CHAP. I.

ANtiochus Epiphanes (as we shewed in the end of the first part An. Mundi. 3806. of this Universall History) having submitted himselfe to the Romans and left Egypt, he returns into Asia, where hee shewed himselfe to be Epiphanes, or illustrious in nothing but in wickednesse, and indeed Epimanes a madde man; for he gave himselfe to all kinde of scurrility, riot, gormandi­zing, cruelty, oppression, sacriledge, hee robbed the Tem­ple 40 of Ierusalem, beat down the walls of the City, made the Iews to offer Sacrifice to the Heathen Gods, dedicated the Lords Altar to Iupiter Olympius; burned the Holy Scriptures, tortured Elea­zer the Scribe being 90 years old, and his Brethren, and perpetrated many hor­rid acts, murthering and captivating incredible multitudes of Iews. This monster of men, notwithstanding, the Samaritans in hatred of the Iews honoured with di­vine titles; which caused Matthias the Priest, and one of the Assamonean family, to bestirre himselfe, who having killed a Iew for polluting himselfe with idolatry, assembled a multitude of his kindred and alliance, and all such as loved God and their Countrey, who brake downe the profane Altars, circumcised children, and 50 by degrees setled the true Religion, but Matthias growing aged and unfit for acti­on, gave the charge of the Army to Iudas Maccabeus his son, and appointed Simon to look to the State.

Apollonins the Kings favourite having invaded Iudea, was by Iudas overthrown 3807. and slain: so was Seron the Governor of Syria, to whom succeeded Lysias, who sends an army of 40000. foot & 7000 horse against Iudea under the conduct of Ptolemy, [Page 2] Gorgias, and Nicanor; Iudas with 3000 fals suddenly on Gorgias his campe, (himselfe being then absent) which he burnes and spoils, so that Gorgias was forced ro forsake Iudea, Lysias sends a new Army of 60000 horse and foot, which Iudas with 10000 overthrew, killed 5000 of the enemies, and ob­tained a great booty; then hee began to purge the Temple which was left deso­late three years. He repairs the Lords Altar, appoints priests, keeps the feast of Dedication, and gards the Temple with souldiers, that the priests might not 3809. be hindred in their functions: but hearing of great preparations against him, by the Edomites, Sidonians, Syrians, Ammonites, and Arabians; resolves to hinder their combination. Therefore he first fals upon the Edomites and subdues them: 10 then he invades the Ammonites, and Arabians, and sends Simon against the Pheni­cians; in the interim leaves Iosephus, and Azarias to governe Iudea, with a charge not to hazzard their army upon a battell; but they being more forward then wise, would needs besiege Iamnia, where Gorgias brake out suddenly upon them, and routed them with the losse of 2000. Antiochus being disgracefully repulsed by his owne subjects, as he was going to plunder the Temple of Diana Elymais, and hearing of the great losses his armies had received in Iudea, fals despe­rately sick, and dieth, having reigned 12. years, to whom succeeded his son Eupator, a childe.

Lysias who took upon him the government of the young King, invades Iu­dea 20 with an army of 100. thousand Foot, 20000. Horse, and 32. Elephants, he takes in Betzura, then besiegeth Ierusalem; but hearing that Philip (whom Epiphanes on his death-bed had appointed governour) was now setled in An­tioch, and meant to rule the kingdome, causeth the young King to make peace with the Iewes, which was performed, and Iudas proclaimed President, who put to death Menelaus the priest, the chief plotter and cause of these last warres; to whom succeeded Alcimus in the priesthood: but two years after the death of Epi­phanes, Eupator and Lysias were both slain by their owne servants, after that their army had revolted to Demetrius, the son of Seleucus, who being an hostage at Rome, came suddenly into Syria, and seised upon Tripolis, and claimed the 30 kingdome in the right of his Father Seleucus, who came by the elder son of An­tiochus the great. In the mean while Alcimus accused Iudas of rebellion, and cau­sed Demetrius to send an army under his conduct and Nicanors against Iudas; this army Iudas overthrew, and so was made high priest by the people, and then enters into league with the Romans, but the next year he was overthrowne in a battell by Bacchides and slain; whose death was the occasion of much misery and oppression in Iudea. His people for whom he had done so much, treacherously forsook and left him to be sacrificed by his enemies, and so multitudes flocked 3813. to Bacchides, who by him being put into offices, used all the cruelty they could up­on the friends and followers of Iudas. 40

Ionathas is then made Governour by the people, who in a battell upon the sabbath day was set upon by Bacchides, the fight was fierce, Bacchides lost a 1000 men. Ionathas with his army escaped to the other side of Iordan, in the mean while Bacchides fortifies Bethell, Gaza, and Iericho, with other townes, Ionathas plundered the Amorites for killing his brother John. Alcimus the priest, as he was going to pull down a wall within the Temple, was suddenly struck with a palsie and dyed. Bacchides returnes to King Demetrius and Jonathas lived quiet­ly for two years; in which time a plot against him was detected, and 50 of the plotters were put to death. Upon this his enemies invite Bacchides again into Judea, upon hopes of an easie victory, but he found such strong opposition and harsh entertainment by Jonathas and Simon, that in a rage he fell upon those that 50 sent for him, and put many of them to death; and then makes peace with Jonathas, who for four years lived quietly and governed Judea.

About this time Ptolomie Philometor, who had been driven out of his king­dome by his younger brother, is restored againe; and an agreement concluded, 3816. that one of the brothers should reign in Egypt, the other in Cyrene, in the mean while Ariarathes King of Cappadocia dieth, he had one son Mithridates, who di­ed [Page 3] young, but his two supposititious sons Ariarathes and Olofernes who conten­ded for the kingdome, Demetrius assisted Olofernes and made him King. But the Romans took part with Ariarathes, and established him in his kingdome in spite of Demetrius. About which time C. Marius the Consul subdued the Dalma­rians, for molesting the Illyrians, confederates of the Romans; and they were at last totally conquered by Cor. Nasica the Consul. About this time Spain rebelled against the Romans, and Antioch against Demetrius for his tyranny, inviting Alex­ander who called himself the son of Antiochus, and claimed in right of his fa­ther the kingdome of Syria. He was assisted by Ptolemy King of Egypt, Aria­rathes King of Cappadocia, and Attalus King of Asia who succeeded his brother Eumenes, that had reigned almost 50. years. Alexander having all this strength, 10 and the assistance also of Jonathas, whom he declared high priest; two great battels were sought, in the first Alexander was worsted, but in the second he obtained the victory; in which Demetrius Soter or Saviour, so called for the justice he did upon Heraclides and Timarchus, (the two great oppressours 3822. of Babylon) lost both his life and kingdome, Alexander marryed the daughter of Ptolemy Philometor.

Demetrius Soter had two sons, the eldest called also Demetrius was invited by Apollonius governour of Coelosyria, to take up armes against Alexander, who gave himselfe to all kind of luxury. This Demetrius having the assistance of the Cretans, comes suddenly into Syria, but was overcome by Ionathas, and lost 8000 of his 20 men; Jonathas takes in Ascaton and Joppa, burnes Azotus to the ground, and over­throwes the Idol Dagon: for which good services he is highly rewarded by Alexan­der. Shortly after this, Prusias King of Bithynia (who fawning upon the Romans kissed the threshold of their Senat, calling the Fathers his Gods) was for his wicked 3828. life slain by his owne son Nicomedes, being assisted by Attalus King of Pergamus. Prusias indeed had intended to have slain Nicomedes, and to have set up his other the Romans had sent three Embassadors to reconcile the father with his son. These were the three which Cato said, had neither head, feet, nor heart, because the one had many scarres in his head, the other was gowty, and the third was none of the wisest. 30

Ptolemy was much incensed against Alexander his son in law for his tyrannie and dissolute life. Wherefore he comes into Syria with a great army, pretending he meant to defend Alexander against his enemies, the gates of the cities are opened to him, so that all the sea coast even to Seleucia is delivered up to him, then having taken his daughter Cleopatra, and bestowed her upon Demetrius, he entred Antioch and put both the Crownes of Syria and Egypt on his head. Alex­ander brings an army out of Cilicia, but is overcome and flyeth to Arabia; all his souldiers revolting to Demetrius, Zabdiel or Diocles a prince of that countrey, cut off his head, and sent it to Ptolemy, who not long after dyed, whilest the Chirurgians were curing of the wound he had received in his head. Hee 40 reigned thirty five years, to whom succeeded his younger brother King of Cyrene.

The third and last Carthaginian warre was occasioned by the difference be­tween Masanissa and Carthage about some lands. The Romans would have recon­ciled 3823. the difference, and Masanissa was willing for peace sake to yeeld up his right. But such was the pride of Carthage, that they would hearken to no reason: besides, against the articles of peace, they had prepared an army and fleet. Gisco, Amil­cars son, was a great stickler, and cause of this war, and so incensed the people against Rome, that the Roman Ambassadors were fain to flye, for fear of affronts. The Roman Senat was much exasperated against Carthage, yet by the perswasion of 50 P. Cor. Nasica, ten Ambassadours are sent thither to try, if they would hearken to reason; the wars in Spain at this time, made the Romans the lesse willing to quarrell with Carthage. The Ambassadors returning to Rome acquainted the Senat with the preparations of Carthage both by land and sea; wherefore war is denounced against Carthage; and it was debated in the Senat, whether that city should be utterly destroyed or not. Nasica would have it reserved, shewing it suited [Page 4] not with policy to destroy that place, which exercised the Roman forces, and kept their armes from rusting; nor was it consonant to the clemency of Rome, to destroy and undoe such multitudes of people. But Cato told the Senat, that so long as Carthage stood, Rome could never be secure and quiet; this opinion pre­vailed. As soon as the war was proclaimed, Vtica submitted presently, and so did Carthage, delivering up their ships and townes, which L. Martius, and M. Man­lius Consuls, burned in the sight of Carthage. Then command was given that all the chief citizens should depart from Carthage, and build them a city 10 miles off from the sea. This command was rejected, and so they all resolved to defend themselves and city; upon this the Consuls set down before it, and on 10 all sides so besiege it, that no provision of corne could be brought into it, ma­ny skirmishes, assaults, and eruptions there were, in which the Romans were sometimes worsted; sometimes the Carthaginians: this war was managed chiefly by P. Scipio Aemilianus, the son of Aemilius, but adopted by Scipio the son of that Scipio who overthrew Hannibal. This P. Scipio Aemilius had done good ser­vice in Spain; where he obtained a murall or wall crowne, and being Tribune of the souldiers, advanced the Roman cause much in Africa. He was chosen Con­sul younger then was usuall. After the Carthaginians both men and women had fought stoutly in their owne defence, at last they yeelded. The women had shewed such courage that they cut off their hair, and made ropes thereof for the 20 warlike engines.

This city had stood 700 years, it was 24 miles in compasse: the castle called Byrsa, held out some time after the city was taken. This last Carthaginian war fell out in the 604 year of Rome, the 52 year after the second Punick war, and lasted 4. years: they procured their own destruction by sending an army against their articles of peace of 58000 men in Masanissa's country, which army was de­stroyed by famine, and the forces of that old King, for he was 94 years old when he dyed, at 86 he had a son, and used to goe bare-headed in all weathers. Before the city was taken Scipio gave way to all that would to be gone: 50 thousand departed. Asdrubal submitted himselfe to the Consuls mercy, but his 30 wife with her two children flung themselves into the fire, which burned for 17. dayes together, before it could be quenched. When Scipio saw Carthage on fire, he wept, repeating that verse, Illa dies veniet cum fato Troia peribit; and pre­saging that the like calamity might befall Rome it self; as it did under Totila the Goth, 700 years after. Masanissa's kingdome was parted between his three sons Mycipsa, Gulussa, and Manastabelis, by the advise of Scipio, who by the old King was chosen arbitrator for that purpose.

CHAP. II. 40

THe same year proved fatall as well to Corinth, as it did to Carthage. The Achaeans and Boetians 50. years after Greece was made free by Tit. Flami­nius, rebelled against the Romans, to whom the Spartans had complained of the wrongs done them by the Achaeans: Ambassadors are sent from Rome to Greece, to dissolve the confederacy of the Achaeans, and to restore every towne to its li­berty; 50 which so madded the Achaeans that they fell upon the Spartan agents, plundred them, and being fled into the Roman Ambassadors lodgings for sanctu­ary, were thence violently drawn out & beat, so that the Ambassadors themselves were in some danger. Critolaus the Achean pretor gathers great forces together, which Metellus who then had the charge of Macedonia quickly dispersed and slew, the Pretor himself in his flight was drowned in the fords. Diaeus the next Pre­tor [Page 5] undertook the war, against whom L. Mummius the Consul marcheth with 23000 foot, 3000 and 500 horse: the Achaeans had not about 14000 foot, and 600 horse, who were quickly cut off by the Romans in the presence of their wives and children. Diaeus having first killed his owne wife, poisoned him­selfe. Metellus had taken in Thebes and Megara, and was now la [...]ing siege to Co­rinth: but Mummius sends him into Macedon, and sits down before Corinth, which at last he took by storme and burned: all were put to the sword except women and children, which were openly sold in the market. The chiefe ornaments and monuments of this rich city, were transported to Rome, such abundance of gold, silver, and brasse statues were melted in that conflagration, that meeting all toge­ther 10 made up a mixt mettle called the Corinthian brasse, and of greater esteem at Rome then gold. All the other cities were by the Consul disarmed and unwal­led. And so now ended the liberty of Greece, which became a province, and had a Pretor sent from Rome, being called the Pretor of Achaia, not of Greece, because Achaia had the principality when Greece was subdued. This fell out the 160. Olympiad. 952. years after the building of Corinth by Hales son of Hip­potes. 3828.

After these great victories over Carthage and Achaia, the Romans by degrees falling from their masculine vertues, gave themselves over to ease, luxury and magnificent buildings. In Asia, Egypt, and Syria, both princes and people 20 became extreme dissolute and profane. In Egypt after the death of Philometor Physcon, so called from [...] the great gut (because he had so great a belly that he could not stand or walk without a staffe) succeeded King, and called himself Ptolomie Euergetes, but by the Alexandrians he was named and that deservedly [...] for his wicked life: he had a good schoole-master, to wit, Aristarchus the Samothracian, a famous Grammarian; and he wrote some books himselfe. But became such a tyrant, that his subjects weary of his cruelties fell upon his house, and burned it to the ground: he fled away in the dark to Cyprus. Cleo­patra his wife and sister is proclaimed Queen of Egypt; upon this Physcon divor­ceth her, and marries with his owne daughter; he murthers his son which he had by her, and sends his head, hands and feet, for a present to the mother 30 whom he resolves to persecute with open war: here we may see what diffe­rence there was between this monster, and his brother Philometor, who kindly entertained Onias the high priests son, and gave him leave to erect in Heliopolis a Temple, no lesse magnificent then that of Jerusalem, and punished the Samari­tans for building a Temple at Garizim contrary to the Law of Moses.

Demetrius Nicanor the son of Demetrius, having recovered his fathers king­dome of Syria, he caused Jonathas the priest and captain of the Jewes, to give off the siege of Sion; and permitted to him the government of Samaria, Ga­lilee, and soppe: but he became insolent with too much prosperity; he disban­ded his old native souldiers, and retained the Mercenaries, which give offence to 40 Diodotus his Generall, who perceiving how divers cities weary of the Kings cru­elty began to fall off from him, caused Antiochus the son of Alexander, who was the son of Epiphanes, to be sent for out of Arabia, and sets him up, having in a battell overthrown Demetrius, and driven him into Cilicia. He imployes the help of the two brothers Jonathas, and Simon, who had done good service for Demetrius at Antioch, and by their assistance he drives out of Gaza, Bethzura, and all Galilee, Demetrius his commanders. In the mean while Jonathas fortifies Ju­dea, 3830. and renewes the Covenant with the Romans and Spartans. But Diodotus otherways called Tryphon, desirous to be King himself, resolves to make away with 50 young Antiochus, and fearing the greatnesse of Jonathas, whose affection was true to the young King, perswades him to disband his forces, and come to Pto­lemais; whither when he came, he was seised upon, clapt up in pri­son, and his guard being a 1000 souldiers were all slain. At last having trea­cherously murthered both Jonathas, and young Antiochus, made himselfe King of Syria: he caused the young King to be cut of the stone, pretending he died under the cure.

[Page 6] Simon in the government of Judea succeeds to Jonathas: he obtaines the fa­vour of Demetrius, takes in the tower and garrison of Sion, overcomes Gaza, and made his son Hircanus Generall of his forces, and so advanced the Jewish affaires, that after Demetrius they never admitted any Macedonian to reign 3832. over them. In the mean time Demetrius suffering Tryphon for a while to reign in Syria, made war against the Parthians, who under Mithridates their King, had sub­dued the Bactrians, Medes, and Elimaeans, extending their Monarchy from the hill Caucasus to Euphrates. Therefore Demetrius by the help of the Persians, Greeks, Elimaeans, and Bactrians, did in divers battels overcome the Parthians: but at length under pretence of peace he was taken and carried in the sight of those cities 10 which had revolted from him, to be laughed at: then he was sent to Hyrcania where he was well used.

Tryphons luxurious life and government began to be wearisome to his soul­diers; therefore they fell off from him to Cleopatra the wife of Demetrius; she was then at Seleucia with her sons, and imployed Antiochus the brother of her captive husband, to pursue Tryphon with an army; which he did in hope to get both the kingdome and the Queen to boot. He overthrowes Tryphon drives him out of upper Syria, and shuts him up within the Castle Dora. But escaping thence to Apa­mea he was slain, having reigned 3 years in Syria. Antiochus forgetfull of the assi­stance he hadfrom Simon the Jew, against his enemy, sent Cendebeus to subdue Ju­dea, 20 but Simon overthrew him, having sent against him an army of 20000 men un­der the conduct of his two sons Judas, and John, so that Cendebeus was forced to flie into the Castle Cedro: but Simon was treacherously murthered at a feast, by his son in law Ptolomie whom he had made governour of Jericho. Simons wife and two sons were also put in chains; Hircanus or John the third son escaped by 3838. times, who succeeded to his father and drove the parricide out of Judea. Upon the death of Simon, Antiochus Soter, (so called from preserving of Syria, and Se­detes from his country) besieged Jerusalem, and in it Hyrcanus, so that there was great famine in the city, being the 7^th. year wherein the land rested from tillage. And the feast of Tabernacles being come, Hyrcanus obtained truce for seven dayes 30 of Antiochus, who sent thither also to the feast buls with guilt hornes, gold and silver goblets full of spices: and made a great feast for the souldiers, wherefore he was call Pius. Hyrcanus in retaliation of so great favours, payeth tribute to Antio­chus: He takes out of Davids sepulchre 3000 talents: with five hundred of these he buyeth his peace, with the rest he hireth souldiers, which he imployes for the Kings service against the Parthians, and there having overcome the Hyrcanians, he obtained the name of Hyrcanus.

Demetrius Nicanor being weary of his private life, though he lived plentifully and like a prince, having marryed the daughter of Arsaces, King of Parthia: yet as soon as his father in law was dead, he endeavoured to flye into Syria, but Phraa­tes 40 the successor of Arsaces, sent a troop of horse who overtook him in his jour­ney and brought him back to his wife; a stronger guard then was set over him, yet he escaped again, and was retaken; and reproved: and to let him see his childish levity, the King presents him with some golden dice, or huckle bones to play withall. In this interim, Antiochus with an army of 80000 men expert soul­diers, besides cooks, bakers, skullions a multitude, invades the Parthian, and having fought three battles, obtains a great victory, and takes in Babylon. Di­vers of the eastern Princes being weary of the Parthian government, submitted themselves to him, so that the Parthians were confined within their ancient bounds. In the mean time Phraates sends Demetrius with some Parthian forces 50 in Syria, purposely to draw Antiochus into his owne countrey, which was now in danger. Antiochus had quartered his army in divers cities; which being of­fended with the burthen of free quarter, and the souldiers insolencies, revolted from him to the Parthians, and falling on the dispersed souldiers, killed them. An­tiochus hearing of this, marcheth with such forces as he could at that time raise, and encountreth with the Parthian King: but being forsaken by his souldiers he was slain. Phraates bestowed on the dead body princely obsequies, and mar­ried [Page 7] with the daughter of Demetrius, whom Antiochus had brought along with him. Phraates repenting that he had sent away Demetrius, would have recalled him again, but it was too late: for the troops of horse he sent to apprehend him, found him in his kingdome. Phraates employed his captive souldiers against the Scythians, and was killed by the Grecians.

Demetrius having regained the kingdome of Syria, was sollicited by Cleopatra Queen of Egypt his mother in law, to raise an Army against Ptolomy her hus­band 3843. and brother too, who had devorced her. Demetrius set presently upon Ptolomy, but withall lost his owne Kingdome of Syria; for first the Antiochians, then the Apamenians, and at last all the other Cities wearied with Demetrius his 10 Parthian insolencies fell away from him. Ptolemy understanding, that his Sister Cleopatra had fled with the chief wealth of Egypt to Demetrius her son in law into Syria; sends one Zebina a young man home to Protarchus a Merchant, with an Army to conquer Syria, pretending that he was the adopted son of King Antiochus: the Syrians were glad to accept of any King, rather then endure the cruelties of Demetrius, admitted this Zebina, calling him by the name of Alex­ander; in the mean while the Parthian King sent the corps of Antiochus in a sil­ver coffin to be interred by Alexander, who expressing much sorrow (as if it had been true) obtained the love of the people. Demetrius being overcome by Alex­ander, was at last forsaken by his own Wife, and sons, so that he was forced to flee 20 to Tyrus for Sanctuary, but as hee was comming out of the ship, hee was slaine by the Governours command: own of his sonnes Seleucus was killed by his mothers appointment, for crowning himselfe without her consent; the other sonne Grypho, so called from his big nose, was crowned by his mother; so that hee carried the title of King, but the whole Government of the Kingdome was given her; but Alexander having got Syria, insolently began to slight Kto­lomy by whose help he obtained that Kingdome: therefore Ptolemy being re­conciled to his sister; resolved to destroy the now upstart King Alexander, where­fore he sends to Gryphus a great Army, and bestowes his daughter Tryphena on him in marriage, by which means the Cities fell off againe from Alexander, who being 30 overcome in a battaile, fled to Antioch, where wanting money to pay the souldiers, he commands them to seise upon the golden Image of Victorie in Iupiters Tem­ple, scoffingly saying that Iupiter had lent him Victorie for a while; shortly af­ter commanding Iupiters own golden statue to be taken down, hee was set upon by the people, and forced to fly; at last his souldiers being overthrown in a storm he was forsaken, and taken by some robbers, by whom he was brought to Gry­phus, and slain.

About this time, the Jews injoyed their liberties under Iohannes Hyrcanus, who having renewed the League with Rome, repealed all the Acts of Antiochus Sedetes; hee subdued Idumea, and forced it to receive Circumcision, hee pulled 40 down the Temple of Samaria, which had stood 200 years, and was built under Alexander. He made Antiochus Gryphus leave the siege of Jerusalem which hee had begun, this Gryphus was like to be poysoned by his mother Cleopatra out of a desire to reign alone; which desire made her betray her husband Demetrius, and murther her eldest son. Gryphus had secret information of the poison prepared for him, which when it was presented by his mother to him, he caused her to drink it up her self, and so shee perished by her owne device. After this Antiochus 3848. Gryphus reigned 8 yeares peaceably, till he attempted to poison his Brother An­tiochus Cyzicenus of the same mother, but begot of his Uncle Antiochus Sedetes, these two brothers quarrelled so long about the kingdome of Syria till they 50 were both slaine, Gryphus by Herodian, Cyzicenus by Seleucus, the sonne of Gryphus. In the meane while Ptolemy King of Egypt dyeth having reigned 29 yeares; the government of Egypt was left to his wife, and to one of his sonnes.

The Romans about this time had their Armes exercised at home by the Gracchi in Sicily by the slaves in Spain by Viriatus, in Asia by Aristonicus. Tiberius Grac­chus 3839. [Page 8] Tribune of the people was petitioned by the poore souldiers to have the Laws called Agrariae, put in execution: by these Lawes none of the souldiers could en­joy above 500 acres of land; neither must the richer sort buy the poorer out of their estates: Gracchus urged the execution of these Lawes, as also that the trea­sure left by King Attalus might be distributed among the poor. In these things hee was opposed by the rich men chiefly by C. Antonius the Consul, and Octavi­us the Tribune, from whom Gracchus in an unusual way tooke away the Tribunate, hee also strove to continue in his Government against the Law: upon this Scipio Nasica the chief Pontifiee calls up the Senat to the Capitoll, who being accom­panied thither with a great multitude; made Gracchus his friends forsake him, 10 who striving to escape was slaine by his colleague Satureius, and 300 Citizens with him, whose bodies were flung into Tibris, the body of Tiberius lay unburied; this fell out an. urbis 6 [...]0. About 4 yeares after Carbo the Tribune of the people, made a motion in the Senat, that the same man might be chosen Tribun as often as he pleased; this was seconded by C. Gracchus, Tiberius his brother, but mainly opposed by Scipio Emilianus, who the next morning was found dead in his bed, not without suspicion of poyson by Sempronia his wife, and sister of Gracchus the 56 year of his life. Carbo killed himself. C. Gracchus and Fulvius having seised upon the hill Aventin with an armed multitude were slaine by Opimius the Con­sul: besides, 3000 citizens were killed in that sedition. Opimius after this was con­demned 20 of treason.

The Servill warre in Sicily began by means of one Eunus a Syrian, who encou­raged the slaves (complaining of their hard usage) to rebell, this Eunus made them beleeve he was a Prophet, sent to foretell their prosperous successe; for con­firmation of this he used to breath flames out of his mouth, having had within a nutshell fire and sulphur; the slaves chose him for their King; the prisons were broke open, and a great army of slaves were quickly raised. Another slave one Cleon of Cilicia gathered together 70000 runnegadoes; these overthrew the Ro­man Pretors, the charge of this warre was committed to C. Fulvius the Consul; after him to Piso, then to Rupilius, who after divers events overthrew the slaves; 30 by famine he caused the cities Tauromenium and Euna to yeeld. Cleon was slaine in the fight: Eunus was taken in a cave, where he hid himself, and died in prison be­ing eat up with lice. These troubles were presaged by the birth of an Hermophro­dite in Rome, by the growing of corn upon trees in the fields of Bononia and by the eruption of fire out of Etna in Sicily.

Viriatus a Portugall of a robber in the high wayes, became a terrour to Rome; for he overthrew the two armies of C. Vetelius the Pretor, and of Plautius Claudius, erecting the Roman Ensignes for Trophees on his Mountains; about that time 300 Lusitanians encountred with a 1000 Romans, and killed 320 of them having lost themselves 70 men. Appius Claudius the Consul, was beat by the Salassii, but in 40 the next battail he got the victory; for which he demanded a triumph, having kil­led 5000 men: but because of his former overthrow, it was denyed him, wherefore he triumphed on his own charges. Q. Fabius Consul drove away Viriatus from the siege of Vacceia, and took the City with many forts and castles, he cut off the hands of 500 Princes, who upon his invitation had yeelded themselves to him. Pompejus the next years Consul was beaten in Numantia having lost the greatest part of his army, and many men of quality, at last Viriatus after 14 yeares war; being betray­ed to Servilius Cepio, was slain by him, but the traitors received not any reward or thanks from Romans. Cepio's army was rewarded by Iun. Brutus Consul the with lands, and a City called by them Valentia. 50

About this time the Plague was so hot at Rome, that scarce were there found men enough alive to bury the dead; this calamity was presaged by the birth of a hermophrodite at Rome, which by the Haruspices was drowned, S. Ce­cilius, Metellus, and C. Fab. Max. Servilianus Consuls; another was burned alive about the beginning of the Marsian warre. Much about this time T. Man­lius Torquatus caused his sonne Iunias Silanus Pretor of Macedon to be put to [Page 9] death, for oppressing the Macedonians with unjust taxes, then also was C. Ma­tienus accused for deserting his army in Spain, for which he was whipped under the furca or gallows, being a long pole laid upon two erected forkes, and was sold for a slave.

Mancinus the Consul at Numantia had such ill successe in his warres, that he was forced to make a dishonourable peace, which the Senat would not ratifie; for 30000 Romans were overthrowne by 4000 Numantians. Mancinus was made to stand naked with his hands bound behinde him, at the gates of Nu­mantia till night, being forsaken by all his friends, and exposed as a spectacle of misery to his enemies. But Iun. Brutus in the inward parts of Spaine o­verthrew 10 60000 Gallecians, who came to aide the Lusitanians, in that bat­taile 50000 were slaine, 6000 taken, the rest fled; but in the hither Spain Le­pidus the Proconsul was beaten by the Vaccei, and that deservedly; for they would have submitted to him, the Senat interceded for them, as being a harm­lesse people, yet he would needs provoke them to fight, in which skirmish hee lost 6000 Romans, the rest fled. Rome to vindicate the losses and affronts su­stained by the Numantians to C. Pulvius joined P. Scipio, who was chosen Con­sul by all the Tribunes before his time; for none could by the Law be Consul twice, till after the expiration of ten yeares. Scipio therefore besiegeth Numan­tia, which was seated on a hill, having walls 3 miles in compasse. This towne 20 had received and entertained the Roman fugitives, and had much afflicted the armies of Pompey, Popilius, and Mancinus; Scipio did not sodainly fall upon them, but first trained and exercised his souldiers, reducing them by degrees from their idlenesse and loose behaviour, to the old military severity, he was a man both fortunate, courageous and magnificent, for he gave a list of the rich presents sent him from Antiochus Sedetes, that the Senat might distribute them to the best de­serving souldiers, whereas other Generalls used to conceal their presents sent them from Princes. The Numantians would have submitted upon tolerable conditions, which when they could not obtain, having drunk largely (not wine, which that countrey did not afford) but a liquor made of wheat, prepared as we doe our malt of barly; made a sally out upon the Romans, but seeing they could doe 30 little good that way, resolved to fly; which their wives hindered by cutting the horses girths and bridles, at last they set the towne on fire, and so con­sumed themselves and all their wealth, leaving nothing for the Romans to tri­umph over.

Aristonicus in Asia made work for the Roman armes, hee was the bastard son of Eumenes, King of Pergamus. Attalus Philometor being now dead, and having left An. Vrbis. 622. his vast estate to the Romans; Aristonicus made hast to take possession of his brothers Kingdome, he draws many to side with him; he took by storm Myndus, Samos, and Colophon, which townes held for the Romans, against him was sent 40 Licinius Crassus Consul and High Priest with a good army assisted by Nicome­des King of Bithynia, Mithridates King of Pontus, (against whom the Romans afterward made war) Ariarathes King of Cappadocia, Pylemenes, King of Paphlago­nia a great battaile was fought, and great slaughter on both sides; but Crassus lost the day and his life too; for being almost taken prisoner by a Thracian, he struck him in the eye with his rod, which so exasperated the Barbarian that hee runne Crassus through with his sword, and so he escaped by his death his shame and captivity; upon the news of this overthrow, Perpenna the Consul hastneth to A­sia, falls sodainly on Aristonicus being secure, forceth him to fly to Strato­nice the towne, which being besieged, and almost famished, yeelded; Ari­stonicus 50 is sent to Rome, and all the wealth of Attalus. Perpenna fell sick at Pergamus and died. Aquilius put an end to the Asiatick warre, who by poysoning the Wells and springs caused divers Cities to yeeld. Aristonicus was strangled in Prison at Rome; which now enjoyed both the vices and wealth of Asia.

Whilest Plautius, Hypseus, and Fulvius were Consuls Africk was so infested with Locusts, that after they had destroyed all the fruits, corn and grasse, they [Page 10] were carryed headlong into the Sea by a strong winde, and drowned; but with tides they were driven on the shoare, and there left upon the ebbing of the Sea, whose putrefied bodies so infected the air, that thereby all living creatures were poysoned, so that there died in Numidia 800000 soules upon the coast of Car­thage and Utica above 20000, and in Utica it selfe there died 3000, so that in one day there were carried out of the gates of the City 1500 dead bodies; about this time the Gaules marching in a great Army to aid the the Allobroges, were over­throwne by Q. Fab. Max. the Nephew of Aemilius in the flight 120000 were killed and drowned in the Roan whilest their bridge of boats broak under them. Bituitus the King and his son were imprisoned in Alba. 10

CHAP. III.

THe Jews under Hyrcanus, by the favour of the Romans enjoied peace abroad, 20 but were distracted with Sects at home, the Pharisees so called from separa­tion from all other people, or from their exposition of the Prophets, placed merits in externall ceremonies and traditions, and looked for a Messias, that should be a temporall Prince, who should make the Jews Princes over the Gentiles: the Sadduces or Justiciaries were against traditions, they rejected all the Pro­phets, save Moses, they denyed Angels and Spirits, the Immortality of Soules, and the Resurrection: the Esseans, that is, labourers from Asa, to consider and contemplate; (for they gave themselves to spirituall and corporall exercises) living a strict life, spending their time in reading, praying, studying of Physick) doing good workes, chiefly of charity to the poor; who had all things in common, 30 3870: and lived apart by themselves. Hyrcanus favoured the Sadduces, and rejected the Pharisees traditions he besieged Samaria, & laid it even with the ground. Antiochus entred Judea, thinking to raise the siege, but was driven out againe by Antigonus and Aristobulus, the sons of Hyrcanus then returning with new Forces from Pto­lemy King of Egypt; began to wast and spoil the country, but having lost the great­er part of those 6000 men he brought with him, was forced to give off. Shortly after this, Hyrcanus dyeth having ruled Palestine 31 yeers, his sonne Aristobulus changed the pincipality of Judea into a Kingdome, and was the first that wore the Diadem since the Captivity: hee reigned not above one year; having murthered his brother Antigonus with his owne hand, fearing that 40 hee aimed at the Kingdome; he killed his Mother also, and then being tor­mented in conscience, and vomiting out his bloudy soule, dyed. He enlarged Ju­dea by the addition of Iturea, to him succeeded his youngest brother Alexander Ian­neus.

