much, whether the Property of the Function be at­tributed to the one or the other.

XXV. A Muscle then being the Instrument of voluntary Motion, if the Muscle be hurt, the Motion of the Part familiar to the Muscle, [...]st needs be hurt. If a Muscle [...] Incised, its Motion is only [...]urt; but if it be cut transverse at right Angles, or asunder, its Motion will be lost in the subject Parts: Now the mea­sure of the Hurt is proportional to the measure of the Section; more Motion being lost in grea­ter Sections, and less in lesser.

XXVI. What has been said of a Muscle, the same is to be under­stood of a Tendon. For if you cut them quite asunder, you de­stroy the Motion of that Part; if you make Incision, you will so far hurt it as you make Inci­sion; and the same thing is to be understood of the Heads of the Muscles; for when the Head of a Muscle is cut, it per­forms (as Galen says) its Motion no more.

XXVII. If therefore a Muscle has but one Head, if that be cut, it is deprived of its whole Action; but if it have more Heads, the whole Action will not be lost, un­less they be all cut. For it is not every cutting of a Muscle which takes away the use of a Part, but only that which is trans­verse, or made at right Angles: and this a Physician ought to know, who would presage or foretel the Hurt of a Part; though, I confess, in some Cases, and in some Parts, it is very difficult.

VI. In a dead Person, whether the Wound was made before, or after Death?

XXVIII. If a wounded Body be found Dead, and it be enquired whe­ther the Wounds were given whilst the Person was alive, or after they were dead. Look then upon the Wound, and if the Lips thereof are red and bloody, and the Place about it black and blew, the Wound was made whilst a­live; but if no Signs of Blood appear, the Wound was made after Death; because, the Blood being cold and coagulated, it could not flow to the Part hurt or wounded.

I. By Blows, or Beating.

II. Since many die suddenly by Blows, or Beating, whence comes Contusions, Tumors, &c. It is necessary to enquire into the manner, how Death is induced thereby, and of what Conse­quence or Danger, such Blows, Beating, or Contusion may be.

III. Where Blackness, Blewness, or Lividness appears, a Blow, or some private Nipping may be judg­ed. But this ought to be in a Part fleshy, and where the Ca­pillary Arteries or Veins are; for they being broken by the force of the Blow, Beating, Nipping, &c. pour forth their Blood, where, being extravasated, it contracts that discolor.

IV. But every bruised Part does not always appear black and blew; and the Reason is, be­cause it is void of those Vessels, as Nervous Parts are, or else they lie deep in the Part, so that the Blood cannot flow to the external Parts: And there­fore, if a Nervous Part be hurt, you will find neither Discolor, nor Ecchymosis.

V. And sometimes a blackness and blewness may be, where no ex­ternal Violence has gone before. This is evident in many who die of Poison; and in some Pleu­riticks, whose Side looks livid like a Bruise, as Hippocrates de Acutor. Lib. 1. says. And in Epidem. 4. he says, One that died of a Dropsie, had his Hy­pochonder look red, as if the Body had been beaten with Stripes. Also, some dying of a Fever, or some other sponta­nous and internal Disease; the Reason of which seems to be the mighty struggling of Na­ture, which she violently exerts in Extremity, thrusting forth the Blood thither; which being void of Spirit and Life, turns livid, as is manifest after a par­ticular manner, in the Plague and Spotted Fever.

VI. Blows, Beating, Nipping, or Falls, which occasion Bruising, cause Death two ways, either be­cause they break or tear the Bowels, Membranes, Nerves and great Vessels; or because they excite vio­lent Pain, whence comes a Fever. In these cases therefore, a vio­lent Blow being upon a Part, under which some great Vessel lies; as the Epigastrum, which contains great Veins and Arte­ries, Blood may be voided by Excretion out of the Brest, or by the Urinary Passages.

VII. But if the Mouth of the Stomach receives a Blow, a ve­hement Pain is generally excited, which kills the Patient. And here it is not necessary that Blood should come away; nor indeed is Excretion of Blood to be expected from every Blow on the Head.

VIII. Death may also be caused by a blow on the Head, more espe­cially on the Temporal Muscles. Because these produce dreadful Symptoms, as an Apoplexy, Catochus, Convulsions, and the like, from the Concussion and Compression of the Brain, and Interception of the Animal Spi­rits: And the Head may be so weak, as a very slight blow may endanger all this; and if the blow be very violent, Blood may come out at the Ears and Nose, and sometimes at the Mouth also.

IX. But neither Discolor, nor Bleeding are the certain Signs of a Man's dying by Blows or Beating; because these may sometimes be present, where the other never went before; so that it is not safe, positively to determine upon this ground; though when these two Signs do appear, and there was no other manifest cause of Death, Blows, or Beating, are much to be suspected.

II. By External Suffocation.

X. Several who have been se­cretly Suffocated by a Murtherer, do not presently afford any Sign of it: Wherefore, he that is re­quired to make a Report in such a Case, ought not rashly to judge, but be very considerate, lest he lay the fault where truly it ought not to lie.

XI. Now this may be caused by Drowning, or forcibly stopping of the Mouth and Nose, or a String, or the Inspiration of a Sulphurous Air. Now by Suffocation, I mean such a Violence done to the Instruments of Breathing, which hindring the Office of Re­spiration, introduces Death.

XII. If a Person be Drowned, there is an unusual Swelling and Flabbiness of the whole Body; the Belly is chiefly swelled, some mucous Excrements come out of the Nose, and frothy stuff out of the Mouth, and the Fin­gers ends seem as if they were worn: For such as are Drown­ed, though at bottom of the Water, strive to get out, where scratching and scrabbling in the Sand, or Gravel, they wear their Fingers.

XIII. Now the swelling of a Body in a drowned Person, is not so much from receiving in the Wa­ter, as from Wind, into which the Humours thereof are turned by a putrid Heat, and secret Fermen­tation; for which reason, this Swelling shows not it self till after some considerable time; upon which, the Body is then said to swim.

XIV. If one be Suffocated, by a forcible stopping of the Mouth and Nose; as with a Pillow, or any thing put into them, or a Cord, you will find this, which is com­mon to all such as are thus Suf­focated, that they will froth at Mouth, and sometimes at the Nose too: For the Expiration of [Page 134] fuliginous Steams being stop'd, they are all violently impelled; for which reason, some of the proper Humidities are expelled together with them.

XV. But if one be Strangled with a Cord, or Rope, the Print of it will appear, chiefly where the Rope crosses. The Head of the Aspera Arteria will be many times bruised, and there will be a Luxation of the second Vertebra of the Cervix, or Neck; the Arms, Legs, and Face will be livid, the Brest swoln, and Urine voided.

XVI. The Reasons of which Ac­cidents are these: The Swelling of the Brest, is from many Fumes arising from the contained Breath within. The Urine flows, be­cause of an unequal straining of the Muscles, which conspiring for the common safety, are con­tracted towards their Original; and the Sphincter growing dead, whereby it loses its Use and Office, lets the Water go. Also the Face, and other Parts of the Body are red, or livid, because the Violence of Strangling is such, that the Expulsive Facul­ty of the whole Body is so irri­tated, as to force all the Blood, and other Juices to the Skin, especially to those Places, which have the larger Vessels, as the Face, Back, Arms, Thighs, &c.

XVII. And opening the Body, you will find the Lungs full of pu­rulent Froth, though the rest of the Viscera may be in good order: And the Head and Brest will be found full of Blood: And if the Breath is stopt by any other way, you may observe the same Signs, except the Print of the Rope.

III. By Internal Suffocation.

XVIII. If a Man, naturally a­bounding with good Humours, and who keeps a wholsom Diet, should die suddenly, or be accidentally found dead, and no Symptoms of external Violence be found on him, you are to enquire whe­ther he lay last in a new Room, lately done with Lime and Mor­tar, or Plaister; or whether he had been shut up in a close Place, where Damps come; or in a close Room, where was no Chimney, and in which Char­coal was burnt; or whether it was an Apoplexy, which many times after Death is attended with a Flux of Blood, or Hu­mours; or faint away and die, by the heat of a Bath, or the like.

XIX. 'Tis possible, that Air containing an inimical Sulphur, may kill, if long and liberally ta­ken in; as is the Air of subter­raneous Vaults, Damps in Mines, new Plaistered Rooms, and the Fumes of Charcoal, not having a Vent to get out at.

XX. So also, where there be­ing no great quantity of Air, the Place is so close, that what is within cannot get forth, nor any fresh come in: For the Principle of Life is maintained by a due Ventilation, and a moderate Refrigeration, without which, the vital Flame will necessarily go out: So that, People which die through the Heat of a Bath, it is not because the Spirits are [Page 135] evacuated, but for want of Re­frigeration, to keep the Flame alive.

XXI. And such who die in new Plaistered Houses, or in the Steams of Charcoal, or in Mines with Damps, or in stinking Caves, Vaults, or Charnel Houses; Die, not so much for want of Air, as because the cold Air is not attra­cted, which is absolutely neces­sary for Respiration; to which add, the stinking and inimical Sulphur, contained in the Air of such impure Places; which, as it were, with a kind of violence, smites the Vital Powers. These Die, not through any fault of the Brain, but for want of Ven­tilation, and by the Malignity of the impure Sulphur.

XXII. But, such who die of an Apoplexy, have a Suffocation of the Animal Spirits, from Matter filling the Ventricles of the Brain; which pressing hard upon the Meninges, compress the Brain, with the little Vessels which carry the Blood, and convey the Spirits to their respective Parts; which failing, the Person pre­sently dies.

XXIII. Now, in Respiration we attract two Things, 1. The Air it self. 2. Its Quality: So that, should we have never so much of the Air, yet, if it be of a hot Sulphureous Quality, the Creature will be as well Suf­focated, as if it inspired no­thing at all; whereas, had it been of a cool Nitrous Quali­ty, it would have refreshed the Spirits, both Vital and A­nimal, and maintained Life; which is overcome by the Blood and Spirits being too much heated.

XXIV. Lastly, Galen says, the only Symptom which is common to all such as have the use of In­spiration intercepted, is that of Frothing. But dying by the means of Sulphureous Fumes, is a less violent Death, than that of being stopt at Mouth and Nose, or being Strangled with a Cord or Rope.

IV. By Thunder and Lightning.

XXV. If a Body be found, and it be demanded, whether it was by Thunder, or any other Mis­chance? If by Thunder, or Lightning, the Body smells strong of Sulphur; also under the Part, whether it be whole or Wounded, the Bones are bro­ken; and if wounded, the Wound is black, and the Body falls on the wounded side, (but Beasts on the contrary side;) and if one be Thunder-struck waking, the Eyes are found shut; but if sleeping, they are found open, and the Body is also free from Corruption.

XXVI. There are three or four kinds of Thunder, or Thunder and Lightning, which hurt three or four several ways. The first, is, that which terebrates, and makes as it were a kind of hole in the Body. The second, is, that which divides or breaks a Body, or tears it into several Parts. The third, is, that which neither bores nor tears, but only burns, and leaves evident Signs of Burning: And this is twofold, 1. That which burns either slightly, like [Page 136] blasting; or so as to consume; or set all on Fire. 2. That which burns, so as only to make the Body black. The fourth, is, that which kills without any Symptoms, or, at most, only changes the natural Co­lour a little, or sometimes makes it blew, pale, purple, or livid.

XXVII. Suppose a Man should be walking with his Friend in the Field, and one of them should be Thunder-struck; and the surviving Man should be Indicted for Mur­ther; it is necessary here, that a Physician should be able to de­termin, that the Innocent might be rescued from the force of Ig­norance and Malice; and to make a Report according to Truth, for Direction sake, in the Case of doing Justice.

XXVIII. Mens Bodies are many ways affected by Thunder, yet two notable Signs are com­mon to all that are Thunder­struck, viz. to have a brown or blackish Color, where the Thun­der strikes, and to be some­what burnt; also to smell like Sulphur: For the Flashes of Lightning, and Strokes of Thun­der are Sulphureous, as Pliny observes.

