A short compendium of chirurgery containing its grounds & principles : more particularly treating of imposthumes, wounds, ulcers, fractures & dislocations : also a discourse of the generation and birth of man, very necessary to be understood by all midwives and child-bearing women : with the several methods of curing the French pox, the cure of baldness, inflammation of the eyes, and toothach, and an account of blood-letting, cup-setting, and blooding with leeches / by J.S., M.D.

A short compendium of chirurgery containing its grounds & principles : more particularly treating of imposthumes, wounds, ulcers, fractures & dislocations : also a discourse of the generation and birth of man, very necessary to be understood by all midwives and child-bearing women : with the several methods of curing the French pox, the cure of baldness, inflammation of the eyes, and toothach, and an account of blood-letting, cup-setting, and blooding with leeches / by J.S., M.D.

Table of contents

Title page

§

The Preface,

The CONTENTS.

A SHORT Compendium OF CHIRURGERY

CHAP. 1.

A SHORT Compendium OF The PRACTICAL Part OF CHIRURGERY. CHAP. II.

Of Impostumes.

They are Resolved by this.

The following brings them to Suppuration.

And this last mittigates the pain of them when it is too intense.

CHAP. III.

Of Wounds.

Of Wounds made by Fire Armes.

Of Gangrenes.

CHAP. IV.

Of Ulcers.

CHAP. V.

Of Fractures and Dislocations.

CHAP. VI.

Of the Generation and Production of Man.

CHAP. VII.

Of the Venerean Disease.

CHAP. VIII.

Of some other Indispositions which are Cured by Chirurgery.

Of Baldness.

Of the Eyes.

Tooth-ach.

Of Phlebotomy or Blood letting.

Of Cup-setting.

Of Leeches.

§

[Page]

[Page]

A Short Compendium OF CHIRURGERY: CONTAINING ITS GROUNDS & PRINCIPLES.

More particularly Treating of IMPOSTHUMES, WOUNDS, ULCERS, FRACTURES & DISLOCATIONS.

ALSO A DISCOURSE of the Generation and Birth of MAN, very necessary to be understood by all Midwives and Child-bearing women.

WITH The Several METHODS of Curing the FRENCH POX: The Cure of Baldness, Inflammation of the Eyes, and Toothach: And an Account of Blood-letting, Cupsetting, and Blooding with Leeches.

By I. S. M. D.

LONDON, Printed by W. G. and are to be sold by Charles[?] Blount, at the Black Raven in the Strand, near Worcester-House[?]. 1678.

§

[Page]

Academiae Cantabrigiensis Liber

The Preface,

[Page]

Courteous Reader,

MY Parents having ever destined me to be a Practical Physitian, thought fit to make me begin the Studies thereof by learning Chirurgery, probably thinking I might thereby acquire a better knowledge of Mans Body, and its several parts, together with their Functions, as also its outward (at least) Indispositions and Cures, than by only reading such Treatises of Physiologie as were then extant, which Modern Anatomists and other Authors have since found defective.

[Page] But in the performance of their just desires I found no small inconveniency, for want of some short and compendious Principles, that might give me the Grounds, and an Idea of that Art, proportionable to my then mean Capacity, almost frighted with the bulk of large and ill digested Volumes; but there being no Remedy, I was fain to compile out of them this small Treatise, which I have since reviewed altering some obsolete Theorems into new ones, and adding some small agreements to render its Reading less tedious; And all for my own use without any thoughts of ever troubling the Press therewith. These late years having brought forth several short Treatises of Chirurgery, specially the excellent Principles [Page] of Barbetty and Hornius, the former whereof is lately made English: but finding in mine some things, which are purposely omitted in theirs, as few dislike their own Productions, I have resolved to make this short Compendium Publick, wishing that it may be to the advantage of young Beginners in Chirurgery, and to the Health and Welfare of their Patients.

Thine I. S.

The CONTENTS.

[Page]

CHAP. I.

CHirurgery defin'd, pag. 2. Its Operations, 3. Of Temper or Complexion, 7. Of the Humours of the Body, 10. The Soul defin'd, 25. Of Diet, 37. Of Sleep and Dreams, 40. Of the Passions, 42. A Disease d [...]fin'd, 45.

CHAP. II. Of Imposthumes.

THeir Causes and Matter, pag. 53, 54. Their Prognosticks. 56. A Cataplasm to discuss an Imposthume, 57. To resolve an Imposthume, 60. To bring an Imposthume to S [...]ppuration, ibid. To mitigate the intense pain of an Imposthume, ibid.

CHAP. III. Of Wounds.

SIgns of a wound that has pierc'd the Skul, 65. whether a wound has penetrated the Thorax, ibid. when the Lungs are hurt, ibid. when the Heart, Diaphragm, Great Artery or Vena-Cava Medulla-Spinalis, Liver, Stomach, Guts, Kidneys, Bladder, and Ureters, 66, 67. When the womb [Page] and Nerves, 67, 68. Of wounds that are mortal, ibid. To help the Extraction of Bullets, Darts. &c. a Receipt, 69. Of Sutures, 71. A Receipt to prevent a too great Flux of Blood, 72. A Receipt to remove pain from the wounded part, 73. An excellent Narcotick for the same, 74. For Convulsions in the wounded, 75. A Palsy defin'd and cur'd, 77. Of the Cure of wounds made by Fire-Arms, 80. A Receipt to bring them to Suppuration, 81. The Definition of a Gangrene, 82. Its Cause and Cure, 83.

CHAP. IV. Of Ulcers.

VVHat they are, 86. Of the several sorts of Ulcers, 88▪ 89. Of the Cure of Ulcers, 90, 91.

CHAP. V. Of Fractures and Dislocations.

VVHat a Fracture is, 92. The Cure how perform'd, 95.

CHAP. VI. Of the Generation and Production of Man.

OF the Matter of Generation, 98. Of the Place, 99. The chiefest and [Page] surest Signs of Conception, 100. To know whether the Child be Male or Female, 101. The Signs of approaching Child-birth, ibid. Directions to be observed before the Birth, 102. Directions to be observed in the Birth, 103. A Liniment to be used, 104. An excellent Powder to hasten Child-birth, 105. Directions to be observ'd when the Child is dead in the Womb, 108. An Ointment for the Hypogaster, 110. For the Expulsion of Wind, an excellent Powder, 111. To stanch Milk, an infallible Receipt, 112.

CHAP. VII. Of the French Pox.

ITs Definition and Signs, 114, 115. Of its Cure, 1. By Decoction, 116. To make that Decoction, ibid. 2. By Plaisters, ibid. 3. By Unction, 117. To make the Unction, ibid. 4. By Suffumigation▪ 121. The Method to be used in it, ibid.

CHAP. VIII. Of several other Indispositions cured by Chirurgery.

OF Baldness and its Cure, 123. Inslammation of the Eyes, 124. Tooth-ach, ibid. Phlebotomy, 125. Cup-setting, 126. Leeches, 127.

A SHORT Compendium OF CHIRURGERY

[Page]

CHAP. 1.

THAT part of Physick, which is called in Greek Therapeutick is divided into three others; namely, Diet, Chirurgery and Pharmacy: Yet, although this division be needful, these three Sisters, as the Graces, are so connexed and linked together, that it is almost impossible for any of them to perform the least operation, without the help of the two others; but [Page] when they conspire and are together carefully reduced, in act; a most advantagious harmony, for the preserving and restoring of health, doth result of their mixture.

Amongst these parts of Physick, Chirurgery is the needfullest, and is therefore by some esteemed the noblest, as being the most ancient and profitable. It is defined, An Art consisting in a methodical application of the Hand on the Body of Man, for the preserving of its present Health, or the restoring of it, being lost. Its Subject is the same Body, and its End the Health of it.

The words Etymologie is composed of the Greek word Cheir, that signifieth [...] and, and Ergia, Operation; which being joyned together make, as it were, a Handy or Manual Operation.

The whole Art is divided into the Theoretical and Practical part; the First whereof is described the seconds Guide and Leader, because it contains the The [...]rems, Demonstrations and Precepts of it, which the Practical part only reduceth in act, and nevertheless hath been so much esteemed, that the Heroes and Demy-gods [Page] of Antiquity did not disdain to learn it, for it is, as Vincianus saith.

Quod Natum Phoebus docuit, quod Chyron Achillem;

Quod didicere olim Podalirius atque Machaon.

What Phoebus taught his Son, Chyron Achilles,

What learned Machaon and Podalirius.

The operations of it are three, Synthesis, Diairesis and Exeresis; whereof the first joynes what is separated. The second, separates what is joyned. And the third, takes away what is superfluous. And these Operations are to be soon, surely, and pleasantly performed, with Manual or Medicinal Instruments, according to certain Indications drawn from the things, 1. Natural. 2. Notnatural. 3. And against Nature.

Chirurgery is soon performed, when no occasion of doing the sick person good is neglected. Surely, if using of known Remedies, we prevent a relapse, and avoid all worse diseases than the former. And [Page] Pleasantly, if, amongst Remedies, those are first made use of, wherewith we may obtain our ends, with less molestation of the Patient.

Those things are called Natural, which do enter in the composition of mans Body, and although its first ingredient may be the universal matter of Cartesius, out of whose particles, variously figurated and moved, according to the variety of their figures and motions, those bodies do arise which though they be not the very first, nor can be demonstrated absolutely simple in their dissolution, yet because they are of the first order of sensible Bodies, whereof others are composed, they may commodiously, by a Chirurgion, who is an Artist of sensibles, be conceived in the Body of Man as its 1. Elements, whence do arise its 2. Tempers or Complexions. 3. Humours. 4. Parts or Limbs. 5. Faculties. 6. Actions. And 7. Spirits. Whereunto, 1 Age. 2 The Sex. 3 Colour. 4 Commoderation. 5 The Season of the Year. 6 The Clime. 7 And manner of Living are annexed.

Elements are single Bodies, out of which the mixt are composed, and into [Page] which they may be resolved, but they in none of a singler composition. They are reckoned four. 1 Fire. 2 Air. 3 Water. 4 And Earth, Whose number and station, Ovid hath thus expressed.

Quatuor Aeternus Genitalia corpor a Mundus

Continet, ex illis, duo sunt onerosa, suoque

Pondere in inferius, Tellus at (que) Unda feruntur:

Et totidem gravitate carent, nulloque premente,

Altapetunt Aer, at (que) aere purior Ignis.

That is,

The Eternal World four Bodies comprehends

Engendring all, The heavy Earth descends,

And Water clog'd with weight; Two light aspire,

Depress'd by none, pure Air, and purer Fire.

Which the Antient thought to evince by the Argument of mixt Bodies dissolution, Thus given by Dubart [...]s.

[Page]

Cela se voit a locil dans le brulant Tison,

Son feu court versle Ceil, sanatale Maison,

Son air vole en fumé, en cendre chet sa terre,

Son cau boult dans ses nocuds, &c.

That is perfectly seen, when burning wood doth send

Its Fire to heaven, the place from whence it did des [...]end,

Its Air then flies in smoak, its Earth in ashes falls,

In its knots water boyls, &c.

But the weakness of this Argument is plainly discovered by the learned Boyle in his Chymista Scepticus; so that, as we said before, These Elements can at most be reckoned but amongst the first Classes of mixt Bodies.

The Elementary qualities are also four, Namely, 1 Heat. 2 Coldness. 3 Moisture. 4 Driness. Whereof the two first (though all act in some measure) compared to the latter, are called Active; the two others Passive.

1. Fire, is of a hot and dry quality.

2. Aire, of a hot and moist.

[Page] 3. Water, of a moist and cold.

4. And Earth, of a cold and dry.

Temper or Complexion, is a proportion of the four primary Qualities, arising from the mixture of the Elements. But if we consider the universal matter, it may be defined, A moderation of the Particles endued with contrary Qualities. There are four single Tempers. 1 Hot. 2 Cold. 3 Moist. 4 Dry. And four compos'd, 1 Hot and Moist. 2 Hot and Dry. 3 Cold and Moist. 4 Cold and Dry. Whereunto is added another, called in Greek [...], that is, Temperate, which is distinguished, 1. In a Temper according to weight, when the Elements are both in mass and quality so proportioned, that none can be said to predominate. 2. And in another according to justice, which consisteth in a temperature convenient for the exercising of all necessary actions.

This Temper is either of the whole body, by reason of which Males are said to be hotter then Females, or of the several parts, whose Rule is this, whatsoever is Red in the Body is Hot; whatsoever is White, Cold; that which is Soft, [Page] is Moist; and that which is Hard, Dry. Whence it follows, That whatsoever is Red and Hard, is Hot and Dry, as the Heart; whatsoever is Red and Soft, is Hot and Moist, as the Flesh; What is White and Hard, is Cold and Dry, as the Bones; and what is White and Soft, is Cold and Moist, as the Brains.

Childhood, comprehending the first five and twenty years of our age, is of a hot and moist temper. From thence Youth, proceeding to five and thirty or fourty years, of a hot and dry; Manhood, consisting in the ten or fifteen next years, is esteemed cold and dry; and thence Old age, till our lifes end, is more or less said to be cold and moist, or according to others, cold and dry; its moisture being but accidental and excrementitious, though God can yet extend our life to a long durance, as the German Poet Freinshemius elegantly expresseth.

Ist schirr nichts ubrig mehr, als seelen voller schnen,

Als leber voller Thod, als leiber voller plag,

Als zeiten voller qual, als zungen voller klag.

[Page] Als hertzen voller angst, als augen voller trahnen.

That is,

Though nothing but a soul full fraught with longing fears,

Be left, a deathful life, a body full of pain,

A time full of distress, a tongue but to complain,

A much oppressed heart, and an eye full of tears.