This Alexander began his reign with the murther of one of his Brothers, the other he permitted to live a private life in his reigne. Ptolemy Lamyrus killed 30000 Jews, feeding the captives with the flesh of their slaine countrymen, after this hee took Gadara, Amathus, and Gaza; hee had divers encounters with Deme­trius, and was oftentimes troubled with the factions, and conspiraces of the Jews against him, 800 of the rebels he caused to be crucified whilest hee was feasting 50 with his Concubines; and banished 8000 of them. He subdued many places in Sy­ria, Idumea & Phenicia, then having fallen into a quartane ague of three years con­tinuance, got by his intemperate drinking, he dyed in the campe, leaving his wife; Alexandra successour; whom he advised to continue the siege of the castle Raga­be beyond Jordan, and to keep good correspondence with the Pharisees, who 3898. [Page 11] were then the prevailing faction and to deliver his body to them to be used at their pleasure; which was done accordingly, and interred honorably, having reigned 27 years and lived 49.

The kingdome of Egypt was left by Ptol. Physcon to his Queen Cleopatra, and to that sonne whom she should chuse; shee affected Alexander the younger, but was forced by the people to chuse the elder; who was surnamed Lathurus, be­cause he obtained the kingdome as it were secretly and by stealth; for the hatred of his mother he was nicknamed Philometor. His mother made him repudiate his dear 3856. wife, and sister Cleopatra, and marry with the younger sister Selene. Cleopatra be­ing devorced married in Syria with Antiochus Cyzicenus, who shortly after by 10 the help of the Cyprians waged war with his brother Gryphus, but lost the bat­tail, and was forced to fly to Antioch. Gryphus besieged the Town and took it; he would have preserved Cleopatra, as being sister to his wife Triphena, but this cruell woman sent souldiers to murther her, after shee had taken Sanctuary; but shortly after in another battaile Cyzicenus had the better of his brother, who tooke Gryphus his wife, whom he caused to be killed for murthering of her sister.

Cleopatra Ptolemies mother caused the people to rise against him, shee banished his wife Selene after shee had borne him two sons, shee made Alexander the young­er son King, and persues with open warre her eldest sonne into Cyprus, who 20 escaped from thence, shee being enraged at the Generall of her Army, for suffering her sonne to escape, caused him to be slaine. Shee had in great e­steeme Chelcias and Ananias the sonnes of Onias, who built the Temple in He­liopolis, for these two were faithfull to her. Whilest Gryphus and Cyzicenus were striving for Syria, Alexander besiegeth Ptolemy and wastes the coun­tries of the Gazeans and Dorenses; these expecting no succour from the Kings of Syria call in Lathurus Alexanders brother, out of Cyprus, who perceiving that his brother Alexander meant to betray him, falls with fire and sword upon Judea, and overthrows Alexander in a battail neer Jordan, he killed 30000 Jews, takes Ptolemais with divers Castles which he throwes down, and was in some possibi­lity 30 to recover Egypt from his mother; but shee comes into Syria with a great Army under the command of Chelcias and Ananias the Jews, shee recovers Pto­lemais, and frees the Jews from the feare of Lathurus, but Alexander fearing his mothers cruelty betooke himselfe to a private life. Cleopatra fearing lest Cyzicenus should assist her eldest sonne to recover Egypt, sends great Forces to Gryphus, and calls back her sonne Alexander to his kingdome; but intending to murther him, which hee knew well, therefore having got her into his power, hee slew her: the people understanding this pa­ricide, drove him out of his Kingdome, and re-established Ptolemy again in his Throne. 40

Antiochus Gryphus being slaine the 29. yeare of his reigne, his sonne Seleucus succeeded, who made warre upon his Uncle Cyzicenus, at last took him, and killed him not long after, his sonne Antiochus Eusebes revenged his fathers death, by driving the murtherer quite out of Syria, who flying into Cilicia, for his exaction was burned in the Palace with his friends, his brother Antio­chus was also overthrowne by Eusebes and lost both his Army and life. Af­ter him Philip Gryphus his third sonne reigned in a part of Syria. Demetrius Euserus the fourth sonne was by Ptolemy Lathurus or Lamyrus as Plutarch calls him, sent for out of Cnidus and made King of Damascus. Antiochus Eusebes stoutly opposed these two brothers, but yet shortly after was slaine, as 50 hee was fighting against the Parthians in defence of the Queen of the Gala­dens. So Philip and his brother Demetrius injoyed the Kingdome of Syria, this Demetrius was called in by the Jews against their owne King Alexander who in their civill wars had killed above 60000 Jewes, hee drove A­lexander to the Mountaines after he had slaine all his Mercenary souldiers, but upon a supply of 6000 Jews Alexander made him to retire back; this Deme­trius [Page 12] would have driven his brother out of Syria; who for his owne defence cals in the Arabians and Parthians, these forced Demetrius to yeeld, and sent him prisoner to Mithridates the Parthian King; shortly after he sickned and died. Then did Philip enjoy Syria alone, but not long, for Antiocbus Dionysius having seised upon Damascus, endeavoured to get the kingdome of Coelosyria from his brother Philip, but whilest he was making warre upon Aretas King of Arabia, Philip invaded Damascus, and thought to carry it by treason, but was disap­pointed, in the interim, Antiochus fighting against the Arabians was killed. Aretas challengeth Coelosyria, and overcomes Alexander King of the Jewes near Adid. About this time Appion brother of Lathurus by a concubine died, and left 10 by his last will to the Romans the kingdome of Cyrene, so that part of Lybia was made a province.

About the time that Hyrcanus besieged Samaria, the Romans overthrew Iu­gurtha and seised upon Numidia. This Iugurtha was Masanissa's Grandchilde, 3861. but adopted by Mycipsa. He made warre upon his brother Hyempsales and kil­led him: the like faet he intended against the other brother Adherbales, but he fled to Rome; wherefore Iugurtha sends thither by his Legats a great sum of money to draw the Senat to consent, that the kingdome between him and Adherbales might be divided. Legats with M. Scaurus are sent. But the Ro­mans perceiving Iugurtha's cunning and bribery, in corrupting their legats, 20 denounce war against him as a Paricide. Calphurnius Bestia the Consul is sent in­to Numidia, but the crafty King bought his peace, and seemingly submitted himselfe. He is sent for by the Senat, and upon the publick faith repaires thi­ther; in the interim he causeth Massiva competitor of the kingdome, being the nephew of Masinissa, to be murthered; wherefore Sp. Albinus is sent over with an army, which the King corrupts with his gold, hereupon the army makes a voluntary flight, and gives him the victory. Metellus to revenge this disho­nour, fals upon the King in earnest, being no wayes moved either with bribes, threats or prayers, wasts and plunders all his countrey, seiseth upon his capitall townes, and drives him quite out of his Kingdome, pursuing him through Mau­ritania 30 and Getulia. At last Marius is sent, who being an upstart himself rai­sed an army of the meaner sort, and with incredible valour took Capsa a city environed with sands and serpents. He took also Molucha built upon a rocky hil, and inaccessible. Shortly after he overthrowes not only Iugurtha, but also Boc­chus king of Mauritania, who laid claim to Numidia as being next in bloud: this Bocchus had in his army 60000 horse; the fight continued three dayes: at last by the help of a great storme of raine, which so moistned the African targets and weapons that they were made unserviceable, the Romans prevai­led. This battell was fought near Cirtha the ancient towne and court of Masa­nissa. Bocchus to ingratiate himself with the Romans, catched Iugurtha by a train and delivered him by Sylla the Legat to Marius. At last this crafty King, who 40 wont to say, that it were an easie thing to sell Rome if there were a buyer, was carryed chained in Triumph with his two sons before Marius his Chariot, and presently after, was strangled in prison. Marius was the first that ever entred the Senat in a triumphant garment: he was continued divers years in his office be­cause of the Cimbrick war.

The Cimbrians having much of their country overflowed by the sea, were for­ced 3859. to seek out new plantations. They first fall upon Illyria where they over­threw Papyrius Carbo the Consul: then they send a Petition to Silanus that they A. U. 642. might have leave to plant themselves some where; their request being denyed, they resolve to plant themselves by force of armes: therefore they fall furiously 50 first upon Silanus, then upon Manlius, then upon Caepio, and overthrew all their three armies. Then the Tigurius overcame L. Cassius the Consul upon the borders of the Allobroges or Savoyens. Aurelius Scaurus also was beat with his army by the Cimbrians, and himself killed by King Belus for disswading him to passe the Alpes, saying the Romans were invincible. At the river Rhodanus C. Man­lius, [Page 13] and Q. Servilius Caepio, were defeated by the Cimbrians, 80000 Romans were slain, besides 40000 pages, and drudges who carried wood and water for the army. Caepio is condemned at Rome for his temerity to be strangled, and flung over the Scalae Gemoniae, and his whole estate confiscated; his daughters died all miserably after they had been abused; this judgement fell on Caepio for his sacriledge upon the Temple of Tolosa. The Cimbrians having wasted all about Rhodanus, and the Pyrenaeans entred Spain, but were driven out by the Celtiberians: Then returning into France, they joyned their forces with the Teutones, and having divided their army into three parts, haste to crosse the Alpes; Marius being now Consul the third time, sets upon the Teutones at 10 the foot of the Alpes. His army being pinched with thirst, complained to him, who told them if they were men, they would fight for the river, which was now in the possession of the enemy; upon this they fell furiously on the Teutones, beat them, and got the river, drinking almost as much bloud as water. Of the Teutones and Ambrones were slain 200000 besides 90000 taken; scarse 3000 escaped. Teutobodus their Generall was slain: the women petitioned for their lives, which being refused, they first dash out their childrens brains, then they hang them­selves.

The Cimbrians having beaten Q. Catulus the proconsull from the Alpes, enter Italy: against whom Marius being now the fift time created Consul is sent. 3871. He taking his opportunity with the advantage of the sun and winde, being assisted 20 by Catulus his forces, falls upon them unawares, and routs them; 140000 of them were slain, 60000 taken. Marius by this victory was honoured with the Con­sulslip the sixt time; thus the Cimbrians invincible elsewhere, were easily conquered in Italy, being softned by the delights thereof. The Cimbrian women despairing of mercy, killed one another. Marius his triumph was accompanied with a sad dysaster; for Publicins Malleolus murthred his mother; for which wickednesse he was the first that was sowed in a sack and flung into the sea: this Cimbrick war continued 8. years. Strabo thinks these Cimbri to be from the Cimmerii, and others, that both are from Gomer the sonne of Japhet: the Teu­tones were Westphalians as Melanchthon gathers out of Tacitus and Ptolemie. The 30 Ambrones dwelt neare the Rhene.

About this time the Thracians sometimes the Macedonian tributaries rebelled, wasting Thessalie, and Dalmatia, even to the Adriatic sea. The Scordisci a people most fierce in Thracia, saith Florus, (but Stadius will have them a people in Gallia upon Ister) totally routed the army of Portius Cato. Didius beat them home a­gain into Thracia. Drusius confined them within Danubius. Minutius wasted them along the river Hebrus, in which many of them were drowned, the yce de­ceiving them. Piso went as far as Caucasus and Rhodope. Curio entred Dacia on the North side of Danubius. Lucullus marched to Tanais, and the lake Maeo­tis. These Barbarians were destroyed with fire and sword; many of the cap­tives 40 were left alive in misery and pain, having their hands and feet cut off.

Licinius Narva Praetor of Sicily, about this time, gave occasion to the slaves to break out again into an open warre. He was commanded to set all the Ingenui at liberty, because of the Cimbrian wars, which he refused to doe; whereupon 30 slaves began the rebellion, and grew quickly into a great body, against whom Titinius a captain of the high way men was sent; whom the slaves slew: and being increased to 6000 made one Salvius a Soothsayer their King: then they lay siege to Morgantina, and beat off Licinius as he was comming to raise the siege. Salvius seeing the Romans run away, made proclamation, that none should be killed who 50 flung down his armes, whereupon he was supplyed with sufficient armes. Athenio a Cilician Astrologer, and captain of the whole legion, joynes himselfe to Sal­vius who cals himselfe now Tryphon, and makes his regall seat at Tricala, which he fortifieth with wals and trenches, having the command of 40000 men: against him Licinius Lucullus is sent from Rome with 18000. [...] who fals upon the slaves, [Page 14] kils 20000 of them, in this conflict Athenio was wounded, the rest fly to Tricala which they held out against Lucullus; in the interim, Tryphon dieth. Athenio suc­ceeds him: against him M. Aquilius collegue to Marius in his fift Consulship is sent, he kils Athenio fighting stoutly, and was wounded himself in the head, he overthrowes the 10000 that were left, and the last 1000 being taken prisoners, were condemned to be thrown to the beasts, which they prevented by killing one another.

CHAP. IIII. 10

C. Marius hitherto the pillar, now the caterpillar of his country, sheathes the conquering sword of Rome into her own bowels, which he had un­sheathed against her enemies: Having got himself to be made Consull the sixt time by bribery and Apuleius Saturninus Tribune, he endeavoured to renew the 20 Agrarian lawes, purposely to bring down the nobility, which were a sore in his eye that was an upstart, or new man. He caused A. Nomius the competitor of Saturninus to be murthered, and Metellus Numidicus to be banished, to the great grief of all the nobility: and because he was afraid that Memmius would be chosen Consull, Saturninus by his procurement, caused him to be murther­ed. Glaucia, who aimed at the Consulship, was a main man for Saturninus; the Senat and people inraged at these murthers, made such a tumult in the forum, that they fell to skirmishing, Marius sided with the strongest party, which was the Senat, and drove Saturninus into the Capitoll where he was besieged, and the Conduit pipes which conveyed water thither cut off; Saturninus openly pro­fessed, that Marius was the cause of all the trouble. Upon his submission he 30 with his complices were received into the Curia: but the people breaking in fu­riously fell upon Saturninus, and tore him in pieces with Saufeius and Tabienus-Glaucia was drawn out of Claudius his house, and slain. Cn. Dolobella with L. Geganius as they thought to escape through the hearb market, were killed also. These incendiaries being slain and their estates confiscated, Cato and Pompey motioned that Metellus should be recalled home, but they were oppo­sed by Marius, and Furius the Tribune, and honest Rutilius was banished into Smyrna, where he spent his time in study.

Metellus being brought back into the city with great honour, so disconten­ted Marius, that he went to Mithridates king of Pontus, to incense him against 40 the Romans. This was the sonne of that Mithridates, who for his service a­gainst Aristonius, was rewarded by the Roman Senat with Phrygia the greater. When he was young he used so many Antidotes fearing the treachery of his governours, that when he was old, he could, not poyson himselfe. He spent 7. years together in hunting, never all that time entring into any house; so fear­full he was to be murthered: but when he came to reign, he enlarged his Do­minion by subduing the Scythians, and driving Ariebarzanes the Romans friend out of Cappadocia, whom Sylla restored again: he spake 22 lan­guages.

Livius Drusus Tribune of the people stirred up the Italians against Rome, 50 A. U. 659. they being denyed the priviledges of the city, and understanding Drusus their patron was privately murthered, fell upon C. Servilius the pretor, who was sent as a Legat to the Picentes, Samnites and others, and slew him with divers other Romans. Hereupon Cn. Pompeius the Pretor was sent against the Picentes, with an army which was beat by them. So was Jul. Cesar by the Samnites. Rutili­us the Consul was slain with 8000 Romans by the Marsi; which slaughter [Page 15] Marius repayed with the overthrow of 8000. Marsians. Caepio with his army was overthrown by the Vestini, but Cesar having renewed his forces sub­dued the Samnites and Lucanians: upon newes of this victory the Senat put off their Souldiers cassock which they had put on in the beginning of this war, and was their habit of mourning, and betook themselves again to the gowne. After this Marius puts 6000 Marsians to the sword, and disarmes 7000. Sylla raiseth the siege from Aeserina where the Romans were shut up. Pompey over­threw the Picentes. These good successes made the Senat put on their Laticla­via or white coates imbroidered with studs of purple resembling broad nail­heads. Cato overcame the Etrusci, Plotius the Vmbri. Pompey took the rich 10 city Asculus, killed 18000 Marsians, took 3000 prisoners, and drove 4000 to the mountains where they died in the snow and yce. The Picentes were utterly defeated, whose Generall Judacilius poysoned himself.

Posthumius Albinus Sylla's Legat was in a tumult murthered by the souldiers A. U. 661. which occasioned the death of 18000 Samnites. Cato for extolling his owne acti­ons above those of Marius, was knocked down by Marius his son. C. Gabinius is killed. The Vestini and Marrucini are plundred, Pompedius and Obsidius Italian Commanders with their whole army are overthrown by Pompeys Legat Sulpicius at Asculus. Pompey caused all the commanders to be whipped and be­headed, and the servants to be sold. At Rome the Senat and Roman Knights 20 fell out about the Agrarian lawes. Livius the Tribune threated Caepio with death for resisting him, and beat Philip the Consul. But shortly after was so wounded in a tumult, that he was carryed home half dead. Validus was stabbed with a knife; Philip and Caepio were suspected for this murther.

Mithridates upon these troubles in Italy, takes occasion to invade Paphlago­nia, Galatia, and Cappadocia; threatens also Bithynia, and stirres up all the East against the Romans. Sylla then besieging Nola, is chosen to goe against Mithridates, but he resolved to take Nola first; whereupon Marius being now 70 years old, by the help of Sulpitius the Tribune, obtained the charge of this Mithridatick war, and got the act for Sylla to be repealed. The Tribune not content with this, kils Sylla's son in law, and sends to Sylla to deliver up his 30 Commission and the army: Sylla in a rage hastneth to Rome, skirmisheth with the faction of Marius and Sulpitius, and drives them out of the city. Marius both father and son with 10 more are by the Senat denounced enemies to the State; Sulpitius was betrayed by his servant, and killed; the servant demanding his reward, was made free; but for his treachery to his master was flung downe from the Tarpeian rock. Marius the son goeth over to Africk. Old Marius hiding himself in some Marishes, was by the Minturnians condemned to die, but the executioner being de [...]erred by the majesty of the man, returnes without doing him any hurt. So he sailes over to his son into Africa. Sylla reignes at Rome; his Colleague Q. Pompeius Consul is slain by Cn. Pompeius 40 the Proconsul, for demanding the army from him.

Mithridates in the mean time subdueth Phrygia and Asia, and causeth all the Romans that were found in Asia to be slain in one day. The city Rhodus held out for the Romans, and beat Mithridates by sea. He sends Archelaus into Greece with an army of 120000 men, who subdue Achaia and Athens. But whilest Sylla was about to raise the siege from Athens, the fire of discord breaks out again at Rome under Corn. Cinna and Cn. Octavius Consuls. Cinna would have Marius, and the others banished by Sylla to be recalled; herein Octavius resists him, and drives him out of the city. Marius in the interim returnes from Africa. The army at Nola under Appius Claudius joyned with 50 Cinna; the Italians whose cause Cinna much favoured, unite themselves in a great body to him. So that the army consisted of 30 legions. Cn. Pompeius the father of great Pompey, after much wavering encounters with Sylla under the city wals, where a great-battell was fought. In it were two brothers, the one having killed the other ignorantly, who as he was stripping his dead corps, [Page 16] perceived it to be his brother; and with grief stabbed himselfe over his bro­thers body, so both were burned together in the same pile. Cinna and Marius divide their army into four parts, two whereof were committed to Sertorius and Carbo: after many skirmishes and much slaughter, Cinna is received in­to the city, and after him Marius. Pompey is struck dead with a thunderclap, his army destroyed by the plague. Octavius is murthered, and his head ex­posed to the publick view before the Rostra or pleading place, which was a great building within the forum Romanum, and in it a pulpit called Rostra beset with the sterns of ships taken from the enemies. The head of Cn. Antonius was pre­sented upon Marius his table; C. Cesar, and Fimbria were murthered in their 10 owne closets at home. Crassus both the father and sonne were slain in the sight of each other. Bebius and Numitor were dragged by the hangmen through the Forum. Catulus killed himselfe. Merula, who was made Jupiters priest, be­sprinkled his Idoll with his owne bloud: no rich man at that time could escape. 3884. Cinna and Marius create each other Consul, without calling the Comitia or Parliament. But shortly after Marius dieth, being distracted in minde. In these troubles many of the nobility fled to Sylla in Achaia and Asia; who had recovered Athens from Mithridates, and had killed above 200000 of his men, and had taken near as many prisoners.

L. Flaccus succeeds Sylla, he was hated of the army for his covetousnesse, 20 and slain by C. Fimbria who succeeded him. This had good successe against Mithridates, took Pergamus, and almost had taken the King in it. He overthew Ilion the towne; and recovered a great part of Asia from Mithridates. Sylla in the interim overthrew the Thracians wasting Macedonia. Cinna and Papirius Carbo made themselves Consuls for two years: L. Valerius Flaecus, and other peaceable men, sent to Sylla to have peace established; but Cinna raised an ar­my: and as he was forcing the souldiers to goe on ship-board at Ancona was stoned to death: then Carbo was Consul alone. Sylla took Asia, Bithynia, and Cappadocia from Mithridates. Fimbria being forsaken by his army which 3888. went to Sylla, made his owne servant to kill him. Sylla returnes this answer 30 by the Legats to the Senat, that he would submit, conditionally the citizens banished by Cinna might be restored. This was resisted by factious Carbo and his crew. Sylla's Legats who were sent with articles of peace, were abused by the Consuls Narbonus and Corn. Scipio Asiaticus, both whom Sylla overcame near Capua, and let Scipio goe without any hurt. So moderate was he both in his victories over his country men, and carefull rather to subdue the common enemy, then to revenge particular wrongs; Pompey the son of him who took As­culus, having raised an army of Volunteirs, joyned him selfe with Sylla, and so did all the Nobility.

Young Marius and Carbo, Consuls, to be revenged on the Senat siding now with Sylla, beset the Curia with souldiers under Damasippus the Pretor; and 40 killed every one as he came out, and murthers were committed every where in the city. Pontius Telesinus Generall of the Samnites, with an army of 40000 fought so with Sylla at the port Collina, that the city was in danger to have been destroyed utterly; for he said that Italy should never want wolves to de­vour their liberties, untill the wood that sheltred them were cut down. The fight continued till it was past midnight, at last the Samnites retreated, and Telesinus the next morning was found gasping for life; whose head Sylla caused to be carryed about Praeneste where Marius was; who now despairing tryed to escape, but was prevented and slain. Then Sylla obtained the title of Happy, if there be happinesse in shedding of bloud, for he slew above 70000 in his wars 50 against Marius and Telesinus, by Metellus, Lucullus and the Servilii he over­threw the armies of Carbo. He killed 8000 of those that yeelded to him, 2000 of those that were Proscripti (whose goods were confiscated, and the persons themselves to be banished) suffred death. Marius his brother was murthered by degrees, first having his hands and feet cut off, then his eyes put out; he kil­led [Page 17] all the Prenestinians, he killed Carbo in Sicilie and many other cruell acts hee did, then he was made Dictator; none having had this honour till now, since Hannibals departure out of Italy, which was 120 yeares space: he had 24 fasces or bundles of rods with axes carried before him, hee weakened the Tri­buniciall power, by debarring them from making Lawes and publick speeches. Hee filled up the Senat with Knights; and killed his friend Lucretius Asella for offering without his consent to demand the Consulship: he encreased the Colledges of Priests and Augures to 15. hee sold the goods of the banished and debarred their children of all honours; hee tooke Nola, and divided the lands of the Samnites, among 47. Regions. By Cn. Pompejus he overcame and 10 slew Domitius that was banished; and Iarbas king of Numidia; hee was severe against the banished and those that received them, that Bastia the wife of Metel­lus refused to let him in though disguised, wherefore he slew himselfe, besprink­ling his unthankfull gate with his owne bloud, at last being slighted by the people and Senat having laid downe his Dictatorship 2 yeares after he dyed at Cume of the lowsie disease, and his body was burned honourably in the campus Martius. M. Lepidus would have repealed all his acts; but by Catulus his fellow Consul hee was banished Italy, and dyed in Sardinia. About this time the Roman Capitol, and the Delphic Temple were burned. These Civill broiles at Rome were presaged by fire from Heaven, by unusuall haile and 20 stormes, by the running of Sheep and Oxen out of their stables and folds to the hils and woods, by bloud gushing out of bread, and by the unusuall howling of dogs, and great Earthquakes.

CHAP. V.

SYria being now torne in peeces by Civill wars, Aretas reigning in one part, and Antiochus in another, Tygranes King of Armenia is sent for, Mithridates 3891. not being able to assist them, because of his warres with the Romans, and Ptole­my King of Egypt they durst not trust, as aiming at Syria himselfe. Therefore having subdued the Gordyeans, Atropatenians, and Mesopotamians, crosseth Euphrates and seiseth upon Syria and Phenicia; hee besiegeth Ptolemais with 50000 men, at last hee tooke it, and in it Cleopatra Selene, being banished 40 out of Syria, whom hee slew. Antiochus was driven to a corner of Cilicia, and Tigranes possessed the greater part of Syria for 18 yeares together, in whose time there perished by Earth-quakes there 17000 men, and many towns, a presage of the great change that was at hand, for the whole kingdome of the Seleucidae, was seised upon by the Romans.

Alexandra Alexanders widow now reigned in Palestine under whom the Pharisees were so powerfull, that they ruled all and put many good men to death, who did not favour their faction. Alexanders eldest son Hyrcanus was then High Priest. Aristobulus the younger had no command, the Queen sent rich presents to Tigranes whilest he lay before Ptolemais, by which means shee kept her countrey in 50 quietnesse 9 yeares, but whilest she lay sick, Aristobulus seiseth upon divers Towns and Forts, and so makes himselfe King, causing Hyrcanus to content himselfe with the Priest-hood.

In Egyt Lathyrus being dead, another Ptolemy succeeds. He was accounted the son of Lathyrus by a Concubine. Ptolemy the son of Alexander was with Syl­la, whom he made King of Alexandria, but the Citizens not induring his inso­lency [Page 18] killed him the 19 day of his reigne; his brother succeeds, and him they ba­nished; at last Araletes who called himselfe Bacchus succeeded, famous in nothing but in luxury, and piping, for which he was called Auletes.

The valiantest of all those whom Sylla proscribed was Q. Sertorius, whose valour was known both in Africk, the Baleares and the Fortunate Islands, at last Spaine under him rebelled; hee overthrew L. Manlius Proconsul of Gallia, and M. Antonie Legat, by Hirtuleius the Questor; hee took in many townes, and threatned Italy it selfe. But Q. Metellus Pius overthrew Hirtuleius his Army in Betica now called Granata or Granada; and Pompey (who being as yet but Questor, was honoured with Consular authority, a 10 thing not usuall) recovered Gallia; shortly after Sertorius overcame both Metellus and Perpenna, who within a while lay siege to the Towne Cala­gurium; which made Sertorius jealous of his friends, many of whom hee put to the sword upon suspicion of treason. Mithridates upon this enters in­to league with Sertorius by whose helpe hee overthrew M. Aurelius Cotta the Consul neer Chalcedon, 12000 Romans were lost in the Sea fight, 5000 in the land skirmish. Metellus and Pompey were fain to give over the siege of Ca­lagurium: at last Sertorius being betrayed by some of Antonies and Perpenna's fu­gitives was slaine at a feast, this Perpenna and Marius were afterward de­stroyed with their Armies by Pompey, who recovered Spain after 10 years war by the Roman Commanders striving for mastery. Calagurium was starved 20 and at last burned.

The Spartick war followes immediately upon the Sertorian, one Spartacus a Thracian souldier, then a highway-man, at last a Gladiator or Fencer, with 74 A. U. 679. more Fencers being shut up in Capua by Lentulus, broke loose, and betake themselves to the hill Vesuvius, then Claudius Pulcher besets them round, but they suddenly fell upon Claudius his campe and surprised it; the like they did to P. Vorenus Pretor, or chiefe Justice; then they overrun Campania plunder­ing all, even Nola and Nuceria, Thurus and Metapontum, their Army in­creased dayly, malecontents from all places flocking to them, for want of better arms they made themselves Targets of twigs covered with beasts skinnes and 30 swords, and darts of the prisoners iron fetters, they quickly also horsed themselves, their Captaine Spartacus had the Fasces carried before him, which were taken from the Pretors. These Rebels overcame both Lentulus and Cassius, and intended to fall upon Rome; but M. Licinius Crassus first overthrew 30000 of the Gaules and Germans, who assisted Spartacus, then he fell upon Spartacus his owne Army and killed 60000 fugitives; took 6000 prisoners, the rest that thought to escape to Sicily for want of shipping, were seised upon, and killed with Spartacus their Captain.

The war was scarce ended, when the Romans were forced to send an Army to suppresse the Dardanians and Scordisci (a people of Pannonia, some say of Thra­cia) who overrun Macedonia; these Scordisci used to drinke out of dead mens 40 skuls, against these Ap. Claudius was sent, and Curio Scribonius: ships are also rig­ged out to suppresse the Cilician Pyrates who much infested the Sea. P. Servilius subdued Cilicia and Pamphilia, took the chief Towns of Lycia, and overcame the Isauri, whence he was called Isauricus; these Isauri are at the foot of Mount Taurus; the first Roman that passed this Mountain was this Servilius. Cononius the Proconsul conquered Dalmatia and after 2 years siege tooke Solone a great City.

Mithridates having broke the league he made with Sylla, invaded Cappa­docia by Tygranes his son in law: against him the two Consuls Licinius Lucullus and Aurelius Cotta are sent. Cotta was worsted and driven into Chalcedon. Mithridates removes thence and sits downe before Cyzicum a rich and popular 50 City in an Island of the same name within the Propontis, so called from the King Cyzicus whom Vlysses killed; this place was an inlet to Asia, but Lucullus comes and raiseth the siege, and drives him into Byzantium. Mithridates lost then also his fleet of 100 ships, with all his provision and furniture; and it's thought, that hee lost by Sea and land in the siege of Cyzicum above 300000 [Page 19] men, amongst whom Varus dyed, with divers o hers proscribed by Sylla. Yet Mithridates though thus weakened will not yeeld but stirs up the Armenians, I­berians, Caspians and Albanians against Lucullus, who had now sent to the Se­nat his Laureat Letters in token of victory; for so Conquerors use to doe. Rich Lucullus, Crassus, and Cn. Pompejus were now Consuls: they restored the Tribunitian power againe, which Sylla had weakned. Cotta a little before had advanced the order of Knighthood; at that time M. Tul. Cicero being Questor drove Verres Pretor of Sicily out of his place by his eloquence, accusing him of oppression: And such corruption was at Rome, that L. Gellius and C. Lentulus Censors, removed 64 Senators from their places. Lucullus in the interim reco­vers 10 Paphlagonia and Bithynia: invades Pontus, takes the two chief Cities there­of, kills 30000 of Mithridates his Army, and pursues him to Comana: the crafty King to hinder the Romans from pursuing him, caused money and rich things to be strawed in the way, and so with 2000 horse he escaped to Tigranes, who did not admit him into his presence, but gave order hee should bee used like a King.

Mithridates now despairing of himself, sent Bocchus his Evneuch to his Pa­lace, to kill all his wives sisters, and Concubines, which being done, the Go­vernours of almost all the Garrisons fell off from him to Lucullus, to whom La­chares Mithridates his sonne sent a crowne of gold: hee tooke divers Sea towns, 20 hee pursues Tygranes and defeats his army for refusing to deliver up Mithridates and overthrowes 300000 men being invited by the Grecians, he besiegeth and taketh Tygranocerta lately built: he makes Antiochus the sonne of Cizycenus King of Syria. Mithridates flies to Pontus; Tygranes into the remotest parts of Armenia; whom Lucullus could not pursue because of the winter, but upon a mutiny in Lucullus his Army for want of pay, the souldiers refused to march. Which gave opportunity for Tygranes and Mithridates to renew their Forces. Mithridates slew C. Triarius, Lucullus his Legat, and overthrew his Army, among the dead bodies were found 150 Centurions and 24 Tribunes slaine: the Sea even to Hercules pillars, were so filled with Pyrats by Mithridates 30 and the the Cretans, that all provision and commerce with Rome was intercepted, till Creet was subdued by Q. Metellus called therefore Creticus, and the Sea scow­red of Pirates by Pompey, which was done in 40 dayes space, such of the Pirats as escaped had lands assigned them in Cilicia, far from the Sea, that in stead of pi­racy, they might be exercised in husbandry.