XXIX. From what has been said then, it will not be hard to find out when any one has been kil­led by Thunder. The Nature of Thunder is Spirituous, and A­ristotle affirms every kind of Thunder to be Spirit, which is only thin and clear, and there­fore not burning; or else thick and fumous, which consumes by burning. Some have fan­cied a Thunder-Bolt to be a Stone, or some hard and solid thing, because it sometimes breaks the Bones in the Body, without much hurting the Flesh, tears great Trees all into bits, and breaks the most hard and solid things: Now this comes not from its Materiality or Solidity, but from its Nature and Violence, which chiefly hurts things which resist it, slightly touching things which give way to it. I have twice seen a Thunder-Bolt fall, which was like a great Pyramis, or Cone of Fire inverted, or the point turned downwards, and the base upwards: I went and viewed the places in which they fell, and found nothing, only the Grass round about its central Point was burnt up, being in Diameter about eighteen or twenty Feet: By which it ap­pears, that Thunder is rather Spirit than Body, or any thing solid, whatever others may ima­gine.

XXX. And therefore, because the Body of Man is almost all over covered with a soft and fleshy Sub­stance, we shall rarely find it brui­sed, but rather burnt or discolor­ed, and sometimes the Bones under the Thunder-stroke broken: As a Sword shall be melted in a Scab­bard by it, the Scabbard being whole; the Wood about Piles inviolate, all the Iron being run down; and Money melted in a Man's Purse, or Pocket, the Purse, or Pocket remaining whole and unhurt.

V. By Poison.

XXXI. If a Man being in Health and Strength, be found dead, if his Body appear black and blew, or be vehemently swell­ed, or be flabby and stinking, it may be concluded his Death came by Poison.

XXXII. But in judging of Poi­son, you are in the first place to consider the Nature of the prin­cipal Poisons, and after what manner they will operate in Man's Body. For some Poisons kill by exciting a violent Fermentati­on, as the Juice of the Berries of deadly Nightshade, swelling the whole Body, as if it would burst; and making the Face, and other Parts, red, black, and blew: Others, as Juice of the Hellebors, Vomit and Purge even to Death; and if the Patient escape with Life, the Nails, Hair, and Skin all come off.

XXXIII. Other Poisons, as Arsenick, corrosive Sublimate, &c. smite the vital Powers with Malignity, causing an exceeding Drought, a Frothing at Mouth, and Sickness at Heart; making the Sick Mad, or look as if Dis­tracted. These, if they be o­pened after Death, will have their Stomach, and other Bow­els, corroded, made black like Soot, and mortified in many Places.

XXXIV. But if the Sick has drank Aqua fortis, Spirit of Ni­tre, Oils of Vitriol or Sulphur, Death is introduced by violent Heat and Corrosion; and when Dead, a violent Fermentation is excited; whence comes a ve­hement Swelling and Puffing up of the Thorax and Abdomen, with a Swelling and Lividness in the Face.

XXXV. But by the late ways of Poisoning used in France, no Symptoms appear at all upon the Body of the Dead. And there­fore in such Cases no Report can be made, but what may be doubtful, or shall be received from the Relatives or Neigh­bours of the Deceased, relating to Circumstances, and other Ac­cidents inducing a strong suspi­cion of Poison.

I. Wounds of the Brain.

I. WOunds of the Brain are said to be Mortal, upon a twofold Cause; 1. Because it is a Principal Part, and the Ori­ginal of the Nerves and Animal Faculty. 2. Because it usually induces many grievous, and for the most part, Mortal Sym­ptoms. [Page 138] As it is a Principal Part, the Spirits are soon wasted or spent, and the prejudice is im­mediately imparted to the whole Body. And, as to the Sym­ptoms, they are Inflammati­on, hurt of the Animal Facul­ty, and Convulsions. Now by Wounds of the Brain, we mean, Wounds of the Meninges, which reach to the Substance of the Brain; also Wounds of the Substance it self. Yet some­times the Meninges have been hurt, the Life being safe, and therefore some Authors will have them to be enumerated among dangerous Wounds.

II. Now when the Brain, or its Membranes are hurt or wounded, Blood comes out at the Nose, and in some, at the Ears; Generally Vomiting of Choler follows, and some have their Senses stupifi­ed, the Eyes turn strangely in the Head; and on the third (and sometimes sooner) or fifth Day, a Delirium is induced; and some have a Convulsion of the Nerves.

III. But if a Membrane only be hurt, the Patient has a notable violent Head-ach, which is en­raged by shutting the Jaws, and holding their Breath, the Eyes are hot, the Tongue falters, and there is Dotage.

IV. If the Substance of the Brain is Wounded, the Patient falls down, and the Voice is lost. The Face is sometimes drawn awry, there is Vomiting of Choler, and a white Humour like Pap runs out at the Ears.

II. Wounds of the Stomach.

V. If the Stomach (says Hip­pocrates) be Wounded, it is Mor­tal. Yet Galen seems doubtful in this Case, because some have been wounded in that Part, and have been cured. In my Opi­nion therefore, it may come a­mong the dangerous Wounds; for if the Stomach be but slight­ly wounded, it will agglutinate. And though Celsus (agreeing with Hippocrates) says, Wounds of the Stomach are Mortal, yet Marcellus Donatus relates, how several wounded in their Sto­machs have recovered; and of late, a Patient of mine in Lon­don, recovered of a Wound in the Stomach.

VI. A Wound in the Outer Tu­nicle easily heals; but if it pierces into the Cavity, it will prove more difficult to Cure. A Wound in the bottom of the Stomach has less of Danger; but a Wound in the Mouth thereof, which is of a very nervous Substance, is desperate, not only for the Ex­cellency of the Part, but for its Communication with the Heart and Brain, and being void of Blood.

VII. If the Stomach then be wounded, the Hiccough follows, with Vomiting of Choler. Meat and Drink are cast up immedi­ately, the Pulse fails, and there are frequent Swoonings: Cold Sweats follow, and the Extream Parts chill and grow cold; and there is a most vehement pain, more especially if the Wound tends upwards.

III. Wounds of the Liver.

VIII. Wounds of the Liver, by reason of a vehement Flux of Blood, are mortal. For the Patient dies by Fluxion of Blood, before agglutination can be made: But this is to be understood of large and deep Wounds, for such as are shallow, and in the edges of it, may be healed. Therefore,

IX. It was the Opinion of Cel­sus, that Wounds of the Liver, in the Vena Porta, were only Mor­tal; and that when the thick part of the Liver was wounded, Death generally ensued: That is, when the Concave or Convex Parts thereof are hurt; but other Wounds thereof are only dan­gerous; and unless happening in a Cacochymick Body, or in one committing some Error, are not hard to heal.

X. Now, when the Liver is wounded, much Blood flows out of the Right Side, and the Bowels are drawn to the Back-bone. There is also sometimes Vomiting of Choler, the Sick looks pale, Coughs, and delights rather to lie on his Belly; he makes bloo­dy Urine and Stools, languishes in a Fever, and at length the Body consumes away.

IV. Wounds of the Lungs.

XI. These, if they be large, and make a deep solution of Ʋnity, if they waste the Parenchyma of the Part, and hurt the great Vessels, and some principal Branches of the Arteria or Vena Pulmonalis, are said to be Mortal. Because there­by is made a great Effusion of Blood, and Dissipation of Vital Spirits; besides, the Coagula­ting of the Blood in the adjacent Vessels, will in some measure impede its Circulation: And tho' the Wounds of the Lungs may be small or superficial, if the Cure be not skilfully managed, they may kill.

XII. And though the great Ves­sels are not wounded, but only the Bronchia, or Aspera Arteria, the Case is Mortal, but at a greater distance of Time; several Sym­ptoms conspiring to that End; as, the Communication with the Heart, Putrefaction of the Lungs, Dissipation of Spirits, a Conti­nent Fever, and Difficulty of Cure, by reason of continual Motion and Cough, still en­larging the Wound.

XIII. And Galen, Meth. Lib. 5. cap. 2. says, Wounds of the Lungs admit not of Cure, not for that the Part is in continual Mo­tion (as some before him ima­gined) but because the Pus or Sanies are difficultly gotten out from thence: And much of this mind was Celsus, lib. 5. cap. 26. who affirms, it is only incurable, when the middle of the Lungs are wounded.

XIV. But if the lesser Blood-Vessels be broken, or the Flesh of the Lungs divided, though the Wound may kill, yet it does not do it suddenly, and possibly a Skilful and Careful Artist may Cure it, unless it be inflamed. And 'tis thought that more danger lies in a Wound of the Substance, than of the Vessels, because they are more difficultly healed.

XV. When the Lungs are wound­ed, there is Difficulty of Breathing, and frothy Blood comes up at the Mouth, making a noise when he Breaths. He lies easiest on the wounded Side, and then he speaks; but on any other Side he is dumb: If the Wound be wide, frothy Blood comes out at it; but if not wide, it comes up at the Mouth: The Vessels of the Neck swell, the Tongue is discolored, they draw in much Breath, and crave cold things; and if it continue long, a Fever is induced, and with it, a Phthi­sis, and Death.

V. Wounds of the Diaphragma, or Midriff.

XVI. The Events of these are various, according to the variety of its Substance. If a Wound be in its Nervous Parts, which is its Centre, it is Mortal; for its constant Motion hinders Agglu­tination. If it be in its fleshy Part, which goes round the in­side of the Thorax, it is possible to be healed, as Galen has ob­served: But if an Inflammation comes thereon, the Cure will be very Dangerous and Diffi­cult.

XVII. When the Midriff there­fore is wounded, the Praecordia are attracted upwards, they breath slowly, and the Back akes. And Paulus affirms, That if breathing be enlarged, it is with Sighing, and Pain all over the Shoulders.

VI. Wounds of the Guts.

XVIII. Wounds, says Galen, into the Cavity of the Guts, are very seldom healed: And Hippo­crates, Sect. 6. Aph. 18. says, If the small Guts are wounded, it is Mortal. And this is, not on­ly because of their Substance, but because we cannot well ap­ply Medicines to them.

XIX. But the Jejunum being wounded, is said to be most incu­rable; because of the Magni­tude of its Vessels; thinness of its Tunicles, its Nervous Sub­stance, its Proximity to the Liver, and Susception of Cho­ler: But it is said, That a Wound has sometimes been cured, when it has only touched its Out­side.

XX. Wounds of the other Guts, if slight, or not cut in two, are apt to heal, because their Substance is very Carnous; and they seldom kill, unless seized with an Ili­ack, or an Inflammation, or Gangrene supervene. A Proof of this I had in a Negro of my own, who being wounded in the Guts, had his Excrements come through them and the Belly, for near six Weeks toge­ther; I only applied outwardly an Emplaster to the wounded Parts, and kept him warm, with a Laxative Diet made of Maiz and Milk, and in two Months time he was as well as ever, and went to his Work again.

XXI. But great Wounds, and transverse, or being cut in two, are Mortal. And the reason is, by the great separation of Parts, being kept asunder by a large afflux of vitious Humors: Besides, being cut totally asun­der, they can never come toge­ther again to unite; nor can [Page 141] the Excrements ever after go through the Body.

XXII. The Sign that the Guts are wounded, is, that the Excre­crements come forth at the Wound. There is a Swelling in the Prae­cordia, and Choler sometimes comes out at the Mouth: So also, if the lower Guts be wounded, for then the smell, as well as Excrements, shew it.

VII. Wounds of the Bladder.

XXIII. Wounds of the Bladder, are Mortal, says Hippocrates, Sect. 6. Aph. 18. If it be wound­ed through and divided, with a large Wound, it is Mortal; but a small Wound has been known by Experience to heal up, and that firmly; and if it be incu­rable, it must be in the Nervous Part.

XXIV. Wounds in its Carn­ous Parts are curable; for we daily see, that Wounds made there, by Cutting for the Stone in the Bladder, are made with Safety, and soon cured, if the Body be not Cacochymick: But Wounds are with difficulty cu­red, if made in that Part, where the Bladder is tied to the Os Sacrum.