The Spring is temperate, Summer is hot and dry, Autumn cold and dry, and Winter cold and moist. The Spring begins when the Sun enters the Sign Aries, and continues as the other seasons, with small difference do, some three months, whilst the Sun runs through as many Signs of the Zodiack, whose number and order Virgil thus describes.

Primus adest Aries¹, Taurus² insignibus auro

Cornibus, & Fratres³, & Cancer⁴, aquatile signum,

Tum Leo⁵ terribilis Nemeus, at (que) innuba Virgo⁶.

[Page] Libra⁷ subit, caudaque animal⁸ quod dirigit ictum.

Armatus (que) arcu Chyron⁹ & Corniger Hircus¹⁰,

Fusor aqua¹¹ simul & fulgenti lumine Pisces¹².

The name of Humor is given to whatsoever is perceived flowing in the Body of a living Creature endued with blood. The same is, first, Natural; or, secondly, against Nature. The Natural is again divided into primary and secundary, alimentary and excrementitious.

The alimentary or nourishing humors were constituted by the Antients four in number; 1. Blood. 2. Phlegm. 3. Choler. 4. Melancholly. But the Modern esteem that Blood only is a fit nourishment of the Body, and that the other humors flowing with it, whereunto they have added the Lymphatick and Pancreatical Juice, do only contribute to its effervescency or temperature, as will be said hereafter, amongst whcih humours there is no melancholy, except the thickest and grossest part of the Blood as is found in the Atrabiliary Capsules, or is evacuated by the [Page] Haemorroids, be taken for it. But before we expound how blood is produced, let us hear how the Ancients did conceive it; It is thus expressed by the Danish Poet, Arocusis.

Du Mauge, gode Kock, din mad saa vel for kryder,

At derat, Kortar hid, en kraftig saft ud flyder,

Som Du til Leftueren, vid middel aaren, sender,

Inarings meening Shy, hun den til blod forvender,

Ocs giffuer det igieu, naar saften ny yder,

At samme ferske blod til alle Lemmer flyder,

Ued aarr gangr krum, &c.

That is,

Thou Stomack, gallant Cook, thy meat so well dost dress,

That of it in a trice, thou canst a juic [...] express

Full of craft, which is then sent, by the middle Vein,

To th' Liver, that it may the dye of blood obtain,

[Page] Whence it is given out, when th' other sap is wanting

And is seen through our Limbs, a free passage attempting

By crooked Channel-Veins, &c.

This was the Antients meaning, but the Moderns have found, that the aliments being well chewed in the Mouth, are by the Oesophagus transported into the stomack, where by the virtue of some acid liquors, proceeding from the reliques of the former Concoction, and the Vapours of the Pancreatical juice, together with the sub [...]il descending from the Maxillar Glandules, they are fermented, agitated and calified, almost in the same manner, as mettals are dissolved by Aqua fortis. In the mean time the aliments, helped by the warmth of the neighbouring parts, do often contract a spontaneous heat, as we see sometimes hay, too freshly brought in, whereby they are digested, which being done, the stomack straightning it self, and opening its lower orifice, called the Pilorus, they are thrust down to the Duodenum, where by an effervescency arising from the mixture of Choler, [Page] descending thither by the biliary conduit, together with the pancreatical juice, and Phlegm sticking to the Bowels, they are segregated, and their grossest parts precipitated down to be expelled at the seat; whilst the subtilest, called Chylus, are transported by the milky Veins, to the common receptacle, where being diluted by the Lymphatick humor, the Chylus is carried by the Thoracick conduits to the subclavicular branch of the Vena cava, where it is mixt with the Blood, descending from the Head and other superiour parts; of whose Nature and Colour it begins then to partake, without coming to the Liver, which therefore can neither be the seat nor organ of Sanguification.

The Chylus thus mixt with the descending Blood, being come into the trunck of the Vena cava, is mingled with the Blood which ascends by the same Vein, from the inferiour parts, and is transmitted into the right Ventricle of the Heart, where it suffers an effervescency arising from the mixture of the Lymphatick spirit, and the lixivious salt of Choler, communicated to the Blood, [Page] out of the Gall by the Hepatick conduit, whereby the fiery parts of each being freed of their hindrance, do insinuate themselves in the oily parts of the blood, which they rarify, whereby the Valvules of the Vena cava are shut up, and the Blood thus rarified, craving a larger room than before, the Heart is compell'd to its expulsion, which it effects by the collected fibres, as another muscle, and the Valvules of the Arterial Vein being opened it is transported into the Lungs, cooled by Respiration, whereby the Heart and the said Vein is unswell'd, and the Blood is conveigh'd by the usual Artery, whose Valvules are then open, into the left Ventricle of the Heart, where it is again heated and rarified, and being carried by the Aortal Artery, whose Valvules then give passage, into the greatest Arteries, and from thence into the smaller, the Heart and the said Arteries leave swelling, and the Bl [...]od is thence received by the Anastomoses in the Veins, from whence it proceeds, through the vena cava, into the right Ventricle of the heart, repeating so a continual circulation, a perpetuum mobile during our Life.

[Page] Blood is temperate, of a mean thickness, Red in colour, and of a sweet taste, it serves instead of fuel to the vital heat, which it conveys to the several parts, to whose nutrition and increase it alone contributes.

The Antients did divide it into Venal and Arterial, though the place of their flowing be their chief difference.

Phlegm is of a watry nature, liquid, whitish and unsavoury, it serveth to the [...]fervescency in the duodenum, tempers the Blood, and renders the Joynts slippery.

Choler is of a fiery nature, a thin consistence, a yellow colour, and a bitter taste, it causeth an Effervescency in the duodenum, and another in the Heart, as aforesaid; it provokes the expelling faculty, and thins all Phlegm sticking to the inward parts.

The Lymphatick humour is of a pure watry substance, without any colour, and of a subacid taste. Its uses are manifold, but the chief are to promote an easier slowing of the Chylus, and to convey the blood through the thoracick conduit to the Heart, and there contribute [Page] to its Effervescency, it tempers the Blood and perhaps, together with phlegm, moistens the articulations of the Joynts.

According to the Antients, Phlegm predominates from Midnight till Sunrising; Blood from that time till Noon, thence Choler obtains the superiority till Sun-setting, and they gave the remaining time till Midnight to Melancholy, which we have said to be nothing but grosse Blood.

Phlegm is also more copious in Autumn, Blood in the Spring, Choller in Summer, and Melancholy or thick blood in Winter.

They esteemed also Phlegm to be moved every day, Choler every third day, and Melancholy every fourth; supposing the Quotidian Ague to be caused by Phlegm, the Tertian by Choler, and the Quartan by Melancholy, which De Graff attributes to the various Obstructions of the lateral branches of the Pancreas; In his Treatise De succo pancreatico.

The signs of a Bloody Complexion, are a red colour in the Face, a moist heat through the whole Body, sleshy Muscles, great Veins, and a chearful Heart.

Cholericks are of a yellowish colour, [Page] a light disposition, and a lean Body; they are witty and liberal, but wrathful and revengeful.

Phlegmaticks are pale, of a soft flesh, sometimes fat, lazy, sleepy and dull.

Melancholick or thick blooded men have a blackish face, and a sad look, they are sorrowful, obstinate, fearful and covetous, but withall very capable of doctrine.

The Arabs instituted four secundary Humours, whereof they called the first Innominate or Implanted, which they supposed to be conteined in the extremities of the little Veins, where it begun to take some alteration of the several parts. They called the same Daw, when (as it were) it bedewed them. Gluten, when it stuck fast to them; and Cambium, when it was wholy converted into their substance, but the nutrition and increase of the several parts is better expressed by the Moderns, as will be said, when we speak of Functions.

When the Primary humors exceed the bounds of their due qualities, they are deemed against nature, and they may be corrupted in the Veins or out of them.

[Page] Phlegm, corrupted in the Veins, is of a sower or salt taste, and of no colour; but out of the Veins, it is distinguished in muscous, watry, plastry and glazy, whereunto the Lymphatick humour, the salive, and the Pancreatical juice may be conveniently referred when they are vitiated.

Choler, corrupted in the Veins, is called vitellin, or like the yolk of Eggs, which the Antients esteemed to be produced by an intense heat, but is more truly atributed to the mixture of some acid humour, as can be perceived when a little spirit of Vitriol is powred into some Gall; it often degenerates in Poraceous, rus [...]y, and glasteous, according to its degrees of acidity.

The Melancholy humour or thickest Blood, is by some thought to turn by adustion into black choler, but according to Regnerus de Graaf, this last proceeds from the mixture of Choler with a too acid pancreatical juice, whereby it is turned into a greenish black colour, as the Antients describe the atrabiliary humour.

The Excrementitious humours are also 1. Phlegm. 2. Choler. 3. Melancholly. 4. And, Serum.

[Page] They are called excrementitious, because they can yield no nourishment to the Body, and therefore are expelled,

1. Phlegm, not to the Brains, as the Antients conceived, but to the Maxillar Glandules, and thence through the Mouth and Nostrils out of the Body.

2. Choler, by the Cystick arteries to the Gall, whence the superfluous part is expelled to the Duodenum, and thence evacuated at the Seat.

3. Melancholly, which is not attracted by the Spleen, as the Antients supposed, but is an Excrement of the grossest Blood, which is often evacuated by the Haemorrhoides, and is also sent to the Atrabiliary Capsuls, to be, perhaps, voided with the Urine, which therefore appears sometimes of a black colour.

4. Serum, which is either evacuated,

First, In the form of Vapours, by transpiration, whereby, according to Sanct [...] rius, more than the half part of our Aliments are dissipated.

Secondly, Or in the consistence of Urine which being separated from the bloud in the Kidneys, and filtred through the Papillar Caruncles into the Pilorus, is [Page] powred through the Uriters, into the Bladder, and having received the thinnest, and most serous part of the Chylus immediately from the Stomack, by the Gastrick Vein, is thence evacuated out of the Body.

To Serum, is also referred Sweat and the Tears we shed.

A Part or Limb is defined, A Body adhering to the whole, and partaking of the same life with it, being created for the exercising of certain Functions.

They are distinguished in Similaries and Dissimilaries.

A Similary part, is that, which cannot be divided in other parts of a different species; and it is twofold, Spermatick and Carnal.

1. The Spermatick are constructed in the first conformation of the body, out of the grossest part of the Seed.

2. The Carnal out of the MenstrualBlood.

The Similary parts are Eleven in number.

1. Bones.

2. Tendrels.

3. Ligaments.

[Page] 4. Tendons.

5. Membranes.

6. Fibres.

7. A threefold flesh (the Musculous, the Parenchyme, and the Glandules.)

8. The Skin.

9. The Veines.

10. The Arteries.

11. And the Nerves or Sinews.

The Bones are joyned either by,

I. Diarthrosis, or Articulation with some motion, either by

1. Enarthosis, when there is a considerable quantity of the Bone received in a large Cavity.

2. Arthrodia, when the receiving cavity is but Supersiciary.

3. Ginglime, when a Bone receives and is received.

II. Symphosis, or Coalition without Motion.

1. Sutures, as in the Bones of the Head.

2. Harmony, as in the Bones of the Nose and upper Jaw.

3. Gomphosis, as the Teeth.

[Page] And they are bound either by,

First, Syncondrosis, or with a Tendrel.

Secondly, Syndeurosis, or a Ligament.

Thirdly, Sysarcosis, or with some flesh or muscle.

Note that to the exercising of the Similary parts Functions, there needs only their due temper and commoderation.

A Dissimilary part is that, which may be divided in parts of a different Species, Many do confound them with the Organical. Nevertheless there is this difference, that all Dissimilary parts are Organical, but not all Organical, Dissimilary; for the Bones, Veins and Arteries are Similary, and yet produce Organical actions.

Four conditions are requisite to the perfect exercising of the Dissimilaries actions: namely,

1. A due Conformation.

2. Magnitude.

3. Number.

4. And Conjunction.

Whereof the last comprehends two others, to wit, Seat and Connexion.

[Page] These parts are distinguished in, First, Containing; and Secondly, Contained.

And then again, in 1. Common; and 2. Proper. Distinguished in 1. Nobles; 2. Ignobles.

First, The Noble or principal parts, distributing the Spirits and Faculties to the whole Body, are absolutely necessary to it. They are three; Viz.

1. The Brains.

2. Heart.

3. Liver.

Which being excepted, all the rest are Ignoble, as being subservient to them, and they are the other parts of 1. the Head. 2. Trunk. And 3. [...].

1. The Head, is divided in the Soul, and Face; the common containing parts whereof are, the thin and the hairy Skin, the fat and the [...]leshy Membrane; Its proper parts are the Scalp, or Pericrane, the Perioste, the Muscles, the Bones, and two Meninges.

The contained parts of it are the Brain, the A [...]ter-brain, and the Marrow.

The second hath in its upper part the sore-head, in the lower, the mouth, and the instruments of the Senses, as the Eyes, [Page] the Eares, the Nose, &c.

2. The Trunk is distinguished in the Breast and lower Belly, the proper containing parts of the first, besides, the Muscles, Bones, &c. Being the Pap, the Midriff, the Pleure, and the Mediastin.

The contained are either Bowels, as the Heart, with its purse, the Lungs, a part of the Weazon and of the throat; or Vessels, as some branches of the Vena Cava, and great Artery; sustained by the thymus in the Throat and several Sinews.

The lower Bellies proper containing parts, are the Muscles of the Panch, and the Belly-rim.

The contained are either employed to Nutrition, namely to Chylification, as the Stomack, the Kall, the Sweet-bread, the Guts, and the Mesentery; or to Sanguisication, as the Mesaraick Veins, the post Vein, and the Cava, the Liver, the Gall, the Bladder, and the Milt.