Cn. Manilius the Tribune, being assisted by Cicero and Cesar got an act to passe that Pompey should have the charge of the Mithridatick warre; this caused great emulation between Pompy and Lucullus. Pompey accused Lucullus of avarice and profusion, calling him the gowned Xerxes, and he againe accused Pompey of pride and ambition; yet notwithstanding full power is committed to Pompey 40 over all the Roman Armies without Italy, with an ample Commission to de­clare friends or foes whom he pleased: never had any before him the like power; hee was also the first Roman Generall that ventured over Euphrates: who ha­ving made a bridge of Boates, falls upon Mithridates suddenly, and routs him in one battell, then pursues him to Colchi; but Ororzes king of Albania and Arte­cus King of Heberia with 70000 in ambush thought to intrap him; but he under­standing the plot beset the wood, where they were, and set it on fire, that the ene­my was forced to submit and give hostages: in the meane while M. Lucullus Go­vernour of Macedonia overthrowes the Bessi a people in Thracia neer Pontus a­bout hill Aemus, and made all their country tributary whilest the other L. Lucul­lus was taking in Nisibis upon Tigris. 50

Pompy being now sure of Mithridates, marcheth against Tigranes his associate who having overthrown the Seleucidae called himselfe King of Kings, hee had 3906. three sonnes by Mithridates his daughter, one of them he slew for rebelling, the other he killed in hunting, for not helping up his Father when hee fell from his horse, but supposing him dead with the fall, took the Crowne from his head, and [Page 20] set it on his own: the third son Tigranes, rebelled against his father, and being o­verthrown fled to Phraates King of Parthia, and from him, humbly to Pompy: so did old Tigranes, who prefented him with 6000 talents; and the souldiers with 500 drachms: whereupon he obtained pardon, and the Government of the greater Armenia, conditionally that he did surrender all his late conquered coun­tries. He surrendred all Syria, from Euphrates to the Sea, which he had taken from Antiochus Eusebes. Young Tigranes obtained the lesser Armenia which he did not long enjoy; for whilest he was conspiring with the Parthians against his Father, hee was apprehended by the Romans, led in triumph, and dyed in pri­son. Pompey having built Nicopolis in the lesser Armenia, he bestowes the Kingdome of Cappadocia upon Aribarzanes with the Provinces of Sophena and 10 Gordena, and makes Syria a Province, which he refused to confer upon Antiochus Comagenus, the son of Eusebes, though he petitioned for it.

Shortly after this Catalin with Lentulus, Cethegus, and many other discon­tented Gentlemen conspire against the State. Cicero that year was made Consul, 3909. who by his industry detected the plot, and by his eloquence overthrew it. Lentulus with some noble men are apprehended, imprisoned, and executed by the Consuls command, and Cato's perswasion, though Caesar spoke against it. Catilin being driven out of the City, raised an army in Italy, which was destroyed, 20 and he fighting stoutly was killed. In this interim Mithridates was betrayed by his sonne Pharnaces, who had got the Armies good will; he fearing to be delivered up by his son to the Romans, attempted to poyson himselfe, but could not, being his body was so used to antidotes. Which is no wonder, for we read of some who have fed altogether on poyson, and could not eat any other food. Galen speaks of an old woman at Athens who lived altogether on Hemlock; and Albertus Magnus knew a maid whose ordinary dyet were Spiders. But Mithridates did by the sword, which he could not by poyson: he was 69 years old when he killed himselfe, he reigned 57. Pharnaces by sending his fathers corps to the enemy, obtained the Kingdome of Bosphorus. 30

Antipater the Idumean about this time fomenting the discord between Hyrca­nus and his brother Aristobulus about the kingdome of Judea, had drawn thi­ther 50000 men under Aretas King of Arabia Nabathea, he overthrows Aristobu­lus in a battell and shuts him up within Jerusalem, during the siege, Onias that holy man was stoned to death by the besiegers, because he would not pray for their successe: therefore God punished them with famine. Aristobulus procured M. Scaurus for 400 talents to raise the siege: he pursues them in the flight and kills 7000 of them, among the rest Antipaters brother who had raised the warre. Pompey was now at Damascus taken lately from Areats by Metellus and Lolli­us Legats or Lievetenants Generall to Pompey. Aristobulus presents Pompey with 40 the golden Vine worth 500 talents: the Romans thought that the Jewes in honour of Bacchus kept this Vine. Pompey having heard both the brothers plead dismissed them with a promise that he would shortly visit them; as soone as he had setled the Nabathean affaires; but Aristobulus seiseth on the Castles, and to shelter himself from Pompey, whose anger by this meanes he had procured, hast­ened to Jerusalem, but fearing lest Pompey who was now marching after him through the woods of Jericho, should overtake him, submitted himselfe, and obtained pardon, Gabinius is sent to Jerusalem to receive the moneys, but is kept out by the souldiers, wherefore Aristobulus is secured, and Jerusalem besieged. Piso Pompey's Legat is received into the City and Palace, but is kept 50 out of the Temple by the Garrison of Mount Sion. Which hee besiegeth, and the third month takes it, on the day of expiation 12000 of them were slain; Pompey entered into the Holy of Holyes, but medled not with the Treasures: Olymp. 179. Cicer. & An­ton. Coss. Hee restores Hyrcanus to his Priesthood, but not to the Crowne: hee re­stores Samaria, Azotus, Pella with other Townes overthrowne by the Jews, to their ancient Inhabitants: hee carryed with him to Rome in chaines A­ristobulus with his two sonnes, one of which namely Alexander made an [Page 21] escape by that way and raised new troubles in Judea, against whom Gabi­nius is sent, to him Alexander submits and delivers up the Castles hee had taken, all which Gabinius demolished, Alexanders mother being gratious with Gabinius obtained his pardon; and procured 5 Courts of Justice to be erected through Judea in 5 Cities, to wit, in Jerusalem, Gadara, Amathus, Jericho, and Saphora.

Pompey having cleared the Sea of Pyrats, overthrown Mithridates, subdued Armenia, and all the neighbour Nations to Egypt, bestowed Gallogrecia or 3891. Gallatia on Dejotarus, Paphlagonia on Attalus, Colch on Aristarchus, and 16000 talents on the Armies: returns to Rome, where with great solemnity and 10 gratulations, he obtains the name of Pompey the great, he enters into a League with Cesar, who having conquered Lusitania in his Pretorship was now Consul, and with M. Crassus; these three divided the Senat into factions, onely Cato with a few others preferred the publick good to their owne private interests. Caesar promotes the Agrarian Lawes, by which the Publick Lands are as­signed to the common people, and 20000 men are sent to plant. Cicero is banished, his goods plundered, and his house pulled downe by the means of P. Clodius a rich, but a wicked man, who was found in womens ap­parell in the solemnities of Bona Dea. He by bribery having got himselfe 3913. to bee made Tribune, never rested till Cicero was banished, who with 20 Caesar accused him for murthering Lentulus and Cethegus, when he was Con­sul; thus Cicero was forced in the night time to depart the City, and returned not in 16 moneths, after which time he returned, and was received with great joy.

About this time Clodius the Tribune got an Act to passe against Cyprus, that the wealth thereof should be brought into the publick treasure: this he did to be revenged on the King of Cyprus, who refused to ransome Clodius when hereto­fore he was taken prisoner by the Pyrats: the King hearing of this Act poysoned himselfe. Cato is imployed in this businesse, who brings with him to Rome all the wealth of Cyprus. Ptolemy had nothing left him now but Egypt, his bro­ther being dead, and Cyprus lost; therefore labours earnestly, to make the Ro­mans 30 his friends: but his power was so small at home that he could not save one Roman, who had ignorantly killed a Cat (a sacred creature among the Egyp­tians) from punishment: at last for his exactions hee was driven out of his King­dome by the Alexandrians, who crowned Berenice his eldest daughter, though he had sons, because shee only was legitimate, this Queen shortly after her mar­riage strangles Cybiofactes her husband for his sordid basenesse; and marries with Archelaus, who called himself the son of Mithridates, whereas he was indeed the son of that Archelaus who warred with Sylla in Greece. 40

CHAP. VI.

C. Iul. Caesar having got 6000 talents from Auletes King of Egypt, to re-in­throne him, undertakes the Government of Gallia and Illyricum with 4 Legions for 5 years, and to strengthen himselfe the better, bestowes his daughter 3915. 50 Iulia upon Pompey. He overthrew 47000 Helvetians, who not content with their owne habitations, burnt downe their owne walls, and strive to ob­tain new Plantations. After this Caesar overthrowes Ariovistus King of the Germans, who refused to come to him being sent for, saying he was a better man then Caesar, and refused to depart out of Gallia, shewing that Caesar had no more power to meddle with his affaires, then hee had to meddle with Caesars: this stout [Page 22] answer of the Kings so dismayed the souldiers, that even the chiefest and stoutest of the maine body began to make their last wills: but Caesar bravely roused their drooping spirits by his eloquence: Ariovistus did so beset his ar­my round with wagons and carts, that no hope there was of flight, multitudes of women were imployed, with their cries and stretched out armes to disswade the souldiers from cowardise, the Germans came in so fast upon the Romans that they had no use of their darts, but fell to their swords hand to hand: the Germans defended their heads with their Targets, but the Romans fell so furiously on, that they plucked their Targets out of their hands, which caused the Germans to flye; in which flight multitudes were killed; Ariovistus escaped over the river Rhene, but 10 one of his daughters was taken.

The Belgae fearing the losse of their liberty, raised an Army of 272000 men, with whom Caesar would not encounter but broke them with delays, and weakened them with often skirmishes; in which he had alwayes the better: he subdued the Soissons in the Province of Rhemes: with the Bellovaci or people of Beau­vais and the Ambiani also, or people of Amiens in Picardie. These gave Cae­sar hostages for their fidelity: but the Nervii or those about Tornay, with the Aduatici about Beaumont were not so easily mastered; their liberty was not lost, without the losse of much bloud, both of the Romans and of their own: the Veragri and Seduni inhabiting the Alpes did much trouble Servius Galba his 20 Winter quarters; after Caesar was gone into Italy, Galba was left there for to secure the passages for Merchants that travelled that way. He by a sudden ir­ruption put the enemy to flight: Caesar supposing Gallia had been quiet, march­eth into Illyricum; the countrey being commanded to victuall his Army, rai­sed great Forces against him, and were assisted by the Osisini, Lexobii, Morini, and others inhabiting the Sea coast of Britaine and Normandie; they also send for aid out of great Britaine over against them: it behoved therefore Caesar to provide shipping, which he did; and though hee was much crossed both with the tides and windes, and unserviceablenesse of his ships, yet partly by the Ro­man valour, partly by the stratagem of sharp hookes fastned to long poles laid athwart, by which the ropes of the crosse masts was cut, so that the sailes fell 30 down, and could doe no service to the enemy, Caesar got the victory. About the same time Q. Titurius Sabinus subdued the Eburones, or the people of Eu­reux, and P. Crassus mastered Gasconia not without much expence of bloud.

The yeare following Pompey and Crassus being Consuls again, the Germans passed over with a great Army, the Rhene, but were so defeated, that there per­ished of them partly by the sword, partly by submersion in the river 430000; then did Caesar make a bridge over the Rhene, and drove the Suevi into their woods and bogges, in this interim Cato being angry that Vatinius obtained the 3917. Pretorship which he sued for, endeavoured to hinder the passing of that Act by 40 which Pompey was made Governour of Spain, Caesar of Gallia and Germany, and Crassus of Syria for 5 years: but the Act passed, Cato was laid in chains, and this Triumvirat ruled all in Rome. Gabinius is sent against the Parthians, with order to restore Ptolemy to his kingdome, and put out Archelaus whom the Egyptians had chosen for their King. Ptolemy remunerates Gabinius with the wealth of Egypt, puts Berenice to death, with the wealthiest men of his king­dome.

Caesar passed over the Sea into great Britain; whose sudden arrivall so affrighted the Inhabitants, that they presently delivered up to him their armes and hostages; hee did not march far at this time into the Island, because a great part of his 50 Fleet was cast away in a storm, but the second time he came over, hee increased both his Fleet and Army, and drove the Britains all the way before him even into the Calydonian woods in Scotland: he laid in chaines Cingatoriges one of their Kings and so returned with a great booty; in the mean while Aristobulus e­scaped out of prison, and makes new work for Gabinius by seising upon a Fort [Page 23] which he could not hold above two dayes. Wherefore he was apprehended and sent back again to Rome with his sonne Antigonus: but Alexander the sonne of Aristobulus raised suddenly an Army in Judea and encountred with Gabinius, but hee lost the day, and withall 10000 Jewes. Gabinius having setled Judea, went against the Nabatheans, and defeated them. But hee was accused at Rome for letting goe Mithridates and Orsanes the sonnes of Phra­ates, who being banished by their brother Orodes, fled to the Romans for pro­tection, but he was bribed, and so gave out that these two had made a private e­scape; he was also accused by Cicero lately returned from his banishment, that hee had oppressed Syria with covetous exactions, and had re-established Ptole­my 10 without command from the People, contrary to Sibylla's oracles. Pompey and Caesar tooke Gabinius his part, and made Cicero to defend him, whom he had before accused, so that he got the name of Transsuga, or turne-coat. Gabinius notwith­standing was condemned by the people, and M. Licinius Crassus put in his place.

Crassus more covetous then his Predecessor, robbed the Temple of Jerusalem of 10000 talents, and a golden beam weighing 300 minae. Every mina weighs 12 ounces and a half, which was more then the Roman pound, by 4. drachmes, Hee invaded the Parthians, having no Commission from Rome, and plunder­ed Mesopotamia. Orodes sent to know why hee broke the peace, hee answer­ed, 20 that Seleucia his chiefe City should know the reason. Hereupon Orodes sends to keep Artabazes the sonne of Tygranes from aiding Crassus, who pas­sing over Euphrates being warned to the contrary was circumvented by the Parthians who laid an ambush for him; there was killed the sonne of Crassus a gallant young man, with many Senators and Consular men; at last Crassus was taken by Surenas the Parthian Generall and killed; they powred melted gold into his motuh, to shew his covetousnesse; for he was wont to say, he was a poor man that could not maintaine an Army in the field: some of the Romans e­scaped to Carrae a City in Mesopotamia beyond Edessa, where Caracalla also died. Cassius Longinus having recollected the dispersed Forces quelled the insurre­ctions 30 of Syria and Judea upon this overthrow, he defeated Antiochus Comagenus and beat the Parthian Army from Antiochia, having slaine their two chiefe Commanders, Osaces and Pacorus. Cicero had now an Army in Cilicia, his own Province, where he tooke in the City Pindevissus, shewing that he deserved to bee called Pindevissinus, as Scipio to be called Africanus, how ever, he was called Impe­rator Epist. fam. l. 2. epist 10. or Lord Generall.

Whilest the state of things went thus in the east; Caesar in the west was much vexed by the Gaules; Ambiorix their Generall had circumvented Cotta and Sabinus Caesars Legats and by the helpe of the Eburones, and Advatici, overthrew the whole Roman Legion, then joining themselves to the Nervii, set upon Q. 40 Cicero's winter quarters, and besieged him: he presently by a letter tyed to a Jave­lin implores Caesars help, who returns him an answer in Greek fastned to the loope or string of the dart, which the bearer fling within the Fort. The Gaules being 60 thousand strong, left the siege, when they heard of Caesars coming and march directly against him, hee by a counterfeit flight drawes them to a place of disad­vantage, where he killed multitudes of them, and disarmed the rest. Labienus o­vercame the Treviri and slew Induciomarus their Leader, Caesar fearing the revolt of the Gaules procured from Pompey, being then at Rome, 3. new Legions, then hee passeth over the Rhene to chastise the Germans, for sending supply to the Treviri; but understanding that the Suevi in the entry of the Forrest Hircynia 50 waited for the Roman Army; hee cut downe a part of the bridge, and erected a Tower, and put a Garrison in it, on the banks, for he feared the want of Corn, see­ing the Germans were not then addicted to husbandry, and so he pursues Ambi­orix; who sheltred himselfe in the Forrest of Arden or Arduena, and so he lost his labour.

About this time T. Annius Milo killed P. Clodius his Competitor for the Con­sulship A. U. 700. [Page 24] in via Appia which was a street paved by Appius Claudius the Consul reaching from Rome to Brundusium; this murther was done at Bovillae a Town in Latium not farre from Rome, the body of Clodius being brought into the Curia Hostilia, or Councell-house, built by King Tullus Hostilius, was by the incensed multitude burnt with the whole building together, the City honours were taken vi­olently by those that were strongest, for there were no Magistrates lawfully called, so that they were forced to make Pompey Consul the third time, who began to su­spect Caesars power, and Caesar envyed Pompey's honours, for the death of Iulia Caesars daughter, dissolved the amity that was between these two great Comman­ders, Pompey to take off the envy of his greatnesse, chose Q. Scipio for his colleague. 10 Cicero pleaded for Milo, but not so resolutely as he was wont, because Pompey had filled the room with armed men. Milo was banished and retired himselfe to Mar­seiles.

Caesar was forced to be absent from the City, because of the Gaules rebellions and conspiracies, therefore Pompey past an Act, that Caesar should not be pre­judiced in his Consulship, though in this he was thwarted by M. Cato: yet Pompey made Marcellus Consul; and Curio Tribune, Caesars greatest enemies: the Gaules thinking that Caesars imployments at home would keep him from coming to the Army, began againe to struggle for their liberty, the Carnutes now called Char­tres, fell first upon the Roman Factours, killed them; and seised on their Estates. 20 This murder being committed at Genabum, which some think to be Orleans, o­thers Gian about Sun-rising, the report of it came by Post that Evening to Averni now called Auvergne, which is 140. miles distant, Vercingitorix Celtillus his son, whose Father ruled over all the Gaules, raised a mighty Army out of divers countreys, pressing all sorts of men to take up Armes under paine of death. Caesar hearing of this preparation, resolves with all speed to prevent the uniting of the enemies Forces. Hee placeth strong Garrisons in all parts bordering upon the ene­my; through snowie Mountaines he marcheth into the bounds of Auvergne, and had got all his Legions together, before the enemie knew of his coming, he took in three great townes at one clap. 30

At that time Avaricum now called Chasteau neust or Bourges en Berrie was a strong city and chief of the Bituriges; Caesars souldiers being inraged, that the Gauls had burnt down 19 towns round about, purposely to starve the Romans, laid siege to that city, took it by storm; and put all to the sword, men, women, and chil­dren of 40000 scarce 800 escaped, who went to Vercingitorix. After this Caesar divided his Army, foure Legions hee sent against the Parisians and Senones, whose fore-fathers under Brennus their leader, burnt Rome, and besieged the Ca­pitol, six legions he conducteth himselfe against the Auverni, or Auvergne, and sits downe before Gergobia now Clermont in Auvergne, within this strong ci­ty were 80000 men. Here Caesar lost 46 Centurions, by the temerity of his 40 souldiers venturing too hastily upon the enemy. The Hedui whose countrey now is possessed by the Burgundions, fell off from the Romans, who for their fide­lity were wont to call them brethren. Whereupon Caesar sends into Germany beyond the Rhene for a supply of Horse and Foot, by whose helpe hee over­came Vercingtorix, who assisted the Hedui, then he befiegeth Alexia, a city, now a Village in the Dutchie of Burgundie called Alise, and by famine forced them to surrender. There were now flockt together of Gaules 240000 Foot and 8000 Horse, which vast Army after many dayes fight was overthrown by Caesar. Vercingetorix, beholding from the Towne: this great de­feat of his Army, surrenders all, and so the Hedui return again to the Roman obe­dience. 50

Labienus had now subdued the Parisians. Caesar in the interim marcheth a­gainst the Bellovaci, a people that lived about Bayeux, and subdues them. O­thers being weary of waire submit now themselves to the Romans. Uxellodunum called Cadenac in Quercy held out against Caesar till thirst forced them to yeeld, for there was but one spring of water that served the Town, which Caesar cut [Page 25] off. He spared their lives, but cut off their hands to witnesse their rebellion. Af­ter A. M. this he placeth Garrisons every where, so that partly with fear, partly with fair words he brought all Gallia in subjection. About this time died Ptolemy Auletes King of Egypt in the 29 year of his reign, to whom succeeded Ptolemy Dionysius the last King of Egypt, he was now 13 years old, and married his sister Cleopatra, who afterward marryed with M. Antony.

CHAP. VII.

GAllia being now quieted by the losse of 400000 men besides many more prisoners, Caesar returnes into Italy where he is received with Sacrifices, 3924, joy, and triumphs by all the cities through which he went: an Act passed in the Senat, that Caesar should part with two of his Legions for the Parthian war, which he condescended to; but understanding by Curio the Tribune, (whom Caesar by paying his debts, of an enemy had made his friend) that M. Mar­cellus 20 the Consul had appointed them for Pompey, and so were retained in Ita­ly, and withall that it was motioned in the Senat that Caesar should lay down his Commission, and deliver up the Army; hee perceived that his enemies went a­bout to ruine him; wherefore hee refused to part with his Army, except Pom­pey might doe the same. This was held reasonable by Curio, but Pompey's friends would not assent; wherefore Caesar is commanded to repair to Rome, as a private man, and to petition for what hee desired, and if he did not by a certain day deliver up his Army, he should be proclaimed enemy to the State. Cae­sar knowing that Pompey ruled the Senat, and that Marcellus, Lentulus, and Ca­to his mortall enemies meant to bring all his actions in question if he should come 30 to Rome as a private man, refuseth to lay down his Commission: therefore is by Marcellus and Lentulus Consuls, denounced enemy to the State, and comman­ded not to passe the river Rubicon now called Rugum, which divided Italy from Gallia of old.

Now begins this fatall War, which was presaged by an eclipse of the Sunne, and caused by the ambition of Pompey, who retained his Armies in Spain all the three years space that he ruled in Rome, and yet could not endure that Caesar should enjoy the like priviledge; he was favoured by the Senat, Caesar by the Army, both presumed on the justice of their cause, but neither of them had any goodnesse or justice, who did sacrifice their countreys safety to their private 40 quarrels. Caesar passeth over Rubicon, and comes to Ariminum, where he ac­quaints the 5 Cohorts he had with him to be his Guard, of his wrongs, and that he meant to restore the Tribunes that were banished, these five Cohortes were half a Legion, which consisted often Cohortes, every Cohors of three Maniples, and each Maniple of two Centuries or 200. so his guard confisted now of 3000 men.

The first Towne Caesar tooke was Auximum or Osimum: which so terrified Rome, that Marcellus and Lentulus the Consuls with the rest of the Magistrates forsooke the city. In the interim Caesar takes 7 Cohortes which were at Sulmo from Lucretius, and procured the 3 Legions which with L. Domitius were at 50 Corfinium, to join with him. Pompey who a little before bragged that if he did but knock the Italian ground with his foot, he should have armed men enough, hearing of Caesars strength and preparations, intends with most of the Senat to leave Italy, therefore they betake themselves to Brundusium a Sea Port in Ca­labria upon the Hadriatic Sea, from whence was the ordinary passage into [Page 26] Greece. Cesar dispatcheth letters to severall places of Italy, complaining of Pompey, and desiring he might be brought to answer Cesars accusations, hee desired the quarrell might be ended without bloud-shedding; for that end, hee attempted to surprise Pompey in Brundusium, but though he set guards upon the harbour, yet Pompey escaped by night; therefore Cesar repaires to Rome, be­ing now secure, enters the Senat, shews how he is forced to take up Armes in his owne defence. Then hee seiseth upon the Treasury, which Pompey in his sudden flight neglected; and having broken open the doores he taketh 4135 l. weight of Gold, and almost 900000 l. weight of silver: thence he goeth to his Legions at Ariminum, and from thence over the Alpes to Massylia, which shut the gates against him. Hee gives charge to Trebonius with three Legions 10 to take in that city, then he hastes to Spain, which was now subject to L. Afra­nius, M. Petrejus, and M. Varro, Pompey's three Generalls. These in divers battells he overcame Afranius Petrejus. and M. Varro in the further Spaine yeelded, and delivered up his Legions to Cesar. Cato was driven out of Sicilia by Curio, Cotta out of Sardinia by Valerius; Tubero out of Africa by Varrus. Mas­sylia also submitteth, which is plundered of all, except life and liberty.

Pompey was now Master of the Sea; and gave a check to Cesars victories, for Octa­vius & Libo Pompey's Legats did circumvent Dolobella and Antonius that were for Cesar, and who were appointed by him to guard the mouth of the Hadriatick Sea. C. Antonius held the Curicttic or Corcyrean shoare, but submitted, and yeelded 20 up 15 Cohortes to Octavius his Fleet. Libo drove Dolobella from Illyricum or Dalmatia: the Ships also that Basilus sent to help Antonius were catched by the Pompejan Cilicians, with a new trick of ropes made like gins hid under the water. Curio also Cesars Legat, after he had overthrown Varrus in Africa, lost both himselfe and Cesars Army, in a rash battell with Iuba King of Mauritania. Pompey chose Epirus, now Albania, a countrey famous for good horses, to be the seat of the war: and Cesar having made all the Provinces sure behinde him, makes all the speed hee can to encounter with Pompey, therefore ventures in a small Pinnace to crosse the Sea in the midst of Winter, and in a storm; 30 wherein he shewed more courage then the fearfull Shipmaster, whom he checks for his timidity: Fear not (saith he) thou carryest Cesar. When he came on shoar; and had gathered his Forces together, being impatient of delayes, used all means possible by plundering of Towns, and taking in Forts, to draw Pompey to a bat­tle, which he warily avoided, hoping by tergiversation to break the courage of Cesars Army, but Pompey's souldiers did interpret his procrastination, cow­ardise: so that Cesar said truly when hee went to Spaine, that he went against an Army without a Captain: but when he came into Epirus, that he went a­gainst a Captaine without an Army, for his souldiers were young gallants, and raw in military affaires. Some skirmishes there were between the two Armies. 40 Cesar fell upon Torquatus and his Legion, being in Garrison, Pompey came with his whole body to rescue him. Whereupon Cesar left the siege to encounter with Pompey, Torquatus follows him from his Garrison in the reare, but Cesars Souldiers perceiving their danger, betooke themselves to their heels; so that Cesar could by no meanes hinder their flight: and if Pompey had not recalled his army from the pursuit, hee had got the day, and the quarrell had been ended, which made Cesar say, that Pompey knew not how to con­quer. Many Roman Knights were knights were killed, with 30 Centurions, and 4000 common souldiers.

Upon this defeat, Cesar makes hast through Epirus into Thessalia in Greece, famous for the Gyants warre against Iupiter; and there chooseth the Pharsali­an 3924. 50 fields called also Philippici from the town Philippi close by) for his campa­nia. Pompey follows after, whose Army consisted of 40000 Foot; in the left wing were 7000 horse; in the right 5000. besides the Auxiliary Forces of the East, with the Nobility, Senators, Pretorian and Consular men. Cesar had not above 30000 Foot, and 1000 horse, but stout souldiers all. The battell con­tinued [Page 27] doubtfull for a while, till the German cohortes fell so furiously upon Pompey's Horse, that they were forced to give ground, and at last betooke themselves to a disordered flight, the Cesarians pursue them with a command from Cesar that they should aim at the Pompejans faces, and withall to spare their fellow citizens. Of the Pompejans were slaine 15000. and 33 Cen­turions, Pompey himselfe escaped with the two Lentuli, Favonins the Pretorian and his sonne Sextus. Some perswaded him to goe to Parthia, others to his friend King Iuba of Africa, but he chose rather Egypt for his retreat, hoping to be kindly used by young Ptolemy, for old courtesies bestowed by Pompey on him, and his Father; therefore he came first to Larissa, then by Sea to Mity­lene; 10 thence he sailed with his wife Cornelia into Egypt, the base King sends to receive Pompey into his own Ship, and a warrant there to kill him, being perswaded thereto by Pothinus the Eunuch, and his Tutor, by Theodotus also, and Achil­las his Generall; for they feared that Pompeys intertainment would draw all the Roman Forces thither, therefore Achillas and Septimius now a Colonell, but here­tofore a Captaine in Pompey's his Army, first murthers this brave Comman­der, and then cuts off his head in the sight of his wife and children; he was 58 years old.

Pompey's Generalship was profered to Cicero, which he refused, and betook himselfe privately to Brundusium. Cesar not made insolent with his victory, 20 gives a generall pardon to all his enemies. At Rome hee was created Dictator though absent, in three dayes he comes to Egypt, where Theodotus presents him Pompeys head and ring, at sight of which he weeped, and checkt the murtherers, then he went to Alexandria, and demanded contribution, the Kings Govern­ours pretend poverty, Achillas is commanded to dismisse his Army of 20000 men; but hee marcheth with him against Cesar, a battell is fought in which the Kings Fleet is set on fire, the flame whereof consumes a part of the city, and in it, Ptolemies famous librarie of 400000 volumes: in the Isle Pharus was a great fight in which Cesar lost many men, and Pompeys murtherers slain, Cesar himselfe hardly escaped into a cockboat, which with the weight of the 30 passengers sunk, but he saved himself by swimming with one hand, for the o­ther in which he held his papers, he was forced to hold above the water; so having swimmed 200 pases hee came safely to his Ship: then hee renewes his Forces, and in a battell overthrowes the Egyptians, in which 20000 are slaine, 12000 with 70 long Ships taken, and the King himselfe was drowned in a boat overset with passengers. So Alexandria being forced to yeeld, Cesar bestowes Egypt on Cleopatra, the Kings body was found in the mudde.

Pharnaces the sonne of Mithridates tooke occasion by this Roman dis­cord to rebell against him. Cesar marcheth, and at the first encounter o­verthrowes 40 3925. him, so that hee truly said, I came, I saw, I overcame, Phar­naces having fled to Bosphorus Cimmerius in the mouth of the lake Meo­tis, distant from Bosphorus Thracius 500 miles. Here Pharnaces who would have betrayed his Father Mithridates, is betrayed by his friend Asander and murthered.

Pompeys faction inraged against Cesar, breakes out in two places; in Africa 3926. under King Iuba, Scipto Pompeys Father in law, and Cato Governour of U­tica; in Spain, under Cu. Pompejus great Pompeys eldest sonne. At Rome also they began to stir, but Antonius Generall of the Horse to Cesar, appeased the tumult with the murder of 800 citizens: in Africa, Scipio, Iuba and A­franius 50 are defeated by Cesar, 10000 men were slaine, and 60 Elephants taken. Cato at Utica killed himselfe, having first read Plato's Book of the immortality of the soule. Iuba hired Petreius to cut his throat, which he did, and then killed himselfe with the same sword. Scipio being kept back by contrary windes from Spain, murthered himselfe on Ship-board. Torquatus also was kil­led. Cesar commanded Pompeys daughter and his Nephews to bee slaine, [Page 28] but Cato's sonne, and others that begged for mercy, were pardoned.

Cesar upon his returne to Rome, was honoured with four triumphs, answering his four conquests of Gallia, Egypt, Pontus, and Africa, he made a sumptuous feast, and exhibited magnificent shews, he pardoned M. Marcellus upon the Senats intrea­ty, and called him home from his banishment, for which Act of clemency he is high­ly commended by Cicero in his incomparable oration for M. Marcellus; but before he could returne he was murthered by Magias his client at Athens. After the war was ended a list was taken of the citizens, and there were not found above 150000 whereas four years before, about the beginning of the war, there were reckoned a­bove 400000 citizens. Cesar was now made Consul the fourth time. He prepares 10 for Spain against Pompey's two sonnes, Cn. and Sextus, but both their Fleets were spoiled at Sea, after divers townes were taken by both sides, a great battell was fought near the city Munda, wherein Cesar at first was defeated, but upon a fresh encounter he got the day. Cn. Pompejus fled into Munda, but Cesar making a ram­pire of dead bodies, took the town, Pompey fled, but was overtaken and killed by Ceronius, the younger brother escaped. T. Labienus that had done so much good service in Gallia for Cesar, but now adhering to Pompey's faction, was slain.

The civill war being every where composed, and Cesar returning from Spain was honoured with the fifth triumph, the title of pater patriae, and of perpetuall Dicta­tor, and that he should be [...], that is, Holy or inviolable, but he conti­nued 20 not long in honour; for he returned from Spain to Rome in October, and a­bout the Ides or midst of the next March he was slaine, this was not above five months. His great honours, felicity, and pride had procured him envy: for when the Fathers before the Temple of Venus came to confer these honours on him, he sate still in his chair of state, and did not stand up, as hee ought: and though he refused to wear the crown which M. Antonie put on his head, in the Lupercall solemnities, but sent it to Iupiter in the Capitol: yet when one had placed a crown on the head of his Image, hee was content it should remaine there, wherefore he thrust the two Tribunes out of their office, for questioning the man that crowned his image. A plot being then contrived by M. Brutus, C. 30 Tribonius, C. Cassius, D. Brutus his favourite, and some others, he was murthered in the Curia of Pompey, having received 23. wounds, whereof the second was on­ly mortall which he had in his brest, his murtherers fled to the Capitoll, resolved to make an act of Oblivion, to fling Cesars body into the Tibris, and to seise up­on his estate, but they feared the greatnesse of Antonius and Lepidus. Such was the tragicall Catastrophre of this brave Commander; who had fought fifty pitched battels with the common enemies of Rome, besides his many victories in the civill war. He made many wholesome Laws, he reformed the Roman Calender by the help of Sosigenes the Mathematician of Alexandria, he not onely conquered his enemies, but his passions also, in advancing his greatest adversaries to honours 40 and places of trust. When he took Pompey's cabinet at Pharsalia, and Scipio's at Thapsus, he burned all their Letters without looking into any one of them. Hee who was carried so often in triumphant Chariots, and whom no forraigne force could subdue, is now conquered by a few traitors at home, and carried by three of his meanest servants. So horrid was this murther, that the Sun is said to hide his face from it, by an eclipse: and so far was his death the cause of peace, as his enemies thought, that it presently occasioned more civill wars; and so little were his enemies secured by his murther, that none of all these traitors outlived him a­bove three years, but all perished miserably, yet deservedly, even some of them with the same sword that wounded him; he was 56 years old when he died. 50

CHAP. VIII.