XXV. When the Bladder is wounded, there is Pain in the Groins, and they swell above the Os Pubis: Blood comes away with the Urine, and the Urine runs out at the Wound: There is Sickness of Stomach, and in­clination to Vomit, and they are cold and dry, vomiting Choler, or having the Hiccough.

VIII. Wounds of the Spinal Marrow.

XXVI. These are said to be as Mortal as those of the Brain; and Galen tells us, It is a kind of Brain to all the Parts which are below the Head. For, from it many Conjugations of Nerves spring, which give Sense and Motion to most of the other Parts of the Body; and there­fore, from it many grievous Sym­ptoms arise: It also Communi­cates with the Brain and other adjacent Parts, and is of Diffi­cult Cure; and the higher the Wound is in the Spine, the more Mortal it is.

XXVII. If the Spinal Marrow be totally hurt in any of the Ver­tebrae, all the lower Parts are resolved, or suffer a Paralysis, as Galen affirms. But if only one side is hurt, and the other re­mains whole; the Paralysis af­fects only the lower Parts on the same Side hurt.

XXVIII. But in respect to the Nature of the Part, a Wound in the lower Part of the Spinal Mar­row, is far worse than that in the upper. Because, as Colum­bus observes, the Marrow above is soft, and perfectly of the Sub­stance of the Brain, whereas that below is almost Nervous: Yet such Wounds must be very great, to make them Mortal.

XXIX. If the Spinal Marrow be cut transversly asunder, it is certainly Mortal. But, if the Weapon has not run deep into it, there is a possibility of Re­covery.

XXX. If therefore the Spinal Marrow be wounded, there is a Paralysis of some particular Part or Parts, and a Convulsion of the Nerves: Sense is also lost; and at some times there is an invo­luntary voiding of Seed, Ordure, or Urine.

IX. Wounds of Arteries and Veins.

XXXI. If they be in the Ar­teria Magna, or Vena Cava, or other great Vessels in the inside of the Body, as the great Arteries and Veins about the Neck and Throat, Arm-pits, Thighs, Legs, they are Mortal. And they must needs be Mortal, because of the large Effusion of Blood, and the impossibility of stopping it.

XXXII. And by how much they run less out of the Body, by so much they die sooner, because the Patient is Suffocated. Their Nervous Substance, and deep Situation, shew the great difficulty of Cure, because nothing can be exhibited, which can carry its full Virtue to them; besides, the great exhausting of the Vital Spirits.

XXXIII. When these great Ar­teries or Veins are wounded, a great quantity of black Blood is cast forth, the Patient immediate­ly looks pale, and Death is at hand. The Pulses presently alter and fail, and the Arteries cast forth a thin, yellow, frothy Blood.

X. Wounds of the Aspera Arteria.

XXXIV. If they be great, they are always Mortal; and the Pa­tient dies of them, not because the Breath has a Passage out at the Wound, but because their Substance, or Matter, is Carti­laginous, and in perpetual Mo­tion, so that it can never be healed. And it is observed, that Wounds in the upper Part of the Throat, where divers Nerves, Arteries and Veins meet, are most dangerous.

XXXV. But if it be Cut any where else, it may be Cured; for in a dangerous Quinsey, we of­ten order Laryngotomia, and that successfully: And therefore slight Wounds of the Aspera Arteria are many times cured.

XXXVI. In these Wounds but little Blood comes forth, because of the nature of the Part, and many times the Breath comes forth at the hole. But by degrees the Throat is filled with Blood; there is great Pain backward, the Voice is hoarse, and the Tongue dry.

XI. Wounds of the Reins.

XXXVII. Wounds of these Parts are generally Mortal: For many Vessels are spread through the Kidnies, and they receive a perpetual Afflux of Recre­ments; besides, they are of ne­cessity for the Conservation of Life.

XXXVIII. But if the Wounds reach only to the thick and fleshy Part, and are slight, they are sometimes curable: But the Cure is very difficult, if they be deep.

XXXIX. When the Reins therefore are wounded, the Pain reaches to the Groins and Testicles: There is also difficulty of making [Page 143] Water, and it is bloody, or all Blood.

XII. Wounds of the Spleen.

XL. Simple Wounds of the Spleen are not Mortal, if a Skil­ful Artist has the Cure in hand. For we have often known the whole Spleen to have been cut out of living Animals, and yet they still survived. I had some Years since, a Bitch whose whole Spleen was cut out, and I kept her several Years after, and she had several Litters of Whelps; only she became dull, and as if dis-spirited: But if any great Vessels be wounded withal, there is danger, according to the Magnitude and Excellency of the Vessels hurt.

XLI. When the Spleen therefore is only Wounded, there will come forth from the left Side, black Blood; and on the same Side, the Stomach and Praecordia will grow hard, with vehement Thirst, and Pain in the Throat, like as when the Liver is wound­ed. These are the chief Signs shewing the Viscera to be wound­ed; if none of them are mani­fest, then none of these Parts are hurt, but you must inquire else­where for the Cause of the Dis­affection.

XIII. Wounds of the Heart.

XLII. Wounds of the Heart are generally Mortal: If the Ventri­cles be wounded, the Patient in­fallibly dies. But if the Wound penetrate not so far as to the Ventricles, but stays in the Sub­stance of the Heart, whereby Inflammation ensues, the Sick may possibly live a day or two. If the Wound reaches to the Ventricles, Death must necessa­rily follow, because of the great Effusion of Blood, and vast Dis­sipation and Exhausting of Spi­rits. And though it may be objected, that Tumors and Ul­cers have been found in the Heart, yet seeing these arise and grow gradatim, Life may some­times for a while, subsist to­gether with them, but in the end they bring a Syncope, Con­vulsions, and Death. But Wounds, in regard that they suddenly disturb the very Frame and Oeconomy of the Heart, the Life cannot long subsist with them.

XLIII. If the right Ventricle be wounded, the wounded person may in this Case lengthen out his Life for some short time: But if the left Ventricle be wounded, the Person immediately Perishes; be­cause the left Ventricle is the Store-house and Treasury of the Blood and Vital Spirits. But as to Wounds of the right Ven­tricle, Sennertus in his Praxis, lib. 5. par. 4. cap. 3. has given us an Historical Relation of a Soldier, who was wounded into the right Ventricle of the Heart, and yet lived to the Sixteenth Day; this Soldier was opened by Nicholaus Mulerius, two other Chirurgians, Luke and Gasper Hullen, being also present with many more Spectators. The Man was a Soldier at Groningen, under the Most Illustrious Count Wil­liam of Nassaw; he received his [Page 144] Wound the 22 of August 1607, and died the 8 of September fol­lowing; which strange, but true History, is found written on a Table, hanging up against a Wall, in the Library of the Uni­versity of Groningen aforenamed.

XLIV. When the Heart there­fore is Wounded, much Blood is found to come away: If it be the right Ventricle, the Blood runs black: If the left, the Blood comes forth more florid and light coloured: The Arteries or Pulses also flag, the Colour is pale, with cold, ill scented Sweats; then Coldness encreases upon the extream Parts, and immediate Death.

XLV. From all that has been said, it appears, that the Signs of the Disaffections of internal Parts, are to be deduced from, 1. The Hurt of the Action. 2. The Site of the Parts. 3. The Ex­creta. 4. The Kind of the Grief. 5. And from proper Symptoms. So that, if in a wounded Per­son Respiration is hurt, conclude the Lungs, Thorax, or Vertebrae are hurt. If Excrements come forth, the large Guts are wound­ed; if Chyle, the small Guts: If Ʋrine come out at the Wound, the Reins, Ureters, or Bladder are hurt. As to the Site; if the Wound be in the right Hypo­chonder, the Liver may be sus­pected to be hurt; if in the left, the Spleen; if in the Pecten, or Share, the Bladder, &c. As to the Kind of the Pain; if it be dull, the Lungs, Liver, or Spleen are hurt; if sharp and pricking, their Tunicles and Vessels; it violent, the Stomach, Guts, and Nervous Parts. As to the Sym­ptoms, consider what are proper to each Part. If a Frensie, Epi­lepsie, &c. be present, the Brain is hurt. If Nauseousness, Vomiting, Hiccough, the Sto­mach. If Respiration, the Tho­rax. If Swooning, the Heart. If Convulsions, the Nerves, &c.

I. Of the Malignity of Wounds.

I. WOunds, both Mortal and Dangerous, Internal and External, are accompanied some­times with Malignity. Now the times wherein this Malignity manifests it self, remains to be enquired into. Guido, and Ta­gaultius from him, limit three times, wherein Malign Signs shew themselves, viz. the seventh, ninth, and fourteenth Days. And indeed, many among the Mo­derns suspend their Judgment till the ninth day is over, be­cause in that time they think, that hopeful or malign Signs [Page 145] will shew themselves, with re­spect to the Constitution of the Patient, Quality of the Air, and Condition of the Wound.

II. But indeed, it is the Criti­cal Day which ought to be taken notice of, viz. the Times when the Moon comes to her Sinister or Dex­ter Quartils, or Oppositions, &c. And these are the Times which Hippocrates intends, when speak­ing of a Wound in the Head, he says, a Fever in Summer time, seizes him about the seventh Day, but in Winter, about the fourteenth Day: If any Error has been committed, and if evil Symptoms seem to come on apace, the Patient will die in Summer, before the seventh Day; and in Winter, before the four­teenth. This seems to be rati­onal, as being deduced from the Crises; and why they happen later in Winter than in Summer, is evident, because in Winter our internal Heat is more vigo­rous and strong, and therefore resists malign Causes the more powerfully.

III. Therefore, if the Patient be strong of Constitution, has Youth of its side, and the Wound was given in perfect Health, and in Winter time, you ought to wait till the second Crisis, for the ap­pearance of the Symptoms, and before you may adventure to de­liver your Prognosticks. At what time, if Evil and Malign Sym­ptoms come on, Death may be predicted, on, or before the next Critical Day, according as they approach, slowly or hasti­ly: But if a Wound happens to a weakly Person, Aged, and of a cold and dry Complexion, Cacochymick, and in Summer time, I should expect the Sym­ptoms to be manifest, about the time of the first Crisis.

II. Whether a Wound will kill, or not kill.

IV. Now, to know whether a Man dies of his Wound, or of something else, you are to consider, whether the Wound present, be Mor­tal in its own Nature, or is for the most part so; if it be, the Wound may be truly said to be the Cause of Death: But, if the Wound be safe, and without danger, the Death of the Per­son must be imputed to some­thing else.

V. But, if Wounds be in their own Nature, dangerous and doubt­ful; so also ought your Presages to be. For, if they be great, they may then be the occasion of Death; but if small, Death must be imputed to some other Mat­ter or Cause. If then, a great Wound be made in a Joint, whereby the Nerves, Tendons, and Vessels are torn; though this in it self is not Mortal, yet because it is very dangerous (it yielding to no Errors without prejudice and requiring an exact Cure, with all Care and Dili­gence;) if the Person dies, you may report the Wound to be the Cause of Death; unless some egregious Fault has been committed in the Cure, either by the Chirurgian, or the Pa­tient, or some other unavoida­ble ill accident should intervene. And though without the fault, [Page 146] the wounded Man might have died, yet since the Case is du­bious, where any fault has been committed, the Report should always be in Favour of the Li­ving.

VI. In dangerous Wounds of the Skull, where there is occasion to open it, if the Patient dies, (un­less some egregious and plain fault has been committed) the Wound may be said to be the Cause of Death: But when the Salubrity of the Clime shall be admitted, then all Wounds of the Head, even if the Bone be broken or perforated, (if the Membranes be but safe) are to be accounted safe, unless much of the Skull be taken away; for then, be­cause it is impossible for the Meninges not to be wounded; you ought to esteem such Wounds dangerous: As for o­ther Wounds, though they rank themselves with the Dangerous, yet they approach nearer to the Nature of such as are safe.