3. The Ioints are divided in the uppermost, containing the great Hand, namely the Arm, that is, the Shoulder, from the upper shoulder to the Elbow; and the Cubit from the Elbow to the Wrist. The lesser Hand, divided in the [Page] Wrist between the Cubit and the Palm, and the fist between the Wrist and the beginning of the Fingers, whose inward part is called the Palm, and the outward, the Back of the Hand.

The undermost contain the great Foot, comprehending the Thigh, from the Britch to the Knee, the Leg from the Knee to the lesser foot, which is divided in the Foot, Pedium, Metapedium, and Toes.

Before we come to Faculties and Functions, it will not be amiss to say what the Soul is.

They define it The substantial Form of a living Body, and the inward principle of the actions thereof. For,

The Soul a Substance and a Spirit is,

Which God himself doth in the Body make

Which makes the man, for every man from this

The Nature of a Man, and Name doth take.

Its connexion with the Body is called Life, and its separation Death: Neither is this last greatly to be feared of a Christian, [Page] since it is but a passage to a better Life, and that, as saith the Italian Poet.

Altro mal non ha morte chél pensar a morire,

E chi morir pur duce, quanto piu tosto more,

Tanto piu tosto al suo morir sinvola.

A Faculty is a certain disposition of the Body, whereby it can do something, though it may be, it doth it not, so that it is only a power of acting.

Its division is needless, since it is but one power, though it produceth several actions, according to the Vacuity of its Organs.

A Function, is described, the exercise of a Faculty, and is only distinguisted in Natural and Animal, Pulse being referred by the Moderns to sanguification, whereof we have spoken in the Theorem of Blood, and Respiring to motion, of which will be said hereafter.

The Natural Function is divided in,

1. Nutrition.

2. Growth.

3. Generation.

To the first whereof the Antients made [Page] four others to be subservient; for as Dykes saith of the Soul,

Here she attracts, and there she doth retain,

Here she decocts, and doth the food prepare,

There she distributes it to every Vein:

And here expels what she may fitly spare.

Yet the Moderns do exclude from thence all similary attraction and retention, Deglution being performed by Detrusion only; the several parts of the Mouth, the Tongue, the OEsophague, &c. contributing thereunto; Retention being also effected by the Oblique Fibres of the Stomack; but Hunger is produced by the sourish Vapors of the acid in the Stomack, which do gently Vellicate its upper Orifice, and the apparent cause of Thirst is the want of moisture.

To Concoction three others are subordinate.

1. Chylification.

2. Sanguification.

3. Assimilation.

[Page] The two first whereof, together with Expulsion, are explained in the describing of Humours, so that only Assimilation and Growth are here to be expounded, which take thus.

When the Arteries begin to swell, as aforesaid, the particles of the Blood, which in them are convey'd to the roots of certain filaments, issuing from the ends of the smallest Arteries, whereby they compose the Bones, Flesh, Skin, &c. according to the various manner of their application and contexture, or directed by the same Plastick virtue whereby the said parts were formed, which they nourish, something distending them, and intruding themselves in their vacancies; where they remain, when the Arteries return to their former state.

And Growth is likewise effected: The pores of the matter of Chi [...]drens Bodies being easily extended, whereby some particles of the Blood, a little greater than those whose places they fill, may enter and subsist therein, which cannot be longer done, when their Limbs are grown more solid.

Generation is a Function, whereby a [Page]man produceth another like to himself, whereunto the Antients did subordain two others,

1. Alteration.

2. Conformation.

Which the Moderns do rather attribute to the Plastick virtue of the Seed, though denyed by Rhegius and other Cartesians, who affirm, That the particles of the Seed, moved by its own heat, and that of the Uterus, because of their various figures, are necessarily turned into the Brood of an animal, whereunto they since attribute the whole formation of the Foetus, without the Function of any intellectual faculty directing it.

The Animal function is divided in,

1. Principal.

2. Moving.

3. Sensitive.

Whereof the first comprehends these three, viz.

1. Imagination, whereby all Objects Species offered to the external senses are perceived and discerned.

2. Reasoning, whereby a man discourseth and understands.

3. Memory, whereby the Species of [Page] things perceived, conceived and understood are preserved, whereof will be further spoken in the period of Sensation.

Motion is thus performed, The most vivid and quickest particles of the Blood, such as we may conceive the Vital Spirits, do ascend from the left Ventricle of the Heart, through the Caroties and Cervical Arteries, into the Cavities of the Brain, where they are turned into a subtile flame or wind, usually called the Animal Spirits, which being driven by grosser particles, do not enter in the Pineal Glandule (Steno having shewed us how unapt it is thereunto) but in some (yet unknown) more convenient place of the Head, whence they sally out into the Cavities of the Brain and the pores of its substance, to be thence conveyed into the Nerves, where they have a power (which the learned Willis calleth Elastick) to change the figure of the Muscles, and so move the whole Body.

To this manner of moving Respiration is also to be referred, for the Muscles of the Thorax drawing it up, the Lungs, [Page] to avoid vacuity, are extended, whereby their small cavities are opened, and receive the inspired Air, which is again excluded in expiration, when the Lungs following the restriction of the Abdomen, their said Cavities are again straightned.

The Sensitive Function, is the exercise of the five external Senses, which comparatively to certain Beasts, are comprised in these two Verses.

Nos Aper Auditu praecellit, Aranea Tactu,

Vultur Odoratu, Lynx Visu, Simia Gustu.

That is,

The Bore excels in Hearing, and the Spider

By sence of Touch, is a subtil divider.

The Vul [...]ers Smell, th' Apes Taste, and Lynxes Sight,

Excells the Man by far, that solid Wight.

Their respective Instruments are,

1. The Eyes of Seeing in the Retin [...].

2. The Ears of Hearing in the Auditory Nerve.

[Page] 3. The Nose of Smelling, not through the Os Cribriforme, which is not pierced as the Antients conceived, but by the Apophysces Mammillares, or the extremities of the Nerves.

4. The Tongue of [...]asting, by the Papillary eminencies, noted by Bellinus, whence Savours are conducted to the Filaments of the 4 and 7 pair of the Nerves that end there.

5. The Skin of Touching, by the Pyramidal papils, observed by Malpigius, and esteemed the extremities of the Nerves of the sixth pair ending in it.

Sensation, is performed as followeth, When the small Filaments of the Sinews are in the least moved by the Objects of the senses, they draw to them the parts of the Brain from whence they take Origin, whereby they open some pores of the inward superficy of it, through which the animal Spirits, being derived into the Nerves and Muscles, do excite those motions, which we perceive our senses, being thus or so affected, which is to be understood of all Sensation; and if the said spirits, having the Impression of some Id [...]a conceived or also discerned [Page] in some fit place of the Brain (as Cartesius esteemed the Pin [...]al Gland [...]le) do often pass through the same pores of the Brains texture, they do dilate them so, that the Objects being absent, they may be represented to the Soul, whence Memory doth depend. But if opening one or more of them, some others are dilated, Reminiscency is effected; and if the traces of the Ideas are conveyed by the smal Ar [...]eries to the heart, and diffuse their beams throughout the mass of Blood, it may thence proceed, that the Foster is sometimes noted with certain markes.

Sleep is a Cessation of Motion and of the External Senses, and is produced, when the Braines substance is not sufficiently [...]istended by the Spirits aforesaid, or when it is over [...]whelmed with Vapours; for in these cases it falls together, and oppresseth the Nerves of the several Sen [...]es, that their Objects cannot be transmitted. And Dreams, which happen during Sleep have their origin, partly [...]rom the inequality of the Spirits issuing [...]rom the Souls Domicil, and partly from the occurring impressions of Memory.

[Page] Spirits are defined, A thin, invisible, aethere all and most quick substance, arising from the subtilest parts of the Blood, t [...] be the Vehicle of all necessary actions.

The Antients did divide it, in

1. Implanted.

2. Adventitious.

Whereof the first is denyed by some who conceive it impossible, that the [...] same cause acting in the same manner should last so long, and produce so many and often contrary Functions.

They were formerly divided as th [...] Faculties were, in

1. Natural.

2. Vital.

3. Animal.

But Sylvius de le Boe, admits none bu [...] the Animal, and other Moderns the V [...] tal, under which they comprehend th [...] Natural and the Animal; taking th [...] subtilest parts of the Blood, arising fro [...] the left Ventricle of the Heart, for th [...] first, which are turned in the Brains int [...] the Animal, serving.

First, To sundry motions of the Sou [...] and Body.

Secondly, To the exercising of the internal [Page] and external Senses.

3. To the alteration of Humours.

Native Heat is a proper and special quality to all animated creatures, whereby they live and exercise their functions, uses, and necessary operations.

Thus I think to have briefly explained, not only the Natural things, but also their Annexes, except the manner of living, which if it be watry and moist, [...]s obnoxious to diseases of that temper; but if it be hot and dry, the contrary must be expected.

In sum, it appears by the Premises, that the Body of Man is a Microcosme, composed of several parts, wonderfully effig [...]r [...]ted, and adorned with sundry Functions, created to be for a certain time, the Domicil or dwelling place of the Rational Soul, so that not without cause, the German Poet exclaimes,

O Edles wundertheir, zur weisheit auserkohren,

Uoll geist, voll luft, voll got, vom himmel selbst gebohren,

Du Herr, du Eben bild, und auszug allerwelt,

[Page] Der unter ies den lauff der hohen sterner stelt,

Du weise Creatuur, &c.

O thou noble Animal, wonder to wisdom chosen,

Full of Spirit and God, from Heaven it self rosen.

Thou Lord, Type, and extract of the whole Univers,

Disposing under thee the course of the high stars,

Thou creature full of Wit &c.

Those things are called not natural, which do not enter in the Bodies composition, but by a right use whereof it may long be maintained healthful and sound.

They are,

1. Air.

2. Eating and Drinking.

3. Motion and Quiet.

4. Sleeping and Watching.

5. Repletion and Evacuation.

6. The Passions of the mind.

In the administration of all which we ought to consider,

1. The Quality.

2. Quantity.

3. Manner of Using.

A free, open, serene, and thin Air is to be esteemed the best; as also the East and North Winds; but the South and Western are held unwholsom.

The simpler our diet is, the healthful [...]er it is to be esteemed; for as Hora [...]e saith, the variety of meat is very noxious, viz.

—nam variae res

Ut noceant homini credas, memor illius escae,

Que simplex olim tibi sederit, at simul assis

Miscueris elixa, simul conchilia turdis,

Dulcia se in bilem vertent stomacho (que) tumultum

Lenta feret pituita; vides ut pallidus omnis

Coenâ desurgit dubiâ.—

That thou mayst know how various things offend,

Think but what single meat did once defend

[Page] Thee from approaching hunger, but at last,

Roasted with boyld, and Birds with Shels thou hast

Together mixt; In Choler what is sweet

Will turn it self, and thy Stomack surfeit

With slimy Phlegm: Consider then how pale

Each riseth from his Seat, and doubtful Meal.

Meats affording a good juice, and substance, are doubtless the wholsomest, and nevertheless, in expending them, the sicknesses nature, the strength, age, and labour of the Patient are to be perspicuously considered, whereunto an inveterate custom is to be added: for Country Men and Labourers convert meats of an easy digestion into Choler, but extract a laudable substance of a courser [...] diet, and thus,

Consuetudo valet, longos mansura per annos,

Illaque Naturam, vires si sumpserit, aequat.

A constant use a second nature proves,

And if increast, with equal force it moves.

[Page] Neither did the Antients neglect Order in Eating, for they esteemed that what was easily decocted, should enter first into the Stomach, and that Lubrick meat ought to precede those that are Astringent: But it is now believed that those niceti [...]s may be omitted, since the Aliments are all converted in one mass, whence the Chylus is afterward separated. Whereunto I shall only add these two Verses of Drinking.

Aut nulla ebrietas, aut tanta sit, ut tibi curas,

Eripiat, si quae est inter utrumque nocet.

Be never Drunk, or so much let it be

As to asswage thy Cares; else 'twill hurt thee.

Motion comprehends all kind of exercises; the same ought to be moderate, and we ought to leave it when Sweat begins to break out through the Pores▪ for immoderate Labour weakens the Body, and is very pernicious, as Ovid saith of himself.

[Page]

Me quoque debilitat semis immensa Laborum,

Ante meum tempus cogit & esse senem.

Otia corpus alunt, animus quoque pascitur illis,

Immodicus contra, carpit utrumque labor.

Continual Toyl weakens my weary Limbs,

And makes me Old before my time be come:

Body and Mind, by Rest are fed, it seems,

But too much Work precipitates their doom.

Sleep, as we said before, Is a cessation from motion and sence, whose Office is the restoring of the Bodies former strength. Its proper time is Night, an hour or two after Supper.

The first lying not being first on the Right Side, as many believe, but on the Left, where the bottom of the Stomach is and the meat ought to lye, and about morning, when concoction is ended on the Right; neither should it exceed the space of Fight hours; wherewith, if some are not satisfied, certainly the sooner,

[Page]

Longa quiescendi tempora fata dabunt.

The Fates will give sufficient time to sleep.

Dreams do in some manner indicate what ex [...]retion will be in the Crisis, for if red and fiery, they presage a Cholerick one; if moist and watry, a Phlegmatick.

Moderate watching quickens the senses, and diffuseth heat and blood through the whole Body. But if it be immoderate, it weakens the same, dries up the Spirits, and spoiles the brains Temperature.

Repletion is either of quality or of quantity.

The first is seen in the Hectick Feaver, or Marasmus.

The second hath a relation to the containing parts, and is measured by their distention; or to the Bodies strength, when the same is fuller of humours than it can well bear.

The repletion of a single humour is called Cacochimy; that of more Pletora.