ARistobulus being sent back in chains to Rome, Cesar in hatred to Pompey sets him free, and gives him the command of two Legions, but being in the way seised upon, by the Pompejans he was poisoned, and lest his sonne Alexander 10 should make any trouble in Iudea, his head is cut off by Scipio Pompey's Fa­ther in law at Antioch: but after the death of Pompey, Hyrcanus and Antipa­ter did good service for Cesar in Egypt, in helping to subdue Ptolemy. Where­fore Hyrcanus is established in the Pontificat, and Antipater is made Governour of Palestina, whose sonne Phaselus is set over Ierusalem, and Herod the other sonne over Galilee. This Herod caused Ezechias the high way man, with many others to be slaine, which so offended the 70 Elders, that they sent out their warrants to bring him to justice for medling with their authority, hee by the counsell of his Father Antipater, gets him a strong guard of Souldiers, to 20 awe the great Councell of the 70. which made old Simeon (called the just,) rise up and tell the Councell that Herod deserved death, for this his presump­tion. Which so incensed Herod against them, that hee never was at quiet, till hee had quite overthrowne that Councell, which hee did, as soone as hee was made King, and killed all the 70 except old Simeon, who escaped, being preserved by God, to receive Christ in his armes, and to prophesie of his Salva­tion.

At Rome C. Octavius Cesars nephew by his sisters Daughter Atia, or Accia, being adopted by his Uncles last will, and constituted heir to 9 parts of his estate, 3929. which was called Haeres ex dodrante, resolves to revenge his Uncles death, hee was now about 19 yeares old, and of such parts and hopes, that Cesar meant to 30 have made him his Colleague in the Getic and Parthian warre: the souldiers be­gin to flock to him amaine, from all parts, both because of their affection to Cesar, and that they saw the brave disposition of Octavius, and because Antonies impotent Government was distastfull to them; as likewise to the Se­nat and people, who had been also exasperated against Antonie by Cicero's in­vectives. M. Antonie likewise being madde that Octavius a youth, was pre­ferred to him, in Cesars will, resolves to crush him betimes; but the people having large legacies left them by Cesar, adhere to Octavius, whom they call Cesar from his Uncles, but now his Fathers name. D. Brutus being designed 40 Consul, joines his Army with Octavius his Forces; the Senat also sends him the Consular Ornaments, gives him power to make war against Antonie: and ho­nours him with the title of Imperator or L. Generall. Hirtius also, and Pansa the Consuls conjoyne their Armies with Octavius. M. Brutus seiseth upon Va­tinius his Army in Greece, and on the Province too for the use of Octavius; and in Epirus wrests the Legions from C. Antenius, Maroks brother.

Octavius began his Government upon the death of Iulius Cesar, which was 282 yeares after the death of Alexander; before the birth of Christ 42. and about the 711 yeare of the city: shortly after this C. Trebonius one of Cesars mur­therers was killed in Asia by Dolobella that succeeded him, this Dolobella was 50 killed by C. Cassius at Laodicea, D. Brutus being besieged by M. Antonie in Mu­tina now Modina a Town in Lombardie or Galllia Cisalpina he is assisted by Octa­vius, Pansa, and Hirtius, the siege raised, and Antonie forced to flie into France; in this fight Pansa and Hirtius lost their lives, but honored with a publick Sepul­ture. A triumph is appointed for Brutus, but no notice taken of Octavius, for the Pompejan faction began again to bare sway at Rome; he perceiving how hee was [Page 30] slighted, and that in scorn he was called childe, sent Cornelius a Centurion with 400 souldiers to the Senat, to demand the Consulship for Octavius in the name of the whole Army: the Senat seeming averse was threatned by Cornelius, who drew his sword, and told them, that if they would not yeeld to Octavius his request, the sword should force them; the messengers returning to Octavius without satisfaction, hee by Letters invites Antonius and Lepidus into Italy with their Forces, who being united into a body, sit downe before Rome, whereupon Octavius is presently made Consul, who banisheth all that had any hand in Cesars death, and accuseth Cassius with the two Bruti of his murther. Plancus Brutus his Colleague, and Asinius Pollio a great Anti-pompejan deliver up both their Ar­mies 10 to Antonius. D. Brutus is forsaken by Plancus and his souldiers, and is killed by Antonius.

Lepidus and Antonius being both proclaimed enemies by the Senat, and Octa­vius slighted as was said, they had no other way to save themselves but by uni­ting their Forces, therefore Octavius imbraceth the occasion, and closeth with Antony, who otherways was resolved to join his Forces with Brutus and Cas­sius who had the command of 17 Legions, but Octavius unworthily banisheth Cicero the eloquent mouth of that glorious City, leaving him as a prey to Antonius his sworne enemy, who sent some of his troopers to murther him, which they did; and placed his head and right hand on the Rostra, to the great grief of the 20 city; Fulvia Antonies wife, abused the head with all kinde of indignities. In that prosciption of these Triumviri were banished besides knights 130. Senators, and not onely Cicero, but all his family also: but Cicero's sonne was recalled.

Cassius in the meane time possesseth Syria, and vexes Judea with taxes. Mali­chus who had poysoned Antipater, is by his sonne Herod slaine, Hyrcanus not 3930. daring to revenge this death of his friend Malichus, then Cassius takes Rhodes, and Brutus subdues the Lycii, then they passe over with their army to Macedonia where neer Philippy Octavius and Antony fight with them, this second battell was fought with various successe, in that fatall field; the wing in which Brutus was, had the better of Octavius, then sick and not in the camp, but Cassius his wing was 30 defeated, who fearing Brutus had been in the like condition, forced his own ser­vant to kill him, the souldier whom Cassius had sent to bring tidings to Brutus, returning too late, found his Generall dead on the ground, wherefore accusing his slownesse to be the cause of Cassius his death, fell upon his own sword. Bru­tus a few dayes after fought againe; but as his death and overthrow were fore­told by his evill Genius the night before, so it came to passe. For seeing his Ar­my defeated, he thrust Stratos sword through his left side, and so died immedi­ately. Here died the sons of Cato, Hortensius, Lucullus, Drusus, Livius, Quintilius, Varius, and many more brave men.

Sextus the son of great Pompey at this time returning from Spain, first seised upon 40 Messana, then upon all Sicily, to whom there was great concourse both from Italy, and from the Brutian Army. The Senat had restored him to his Fathers estate, and made him Admirall of the Seas, when the Pompejan faction prevailed, now hee receives all fugitives and slaves, and with Piracies infests the Sea, which his Father had cleared, Antonius stayes to settle the Transmarine Provinces, Octavi­us returnes to Italy, which he findes full of tumults. For Fulvia Antonies wife stirred up the old souldiers against him; and L. Antonius the Consul, Markes bro­ther accused also Cesar to the souldiers of his unjust dealing with them, and ha­ving raised an Army, marcheth to Perusia, at this day Perut a city in Hetruria: in which Cesar hesiegeth him, who being forced by famine yeeldeth: and obtains his life, so did Fulvia, and Plancus, and all the souldiers upon submission obtaine 50 pardon, only the town was thrown down; & so this war ended without bloudshed.

Embassadors from all parts repair to M. Antony in Bithynia; among the rest were the prime men of the Jews, with an accusation against Phaselus and Herod: for incroaching upon Hyrcanus his Government, and for banishing unjustly An­tigonus the son of Aristobulus: but Herod prevented them by bribing Antonius, [Page 13] and by the marrying of Hyrcanus his Neece, and so he obtained the title of Te­trarch: at Tyrus the Jews are some put to death, some imprisoned by Antony, for 3931. accusing Herod again: but the next year Antigonus taking occasion of Antonies dallying with Cleopatra Queen of Egypt, calls into Syria Pacorus the sonne of Orodes King of Parthia, who with force and fraud seised upon Hyrcanus, and Pha­selus. Herod prevented the plot laid against him: the Parthians took and plun­dered Jerusalem, and then delivered it over to Antigonus, who cut off Hyrcanus his eares, that he might be incapable of the priesthood. Phaselus dashed out his own braines, to prevent the tortures intended by his enemie. Herod being wea­ry of following Antonius, takes sail for Rhodes, and from thence to Rome: 10 there Antony to make his peace with Cesar, marries his sister Octavia, having first put away his wife Fulvia, and betrayes his friend Q. Ruffus to Augustus, against whom he was plotting mischiefe: Therefore Cesar to gratifie Antony, makes Herod King of Judea, and Antigonus for joining with the Parthians, is denounced Traitor. Ventidius and Silon Antonies Legats are commanded to esta­blish 2393. Olymp. 184 Herod in his Kingdome, but they being bribed by Antigonus in three yeares space did nothing.

Sextus Pompejus had now got all Sicily, and hindred provision from coming to Rome, therefore upon the desire of the people, Cesar and Antony conclude a peace with him; and permitted him the Government of Sicilia and Achaja, 20 and withall recalled divers of the Nobility from banishment: but this peace held not long, for Pompey contrary to the Articles of peace entertained fugitives, and Cesar received Mena who revolted from Pompey with 60 Ships. Him Octavius made Admirall of the same Fleet against Pompey, who had filled the Sea with Pyrats a great battell was fought at Sea; but after Cesar had got the better, hee lost many of his Ships by a storm on Sylacaeum upon the coast of Calabria, a place infamous for Shipwracks: Cesar had also a second losse neer Tauromenium Naufragum Scylaceum. Virg. Aen. 3. a Towne in Sicily; he lost also divers Ships, some whereof where burned by Mena who revolted to Pompey, the same runnigado revolted again to Cesar with 6 Triremes who gave him his life, but never imployed him any more: in the last 30 Sea fight against Pompey, Agrippa Cesars Admirall took and sunk 103 Ships, of Pompeys, who hardly escaped to Asia with 17. where by command from M. Antony, Titius slew him.

Cesar had called Lepidus out of Africa with some Legions to aid him; but the vain man bragged that he and not Cesar had defeated Pompey; th [...]refore hee challengeth Sicily to himselfe, and permits his souldiers to plunder Messana; at which insolencies Cesar being offended, comes into Lepidus his Campe, to ex­postulate with him, Lepidus commands his guard to knock him down, but hee wrapping his upper garment about his arm, received the blowes without hurt, and having laid hold on the Eagle, puts spur to his horse, and carries it to his 40 owne camp, upon this his Army falls upon Lepidus his quarters, whose Soul­diers after some small skirmishes revolts to Cesar; Lepidus being forsaken puts off his Generalls habit called Paludamentum or Chlamys, and in mourning submits himself to Cesar, who gave him his life and goods, but degraded him from his honor and charge, and then banished him. Cesar now having 44 Legions un­der his command, which began to mutiny about their pay, he discharged 20000 of them, restored 30000 slaves to their masters, and crucified 6000 who were master­lesse: then hee returnes to Rome, where he is honoured with the lesser tri­umph or ovatio, so called from ovis the Sheepe, sacrificed then by the Conquerour. 50

In the East Ventid [...]us Antonies Legat defeated the Parthians in a great bat­tell, slew Pacorus, and carried about his head on a pole, that the revolted cities 3933. might see it: but Antony desirous to inlarge his Dominions, would needs with 16 Legions march through Media and Armenia against the Parthians, where hee lost two Legions, and was like to have lost all; had he not hearkned to the coun­sell of a Roman captive, who being taken in the Crassian overthrow, came by [Page 32] night into the Roman campe, and wished them not to march any further, but to re­turne with all hast through the woods and hills; which they did accordingly, yet were so beset with Parthian Archers, that had they not kneeled, and kept off the the storm of arrowes from their heads, by holding up their Targets they had been all lost; th [...]n Antony returning into Armenia, seiseth upon Artavasdes, the King, puts him in golden chains, and bestows that Kingdome on his son, which he had by his wife, or Concubine rather Cleopatra; but afterward Artaxias recovered his Fathers Kingdome.

CHAP. IX. 10

Iudea, Galilee and Samaria, were now in a combustion, because Herod an Idu­mean had got the Kingdome. Herod finding small aid in Antonies Legats, makes 20 a journey to Antony himselfe, who at that time besieged Samosata, a town upon Euphrates, and assisteth him to take it, whereupon he obtaines two Legions un­der the command of Sosius, to subdue Jerusalem. With these he revengeth the death of his brother Ioseph, and of his six Cohortes who were overthrowne by Machera; which gave occasion to the Galileans to drown all they found of Herods faction in the Sea of Tyberias, and because Pappus had killed his brother Ioseph, and Antigonus cut off his head: Therefore Herod having overcome the Galile­ans cuts off the head of Pappus, and sends it to Phaeroras his younger brother: After this he besiegeth Jerusalem with 11 Legions and 6000 horse; besides the Syrian Auxiliaries: the Jews stifly held out against the besiegers, and would 30 3935. not be advised by Sameas a prime man in the Sanhedrin to submit to Herod, till first the lower city and outward Court of the Temple were taken, and at last the rest of the City and Temple was stormed, upon the Fast day the inraged soul­diers spared neither man, woman, nor childe, so that Herod was forced to hire them to give off, asking them whether they meant to make him a King of bare walls: Herod had used all the meanes he could to make that stiffe-necked people accept him for their King, hee besieged them in three Sabbaticall years, when they could receive no fruites of the earth for their releife; he married with Ma­riamne the daughter of Alexander Antigonus his brother, he professed the Jewish Religion, he promised them all the happinesse they could desire under any King; 40 but all this could not move them: so at last hee obtained by force which hee could not by intreaty that kingdome, which at first after the captivity was ruled by Zorobabel, Nehemias, and other Princes, after them by Priests, and the 70 Elders, and at last by the Assamoneans 126 years.

Antony by the perswasions and bribes of Herod, first crucified Antigonus and then beheaded him; and because he knew there would be small security for him, so long as any were left alive, that might claime title to the Kingdome, hee in­vited Hyrcanus home from Babylon; Herod made great shew of love to him, in proffering a share of the Government, in calling him Father, and using him with all civility, till he had set himselfe fast in the saddle, and then destroyes him; he highly esteemed Pollio the Pharisee, and Samias his Disciple, two prime men of 50 the councell, because they counselled the Jews to submit to Herod, hee bestowes upon Hananelus the Pontificat; but upon the intreatie of Alexandra; (whom notwithstanding he still suspected and persecuted) he took it from him, and con­ferred it on Aristobulus Mariamnes brother; but being jealous of him also, in the second year of his Pontificat he drowned him, for whilest hee was [Page 33] swimming, Herod caused two that were swimming with him, as it were in sport, to hold his head under the water, till he was stifled; of this Alexandra complained, and so did Cleopatra who desired a part of the kingdome of Judea; but Herod with his bribes pacified Antony, and frustrated Cleopatra, whom he would have killed, had hee not been disswaded by his friends.

M. Antony having wholly devoted himselfe to Cleopatra, and to all licentious­nesse, and puft up with pride, wealth, and flattery, begins to despise Octavius, he puts away Octavia his sister, he refuseth to part with his triumvirat though the time was expired, hee calls himselfe Father Liber, he desires that Egypt and all the Pro­vinces even to Euphrates may be conferred on his two sonnes by Cleopatra. Cesar understanding of this after his returning into the City, upon the conquest of Dal­matia, 10 and Pannonia, perswades the people to make war against Antony and Cleo­patra, which was easily assented to; therefore he was made Consul the third time, his Colleague was Messala Corvinus. Antony having subdued Artabanes King of Armenia, and having forced him to deliver up his treasure, which was very great, was now full of money, yet Cesar exceeded him in number of Ships, of good Commanders and souldiers. Plancus, Dolobella and Domitius revolted to Cesar. M. Agrippa in the sight of Antonies Fleet took Leucas a town in Leuca­dia, Patrae a City in Achaja (famous for the Martyrdome of St. Andrew) and Corinthalso. The two Fleets fought at Actium a promontorie in Epirus, where 20 Augustus after this built a town and called it Nicopolis from his victory; the fight lasted doubtfull two houres, at last Cleopatra takes her flight with 60 fail. Antony follows after; the soudiers seeing this, submitted to Octavius, who pardoned them. The same successe he had by land against Antony the next yeer. Cesar per­sued Antony and Cleopatra into Alexandria, the war is renewed, but Antonies Fleet revolting; his foot Forces being beaten, and at last all his horfe defeated, he fled into the Palace, and run him selfe through with his own sword, and then fell into the armes of Cleopatra, whom he thought had been killed, and in her bo­some breathed out his spirit: the Queen courted Augustus with presents, and thinking to gain his love, betrayed to him Pelusium neer Arabia Petrea; but fearing 30 that Cesar would carry her in triumph; seeing Alexandria and all was lost, shee poysoned her self by applying an Aspe to her Breast; thus ended the Civill War.

Herod in this meane time being incensed against the Arabians, for killing his Embassadours, raiseth a great Army, and in two battels utterly defeats them: 3942. then hearing of Antonies death and overthrow, he was much perplexed: fearing lest Cesar would unthrone him, for assisting of Antony; therefore he resolves to repair to him; and to make his peace if possible; but doubting lest Hyrcanus might step into the throne in his absence, he puts him to death upon suspition that he held secret intelligence with Malichas King of Arabia: whereas indeed he wrote him a letter upon the importunity of his daughter Alexandra, only that 40 he would permit him being now 80 years old, to end his dayes quietly in his countrey, seeing he could not in his owne by reason of Herods jealousie over him: so Herod having secured all at home, repaires to Cesar at Rhodes, to whom sub­mitting himselfe, and promising him the same measure of service and love he shew­ed to Antony, and presenting him with 800 talents, he was received into favour, and the kingdome confirmed on him.

Cesar returning into the City obtained 3 triumphs, the Illyrian, Naval, and 3943. Egyptian. M. Lepidus the Triumvirs sonne for offering to raise a new warre is put to death; so all things in the Roman Empire being now composed, which now was the twentieth year after the Civill war of Cesar and Pompey; Octavi­us 50 is honoured with the name of Augustus; and the month Sextilis is name Au­gust V. C. 725. from him, as Quintilis was called July from Iulius. Dalmatia which held out in rebellion 220 yeares, the Alpes inhabited by barbarous people, Spaine which had been vexed with 200 years war, and all other places submit­ted 3945. to Augustus: the Parthians also sent back to him the Roman Ensignes, which were taken by Orodes from Crassus, and by Phraates from Antonius: the [Page 43] Temple of Ianus which had stood open 200 yeares, was now shut by Augustus being 36 yeares older, it was now shut a second time in his reign, after the sub­duing of the Cantabrians and Astures in Spain, and of the Salassians in Insubria, 3946. that part of Italy where Millan now stands, Egypt which had stood almost 300 years under the Ptolemies or Lagidae, so called from Lagus father of the first Ptole­mey, yeelded her neck to the Roman yoake; this generall peace gave way for the birth of the prince of peace now at hand; who came in the fulnesse of time to de­stroy idolatry, which was now at the hight; for at Rome the Pantheon or Temple was built for all Gods. At Ephesus, Nicea, Nicomedia, & Pergamus. Temples were dedicated to Iulius and Augustus, at Ephesus, the city of Rome is made a goddesse, 10 and sacrifices offered to her; a theater was erected at Jerusalem, and the holy city polluted with the vanities and profanenesse of the Gentiles, as sword-play­ing and stage-playing. Herod upon suspition murthers his vertuous wife Mari­amne, and his mother in law Alexandra, with the Sanhedrin of the 72 Senators, and sets up the golden eagle over the porch of the Temple.

Augustus took order for furnishing the city yeerly with corn, from Egypt he sent honest and able Proconsuls into all the Provinces, he reformed the Senat, and reduced the number of Senators to 600. Hee gave order to the Priests to transcribe the genuine Bookes of the Sibyls, and to burne the supposititious: he overthrew the house of Vedius Pollio, for feeding his lampreys with mens flesh: hee maintained a strong guard over himselfe, to prevent the mischievous plots 20 of male-contents, who desired to build themselves upon the ruines of the State; for so many conspiracies were intended against him, that he sometimes resolved to be­take himself to a private life. Yet of his guard he maintained but three cohortes within the city. He gave liberty to the Jews every where in Asia and Cyrene, to use their own religion. He was so grieved for the losse of Varus with his three le­gions in Germany; that sometimes he would beat his head against the wall, crying out O Varus, restore the Legions. He would not be called Dominus, or Lord by any.

Herod rebuilt Samaria and called it Sebaste from Augustus, he beautified Turris Stratonia and called it Cesaria; he erected many Towers, and placed Garrisons in 30 them to keep the Jews from rebelling, he furnished the country with corn from E­gypt, in time of famine, he marries the daughter of Simon Boethus, and bestowes on him the Priesthood; [...]e builds a Temple to Cesar near Panea, by the springs of Jordan, and to keep the Jews from stirring at this Idolatry, he remits to them the third part of their tribute, and to make some shew of piety in the midst of his 3953. impieties, in the 18 year of his reign, he inlargeth the Temple with a magnifi­cent building called the Court of the Gentiles, because they might enter thither, it was 100 cubits long, and 120 high with large porches, and marble pillars, the out­ward work was 8 years in building, a year and 5 months more were spent in the in­ward ornaments; it was finished the 28 year of his reign, 9 yeares before Christ 40 assumed the Temple of his body in the Virgines womb: he had 9 wives and many children; he murthered his two sons Aristobulus and Alexander being falsly accu­sed by Salome his sister, and Antipater their brother by the fathers side, which Antipater was afterward also put to death by Herod: thus was he the butcher of Hyrcanus his father in law, of Alexandra his mother in law, of Mariamne his wife, and of his own 3 sons, so that as Augustus said, it had beene better to be Herods swine, then his son. 3969.

Whilest Herod is thus raging against his own bowels, our blessed Redeemer Jesus Christ is born of a pure Virgine; the report of whose birth did so trouble 3971. Herod, that he caused all the Bethlemitish children under two years old to be mur­thered; and before the expiration of the same year he died, being tortured so long 50 with his rotten body, crawling with wormes before his death, that he would have killed himselfe, had he not been prevented by his friends, he dyed the 70 yeare of his age, and the 34 of his reign; having 5 dayes before murthered his wicked son Antipater, he left the kingdome to Archelaus and the Tetrarchie to Herod Antipas, but Augustus divided the kingdome into two parts, to Archelaus he gave one part, [Page 35] to Antipas and Philip the other, Archelaus in the 10 yeare of his reign was accu­sed before Augustus for his cruelty and tyranny, the Jews in a tumult demanded justice of those that had incensed Herod against Iudas and Mathias two famous Lawyers; Archelaus sent a Tribune to suppresse the tumult, whom they hurt with stones; whereupon he sent his army against them, who at their Paschall solemnity killed 3000 of them. 8000 Jews repair to Rome with a complaint against Arche­laus, whom they accused for conferring the Pontificat upon unworthy men, and 3982. A. C. 11. such as he pleased; therefore he is banished to Vienna about the twelfth year of Christ, his goods confiscated, and Judea annexed to the Province of Syria, this was done the eleventh year of his raign. 10

Agrippa Augustus his son in law by the help of Tiberius Nero, and Drusus Ger­manicus brought under the Germans, Pannonians, Dalmatians, and Rhetians. A­grippa being dead, Tiberius is made fellow Tribune with Augustus, but being offen­ded at the shining vertues of Cajus and Lucius, having asked leave of Caesar, went to Rhodes, where he remained 8 years: these two Cajus and Lucius were Augustus his nephews. Drusus & Tiberius were his sons in law. Drusus dyed in the 30 year of his life: Tiberius undertook his charge in Germany, which he made a stipendiary pro­vince. Cajus Caesar Augustus his nephew by Livia being wounded in Armenia, where he spent most of his time, returned in his old age to Italy, where he dyed at Lycia or Limyra, his brother Lucius in his journey to Spain dyed at Massylia. 20 Tiberius therefore with his brother Agrippa are adopted by Augustus: but Agrip­pa was afterward rejected, so in Tiberius alone remained the hope of succession, he subdued utterly the Dalmatians, Marcomans, Pannonians, and other barbarous na­tions: but Quintilius Varus being too secure was defeated by the Germans, under Arminius their Captain; which overthrow so troubled Augustus, that he appointed watch and ward over all the city, and out of sorrow suffered his hairs and beard to overgrow, yet this Arminius was quelled by Tiberius, who beyond the Rhene de­stroyed all with fire and sword.

Augustus sends his nephew Germanicus the son of Drusus into Germany, and ap­points Tiberius for Illyricum; but at Nola falling sick he recals Tiberius now in his 30 journey, with whom he had secret conference a long time. He desired his friends to give him a Plaudite, if he had acted his part wel on the stage of Mortality; so having bid farewell to Livia his wife, who (as it's thought) poysoned him with figs, he departed the 76 year of his life, the 57 year of his Empire, & 44 years after the A­ctian war. He was a moderate wise, and fortunate Prince; he added to the Empire 3985. V. C. 766. A. C. 14. Egypt, Pannonia, Aquitania, Rhetia, the Vindelici neighbours of Rhetia, with all the Sea ports of Pontus: he subdued the Germans, the Daci: he recovered Ar­menia from the Parthians; he was honoured with gifts from Scythia and Judia: he made Galatia a Province; he made Rome marble, which before was brick; he erected a stately porch and Bibliothec in his Palatine house; he appointed watch­men, 40 who all night went about, to keep the city from firing: he went into all the Provinces himself except Africa and Sardinia: he despised the title of Lord, and slighted all Libels cast out against him. He was mercifull to his enemies, for hee made Cornelius Consul, though he plotted to murther him. He loved Mecaenas deerly, even when he called him carnifex or Butcher, and upon that word from him rose up, and would not pronounce the sentence of condemnation against some traitors. He was modest in apparell, wearing no other, but what his wife, sister, daughters and neeces made. He was temperate in his dyet, sparing in wine, an honourer and lover of learning, he was a good scholar himself, and wrote divers tractats, he left a breviary of the whole Empire, a list of all the souldiers in pay, of the money in the treasury, and of the sums that were due. He erected an Altar 50 in the Capitoll (to God the first begotten) sending to the Pythian oracle to know of his successour; he was answered, that an Hebrew child stopped his mouth, and commanded him to return again to hell. Whereupon the Gentile oracles ceased, darknesse giving place to light. In the 42 year, or as others say in the 41. year of his reign Christ was born, Quirinus, or as the Evangelist saith, Cyrenius being Pre­sident of Syria, who was afterward sent to confiscate Archelaus his goods that [Page 36] reigned in Judea, Idumea, and Samaria, as his brother Herod Antipas in Galilee and Peraea; their mother was Marthace a Samaritan. Philip was Tetrarch of Tra­chonitis and Batanaea.

The insurrection of the Jews against Archelaus, gave occasion to Iudas, Simon and other ambitious spirits, under pretence of liberty to set up a King of their own, but they were quickly suppressed by Quintilius Varus who afterward was killed in Germany; he with three legions, and Arabians Auxiliaries appeased them, and cru­cified about 2000 of the rebels. Much about this time Christ being 12. yeares of age disputed with the Doctors in the Temple. Iudas a Galilean because of the Ro­man 3982. A. C. 11. taxes perswaded the Jews to deny the payment thereof, teaching that they were a free people, and that no mortall should call himself Prince or Lord. Hence 10 began the Sect of the Zelotes, which maintained this doctrine with their lives, forcing men by the sword to embrace it, in maintaining of which they were so stiffe, that no torments could force them nor their children to recant.

CHAP. X.

TIberius the son of Livia, and son in law to Augustus married with Iulia the daughter of Augustus whom afterward he starved with hunger: his former 3985. A. C. 14. wife which he divorced was Agrippina daughter to that Atticus, to whom Cicero wrote his book of Epistles; he had 2 years before Augustus his death, adop­ted Germanicus his brother Drusus son, he concealed the death of Augustus, till he had made away with young Agrippa his onely nephew left, who might have hin­dred his succession: he made shew of unwillingnesse to accept the Empire, shew­ing truly yet dissemblingly, what a dangerous beast it was, but this was onely to 30 sound the Senators affections towards him, that so he might ruine them; and in­deed he caught many simple meaning men, with his bait of dissimulation, therefore not without cause did his Tutor perceiving his sanguinary disposition, whilest he was young call him clay tempered with bloud; and because of his intemperate drink­ing he was nick named Caldius Biberius Mero, for Claudius Tiberius Nero: and Augu­stus did foresee his nature, when he said, the Romans should live miserably under such thin Iaws; he was learned, but cruell and covetous, of a dissembling nature, frowning on those whom he loved, and fawning on those whom he hated: he was better at ex­temporary, then premeditate counsels. Out of his pretended modesty, he would not at first be called Emperor, nor Pater Patriae, and because he knew that the armies 40 would have had Germanicus to be Emperor, which he modestly refused, he submit­ted himself to the Senates election; he passed by injurious language, saying that in a free State tongues should be free. In all things he submitted himselfe to the Senate, and speaking against heavy taxes, he said: that good shepheards use to shaer, not to flay their sheep. He was severe against adultery and robbery, and insurrections, and either suppressed or restrained the abuse of Sanctuaries.

At a certain Funerall one cryed out aloud, desiring the dead corps to tell Au­gustus that his legacies which he left to the people were not paid, by Tiberius, who presently apprehends the party, and having paid him his share commands him to be slain, and then to report the truth to his father Augustus. He reduced the king­dome of Cappadocia after the death of old Archelaus into the form of a Province. 50 The fourth year of Tiberius, Germanicus triumphed over divers German nations, between the Rhene and Albis now called Elbe or Elve; Drusus Caesars son is sent A. C. 17. 3988. to Germany to be trained up in the wars, and to appease the Germans, now at civil wars amongst themselves. At this time 12 cities of Asia were overthrown with earthquakes; of these he repaired Philadelphia, Magnesia, and Apollonia. Ger­manicus [Page 37] in the East endeavoured to re-enthrone Vonon the Parthian, thrust out by Artabanus, but could not prevail. He made Zeno King Polemons son of Pontus Go­vernour of Armenia, shortly after he is poisoned at Antioch by Piso, being secretly 3990. A. C. 19. incouraged to commit this wickednesse by Livia Augusta. Germanicus was much lamented being a Prince, milde to his enemies, and curteous to his friends; but Piso murthered himself at Rome.

About the 21 year of Christ the image of Ianus fell down at Rome, Tiberius de­stroyed the spurious books of the Sibyls, he drove out of the city the wanton so­lemnities of the Egyptian Isis, as also the Jewish religion, because the wife of Sa­turninus had intercepted great sums of mony, conveyed to Jerusalem; the Jewes were some banished, some killed, he would not yeeld that Armini­us 10 the Roman enemy should be poysoned, shewing that the Romans used not to suppresse their enemies by treachery, but by valour. Yet this Arminius was shortly after slaine, by the treachery of his friends. Caesar now being rid of Germanicus, began openly to shew his truculent nature, he maintained Valerius Gratus President of Palestina in his covetousnesse; who had changed four High Priests in a short time, to wit, Annas, Ismael, Eleazer, and Simon, and had now set up Caiphas, no lesse cruell then Tiberius.

Aelius Sejanus heretofore the catamite of Apicius the glutton, who wrote a book centies HS. of glutony, and having found upon the casting up of his accompts but 100000 Sestertia left for his kitchin, hanged himself; I say this Catamite but now stale and 20 out of date, is by Tiberius advanced to great honours, and power, purposely to cir­cumvent and ruine all good men. He used to suborne false witnesses, to entrap ho­nest men, and especially if they were wealthy; so that no good man could live in Rome at that time with any security: the Senat was brought into such a servil con­dition, that they durst not contradict or deny any thing, though never so unjust, that Caesar or Sejanus would have done. Drusus Tiberius his only son is poyson­ed by Sejanus his means; because upon a quarrell between them, Drusus strook him 3994. A. C. 23. on the Face, who never left till he had made Livia with whom Sejanus committed adultery, poyson her husband, upon promises that he would marry her, and that she should have a share in the government: this murther was concealed 8. years toge­ther. 30 Sejanus seeing this murder succeeds so well, resolves to make away with Ger­manicus sons, who were to succeed next into the Empire: he could not worke any thing upon Agrippinas chastity, therefore he goes about to accuse her and her 3 sons of treason: he also falsly accused and condemned Silius their friend, as if he intended to poyson the Emperour; but he prevented his tortures by his volun­tary death, and self-murther. Dolobella desired and deserved the honour of a tri­umph, for suppressing Tacfaronas, who by the help of the King of the Garaman­tes, committed great outrages in Africa; but Sejanus denyed him this honour, and conferred it on Iunius Blesus, his uncle, who had not defeated and killed the enemy as Dolobella did: he countenanceth and rewardeth informers, he animates 40 the son to accuse the father. Q. Vibius Cerenus was falsly accused by his own son, that he meant to raise war in Gallia, and to destroy the Prince. Cecilius Cornutus, once Pretor, being also falsly accused of sending many to raise a rebellion, killed himself. Cremutius Cordus was accused for praysing M. Brutus in his Annales which he published, and for saying that Cassius was the last of the Romans, who after he had cleered him self, went out of the Senate and ended his life by absti­nence. Order was given by the Senate that the Aediles should burn his books, which notwithstanding were preserved.