III. How Men are said to Die of small Wounds.

VII. A Person having received a Wound not Mortal, may Die; but then it cannot be of the Wound, but of some other Cause; as from the evil Habit of Body, weak­ness of the Part wounded, irre­gular Living, malign Constitu­tion of the Air, Ignorance, or Negligence of the Chirurgian, or some other unhappy Acci­dent, as some new hurt, strain­ing of the Part, bruiting it, &c.

VIII. If it happens on a Person Cacochymick, or Cachestick, tain­ted with the Dropsie, Rheuma­tism, Kings-Evil, Consumption, Leprsie, Pox, &c. Though the Wound may be in a Carnous Part, and not subject to danger, there may from such a Habit of Body, be great Defluxions, ve­hement Pains, strong Inflamma­tions, Fevers, Convulsions, Gan­grenes, Sphacelus, or other ill Symptoms, the malign and tain­ted Humours flowing many ways into the Part.

IX. If there be a weakness in the Part wounded, as Strumous Nodes, Gout, Rheumatism, Para­lysis, Numbness, Flux of Humours for a long time before, or other Weaknesses: Into what a great danger may a small Wound (though in it self not Mortal) put him? especially if it be in a Joint, or a Nerve, or Tendon be wounded; and be joined also with a Cacochymick Habit of Body.

X. If the Patient lives irre­gularly, eating Gluttonously, drink­ing to be Drunk, keeps unseason­able Hours, lies in the Cold, is unsatiable in Venery, perplext with Cares, and uses violent Exercises; he may bring upon himself Sur­feits, Dropsies, Rheums, Agues, Inflammation of the wounded Part, Gangrenes, Consumptions, Hecticks, &c. and other Dis­eases so great, as to send him into another World; in these Cases, the irregular Living, join­ed with the Wound, is the Cause of Death, not the Wound simply it self.

XI. If there be a malign Con­stitution of the Air, as in the Plague time, or when some other Epide­mick [Page 147] Disease Reigns; at such a time, a small Wound is apt to receive its malign Influences, and pestilential Miasms; from whence arise Convulsions, Faintings, Cacoethick Ulcers, Inflammations, Gangrenes, ma­lign Fevers, the Distemper of the Time, and other dangerous Symptoms, the least of which are able to destroy the Patient.

XII. If there be Ignorance, or Negligence, in the Chirurgian, it is easie to be apprehended, how an Error of that kind, may create an irreparable Evil, and bring the Wound into such a Condition, as either to put the Patient into apparent danger of his Life, or, at least, to bring upon him some incurable Ulcer, or leave him Lame and Helpless all the days of his Life after.

XIII. Lastly, if any other un­happy Accident should happen, as lying upon the wounded Part, or bruising it, or otherwise hurting or straining of it, a Defluxion, In­flammation, Gangrene, and Spha­celus may be introduced; by which (though the Wound it self was small, in an ignoble Part, in no bad Place, nor in the least Mortal in its own na­ture, yet) the Patient may un­happily die.

IV. Wounds dangerous.

XIV. And these are all such as are large, or bruised, and much battered, with Fracture of the Bone, or where much of the Flesh is cut quite away, or cut out and hanging on, or where the Wound is of a Circular Figure: The safest are, such as are small, in a fleshy Part, and in a right Line; and in a Child, Youth, or young Person; for such heal sooner than in elder People, or in such as are weak and infirm, of an evil Habit, Voluptuous, Idle, or Intemperate, &c.

XV. Also Wounds in the Heads of the Muscles, in the Cranium, or Skull, Brest or Belly; and Wounds of the Nerves, or Nervous Wounds, as Galen says, with all such as have an equal tendency to Life and Death, may be ac­counted dangerous.

XVI. Wounds under the Clavi­cula, and the inner Process of the Scapula, are very dangerous; be­cause the Axillar Artery and Vein, and fifth Pair of Nerves running from the Vertebrae of the Neck to the Arms, may be hurt. And of this kind, as Cel­sus says, are many of those Wounds in the Arm-pits and Hams, about the Anus and Testi­cles, in the Thighs, and among the Fingers, all which are very difficult to Cure.

XVII. Among the dangerous Wounds also, are those of the end of a Muscle, of a Nerve, Artery, Membrane, Cartilage, or Bone. In which respect, Wounds of the Neck are many times of evil Consequence; because some­times some considerable Nerve or Tendon may be hurt, espe­cially if the Wound reaches to the Spinal Marrow. Wounds near the Navel, about which lie the perforated Tendons of the Oblique and Transverse Muscles, are not without danger, though they be not deep. Wounds also [Page 148] in the back part of the Thorax, which, though they reach not the Cavity, yet by reason of the proximate dispersion of large Arteries, Veins, and many Nerves, are accounted very dan­gerous.

XVIII. Wounds in the Joints are of dangerous Consequence, be­cause of their Tendons and Liga­ments, which being hurt, many times produce malign Symptoms; especially in a Wound of the inside of the Arm. And of this kind, may be esteemed Wounds of the Arm-pits, bending of the Elbow, inside of the Wrist, and outside of the Leg; because in these there are great Veins, Ar­teries, Nerves, and Tendons, which hazard violent Fluxes of Blood, Pain, Inflammations, Gangrenes, Convulsions, &c.

XIX. When Nerves, Tendons, and Membranes, investing the Skull or other Bones, are cut or wound­ed, there is sometimes hurt of the Sense, numbness of the Part, violent Pain, Inflammation, Convulsion, and sometimes a Delirium, by consent of the Brain; and these many times happen, when the Ligaments of the Joints are cut: But the Pain is more violent, and Inflammations, Tu­mors, or Convulsions oftner suc­ceed, when the Nerve, or Ten­don is prick'd, or partly cut, than when they are quite cut asunder.

XX. Wounds of the Nerves are rarely Mortal, unless by Accident; but they are indeed oftentimes very dangerous. Now under the name of Nerves, Galen comprehends both the Nerves themselves, springing from the Brain and Spinal Marrow, and also Liga­ments and Tendons, which be­ing wounded, he esteems Ma­lignant and Dangerous, but ne­ver Mortal. For, says he, if that no principal Part be drawn into Consent, nor the Wounded or Contused Nerve is affected with an Inflammation, Wounds of the Nerves may be cured without any Danger; and if these Accidents should attend, yet neither shall Pu­trifaction, or Convulsion, or Death ensue; for Mortal Wounds can only be inflicted on those Parts that are either Principal, or de­stroy Strength by large Effusion of Blood and Spirits; or serve to some necessary use of Life; all which being seriously considred, the Nerves can never be found of those kinds: For, an Hand, an Arm, or Leg, and their Nerves, may be cut off with­out loss of Life; and therefore doubtless, Wounds of the Nerves can never be accounted among such as are Mortal, but only a­mong such as are Dangerous.

XXI. But Nerves which have their Original immediately from the Brain, or mediately from the interposition of the Spinal Marrow, are more apt to cause Convulsions, than Tendons, which are composed of a Nerve and a Ligament. But if the Tendon insert it self into a Muscle, the more of Nerve there is in it, the more of Dan­ger there is in it; but a wounded Ligament, if it proceeds from one Bone to another, is not of so dangerous a Consequence.

XXII. Lastly, many of those Wounds, which we have said, are [Page 149] for the most part Mortal, may (when they are small) be account­ed among the Dangerous: As, Wounds of the Dura Mater, of the edges of the Liver, Lungs, Spleen, Womb, &c. when they are slightly wounded.

V. Wounds of the Nerves, and Back-bone.

XXIII. Not only the hurt of the Muscles, but the hurt of the Nerves also, hinder Motion; because distri­buted through the Muscles, and being the chief Cause of Motion. For, Galen says, that in all Mus­cles, whether you wound their Nerves, or cut their Fibres a­thwart, you immediately de­prive them of all Motion: Now the Faculty of Motion is deri­ved from the Brain, and distri­buted to the other Parts by the Nerves; which, because they are not sufficient of themselves for Motion, the Muscles were ordained, to be as it were, Lea­vers, that one might the more easily raise up any Weight: For which reason, every Muscle has a Nerve inserted into it, from whence it derives its Motion: And since the original Cause of Motion, is from the Animal Spi­rit, if that be stopt or inter­cepted by Cutting, Compressing, or Bruising the Chanel in which it runs, to wit, the Nerves, all Motion and Sense in that Part will cease: But those Parts will yet retain both Motion and Sense, through which the remaining part of the Nerve runs, which it continues with the Brain.

XXIV. Now, the Nerves seldom run along the outside of the Body, into the Muscles, but, for safety sake, as it were, run along the inside. The Nerves that come along to the Hand, run along the inside of the Arm; but contra­riwise in the Leg; for they run along the backside of the Thigh, because of its Fleshiness. For which cause sake, not any Nerves pass by, or upon, the Elbow, Knee-pan, or Shin-bone, be­cause they have little or no Flesh upon them; but always deep among the Fleshy Parts of the Limbs, Cartilages, and Liga­ments.

XXV. If the Nerves springing from the fifth, sixth, and seventh Vertebrae of the Cervix, along the Arm-pits; and from the first and second Vertebrae of the Thorax (which accounted from the begin­ning, may be called the eighth and ninth pair) being very strangely intermixt, and crossing one a­nother, descending to the Arm and Hand; if these, I say, be wounded in the Vertebrae, the Motion of the Arms and Hands will be hurt, according to the Magnitude of the Wound.

XXVI. If the Nerves proceed­ing from the Vertebrae of the Loins and Os Sacrum, which in­termix and cross one another also, in a various complication, be wound­ed, there will be a hurt in like manner to the Motions of the Thigh, Leg, and Foot: For whatsoever Pair of Nerves pro­ceeding from the aforesaid Ver­tebrae, are hurt, the Muscles un­derneath will also be hurt.

XXVII. If the Spinal Marrow be cut quite through (says Galen) [Page 150] in the Region of the third or fourth Vertebrae, the Person will pre­sently be depriv'd of Breathing; not the Thorax only, but the whole Body below the Wound, becoming immoveable.

XXVIII. If it be cut through, below the second or first Vertebrae, or in the very beginning of the Spinal Marrow, the Person im­mediately falls down dead. But if the Spinal Marrow be cut quite through, lower than the Fourth Vertebra, all the Muscles of the Brest lose their Motion, and Respiration is performed by the benefit of the Diaphragma, or Midriff only; but a Cut a­bout the seventh Vertebra, much less, cuts under the eighth or ninth, hinders not the Function of the Thoracick Muscles: And the lower the Wound is yet made, the more Muscles of the Thorax will do their Office.

XXIX. If the Wound of the Spinal Marrow be in a right Line, up and downwards, none of the Intercostal, Lumbar, nor Crural Nerves will lose their use; but if it be cut half way cross, all the Nerves springing thence on the same side, perish. But ge­nerally hurts of the Parts, from Wounds of the Medulla Spina­lis, are Mortal, there being not much difference between Wounds of that, and Wounds of the Brain.

VI. Wounds of the Head.

XXX. If a deep Wound be made in the Neck behind, so as to reach the Parts under, you will hurt the Motions of the Head. For there being six Pair of Muscles which draw the Head backward, they all of them lie under some other ex­ternal Muscles, the Exterior under the Musculous Dilatation, which moves the Cheeks, the Posterior under the Scapular Muscle; where­fore a superficial Wound cannot hinder the Motion of the Head: All these six Pair of Muscles, come from the Spines of the first five Vertebrae, and reach almost half way up the hinder part of the Head.

XXXI. And there is one Pair of Muscles which bend the Head forward, these arise from the top of the Thorax, and end of the Clavicula, being long, round and strong, and are apparent before the Skin is taken off, and are inserted into the Mamillary Processes: If these be both mo­ved, the Head is bent forwards; but if it be drawn on one side only, one of them only acts; these, if they be cut, hinder the Motion of the Head forwards or side-ways.