Evacuation, in the strictest sence, Is an [Page]effusion of such humours as are superfluous and hurtful, and is either of the whole body, chiefly performed by Phlebotomy, Sweat and Purgation, or of the several parts, by their respective Conduits, as the Brains, by the Eyes, Nose and Eares, the Lungs by the Wind-pipe, &c. In all Evacuation, three things are to be observ'd and considered, The Quantity, Quality, and manner of Excretion, V. g. The Empieme being opened, the excluded matter ought to be answerable in quantity to that which is included. The most laudable is white, even, and as little stinking as may be. And lastly, all must be purged out at one time, least the Patient suffer too great an Effusion of Spirits.

The Passions of the Soul, or Perturbations of the Mind, are very prevalent to alter the Bodies Constitution; for as the Banished Poet saith,

Unda locusque nocent, & causa valentior istis,

Anxietas animi; quae mihi semper adest.

[Page]

The Sea and place do hurt, but yet I find

A greater Cause, the torment of my mind.

We wil therefore brie [...]ly expound their Effects.

A moderate Ioy, dilates the heart, and distributes abundance of Spirits to the Face, and other parts; it helps Concoction, and renders our habitude more chearful, and pleasant.

Anger or Wrath performs the like effusion, but much more rapid and swift [...] It kindleth sometimes the Humours so much, that it makes them apt to receive a sharp volatile Salt, which is thought the cause of putrid Feavers, and produceth also other Symptoms; yet it may be profitably used, to quicken the natural heat, and render it more active, when it is almost prostrated.

Sorrow and Fear, draw heat and blood suddenly to the Heart, whence the forces do presently fall, and sometimes death immediately follows, the Vital Faculty being over whelmed with Blood and Spirits.

This I conceive sufficient, since all [Page] other Passions of the mind may be referred to these three or four.

Those things are termed against nature, which may procure the destroying and ruine of the Body.

They are the cause of Diseases, Disease it self, and its Accidents, or Symptoms.

The Cause of a Disease, is, Whatsoever doth any way contribute to the being, or increase of it. Which, though Physitians give them many distinctions, may nevertheless all be referred to the efficient, especially divided in 1. External, 2. Internal; For, Alas! How many things may extinguish our light.

The humours within us maintain an equal fight; and least it be too long, Death hath a Pike, a Ball, a Sword, a Knife, a Stone and an Arrow, to cut our feeble thred, &c.

The External Cause cometh from without; the Internal hath its seat in the Body, and is either,

1. Antecedent, that yeilds aptitude to a sickness.

Or, 2. Conjoyn'd, which immediately, and of it self perfects it.

They are also co-ingendred with the [Page] Patient, or have accesse to him after his Birth.

A Disease is, A disposition against Nature immediately, and of it self, hurting the actions.

The same is Simple or Complicated.

The first is, when there is no plurality, or composition of Diseases.

The second, When it is followed of many Symptoms, or when the Cause is so connexed with it, that it may be lookt upon as a particular Sickness.

Diseases are of a threefold species.

1. Intempery.

2. Evil Conformation.

3. Solution of Continuity.

The first is, an Indisposition of the Similary parts, caused by the excess of a single Humour or the Exuberance of more; The last whereof is called naked, or conjoyned with a Vice of the same Humours, and is termed equal, as being [...] qually spread throughout the whole Body, or inequal, as affecting only some particular part of it.

There are four sorts of evil Conformation. Namely in,

1. Figure.

2. Magnitude.

3. Number.

4. Scituation.

Solution of Continuity is a common Disease, of the Similary and Organical parts, which hath several Names, according to the places where it is incident; For in the Flesh it is called Helcos, in the Bones, Cathagma; in the Nerves, Spasma.

The Symptoms of a Disease are the Effects and Productions of it; To wit,

1. A hurt action, (that is 1. Abolished. 2. Diminished. Or, 3. Depraved.)

2. A Vice in the Bodyes Habitude.

3. Vitiated Excretions.

Of the aforesaid Precepts are collected two Intentions.

1. What is to be done.

2. And if it may be done.

But the third belongs to Art, viz. How it must be done.

The Practice whereof is better declared in the Words annexed, and the [Page] following Chapters, that do briefly comprehend what doth belong to a Chirurgeon.

The Indications are of three first and principal Species, viz.

1. The first is drawn from the natural things which do Indicate their conservation, by the use of things like to themselves, and of this kind are the Indications drawn from,

1. The strength and forces of the Patient, which to preserve, the proper Cure is often to be delayed, for without them, the Chirurgeon can effect but little.

2. His Temper, viz.

1. Sanguine.

2. Cholerick.

3. Phlegmatick.

4. Melancholy.

3. The Habitude of his Body.

1. Soft and delicate.

2. Lean or Fat.

3. Tall or Short.

Least he lose that Symetry which Nahath allotted him.

4. The Condition and Nature of the [Page] part affected. Wherein we consider,

1. Its Substance, whether if Similary, it be,

1. Hot.

2. Cold.

3. Moist.

4. Dry.

If Organical,

1. Principal,

2. Or Ignoble.

If it be,

1. Of a quick Sense.

2. Or Stupid and Dull.

And lastly, its

1. Form.

2. Figure.

3. Magnitude.

4. Number.

5. Connexion.

6. Action or Use.

5. The Age; for many Diseases cannot be Cured in Old Age.

6. The Sex, for Women are easier purged than Men.

7. The Season of the Year, for Hot meat is convenient in Winter, Cold in Summer, Moist in Autumn, and Dry in the Spring.

[Page] 8. The time of the Disease, for what is convenient in the beginning, is not so in the progress, state or end.

II. The second is drawn from the things not Natural; Which do indicate their Alteration; as if Air does conspire with Nature against the Disease, it ought to be kept; otherwise, it must be altered.

III. The third is taken from the things against Nature, which indicate their Ablation, and are,

1. The Cause of a Disease.

2. The Disease it self.

3. The Symptoms.

Which do often indicate contrary things; but then this is the Rule.

When there is Complication, the first Remedies ought to take away,

1. The most Dangerous.

2. The Cause.

3. That without which nothing can be done. As,

1. Loss of Blood.

2. Fluxion.

3. Intempery.

A SHORT Compendium OF The PRACTICAL Part OF CHIRURGERY. CHAP. II.

[Page]

[Page]

Of Impostumes.

HAving thus far treated of such Theorems and Institutions, as are wholly necessary to be known of all Well wishers to Chirurgery, let us now [Page] say something of the Practical part thereof, since it is almost impossible to treat perfectly of the Theorical, unless the same do give some urgent occasion of it, and in this it resembles the three Parts of Curative Physick, that can hardly be separated from one another, for as a French Poet doth intricately say;

Quand un Cordier cordant vent accorder sa Corde,

Pour sa corde accorder, trois cordens il accorde,

Mais si un des cordons de la Corde discorde,

Le Cordon discordant fait discorder la Corde.

When a Ropemaker makes a Rope,

Of smaller Ropes he twisteth three,

But he cannot attain his Hope

If One of them do disagree.

We shall then divide this small Treatise into six other Chapters.

The First whereof shall give the general Documents of Impostumes.

The Second of Wounds.

[Page] The Third of Ulcers.

The Fourth of Fractures and Dis [...]ocations.

The Fifth of the Generation and Production of Man.

The Sixth of the Venereal Disease.

The Seventh of some other Indispositions that are Cured by Chir [...]rgery.

An Impostume then is defined, A Disease, composed of three others.

1. Intempery.

2. Evil Conformation.

3. Solution of Continuity.

The general Causes of it are,

1. Fluxion.

2. Congestion.

The subordinate ones of the first whereof are commonly,

1. A lower scituation of the part af [...]ected.

2. The Soreness of it.

3. Its Heat, caused by a two violent motion.

4. The outward Proximity of some hot Body.

5. Or the application of sharp medicaments.

[Page] The Causes of Congestion are two namely a defect of Assimulation in the Diseased part.

2. The infirmity of the Expulsive Function.

The difference of Impostumes are manifold but they are chiefly taken of their quality, whereby they are termed great, of a mean greatness, or little.

Or of the part affected, as Opthalmys in the Eye, Varices in the Legs.

Or of their Accidents, as their Soreness, whence they are called painful, smarting, insensible, &c.

Or of their Colour, by reason of which some are called red, white, livid, yellow, &c.

But the chiefest and most necessary difference is that which is taken from the matter whereof they are composed, which the following Discourse will more clearly manifest.

The Matter of Impostumes is either,

I. Natural, Which is,

1. Hot, as Blood, whence is made a true Phlegm; Or,

Choler, whence a true Erisipelas is produced.

[Page] 2. Cold, as first Phlegm, whence riseth a true OEdema.

Secondly, Melancholy, whence is made a Schirrus.

II. Or Against Nature, which is either First, Blood, whence are made,

1. Carbuncles.

2. Antraces.

3. Gangrenae.

4. Istiomene.

5. Sphacelus.

Secondly, Choler; whence are produced,

1. Herpes, of the thickest.

2. Herpes miliares, of the thinnest.

Thirdly, Phlegm, whence arise,

1. Waterish,

2. Windy Impostumes.

3. Scrophulae.

4. Knobs, &c.

Fourthly, Melancholy, whence are engendred,

1. A spurious Schirrus,

2. All kinds of Cankers.

The signs of a Sanguine Impostume are pain in the diseased part, the heat of it, its redness, and tention.

[Page] Coldness, softness and a lesser pain indicates a Phlegmatick one.

A yellowish and pale Colour, and a smarting pain, sheweth it to be Cholerick.

And Tension, Hardness and Lividity, with some pain by fits, do manifest that it is caused of Melancholly, or thick Blood. The Antients believed also that they had the Paroxisms, and moving time of such Humours as they are made of.

Thus the indisposition of an OEdema was more intense from midnight till Sun-rising; a Phlegmon more painful from Sun-rising till Noon; thence to Sunsetting, an Erisipelas; and a Scirrhus or Canker, from that time till Midnight.

Concerning the Prognosticks of Impostumes, those that are caused of cold humours or thick Blood, are of a longer Curation, and such whose matter is against nature, are healed with greater difficulty, than those caused of a natural one; whereunto you may add such as turn themselves in Schirres and Knobs.

There is to be considered in all Impostumes four times. viz.

1. Their Beginning.

2. Augmentation.

3. State.

4. Decrease.

The first whereof is, when the part beginneth to swell and pain.

The second when the swelling pain, and other accidents do increase.

The third, when they receive no augmentation.

The fourth, when they do decrease.

They are commonly termined in four manners, namely,

1. By Resolution.

2. Suppuration.

3. Induration of the part,

4. Or by its Corruption and Gangrene; which is worst of all.

The Signs of resolution are an itching of the diseased part, with the slacking of Pulsation, Tension, Heat, and other accidents.

Those of Suppuration are the greatness and vehemency of the Feavour, pain, pulsation and heat.

A diminution of swelling and pain, and a hardness left in the affected part do indicate its Induration.

[Page] And when the accidents of heat, pain, pulsation and tension are greater, than they use to be in Suppuration; when the pain ceaseth suddenly, without any manifest cause, if the part grows livid and blackish, and lastly if it stinkes, Gangreen is more than fully signified.

The first Indication in the Cure of all Impostumes, is the prohibiting of Fluxion by repelling and intercepting Remedies.

The second is an evacuation of the matter causing it, whether it be by resolution, repulsion or suppuration.

If it be caused by Congestion, then the part is to be corroborated, and the accidents corrected; taking alwayes the Indication from the most urgent.

We ought in this Cure to observe three things, namely,

Whether the matter causing the Impostume be ready to Flow, Floweth, or is yet Impacted in the diseased part.

In the beginning of all Impostumes, we ought alwayes to use repelling Remedies, unless it be,

1. When the matter is venenous, thick, s [...]ow, viscous or deep hidden

[Page] 2. When the Abcess is Critical.

3. The fluxion near the Noble parts.

4. And falleth on too weak a Member.

5. And lastly, when the Body it self is wholly Plethorical.

A Chirurgeon, being but the Helper of Nature, ought chiefly in the increase, state, and declination of Impostumes, to attend what she aimeth at, whether it be to resolution or suppuration, without forceing her to a contrary motion, when that which she intends is not wholly perninitious: Whereunto to attain I have here added the Description of some Cataplasms, wherewith one may perform all necessary Intention in the general Cure of Impostumes.

The matter causing them is discussed and repelled by the following Cataplasm.

Recipe, Barley meal, the Iuice of House Leek, and Plantain, of each, two Ounces, powder made of Pomegranate rind, and of wild Granate Flowers, with a like quantity of Roses, two Drachms, Oyl of Mirtle, and Roses, of each an O [...]nce; make a Cataplasme.

They are Resolved by this.

[Page]

Recipe, Mallows, Marshmallows, of each three handfulls; let them boyl, adding thereunto Barley meal two Ounces, ordinary Honey one Ounce, Oyl of Camomile and Melilot, of each an Ounce and half; make a Cataplasme.

The following brings them to Suppuration.

Recipe, The Roots of White Lillies, and Marshmallows, the Leaves of Mallows, Pellitory and Grounsel, of each one handful, let them be boyled in Metheglin, stamped and sithed, add to them Powder of Linseed two ounces, Swines fat, and Oyl of Lilies, of each an Ounce and a half; Make a Cataplasme.

And this last mittigates the pain of them when it is too intense.

Recipe, Crums of White bread dipped in luke-warm Milk a pound and half, Yolkes of Eggs three, Oyl of Roses two Ounces, and one Scruple of Saffron, make a Cataplasme.

[Page] Note, that though this be the general Cure of Impostumes, they have nevertheless a more proper and particular one according to their several differences, but this is as 'twere a Rule whereby to proceed in it.

CHAP. III.

[Page]

Of Wounds.

THE General Practice of Impostumes, being sufficiently treated of in the former Chapter, this shall be adapted to expound such Notions, as belong to the Cure of Wounds, whereof this is the Definition.