About this time Poppaeus Sabinus subdued the High-land Thracians for refu­sing to muster their best souldiers for the service of the Romans. Sejanus petition­eth 50 Caesar that he might marry with Livia, which being denyed him, he perswadeth him to remove himself from the City tumults, and to solace himselfe with a pri­vate and quiet life in some pleasant place far from Rome. By this means he knew that his own power should be the greater; that no accesse could be had to the Em­perour, nor no letters sent but by the souldiers, which were at his devotion: hee made shew of friendship to Agrippina, and told her that she should beware of eating [Page 38] or drinking with her father in law, who meant to poyson her, but she not knowing how to dissemble, could not be perswaded at table, either to eat or drink; or be cheerful. Tiberius commending the goodnesse of the Apples that were set down be­fore him, gave one of them to his daughter in law, which she would not taste, but delivered it to one of the waiters.

Caesar pretending to dedicate a Temple to Iupiter at Capua, and another to Augustus at Nola, removed to Campania, purposely to be far from the City, that so the suspition of his cruelties and oppression might be concealed, in respect of place, though not of deeds: that he might make his majesty more terrible by that great distance; and to avoid his mothers company, whom he had made his colleague in his government: therefore he shut him self up in the Isle of Capreae, where hee 10 stayed not long, being recalled by the people thence, upon the fal of an Amphithea­ter at Fidenae, where 50000 men were slain. He having shewed himselfe to the people, returned again to the Island, where he remained 11. years; in all which time there were no Presidents of the Provinces, nor Tribunes of the souldiers changed. Spain and Syria were some years without Cousular Legats, or Leivete­nant Deputies, he suffered Artabanus the Parthian to possesse Armenia, the Daci­ans and Sarmatians to wast Mesia and the Germans to spoil Gallia, to the great dishonour and danger of the Empire.

The beginning of the year was polluted by the shamelesse murther of Titius Sabinus an honorable Gentleman, for his affection to Germanicus, and his family, he 20 was entrapped by Latiaris and others to speake some words in commendation of Germanicus, the afflictions of whose family he bewayled; as also the misgovern­ment of Sejanus. Vpon this he is presently accused, condemned, and haled to Ti­beris with his garment turned over his head, where he was drowned, though his dog in the water strove to keep his masters body from sinking, but in vain, this was done on the Calends of January: not long after died Iulia Augusta, or Livia Ti­berius his mother; who neither did visit her in her sicknesse, nor with his presence honour her funerall, on which he would suffer no cost to be bestowed as the Senat had intended; she being gone who held in the exorbitances of Tiberius and Sejanus; 30 now a gate is opened for all wickednesse and oppression. Men durst not visit or confer with their neighbours and friends, for fear of suspition. Agrippina is accused of plotting with the Army, wherefore she is banished, her eye beat out by a Cen­turion, and at last famished to death. Nero and Drusus her sons are also accused as enemies, and both starved with hunger, Nero in Pontia an Island in the Tyrrhen Sea, and Drusus in the Palace.

Whilest the world groanes under the tyranny of Tiberius, Iohn Baptist the son 3999. A. C. 28. of Zacharias the High Priest preacheth repentance to the Jewes, and baptizeth them, shewing that the Lambe of God was comming to take away the sinnes of the world, & who should baptize them with water and with the Holy Ghost. Then he 40 baptizeth Christ in Jordan, who being declared by the voice of God from heaven, and by the sitting of the Holy Ghost upon him in the form of a dove, was carried 4000. A. C. 29. into the wildernesse to be tempted by Satan, whom having foiled he goeth to Ga­lilee; and chooseth his Disciples, with whom he goeth to Cana, and there at a mar­riage turneth water into wine: thence to Jerusalem, and at the Feast of Easter purgeth the Temple of buyers and sellers: from thence he goeth again into Gali­lee, when he understood that Iohn was cast into prison by Herod Antipas, for re­proving 4001. A. C. 30. his incest with his brother Philips wife, taxing the ingratitude of his country, he goeth to Capernaum, where he heals a Rulers son, Peters mother in law, with many others, thence going about into other cities, he preacheth the Go­spell, and worketh miracles. 50

The next year he went up to the Feast of Easter: then he cured him that lay at 4002. A. C. 31. the pool of Bethesda 38 years. He vindicates his Disciples from breaking the Sab­bath. He sends abroad his Apostles to preach and cure diseases. He heals the Cen­turions servant, and restores the widows son at Naim to life: so he did the daugh­ter of Iairus, he casteth out divels, and rebuketh the windes. In the mean time Herod at the intreaty of Herodias, beheadeth Iohn Baptist, for which cruelty he was justly [Page 39] punished with the terrour of an evill conscience, thinking Christ had been then ri­sen again from the dead, and with the losse of his Army, defeated by Aretas king of Arabia. Easter drawing neer Christ retires to the Desart, where he fed 5000 4003. A. C. 32. men, besides women and children, with five barly loaves and two fishes, having left twelve baskets full of crums; upon this they would have made him king; shortly after he fed 4000 men with seven loaves. He foretels his Disciples of their persecutions and deaths. Then he transfigured himself on mount Thabor; and af­ter that he informes his Apostles of the nature of his kingdome, and that they should not lord it over others, as worldly kings doe over their subjects.

About the end of his third year, Christ went up to Jerusalem to the Feast of Tabernacles; then he sendeth abroad 70 other Disciples to preach and work mi­racles: 10 he sharply reproveth the corrupt manners of the Jews. Then he raiseth La­zarus being 4 days dead: Whereupon multitudes follow him riding to Jerusalem, 4004. A. C. 33. with olive branches and palms in their hands. Then he whipt the buyers and sel­lers out of the Temple. Caiphas and his father in law Annas, hired Iudas to betray his Master; which he did for 30 peeces of silver, in the night time whilest Christ was at his devotion: who with his word made the souldiers that came to appre­hend him, fall back to the ground. Then being carried to the High Priest, he was accused by him, and the Elders of sedition; Pilat would have absolved him, but durst not; fearing the displeasure of Tiberius; therefore he condemned him to be crucified, for saying he was a king. But the miracles at his death, and his glorious 20 Resurrection the 3. day, his 40 days conversation with his Disciples, and his a­scension to heaven, shew; that he was a king indeed; but not of this world. There­fore the better to advance his spirituall kingdome, eleven days after his ascension, on the day of Pentecost, he sends downe on his Apostles assembled in an upper roome, the Holy Ghost in form of cloven firy tongues, so that they all began to speak divers languages, preaching Christ; so that at Peters first Sermon 3000. afterward 5000 were converted, the Priests and Elders storming at this, impri­soned and whipt the Apostles, and stoned Steven; but to no purpose: for the Go­spell still increased, and Saul the great persecutor is converted, and becomes a fer­vent preacher; so in 7 yeers space was confirmed the covenant made to Abraham & 30 his posterity: which now Peter, Paul, Iohn, Philip, and Barnabas: began to communi­cate 4005. A. C. 34. to the Gentiles: and so according to Daniels Prophecy the 70 weeks are finished the dayly sacrifice ended; sin is abolished and everlasting righteousnesse established.

At Rome such cruelties were exercised by Sejanus, that many brave men killed themselves: his flatterers sacrificed to him, as well as to Tiberius, and swore by his Genius. So great was his power, that Tiberius grew jealous of him; therefore he sent letters privately to the Senat, to imprison Sejanus, which was done according­ly, by Regulus the Consul, and Laco captain of the watch. His Images are broken down and melted. He was flung down from the top of the Gemonian ladders, and 40 his body dragged up and down the streets by the people 3 days together: his chil­dren were condemned to die. His daughter which was promised to Claudius his son, is first defloured by the hangman, then strangled; for it was not lawfull to put a virgin to death. All his friends were either slain, or banished, or disgraced; and his body flung at last into Tibris. After his death Tiberius was more cruell then be­fore, by which it appeared that Sejanus was but the instrument of his cruelty. The Statue of liberty notwithstanding is erected in the Forum; a presage that Rome should be ere long freed from Tiberius his tyranny; who being desired by Gallus Asinius whom he had condemned to dy, that he would hasten his death he answer­ed: I am not yet friends with you. 50

The reasons that moved Tiberius to destroy his favorite were many. viz. danger­ous words from Sejanus against the Prince: his causing of him to retire to Capreae: his great power: his marriage with Livia Drusus widow: his ruining of the house of Germanicus: his great train of servants: his desire to be Tribune; and for that he held Drusus prisoner, and C. Caesar at his mercy: and yet Tiberius suspected and hated Cajus: at last he dyed, the 78 year of his age, having reigned 23. Some thinke he was poysoned by Cajus; others, that he was stifled by Macro Colonell of the [Page 40] Guards and Cajus his creature. Which Tiberius perceived when he told Macro, that he did well to look towards the Sun rising. Tiberius was a wicked Prince, hated and feared of his people; and so fearfull himselfe by reason of his guilty consci­ence, that he trembled still when it thundred; so that then usually he wore a bay garland, he was wont to call King Priamus happy, for surviving all his children. His body was carryed by the Souldiers to Rome, and there solemnly burned: The peo­ple cursing him, and wishing the Mines or Gods of the dead, not to admit his soule in the company of the just.

CHAP. XI. 10

C. Caesar Caligula so called from the buskin or shoe he wore in the campe, 4008. where he was born, was begot of Germanicus the son of Drusus; his mother was Agrippina Augustus his Neece; the daughter of Agrippa. His succes­sion was joyfull to Rome, wearied with the insolencies of Tiberius: & because of the great love the City bore to Germanicus poysoned by Piso, whose death was much 20 lamented by the Romans. His parents and brothers were murthered by Tiberius. It was said of Caligula, that he was a good servant, but a bad master; for he was very obsequious to Tiberius. At first he shewed some tokens of goodnesse by cal­ling home the banished and condemned Citizens, and freely pardoning them. By giving full power to the Senat to determine all matters without appeal to him. He slighted the information of a plot intended against him; saying, he feared no plots, having never wronged any man hitherto. He banished Antipas to Lions with his concubin Herodias, being accused of oppression by Agrippa.

But he was an enemy to Christ, in persecuting him in his members, whom Tibe­rius would have honoured as a God, when he desired the Senat to admit him a­mong 30 their Gods. Cajus also commanded his own image, with thoseof the heathen Gods to be erected in the Temple of Jerusalem. He persecuted the Jews, & rejected their Petition, and Philo their agent: he bestowed on Herod Agrippa golden fet­ters 4010. in lieu of his iron ones, because he wished the sudden death of Tiberius who im­prisoned him, and the succession of Caligula; then made him king over Philips and L [...]sinias tetrarchy: he erects a temple to himself, and in it his own image, which he clothed dayly in the same habit he went in himself: he would make shew of conference with Iupiter, as if he had been his equall. He appointed Priests and solemne sacrifices for himself. He commanded Petronius President of Judaea to de­dicate the Temple of Jerusalem to his deity: which upon the Jews importunity 40 Petronius refused to doe; wherefore he is condemned to dye by Cajus. But before he heard of this sentence Cajus was slain. He threatned destruction to the Jews of Alexandria being accused by Appion the Grammarian; but Philo pleaded for their innocency, and comforted them with the assurance of Gods assistance when mans help is furthest off; which fell out to be true upon the death of this monster, who spared not his own brother Tiberius, whom he murthers treacherously by a Tri­bune. He caused M. Silanus his father in law to cut his own throat: he deflowred 4011. A. C. 40. his three sisters: he banished Agrippina and Livilla, he murthered Macro and his wife Ennia: Having condemned at one time some Gauls, and some Greeks, he brag­ged that he had subdued Gallograecia. 50

This tyrants whole pleasure was in shedding of bloud, and tormenting of men with lingring deaths, commanding them so to be slain that they might feele them­selves dye. His wish was, that all the Romans had but one neck that he might strike it off at one blow. Whose common phrase was, Let them hate me so they fear me. He complained that in his time there were no publick calamities, as fire, pestilence, fa­mine, earthquakes. All kind of carnall pollution he exercised publikely in his pa­lace. [Page 41] He spent above a 100 and 20000 Sestertia in one yeer idly; that being spent he raiseth intolerable taxes, and persecutes all rich men for their wealth & fils the city with bawdy houses for gain. He threatens Germany & Britanny with war: he made a bridge of ships over the Bay of Ba [...]ae almost four miles long. He threatned Gallia with a war, but imployed his souldiers to gather and fill their helmets with shels and pible stones, returning in triumph to Rome for plundering Neptune. He brag­ged that he turned Sea into Land, and day into night, when he built his bridge and beset it on both sides with torches in the dark. He intended to have murthered all his chief Senators and Knights, and then to remove to Alexandria or Antium; for in his closet were found two scroles containing the names of the chief Senators and Knights, the one he called the sword, the other, the dagger; he had also a great 10 chest full of all sort of poysons, which being cast into the Sea poisoned the fish. But he was suddenly cut off himself by Chaerea Cassius, and Corn. Sabinus Tribunes, who gave him 30 wounds; stabbed his wife Caesonia, and beat out the braines of his 4012. A. C. 41. young daughter. He lived 29 yeares, and reigned or raged rather 3 years and 10 moneths.

In the mean while the Gospell spreads. Paul confuteth the Jews in their Syna­gogues: he is commanded the 3 year of his Apostleship to preach to the Gentiles; and so is carryed by Barnabas to Cilicia; & Peter is sent to Cornelius whom he con­verts with his whole family. But Satan bestirs himselfe to hinder the worke of Christ, and causeth the Dragon with 7 heads and 10 horns to oppose the woman. 20 About this time Pilat being thrust out of his office by Vitellius the Governour of Judea, murthers himself. And Caiphas was forced to resign the Priesthood to Io­nathan the son of Annas. Antipas and Herodias dyed miserably, and in want; he was banished for keeping correspondency with the Parthian, his Tetrarchy is given to Agrippa his accuser; so that now he hath Judea, Samaria and Caesarea subject to him.

So hatefull was the misgovernment of Tiberius, that the Senat met in the Capi­tol, 4012. A. C. 41. to abolish the Caesarean family, and to assert their former liberty. But the souldiers made Claudius the son of Drusus and Uncle to Caligula Emperor, as he was hiding of himself. For which favour he promised to each souldier 40 Sester­tia, 30 which may be about 350 crownes. He was but a simple and foolish man, other­wayes he had not escaped the cruelty of his Vncle Tiberius, nor the fury of his brothers son Caligula: and this benefit his folly afforded to the State; that he be­ing of a timerous and flexible nature, suffered himself to be ruled by wise men. Who caused him for example sake put Chaerea, (who was also called Cassius,) to death. Sabinus the other Tribune killed himself. He repealed all the Acts of Ca­jus: he restored the Senat to their authority: he mitigated the rigour of some laws: he caused those slaves to be made free, who in their sicknesse were neglected or exposed by their Masters; and he took away the power of life and death which they had over the slaves: he punished the ingratitude of manuwissed servants 40 with the losse of their liberty. He was a lover of learning, and learned him selfe both in Greek and Latin histories. He was not such a monster as Caligula, who would have abolished Homer and Virgil. He confined the Roman bounds, East­ward with Euphrates, Northward with the Rhene, and Danubius, and Southward, with the Mauritanians: He went in person, and subdued the Britains, and added the Orcades to the Roman Empire.

Agrippa used all means to make the Jews faithfull to him, at Jerusalem he was a strict observer of the Jewish Religion: he removed first Theophilus, then Simon from the Priesthood, and conferred it upon Ma [...]thias the brother of Ionathan: he hung up in the Temple of Jerusalem the golden fetters sent him by Cajus. And to please 50 the Jews he beheaded Iames the brother of Iohn, and imprisoned Peter, intending 4013. 4014. A. C. 43. to murther him at Easter; but an angel delivered him. The 3 yeare of Claudius at Antioch Christs followers were called Christians. Agrippa in the midst of his glory at Caesarea, whilest the people in flattery called him God, was so struck with a loathsome disease, that in 5 days he died, being consumed with lice and vermin, the 44. year of Christ, to whom succeeded Cuspius Fadus in Judaea. For Agrip­pa's [Page 42] son was not yet fit for government. The famine foretold by Agabus, about this time was great, every where, but Helena queen of Adiabene a country in As­syria helped the Christians with money to buy corn: Then it was that Theudas a false. Messias, raised 400 Jews against the Romans, but the tumult was quickly ap­peased, the rout routed, and he killed: Then Matthew wrote his Gospell. Paul and Barnabas converted Sergius Paulus the Roman Pro-consul in Cyprus to the Faith. And struck Elymas the Sorcerer with blindnesse. Then was Paul caught into the third Heaven, and shortly after he with Barnabas preach the Gospell through all Asia. So doe Iudas and Sylvanus.

At Rome Claudius is in danger of his life by the tumultuous people, for 10 want of corn, so that he incouraged the Merchants, and provided ships for im­portation of provision. He repaired Ostia the port town to Rome, built by Anous Martius. Hee made the great Aquaeducts called from him Aquae Claudiae, fur­nishing the City with water, whose springs were 40 miles off. But he was unhap­py in his wife Messalina, an insatiable beast, committing uncleannesse without shame or moderation with people of both sexes: which occasioned Claudius to give himself also to unlawfull pleasures and lusts: and whilest he was at Ostia with his Concubines, she at Rome publickly marryed with C. Silius: for which cause hee put her to death: and withall abolished all strange religions in Italy, and suppressed the Druides, and advanced the ancient Aruspices. 20

In Parthia were great civill wars. Gotharzes intending to kill his brother Arta­banus invaded the kingdome. The Parthians fearing his cruelty set up his other brother Bardanes; who having raised an army meant to march as soon as he had taken Seleucia, which he was then besieging: But in the mean while Go­tharzes strengthened himselfe, and Meherdates King of Assyria did seise upon Armenia. But shortly after common danger made the brothers friends. Bardanes is hindred by Vibius Marsus Legat of Syria, from Armenia: he was afterward killed by his own followers, as he was hunting. Gotharzes for his riotousnesse is hated of the Parthians, who weary of his tyranny, send private petitions to Clau­dius, beseeching him to establish Meherdates the son of Phraates, in his Fathers 30 dignity.

Whereas the secular solemnities were wont to be acted but once in 100 years, 40 18. A. C. 47. which is the age of a man; yet Claudius caused them to be proclaimed sixty eight, others say sixty three years after they had been acted by Augustus. About this time Claudius placeth a King over the Cherusci, a people in Germany, who was descended of Arminius, but bred in Italy. He sends Corbulo to suppresse the re­belling Frisians. The Hedui in Gallia (now the seat of the Burgundians) had the priviledge of Senators in Rome. The army being purged and mustered, which was called in Rome condere lustrum; and was performed every fift year, there were found at this time 69 hundred, and 44 thousand Citizens. Messalina being dead, 40 Claudius his free men ruled there; chiefly Posidio his Eunuch; Polybius, whom he set between the Consuls; Pallas, whom he honoured with Pretorian robes, and Narcissus his Secretary. When he complained of the poverty of his Exchequer, it was answered, that he should be rich enough, if his Liberti or Free-men would admit him into their company. These tyrannised over the people, and caused the old man to fall in love with his brothers daughter Iulia Agrippina. Pallas the maker of this incestuous match having had the use of her body, caused Claudius to adopt her son by Domitius Aenobarbus; he was called Nero, & became both son and 40 21. A. C. 51. son in law to Claudius, to the overthrow of Germanicus, whom he begot of Messa­lina. This Agrippina sent a Colonie to that City of the Vbii, which from her was called Colonia Agrippina. Upon a second tumult of the people for want of corn, 50 Claudius hardly escaped with his life. In his reign, saith Pliny, was seen the Phoe­nix in Egypt; but Tacitus will have it in the reign of Tiberius, which was the 34 year of Christ, shortly after his resurrection, who is the true Phoenix. But I have elsewhere proved that the Phaenix is no fabulous bird. Exercit. in Gene.

Fado being Governour of Judaea of a Jew became a Gentile, under his succes­sor Ventidius; an impudent souldier, shewing his naked genitals in derision to the [Page 43] Jews, raised such a sedition at the feast of unleavened beard, that in it 20000 Jews were slain. Meherdates hoping by the help of Cajus Cassius to obtain Par­thia, and failing of that aid which was promised by the Adiabent and Edessens, fell into the hands of Gotarzes; who cut off his ears, after Gotarzes succeeded Vono­nes who lived obscurely; his son Vologeses succeeded. The Jews and Samari­tans inveterate enemies, were animated by their Governours, Cumanus president of Judaea, and Felix of Samaria, to molest each other by inroades, which they did, sometimes spoiling and killing each other in ambushes, sometimes in open battell. But Quadratus the Governour of Syria set the Province at quietnesse, and revenged the death of the Roman souldiers, then being authorised by Claudius 10 to punish the Procurators if guilty. He condemned Cumanus, but advanced Felix into the Tribunall among the Judges, though both were equally guilty. Cuma­nus is sent to Rome with Ananias the High Priest, and Ananus the Captain. Claudius the 12 year of his reign bestowed Iurea and Trachonitis on Agrip­pa the younger. Felix presuming on his brother Palla's greatnesse intised Drusilla from her husbands bed, and marryed her. Aziri king of Emesa was her husband.

About this time Claudius banisheth the Jews out of the City, for raising tumults 4020. against the Christians. With them Aquila and Priscilla of Jewes now made Christians, are forced to fly to Corinth; where Paul met them, having preached 20 in Macedonia to the Philippians and Thessalonians. At Athens Paul converted or 4020. A. C. 50. at least confirmed Dionysius the Areopagite, in the Faith by his doctrine and mi­racles. From thence he wrote to the Thessalonians, at Corinth he found Silas and Timothy returned from Macedonia, and being much opposed he preached the Gospell to the Greeks. In the 13. year of Claudius a Sow brought forth a Pig, having the sharpe talons of an hawke. Which portended Nero that shortly succeeded, for he was a rapacious tyrant, and the sonne of a Strumpet. Agrippina being affrighted at a speech let fall from Claudius in his drink, which was, that it was fatall for him to bear with his wives lewdnesse, and then punish them, shee infused poyson into a Mushrome, in which he delighted 30 much, and because he had then a loosenesse, which might hinder the operation of the poyson, she procured Xenophon the Physitian to thrust a feather down his throat dipt in strong poison; pretending it would make him vomit: so he dyed in the 64 year of his age, having reigned 13 years and 9 moneths. Shee 4025. A. C. 55. concealed his death, till Nero his son in law had strengthened himself in the Empire.

In his time Helena Queen of Adiabene was converted: so was Ezates the King, and Abbas king of Edessa. Philip the Apostle was crucified at Hierapolis in Asia for preaching Christ, and then was stoned to death. Simon Magus was ho­noured with a Statue, and the title of Holy God. And yet the Mathematicians were 40 driven out of the City, for their juggling tricks; and who a greater juggler then Simon Magus? Paul escaped stoning at Lystra. Peter restores dead Tabitha to life. In the Aegean Sea there started up an Island of 30 Stades. Claudius caused the lake Fucinus now called Lago do Marso to be drawn dry, by the dayly toile of 30000 workmen, but to no purpose. In his time also departed the Virgin Mary, being 59 years old. Peters wife was martyred; and the Synod of the Apostles held the 16. year after Christs resurrection, and the 8. year of Claudius his reigne.

CHAP. XII. 50

NEro the last and worst of all the Caesars (for he outrun Caligula his Vncle in 4025. A. C. 55▪ all kinde of wickednesse) began his reign the 55 year of Christ, he being [Page 44] then 17 years of age he commits the government of all things to his mother. He solemnised the Funerals of Claudius. He made great shew of a vertuous Prince for 5 years, promising he would be another Augustus. He either remitted or mi­tigated heavy taxes. When being desired to subscribe to the condemnation of one, who was to suffer; his answer was: I wish I could not write. Burrhus was his tu­tor for military affaires, Seneca for Philosophy and Oratory: In his childhood he learned all the liberall Arts. But his Mother kept him back from the study of Philosophy, affirming (but foolishly, and like her selfe) that it was repugnant to princely Government: and that Seneca might make his own Oratory the more ad­mired by Nero, he hindred him from reading the ancient Orators; therefore he applyed himself to painting, graving, singing, and versifying. 10

Under Nero Pontus was made a Province, he began to shake off his mother for reproving his doating upon Acte the freed woman. He removed Pallas her fa­vorite, and match maker with Claudius, from all Government; and being jealous of Britannicus the true son of Claudius, who was now 14 years old, and of a to­wardly disposition, and whom Agrippina threatned to establish in the Empire, Nero by the help of Locusta a naughty woman, poysoned him; who falling down dead at the drinking thereof, made all at the table amazed: but Nero, as if he knew nothing, gave out that he was subject to the Falling sicknesse. But the same night he caused his body to be burned, and to be buried in Campus Martius; at which 20 time thete were such storms and showres, that the people took this for an evill presage: he rewarded Locusta. Then he went about in servill apparell, among the bawdy houses, where he received many a knock, which he bore patiently, because he would not discover himself. He allowed to Valerius Massala, and other decayed gentlemen yearly stipends. Wars between the Romans and the Parthians increased dayly, under Domitius Corbulus about Armenia, which had been conquered by Lucullus and Pompey, but now fallen off. At last Tiridates King thereof was by the help of Antiochus Comagenus, and Pharasmenus forced to yeeld to Cor­bulo after he had taken A [...]taxata the chiefe City, and evened it with the ground. 30

After this Nero being taken with the love of Poppaea first made her his Con­cubine 4033. A. C. 63. (her husband Salvius Otho consenting to it) then he marryed her, having first murthered his own wife Octavia the daughter of Claudius. About this time the Frisian Embassadours at Rome, perceiving that in Pompeys Amphitheater the Embassadours of those Nations who were faithfull to Rome, sat among the Senators; they also sat down, saying that no nation was more faithfull to Rome then the German, which was taken well by the spectators. About the same time also the Hermunduri quarrelling with the Catti, both being German people a­bout Salt pits, the Catti were overthrown. Poppaea often solicited Nero to make away his mother, as if she intended his death. Therefore he put her in a ship 40 that could easily fall a sunder in the Sea; but having escaped that danger, he cau­sed Anicetus his freed man to murther her. At which horrid act the Sunne so­dainly was darkened, and at Rome a woman was brought to bed of a Snake, and Nero himself tortured with an evill conscience, and with the ghastly sights of his mothers ghost, persuing him with whips and firebrands; he gave himselfe after this to all uncleannesse, and cruelty: For he caused himself to be marryed in the manner and apparrell of a Virgin. Upon the sight of a Comet, he caused many of the Nobility to be murthered, saying, that Comets usually portend Mortality. He used to fish with golden nets, and to wash himself in pretious ointments. He used to sing to the harp, and to be still exercised in the race of chariots. But in the 50 midst of his jollity, whilest Paulinus was taking in of Mona or Anglesey, the Bri­tains invade the Roman Colony at Camalodunum or Maldon in Essex, where 70000 Romans and their associates were killed, but Paulinus returning with an ar­my of 10000 killed 80000 Britains. His successour Turpilianus lived idly without acting any thing.

At Rome 400 slaves are killed, because Pedianus the town Praefect was mur­thered by a slave. Burrhus is poysoned by Nero, by which Seneca's power was [Page 45] much weakened. Pallas also is poysoned; Octavia's head is brought into the city by Anicetus who killed Agrippina, and great solemnity is used in the Temples; the base and degenerated Senat in the interim applauding and flattering Nero in all his actions. Caesennius Paetus who basely yeelded Armenia to Vol [...]geses the Par­thian, was pardoned by Nero. But Corbulus forced Tiridates to lay down his re­gal diadem at the feet of Nero's image, and to receive it from Caesars hand. Ne­ro also was the first that persecuted the Christians openly in the 10 year of his reign. Paul is accused by the Jews before the Deputy of Achaja, and is by him absolved. From thence he went to Ephesus, then to Jerusalem, and then at An­tioch he told Peter, that none should be compelled to Judaism who had sub­mitted 10 themselves to Christ: having confirmed the Disciples through Galatia and Phrygia, he returneth to Ephesus where he layeth his hands on the 12 men whom Apolles had baptized; and they spake with firy tongues. Then he disputed in the school of Tyrannus, and by handkerchers and aprons he wrought mira­cles confirming the Gospell in Asia. So that the books of Exorcists were burned, and the worship of Diana at Ephesus overthrowne; at which Demetrius the Silver-smith stormed, and raised a tumult, out of which Paul escaped, and went to Macedonia, leaving there Timothy, to whom he wrote an Epistle, and another to Titus Bishop of Crete. After this he wrote to the Corinthians from Philippi, 4024. he thought to have returned to Ephesus, but being in danger of the Jews, goeth 20 again to Macedonia. Thence by Titus and Luke he writes again to the Corinthi­ans, and from thence to the Romans. In his journey at Troas he restores Enty­chus to life, then at Jerusalem he was set upon by the Jews, but was rescued by Claudus Lysias: and comforted by Christ himselfe. Hee pleads before Claudius, Felix and Drusilla. But Felix is afrighted at the last judgement; being guilty of the murther of Ionathan the High Priest, and of his own inconti­nent life.

Felix having set up Ismael a tyrant in Ionathans Pontificall chair, and having 4026. delivered over Paul bound to his successour Portius Festus, to please the Jewes whom he had offended; he is called home to Rome, where he had justly suffered 30 for his misgovernment, but that his brother Pallas by his greatnesse protected him. Festus sends Paul to Rome, as himself desired, whither he arrived the next year after his shipwrack, and is committed to the charge of Afranius Bur­rhus. He lived two years in his own house with his keeper: in which time he con­verted some Jews. From thence he wrote to the Galatians and Ephesians. He 4028. sends abroad divers Disciples; cals Timothy and Mark out of Asia: He wrote to the Philippians by Epaphroditus, to the Colossians, and to Philemon by Tychi­cus, shewing that he hoped to be set free by Nero, who troubled not himself with any religion, but with that of the goddesse Syria. By Timothy also Paul wrote to the Hebrews: being delivered out of the mouth of the Lion, and dismissed after 40 two years confinement by Nero. He goeth to Asia with Luke, who then wrote the Acts of the Apostles: he taught also in Macedonia, Italy, Spain, and other places. Peter was at this time in Rome, who came thither the second year of Clau­dius. Here he wrote his two Epistles. Paul returns again to Rome, and is beheaded by Nero. He had familiarity with Seneca. Peter with his prayers overcame Simon 4038. A. C. 68. Magus, who offering to fly in the air by his Magick, fell down and broke his neck. Peter is crucified, and many Christians killed upon suspicion that they had set the City on fire, which was done by Nero himself. Who whilest the City was on flames sung the Iliades of Troy. Many Christians were covered with wild Beasts skins, and cast to dogs to be torn by them; some were burned; Lucan the Poet, 4036. 50 and Seneca the Philosopher were slain with many other worthy and innocent men, as if they had been conscious of Piso's conspiracy. Petronius Arbiter was killed also. This tyrant banished Rufus Musonius the Philosopher with many other brave men; and killed his own wife Poppaea being great with child, with a kick of his foot. There did die also in one Autumn 30000 of the Plague.

After this he crowned Tiridates, and killed Corbulo that conquered him; he went to Greece where he acted the Stage-player, and then attempted to cut the [Page 46] Isthmus of Peloponnesus. So having wasted the treasure, he fals to exactions and rapine, permitting no rich man to enjoy his own. He spoiled all trading: hee de­stroyed all his kindred; but the world being weary of 14 years slavery under such a monster, began to cast off the yoak. Wherefore the Gaules under Iulius Vindex, and Spain under Galba revolted: the news of which being brought to him at Na­ples, he swounded. He had heard of Vindex his revolt the same day he killed his mother. But when he heard that the other armies were fallen off, that Galba was marching against him, that he was proclaimed Traitor by the Senat, that he was condemned to have his head set in a fork, and whipt to death; about midnight he stole out of the city, with Sporus his Eunuch (to whom he marryed himself, af­ter 10 the death of Poppaea) and a few more, hee being also afrighted with an earthquake, and the gastly apparitions of those he murthered, cries out, have I neither friend nor foe left? and so fals on his sword, and Epaphroditus dispatch­eth 4039. A. C. 69. him the 33 year of his life and the 9 month; the 13 year of his reign and 8 month.

In Judea Ananias the son of Annas the High Priest put to death with many o­thers, Iames the son of Alphaeus and brother of our Lord, after he had been Bishop of Jerusalem 30 years. Ananias being deposed for his lewdnesse, Agrippa sets up Iesus the son of Damnaeus, and shortly after another Iesus sonne of Gamaliel, which caused civill quarrels. Albinus governed Iudea a while tyrannically, to whom 20 succeeded Gessius Florus, as great an oppressour as the former; who laughed at the Iews Petition which they preferred to Gallus Deputy of Syria, against him. Florus exasperated the Iews by his sacriledge, and they him by railing and upbraid­ing speeches, denying to deliver up the chief authors as was demanded, where­fore the souldiers plundered the city and killed divers. The Iewes finding no re­dresse of their oppressions, about the 12 year of Nero, fell upon the castle Massada, and killed all the Romans in it. Eleazer Nephew of Anna the High Priest who 4038. mocked Christ, perswaded the Priests not to sacrifice any more for Caesar. Agrip­pa's garrison of horse is driven out of the city, and the Roman Garrison contrary to faith and promise murthered. Ananias the Priest, with divers others are killed for 30 perswading them to moderation. Upon the sabbath day 20000 Iews are slain at Cesarea. At Alexandria 50000 Iews were destroyed; the Greeks and the Syrians that dwelt among the Jews went to wrack. Thus began the war that utterly ruined the Jewish nation, presaged some yeers before by the Sword comet hanging over the city a whole year; by a sudden light that shined in the Temple for half an hower at Easter; by the brazen east gate of the Temple, which flew open of it self, and a voice was heard, saying: Depart hence. Armed men were seen in the air. One Iesus the son of Ananus for divers years cryed out woe to Ierusalem, and with this woe in 4033. his mouth he dyed.