XXXII. A Wound in the Head in the Cutaneous Part, which only makes bare, or breaks the Bone, but hurts not the Meninges, is safe, because it is in the Skin, or a Carnous Part, no Nervous, or Principal Part being hurt. But such a Wound may be in some respects dangerous, because near the Brain, and may put a Per­son into more hazard, than Wounds of other Parts; and therefore Judgment ought to be delivered concerning them very cautiously, because they produce many and vehement Symptoms, not happening in Wounds of [Page 151] other Parts, arising from the Nature of the Part, faults in Management, and difficulty of Cure: For such is the formation of the Head; that whatsoever Wound happens in its Skinny or Carnous Substance, it may easi­ly, by a Fracture of the Skull, be communicated to the Me­ninges, and the Brain it self; because there may be a Fissure of the Cranium, in another Part than where the Wound is, as Hippocrates affirms, which is cal­led Resonitus Cranii, or, a Con­trafissure: And Avicen says, the Skull may be oftentimes broken, whilst the Skin remains whole. And Celsus, That though the Bone be perfectly whole, yet some Vein in the Membrane of the Brain, may be broken and bleed; in all which Cases, a wise Artist may be in a doubt what to do, and make more than small faults, by his Mistakes in Curing.

XXXIII. Such a Fracture of the Cranium, as lays the Meninx, or Dura Mater bare, is full of Danger; for they have place a­mong Nervous Wounds, which are dangerous. Yet in giving Judg­ment, consider the Temper of the Clime, Nature of the Place, Quality of the Season, and Habit of the Body, and accordingly deliver your Opinion.

VII. Wounds of the Forehead, and upper Eye-lids.

XXXIV. A Wound in the Fore­head, near the Eye-brows, if long­ways, according to the Course of the Fibres, when healed, will not hurt the Function of the Part, or Eye-lid; but if it be transverse and deep, the Eye-brow and Skin un­der it will be drawn downwards, causing a great trouble to the Eyes, because the upper Eye-lid cannot open freely, nor perfectly do its Duty. This Substance lying up­on the Forehead, and sticking fast to it, Galen calls a Musculous Skin; Vesalius, not a Musculous, but a Carnous Membrane, but Fallopius says, it is perfect Mus­cle, from its Fibres and Motion; and Realdus, that it is duplicate, because he has seen one side of the Forehead convulst, whilst the sound side was entire in its Function. These Muscles have no Tendon, because it is not a Bone, but a Skin that is to be moved, and is terminated in that common Suture, which di­vides the Bones of the Head from those of the upper Jaw: And their Fibres (as Vesalius says) run in a direct Line from the top of the Nose to the begin­ning of the Forehead; but Co­lumous says, they run obliquely, from the top of the Nose, to the said middle of the Fore­head.

XXXV. If the upper Eye-lid is wounded transverse, in the space between the Corners of the Eye, the total loss of the Function of the Eye-lid follows, if the Wound be deep; but if not deep, it will only not shut close. For in this Case, the two oblique Muscles moving and lifting up the Eye-lid, must be cut asunder, or much hurt, according to the Effect following.

VIII. Wounds of the Cheeks.

XXXVI. If the Musculus la­tus be wounded, whose use is, to draw the Cheeks from one side to theother, and perform some other Motions, without moving the lower Jaw, or opening the Mouth, the Functions of the Cheeks must ne­cessarily be hurt: This Action is very manifest, in that Convul­sion, or Contraction, called Spasmus Cynicus; for therein, this Muscle is extreamly stretcht, and contracted-towards its Ori­ginal: Its Fibres are carried, partly up to the Lips, as in that part of the Muscle which ascends to the Os Pectoris, and middle of the Clavicula; and partly run obliquely from the same, as in that part of it which rises from the rest of the Clavicula, top of the Shoulder, the Sca­pula, and Region of the Neck.

XXXVII. If the two Muscles descending Obliquely from the Cheeks, moving the upper Lip; and the two Muscles ascending from the end of the Jaw, where the Chin is, be wounded, the Fun­ctions, or Actions of the Lips will cease, or be hurt. Now let the Wound in these Parts be made which way it will, it is always transverse, and cuts the Fibres across; because the Fibres of those Muscles are strangely in­terwoven, and complicate one with another.

XXXVIII. If the Region which lies between the Ear, the Fore­head, and Os Jugale, making an imperfect Circle, called the Tem­ples, be wounded, the lifting up of the upper Jaw, and the shutting of the Mouth will be hurt. For the Crotaphites, or Temporal Mus­cle lies there, which arising from the Os Verticis, Frontis, & Temporis, is fastned to the crooked Point of the lower Jaw, drawing it up to shut the Mouth. And the Fibres of this Muscle, run from the Circumference to the Centre, which they do in no other Muscle besides. A Wound in this Muscles causes also (as Hippocrates and Galen say) Con­vulsions, Fevers, Sleepiness and Doting, because near to the prin­cipal Nerves.

XXXIX. If the Space between the Os Jugale, and Root of the Ear, at the beginning of the neat her Jaw, be wounded, Mastication, or Chewing will be hindred. For there the Masseter, or Chewing Muscle lies, which you may ea­sily feel with your Fingers, when the Mouth is open; arising from that part of the Head where the Processus Styloeides are, compre­hending all the neather Jaw, and drawing it round.

IX. Wounds of the Arms.

XL. If the Muscles dedicated to any Function of the Arm, are wounded, those Functions will be hurt. That which lies upon the Epomis being wounded, the Mo­tion drawing the Arm upright is hurt. If those two which come by the sides of the former, from the Scapula, be wounded, the Motion which draws the Arm backward or forward, according as they are on this or that side, is hurt. If the three Muscles [Page 153] which draw the Arm to the Brest are wounded, that Motion also is frustrate. If the four Muscles, proceeding from the Scapula, and that from the lower end of the lowest Rib, under the Scapula, be wounded, the Mo­tion which turns the Arm back­ward is prejudiced.

XLI. If the Muscles dedicated to the Cubit, or Elbow, are wound­ed, the Functions of the Cubit will also be hurt. If the Muscle which appears near the Humeral Vein, having two Heads, one upon the edge of the Head of the Sca­pula, and another upon the Pro­cess, and cleaving first to the Os Brachii, and then to the Ra­dius, having a second under it, assistent to the same Action, be wounded, the Motion extending the Cubit will be hurt: But if a Wound be made in the hinder Part, opposite to the aforesaid Muscles, touching their ends, the Office of bending the Elbow will be lost. If the long Muscle arising from the Os Humeri, and implanted into the lower Ap­pendix of the Radius, being the second of them which draw the Radius forwards, be wounded, the Motion raising the Radius supinely will be hindred. But if the lower Part of the Ʋlna, going along to the lower Part of the Wrist, be wounded, all the Motions of the Wrist will be hurt; for there all the four Muscles of the Cubit, which are the cause of all the Motion of the Arm, are extended.

XLII. If a Wound be made in the inside of the Cubit, inclining a little back, then the second Joints of the four Fingers cannot bend; for there runs one Muscle, the first among the Internal, which moves the upper part of the Hand, which arising from the lower Swelling of the Humerus, is hid under others, till it comes to the Elbow, where coming forth, it is seen under the Skin, except what the former Muscle does pass over: This then ha­ving passed the Wrist, is divi­ded into four Tendons, each of which being fixt to the second Bones of the Fingers, are their Benders. And therefore, what­ever of the internal Muscles, which run down with the first to the Wrist, are cut, certainly hurt the Function of Contracti­on, or bending.

XLIII. The Hand is manifestly extended by the external Muscles, placed in the back part of the Arm. If therefore the first of these be wounded, which having past the Elbow, appears, and is seen un­der the Skin, and runs under another, which extends the Wrist, which being divided in­to four Tendons, runs to all the Joints of all the Fingers, and extends them; the Motion cau­sing these Extensions will be frustrate. The second Muscle, by which the Palm is formed, having the same Original with the former, is to be seen under the Skin with the first, proceed­ing underneath to the Hand; this is that, by which the little Finger is drawn aside from the rest; therefore, if this Muscle is wounded, and the Wound be made in the lower Region, the Function of the little Finger [Page 154] will be hurt; but if it be made a little above, the Function of the three next Fingers then suffer.

X. Wounds of the Hands.

XLIV. If the back of the Hand be wounded, where (not Muscles, but) Tendons creep along to their Joints, then the Function of that Finger will be hurt, which is next to the Muscle, or Tendon, Cut or Wounded. But many times, when these exterior Tendons have been cut, the Fingers have yet been extended, but the Fun­ction has been the more weakly performed; the cause of this remaining ability of Extension, is from other Muscles arising in the Palm, which exercising the same Function of extending, with those which were cut, makes the prejudice, or hurt of the Function the less: And this is evident, because, if the Palm of the Hand be wounded, the Motion of the Fingers is many times hurt thereby.

XLV. If therefore the broad Tendon in the Palm, which lies next the Skin, and four Muscles which lie under it, from the mid­dle of the Palm, to the setting on of the Fingers; which (though they be internal) extend the four Fingers and the Thumb: If, I say, these be Wounded, the Function, or Action of extending the Thumb and Fingers must be hurt. And these four arise from the Tendons of that Muscle, which bends the third Joints of the four Fingers, and then running to the exter­nal Part, are implanted in the said third Joints, and so extend them.

XLVI. If a Wound be about the little Finger, that Muscle will be hurt, which arises from the fourth Bone of the Matacarpus, and draws it aside from the other Fin­gers. If the Ball of the Thumb is wounded, the three Muscles which bend the Thumb will be hurt; and whatever Wound it is which hinders its Function, it must be either in it, or very near it, because the Thumb has this peculiar property in it self, to take nothing to it, from any upper part.

XI. Wounds of the Thighs.

XLVII. A Wound any where in that Region of the Buttock, which reaches from the Os Sacrum and Coccyx, half over the Os Ilium, unless it be shallow, will hinder the Extension of the Thigh. For, the Muscle giving this Motion, arises from the aforesaid Parts, and ends at length in the great Trochanter, making the Buttock. But since this Function requires much strength, other Muscles are helpful to it, lest by the hurt of one Muscle, the whole Action of the Part should be lost.

XLVIII. A Wound in the Thigh, in the forepart, between the tops of the Knee-pan, will prejudice the Extension of the Leg. For under that place, there runs the seventh Muscle of them that move the Leg, and under that the eighth Muscle, to be seen above the Knee: But, because it has other Muscles assistant in this Action, [Page 155] the total loss of this Extension need not be feared, from the wounding of one Muscle.

XLIX. And if that Muscle be wounded, which descends obliquely, almost from the Groin, like a Bor­der along the inside of the Thigh, and ending in the Shin, that Mo­tion or Action of the Leg, which draws it towards the Groin on the other side, or to the Thigh, will be very much hurt. And if the hinder part of the Thigh, between the end of the Buttock and the Ham, be wounded, it hinders Contraction; especially if the Tendons be cut, which appear so evidently in the sides of the Ham; that when the Knee is bent, they may be plainly felt by the Fingers.

XII. Wounds of the Legs.

L. If those Muscles, which co­ming up above the Knee, do by their Bellies, on each side of the Leg, make up the Calf, and at length make the strongest Tendon of the whole Body, coming to the Heel: If these, I say, be wounded, or that Tendon be cut, then the Action of the Foot, which stret­ches it forth, will be hurt: But the hurt, or wounding of one Muscle, is not sufficient to destroy the Action of the whole; for four other Auxiliary Muscles, lend their Assistance to this Fun­ction.

LI. If the two Muscles running between the Calf and the Os Tibiae, or Shin bone; one of which next the Calf, extends four of the Toes; the other running by the Os Tibiae, extends the end of the Foot: If, I say, these be wounded, the Action of extending will cer­tainly be hurt.

LII. If the Metapedium, or Instep he wounded athwart deep, and the Wound be not healed at one Intention, by reason of the Con­course of Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Muscles, and Tendons, and the easie afflux of Humours, as being a depending Part. If the use of the Foot be not wholly lost, yet the Ulcer will be of difficult Cure, and long in Healing.