A Wound is a Solution of Continuity caused by an external Instrument, in any part of the Body, but the Bones.

Their Causes are all such things as may violate the outward circumference of the Body, and unnaturally enter in it; and they are either animated, as the biting and stinging of Beasts, or inanimated, as Swords, Darts, Bullets, &c.

The difference of Wounds is manifold, and as Samoicus saith,

[Page]

Tam varia humanae sunt vulnera conditionis,

Ut nequeant proprias cunctis adscribere curas.

The Wounds of Men are seen so manifold

The proper Cure of each cannot be told.

Nevertheless I have endeavoured to include the most General in the following Paragraphs.

The Differences of Wounds are drawn either,

I. From the nature of the wounded part, which is,

First, Similary, and that

1. Soft, as the Glandules and Flesh.

2. Hard, as the Gristles.

3. Mean, as the Membranes and Ligaments.

Secondly, Diss [...]milary, which is either, 1. Principal, as

1. The Brains,

2. The Heart.

3. The Liver.

[Page] 2. Ministring to the principal, as

1. Aspera Arteria,

2. The Lungs.

3. Neither of the foresaid, as

1. The Eyes,

2. The Hands.

3. The Feet.

II. From their own Essence, whereby they are termed,

First Simple, when there is no Complication of other Diseases or Accidents.

Secondly Composed, when there is some other Disease or Accident indicating a peculiar Curation.

III. From their Quantity, by which they are termed,

First, Great, that is,

1. Long,

2. Broad,

3. Deep.

Secondly Mean in all Dimensions.

Thirdly, Little, that is,

1. Short,

2. Narrow,

3. Superficious.

IV. From their Figure, whence we call them,

1. Strait,

2. Round,

3. Crooked, &c.

When a Wound doth pierce the Skul, [...]s known by these following Signs.

The wounded party doth presently [...]all, lying without sense, as if he were a sleep; the Ex [...]rements are not retain [...]ed, and surely, if the blood floweth by the Ears, Nostrils, or the Mouth, and if [...]he Vomits Choler, &c.

Whether the Wound penetrates into the Thorax, is known, if the Air com [...]eth forth at the Wound, with a difficulty of Respiration, if there be a gravative [...]ain on the Diaphragme, which is caused by much Blood lying on that part, that must afterward be rejected by coughing. A little after cometh a Feaver, and stinking breath, the Patient can lye but on the Back, and hath a perpetual desire of Vomiting; it often degenerates in a Fistula.

When the Lungs are hurt, there issueth a Spumous Blood at the Wound with Co [...]ghing; there is a great difficulty of Respiration, and pain of the [...].

[Page] We know the Heart to be Wounded, by the great quantity of Blood that cometh out at the Wound; by a trembling of the whole Body, a little Pulse, a Paleness of the Face, and a cold Sweat, and [...]requent Swounings, a coldness of the Extremities, and a hasty Death.

When the Diaphragme is hurt, there is a gravati [...] pain in that part, with Phrensie, difficulty of Breath, Cough with a sharp pain, and a contraction of the flanks upwards. These signs appearing, one may pronounce Death to be near.

The Vena Cava or great Artery being hurt, Death speedily followeth, because of the great loss of Blood and Spirits, whence the Function of the Heart and Lungs do cease.

When the Medulla Spinalis is wounded, a Paralysis or Conv [...]lsion, presently hapneth, the motion of the lower part is abolished, the Excrements of the Belly and Bladder either flow unwittingly, or are wholly suppressed.

The Liver being wounded, there cometh a great deal of Blood out at the Wound, and a Pungitive pain is felt as far [Page] as the Cartilage Xiphoides, which Death often followeth.

When the Stomach is wounded, the meat and drink cometh out at the Wound, then come Sweats and Cold of the extremities, fore-runners of Death.

If the Spleen be wounded▪ there floweth a blackish blood at the Wound, Thirst troubleth the Patient, with a pain of the left side, and the blood flowing into the Belly, causeth many accidents, and often Death.

The Gutts being wounded, a great pain torments the Bowels, the Excrements issue out at the Wound, and sometimes the Gutts out of the Abdomen, which afterwards pain and swell.

When the Kidneys are hurt, there is a great pain in making Water, the Blood coming out therewith, and the pain stretching it self to the Yard and Testicles.

The Bladder and Ureters being wounded, the pain reacheth to the Flanks, the parts of the Nombril are extended, the Urine cometh out bloody, and sometimes out at the wound.

When the Womb is hurt, the Blood cometh [Page] out at the Privities, the same accidents appearing as when the Bladder is wounded.

The Nerves being prickt or half cut, a sharp pain is felt in the wounded part, with a sudden inflammation, fluxion, tumor, feaver and convulsion, often with gangrene and death; unless it be remedied in time.

Those Wounds are esteemed dangerous, which do affect some principal Sinew, Vein, or Artery; Whereunto are added those that are in [...]licted in the Privities of Man or Woman, or in their parts dedicated to natural excretion; as also those that hurt either end of any muscle; but such as are in the fleshy parts, according to the length of the fibres are esteemed the least considerable.

If a Bone, Sinew, Tendrel, or a portion of the Face, or Prepuce be cut off, it cannot be repaired.

All Wounds in the Bladder, Brain, Heart, Liver, Lungs Stomach, and smal [...] Guts are deemed mortal.

The general indication in the Cure of Wounds is the adjunction of what is separated, wherein the Chirurgeon ought [Page] to be furnished with five Intentions.

The first whereof is to extract all strange Bodies, as Bullets, Darts, Arrows, Splinters, &c. if any do hinder the Wounds agglutination.

The second, to bring the divided extremities together.

The third, to keep them so.

The fourth, to preserve the wounded parts temperature.

The fifth to correct such accidents as may fall out.

The first of these intentions is performed, either with the Fingers, or some material Instrument, at the first dressing, unless the extraction of the foresaid things might occasion an Hemoragy, or some other dreadful accident; for then the safest is to leave their expulsion to Nature: but since it may sometimes not little be advanced by Medicaments, take this following description.

Recipe, The Root of Iris of Florence, of Panacis and Capers, of each three Drachms, round Aristaloch, Manna and Frankincense, of each one Drachm, beat them to a powder, and incorporate them with Honey of Roses, [Page] and Turpentine of Venice, of each two Ounces. Make a Salve thereof.

The second and third intention in the Cure of wounds are performed in bringing and maintaining together their Extremities, by Bandages and Sutures; of the first whereof there is three sorts, namely,

1. The Incarnative, which is adapted to simple Wounds, and is composed of two heads, beginning from the part opposite to the Wound, and proceeding towards it.

2. Expulsive, which consisteth but of one head, beginning from the bottom of the Wound upwards to its Orifice.

3. The Retentive, which is destinated to fasten Topical Remedies, and is made according to the figure of the part which is to be bound.

There are several sorts of Sutures, but of the Agglutinatives the most approved is made with a needle held in the Right Hand of the Chirurgeon, wherewith he traverseth the two sides of the VVound, opposing a pierced Can [...]lle, held in the Left Hand to the point of the Needle, [Page] which passeth through it, with its Thread, whereon is made a double knot, cutting the thread a little above it, and thence it is proceeded to the other stitches, remembring always to make the first stitch in the midst of the wounds length.

There is also another Suture called Dry, fit for wounds in the Face, and is made by clinging some pieces of Linnen upon it, which are, being dry, brought together with threads pierced through them.

The third necessary Sature is like to that, which Skinners make in sowing their Skins together, and is appointed for the Bowels and Gutts, when they receive any hurt.

The others I think needless to describe, these being doubtless the best, whereunto the ingenious Artist may add what he thinks fit.

The temperature of the affected part is preserved by a good Diet, and a convenient use of the Universal Remedies.

The first of these ought to be cold and moist, till the time obnoxious to accidents be passed. Spiced and salt meats [Page] are hurtful; the Patient must drink Barley water, in stead of Wine; and wholly abstain from any violent motion of the mind.

The most usual universal Remedies are Phlebotomy and Purgation, which hav [...] virtue to refresh, divert and expel the humours, that might prove burthensom to the diseased part.

Amongst accidents, the most urgent[?] is a too great flux of Blood, which must[?] be carefully prevented, since it is the[?] Treasure of Life and Strength.

It is performed by astringent, refreshing, and agglutinative Remedies: As,

Recipe, Sealed Earth, and Bole Armenian, of each half an Ounce, Frankincense Mastick, Myrrhe and Aloes, of each tw [...] Drachms, Flying Flower, one Ounce. Make a powder to be applyed with the Yolk of an Egg well beaten.

If then Blood cannot be restrained in this manner, the Vein or Artery must be prest with the Thumb, till a Thrumbus be made; but if that sufficeth not, the flowing Vessel ought to be bound, and this [Page] yet not prevailing, we are to use Escarotides; as are Burnt powder of Vitriol, and of Mercury, with a portion of pure burnt Alum, leaving the Scars full to mature.

The last Remedy is the cutting off the flowing Vessel, that its Extremities, withdrawing in the Flesh, the same may stop its flowing. But all these Remedies will doubtless come out of use as soon as the Stiptick Elixir, to be bought at Doctor Williams's, his Majesties Physitian, will be known.

Pain, being commonly the cause of much weakness and fluxion to the wounded part, the sedation of it ought to be carefully procured by expelling and lenitive Remedies, such as is the following.

Recipe, Diacalcitheos Plaister, four Ounces, Oyl of Roses and Vinegar, of each half an Ounce. Let all be melted together, and applyed. For Lenitive, Dip the Bands and Compresses in Oxicraton (Water and Vinegar is so called) or use the following Irrigation.

[Page] Recipe, Oyl of Roses and Myrrhe, as much as needs, and with a white of an Egg make an irrigation. But if the pain continueth and is too intense, we must with some precaution use Narcoticks, whereof here is a Description.

Recipe, The leaves of Henbane, and Poppy roasted under the Ashes, of each three Ounces, Hogs grease and Oyl of Roses, of each one Ounce, Saffron two Scruples. Make a Cataplasm.

There is often joyned to pain another Symptom, called Convulsion, which is defined a forced contraction of the Muscles towards their Origin.

It is of two sorts,

General, and

Particular.

The first whereof is divided in three Species; namely,

Tetonos, when the whole Body stands stiff, without being able to incline it self.

The second is called Opisthotonos, when it is forced backward.

[Page] And the third Emprosthotonos, when it is contracted forward.

A particular Convulsion is when the Eye, the Tongue, or any other part instructed with Muscles is contracted, or deprived of its natural motion.

The Causes are Repiction, Emptiness and Pain. Paul Amanus [...]suting the Elastick virtue of Will is and its defects.

That which is caused by Repletion, is cured by Evacuating Remedies, anointing the Back, Neck, and contracted part, with this following Liniment.

Recipe, Oyl of Camomile and Laurel, of each two Ounces, Oyl of Foxes, one Ounce, the Salves of Althea and Martii, of each an Ounce, Foxes Grease, an Ounce, Strong Water, an Ounce and a half, Wax as much as needs. Make thereof an Oyntment.

That which proceeds of Emptiness, or Evacuation, is helped by the use of restorative meats, such as is the following Broth.

Recipe, Lettice, Bourage, Purcelane, of each a handful, of the four Greater cold [Page] Seed of each half an Ounce, Barberries a drachm. Boyl all with a good Chickin and let the sick party take of it every morning.

That which cometh of Pain is Cured by Remedies contrary to the cause of it, and if it be poysonous, the wound must be instantly amplified, that the matter impacted may flow. And this Alexipharmacon poured into the Wound, viz. Treacle and Mithridate dissolved in Strong water, in a sufficient quantity with a little Mercurial Powder. Scarified Cuppings are also very useful to extract venemous matter, taking care likewise that the Patient, in that Symptom, have not his Mouth fast contracted, lest he bites off his own Tongue, as it often falls out, but may conveniently be prevented, by an Instrument called Speculum Oris, which ought therefore alwayes to be at hand.

Next to Convulsion, a Palsy ought to be prevented, and cured.

It is defined, A Mollification of the Sinews, with the privation of Motion and Sense, not indeed of the whole Body, but [Page] commonly of one side. Its Causes are either inward, as the humours of either Ventricle, and especially Phlegm obstructing the progress of the Animal Spirits through the Sinews; or outward, as Falls, Blows, and such other Accidents.

It is Cured by Diet and Purgation, whereunto the Decoction of Indian wood, will be very profitable, with this Topical Remedy of Faventinus.

Recipe, Oyl of Laurel and Turpentine, of each three Ounces, Oyl of Lavender, and Petroleum, of each an Ounce, Malvesie, four Ounces, Strong-Water two Ounces, Pyreth. Pepper, Mustard-seed, Iuniper seed, Ivy, and Anacardium, pure Laudanum, of each an Ounce and half. Let all be pounded and mixed with Wine and Olives, let them boyl in a double Vessel till the Wine be consumed, a strong expression being made, add Galbanum, Bdelium, Euphorbium, Myrrhe, Castoreum, Bear, Duck, and Storks Grease, of each two ounces. Make a Salve in the Form of a Liniment, whereunto a little Wax if needs be, may be added.

Exercise and Frictions are also very powerful to awake the part affected, and cause the motive Spirits to flow in.

[Page] There is another accident, when the Patient either by weakness, proceeding from the loss of Blood, poysonous Vapours, or the sight of dreadful Objects, falls into frequent Swounds.

It is discerned, 1. When Paleness invades the Face, with a Cold Sweat.

2. If a Coldness of the whole Body be perceived.

3. And if the Party do suddenly Fall, when it is in the Paroxysme.

It is prevented by casting cold Water in the Diseased's Face; but if it proceeds from too great Evacuation, the Patient must be softly collected on the Ground, or on his Bed, and a little Bread dipped in VVine given him to taste, whereat the Spirits may return. But if it proceeds from Poysonous Vapours, Let the Patient drink out of a Spoon a little Treacle and Mithridate dissolved in VVine.