Gallus Governour of Syria, came afore Jerusalem with an Army, but was repul­sed 40 with the losse of 5000 foot, and 1000 horse. The Jews encouraged with this successe, leavy new Forces, choose new Commanders, and commit the care of both Galilees to Ananus the Priest, and Iosephus the son of Matthias. But the Christi­ans got out of Judea by times, fearing the sudden ruine of that countrey. Vespa­sian famous for his successe in Britanny and Germany, is sent by Nero into Syria. His son Titus was his Legat or Deputy. Sepphoris the chiefe city of Galilee, opened their gates to Vespasian: there quickly he got an army of 60000 out of Aegypt, Syria, and the neighbouring places. Iosephs Forces being too weake to make resistance, Gadara is taken, then Japha where 15000 Galileans are slain, the Samaritans on Mount Garizim are defeated by Sextus Cerealis, where they 50 lost 11000 and 600. Jotapata after a long siege under Iosephus, was taken by Vespasi­an with the losse of 40000 Jews the 13 year of Nero. Iosephus yeelds himself to Ve­spasian, and isby him kindly used. Ioppe, Tiberias, Tarichea are taken. So great was the slaughter of Galileans, that the whole Lake of Gennasereth was infected with the dead bodies. Above 30000 were sold, 6000 are sent to Nero, to dig the Isthmus. Ti­tus his horse was slain under him, but having backt an other, he killed his enemy.

Galilee being subdued Vespasian intends to fall upon Judea, but resolves to de­fer [Page 47] the siege of Jerusalem, because he understood by some fugitives, that they were like to destroy one another within the city, which now was the nest of all unclean birds, and the sink of theeves and rogues, which had no fear of God before them. The rich went to wrack, the High Priest Ananus was thrust out, and one Phanneas an ignorant clown put in his place. The people are incensed against the Zelotes, who seemed to be most eager for their law. Now the Temple is become a den of theeves, and receptacle of all the seditious rout. The Zelotes are besieged, who in the night let in 20000 Idumeans, they fall to skirmishing so fiercely that 8000 were found dead the next morning. Ananus the High Priest, and most of the prime citizens are killed, besides 12000 of the meanner sort. Ve­spasian 10 in the mean time subdues Peraea driving the Inhabitants before him to Iordan. Whom Placidus the Tribune destroyed. 15000 were slaine by the sword, besides unknown multitudes which were drowned in Iordan, and in the dead Sea. But as Vespasian was preparing to set downe before Ierusalem, newes are brought of Nero's death, which somewhat retarded the war.

CHAP. XIII.

SErgius Galba in Spain was chosen Emperor by the souldiers, and confirmed by the Senat. He had been Commander over the German and Spanish Forces, but 4038. A. C. 71. V. C. 824. so severe, that when he came into the campe, they used to say: Souldiers learn to fight, this is Galba, not Getulicus. He was infamous for sodomy, gluttony and co­vetousnesse. When the souldiers demanded of him a donative, he answered that, Hee used to choose, not to buy souldiers. Which speech was very distastfull, for the souldiers used to receive from their Generalls donatives or military rewards, 30 which was either Adorea a measure of corn, or a chain, or a bracelet, or horse­trappings, or hasta para, a spear without an iron point; or else garlands. There­fore as Galba was never too well loved by the souldiers, so now hee is extreamly hated; and so much the more, because he was now altogether ruled by Cornelius Laco, Ti. Vinius, and Icelus, all three infamous; the first for pride, the second for covetousnesse, and the third for sluggishnesse. These three in scorn were called Gal­ba's pedagogues or tutors. He was slain by the souldiers in the Forum, as hee came to appease the tumult of Otho's Legions, who would have him to be Em­perour, His head was cut off by a private souldier, and carryed about on a pole, that Otho might see it; but he desired rather to see the head of Licinius Piso 40 whom Galba had adopted, and thought to have made him his successour in the Empire. This head also was brought to Otho; and Galba's three tutors were killed. Thus ended Galba being 73 years old, and having reigned 7 months: the Senat would have erected a statue for him, but Vespasian hindered it, because he had heard that Galba had employed some souldiers to murther him in Iudaea.

Otho succeeded, but reigned not above three months, he perceiving that Galba preferred Piso to him; partly by bribes, partly by fair words, induced the souldi­ers being angry with Galba, to murther him, and then to confer the Empire on him­self. But shortly after hearing that Vitellius was made Emperor in Germany by his souldiers: he resolved to end the controversie in a battell. Three battels were 50 fought, in which Otho had the better: But in the fourth he was defeated; and then out of impatience, he slew himself, the 38 year of his age, to the great grief of the people, who had great hopes of his good government. He was so well be­loved of his souldiers, that divers of them, looking on his dead body killed them­selves▪ in his younger years (its thought) he was Nero's Catamit, & rival for Poppaea.

Aulus Vitellius returning victor to Rome, was saluted Emperor by the Senat. In his younger dayes Tiberius made use of him for his body, Cajus for his skill in [Page 48] charrioting, Claudius and Nero for his cunning in dicing. He was so poor, when [...]e was sent to Galba to Germany, that he was fain to let out his house and to shut up his wife and children in a hired chamber: he was so kinde to the souldiers, that they chose him Emperour, but when he was viewing the dead bodies in the camp where Otho's army was defeated, he let fall an unsavoury word more unpleasing to the ear, then the dead carcasses were to the eye: A slain enemy smels well, but a citizen better. He made himself perpetuall Consul: he was a notorious glutton. His brother Vitellius bestowed a supper on him, at which besides other cheer there were 7000 birds and 2000 fishes. He barborously murthered Sabinus Vespasians brother, with all the Flavians in the Temple of the Capitoll, by setting it on fire 10 whilest they were in it; wherefore the Syrian, and Pannonian, and Maesian souldiers fel off from him to Vespasian. As the Spanish had done before to Galba, the Praetori­an to Otho, and and the German to Vitellius; who had used all meanes possible to keep the souldiers fast to him, but in vain; wherefore seeing himself circumven­ted by his enemies, and forsaken by his friends, he hid himself, in the palace, but being drawn out thence, was carried about naked, with his hands bound behinde him, and with the point of a sword his chin held up, that all might see his impu­dent face, which the people defaced with dung and dirt, and so is dragged to the 4040. Gemonian ladders, and there is beat to death with innumerable blowes. Having lived 57 years, and reigned 8 moneths, he with his son and brother are drowned in 20 Tiber.

In this civill war Cremona was burnt and sackt after it had stood 286 years, no thing was left untouched, but the Temple of Mephitis or goddesse of stin [...], which stood without the wall. In the ci [...]y were killed 50000. In Iudaea fire and sword raged every where, chiefly at Ierusalem. One Iohannes sonne of Livius, and one Simon, two seditious ring-leaders filled the Temple with bloud and dead bodies. Vespasian understanding the good successe his Army had in Italy against the Vitellians, made hast homeward, and leaves his son Titus, with some choice Regiments to subdue Ierusalem; almost subdued by intestine wars. 30

The short but furious storm of civill war being overblown, there succeeds a sudden serenity under Flavius Vespasianus, who had been Deputy in Germany un­der Claudius: and had fought 30 battels with the Britains. One time being in Ne­ro's company he was like to have been killed by him, because he gave no better ear to his musick whilest he was singing: as he was concealing of himself from Nero's fury, the government of Iudaea, with an army is conferred on him. Whilest Otho and Vitellius were tearing the Roman State in peeces, he was incouraged by his friends to undertake the Empire, which he refused, till Tiberius Alexander presi­dent of Egypt, had revolted to him with his Legions; whose example others follow­ed: and so at last being perswaded by Mucianus promising him the aid of his Army, 40 he resolved to venture: the armies of Egypt, Iudaea, Syria, swear allegiance to him. Sohemus, Antiochus, Agrippa, all powerfull Princes and Commanders; Queen Berenice also with all the Provinces of Asia and Achaia proffer their assistance; be­sides he is animated by the priests, Aruspices, and divers prodigies, chiefly of a cypresse tree which fell down, and the next day rose up again of it self in his ground, more green and fragrant then before. Antonius primus also a stout Commander under Galba, having the command of the 7. Legion, submits to Vespasian, with ma­ny other Legions. Iulius Sabinus who had named himself Caesar, lay hid 9 years together under ground in a cave with his wife, by whom he had two sons, this vain man with an army of male-contents, set upon the Sequanians, and is beat by them; 50 in his flight he set the village on fire, where he hid him self a while, so that it was thought he had burnt himself, till now that he was found, and put to death for his folly.

Ierusalem in the mean time is torn with three factions, to wit, of Simons and Iohns who had the wals and city, and of Eleazars in the Temple. Which Iohn got possession of, by cutting off Eleazars Forces. Titus sat down before the wals; 4401. the besiegers made divers sallies, but were still beat back with losse: the famine [Page 49] within was great; for being the time of unleavened bread, multitudes of people had flocked thither. So great was the famine, that from the midst of Aprill to the first of July, there dyed within the wals above 700000: some were glad to eat their own execrements, some their own children. Many fled out of the city, of which number 2000 in one night had their bellyes ript by the souldiers, thinking they had hid their gold there. At last the city being intrenched round about was taken the 8. of August. And two dayes after the Temple (which Titus would have saved but could not) was burned with multitudes of people in it. In one porch there were burned 6000. there dyed in all 11 hundred 1000. Of Captives there were taken 97000 as Iosephus who was present, witnesseth. Titus levelled all with the 10 ground, except a few towers, which hee let stand to witnesse to posterity, the strength of that place. He burned and destroyed by wild beasts 2500 cap­tives.

Titus returning to Rome had the honour of a Triumph bestowed on his father and him: in this triumph was carryed the golden table, & golden candlestick and the Law, which was laid up afterward in the palace. The two chief actors in the rebelli­on, Simon and Iohn, were both beheaded in the Forum. Caecilius Bassus took the two castles Herodion and Machaerus, partly by storm, partly by surrender. He siew 3000 that fled into the woods: all the land of Judaea was sold by Caesar, except Emaus, which was bestowed upon 800 souldiers for their habitation. The di­drachma 20 or 15 l. of our money, which by the law was payable to the Temple by every Jew above 20 years old, is commanded to be brought every year into the Capitoll: the castle Massada which held out last, under Eleazer nephew of Iu­das Galilaeus, who had 1000 souldiers in it, was set on fire by Flavius Sylva; the garrison within being desperate killed one another, except some children, and two women that hid themselves. So likewise divers Jews having fled to Egypt, suffer­ed all kind of tortures rather then they would acknowledge Caesar for their Lord, who were notwithstanding slaves to their own wills and wickednesse. This obsti­nacy made Vespasian destroy the Jewish Temple at Heliopolis, which had stood 333 years, since it was built by Onias. The Jews of Cyrene being seduced by one Iona­thas 30 an impostor incurred the displeasure of Catullus the Governour, who slew 3000 of them; and accused as many more of rebellion both at Rome and Alexan­dria amongst whom was Iosephus the historian, but this tyrant miserably died shortly after.

The Alani, a people originally Scythian, about this time breaking through the Caspian straigths, which are narrow passages eight miles in length through rocks, but scarse the breadth of a cart. Fall upon Media and Armenia with fire and sword, so that Tiridates king of Armenia hardly escaped. Vespasian denyed to aid the Parthians in this case, being they were not under the protection of Rome. King Vologeses in his letter to Vespasian cals himselfe king of kings. Which vain title 40 Vespasian reproves not, but returns it modestly to him in his answer. Now was Achaja, Licia, Rhodus, Byzantium, Samos, Thracia, Cilicia, Comagene made Pro­vinces. In his time divers Cities were overthrown with earthquakes, which he re­stored. Not long before his death appeared a Comet, which he merrily said por­tended not his death, but rather the Parthian Kings, who wore long hair.

Vespasian was a wise and moderate Prince. He set all things aright which were a­misse. In his time the Temple of Ianus is shut, which is now the sixt time, since the beginning of Rome. In 120 triumphs, never was it known that the Father and son triumphed in the same chariot till now. Neither since the beginning of the Em­pire, had any Emperor a son which succeeded him, till Vespasian. He passed by 50 many wrongs, he never delighted in any mans death, but sometimes wept, when the sentence of death was pronounced. He loved learned men, and appointed yeerly stipends out of the Exchequer for Rhetoricians of both languages. He placed many Garrisons in Cappadocia to keep out the incursions of barbarous na­tions: by day he suffered the gates of his Palace to stand open without any guard. He was not moved with the scoffs of Demetrius Cynicus, but slighted them, saying; I use not to kill barking dogs. Only he was taxed for using so many wayes to raise [Page 50] money, which he excused, by shewing how the Treasures had been exhausted by the loosnesse of his predecessors: which made him sell pardons sometimes, and use his officers like spunges. When Titus reproved him for laying a tax upon urine, holding the money to his nose, he told him that the money did not smell, though the urine did. In his time Linus Bishop of Rome was martyred. He dyed of a flux, but would dye standing, as it became an Emperor, he was 69 years old.

Titus called also Vespasian, the delight of mankinde, from his goodnesse so 4050. A. C. 80. V. C. 830. named, was excellent both in literature and armes; in all vertues he exceeded his father. In his younger years he was riotously and wantonly given, spending much time idlely with Queen Berenice, that many were afraid he would have 10 proved another Nero; but on a sudden he so reformed himself and his Court, that he put away Berenice, and all about him that were lewdly affected. He never took any thing by oppression, and yet no Prince more munificent. He never suffered any Petitioner to depart without hope, saying: No man ought to depart out of the Princes presence with a sad countenance. He confirm [...]d all favours granted by his superiors to any, by one Edict. Whereas the former Emperors gave new Patents for every particular favour, as if they had been the first doners. One night at sup­per calling to mind that he had not granted any favour that day, to any man, he cryes out: Alas friends we have lost a day. He was so mild that not only did he pardon two prime men, that conspired against him; but at a publick shew he made 20 them sit down by him, and calling for a sword, to try the edge of it, delivers it first to the one, then to the other; saying: Powers are given by fate, and in vaine doe men attempt any great action, out of fear to lose, or hope to obtain. When he understood that his brother Domitian intended treason against him, he told him weeping, that he needed not seek to obtain that by treachery, which he was to have of him willingly; and the rather because he had already made him his colleague in the Empire. He banished all informers; and relieved those that were oppressed, chiefly those of Herculanum and Pompeii, which two townes were overthrown with an Earthquake and the eruption of the hill Vesuvius, which in Titus his time flamed out 3 dayes and nights together. Where the older Pliny lost his life in 30 venturing too nere to search the cause. The ashes of this burning darkened the Sun, and were carryed as far as Rome, Africa, Syria, and Egypt. Titus to the great grief of all good men dyed shortly after, the Provinces grieving as if they had lost a Father. It was thought that Domitian poysoned him, he lived 39 years, 5 months and 25 dayes. 4052. A. C. 82.

Flavius Domitianus making more hast then good speed to be Emperor, caused his brother to be stretched out for dead, before the breath was out of his body. In the beginning of his Government, he gave himself to catching and killing of gnats and flies, as if he had wanted imployment: so that one asking if Caesar had any company with him, it was answered by Vibius Crispus, not so much as a flye. He re­pudiated his wife, and then received her again. There was in him a strange med­ly 40 of vice and vertue; till at last his vices prevailed. He forbad the gelding of boys; he suppressed private stage-playes and Libels, punishing the Libellers. He thrust Caecilius Rufinus out of the Senat because he delighted in dancing. He suffered not whores to inherit: he punished informers, saying; that not to punish such, were to incourage them. He was at first liberall and abhorred basenesse: he was so skilfull in arching, that [...]e could shoot his arrowes between ones fingers stretched out, and not hurt them. He was carefull in repairing of decayed Liberaries, and supplying of them with coppies from Alexandria and elsewhere. But he was of a cruell and fierce nature, given to lust also and wantonnesse, which he shewed in his younger 50 years, whilest his father and brother were absent in Judaea, for then he used to com­mit adultery with noble mens wives.

Astrologers had foretold Domitian, that he should be murthered; which made him fierce, and suspitious of almost every man. He never loved any man but in shew, and his pride was such, that with Calig [...]la he assumed the title of Lord and God. His hatred to the Jews, made him rage also against Christians, for under him was the second persecution, in which Iohn the Evangelist was banished to the Isle [Page 51] Pathmos where he wrote his Revelation: understanding that one of the seed of David should be universall King, he caused all of that seed to be sought out and killed. He either banished, or disgraced, or murthered the prime men of the Se­nat. He slew his neerest kinsmen, upon pretence that they favoured Christianity. Under him Clemens, lost his life; immediately followed thundering for 8 months, so often, that he cryed out, Let it now strike, whom it will. The Capitoll with the tops of some other buildings, and his own chamber were thunder-struck. His treasury being exhausted, he gave himself to rapine and ex [...]ortion. He intended once to have disbanded divers regiments and garrisons, to lessen his charges, but fearing the incursion of barbarous nations, he changed his minde, resolving to 10 maintain them with the spoil of his people. He so affrighted the Senators, that he got from them a great sum of money; for he invited them to a funerall supper, at which all the waiters and servants were so disguised with visard; that in their gastly looks they represented Hobgoblins and Ghosts; which so affrighted the Senators that they looked for present death. He committed incest with his brother Titus his daughter Iulia. L. Antonius who had the charge of High Germany, being pro­voked by his wicked life, and some distastfull language, revolted; but Domitian having overthrown him by Norbanus Appius, and L. Maximus, grew more in­solent and cruell then ever. It's thought that he poysoned that excellent man Iu­lius Agricola, father in law to Tacitus the historian; though he seemed to be sorry 20 for his death. This Agricola subdued the Britains, and by his fleet was the first that discovered it to be an Island. He also subdued the Orcades: for which good services he was highly extolled by the people, and Domitius his false conquests, and reall triumph were cryed down; for though his armies were beat in Maesia, Dacia, Germany, and Pannonia, yet he bragged that he had subdued his enemies, and hi­red divers multitudes, which gave out they were his captives, to the end he might obtain a triumph: this love of the people hastned Agricola's death.

Domitian being hated of all men, was murthered by Parthenius his chamber­lain, Stephen his Steward, and Domitia his wife, who loved Paris the Stage-player 4067. better then her husband: these hired some freed men, who with many wounds 30 killed him. Domitia found in his closet a list of divers whom Domitian meant to murther, among which she found her own name; but before he was killed, Ner­va's friends had got his consent to accept of the Empire, lest the souldiers should mutiny: he reigned 15 years, and lived 45. The Senat ordered that his body should not be carryed in a bed or hearse, but in a common beer, and that his name should be every where razed. His death was foretold by Proculus in Germany: and the same houre that Domitian was killed at Rome, Apollonius (at Ephesus) got up on a high stone, and cryed out, saying; Well done Stephen, kill the mur­therer. Not long before his death, a Crow upon the Capitoll spoke in Greek; all shall be well. In Domitian's time, the Picts out of Scythia setled themselves in 40 Scotland. Dionysius the Areopagite preached the Gospell to the Parisians. Then did the Ebionites or Pythagorian Christians, (commanding abstinence from all flesh, and confounding Law with Gospell,) begin to broach their heresies, as also the Nicolaitans urging community of wives. These Tertullian cals the Patriarchs of hereticks. 50

CHAP. I. 20

COcc [...]jus Nerva a good but a short-lived Prince, whose justice was such in publick, that he was not afraid to spend his life in 4067. A. C. 100. private: he repealed the unjust acts of Domitian calling home the exiled, and restoring every man to his own again. Some think he was born in Narnia a City of Umbria; some in Crete. 30 The first Emperor of a stranger. He was saluted Emperor both by the Senat and Army, yet was doubtfull to accept it, till he was assured by Parthenius that Domitian was dead. He melted all the golden and silver Images of Domitian, and converted them to money. He suffered no man to be accused or troubled for religion. In Domitians time it was lawfull for any man to accuse another; which made Fronto say, that it was ill living under that Prince where nothing was lawful, but worse under him where all things were law­full. By vertue of Nerva's edict. Iohn the Evangelist returns to his Episcopall charge at Ephesus. Where he publisheth his Revelation and Gospell against Cerinthus who denyed Christs Divinity: and his three Epistles also, though some have questioned the two last, but injuriously. In his Epistles, by the Anti­christs 40 that were come, he means Simon Magus and Menander, (being Sama­ritans and affectors of Divine honor) with the Nicolaitans, Cerinthians, and Ebi­onites. Nerva also took off many publick sines, he provided carefully for the poor, that there might be no beggers in Italy, he was so loath to burthen his people with taxes, that he would rather make use of his own revenews. Though Calphurnius Crassus for his treason in labouring to draw the armies from Caesar deserved death, yet he only banished him to Tarentum.

The souldiers (but against Nerva's will) killed Petronius, Steven and Parthenius the murtherers of Domitian; they first cut off Petronius his genitals, and flung them 50 in his face, Casperius Aelianus bought his own pardon for a great sum, and out of his insolency caused Nerva to thank the souldiers publickly, for killing the three traitors, perceiv [...]ng how needfull a stout, and strong bodyed man was to rule; he neglecting his own kindred publickly adopted Trajan a Spaniard to be his heir and successour, preferring vertue to kindred or country: therefore Trajan is first made Caesar, then Emperour, with him he lived 3 months. He dyed of a Feaver the 65 year of his life, having reigned one year and 4 moneths. His death was [Page 53] accompanyed with an Eclipse of the Sun. Cor. Tacitus commended him in a Fune­rall oration.

M. Vlpius Trajarus being at Colen received the Ensignes of the Empire sent 4069. him from Rome. He was a man endowed with piety, wisdom, valour, and all o­ther princely vertues; and a great lover of learned men. He delivered his sword to the Captain of the Guard, willing him to use it for him, if he did well, but against him if otherwise. He told the Senat one day that he had a command sent him from Iupiter to maintain the ancient religions of Rome, which were now weakned by the increasing of Christianity, for many of their Temples lay desolate, and few sacrifices were offered. Therefore now began a new persecution against Christi­ans. 10 Simeon the son of Cleophas our Saviours kinsman, and Bishop of Jerusalem, was there crucified being 120 years old. Ignatius Bishop of Antioch, at Rome was flung to the wild Beasts. Clemens Bishop of Rome, whom Paul mentions in 4079. his Epistle to the Philippians, was beheaded; though some think he suffered before this time. Trajan did not directly persecute the Christians for their Religion, but because they were accused for Magicians in that they wrought so many miracles. 2. Because they had their meetings and conventicles, against which severe laws were made. 3. Because they had so many jars and contentions amongst themselves, by which they might occasion commotions in the City; and indeed these jars were caused by the heretiques. Yet Pliny the younger Proconsul then of Bithy­nia 20 in his Epistle to Trajan, writes that he found no fault in Christians, but only that they met to sing hymnes to Christ before day, whom they worshipped for their God. And that they bound themselves by Sacraments not to steal, or com­mit adultery, or any such wickednesse. Therefore Trajan wrote back, that such as were accused should be spared if they would worship the Roman Gods. By which the heat of persecution was abated. About this time dyed Iohn the Apostle being nigh 100 years of age.

Trajan had 5 years war with Decibalus King of Dacia, which now is Transyl­vania and Nalachia. This war began in Domitians time, at last Trajan subdued the Daci, but with great losse, for there wanted linnen to bind up the wounds of 30 those that were hurt; so that Trajan was fain to tear his own robes. Decibalus being killed, the countrey beyond the Rhene was made a Province. In his time Arabia Petraea was taken. At Rome Trajan exhibited sports or spectacles, wherein 10000 wild beasts were slain, and as many gladiators did fight. He made war upon Armenia and Parthia, because the Armenian held his crown of the Parthi­an, and not of him. He recovered Armenia, and killed Pharnaces their King. Divers kings did homage to him. He subdued a great part of Persia, with Baby­lon, Seleucia, Edessa and Ctesiphon. He made Assyria, Armenia, and Meso­potamia Provinces. He built a Fleet in the red Sea, to goe for Judaea; therefore 4081. the Senat gave him the title of Optimus: and appointed him as many triumphs as 40 he pleased: but Trajan was punished at Antioch with an Earthquake, for mur­thering of Ignatius bishop thereof, multitudes of people were destroyed there. The city being then full, because of the Emperors aboad there. Trajan having escaped out of a window, was so affrighted, that for a great while, he durst not lye with­in doores.

The next spring Trajan renews the Parthian war, and that he might incourage his souldiers, he went on foot before them. But as he was preparing for his voyage many places fell off from him; divers of his Garrisons destroyed. A­gainst these rebels Lucius Quietus, and Maximus, are sent. Maximus is killed. Lu­cius recovers Nisibis and Edessa. Seleucia is taken by his Deputies, and burned. 50 He set a King over the Parthians. But as he was fighting against the Agarens his Army was forced to give off, being beaten with thunder, lightning, and whirle­windes. He was infested with swarmes of flies, that he could not keep them off from his meat and drink. Shortly after this he fell sick, being poysoned, and dy­ed 4088. in Cilicia the 64 year of his age, having reigned 19 years 6 months and 15 days. After whose death, the Parthians returned to their own Government. He erected many stately buildings at Rome, setting his name every where, for which cause he was in scoff [...] called Wall-flower.

[Page 54] About the 18 year of Trajan, the Jews began again to rebell: in Cyrene they murther Greeks and Romans promiscuously: the like they did in Egypt and A­lexandria. In Cyprus they slew about 240000. they cut many by the middle, and many they flung to wilde beasts, and such was their madnesse, that they eat mans flesh. But they were shortly after subdued by Lucius and Turban: and it was made death for a Jew to enter Cyprus. So barbarous were these Jews, that they girded themselves with the guts yet bleeding of those they slew, and clothed themselves with their skins. The ashes of Trajans body were translated from that town of Cilicia where he dyed, called Silinus, and from him Trajanopolis, and brought to Rome with great solemnity, where he was buried alone, being against the laws of the 12 Tables for any to be buried in the City. His ashes were buried 10 under that magnificent pillar which he caused to be erected the 15 year of his reign, with his statue on the top thereof. This pillar is yet extant, and in stead of Trajan now stands S. Peter in brasse richly gilt, by Sixtus Quintus then bishop of Rome. Trajan after his death was defiled; and called Dacicus from his victories over the Daci, which were engraven on his pillar. The Senat used to salute every Emperor newly made with these words: Happier then Augustus, better then Trajan.

P. Aelius Adrianus, the son of Adrian the Senator, who was cousin german to 4088. A. C. 118. Trajan, was by him adopted, or at least given out so by Plotina Trajans wife, and was now Governour of Syria, who for his own worth and neernesse to Trajan, was 20 saluted Emperor: that he might not be kept back from Rome, he quitted all beyond Euphrates, contenting himself with the ancient bounds of the Empire. He sent for Iulius Severus out of Britain into Syria to chastise the turbulent Jews, whose Captain Bencochad, that is, the son of the Star (alluding to that Prophesie, A Star shall arise out of Iacob) called himself the Messias, to make his power the greater. He held in Judaea for some years 50 castles, 980 Villages, and fortified the town Bethoron, whence he sallied out divers times upon the Romans. But Adri­an returning into Syria besiged Bethoron 3 years and a half: at last took it by storm, and in it Captain Bencochab, but indeed Bencozba the son of a Lye, as the 30 deluded Jews now called him. The number of them that dyed by the plague, fa­mine and sword, was 500000 men. This fellow was a pestilent enemy of the Christians, murthering them, where ever he found them. But Hadrian rebuilt Hie­rusalem, and called it Aelia by his name, in which he permitted Christians to dwell, but not the Jews; yea he made it death for any [...]ew, either to goe neer it, or to look on it: only such as paid a great sum of money, were permitted to goe thi­ther and bewaile it. The Temple of Iupiter Capitolinus was now built, where Salomons Temple stood. Therefore the town was now called Aeliaa Capitolina. The Jews also were forbid to circumcise themselves: all their strong Forts were oaerthrown. 40

Adrian being confirmed in the Empire, he made away those whose greatnesse he suspected, chiefly Celsus, Nigrinus, Palme, and Lucius, being four eminent Consular men. Having quieted all in the East, returns to Rome, and remits many debts due to the Exchequer, and withall the sum of money which was used to be presented to the Victor called aurum coronarium, in lieu of the golden coro­nets, which of old they wont to give him. Psamatosseris whom Trajan had made king of Parthia was slighted by them, and so by Hadrian was made king of the next bordering countries. He was very courteous, affable, and familiar with his friends, chiefly when they were sick. He still kept the souldiers in exercise, ever in time of peace, and used to feed with them on cheese, lard, and pusca; which was a drink made of vinegar and water. In this he imitated Scipio Aemilianus, 50 Metellus, and Trajan. Being more desirous of peace then war, and finding the Bri­tains still molested by the Scots and Picts, he built a wall 80 miles long, to keep them out. He killed his crabbed wife, for saying shee had taken a course, that hee should never have any children to the destruction of mankinde. He killed also Apol­lodorus an Architect for finding fault with his errours in building. He was of a various yetcunning and dissembling nature. He seldome kept his promise. He [Page 55] was still inquisitive of mens secrets, he was also lasciviously given, but quick wit­ted, and ready at answers. He had skill almost in all Arts; and had a rare memory, and a strong body; for he used to goe about the Provinces on foot, and to outwalk his followers. He reduced all Manufactures into Companies or Cor­porations. He could not indure that any should professe an Art, wherein he was not exquisite, and therefore would hire some for money to give off their profes­sion. He would goe bare headed in the coldest weather. He loved his horse Bory­sthenes so well, that he erected a monument for him, with an Epitaph. He was affable to the meanest. He was carefull of the poor, and would not suffer Ma­sters either to kill, or sell their slaves to Fencers nor Panders. He advanced what 10 he could the Romish superstition, but persecuted the Christian religion. Which Aristides the Philosopher, and Quadratus the Bishop, both Athenians, defended by their apologies: whereby his rigour was somewhat tempered. He had adop­ted Aelius whom he called Caesar before he was Emperor, but he died; there­fore he made Aurelius Antonius his successor▪ called afterward Pius for rescuing divers Senators from the fury of Adrian, who killed Servianus his sisters hus­band, and his nephew Fuscus for finding fault with his adopting of Antonius. When Servianus was to dye, he prayed that Adrian might wish for death, and not obtaine it; which fell out to be so, for he was tortured with a lingring disease, that he wished his friends to kill him, and offered divers times to kill himself, had he 20 not been hindred; at last, he destroyed himself with abstinence; disputing and doubting whither his soul should goe; he cryed out against Physitians, saying, 4104. Many Physitians had killed the King: His bones were laid up in that great building erected by him, and called Moles Adriani; now the castle of S. Angelo. He lived 72 years, and reigned 21 and 11 months. Similis the captain of his guard, having got leave to spend the remainder of his life privately in the country, lived there 7 yeares, after he had resigned his place; and caused this Epitaph to be en­graven on his tombe: Here lyeth Similis who spent many yeares but lived on­ly seven.

In Adrians time lived the heretick Carpocrates, author of the Adamites and Gno­sticks, 30 so called from their supposed knowledge above others. Under him also was Eustachium called Placidus before his baptism, martyred; he had done good service under Vespasian against the Jews, and under Trajan against the Daci. He was first cast to the Lions, but they spared him, at last he was burned in a hot bra­sen Bull. In his time was Nicomedia overthrown with an Earthquake, so were Nicopolis, Nicaea, and Caesarea. He called the city Uscuduma in Mysia, from his owne name Adrianopolis. To vex the Jews he set over one of the gates of Ae­lia the picture of a Hog; a creature hated by them, and by which he would re­present their hoggish qualities; then it was as some think that the candidates of the Empire, began to be called Caesars; though some were called so before. 40 And about this time Aquila of Pontus was converted to Christianity; but being reproved for spending too much time in Astrology: he circumcised himselfe, and became a Jew, and translated the Bible in Greeke, but cor­ruptly.

CHAP. II.

ANtonius was surnamed Pius by the Senat, for his acts of piety in building of 4109. A. C. 139. Temples, advancing of Priests, honoring of learning, assigning large Sala­ries throughout the Provinces to Philosophers and Rhetoricians; in sparing and pardoning all criminals in the beginning of his reign, saying; that he ought not to begin his reign with bloud; in preserving Adrian from killing of himselfe, and in maintaining the Empire in peace and plenty all his life. He was a just, mild and [Page 56] learned Prince, who as he advanced men of parts, so he hated idle drones, and discountenanced needlesse Artists by abridging them of their maintenance. He was indeed another Numa Pompilius: Only out of the common error of these times, he did not much favour the Christians. Yet he was content to tolerate them, being pacified by the apologies of Iustin Martyr and others. He honoured the Senate, and they him. He would not give way that all the Acts of Adrian should be repealed: there was but one Senator in all his time banished, namely Atilius Trajanus who for affecting to be King was proscribed by the Senat. He forbad burying of the dead within cities. His aboad was most in the city, for the greater ease of Embassadors: he seldom made progresses, shewing how chargeable 10 and troublesome the Princ [...]s removall was to the country though his attendants were but few.