I. Of Death, presumed to ensue.

WE A. B. and C. D. Chirur­gians of the City of L. have by Command, or Order of Counsel, viewed the Body of E. F. which we find in Bed, wounded in his Head, on his left Temple, plercing the Bone with a Fracture, and Depression of the broken Bone, Splinters there­of, and Meninges into the Sub­stance of the Brain, with a weak Pulse, dejected Appetite, cold [Page 156] Sweats, Convulsions, and Ra­ving; whereby we judge that certain and sudden Death is at Hand: In witness whereof, we have hereunto put our Hands, the 16. May, 1695.

II. A Report in a doubtful Case.

I A. B. by Order of the Co­roner, have visited G. H. whom I found Sick in Bed, being wounded with a Scimitar, or Cutlass, on his left Thigh. The Wound was three Inches broad, and pierces quite through the Substance of the Thigh, cutting also the great Artery and Vein, whence came a great effusion of Blood, by which he is exceed­ingly weakned, and is often taken with Swooning Fits: Now, his Thigh is very much Swoln, and livid, whereby a Gangrene, or Sphacelus is fear­ed; for which Reasons, the Health and Safety of the Sick is much doubted of. In wit­ness whereof, I have hereunto put my Hand, the 24. August, 1695.

III. A Report, in Case of the loss, or Debility of a Member.

We A. B. C. D. Chirurgians of the City of L. by Command of the Counsel, have visited I. K. whom we found Wounded in his left Arm, with a Wound of four Inches bigness. The Tendons bending the Leg were out, as also the Nerves, and Crural Veins and Arteries: There are also present Malign Symptoms, as, great Pain, In­flammation, Abscess, Fever, Convulsions, and Gangrene; for which Reasons, we think his Life to be in great danger; but if, through the Skilfulness of the ARtist, and great Care, he e­scapes Death, he will doubtless continue Lame, all the Days of his Life following, through the Impotency of the wounded Part. In witness whereof, we have hereunto put our Hands, the 12. of April, 1695.

IV. A Report, when Wounds are found in divers Parts.

We A. B. C. D. E. F. Chirur­gians of L. by Order of the Counsel, have visited M. N. whom we found hurt with five Wounds. The first was on his Head, in the middle of the Os Frontis, three Inches broad, pe­netrating to the second Table; so that we were forced to take away several Splinters of the same Bone. The second was a­cross his right Cheek, reaching from his Ear to the middle of the Nose. The third is on the midst of his Abdomen, or Belly, two Inches broad, and so deep, as to pierce into the Capacity, or Hollowness of the Abdomen; so that we were forced to cut away a part of the Caul, coming out thereat, to the bigness of a Wall­nut, being also grown of a black Colour, and Putrified. The fourth was upon the back of the right Hand, with the Cutting of the Arteries, Veins, Nerves, Tendons, and Bones of that Part; for which Cause, though cured, it will always remain Lame. Tho [Page 157] fifth upon the Spina Dorsi, two Inches big, with a Paralysis, or Numbness, or Deadness on all the Parts on the right Side be­low it; for which Reason 'tis much to be feared, that the Me­dulla Spinalis is hurt. The Pa­tient has oftentimes Fainting and Swooning Fits, and some­times Convulsions, Fever, and other ill Symptoms attending; for which Reason, we think his Life to be in very great Danger, (or Death is much to be feared.) In witness whereof, we have hereunto put our Hands, the 14. Day of October, Anno 1695.

V. A Report of a Woman delivered of a Dead Child.

We A. B. C. D. by the Judges Command, have visited G. P. whom we found Sick in Bed, having a strong Fever upon her, with a Convulsion and Efflux of Blood at her Womb, by reason of a Wound in the Abdomen, or Belly, below her Navel on the right Side, penetrating into the Capacity of her Belly; whence it came to pass, that she was de­livered before her Time, of a Male Child, perfect in all its Parts, but Dead, being killed by the same Wound, which pierced through its Skull, into the Sub­stance of the Brain: For which Reason we judge, that the Death of the Mother also is near at hand. In witness whereof, we have hereunto put our Hands, the 27. Day of June 1695.

VI. A Report of a Wounded Person, found Dead.

It was demanded of us, E. F. G. H. Chirurgians of the City of L. whether the wounded Bo­dy received the Wounds alive, or dead? Now, because when a Person is wounded whilst living, the Lips of the Wound will be red and bloody, and the Flesh about it black and blew, with Signs of Blood in the Place where the Body was found: And, be­cause none of these Signs are found in this present Body, nor any appearance of Blood, or bleeding, neither about the Wound, nor about the Place, though the Weapon be found in the Wound, and run through the Body; because that the Blood being cold and coagulated, be­fore the Wound was made, it could not flow to the Part hurt or wounded: For these Reasons we judge, the Wound was made after Death; and that the De­ceased was not Felo de se, but kill'd first, and afterwards run through by another. In witness whereof, we have hereunto put our Hands, the 10. May, 1695.

I. Salination with Salt alone.

XII. This was only of Use with the Poor People. The dead Body was carried to the Salina­tors, (for so they were called) where the Body being opened with a sharp Ethiopick Stone, with Lotions it was cleansed, and the Belly purely wash'd, then with Nitre it was Salted seventy Days, and after dried; in which Condition it would keep firm many Hundreds of Years.

XIII. And if an Aegyptian, or a Stranger was found killed by a Crocodile, or drowned in the River, the City where he was cast up, or found, must Embalm him, (with Salt only, 'tis supposed) and bury him in the Sacred Mo­numents; whom no one, no not a Relation or Friend may touch, but the Priests of Nile only.

II. Salination with Salt, and Juice, or Balsam of Cedar.

XIV. This was of Use among the middle or better Sort of People. The Salinator forces up a Clyster by the Anus, of the Juice, or Balsam of Cedar, with which they fill (as it were) the Cavity of the Belly, neither cutting nor unbowelling; then they Salt it with Nitre for Seventy Days compleat.

XV. At the end of that Term they take out the Clyster, and out with it comes the Guts, Ven­tricle, and other internal Vis­cera; so powerful is the Clyster made of Juice, or Balm of Cedar.

XVI. In the mean Season, the Nitre has consumed all the other superfluous Humidities, having penetrated to the Bone: thus the Body being made throughly clean, it is after dried, and put into its proper place, where it will remain without Corruption multitudes of Years.

III. Salination with Salt, and Aromaticks.

XVII. The Salinator extract­ed the Brain by the Nostrils with a Hook, then he filled it with dissolved Gums, after that, with a sharp Ethiopick Stone, he ript up the Belly, and unbowelled it, which was immediately washt and cleansed with Phoenician, or Palm-wine.

XVIII. And filling the whole Cavity of the Belly with Aro­matick [Page 160] Spices, Myrrh and Cassia, (but no Frankincense) it was sewed up, and then Salted with Nitre for Seventy Days; at the end of which time it was clean­sed, washed and dried.

XIX. This done, it was bound with Fillets, or Ribands, begin­ning at the Head, and ending at the Feet, and then going a­gain from the Feet to the Head; to the wrapping up (as the Hi­storian says) of a Thousand Ells; after which it is wrapped up in a Cere-Cloth, dip'd in melted Gums and Rosins.

XX. The Body then is restored to the Relations, who make a wooden Coffin, in shape of a Man, into which they put the Dead, and entomb him.

IV. The Aegyptian Embalming, with Aromaticks alone.

XXI. The Artist that is to Dis­sect the Belly, is called the Scribe; he lays the Body upon the Ground, and marks out how much of the Belly must be cut open about the left side; this Section is performed with the sharp Ethiopick Stone.

XXII. The Entrails are pre­sently flung away, by their Law, being pulled out by the Hand of the Embalmer; but the Heart and Kidnies are cleansed with Phoe­nician Wine, or Wine of Palms, and Aromaticks, and kept.

XXIII. This done, the whole Body is anointed with Juice, or Balsam of Cedar, or Turpentine, for about Forty Days, (the number of the Days of their Mourning for the Dead:) Afterwards they per­fume the Body with Myrrh, Cin­namon, Aloes, and other Aroma­tick Gums, Spices, and Odors.

XXIV. And this is done in such sort, that (as their Historians report) the Hair shall be preserved and renewed Hundreds of Years; and every Member kept so en­tire, that the Eye-brows, Beard, and Countenance, and shape of the whole Body, may easily be known by any that knew them in their life-time. Diodorus Si­culus, lib. 1.

XXV. Now from what Histo­rians have said, and the evident Demonstration of the Mumies brought from Aegypt, it is cer­tain, that they had two ways of Embalming; the one cheap, for the poorer sort, the other costly, for the Rich.

XXVI. For the poorer People they used Asphaltus, i. e. Bi­tumen Judaicum, or Pissasphal­tum, which is a mixture of Pitch and Bitumen.

XXVII. For the Rich, they used Aromatick Spices, Balsa­mick Juices, Oils, and Rosins, such as Opobalsamum, liquid Rosin of Cedar, Aloes, Myrrh, Turpentine of Chi [...], Cassia lignea, Cinnamon, &c. which by their Bitterness, innate Balsamick Sul­phur, Oiliness, and Volatil Salt, were able to resist Putrifaction and Corruption, for a very great number of Years.

I. Embalming without Dissection, called Encearing.

VII. You ought to cleanse the Bowels well by Clysters cast in, made either of Wine Vinegar, Sea Water, Salt Brine, or Solution of Niter, or a strong Decoction of Co­loquintida; and these to be often repeated; then hanging the Body up by the Arms, that the Ordure, or Faeces may drop out.

VIII. If the Body be laid in warm Water almost scalding hot, for a season, after the Exhibiti­on of the Clyster, it will work so much the better.

IX. The Bowels being cleansed, let all the Passages of the Body be stopt up with hurds dipt in the Com­position prepared for the Cere­cloth, and over them lay Cloth fitted, and dipt in the same.

X. Lastly, wrap up the Body in a Cerate, made of new Cloth; so large as it may go four, or five, or more times round the Body, as you think fit; and then Cord it up, putting it into a strong well made Coffin, well and firmly Pitcht all over the inside.

XI. But here note, 1. That in thin and lean Bodies, it is not al­ways necessary to use the Cly­sters, being chiefly for fat and gross Bodies.

XII. 2. That some Cord not the Body, being wrapt in the Cere-cloth; [Page 162] but it is most safe to use Cordage, if the Body be very Fat and Gross.

XIII. 3. That the Cerat for this purpose you may see in our Doron, or Supplement to our London Dispensatory, lib. 3. cap. 5. sect. 1, 2. Or you may use this following:

XIV. ℞ Burgundy Pitch lbxij. Bees Wax lbiv. Pitch lbi. Frank­incense, Gum Elemi, Verdigrise a. lbss. Oil q.s. melt, mix, and make a Cerat. Or this, ℞ Bees Wax lbxx. Rosin, Sheeps Suet, Stone Pitch, a. lbx. Turpentine lbvi. Oil enough to give it the body of a Cerat.

II. Embalming with Aroma­ticks.

XV. Have in a readiness for Dissection, all the proper Instru­ments, Incision Knives, Saws, &c. as also Spunges, Stuphes, Linnen, Needles, waxed Thread, Bandages.

XVI. 2. Embowel the Corps, removing all the Viscera, or con­tained parts in the three Venters, except the Heart and Kidnies, which may be Embalmed with the Body. All these Bowels you may put in an Urn, or Pot, and bury them by themselves.

XVII. 3. The Venters being all freed, dry them very well with Spunges and Cloths, and then wash them with Water and Salt, or Vinegar, or Salt and Vinegar, or Aqua Vitae, or Spirit of Wine, or Lixivium of Quicklime.

XVIII. And if would have the Body to keep for a longer time, make Incision into the inside of the Thighs, Arms, and other Fleshy Parts, where the greater Vessels lie, that the Blood may be ex­tracted, and so you may do, if you please, to the whole Body; after which dry and wash it, as we have just now directed.

XIX. Lastly, wash it with Vi­negar, in which Colocynthis, Worm­wood, Rue, Aloes, Salt and Alum have been Infused and Decocted.