That which comes of Fear, is easily cured, the Object being removed, with encouraging and comfortable Admonitions.

The loss of Blood, Pain, and Feaver, whereunto Wounds are subject, do often distract the Patient, in a temporary [Page] Phrensy called Delirium, which is defined, A tempor ary perturbation of the Phansy, and other mental Functions.

Besides the Causes above mentioned, poysonous Vapours, and a Lesion of the Diaphragme do not seldom effect its Production; this last having a plain communication with the Brain, by the Nerves of the sixth Conjugation.

If it proceeds from an Obstruction of the Spirits, the same Remedies must be used, as when the Body is subject to Swounding, but if it coms from an Inslammation of the Brain, Diet and Purgation must be instituted, and the Hair being shaved, the Head being bathed over with Exorodine, applying upon it the Plaister of Diacalcitheos dissolved in Rose-water and Vinegar, and Sleep provoked by the use of Broths, wherein you must boyl refreshing Herbs, and a knot of VVhite-poppy Seed; and pleasant Company, diverting the Patient from other sad thoughts and representations of mournful things, may also be very conducible to his health and recovery.

Of Wounds made by Fire Armes.

[Page]

THE Industry of men ever clear sighted to their own destruction, having for about 200 yeares since, found out a very speedy way to it, namely Gun-powder, and fire-armes; Whose hurts being often waited on by other accidents, it obligeth us to treat especially of their Curation.

They are either simple or composed, with dilaceration, distemper, and tumor. Their signs are commonly a round Figure, little effusion of Blood, a swelling of the part, and a greenish livid colour.

In the first apparel, the wound ought to be dilated, if the wounded parts conformation can permit it, that unnatural Bodies if there be any, may be sought out and expelled with the matter. In doing which, if it be possible, the patient must be scituated, as he was when he received the wound. After the extraction of strange Bodies, we must prevent pain and fluxion.

The first by the repelling and lenitive [Page] Remedies above described, and the Cataplasme appointed for its sedation.

The last by Diet and Purgation, whereunto Clysters are commonly used, lest Catharicks might cause too great an agitation of Humours.

Thence we must proceed to Suppuration, as in all other contused Wounds whereunto that which is called digestive and the following Oyl are most conveniently used.

Recipe, Oyl of Violets, four pound, wherein boyl two young Cats, new brought forth, till the bones be loosed off, adding Earthworms duly prepared, one pound. Let them boyl together on a slow fire, adding Turpentine of Venice, and strong-water, three Ounces. To be kept in a Glass, till there be occasion to make use of it.

But if there be any danger of Gangrene, we use profitably of Egyptiacum dissolved in Wine, &c.

When the wound is brought to Suppuration detersive Medicaments must be applyed, such as is the following.

[Page] Recipe, Water of boyled Barley, the juice of Plantain, Parsley, Agrimony, and of the lesser Centory, of each an Ounce, let them all boyl together, and in the end of the Decoction, add Turpentine of Venice, three Ounces, Hony of Roses, two Ounces, flower of Barley, three Ounces, Saffron, one Scruple. Mix all together, and make a cleansing Oyntment.

Lastly, having care to prevent other accidents according to Art, the Wound must be brought to a perfect Cure and Sanation.

Of Gangrenes.

BUT since Gangrene is often a concomitant of Wounds, made by Fire-Armes, and other Contusions, it will not be amiss here to expound its Nature, Signs and Curation.

It is defined, The mortification of a part affected with inflammation. And is only distinguished from a Sphacelus by the [Page] more or less, this last being only when the part is quite mortified and dead. The onely Remedy being then its Amputation.

The general Cause of Gangrene, is a corruption of the parts natural Heat, by Cold, external Heat, want of Nourishment, stopping of Transpiration, or by the dreadful effects of some poysonous substance.

Its proceeding is two-sold, either with some humours in flowing, or without it.

We have deduced the signes of it in the Chapter of Impostumes. And for its Curation, since that which hath its origin from the second cause is the most general, and may in some measure be a Rule for Curing the rest, Take these following Precepts.

If the Body be in the least Plethorical, Phlebotomy and Purgation being celebrated, the Air by Nature or Art, ought to be cold and dry, and the Patients diet of the same temper.

Amongst Topical Remedies, Egyptiacum boyled with some Aloes in salted Water, adding a little Strong Water in the end, is deservedly much esteemed; as also [Page] the Phadagenick water, or the Gray Salve, which is made by adding a Drachm of corroding Sublimate to an Ounce of Basilicon, in the mean time, to defend the Body from the Influxion of Morbisical Humors, and putrid Vapours, the following defensive may be applyed on the diseased part, and often renewed.

Recipe, Oyl of Roses and Myrtle, of each four Ounces, the juice of Plantain, Solanum, and Housleek, of each two Ounces, the whites of Eggs, five; Bole Armeny and Sealed Earth reduced in a subtil powder, of each an Ounce, with as much Oxycraton as is needful.

If it be too Intense, and yeilds not to Catharticks and Topical Remedies, we are obliged to use actual Causticks. And lastly, if that will not serve, we must proceed to the part's Amputation, which is the only approved Remedy in a Sphacelus; wherein observe, that to stop the effusion of Blood, actual Causticks are almost out of Use, the binding of the Vessels being found more commodious.

[Page] Of that Operation, see Fab. ab Aqua [...]endente, in his Chirurgical Operations; but now the Stiptick Elixir of Doctor Williams, overcomes all other Remedies.

Where Bones are discovered, they use the Tincture of Aloes, extracted with Spirit of Wine, and to fortify the part, they boyl Aromatick Herbs in Red Wine, &c.

CHAP. IV.

[Page]

Of Ulcers.

ACcording to our intended scope this Chapter is dedicated to ex [...]plicate the Theorems of Ulcers and the manner of Curing them▪

They are defined, Solutions of Conti [...]nuity, caused by the Mordacity of corrodin [...] humours, rather hurting in quality than in quantity.

Their external Causes are the excesse [...] of cold and heat, for, as saith the Physians Poet.

Sunt diversa quidem mala frigoris atque caloris;

Sed tamen amborum simili nocet Ulcere virus.

The pain of heat and cold are different.

To make an Ulcer yet they both conse [...] ▪

[Page] Whereunto is added the apposition of [...]harp medicaments, blowes contusions and the touching of impure things.

Their disterences are expressed in the following Discourse.

An Ulcer is either,

1. Simple, Varying either by,

First, Proper, differences, as

1. Figure,

2. Quantity,

3. Quality.

Whence it is termed,

Round,

Angular,

Strait,

Crooked,

Long,

Short,

Broad,

Deep, &c.

Or, Secondly, By differences Common and A [...]cidentar As

1. Its Durance,

2. Aspect,

3. Generation,

4. Affected part. And thus they are,

[Page] New,

Old,

Appearing,

Hid,

Incult,

Burnt,

Fleshy,

Nervous, &c.

11. Or Composed, either with

First, A Diseases Cause, whence it is called,

1. Cachochymical,

2. Cathartick,

3. Poysonous, &c.

Secondly, A Disease it self, as

1. Intempery,

2. Tumor,

3. Incommoderation;

Hot or Moist, Phlegmous or Erisipelous▪ Burnt, Callous.

Thirdly, Its Symptoms, whence it is called,

Gnawing,

Filthy,

Painful, &c.

A gnawing (Depascence) Ulcer is discerned by the parts exesion, attrition, cavity [Page] and hollowness. The stinking exhaleth a putrid, unpleasant and cadaverous smell.

The Sordid is discerned by the crassity, and viscosity of its Excrements, and the softness of the flesh overgrowing it, whereunto if a hardness of the lips be joyned, it is deservedly termed Fistulous.

A Cancrous Ulcer is horrible to look on, its lips being overturned are hard, livid and moist. That which is called Discrative, is caused by the humours Intempery; And Cacoethes is so termed for the difficulty of healing it. The Catherick receives nourishment of some broken or dirupted Vessel, or proceeds from an evil disposition of the whole Body.

Ulcers having had their beginning during a Disease, or before it, growing livid, pale or dry, plainly indicate the proximity of Death, their livid or pale colour being not only the sing of Cholerick, or Atrabiliary humours causing them, but also manifesting an extinction of the natural heat.

That which renders the Cure of Ulcers [Page] difficult, is commonly a penury of Blood, the Bodies evil constitution, as also that of the Air, the sordidness of the Ulcer, and the rottenness of some Bones.

In simple Ulcers, Desiccation is only required, and the breeding of flesh in them, whereunto the red desiccative Salve, and Unguentum Aureum are convenient.

But in composed ones, we must have an eye to the most urgent, then to the Cause, and lastly to the Disposition, without whose taking away, the Ulcer cannot be cured.

Pain is often an accident of Ulcers, whereunto must be provided as is declared in the Chapter of Impostumes, having a special regard to the humour causing it.

If there be any Bone corrupted, it must be touched with an actual Caustick of hot Iron, and such Remedies used to breed flesh in the Ulcer as are above declared, in doing which, two sorts of excrements do commonly appear, namely a thin matter, and a thick sordity, both which must be purged by drying and detersive Medicaments.

[Page] Whereof take that mentioned in the former Chapter: But sublimate Water or the Brown Salve of Felix- [...]urts, are more powerful.

Then the Cicatice must be induced over the Ulcer, to which end the powder of Burnt Alum and Caleanthum, are wont to produce speedy and wished Effects.

CHAP. V.

[Page]

Of Fractures and Dislocations.

A Fracture or Bone breaking, is an accident so dreadful, that not without cause the Physitians Poet being about to speak of it, makes this deprecation.

Infandum dictu, cunctis procul absit amicis,

Sed fortuna potens omen convertat in hostes.

That cursed evil light on none but Foes,

And Fourtune keep our Friends from the like blows.

A Fracture is defined, A solution of continuity in the Bones; and its Causes are all such things as may break, cut, bruise, and quash; whereby are also to be understood falls from high places, and the like.

[Page] Their differences are manifold; for some are termed perfect, others imperfect, some are simples, others composed with hemoragy, inflammation, gangrene, &c.

They receive a common difference from their figures, long, transverse, strait or crooked. Whereunto are added, that which is called in Greek Raphanidon, when the bone is broken short in two pieces; Cariedon, when it falls in small Fragments loose from one another; and Asphitidon, when it is ground small as meal or flower.

A Fractures existence is known by a vehement pain of the affected part, the impotency of it, the change of its natural Figure, and chiefly by the vacuity which appears to the fingers touching it.

For the Prognostick; in moist weather, and in youth Fractures are sooner healed than in dry weather and in old age; But the precise time of the over-growing Callus cannot be positively assertained, that depending of the Body's, and ambient Air's disposition, as also of the Bone's thickness. Yet Hippocrates saies, the Nose is glutinated in three days, the Iaws, the Clavicles and Ribs in six, the Cubit in nine, [Page] the Brachium in twelve, and the Tibia in fifteen; Which may be a Rule for the rest.

When the Bones are broken near the Joynts, their motion is thereby rendred stiff, and difficult, and if there be great Contusions, the part loseth its motion, and the Patient is in danger of Death.

The Cure of Fractures and Dislocations being in many respects one and the same, we shall speak joyntly of them both in the end of this Chapter.

A Dislocation therefore is defined, The detrasion of a Bone out of its proper place. And it is either Simple by it self, or Composed with other Diseases.

Its Signes are the same as those of Fractures; the place of indisposition and its Cavity being the chief differenees; Dislocations affecting but the Joynts, and causing but an imperfect vacuity in the Dislocated Place.

If the H [...]d be luxated, Death immediately follows.

Recent luxations are easier and sooner cured than Old ones; those that are invetcrated are wholly incurable; and such as are not far divided are easier reduced [Page] in their Seat, than far separated ones.

The common and general Cure of Fractures and Dislocations is performed by,

1. Setting the Bones in their natural position.

2. Retaining them there.

3. Correcting the accidents.

The first of these is performed by extending the broken or dislocated part from its origin, either with the Hands or some fit Instrument, then setting it in its due place so that no eminency or roughness be found to alter the figure of it.

The second point is obtained by the application of restraining, and defensive Plaisters, whereof the most common is made of Bolarmeni dilayed in wine, and [...]he White of an Egg; applying thereupon Bands, Compresses, and Atelles dip [...]ed in Oxycrat, or Oxyradinon, fitted to [...]he figure of the diseased part; And the [...]atient being in a convenient scituation [...]he accidents must be corrected, as is de [...]lared in the former Chapters, accord [...]ng to the Artists best invention and [...]olerty.

[Page] If the accidents do not oblige us to it, 'twil be enough to loosen the Bands at the end of three or four days, that fuliginous Vapours may be exhaled, and the part a little anointed with refreshing Ointments, taking care to give it sometimes a gentle motion, least the Joint be rendred stiff and immovable, by the growing of a Callus thereon, and thus being sometimes lookt to, the Cure is brought to its perfection.

CHAP. VI.

[Page]

Of the Generation and Production of Man.

HAving thus far proceeded on our intended scope, this Chapter shall briefly express what is requisite to be known in the Generation of Man, and the way of helping Nature in the Production of the same, as her chiefest work and master-piece.