Antoninus his father Aurelius was a Transalpin Gaul. Arrius Antoninus his Grandfather by the mother had been twice Consul. He was comely in his perso­nage, but more in his conditions. So great was his authority that the Indians, Bactrians, and Hircanians made him Judge of their differences. He appeased all sedition [...], not with cruelty but gravity: he qui [...]ted the Jewes, Britains, Mores, Da­ci and Germans. He placed a King over the Lazi a people in Scythia. He kept off by his bare letters the Parthian King from Armenia. In no Princes time was there lesse bloud shed then in his, whose saying was the same with that of Scipio's: I had rather save one subject, then kill 10000 enemies. In times of dearth he reli­ved 20 the poor out of his own store. When he came to see Omulus his house, he in­quired whence he had his marble pillars. Omulus answered, that in another mans house he should be both deaf and dumb; with which answer he was well pleased. He rebuilt divers towns overthrown with Earthquakes.

In his time Pope Sixtus suffered Martyrdome, not by any edict from the Prince, but by the malice of the Senat against Christianity. Then sprung up Va­lentinus the heretick, with his spawn of Cani [...]es, Sethites, and Ophites, or Snake­worshippers. As also Cerdon and his scholar Marcion whom Polycarpus called the divels first begotten sonne: and Apelles who gave Christ a sideriall or aeriall body. 30 Pope Telesphorus with some others were martyred. So was his successor Pope Hi­ginius. Antoninus dyed the 70 year of his life, and 23 of his Empire. In his time was seen in Arabia a mained Serpent, which eat up his own tail; 4 Lions so tame that they suffered themselves to bee taken; and barly grew upon some trees.

Marcus Antoninus Philosophus being adopted by Pius & approved by the Senat, succeeded Emperor, to whom he joins his brother Lucius Verus as his Colleague; so now two Emperors reign together. Marcus was every way an excellent Prince, both for armes, and learning; who used to frequent the Philosophy Schooles, after he was Emperor: but Lucius was given to delights and luxury; which Mar­cus by his goodnesse covered as much as he could; and lest his vices should be 40 too much observed, living in Rome in the eye of the world; he got him to under­take the Parthian war against Vologesus, who had defeated the Roman Army, and molested Syria; but Lucius at Antioch and Daphne, gave him self over whole­ly to his pleasures, and committed the care of the war to his Deputies, among which Avidius Cassius defeated Vologesus, took Seleucia upon Hydaspes with 400000 men, and burned the town: he took also Ctesiphon, and demolished Volo­gesus his houses.

The Parthian war being ended, and Armenia setled, Lucius after 5 years re­turnes to Rome, where with his brother he was carryed in triumph. He brought from Parthia not only Mimicks, Stage-players, Fidlers, and Jugglers great store; 50 but the Plague too; which at Babylon brake out of a golden chest: which a soul­dier took out of Apollo's Temple, when the chest was opened such a pestiferous vapour burst forth, as multitudes were infected by it. At Rome they died so fast, that the dead were carryed out by cart-loades. After this Marcus and Lucius goe against the Germans; who had all conspired against the Roman Empire; but when they came to Aquileja, Embassadors met them from all parts petitioning, [Page 57] that they might be pardoned for their defection. Lucius would have gone back, but Marcus would not, fearing that this repentance of the Barbarians was coun­terfeit, only to keep off the Roman Armies from their countreys: so having pas­sed 4140. A. C. 170. the Alpes, and fortified Italy, [...]ey quieted Pannonia. Lucius longing to be at Rome again returnes, but in the way being taken with an Apoplexy speechlesse, dyed the third day, having reigned with Marcus 11. years, some think he was poy­soned by Faustina, the wife of Marcus.

Marcus undertakes alone the war against the Marcomanni or Moravians with their confederates, and because the plague had destroyed many, therefore as in the Punic war, so now use is made of slaves, gladiators, and robbers; and that hee 10 might not oppresse the Provinces with taxes▪ he sold or pawned all the Jewels, plate, and rich utinsels of the Court, to make money; which he redeemed againe (when the war was ended) of those that were willing to part with their bargain. In two years he quite overthrew the Marcoman faction with the Jaziges or Transil­vanians. He also miraculously overcame the Quadi, that is▪ the Suev [...]ans and Po­lonians. For the Roman army being like to perish for want of water in a dry and barren ground, by reason they were beset round about by the enem [...], the captain of the Guard told the Prince that there was in the army a legion of Christians, who used to obtain any thing they asked of their God; immediately they were desired to pray, and no sooner had they prayed, but a great shower of rain refreshed the 20 Roman army, and the Barbarians were overthrown with thundering and light­ning, so that they who remained alive, did either yeeld or flye; after which victo­ry the Christians were favoured by the Emperor, divers of them advanced, and their accusers punished. So that the fourth great persecution is now ended, par [...]ly by the constancy of Polycarpus, Pius, and Anicetus, and divers other martyrs, partly by the second apology of Iustin, partly by plagues, famine, earthquakes, rebellion, and conspirations, and partly by this strange defeat of the Barbarians, at the prayers of the Christian Legion, which ever after was called The thundering Legion.

Whilest Marcus was making Provinces of Marcomannia and Sarmat [...]a, Avidius 30 Cassius giving out that Marcus Antoninus was dead, rebelled in the East, drawing all within Mount Taurus to his faction: Wherefore the Emperor makes an ex­pedition into the East, the souldiers finding he was alive, fell upon Cassius and his son, and killed them both, his head was brought to Antoninus, but he no ways re­joycing at the sight, commanded it to be buried. He pardoned Antioch, and the other cities that adhered to him: he was highly beloved of all the East parts. E­gypt did honour him for his Philosophy. His wife Faustina infamous for adultery, dyed suddenly neer the hill Taurus, whom the Emperor commended and concealed her faults, for by her means he got the Empire; therefore being wished by some to put her away for her adulteries, answered: If I devorce my wife, I should re­store 40 her dowry. At Athens he gave annuall stipends to professours of all sciences, at Rome he gav [...] gowns to the souldiers, saying those cities flourished most where Philosophers were rulers, or rulers Philosophers. He was much addicted to Sto­icall Philosophy, he was very moderate both in rewards and punishments. He was never without good Lawyers about him; he desired to hear what the people said of him, that he might amend what was amisse. He hated cruelty, therefore would not suffer the gladiators to fight with sharp swords. He thought it more reasonable that he should follow the advice of his friends being many, then that they should fol­low his being but one. He suffered not men and women to bath together▪ nor did he permit riding or coaching within cities, he was still present at their Parliaments, 50 and never departed till the fathers gave him leave.

The Sarmatians, Marcomans and their neighbours rebelled again; so that Mar­cus was fain to be there in person. After three years war he subdued them, shortly 4151. A. C. 181. after he fell sick, and dyed the 19 year of his Empire, of his life the 58. to the great grief of all good men, a happy Emperor, had he been childlesse, for his son Commodus was a wicked Prince. When Marcus was asked to whom he would re­commend his son, answered: if he be good to God and you. He was offended [Page 58] when his friends weeped for him in his sicknesse, wishing them rather to weep for the publick ca [...]amities. In his time Lucius king of the Britains was converted to Christianity, by those whom Pope Eleutherius sent thither to preach. Lucian the great enemy of Christianity, was then torn by dogs. Then Montanus the he­retique with his Maximilla and Priscilla, began to divulge their false prophesies, these were the authors of the Cataphrygian heretiques, which lived about Phry­gia. Montanus called himself the Paraclet that was promised. Tatianus then liv'd; he was [...]ather of the Encratites, that is continent; for they abhorred marriage and wine, hence they are called Aquarii and Hydro-parasta [...]ae, with divers other here­tiques. Then was Pope Aniceius martyred and Soter his successor, with many other 10 Christians.

Commodus succeeded, who by reason of his wicked conditions and his mothers loosenesse, was thought to be the sonne of a Sword-player, rather then of Verus, 4151. A. C. 181. such an excellent Father, and this suspicion grew the rather, because he delighted much in sword-playing, even openly upon the Theater, and in the Amphitheaters he used to fight with wild Beasts. He murthered many of the Senators, and such as excelled in vertue and nobility; he shewed his cruelty at 12 years of age in cau­sing the man that was washing him in the warm bath to be flung into the fiery fur­nace, because the water in which he washed was hotter then ordinarily. He gave himselfe to all kind of luxury and uncleannesse. He set none but the worst men o­ver the Provinces. He became so hatefull, that his own sister Lucilla conspired his 20 death, with Quadratus, and Tarentenus captain of the guard [...]; Claudius Pompeja­nus who was imployed to kill him, comming into his chamber drew his sword, saying, this sword the Senat sends you. But before he could doe any thing, hee with the rest of the conspirators were laid hold on and killed. Lucilla was first banished, then executed. So was Crispina Augusta, and the whole family of the Quintilians with many more.

After this Commodus was wary into what company he came, he would suffer none to speak to him, but by Perennius captain of the Guard, who knowing the length of his Masters foot, counselled him to take his pleasures, and hee would look to the managing of affaires. In his time Vulpius Marcellus overthrew those 30 Britains that came over Adrians wall. The plague was so hot at Rome that there dyed oftentimes 2000 a day. Commodus in the interim with 300 Concubins, and 300 Sodomites in the Palace gave himself to feasting and riotousnesse. But Peren­nius having got the power into his hands, made his sonnes Generals over the Illy­rian armies, and got them with bribes to alienate the souldiers from the Emper­or, whom he meant himself to murther. This plot was detected by one in the ha­bit of a Philosopher; who with a staffe in his hand, and a powch hanging from his shoulder, being half naked, runs to Commodus as he was sitting in the Theater, and tels him it was not a fit time for him to solace himself with publick shewes, when 40 Perennius his naked sword was hanging over him. Perennius presently caused the man to be apprehended, and burned for a mad dangerous fellow, but afterward mo­ny was brought to Commodus having the image of Perennius. Hereupon com­mand was privately given to cut off Perennius and his son, which was done accor­dingly. But Cleander a worse favourite succeeded. He of a servant became the Cap­tain of the Guard, and High Chamberlain to Commodus, who did what he could to aleniate both the souldiers and people from the Emperor, he exposed all places of honor and trust to sale. He both called home the banished, and preferred them to great places. He killed Byrrus who had marryed Commodus his sister, because he complained to his brother that Cleander affected the Empire▪ He murthered also many others, that disliked his ways. Commodus in the mean while gave himselfe to 50 his pleasures taking no notice of his favourites oppressions.

One time whilest Commodus in the Suburbs was sporting and delight­ing himself, the people in a tumultuous way came with a petition against Cleander, for buying up all the corne, which occasioned both the plague and famine at Rome, Cleander commanded the guard to fall upon them, who killed and wounded many of the unarmed multitude driving them within [Page 59] the city gates, the people within fall on the souldiers, and what with stones from the tops of the houses, what by other means, multitudes of them were killed, the ci­ty being all in an uproar, Fadilla the Emperors eldest sister came weeping, and tearing her hair and garments to the Emperor, telling him that he and his Empire would be suddenly ruined if Cleander and his complic [...]s were not punished; the Emperor having understood the truth of things, which had been concealed from him till now, sent presently for Cleander, whose head being cut off, he caused to be set on a high pole, and shewed to the people, at sight of which they were appea­sed, and the souldiers that fought for him, affrighted. Such was the peoples ha­tred against Cleander, that they murthered all his friends and children with their 10 mothers, and having dragged their bodies through the streets, flung them into privies. It's said that Cleander begot those children of Commodus his concubins. Then the Emperor though fearfull of plots returns to the city.

In his time many monsters were born, the Temple of Peace into which many rich men had sent their wealth for security, was burned to the ground; this was held a sad presage of wars and miseries, which fell out true; for many stately edi­fices in the city were consumed with fire; so was the Temple of Vesta, the Pal­ladium that was brought from Troy and kept hid all this while, was now seene whilest the Vestall Nuns did rescue it from the flames, and carryed it publickly to the Emperors Court. He no wayes troubled with these disasters runs on in 20 his vain courses, and would in stead of Commodus be called Hercules Amazonius Exsuperans; and presented himself to the people in the Lions skin, and carrying Hercules his club. He changed the names of the months, & called them by his own names and titles. He caused his statues to be set up, which after his death the peo­ple overthrew, and set up the statue of liberty. He fought openly in the Amphi­theaters with wild Beasts, which he caused to be brought thither from all parts: he killed 100 lions, so skilfull he was in arching that he never missed. He shewed himself one time naked among the gladiators, sometimes he would shew himselfe in womens apparell; he caused all the criples about the City to be assembled in one place, and cloathing them like Gyants representing serpents feet; he played the 30 part of Iupiter, shooting at them his arrows. He had set downe in a booke the names of those he meant to murther, among which was Marcia his concubine, for giving of him good counsell; Laetus Captain of the Guard, with many other rich men, whose wealth he meant to bestow upon his souldiers and gladiators, but the book being found Marcia poysons him; and le [...]t it might fail, Narcissus strangled him; the Senat upon the report of his death, proclaims him an enemy to God and men, razeth hisname, and throws down his Statues.

The Capitoll in his time was set on fire by thunder, in which the Bibloethec with the records, and other writings were burned. Then it was that Pantenny preached Christ to the Indians, and there found S. Matthews Gospell brought 40 thither by Bartholomew the Apostle. Victor Bishop of Rome excommunicates the Eastern Churches for observing Easter with Polycarpus on the 14 day of the Moon; which rashnesse is reproved by Irenaeus Bishop of Lions. Theodotion sets out a new Greek translation of the Bible, which is the third. The Christians lived quietly all his time, for Martia whom he so loved did much favour them. He reigned 12 years and 9 months, he lived 31 years and 4 months. In his time, they found out a trick at Rome, to kill men, by shooting at them poysoned needles out of secret places. 50

CHAP. III.

COmmodus being dead, it was divulged abroad by Martia, Laetus, and Ele­ctus who was High Chamberlain, that the Prince dyed of an Apoplexy, 4164. A. C. 194. to which he was subject in his drunkennesse. And they resolve to fix the 10 Empire on Publius Helvius Pertinax who had been Consul and Governour of Maesia, Dacia, and Syria. He was an Italian born, a brave Commander, and one of those to whom Marcus committed the care of his son Commodus. In the night time Laetus, Electus, and some others brought news to Pertinax▪ being in his bed, of the death of Commodus, and that he was fittest in respect of his age, valor and good services to the State; he at first feared they came to mock, and then to mur­ther him; but finding their sincerity, accepts their counsell and advice, Laetus and Electus prepare the Army to receive Pertinax, who no sooner came, but he was with joyfull acclamations saluted Emperor and Augustus by the people first, then by the souldiers: and so having taken the Oath of allegiance, they follow the Em­peror 20 to his Palace with bayes on their heads. The next morning Pertinax went to the Senat; but would not have the fire or other ensignes of Principality carryed before him, till he obtained the Senats approbation, which he doubted, being of mean parentage in comparison of the former Emperors: but the whole Senat unaminously salutes him Emperor, which honour he desired to avoid, beseeching the Fathers that they would confer it on Glabrio the noblest of all the Patricii. But Glabrio refused it, so that Pertinax was forced to sit down in the chair of state, who having made a speech, and offered sacrifice went home.

At the bruit of Pertinax his being Emperor, all good men rejoyced, the barba­rous Nations sent Embassadours to congratulate. The people found that he would 30 prove a Father more then an Emperor. For he bound up the hands of the soul­diers from plundering and robbing; he bestowed all the wast ground in Italy on those that would take paines to improve them. He sold the goods of Commodus with his boys and Concubines, and the money he raised by the sale (which was great) he bestowed on the souldiers for a donative. He lessened the Emperors charges, cutting off superfluous expenses. He shewed himself mild and affable to all; he would not have the Senat call his son Caesar till he deserved it. But he was not so bountifull as affable. The souldiers repine at his strictnesse, being accustomed to rapine, oppression; and lust. Wherefore they resolve to make him away; and choose another: Therefore they suddenly rush into the Pallace; 40 the good old Emperor was wished by his friends to fly and hide himself, till the people were in condition to rescue him, which he thought did not consist with his honour, but confiding in his owne worth and innocency, presented himself to the souldiers, whom by his grave speech and presence he so moved, that they were turning back, till one more bloudy then the rest, thrust his spear into his brest, who praying to Iupiter the revenger, and covering his face with his robe fell downe dead, having received many wounds. Some thinke that Laetus who made him Emperor gave him his deaths wound. He lived 67 yeares, and reigned almost 3 months: the Senat deified him; and buried him honourably.

Didius Iulianus nobly born, and very rich, but ambitious, bought the Empire which the souldiers profered to sell to him that gave most. Flavius Sulpitianus Fa­ther 50 in law to Pertinax offered a large sum for it, which they refused, because of his affinity with Pertinax. Therefore Iulian by them is chosen, who promiseth to set up again all the statues of Commodus which were cast down, and to give them the same priviledges they had under him: wherefore they gave him the name of Commo­dus, they conveyed him to his Court, through the streets, but covered their heads with their targets, because of the stones flung on them from the tops of the houses; [Page 61] the people, in stead of acclamations, saluted him and them with imprecations, for buying and selling the Empire. Didius gave himself wholly to his pleasures and riotousnesse; hee failed also in his promises to the souldiers, for he could not pay the promised sum, out of the treasure which was exhausted by Commodus, nor out of his own Estate, which came short of what he bragged; therefore the souldiers began to dislike him: the people did continually rail at him; and sends to Niger then Consul and Governour of Syria, that he would accept the Em­pire. He being in good hope to obtain what was proferred (seeing that Didius was hated both by the people and souldiers) assembles the Syrian Army, which loved him well, because his government was gentle and pleasant, in that he gave 10 way to shews and plays, wherein the Syrians delighted: he askes their advice; they all with one voice salute him Augustus, puts on his Emperiall robes, and carrying the fire before, they convey him to the Temple at Antioch. Embassadours from all the Easte in parts repair thither to congratulate, proffering their assistance; but Niger thinking himself secure, gave himself to his delights, and neglected the opportunity of repairing to Rome, wherefore Severus an African, a stout and crafty man, being Governour of Pannonia, and perceiving in what condition the Empire was in, and being incouraged by his dream, wherein he thought that the horse wh [...]ch carryed Pertinax through the via sacra, flung him down, and sub mitted his back to Severus; he I say by faire promises and bribes, obtains 20 the good will of the Northern Armies, assuring them, that he intended to revenge the death of Pertinax, by whose name he would be called, and exhorts them to make hast with him to Rome, the Imperiall Seat, that they may first seise on it.

The armies having saluted Severus Emperor; he loseth no time, but with all 4164. A. C. 184. speed, enters Italy, before any there knew his intention. All the Cities living in long peace, and being affrighted at the greatnesse of his armies, opened their gates, and proclaimed him Emperor, Iulian hearing of Severus his approach, raiseth mony for the souldiers, which they took from him as a debt, not as a gift: and seeing that he was hated by the people, slighted by the souldiers, and despised by the Senat, he wrote letters to Severus, proffering to make him his Colleague 30 in the Empite. But when he saw that all forsooke him, desired the Senat to take the Government from him, and bestow it on Severus, which they did, and with­all gave charge to a Tribune to put him to death, which he had bought with so much money. Didus being slain, Severus sends for the Pretorian Guard which Didus lived 60 years, and reigned 66 days. murthered Pertinax, wishing them to leave their Arms behind, and to come only with bayes in a triumphing manner to rejoyce with him; they did accordingly, suspecting nothing; but upon the Emperors command, they were incompassed round by the Army, stript naked, and chekt for their murthering of Pertinax, and banished 100 miles from the City. He might have killed them all, but would not begin his reign with bloud. 40

Severus coming to Rome was received by the Senat and people, with joyfull acclamations. He distributes large gifts among the people and souldiers, makes large promises of his good Government, but some of the old Senators suspected the Fox. Who having stayed a while in the City, prepares to march into the East against Niger, who was sporting himselfe at Antioch. Great preparations are made both by Sea and Land. But fearing lest Albinus then Governour of the Britains, who was a Patrician and Commander of warlike Nations not far from Italy, might in his absence invade the Empire, thought it his best way to invite him by his letters, to share with him in the Government, and to commit the care of the City to him; which Albinus willingly accepts. Thus Severus having made 50 all sure behinde him, marcheth against Niger, with whom he had divers battels, in the Hellespont, at Cizycus an Island in Propontis, at Nicomedia in Bythinia upon Pontus over against Thracia, and in Cilicia, at last he quite defeated him; and caused his head to be carryed about the Camp on a pole. He banished his wife and children, and at last murthered them. So he did kill those Senators and men of note that adhered to Niger. He beat down the wals of Byzantium, and turned it to a village, he punished Antioch, Palestina, Arabia, the Parthians, and all the other [Page 62] places which sided with Niger. After this, returning to Rome, he made warre upon Albinus, who in the first conflict got the better of Severus: who having recrui­ted, his Forces being now 50000 strong, at Lions encounters again with Albinus; whom after a long and doubtfull skirmish, he at last defeated: but he was fain to tear his robes, and run furiously upon his souldiers with his naked sword, as they were flying away, or else he had lost the day. Albinus is brought to him sorely wounded, whose head he caused to be cut off, and sent to Rome with letters, expo­stulating with the Senat for their affection to his enemy: many of his favourers both in Spain and France he put to death, and inriched his coffers with their confis­cated estates. He murthered without any inditement 43 of the Nobility: he cast Nar­cissus to the Lyons for strangling of Commodus, whom in hatred of the Senat, he sti­led 10 God: he calls himself the son of Marcus, and brother of Commodus, and called his son Bassianus by the name of Antoninus. He extinguished Albinus his whole race.

Whilest Severus was busie in these civill wars, the Parthians seised upon Me­sopotamia, against them he sends a great Army, takes Seleucia and Babylon; and Ctesiphon also, where the Parthian Kings used to wi [...], and in it 100000 men, but for want of provision he was fain to quit this place again. He laid siege also to Atra a strong and well walled City in Mesopotamia standing on a high hill; but by reason the place was so strong, the Inhabitants so resolute, the air so intem­perate, and the sicknesse in the Army so great, he was forced to raise the siege. In 20 this expedition he kils Laetus for being too well beloved of the souldiers, as also Iulius Crispus for reciting some verses in Virgil, which he thought reflected on him: Many other brave men he put to death on frivolous pretences. Plautianus was his great favorite, without whom he acted not any thing; this man being raised from nothing to that greatnesse, that he ruled all, even the Emperor himself; made it death for any man to look on him whilest he passed through the streets. People were commanded to swear by his fortune. Severus honoured his daughter Plautilla with the marriage of his own son Antoninus; more wealth was bestowed on the Bride, then might suffice 50 queens: his ambition was such, that he aimed to be Em­peror, therefore imployes one Saturninus a Tribune, to murther him and his son 30 Antoninus in their chambers; but Saturninus discovered the Plot to Severus. Plautianus is sent for, hoping the Princes had been dispatched, but found them both alive, who having accused and reproved him, caused him instantly to be slain. Plautilla is banished with her child, and afterward both killed by Antoninus, who with his brother Geta, began already to tyrannise over the people.

Severus his Government was so rigid and cruell, that he was truly called Se­verus, and Pertinax. He was a great punisher of theeves and robbers; he flung to the wild Beasts one Bulas a Captain of the High-way-men. His last expe­dition he makes into Britain, where he lost, partly by the unwholesomenesse of the waters, and partly by the Caledonii about 50000 men. But he at last forced them to lay down arms: his son riding behind him, had almost killed him, if he had not 40 lookt back, and with his stern looks affrighted him, whom he only at that time re­proved. The Britans rebelled, & the souldiers mutined, who would have made his son Emperor, against whom Severus is carryed in his Litter, being then ill of the Gout; whose presence made all submit; he caused all the Authors of that sediti­on to be put to death, except his son; and sitting in his chair of State bid the soul­diers Buchanan. l. 4 makes this wall 80 miles distant from Hadrians. take notice, that the head commanded, not the feet. He repaired or enlarged Hadrians wall, which before was 80. now is 130 miles long. He dyed at York being 66 years old, in the 18 year of his reign; his two sonnes being reconciled, car­ried his ashes in an alablaster urn to Rome. Thus dyed he, whose cruelty made Rome wish he had not been born, and whose unworthy successours made them 50 4184. A. C. 212. wish he had not dyed.

In his time lived Theodotus a Tanner at Constantinople, who denyed Christs Divinity, he rejected the Gospell and Revelation of St. Iohn, wherefore he with his Disciples were called Alogi, that is, without the Word or reason: there was another Theodotus about that time, affirming Christ to be inferiour to Melchise­dec; then sprung up the Melchisedecian hereticks, affirming Melchisedec to be an angell. Then lived the Praxeani or Patropassiani, so called from Praxeas the [Page 63] Author, who affirmed the Father to have suffered on the Crosse. The Christians were falsly accused for worshipping an Asses head; and for being enemies to Mo­narchy. Hence Victor was martyred with divers others: the Patrician hereticks affirmed that Satan was the Author of mans Body. Lenides Father of Origen then suffered; young Origen could scarse be kept back from suffering with his Father, whom by his letters he exhorts to constancy. This is that Origen who gelded himself and wrote the Hexaplon or Six-fold Exposition of the Bible distinguished into six columnes. The 1. Hebrew in Hebrew letters. The 2. Hebrew in Greek letters, the 3. the Septuagints Interpretation, 4. that of Aquila, 5. of Symmachus, 6. of Theodotion. Then also suffered for Christ, Philip Governour of Egypt, Irenae­us 10 Bishop of Lions, and many more which made up the fift, or as some say, the 6 per­secution. Then was Narcissus B. of Jerusalem falsly accused of adultery, and his 3 accusers strangely by God punished, the one by fire, the other by a loathsome dis­ease, the third with blindnesse.

CHAP. IV.

THe ashes of Severus being brought into the City by his two sons in great pompe, and interred in great solemnity, he was deified by the Senat, to whom 4184. A. C. 212. succeeded his two sons Co-Emperors; but Caracalla his eldest son by Mar­tia, began his reign with the bloud of his brother Geta, the son of Iulia, whom he murthered in his Mothers arms; after the murther he runs into the camp, perswading the souldiers to protect him, for he had escaped a great danger, his brother ha­ving an intent to kill him; which was false. He likewise slew his fathers Physitians, for preserving him so long alive: he was called Caracalla from the barbarian gar­ment he wore. He marryed his mother in law Iulia, she animating him thereto, 30 and shewing him that he might lawfully doe it, being Emperor; who was to give laws, not to receive any. He caused to be put to death all that favoured his brother Geta, 20000 at least, besides Papinianus captain of the Guard, for saying, that it was easier to commit paricide, then to excuse it. Because the Alexandrians called him Oedipus, and his wife Iocaste, he gave the city to the plundering of the souldiers, who murthered there multitudes of all sorts. He burned Aristotles books, because he thought that he had a hand in poysoning his scholar Alexander. He regarded none but the souldiers, feeding them still with money. When Iulia told him, that he was too prodigall; he laid his hand on his sword, saying: I shall never lack money, so long as this is with me. He delighted much in Necromancy and conjuring; one 40 time calling up the Ghost of Commodus, he heard a voice, saying: Goe to thy pu­nishment. Under pretence of making a league with Abgarus King of the Osroeni a people between Syria and Mesopotamia, he cast him into prison, and seised on his countrey. The Armenians fell from him. He would doe any servill work with the souldiers, he slighted the Senat: he coyned false mony, and offered the sword that killed his brother to Serapis the Aegyptian God, which sword afterward was melted with lightning. He took great pleasure in fencing, and killing of wild beasts. In France he caused many officers to be put to death. In Germany he killed ma­ny thousands, and then called himself Germanicus. In Asia he fell upon the Par­thians, pretending that Artabanus had denyed to marry his daughter to him accor­ding 50 to promise, and took the city Arbela in Persia; and overthrew the Par­thian Kings Sepulchers, casting away their bones. At last amongst his own soul­diers, whom he so much trusted, as hee was [...]asing of him selfe, betweene Carre and Edessa, he is slaine by Macrinus whom he had made captain of the Guard.

The Emperor having received letters from Rome, as he was at his sports, gave them to Macrinus to read, among these he found one, written by some sooth­sayers to the Prince, wishing him to beware of Macrinus, for he aimed at the [Page 64] Empire. Macrinus knowing in what danger he was, if Bassianus should know of this letter; hir [...]s one Martialis to kill him; which he did; the souldiers pur­sued this Martialis on horse back as he was flying▪ and with their arrows shot him dead. Macrinus hearing that the Emperor was slain, came weeping over the 4188. A. C. 218. dead corps, as if he had known nothing. Serapion of Alexandria foretold that Macrinus should succeed to Bassianus; this Serapion Antoninus killed af­ter the lions had spared him. He lived 29 years, and reigned 6 years two moneths.

In Caracall [...]'s time the Tertullianists sprung up who taught the traduction of soules, and that after death they were converted into divels▪ Origen (called Adamantinus for his indefatigable pains,) writes divers books, and visits the See 10 of Rome. The Christians enjoy rest from persecution, for Antoninus had sucked the breasts of a Christian, who in his youth promised much goodnesse, and was so tender hearted, that he wept, when he heard of any that were to be flung to wild beasts; but when he was Emperor, God made him a scourge to the Romans who had shed the innocent bloud of many Christians.

Opilius Macrinus an African, as untoward in conditions, as he was in counte­nance, was made Emperor by the Syrian Armies, and confirmed by the Senat, 4188. A. C. 218. not out of any affection to him, but out of hatred to Bassianus, being guilty, both of paricide, incest, and all kind of wickednesse. He made war with the Parthians, 20 but being worsted was fain to buy his peace; that he might give himself over to his pleasures at Antioch, whence he banished Iulia Augusta for some harsh words she had let fall against him, and afterward procured her death: as he did of all o­thers who repined at his birth and Government. For his cruelty he was called Ma­cellinus from macellum a shambles, for his house was little better. Therefore for his cruelty, voluptuousnesse, and parcimony toward the souldiers, he was hated by them. He used to burn adulterers alive, binding fast their bodies together. He inclosed two souldiers into two oxen, their heads sticking out, that they might speak and breath, & so there they remained till they dyed: for a rape committed on their hostesse. He called Diadumenus his son, Antoninus, knowing how grateful that name was to the souldiers, & made him Caesar, and his colleague in the Empire. But Mesia 30 Iulia's sister, which was the wife of Severus, had two daughters Soaemis Concubine of Bassianus, who of her begot Heliogabalus and Mammaea, the mother of Alexander. Severus begot of her by Varius Marcellus. This Maesia by bribing the souldiers, got them to fall off from Macrinus to her son Heliogabalus. Macrinus sent Iulian to destroy both the mother and son, but the souldiers killed Iulian, & adhered to Heli­ogabalus, whereupon a battell was fought, in which both Macrinus and his son were slain. He used to punish informers with death, if they failed in their proofs, if not, he rewarded them; but still with disgrace: he lived 54 years, and reigned 14 months.

Varius Antoninus Heliogabalus was elected Emperor, with no lesse applause then 4189. A. C. 219. rejected with indignation. He was called Varius because some think Varius Mar­cellus 40 was his father; Antoninus from Bassianus, who by Soaemis was said to be his father, and Heliogabalus, or as it is in ancient coines Elagabalus, from the name of the Idol, whose Priest he was, either from the Hebrew El-Gebal, the God Gebal, or from [...] the sun, and the Syriac Gabal, which signifieth Bounds or Confines, be­cause the Sun bounds or confines the year, by his motion in the Ecliptick. This Idol was a statue of a triangular figure, representing the Sun whose Priest he was. He loved his mother so well, that he was altogether ruled by her. He set up the ser­vice of his Syrian God upon Mount Palatine, intending to have him worshipped every where. He exposed all honours to sale. He put Pomponius Bassus and many other worthy men to death, for prying into his manners. He marryed Bassus his 50 wife, then repudiated her for having one spot in her fair body. Then he marryed with Aquila Severa a vestall Virgin, and afterward marryed himself to men, as if he had been a woman. He sacrificed men to his Idol: he fed his dogs with goose livers: his Palace was a meer bawdy house, he never spent lesse on a supper, then 30 l. weight of silver. He caused 10 thousand pound weight of Cobwebs from all parts of Rome to be brought to him, by that shewing the greatnesse of the city. He caused himself to be drawn into his Court, by 4 great dogs, & never would wag [Page 65] any where without 600 Chariots, shewing that the Persian King never travelled with lesse then 10000 Camels: he spent whole dayes together among roses and sweet oyntments: he sent yearly presents to his flatterers, to wit, vessels full of snakes and scorpions, and boxes full of flies, calling them tame Bees: he wore no shoes but what were beset with rich jewels: he used to have tame Lions and Leo­pards at his table: he marryed his Idol of the Sun to the Palladium or Image of Pallas, which he caused to be brought into his chamber; then divorced them be­cause she was armed, and made a match between his Idol and Vrania, which re­presented the Moon; which Idol was consecrated by Dido, and held in much ve­neration by the Africans; this Vrania had a great dowry conferred on her; and 10 Festivall dayes appointed through all Italy for joy of this marriage betweene the Sun and Moon. This Image of the Sun he translated from the City, into the Temple which he built in the Suburbs, with great solemnity he himselfe going backward before the Chariots, causing all the way to be strowed with the dust of gold; then assembling multitudes of people together from a high tower, he flung down amongst them gold and silver plate, and other rich things, which occasioned a great destruction, people treading down one another.