XX. 4. This done, fill the said Venter and Incisions with this Pou­der; Pulvis ad Implendas Cavi­tates Cadaverum. ℞ Acorus, Or­rice, Birthwort, Rhodium, Xyloa­loes, Gentian, Zedoary, Bay-ber­ries, Ginger, Cardamoms a. lbiij. Myrrh, Aloes a. lbxv. Leaves of Wormwood, Centory, Master-wort, Rosemary, Pepper, Cinnamon, Cloves, Nutmegs, Labdanum a. lbij. make all into a Pouder, and moisten with Spirit of Wine to embody it; all which will be little enough, if the Body be large, and you Embalm the Bowels also.

XXI. For you ought not to leave the least Cavity unsought, but fill every Corner, as full as the Skin will hold.

XXII. 5. The Venters being filled, sew up all the places, and anoint the Body all over with, first, Oils of Turpentine, Spike, Juniper-berries, and Cloves, mixt together in equal quantities: Secondly, with Balsam of Peru; which done, strew over the whole Body, some of this follow­ing Pouder, till it be about half an Inch, thick.

XXIII. Pulvis ad Cadavera Loricanda: ℞ Myrrh Elect, fine Aloes, Benjamin, Gum Guajaci, Orrice-root, Acorus, Cloves, Cin­namon, [Page 163] Tacamahacca, Lignum Rhodium, Bay-berries, a. lbij. make all into a Pouder, and mix them.

XXIV. 6. The next thing you are to do, is to wrap up the Body in Cere-cloths, so large as may go, three, four, or five times round it; the form of the Cere­cloth you have above at Sect. 14. or others (in my Opinion better) in our Doron, lib. 3. cap. 5. sect. 1, 2.

XXV. 7. Lastly, Put up the Body into the Coffin, which, if it be of Wood, let it be exceedingly well Pitched all over within: If of Lead, let it be Soddered up; after having first filled up all the empty Spaces, with either of the Pouders at Set. 20. or 23. afore­mentioned.

III. Another way to do the same.

XXVI. 1. Open the Skull be­hind, about the breadth of the Palm of an Hand, something more or less; take out the Brain, and fill the Cavity with this Pouder.

XXVII. ℞ Myrrh, Aloes a. lbxv. Benjamin, Tacamahacca, Gum Guajaci, Labdanum a. lbv. Roots of Orrice, Gentian, Ginger, Zedoary, Aristolochy round, Bay-berries, Acorus, Asphaltum, Cloves, Cinnamon a. lbiij. mix, and make a Pouder. Then put on the piece of Skull again, and few it fast on.

XXVIII. 2. Make an Incision from that part of the Brest where the Ribs meet above the Navel, and another Incision crossing it, about eighteen Inches long, so as to lay open the Region of the Liver, Spleen, and Stomach: Separate the whole from the Sternon on both sides in the Mu­cilaginous Parts, raise the Ster­non against the face of the Body; take out the Tongue, Eyes, Lungs, Heart, Liver, Spleen, Stomach, Intestines, and all the contained Parts.

XXIX. Make also two or three Incisions all along each Arm and Leg, and deep Incisions in the Buttocks and Thighs; as also from the Neck to the Buttocks on the Back, separating the Skin and fat Parts with an Incision-Knife.

XXX. Lastly, make five or six Incisions in the Neck, two in tho Soles of each Foot, and as many in the Palms of each Hand.

XXXI. 3. Suck up the Blood, and watery Humors with Spunges, bathe and wash the Parts with good Spirit of Wine; after rub with good Spirit of Salt, or S.V. to every lbss. of which, ℥i. of Spirit of Salt is put.

XXXII. And then fill every Hole and Corner, and all the Inci­sions and Spaces between the Skin and Flesh; as also the Mouth, Eye-holes, Nostrils, and whole Cavity of the Body, as full as the Skin will hold, with the Pouder at Sect. 27. aforegoing, and few up the Skin firmly with Thread well Waxed.

XXXIII. 4. This being done, a­noint the Body all over with Bal­sam of Peru, strewing it over with the Pouder at Sect. 23. above.

XXXIV. 5. Then wrap the Bo­dy in a Cere-cloth, and soder it up in a Leaden Coffin, where [Page 164] it may be preserved for many Ages.

XXXV. 6. If you would preserve the Body for some time to lie in State, where it may be appa­relled with Linnen, Cloths, Hose, Shoes, Gloves, &c. with the Head and Face uncovered; you must prepare a white Linnen Odoriferous Cere-cloth, which cut into long Bandages of a­bout two or three Inches broad, with which swath the Arms, Legs, Thighs by themselves, and afterwards the whole Body, ap­plying the Swaths aslant upon the Pouder.

XXXVI. Ʋpon which you may Clothe the Body, as if it were Li­ving, and Comb out the Hair; often wash the Face with S.V. rectified, and lay over it, when it is not publickly exposed, double Linnen Cloths dipt in the same; or a Portion of the said Odoriferous Cere-cloth, which for this purpose may be thus made.

XXXVII. ℞ White Bees-wax lbvij. Venice Turpentine lbss. Oil of Nutmegs by Expression ℥iv. di­stilled Oils of Orange-Peels, of Li­mon-Peels, of Rhodium, a. ℥ij. melt, mix, and make a Cerate.

I. A special and particular Way of Embalming, very excellent.

I. EMbowel, or remove all the contained Parts, in all the three Venters as aforesaid, ma­king also fit Incision in all the fleshy Parts, and where-ever any of the great Vessels lie.

II. This done, and the whole Body wiped very dry, and through­ly cleansed; lay it for three or four Hours in very warm Water, (in which Nitre, an ounce to every quart, is dissolved) till the Wa­ter is well coloured; pour that Water away, and put in fresh, letting the Body be in it as long; cast that Water away, and this Work repeat, till the Water will be no more coloured.

III. Afterwards you shall dry the Body very well with Cloths and Spunges, and lay it so, as that all that can may drain out of it, then put it into good Spirit of Wine, so much as to over-top it for 3, or 4 Fingers breadth; wherein let it lie for forty-eight Hours: Pour off that Spirit, and affuse new, letting it lie forty-eight Hours as aforesaid: This Work repeat so long, till the Spirit will be no more co­loured.

IV. Then take fresh Spirit of Wine, to every Pint of which put half an Ounce of the best Oil of Vitriol, Oil of Sulphur, or Oil of Salt, mix them well together, [Page 165] and pour them upon the whole Body, as you poured the for­mer Spirit; in which let it lie twenty-four Hours, after which decant the Liquor, and, with what care you can, very curi­ously dry the Body in all its Parts.

V. Being well dried, besmear it all over, both within and with­out, with a Hogs-bristle Brush, with this following Liquor: ℞ fine Myrrh, Benjamin, Rosin a. ℥iv. rectified Spirit of Wine, enough to dissolve the biggest part of the a­foresaid Rosins, in a gentle Sand heat: This dissolution mix with half its quantity of the solution of fine Aloes, in other rectified Spirit of Wine; for the aforesaid Ʋse: You may do it twice a day all over with the said Brush for eight or ten days together.

VI. These ten days being over, fill the Capacities of all the Ventricles with the Pouder at Sect. 27. Chap. 54. beforegoing; and Anoint the outside of the Body all over with Balsam of Peru; which done, wrap it in the Cere-cloth at Sect. 37. Chap. 54. The Body being thus Embalmed, will keep some Thousands of Years without any decay.

VII. Lastly, put it into the Coffin or Tomb, prepared for it, observing the Directions in Chap. 54. Sect. 25.

II. Balthasar Timaeus à Gulden­klee, his Way of Embalming; Epist. Medicinal. Lib. 6. Ep. 10.

VIII. This is done according to the Pleasure of the Relations, some­times the whole Body, with all its Cavities and Limbs, are Em­balmed; sometimes the middle and lowest Venters, and some­times only the lowest is taken out, and preserved.

IX. Some (says he) use Aloes and Myrrh; some, Spirit of Wine; some, Vinegar and Salt; and some, a Lixivium and Quick-lime: Others, compounded Pouders, Ointments, distilled Oils and Balsams.

X. I have Embalmed several after the following Method: First, I provide all my requisite Instru­ments; as, Knives, Rasors, Scis­sars, Tweezers, Bodkins, Saws, Hooks, Needles, Thread, Cords, Swathing Bands, Spunges, Tow, Linnen, Vinegar, Aqua Vitae, Salt-water, Magistral Pouders, Oils, Balsams, Cere-cloths, &c.

XI. The Corps is well washed and cleansed with warm Wine, from all its external Filth, and laid on a convenient place: I cut open the Abdomen cross-ways, taking out the Guts, Mesentery, Stomach, Kidnies, Spleen, Blad­der, (and Womb, if a Woman­kind) ordering a Servant to empty and cleanse them.

XII. Then I open the Thorax, taking out the Lungs, Heart, Ar­teries, Veins, Diaphragma, and the Oesophagus to the Epiglottis, carefully emptying and clean­sing all the Vessels.

XIII. The Cavities of the Tho­rax and Abdomen, are first washt well with cold Water, and wip'd dry with Spunges; then with strong Vinegar, and lastly with A.V. or S.V. Spiritus Solomonis, which is a very effectual thing, to [Page 166] prevent Putrifaction and Cor­ruption.

XIV. After which, I strew the following described Pouder upon all the Parts, and rub it well in; applying also every where, Pled­gets of Tow, or Cotten dipt in A.V. and then strewing on more Pouder, till I fill the whole Cavity of the Thorax, and Abdo­men therewith; and then I sew up the Skin.

XV. Coming now to the Head, I divide the Skull circularly, with a sharp Saw, or else open it only from the Crown to the Occiput, take out the Brain, and wash the Cavity in like manner, as I did the Thorax, &c. before, first with cold Water, then with Vinegar, and last of all very well with A.V. or Spiritus Solo­monis; and fill it as I did the former Cavities, with the said Pouder and Tow.

XVI. I cleanse the Jaws also very well with a Syringe, and fill them with Pouder of Cinnamon and Cloves: I anoint the Face well (and reiterate the Anoint­ing) with Balsam of Peru, or Spiritus Solomonis.

XVII. Then I make deep In­cisions in the Musculous and Fleshy Parts, chiefly about the Buttock, carefully squeezing out the Blood, and strewing them with the aforementioned Pouder.

XVIII. Which done, I wrap the Body up in hot Cerecloth, and a­noint it all over with Ship Pitch, Pine Rosin, and Liquid Storax, melted together at the Fire.

XIX. If the Body is to be kept long, the fleshy Parts must be taken away, and buried with the Bowels: but you may put the Heart in its place again, or keep it by it self in a Box, being wash'd first of all with our Balsamick Water of Aloes and Myrrh; afterwards with Spiritus Solomonis, and then Anointed with Balsam of Peru.

XX. Now here is to be observed, 1. That the Embalming is to be hast­ned after the Parties Death, and not put off above twenty-four Hours, especially if the Weather be hot.

XXI. 2. That the Body be kept in a cold place, and not ex­posed to the heat of the Sun: Nor yet put in a wooden Coffin, but in one of Lead, with Tin or Silver over it; because Wood rots, and in humid Vaults swells, and so bursts the Tin, or Silver Coffins.

XXII. 3. In Embalming, do it carefully, lest any putrid Ex­halation should offend those about the Funeral, which is a great disgrace to the Artist.

XXIII. 4. The Artist and his Servants, must take care not to receive any harm from the Efflu­via, and Smells or Steams coming from the putrified Viscera; more especially, if they died of a Phthisis, or Empyema, or some other Contagious Disease.

XXIV. 5. That in Summer­time this Operation be done in a Room, with Windows open to the North: In Winter, in a Room aired with a Fire made of Ash, or Oak, and some Juniper with it, but in no wise in a Stove.