In the Generation of Man is exactly to be considered,

1. The matter out of which he is engendred, and the Instruments of Generation.

2. The Place thereof.

3. In what Time it is perfected.

4. And by what Signs its Con [...]tion, difference of Sex, and approaching time of being brought forth is know [...].

[Page] 1. The Matter of his Generation is the Seed of both Sexes (whereunto the Menstrua were added by the Antients) proceeding from the purest Blood, diluted with a great deal of Serum (Barbat. pag. 49.) which is transmitted by (the Instruments of Generation) the preparing Artery to the Testicles, that are nothing but a Conglomeration of Spermatick Vessels, wherein the Serum is separated from the Blood, that is wrought and elaborated in the Epidydemos, or production of the Spermatick Vein, incumbent on the Testicles; whence it is carried through the Parastates, into the defering Vestel, and thence into the Spermatick Vesseles; and according to some, the [...]rostata's, ending with them in the Conduit of the Urethra; where there is extant a Valvul, least the Seed should involuntarily flow through the Yard. The Nerves probably serving to render it fertile and vegetative by the eff [...]sion of Animal Spirits.

There are almost the same Spermatick parts in Women, except their situation, and the Womb, the Receptacle of the Seed and Domicil of the Foster; Yet De Graass proveth that their Testicles are as an [Page] Ovarium, containing perfect Eggs. Thus new Wonders are daily found in the Microcosm.

2. The Place wherein he is engendred is the Womb; the Foster being found therein commonly gathered in a round, and wrapped in two distinct Membranes, the Amnios, and Chorion, (the Allantoides being only found in Brutes) wherein the three or four first months it is nourished, not of the Maternal Blood, as the Antients conceived, but probably of the Chyle, transported by the Lacteal Vein, and the Arteries, to the Placenta, where it is further elaborated, and thence partly carried through the Umbilical Vessels, to the Port Vein of the Foster, whence it floweth into the Cava, and finally to the Heart. The other part being transmitted by the Arteries of the Membranes into the Capacity of the Amnios, constituting there the pure Colliquamentum, mentioned by Harvey, which the Foster sucks after the fourth month, for its sustentation.

3. By the Time, which we have said ought to be considered in the generation of Man, it is to be understood,

[Page] First, That of his Conception, when the Seed of both Sexes is mingled in the Womb.

Secondly, That of his Formation, which is thought to begin the 7th. day, and to be perfected, if it be a Male, the 30th. if a Female the 40th. or 42. But it is more probable they are figurated about the same time, which cannot be so exactly determined.

Thirdly, No more than that of their First Motion, which was conceived, if a Male, to be in the third Month, and, if a Female in the fourth.

Fourthly, Neither can that of Child-birth be absolutely stated, the usual time being the latter end of the ninth Month, or the beginning of the tenth; though admit a Latitude from the seventh Month inclusively to the eleventh and above.

4. The chiefest Signes of Conception, are,

First, A little Quivering presently after Copulation.

Secondly, The Retention of the Seed.

Thirdly, The Suppression of the Monthly Courses.

Fourthly, A Livescency of the Face.

[Page] Fifthly, A Pain and Swelling of the Breasts.

Sixthly, A Distaste of Meat. Which Signs, or most of them appearing, one may judge of Conception, till a more certain one be discerned, namely the Motion of the Foster.

5. Whether it be a Boy or a Girle is yet more uncertain; though some would conjecture by the following Signs.

If it be a Boy the Mother hath usually a better Colour of the Face, and disposition of the Body, the heat and good temperature of the Child adding something to that of the Mother; for which Cause also they sometimes power a drop of the Milk upon a Looking-glass, or such other even thing, and if it be of such thickness as not to flow easily, they deem it to be a Manchild, otherwise not, the time of Motion, as is said before, indicating nothing in this.

6. The Signs of [...]

[Page] The flowing of the Excrementitious Humours contained in the Chorion; the Flanks and Rump are thrust outwards; the Secret parts do swell and pain; the Face grows Red, a kind of feverish quivering seizeth the whole Body.

These Signs appearing, if the Chirurgeon be called, he ought then to prepare all things ready, and exactly observe what is to be performed,

1. Before the Birth.

2. In Bringing forth.

3. And after the Birth.

1. Before the Birth a special care must be had, that the Air of the Room must be duly tempered with a moderate heat, and then the Woman must be setled in a convenient and middle positure, so that she neither lie flat on her Back, nor be yet sitting, but have her Shoulder and Back something raised, that she may have a free respiration, and more powerful endeavour to bring forth, her Leggs being as much separated as may easily be, and so bowed that her Heels may reflect to her Buttocks, which should also be something raised, she holding her self to a Staff fitly disposed cross the Bed, for that purpose, and [Page] when she feeleth the most pain, she must be admonished to strive, as much as she is able, stopping sometime her Breath to express her Foster, whom the Midwife ought in the mean time to thrust gently from above downwards, having though a care not to put her in that labour before the time be come, least her Forces might leave her when they should be most needful.

2. In the Birth, it is to be considered, If it be according to Nature, which is when the Foster issueth forth instantly after the Waters, either the Head foremost or the Feet, all other manners rendring the Birth difficult, and being deem'd against Nature; But if the Birth succeedeth happily, the Chirurgeon ought to leave the delivering of the party to the Midwife, who ought to proceed in this manner; The Child being brought forth she ought presently to let follow the Secundine, but if they do not instantly succeed, she must gently thrust her Hand anointed with Oyl, or the following Oyntment, along the Navel in the Womb, and draw them out.

The said Ointment is composed in this manner.

[Page] Take Oyl of Lin-seeds, one Ounce, Oyl of Castor, half an Ounce, Nutinge, three Drams, Laudanum, one Dram, and make a Liniment thereof.

And then free the Child of them, to that end, the Midwife must bind the Navel with a double thred two thumbs breadth from the Belly, neither too strait nor too loose, for fear of Accidents. The knot being fitly made, the Navil must be cut two fingers breadth beneath the knot, and a linnen cloth dipt in Oyl of Roses or of Almonds, wrapped about it, with another linnen yet over, least its coldness, till the time of its falling off, might cause the Child some pain and inconveniency.

And thus far ought to be proceeded in the Birth, when it happeneth without extraordinary difficulty.

But because a Chirurgeon is seldom called unless the Birth be difficult, here followeth the Method, which he ought to observe therein.

The Birth is rendred difficult chiefly by two Reasons.

[Page] First, When the Waters which ought immediately to precede it, are evacuated too long before, whereby the Womb groweth dry and intractable, which is to be remedied by the following Liniment, wherewith the Midwife ought often to anoint the Natural Parts.

Take fresh Butter without Salt, washed in water of Mugwort, Mucilagines of Figgs, of Lin. Oyl, and of Althea, extracted with Water of Sabina, of each half an Ounce, Oyl of Flower de Luce, an Ounce, make a Liniment.

The following Powder is also esteemed for hastening Child-birth.

Take Cinnamon, Cassia fistula's burk, and Dictamel, of each a Dram and a half, and as much as the whole of white Sugar, make a subtil Powder thereof, and let the labouring Woman take half an Ounce of it at a time, in a decoction of Lin-seed or White-wine.

The following Drink is also much esteemed for the same purpose.

[Page] Take broken bark of Cassia fistula, two Ounces, Red Pease half a handful, Boyl them with as much white Wine and Water as needs, add in the end two Drams of Sabina, and make a decoction; In the Colature add for each dose a Dram of Cinnamon, and six grains of Saffron, which being taken, provoke the party to sneeze, putting in her Nostrils a little pulverized Pepper, or white Hellebore, and causing her, as aforesaid to stop her mouth and Nostrils.

The Second and chiefest reason rendering the Birth difficult is the discommodious Figure of the Child, coming forth otherwise than the Head or Feet foremost, which being perceived, the Chirurgeon ought to settle the Patient in a convenient manner (as before) and then gently bind her with a broad and soft fillet (Fascia) in this manner; The said fillet must first be applied to the Neck, and thence brought cross-wise before over the Shoulders to the two feet, where being again crossed, and in many folds about the Leggs and Thighs it ought to be conveyed thence again to the Neck, and [Page] there be firmly bound, so that the party can in no wise stir, and to procure it the better, she may set the plants of her Feet against the Beadstead, a couple of honest Servants keeping her Knees as much from one another as may easily be, this being so disposed; to keep out the Ambient Air, and to perform the Operation more modestly, a warm double linnen cloth may cover the Natural parts and Thighs of the Labouring Woman, and the Chirurgeon, having first cut his Nails, and anointed his Hand and Arm, with the abovesaid Liniment, must by degrees gently as may be, thrust it into the Womb; where having explored the position of the Child, and whether it be alone or with another, or a Mole, he ought to turn it so, that he may come out the Head or Feet foremost, as aforesaid.

But if this do not succeed, or that the Child be dead, which is judged, when neither the Chirurgeons Hand, nor the Mother can perceive it to move, and most sure if the Waters are flowed out, and the Secundines are come forth.

Then he ought to proceed in this manner, having found one of the Feet, [Page] he ought to draw it out, and having bound it about with a soft and broad fillet, put it in again, then seek the other, which having found, draw it also out with his hand, and together with it, by the fillet, that which was bound before, then having drawn the Child out to the Flank, one of the Arms must be retruded along the Neck over the Head, the other being along the side, and so must be endeavoured to be drawn out.

It happeneth sometimes that one of the Hands doth appear and is thrust out, which must instantly be throst in again, and the Child turned to a more commodious figure; but if the Womb's Orifice be so swelled that this cannot be done, chiefly if the Child be dead, the most convenient is to cut it, the Bones as deep in the Flesh as may be, least it might hurt the said Orisice of the Womb, and then so turn the Foster, that it may come out as aforesaid.

But if the dead Child be so swelled either by Tumor or Winds, that it cannot possibly come out then a Hook must be struck, if the Head be swelled under the Chin, in the Mouth, in the hollow of the [Page] Eyes, or best of all in the Pole, if the Breast under the Claviculis, and if in the Belly, in the False Ribbs, or in the Bowels above the Navel (Pubis) specially if the Child cometh with the Feet foremost; Others do endeavour to cut the Foster in pieces in the Womb, with a crooked Knife and then extract it by pieces apart, in doing which, or the other operation, if it should happen that the Head alone should remain in the Womb, a double Hook or an Instrument called by Pareus, a Gryphins Foot must be thrust in, with a hollow Hand, and struck into some part of the Head, as aforesaid, drawing it gently forth; and thus far can Art be extended in the Birth.

After the Birth, ought to come in consideration, what must be done first to the Mother, and then to the Child; For the first, she must be exactly kept from all cold and ambient Air, which to obtain more surely, it will not be amiss to keep her Leggs some time a Cross, for so the divided parts will besides, be the sooner conjoyned, else ought she to be wrapped with a broad Fascia over the Epigaster, to the excluding of Air and [Page] [...] [Page] [...] [Page] Blood, remaining in the womb, and then take the Broth of a Capon, or a piece of roasted Bread dipped in good Aromatic [...] Wine, besides, specially in Winter, the Secundines may be applied to the Region of the Womb, and in Summer the Skin of a Sheep newly flaid to the whole Belly and about the Loynes, which must be taken away about six hours after, the Patient having rested that time, and the Hipp [...] gaster must be anointed with the following Oyntment.

Take Sperma Ceti, two Ounces, Oyl of sweet Almonds and Hypericon, of each an Ounce and half, Goats Suet, an Ounce, Oyl of Mirrhe, an Ounce, and Virgin Wax as much as needs; Make an Ointment to be used twice a day.

About the Navel may be applyed a Plaister of Galbanum with some grains of Zibet, Muscus, in the middle, and about the whole belly Gaulbiers Cloth, described by Ambrose Parry.

But if the Patient be much tormented with Wind, the following Power is esteemed excellent.

[Page] Take preserved Anniseed, two Drams, Nutmeg and burnt Harts-horn; of each one Dram and a half, Datesstones, three Drams, Aloes, Wood and Cinamon, of each two Drams; make a subtil Powder, whereof give her one Dram in a Cup of warm White-Wine.

As for the Child, as soon as the same is brought forth, it ought to be cleansed from all impurity,

With Oyl of Roses, or of Myrtle, Which some do with warm Water, and some astringent Wine, and then anoint the Child with the said Oyls, taking special care whether the Child be not infected with a Chalky Matter in the Mouth, which is called the White Canker, for then it must be carefully cleansed with a little clout fastned to a stick, and dipped in a composition of Oyl of Sweet Almonds, Honey and Sugar, then having explored whether there be no vice in the conformation or construction of the bodies parts (for if there be any, it must be maturely corrected) the Child must be gently swadled, and laid in his Cradle.

[Page] If the Mother, or a Nurse will have her Milk stancht,

Take Oyl of Roses, and of Myrtle, of each three Ounces, Rose-Vinegar, one Ounce; mix them together, and anoint therewith her Breasts four times a day, and after the anointing, spread them over with Powder of Myrtles, applying thereupon the following Plaster.

Take Powder of Mastick and Nutmeg, of each two Drams, of Cypress-Nut, three Drams, of Myrtle and VVild Granate Flowers, of each one Dram and a half, Ireos of Florence, half an Ounce, Oyl of Myrtle, three Ounces, of Venice Treacle, two Ounces, and Virgins VVax, as much as sufficeth.

Some take a Spong dip'd in the dec [...] ction of Cumin Seed or Coriander laid in very strong Vinegar, and apply it to the Breasts as a secret.

Both may be much furthered by applying setting Cups between the [Page] Thighs, and on the Sides of the Umbilick.

As for the Rest, which is but little accessary to the Doctrine of the Generation of Man, the Reader is remitted to those, that have treated specially thereof, as Capuraeins, Pareus, &c.

CHAP. VII.

[Page]

Of the Venerean Disease.

THE just punishment of God upon our sins hath for some hundred years since, produced a Disease unknown, as some think, to Antiquity, called the Venerian or French Pox, which may be defined, An Indisposition composed of all other Diseases and their Accidents, engendred by a contagious touch, but most commonly by impure Copulation, whence the Seed of several Men Fermenting, ariseth a Venenous either fixt, or volatile acid Salt, having usually its seat in gross and viscid Flegm, whence it procceds to the Invasion of the other Humours.

It is divided according to its time and progress, in—

Particular, and

Universal.

The first degree of the former being [Page] when there appeaes Venerean Ulcers and Cancers.

The second, when there is a Virulent Running of the Reins.

The Universal is, when the Virulent Salt spreads it self through the whole Body, and infects most of the parts thereof.

Its Signes are, an intense and vehement Pain of the Ioynts; Ulcers in the hidden Parts; An Inflammation of the Mouth; Pustles over the whole Body, and specially on the Forehead; Lastly, Knobs and roughness of the Bones, and a falling off of the Hair, with other Accidents.

If the Disease be Recent, and the Body in Youth or young Age, the season of the Year being favourable, the Cure is easily performed, but if the Disease be Inveterate and complicated with many accidents; If the Patient hath in vain been under Cure, and begins to be extenuated by a Consumptive leanness, proceeding from a Dissipation of the Natural Moisture, the Disease must be esteemed incurable, and only tried to be palliated.

The Cure of it is performed in four manners; Namely,

[Page] 1. By the Decoction of Guaiack wood Sarsaparilla, China Root, and Sassafras which is the gentlest way, and fittest for the first degrees.

2. By Unction.

3. By Plaisters.

4. By Suffumigation, rejecting that [...] taking Mercury inwardly, as noxious.

The first is thus reduced in Act, A pound of Guaiac being cut in small pieces, is decocted in Balneo Mariae, with eight pounds of Conduit Water, to the dissipation of the third part, and in the end some Cinnamon being added to it, the Patient must take of it something warmed, five or six Ounces at his usual Meals, keeping himself afterwards very warm, to provoke sweat, which must be instantly wiped off; And thus using a very spare Diet, the same method must be continued, as long as the Patients forces can with facility suffer it.

The second manner is more effectual, if the Disease be Recent.

The Body being well disposed and prepared, the Patient is shut up in a warm Chamber [Page] and Closet, and the Friction being begun, proceed from those parts which pain less, to those that are more painful, and having a special care to the quantity of Medicaments whereof the Indication is drawn from the [...]emper and Srength of the Patient, the [...]oynts and Emunctories of the noble parts are usually anointed with the following Liniment.

Take prepared Quicksilver, six Ounces, Sublimate half a Dram, quick Brimstone, half an Ounce, fresh Porks grease, one pound, the yolks of three Eggs, Oyl of Laurel and Turpentine of each two Ounces, Old Treacle [...]nd Mithridate, of each half an Ounce, let [...] Liniment be made according to Art.

But I rather approve Mercury alone, mixt with Hogs grease, since it doth not expel the Material Cause of this Disease, by any occult or specifick virtue, [...]eeding Correctives, but only by its mo [...]ion, joyning naturally it self with all acid moisture, and, as Mercury dissolved in the Spirit of Nitre, or Aqua Fortis, cor [...]oding the mouth and opening the [...] [Page] whence the Humors flow, till their acidity be evacuated.

But before the Friction, the Body must be judiciously prepared, for if dry subjects be not sufficiently humected, the heat of the Stomack sublimates the Mercury, whence proceeds a Dia [...]hae [...], with Gripings of the Gutts, and if it be stopt, there follows a Constipation, a Feaver, Inflammation of the Throat, or a Phrens [...] with Convulsions, and sometimes the party becomes Deaf, Blind, &c.

Contrariwise if Moist Bodies be not well exsiccated by Sudorisick Decoctions, the Mercury draweth with him to the Throat a great quantity of Humours, with swelling of the upper Parts, looseness of the Teeth, Exulceration of the Mouth, and too great a Flux of Blood.

The Diarhaea is asswaged by the decoction of Guaiac, mixt with a little White-Wine, and taken for some days in the Morning, whereby the humours Acrimony is mitigated and sweetned.

But in general those evils are remedied by changing of Chamber and Linnen, precipitating the Mercury downwards by astringent Gargarisms, and [Page] Clysters, by letting Blood in the Foot, and chiefly by purgations, wherein some Salt of Tartar must always be added, to sweeten and drive down the Humours.

Some do often swallow a Golden Pill, which becomes white, but it carries away the Mercury in so little quantity, that the other Remedies are not therefore to be omitted.

The end of Friction is to stimulate a Chris [...]s, which doth not proceed from Nature, without it be provoked and helped by some Medicament, whose quantity ought to be adapted to the vehementness of the Disease, and forces of the Patient; least the Medicaments being too strong, they cast him into an incurable Consumption, or being too weak, they do not eradicate the Disease, which afterwards is found much more intense, and incurable than before.

The third Cure is by Plaisters, and Cerowins, and is something slower than the former, but more convenient in Relapses, and for the mitigation of pain, and the resolution of [Page] knobs and hardness, but because it doth not act so speedily, the best of Artists do joyn to it some Frictions. Besides the Plaisters of De Vigo, the following may be profitably used and applied on the parts mentioned in the Article of Friction.

Take of Melilot Plaister, and Saffron-Vinegar, of each half a Pound, Quenched Quick-Silver, six Ounces, Oyl of Laurel and Land Lavendel, as much as needs; Reduce all to the form of a Plaister.

The Scope of this Remedy, as of the former, is the procuring of a Crisis, either by insensible transpiration, Flux of the Belly, or Urines, but oftner and better by a flowing of the Mouth, which with the Gums and Cheeks is thereby as aforesaid, often exulcerated, because of the Humours Tenacity and Acrimony, and these Ulcers must by no means be repelled, but be mitigated by Gargarisms, composed of Decocted Barley, Cows Milk, and the like; which may diminish [Page] the mouths inflammation, and wash off the Humours sticking to it; but if this accident, as it happens sometimes, be too intense, that it threatneth an extinction of the natural heat, we must for some time defer the proper Cure to cohibit so pernicious a Symptom, according to Art. As for the Teeths loosness, it is cured by astringent Gargarisms, but more powerfully if the Gums be touched with Aqua secunda of the Goldsmiths.

The fourth manner by Suffumigations is not so much approved, because of many evil dispositions, which it leaveth in the Body. They nevertheless thus proceed to it; The Patient being seated under a Curtain, well and carefully extended, they cast in a Chaffing-dish a good quantity of persume composed of Cinabre, mixt with Brimstone and Quicksilver, whereunto is added Iris of Florence, Frankinsence, Mirrhe, Iuncus odoratus, Assaodorata, Terebenthine and Theriak, and continue this Suffumigation till the Mouth begins to flow; and that is its Crisis.

This Diseases Symptoms are so manifold, [Page] that I think fitter to remit the Reader to such Authors as treat of it at large than to say but a part of what is needful to be known, though most may be referred to the General Cure of Impostumes.

CHAP. VIII.

Of some other Indispositions which are Cured by Chirurgery.

HAving thus far proceeded, we are to treat in the present Chapter of some other Indispositions cured by Chirurgery, whereof some requiring an experienced Artist, others yielding themselves to the meanest Capacities, and this little Treatise being written only for the use of discreet Beginners, we shall only speak of the following.

Of Baldness.

Baldness is a falling off of the Hair from the Head, caused either by defect of Nourishment, or the corruption of it; That which proceeds from Old Age, the Hectick[Page]Feaver, Burnings or Tinea, is incurable; But that which may be cured is thus proceeded unto. The Universal Remedies being fitly instituted, the remaining Hair must be shaved, resolving Fomentations used, and having caused the vitious humours to be digested by the application of Cups and Leeches, the Head must be washed in Lye made of Iris, and Aloes; lastly, drawing Fomentations must be ministred, for the attraction of laudable Vapours. If it be caused by want of nourishment, the Head must be rubbed with a course Linnen Cloth, till it grows red, and if it proceeds from the Venerean Pox, the body must be anointed with Quick-Silver to a perfect salivation.

Of the Eyes.

The Eyes diseases are manifold but their inflammation is the most common; their causes are External, as Falls, Blows, Dust, Smoke, &c. or internal, namely a defluxion flowing to the Eye. It is known by the heavine [...]s of the Head, the Eyes redness, pain, swelling, and pulsation of its Arteries. It is cured by the same administration of universal [Page] remedies as in Phlegmons, and the due application of Topical ones, whereof this Collire is of a perspicuous effect.

Take Rose and Plantain Water, of each half an Ounce, the mucilage of Gum Tragacant, two Ounces, and the White of an Egg; make a Collire to Distil luke-warm in the Eye, applying upon it a double Linnen Cloth dipped in the same Collire.

The Blood of Doves, Pigeons, or Hens instilled warm in the Eye mitigates the pain of it, and is its proper Balm. But if a Relapse is feared, Cups applied on the Shoulders, and an Issue in the Pole are very fit to divert the Fluxion.

Tooth-ach.

There is scarce any pain equal to that of the Tooth-ach. It proceeds from the influxion of a hot or cold humour, or the Tooth being hollow or rotten, from the entrance of ambient Air, and the refrigeration of cold Meat, or Drink.

The Internal causes are taken away by a due administration of Universal Remedies, and if the pain proceeds from [Page] a hot cause, which is known by its sharpness and a great pulsation of the Tooth and Temples, it is mitigated by remedies contrary to it, as to wash the Mouth with Granate juice, Plantain Water, and a little Vinegar, all being boiled with Roses, Wild Granate Flowers, and Sumach. If the Cause be the fluxion of a cold humour, which is dis [...]rned by a heaviness of the Head and frequent spitting; the Teeth are profitably washed with Garland-Libanotis, Sage Pierethre decocted in Wine and Vinegar, whereunto is added a little Srong-Water and dissolved Treacle. But if it proceeds from a rottenness of the Tooth, there is no better remedy than the drawing of it, and if it be but a Root, procure the corruption of it by a Cotten dipt in Aquafortis, having first tried the Odontalgick Essence of Flubault.

Of Phlebotomy or Blood letting.

Phlebotomy being an Operation necessary to be known of a beginner in Chirurgery, I have thought fit to say here something of it. They define it, An Incision of the Vein, evacuating the Blood and the other Humours contained with it.

[Page] Before it be administred, if there be any Excrements remaining of the former Coction, they must be evacuated by a Clyst [...]r or Suppository and thus when necessity requireth, or for precaution in persons neither too old not too young, Phlebotomy is celebrated in the following manner.

The Patient being conveniently scituated, the Chirurgeon rubs the part, which is to be opened with his hand or a warm Linnen cloth, to cause the Bloods attraction, then the said part is bound with a Fillet a little above the place of Incision, which is designed by a touch of the Nail, and the Operation is performed with a fit Lancet, limiting its evacuation to the strength of the Patient and the curative intention. Lastly, the incised place must be carefully bound, least an Hemoragy might happen.

Of Cup-setting.

When the matter is conjoyned and impacted, Cupps are commonly applied. I have commonly thus seen some proceed to operation, having something rubbed the destinated place, they set on it some kindled ends of Wax Candle fastened [Page] on a Counter or such other thing, and over it apply the Cup, which then draws very powerfully the Humours up; then taking them off, Incisions are made in their circle with a Lancet or Instrument called Scarrificatory, and they are again applied in the same manner as before, laying afterward Plaisters of Diapalma, or Album Rasis over the Incisions, till they be agglutinated.

Of Leeches.

Where Blood-letting, or Cup-setting cannot be performed, Leeches are commonly applied either by making a little Incision in the skin, or anointing it with a drop of some other Blood or Sugard milk, for then they will stick fast, and when you will make them easily fall off, touch but their head with a little Aloes, or Salt; and if you will know what quantity of Blood they have drawn, lay them in the things aforesaid, and they will revomit it; besides if you will have them to draw more than their capacity is, cut their posteriour part, when they are well fast, and the Blood will run [Page] through their Bodies, which also is stanched, if it flowes when they are taken away, by the half of a Bean or some burnt Linnen applied on the little wound.

Thus I finish, and if the Reader takes this short Treatise in good part I have my Desire, and

END.

[Page]

Information about this book

Title statement

A short compendium of chirurgery containing its grounds & principles : more particularly treating of imposthumes, wounds, ulcers, fractures & dislocations : also a discourse of the generation and birth of man, very necessary to be understood by all midwives and child-bearing women : with the several methods of curing the French pox, the cure of baldness, inflammation of the eyes, and toothach, and an account of blood-letting, cup-setting, and blooding with leeches / by J.S., M.D.

J. S. (John Shirley), M.D.

Edition statement

1678

Publication

Publisher

Text Creation Partnership,

Place of publication

Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) :

Date

2003-07 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1).

ID [DLPS]

A59999

ID [STC]

Wing S3496

ID [STC]

ESTC R38236

ID [EEBO-CITATION]

17215760

ID [OCLC]

ocm 17215760

ID [VID]

106267

Availability

This keyboarded and encoded edition of the work described above is co-owned by the institutions providing financial support to the Early English Books Online Text Creation Partnership. This Phase I text is available for reuse, according to the terms of Creative Commons 0 1.0 Universal. The text can be copied, modified, distributed and performed, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.

Series

Early English books online.

Notes

(EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A59999)

Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 106267)

Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 1100:26)

Source

— A short compendium of chirurgery containing its grounds & principles : more particularly treating of imposthumes, wounds, ulcers, fractures & dislocations : also a discourse of the generation and birth of man, very necessary to be understood by all midwives and child-bearing women : with the several methods of curing the French pox, the cure of baldness, inflammation of the eyes, and toothach, and an account of blood-letting, cup-setting, and blooding with leeches / by J.S., M.D., J. S. (John Shirley), M.D., Shirley, John, 1648-1679..

Extent

[10], 128 p.

Printed by W.G. and are to be sold by Charles Blount ...,. London :: 1678.. (Attributed by Wing to John Shirley, 1648-1679.) (Reproduction of original in the Cambridge University Library.)

Creation

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