XXV. 6. Let the Artist and Servants (when going about this work) take some Alexipharmick, to defend them against the perni­cious [Page 167] Scents; anoint their No­strils with some Balsam, or hold to them a Spunge dipt in Be­zoardick Vinegar; and hold in their Mouths Trochisci de Zedoa­ria, de Corticibus Citri, or the like Alexitericks: If he has none of these things, let him eat some Food, or Bread tosted and dipt in Wine.

XXVI. 7. That it is better to begin with opening the Abdomen, and not to use Quicklime, or other Corrosive things; for that they rather Consume, than Preserve, the Bodies they are applied to.

XXVII. The Pouder men­tioned at Sect. 14. aforegoing: ℞ Aloes lbv. choise Myrrh lbiv. Hermodacts, Styrax Calamita, Cloves, dried Rosemary a. lbij. biting Cinnamon, Frankincense a. lbj. dried Bay Leaves, Red Roses a. lbss. cut what are to be cut, and make a gross Pouder.

XXVIII. The Cere-cloth to wrap the Body up in, and to line the Coffin withal: ℞ yellow Bees-wax lbxxv. Venice Turpen­tine, Colophonia, Rosin a. lbiij. Ship Pitch lbijss. Frankincense, Liquid Storax a. lbij. Verdigrise lbj. Oil of Spike lbss. being melt­ed and mixt well together, add of Sheeps, or Beef Suet lbij. In this mixture, dip a whole piece of Linnen Cloth, or so much as may serve the Occasion.

XXIX. The Pouder to be strewed on the Cere-Cloth: ℞ Wormwood, Southern-wood, La­vender, Rosemary, Bay Leaves, a. M. vj. Sage, Marjoram, Basil, Origanum, Time, Savory, Hyssop, Camomil-flowers a. M. iij. Orrice­root in Pouder, Salt a. lbiv. Li­gnum Rhodium lbiij. Red Roses, Aloes, Myrrh, Frankincense, Sto­rax, Benjamin a. lbij. Wood of Juniper, Sassafras a. lbiss. Roots of Calamus Aromaticus, of An­gelica, of Cyperus Orange and Ci­tron Peels, Cinnamon, Cloves a. lbj. yellow Sanders, Lignum A­loes a. lbss. mix, and make a Pouder, which moisten with Oil of Spike lbss.

XXX. An Oil to Anoint withal: ℞ Chymical Oils of Rose­mary, and of Lignum Rhodium a. ℥iij. Oil of Cloves ℥jss. distilled Oils of Wormwood and Origanum a. lbj. mix them.

XXXI. The Balsam: ℞ Li­quid Storax ℥vj. Balsam of Peru ℥ij. Oil of Rhodium ℥iss. Oil of Mace ℥ss. mix them.

III. Gabriel Clauder, his Way of Embalming.

XXXII. The most famous Em­balmer that ever yet came upon the Stage of the World, was the Excellent Bilsius, who did it with that Curiosity, that not any of the Embalming Matter stuck to the outward Parts of the Body; his Fame reached to the King of Spain's Ears, who had him in such admiration, that he or­dered him to be paid (by his Governour in the low Coutries) Twenty Thousand Crowns, upon condition he should declare faithfully upon Oath, his so ex­cellent an Art; and to be an honorary Professor in the Uni­versity of Lovain, where he should teach Anatomy according to his Manual Operation; for which he was to have a Pension [Page 168] of Two Thousand Crowns per Annum.

XXXIII. But the University refused him, after much strug­gling; whereupon at length, Bil­sius laden with his Money, bid Lovain farewel; and going home to his United Provinces, he died, and (for all that we yet know) his famous Secret was buried with him.

XXXIV. This admirable ex­cellency of Bilsius put others upon search, and though Bilsius was so un­kind as not to make the World happy with his Invention, it put another Man upon making Trials; to wit, the Excellent Clauder, Phy­sician to the Duke of Saxony, who after many and various Experiments, found out the following most excellent Method or Way.

XXXV. The Body having been dead at most but twenty-four hours, he lays its in a long and large Oaken Tray, or Tray of some other hard Wood; upon which he pours his Preserving, or Embalming Spirit, so much as will over-top the Body about ten Inches.

XXXVI. This Spirit is made extemporanco modo, thus: ℞ fair Water lbxij. Pot-ashes lbij. mix and dissolve, letting them stand for an hour or two: To which Solu­tion add of the best Sal Armoniack poudered lbj. or something more; shake them together (in a Glass) oftentimes, for the more easie and better dissolution of the Ingredients, stopping the Glass, lest the volatil Particles should fly out; which done, filter it through a brown Pa­per, and keep it for use.

XXXVII. Now as this Spirit is filled with both a fixed and a Volatil Alcali; so it immediately raises the Body, and will not let it sink for some Days, or Weeks, by reason of a Crude and Im­pure Matter, which puffs up the Body like a Tympany; for which reason, and lest the up­per Parts which would lie un­covered, might Corrupt, either the Vessel must be every Day moderately shaken, that the Balsamick Liquor may come at all the Parts; or the Corps must be prest down in the Liquor, (which is the better way) with a piece, or two, of a wooden Lath.

XXXVIII. This done, the Ves­sel must be exactly covered, and the Chinks must be stopt close with Paper and Paste; not only to prevent the Volatil Spirits from flying away, but also to keep the External Air from getting in, and Corrupting it.

XXXIX. If it be a large Body, it must lie twelve or thirteen Weeks; but for little Bodies, six or eight Weeks will be sufficient to to lie in this Pickle; and a Months time may be long enough for others: And it ought to be kept in a cool Place, not a hot and moist, which is chiefly to be observed in Summer time: See also whe­ther the Flesh be hard, or soft.

XL. After a Month, two, or three, the Vessel must be opened, and the Liquor gertly poured off, or taken out; and the Body is to be gently taken out of the Ves­sel, which done, it is to rest for eighteen or twenty-four Hours.

XLI. Then lay it in a Stove of a moderare heat, to dry up the [Page 169] superfluous moisture, or you may lay hot Bricks upon the Belly, or strew upon it hot Sand, es­pecially upon the Abdomen; or in Summer time, you may ex­pose it to the vehement Heat of the Sun.

XLII. But note, that you turn the Body every day on a new side, that the Humidities of every part, may be the better dried up by the external Heat; after which it may be washt with a Spunge, to clear it of Filth, if any be; and then well dried, by wiping with hot Linnen Cloths.

XLIII. What has been hitherto said, may be sufficient, if it be a Child, or the Body is only kept some few Weeks, for the performing of the Funeral Obsequies: But if it be a Man or Woman, or a very large fat Body, and it is intend­ed to be kept for a longer Con­tinuance, you must within 18, or 24 Hours after Death, set the Body upright, and pour into the Stomach, by the Mouth, 16, 20, 24, or 30 Ounces, more or less of the afore-described Spiritus Balsamans, doing it leisurely, that it may well re­pleat the Stomach, and take Possession thereof; stopping the Mouth, Chops, and Throat with Cotton dipt in dissolved Myrrh, Balsam Capivi, or Cypress Tur­pentine; binding it also in, if you see need require it, lest the Spirit should come forth again.

XLIV. In the Arm-holes, and in the Groins, you may make holes with a sharp Knife, or a three­square-pointed Bodkin, so deep that they may pierce into the Capacity of the Thorax and Abdomen; in­to which put Pipes, made either of large Goose or Swans Quills, or turned, and made out of some hard Wood, as Box, or rather of Ivory, (not much unlike to Clyster-pipes, but their Heads need not be full out so large) that thereby the Embalming Liquor may the more easily en­ter into, and repleat the said Cavisities of the Brest and Bel­ly, and so correct the Cru­dities of the Blood and Hu­mors, lodging in the Mesentery, and inward Parts of the other Bowels, which otherwise would Putrifie and Rot, but by this means will be easily and happily dried and preserved.

XLV. The Stomach being thus filled by the Mouth, and the Pipes put into their several holes under the Arms, and in the Groins, let the Body be laid in a fit Posture, as directed at Sect. 35 afore­going, pouring upon it, the Spiritus Balsamans, till it is the height above the Body, before directed, letting it lie in the Spirit for six or eight Weeks, at least, before the Preserving Li­quor is decanted, or poured off.

XLVI. If also to the former Em­balming Liquor, you add the Juices of Wormwood, Carduus, or Centory, or any other bitter thing, as Colocynthis, Aloes, Myrrh, &c. which have also a mighty Pre­serving Power in them, you will very much augment the Bal­samick Energy, and Force.

XLVII. A very fat Body is much more difficult and tedious to be Embalmed after this manner, because the thick Substance of the Fat, does resist the Force of [Page 170] the penetrating Balsamick Spi­rit: And therefore, for that Reason, the Body must be re­tained a longer time in the Pre­serving Liquor.

XLVIII. Now, if there be any Ʋlcer, or Ʋlcers in the Body, whether inward or outward; or any Vessel broken, by which there is an Efflux of Blood, which has lain and putrified in the Body; (though the Embalming Spirit being but once affused upon the Body may do, yet, because it will be depauperated, and made Spiritless) it will be best in these Cases, or where speed is required in doing the Work, to decant off, or change the first affused Liquor, after it has lain on about fourteen Days: and this second Affusion, after it has lain the same space of time, may be decanted in like man­ner, and once more repeated with fresh Spirit: But oftner is not necessary, because of its mighty Penetrability, whereby an Erosion of the Abdomen may be feared, which Experience has sufficiently taught.

XLIX. This doubtless, is an excellent way of Preserving dead Bodies: But if the Relatives of the Deceased will be perswaded to an Exenteration, which is a remo­ving of the Viscera of both Ven­tricles, viz. of the Thorax and Abdomen, according to the for­mer Methods of Embalming; as it will exceed all the other ways yet taught, so will it be performed in a much shorter time, than what we have here limited: And if the Viscera be cleansed, and Embalmed by themselves, with the same Li­quor, they may (if you so please) be reposited.

L. The Body having now laid its due time in the Embalming Spirit, let it be gently removed and laid by its self, as before-di­rected at Sect. 40. for eighteen or twenty-four Hours, that the Liquor may drain away, and the superfluous Moisture be dried up: Then put it into the Tray or Trough again, and pour upon it this following Liquor; ℞ Water q.v. in every Gallon of which, dissolve of Nitre or Alum q.s. or ℥vi. or viij. letting it over-top the Body six or eight Inches, and lie therein for two or three Days.

LI. This being done, pour off the Liquor, and take forth the Body; which being drained well, and freed by wiping with dry Linnen Cloths, from the superfluous Hu­midities, put it into a Stove of a moderate heat, to be through­ly dried; or you may wrap it up and dry it in a Sand heat; or otherwise expose it to the heat of the Sun, till it is dried as much as is needful.

LII. And though the Body is dried, yet will not the Volatil saline Particles easily fly away, but adhere to the Parts through which they have pierced, and even dwell there, not considerably eva­porating, they being in some measure fixed by the Acids of the Body, and held in by the Skin, Membranes, and other Parts, their Pores being as it were constringed, or closed; and they will yet more firmly adhere, or stick to the Parts [Page 171] within the Body, for the same Reasons.

LIII. But how long a Body thus Embalmed, or Preserved, may keep, is scarcely possibly to be de­termined, we can only speak to this Matter by Conjecture; though it may be hoped, that it may be Conserved many Years; and some Bodies naturally dry, even to a kind of Petrification: But, the ground of such a Conserva­tion and Durability, consists very much in defending the Body from the Mutations of the Air; and, in particular, from the Humidities thereof, which will be apt to resolve and melt the saline Matter, with which the Body is Preserved.

LIV. Lastly, It prevails much for the long keeping, and durabi­lity of the Body, to cleanse it often, from the Putriscible Atoms or Par­ticles, adhering to the Skin, for some Weeks together, with a Spunge dipt in the Embalming Liquor; or the afore-described Aqua Nitrata, keeping it either in a hot and dry, or else in a very cold and dry Place: After which it may be wrapped in a Cere-cloth, made of Linnen, dipt into a Composition of Wax mixt with Turpentine, and so laid in a Coffin of Wood, Lead, or Tin, as its ultimate Defence against the Injuries of the Air.