When Heliogabalus saw that the Senats affection was more set upon Alexander his cousin German, whom they had made Caesar, then on himself; he adopts him, but shortly after repenting, indeavoured to murther him, because he would not 20 follow and approve of his wicked courses; wherefore the souldiers intended to cut off this young Sardanapalus, for so they called him; yet for this time they spared him, upon hopes he would reform (being yet but young) and put away from him his evill Counsellors, but he grew rather worse; and sought to murther Alex­ander: wherefore the souldiers fell furiously upon his followers, and parasites, cut them in peeces, and slew the Tyrant in the privy, where he went to hide himselfe; whose body was dragged up and down, and flung at last into the river being fa­stened to a great stone. His mother, with whom he used to commit incest was slain with him; and an Act made, that never henceforth any woman should be suffered 4193. A. C. 223. to come into the Senat: for her son was wont to bring her thither. He lived 18 30 years, and tyrannized almost 4. From the manner of his death, and place of bury­all, he was called Tractitius and Tiberinus, he gave way to the rebuilding of Ni­copolis or Emaus in Palestina, upon the intreaty of Iulius Africanus a learned Christian. He thought to have abolished all religions except that of his Idol, or else to transfer all religions, even the Christian to Mount Palatine.

Aurelius Alexander, by birth a Syrian, was son to Varius, and Mammaea, he would neither be adored nor flattered, nor take upon him the name of Autoninus or Mag­nus; 4193. A. C. 223. yet for his strict life & Government, he was called by the souldiers Severus. He countenanced Christians. His mother was a Christian, and a great lover of Ori­gen. He was much addicted to learning and learned men. He kept the souldiers 40 in awe by paying them duly, and disbanding the refractory, sometimes by whole Legions together, knowing that poverty made souldiers desperate, and due pay kept them in awe. He suffered none of Heliogabalus his preferring to stay in their places: and never bestowed. preferment but on those that seemed to be unwilling. He cared not for rich apparell, saying that Principality consisted in vertue, not in ornaments. He was milde, curteous, and affable. He would have had all offices, trades, and callings, masters and servants, to wear distinct appa­rell. He repaired all Cities demolished with Earth-quakes, but would bestow no gold on Temples▪ shewing that it was needlesse there. He forbad the use or abuse rather of Evnuchs. He admitted no magistrate, but such as the people approved 50 off, knowing that mens estates and lives depended on them. He assigned salaries for all publick officers. He suffered no place to be bought, saying: he that buys must sell. He caused one to be stifled with smoak, for selling promises of preferment: the Executioner in the meane time crying, He is punished with smoak that sold smoak. He had in his private chappell the Images of Christ, Abraham, Apol­lonius, and Orpheus. He would have built a Temple for Christ, but that he feared the Gentile Temples then would be forsaken. He made much of that Christian [Page 66] sentence, Doe to all men, as you would have all men doe to you. Understanding that one Camillus sought to be Emperor, and to make a rebellion, he thanked him for affecting that charge, which good men did avoid, then did he make him his Colleague, clothed him richly, and made him undertake the managing of the wars with him, till he was weary, and so upon his desire was dismissed, and sent safely home. The Christians had got a publike place to exercise in, which the Cookes challenged did belong to them. Severus told them, that it was a place fitter for the worship of God, then the dressing of meat.

Artaxerxes the Persian King came into the field with a mighty Army in which were 700 Elephants, 1800 hooked Chariots. He having subdued the Parthian King Artaba [...]us, and united both Kingdomes: he demanded restitution of all the 10 Asiatick countries, which of old belonged to the Persian Monarchy. Severus re­turned him this answer, that he were best make much of what he had in possessi­on, and not meddle with the Roman confines, lest he buy his demanded purchase at too dear a rate. This answer not being satisfactory, but injuries increasing day­ly, a battell was fought, in which the Romans took 300 Elephants, 200 Cha­riots, and defeated 100 and 80 thousand horse, and Mesopotamia was recovered; the Persians redeemed their Captives, and never durst in 40 years space take the field again: the Romans also lost many of their men in this battell. They had also good successe in Armenia, Mauritania, and Illyricum. The enemies lands were bestowed 20 on the souldiers that were left to guard the borders, and on their sonnes, if they proved souldiers. After this, when Severus had quelled the rebelling Germans, and had commanded the disbanding of some seditious Legions, he was murther­ed with his mother Mammaea by the German souldiers who could not indure to be curbed, having injoyed so much liberty under Heliogabalus: this murther was committed by the instigation of Maximinus that barbarous Thracian, pretending that his exactions upon the Provinces, caused by his covetous mother, were in­supportable. One of the Druidae soretold him this fatall stroke, by wishing him to beware of the souldiers. He dyed neer Mentz in Germany, in the year of his life 29. of his Empire 13. His chief Counsellors were Vlpianus the great Lawyer, and 30 Iulius Paulus.

Vlpian was a great enemy to Christians, causing many of them to be put to death; but he himselfe was killed in the night by the Praetorian Guard. Pope Callistus was flung into a deep well and drowned. Cal [...]podius the Presbyter then suffered; so did Hyppolitus a learned Christian. Under Vlpian Governour of the City, the Sect of Valesians then flourished; who after the example of Origen gelded themselves; therefore were called Eunuchs: then was Ori­gen excommunicate for his errors. Caecilia the Virgin was then martyred. Hierom about this time translated the Hebrew Bible into Latine; because there was great altercation about the LXX^s Translation, being then three editi­ons; to wit, Origens, Lucians the Martyr, and that of Hesychius. Then Grego­rius 40 Thaumaturgus so called, and Magnus too, for his great learning and won­ders, was martyred. Hee was Bishop of Neocaesaria, the scholar of Ori­gen; his name before was Theodorius; then Ammonius a Christian Philosopher professed publickly at Alexandria; then were there common buriall places made without the City for Christians, called Coemeteria, Areae, Tumbae, Cata­tumbae, Cryptae, &c. 50

CHAP. V.

MAximinus a Thracian, whose father was a Goth, and his mother an Alan, 4026. A. C. 236. or Scythian; was the first that without the Senats decree, by the souldiers was made Emperor; to whom he joined his son for his Colleague: he be­ing conscious of his mean parentage, hated the Senat and Nobility, whom he mur­thered 10 at his pleasure, and all those that knew his originall: he murthered at one time 4000, at another time in Germany beyond the Rhene, hee plundered and burned the countrey for 400 miles together, killing multitudes of people: thence he intended to make war against the Sarmatians, and to reduce all those Northern countries to the Roman obedience; but neither the Romans nor Armies could in­dure his cruelty; therefore in Africa the souldiers in a sudden tumult made old Gordianus being now 80 years of age Emperor, against his will, he was Deputy Consul of Africa; the army having killed Maximinus his Procurator, put upon Gordian the Imperiall robe, and saluted him with his son by the name of Augu­stus: he was brought to Carthage in great pompe, whence he wrote to the Se­nat, 20 how he was forcibly elected Emperor. The Senat out of hatred to Maximinus, 4028. A. C. 238. approved his election, gave order to destroy all Maximinus his friends; they declare him and his son enemies to the State; and Letters are directed to all the Pro­vinces, to shake off their allegiance: which inraged Maximinus: he bribed the souldiers, and makes hast for Rome.

Capellianus a Commander under Maximinus in Africa, raised an army against Gordianus. The old Emperor sends his son with sufficient forces to encounter him: the skirmish was hot, in which young Gordian was killed; as soone as the Father hears of his sons death, knowing the cruelty and strength of Maximinus, and the perfidiousnesse with the weaknesse of the Africans, he strangles himself. Then did Capellianus either banish or murther all that were of Gordianus his side. 30 He robs the Temples, plunders the cities, and gives the spoile to the souldiers: when the Senat heard of this, they erected two Emperors, to wit, Maximus Papienus the city Captain, and Clodius Balbinus, of an ancient and noble Family, to whom they join the young nephew of Gordian by his sister. Maximus marched forth with an army, Balbinus stayed in the city to appease the tumults; for the Senators fell upon the Pretorian guard for prying into their secrets, and the Guard fall upon the people; fire and sword rageth through the city, nei­ther could the tumult be appeased till young Gordian was presented to the people. 40

When Maximinus had entred Italy, his army was pinched with famine, all the provision of the countrey being carried into strong Towns and Garrisons. Aqui­leja shuts the gates against him: he besiegeth it round; but the Inhabitants made stout resistance, continually annoying the souldiers with darts, stones, fire-brands, burning pitch and brimstone; and when their Engines grew uselesse for want of strings or cords, the women made strings of their hairs. Maximinus being mad that he could doe no good upon the town, thinking it had been the lasinesse or cowardise of the souldiers, put many of the Commanders to death, which so exa­sperated the souldiers, that whilest Maximinus and his son in the heat of the day were resting in the tent, they rush in and killed them both, saying: Of a naughty 50 brood, one whelp is not to be left alive. Their heads on long poles were ca [...]ried about Aquileja to be seen, and thence to Rome, to the great joy of the people and Senat, which had sacrificed to their Gods, that Maximinus should never return a­live. Thus dyed he who of a shepheard, and then of a foot-boy to Severus became Emperor. His nimblenesse in running, keeping pace with Severus his horse, made him a Tribune, his son was a comely youth, but haughty and wicked, permitting men to kisse his knees and feet: their bodyes were flung into the river, and their [Page 68] heads disgracefully used, then burnt in Campus Martius, the people stiling him Cy­clops, B [...]sisiris, Antaeus.

He raised the sixt persecution against Christians, out of malice to Alexanders Family, because many of them professed Christianity, and to palliate this cruelty, it was given out that the Gods had sent divers earthquakes lately for tolerating Christianity, and neglecting their service. Then was Pontianus Bishop of Rome martyred, and within a month his successor Anterus with many others, chiefly Clergy men.

Maximus and Balbinus striving for superiority, the former standing upon his va­lour, 4209. A. C. 239. the latter on his nobility, gave occasion to the souldiers who loved neither of 10 them, (because chosen by the Senat,) to murther them both. Whereupon Gordi­anus is proclaimed Augustus being 13 years old, or as others say 16. His short reign was presaged by a great earthquake, and such an eclipse of the Sun, that they were [...]ain to burn candles by day: he suppressed the faction of Africa raised a­gainst him by Sabinianus; then marryed with the daughter of Misitheus a wise and learned man, whose advise he alwayes used. After this he openeth the Temple of Ianus, and denounceth war against Sapores the Parthian King, who had inva­ded Mesopotamia. He goeth into Maesia, subdues his enemies in Thracia, drives the Persians out of Antiochia, and takes many other townes from the enemy: he fils all the Garrisons and frontier Towns with provision; but after the death of Misitheus his father in law, he was slighted by the army for his youth, and one Phi­lip 20 is appointed to be his tutor, and Governor; who insulting over the young Prince, first thrust him quite out of Government, then gave way to murther him, which was done by nine assasinats, who all of them afterward slew themselves, with the same swords that murthered the, r Lord. This was the end of Gordian the third, in the 20 or 22 year of his age, having reigned 6 years. This priviledge the Senat be­stowed upon his family that none of them should bee called to publick offices or imployments against their wills. This Epitaph was set up for him on the confines of Persia in Latin, Greek, Persian, Hebrew, and Aegyptian letters Divus, Gordianus [...]nqueror of the Persians, Goths, Sarmatian [...], subduer of the the Roman seditions, con­querour 30 of the Germans, but not of the Philips. About this time Helcyonides suf­fered Martyrdom, whose brests were first cut off, and flung to wilde beasts, then she was tortured with fire, and at last beheaded.

Philip the Arabian of obscure parentage succeeded with his son Saturninus, whom now he cals Philip: he made peace with the Persian, built Philippopolis in Arabia, made a great Pan for water beyond Tibris where water was scarse, and celebrated the thousand year of the city with secular sports, in which were shewed to the people all sorts of wild beasts, as Lions, Leopards, Tigers, Elephants, &c. which Gordian had provided for his Persian triumph. But such multitudes of torches there were in the night time that a great part of the city took fire; Philip 40 was the first Emperor that was baptized, but was not admitted to the Communion, till he had publickly made confession of his former sins, his son was so grave, that he was never observed to laugh. Philip having sent Decius against the rebelling Pannonians, was by him stript both of his life and Empire. For Philip hearing that Decius was made Emperor by the Pannonian souldiers, left his son in the city, and marcheth against him with an army, the battell was fought at Verona, in which Phi­lip 4220. A. C. 250. is slain and his army defeated; upon the news of this, his son is slain at Rome being 12 years old, they reigned 6 years.

About this time the Arabian heresie, concerning the dying or sleeping of the souls with their bodies, and their rising again the last day, was refuted by a Synod held in Arabia, and by Origen who disputed against them. Then did Cyprian suc­ceed 50 Donatus in the Bishoprick of Carthage: who scoffingly was nicknamed Caprian by his adversaries. The Christians in Alexandria, are persecuted, among the rest, Apollonia the Virgin, who suffered all her teeth to be beat out, her jaws bro­ken, and at last to be burned, rather then she would blaspheme. The Helcesaites de­nying Pauls writings, and holding mentall faith sufficient, without orall confession, are refu [...]ed by Origen.

[Page 69] Decius a Pannonian born, is with his son Decius confirmed in the Empire by the Senat. In their reign was a great persecution. Babylas was marty [...]ed at Antioch, Alex­ander at Jerusalem, Fabianus at Rome, all Bishops. Babylas did first see his 3 sonnes martyred, exhorting them to constancie, then suffered himself, his wife looking on, who buryed their dead bodies. He had wars with the Goths or Getes of whom 4222. A. C. 252. he killed 30000. but shortly after his sonne was killed, and he himselfe driven by the Goths into a lake where he was drowned, nor could his body bee found after­ward: they reigned two years. In the great and seventh persecution, which was a­bout their time, Paul, (and after his example) others retired for security into the wil­dernesse, whence begun the order of Anachorites to increase; then also did Gre­gorius 10 Thaumaturgus retire into the desart.

Gallus after the death of Decius and his son was chosen Emperor by the souldi­ers and confirmed by the Senat. It's thought that they both lost their lives by his treachery: he concluded a dishonourable peace with the Goths, making him­selfe their Pensioner: then he went to Rome with his son Volusianus whom hee made Caesar, and his Colleague in the Empire: hee adopted Decius his other sonne, and then murthered him: his cruelty against Christians, and his care­lesse government drew in the Scythians, Goths, Burgundians, and Persians, who wasted the borders of the Empire lying neer them: besides the plague from Aethi­opia raged 15 years through the Empire. Emilianus Generall to Gallus, in one bat­tell 20 defeated the Goths. Whereupon he was made Emperor by the souldiers, which Gallus understanding, marched with his son against him; but they were both slain in the second year of their reign, and Emilianus 3 months after was killed by his soul­diers 4224. A. C. 254. in the 40 year of his age.

About this time Novatus and his sectaries lived, who called themselves Cathari, that is, Puritans, they denyed hope of pardon to those that fell in time of perse­cution: he was condemned by a Synod of 60 Bishops called by Pope Cornelius; and so he was by Cyprian and by the Bishops of Africa. Sabellius then taught that there was but one person of the Father, Son and Holy Ghost. Origen about this time died being 68 years old, who at Alexandria had indured divers tortures for 30 Christ, at last offered incense to the Idol, to avoid the abusing of his body by a Black more; for which [...]act he spent the rest of his time in weeping, and silence, refusing to Preach or write any more: not long before this, in the time of De­cius seven young men at Ephesus, to avoid the persecution fled into a cave, where being shut up by their persecutors, slept in the Lord; hence they were cal­led The seven sleepers; then Pionius Bishop of Smyrna, Agatha the Virgin, and ma­ny others were martyred. Pope Cornelius also suffered martyrdom about that time.

Lucius Valerianus being now aged is made Emperor in Rhetia: his son Gallie­nus 4231. A. C. 261. is made Caesar. Valerian had gone with much credit through all degrees of honor, at first he was a great friend of the Christians, till he was perverted by a cer­tain 40 Magician of Egypt: who brought him to exercise diabolicall arts, to sacri­fice men and children, and persecute the Christians. For which impieties the whole Empire is punished with famine, plagues and war; the Scythians and Marco­mans break in upon Macedonia and Greece: the Goths and Burgundians upon I­taly, the Scythians and Persians rage in Asia. Valerian having left the Govern­ment of the West to Gallienus, makes an expedition into the East against the Per­sians who had taken Antiochia and Caesarea: he did what he could to keep out the Scythians, but in vain, for they brake in with such multitudes, that they burnt and sackt Trapezus, Chalcedon, Nicomedia, Nicaea, and many other towns, carrying away infinite booties and numbers of people. At last finding his army wa­sted 50 with sicknesse, and that he was not able to encounter with Sapores the Persian, he offered to buy his peace, but Macrinus his Aegyptian witch, who had in­censed him against the Christians, betrayes him to Sapores, who so long as hee lived used him as his foot-stoole when he took horse, at last flead him alive; his sonne Gallienus deified him after his death, whom he neglected in his life. For he rejoyced when he heard his Father was dead; that being freed from a censor, he might give himselfe to his pleasures, leaving the East at randome, which [Page 70] was invaded by Macrinus, or Macrianus, with his two sonnes Macrinus and Quietus.

So weary were the souldiers of Gallienus, and so giddy headed, that in his time they chose no lesse then 30 Emperors, every army setting up their own Generall. The Gauls & Germans were driven out of Italy, with their Emperor by Gallienus. Ingenuus is overthrown by him at Mursia, and whole Cities left desolate. Regilia­nus is defeated also by Gallienus, and Piso in Thessaly by Valens, is killed and he by the souldiers shortly after. Aurelius in Illyricum overthrowes Macrianus, who came thither out of Asia with 44000 men: he with his son Macrinus were both killed, and 30000 of his souldiers became prisoners to Aurelius. His other son 10 Quietus and Balista, were defeated and slain by Odenatus. Thus was Maerianus punished with his two sons, for his treachery against Valerian, and the Christians: and Gallienus for his favour to them began again to flourish: he proclaimed peace through all the Provinces, and permitted Christians to have their meetings in their Cameteria. Aemilianus Governour of Egypt and Thebais for his cruelty against Christians, was in a conflict taken prisoner by Theodotus, Gallienus his Generall, sent to Rome, and there strangled in prison: he had been made Emperor by the souldiers, who so tyrannised that Dionysius Bishop of Alexandria, was glad to fly with many more to the Desarts of Arabia: where in stead of preaching, he spent his time in writing. Causoleus brother to Theodotus defeated Trebellius, whom the Isaurians a people in the lesser Asia had made Emperor. Yet henceforth they shook 20 off the Roman yoak, trusting to the naturall strength of their country, more then to their men.

In Gallienus his time Posthumus rebelled in Gallia, and armed the Franci a peo­ple neer the Rhene, not known or named before this time in any Historian. He governed with great moderation for 10 years, at last was slain by his souldiers. In his time also besides the misery of war, there were divers earthquakes, and such darknesse for many dayes together, that people dyed with fear. So great was the plague at Rome and Achaja, that 5000 dyed in one day. Macedonia is o­verrun by the Gothes; Asia by the Scythians, who spoiled and burned the Tem­ple 30 of Diana; Sicilia by the slaves; Gallia and Spain by the Francs. Saloninus Gallienus his son is killed by Posthumius, and Gallienus himself wounded; his fa­ther a prisoner and slave in Persia. Yet for all this Gallienus must triumph at Rome over the Persians by whom his father was beaten; so that scoffingly a­mong the Persian captives at Rome, inquiry was made for Valerian the Em­perour.

The valour and fidelity of Odenatus, Generall of Gallienus in the East, is re­markable; for when all seemed to be lost, he raiseth an army, takes in Nisibis and Mesopotamia, defeates Sapores, and makes him fly, seiseth on all his treasures and Concubines, sends the captive Persian Nobility to Rome, to be insulted o­ver; in requittall of which good service, he makes Odenatus his Colleague, in 40 his Empire, cals him Augustus, and on his money stampt his victories. In the mean while the Scythians returning home with their booties and captives, were most ofthem drowned by shipwrack. And such is the uncertainty of military fe­licity, that Odenatus by the treachery of Meonius his cousin german is slain with his sonne Herodes; and Maeonius shortly after by the souldiers. Zenobia the masculine wife of Odenatus undertook the Government in her childrens minority, so dexterously, that she kept all about her in subjection: So was Posthumius after all his good services slain in Gallia by Lollianus, and he by Victorinus, the son of Victorina, who like another Zenobia by the help of Tetricus and Marius, stopt 50 the incursions of the Barbarians. Victorinus a brave Emperor, but given to wo­men, is murthered by the means of a woman the wife of Attitianus, whom he loved. Marius a Blacksmith is made Emperor, and the third day after was murthered by his servant. Then was Tetricus mad [...] Emperor by Victorina. He was of a noble extraction, and Governour of Gasconie: his son Tetricus is made Caesar.

Gallienus wholely addicted to his pleasures neglected the Government: [Page 71] among divers of his ridiculous Acts, this is one; he caused a certain fellow for sel­ling glasse jewels in stead of true, to be brought to the place, where he was to be cast to the Lions; but instead of a Lion, he lets a Capon out of the coop upon him; whilest the people stood wondering at this toy, he caused this to be proclaimed: the cheater is cheated. His carelesnesse drew Aureolus with an Army of Rhe­tians and Pannonians towards Rome, whom Gallienus met and drove him into Millain; having defeated his Army. But Gallienus was not long after by Martia­nus and Heraclianus murthered in the dark, as he suddenly ran out of his tent, up­on a noise that the enemy was breaking in upon him. Aureolus was guilty of this murther; for he deviced letters in which were written the names of the Tribunes and chief Captaines of Gallienus his Army whom he meant to slay; these Let­ters 10 were secretly flung over the wall, and taken up, as if they had been lost by chance. By this device Gallienus was suspected, and so murthered, having reigned 9 years alone, and 6 with his Father. He was deified by his successor Claudius; but vilified by the Senat, who decreed that his friends and courtiers should bee flung down the Gemonian ladders, and prayed the infernall Gods, that his place might be among the wicked.

Gallienus was a wicked Prince yet mild towards the Christians, who put an end to the persecution by his Father Valerian, under whom Pope Xistus was mar­tyred; Cyprian beheaded; and S. Laurence the Deacon, broyled. About this time was the great dispute concerning rebaptization. Cyprian made hereticall baptism 20 void. The Bishops of Rome held it to be good; and so did Dionysius of Alexan­dria; only he made void the Baptism of those hereticks which denyed the Tri­nity. He also refuted the Millenaries opinion of Christs 1000 years reign. About this time sprung up the Angel-worshippers, called Angelici, who were quickly extinguished; and the Apostolici, who held it sin to possesse either goods or wives: then was Samosa [...]enus who denyed Christs Divinity, condemned by the Synod at Antiochia: and deposed afterward by Aurelian.

CHAP. VI. 30

FLavius Claudius a Dalmatian, was by the Senat and souldiers named Em­peror. He was stiled by the Senat, Father, Brother, Friend. He overthrew 4239. A. C. 269. Aureolus in a battell and slew him. He defeated the Alemans, neer the lake Benacus. The Goths, and Scythians, to the number of 300 and 20000. fall upon 40 divers parts of the Empire, at such a time when the Romans had neither offen­sive nor defensive Armes, when Tetricus had all Gallia and Spain, the chiefe strength of the Commonwealth, when Zenobia had al the Archers with her, yet the Barbatians were still put to the worst both at Maesia, Martianopolis, Byzantium and Thessalonica. Multitudes of them fled to the hill Hemus, where without pursu­ing of Claudius, they dyed of the plague and famine. The Romans carelessely busied about their plunder, lost 2000 of their men by the Scythians in their flight, returning upon the Romans; but this loss was repayed with the slaughter of 50000 Scythians.

About this time Zenobia Queen of Palmyrena a Town and Countrey of Sy­ria, 50 raised an Army of 80000 against Egypt, and caused the Egyptians to receive a Garrison; but Probus Admirall of those Seas under Claudius drove out the Garrison againe, and with an Army of Egyptians and Africans, defeated the Palmyrenians; but shortly after being betrayed by Timogenes the Egyptian, he killed himself. The Scythians invaded Crete and Cyprus, but could doe no good by reason of the sicknesse that followed them; of which Claudius dyed at Sirmi­um in Pannonia neer Danubius. He was not only deified, but had a golden statue [Page 72] erected to him, neer Jupiter in the Capitol; and a golden Target with his Image on it in the Curia. He dyed of the plague with which also the Roman Army was infected.

Q [...]intillus his brother succeeded, a Prince of excellent parts had he lived; but he dyed the 17 day of his Empire, being slain by his souldiers for his severity; or as others say, at Aquileja he killed himselfe for anger, that Aurelianus was made Emperor by the souldiers. In Claudius his time the Christians began to be perse­cuted afresh. An edict being published that all Christians should keep within their prisons, otherwayes they should bee punished if any of them were found a­broad. 10

Aurelianus was elected Emperor by the souldiers; he had given good proof of 4241. A. C. 271. his valour in the time of Claudius by expelling the Goths out of Thracia. In the Sarmatian war he slew in one day with his own hands 48 of his enemies, and in divers battels above 950. He was born in Syrmium of mean parentage, his mo­ther was a priestesse of the Sun. He was a valiant but cruell Prince. He caused a souldier for committing adultery with his hostesse, to be torn asunder between the bowes of two trees. He kept the souldiers in such awe, that they durst not quar­rell, nor be seen in Taverns, nor suffered to steal or rob the least thing without punishment. He recovered all the Roman bounds invaded by the Barbarians. He overcame the Marcomans, and in 3 great battels, to wit, at Placentia, at the river Metaurus and in the Fields of Ticinum now called Papia in Insubria. But not with­out 20 great losse of the Romans, who presumed so much on his valour, that they thought it needlesse to implore the help of the Gods. He returnes to Rome and appeaseth the City seditions, having put to death the chief incendiaries, and some Senators too, for small offences, taking the witnesse of one mean man against them. He inlarged and strengthened the Roman wals, so that now they were 50 miles in compasse. He marcheth against Zenobia, now Queen of Egypt, and of the East; in the way he had many skirmishes with the Barbarians. Thyana shut the gates against him, whereat he vowed he would not leave one dog alive in the town; yet when it was betrayed, he spared it, killing onely the Dogs for his oaths sake, and 30 the Traitour, saying: He that was not faithfull to his countrey, would be faith­full to none: then he recovers Antiochia, and afterward defeates Zenobia, (after the Roman Horse had fled) by the Foot incouraged to fight, by a divine apparition. So at last Zenobia being discomfited, hee enters Emissa victo­riously.

Aurelian having quieted the Syrians, Persians, Saracens, Armenians, and Egypti­ans, besiegeth Palmyra, and in it Zenobia, whom he had already overthrown in bat­tels. She finding the town in danger, makes an escape, toward Persia upon Dromo­daries, but is overtaken and brought back to Aurelian, who reserves her and her children for the triumph. He spared the town, but slew Longinus the Philoso­pher, and the other Authors of this war. Having pacified the East, he returns to 40 Europe; where he subdues the Carpi; in the mean time the Palmyrians rebell, fills the Garrison, and delivers Achilleus to his enemy. Aurelian upon this re­turns in fury, levels the town with the ground, and kils men, women, and chil­dren. Then returning to the West, he makes Egypt quiet; thence he marcheth against Tetricus in Gallia, who delivers up his Army, which he could not rule to Aurelian; some of these Legions he subdued, the rest submitted to him. So having quieted East and West, he is carryed in triumph through Rome, and was the first that wore the Diadem with Robes all of gold and rich stones. After Zenobia had been led in triumph with her children, they were permitted to live privately at 50 Rome.

In his time the coyners of false money, fearing to suffer, rebelled, and raised an army of 7000 in the city; whom Aurelian overthrew, and cruelly used. He con­demned also many of the Nobility. He removed the Roman Garrisons out of Da­cia which he could not keep, and placed them in Maesia. He increased the citie provisions, he made an amnesty or act of Oblivion, and put downe all informers. He punished exacting and corrupt Officers most rigorously. He was rich in gold [Page 73] and jewels, which he laid up in the Temple of the Sun. At last having denounced war against the Persians, in the way betweene Heraclea and Byzantium, hee was murthered by his Secretary Mnesteus, who fearing to be questioned for some 4246. A. C. 276. bribes he had taken, and for exaction, counterfeited the princes hand, and sent a­broad among the souldiers the names of those whom Valerian meant to cut off; but falsely. The souldiers thinking this to be true, plotted his death. But when truth was discovered, Valerian was honoured with a Temple, and Mnesteus flung to the wild beasts.

In his time Samosatenus Bishop of Antioch, was maintained in his heresie by Zenobia, then Queene of all that Countrey. Whilest Aurelian was putting pen to paper to subscribe an edict against the Christians, his armes were taken and shaken 10 with such a sudden palsie, that he could not write. Now dyed Plotinus the Phi­losopher, and Porphyrie his scholar, first a Christian, afterwards becomes the bit­ter enemy of Christ, against whom the eight▪ or (with others) the ninth persecu­tion was raised, in which Pope Felix was martyred. Now the Manichees spread, and Manes their Patron is flead alive by the Persian King, for undertaking to cure his sick son with his prayers, which he could not doe, for the child dyed. In the Sea of Antioch Domnus succeeded to Samosatenus, and to him Timaeus. Aureli­an reigned 6 years.

To him succeeded Claudius Tacitus, chosen by the Senat, six moneths after Au­relians death; for all that time the souldiers refused to choose any, leaving the e­lection 20 to the Senat, at which all good men rejoyced. But he reigned not much above six months, for he dyed of a feaver, some say he was killed by the souldiers, being 66 years of age. He was an excellent Governour: he caused a golden sta­tue to be erected to Aurelian, and put to death all that had a hand in his murther: his brother Florianus succeeded as heir, without consent of Senat or Army, 2747. A. C. 277. wherefore he continued not much above two moneths, for understanding that Pro­bu [...] was chosen Emperor by the Armies, and was marching against him, he fell into a deep melancholy, and killed himself; others say, he was killed by his Guard, being 23 years old. He affected the Empire, which his brother Tacitus refused; 30 who made it death to adulterate money; who bestowed his Patrimony on publick uses. He highly honoured Tacitus the Historian, placing him in every Library: he was very spare in his dyet, and modest in his apparell, wearing no richer then private men use to wear; nor did he suffer his wife to wear jewels: he never suf­fered a night to passe, in which he did not either read or write somewhat: He was too good for the Romans to enjoy long.

Aurelius Probus succeeded, being a good man both in name and life. He was an 4247. A. C. 277. Hungarian born, and son of Maximus the Tribune. The souldiers made him Em­peror against his will; and when it was propounded, that none should be chosen but he that was valiant, just, holy, modest, and milde, all cryed out with one voice, 40 God save Augustus Probus. He was made a Tribune, before he had a beard: he executed justice on those that plotted the death of Aurelian and Tacitus: but spared them that followed Florian, because he was the Princes brother, and no tyrant: he drove the Germans out of Gaul, & recovered from them 60 Cities, & killed almost 400000 Barbarians. 9 German petty kings humbly submitted, and fell flat at his feet. He suppressed the Getes and Sarmatians: then marching into the East, he cleared those countries of oppression, robbers, and high way men: he made peace with the Persians. And translated 100000 Bastarni (a people of Sarmatia) into the Roman Territories: he suppressed the Vandals and others who rebelled: hee overthrew Saturninus Warden of the East Marches. Him the Egyptians against 50 his will saluted Emperor. Probus sent him mild Letters, and promises of pardon, but the souldiers would not trust him; wherefore he was fain to subdue him by force of armes; whom he overthrew in divers battels, at last besieged him, whom the souldiers took and slew, though against Probus his will. He overcame also Pro­culus whom the Gaules had saluted Emperor. And Bonosus the great Drinker, called therefore the Hanging Tankart: this man was imployed by Aurelian, to entertain Embassadours purposely to fox them, that thereby he might fish out of [Page 74] them their secrets. He being overcome by Probus strangled himself. But his wife (being a noble Goth and a good woman) hee respected and bestowed on her whilest she lived a yearly Pension. But the wicked souldiers could not long brook so good a Prince; for they hated him because he would not suffer them to live idlely like drones, and to feed upon the sweat of other mens labours, therefore he imployed them in making vineyards throughout Gallia, Pannonia and Maesia: and as he was imploying them to drain the fens of Syrmium, where he was born, there he was murthered, having fled into a tower, but to no purpose. He reigned a­bout 6. years, and lived 75.

Thus ended that good Emperor, whose Epitaph was this: Here lieth Probus 4252. A. C. 282. the Emperor, truly Probus, or good. Conqueror of the Barbarians, Conqueror of 10 the Tyrants. After his death the souldiers grew exorbitant, taking on them the full power to choose the Emperor, which the Senat out of covetousnesse, or cowardise, or factions, neglected. In his time Trophimus and others were martyred at Anti­och. Pope Eutychianus who had buryed with his own hands 42 Martyrs, suffered martyrdom himself.

Carus Captain of the Guard succeeded. Him Probus had recommended to the Se­nat for a brave man. He suppressed the Sarmatians, making irruptions upon Panno­nia and Thracia, and made them quiet after he had killed 16000 of them, and taken prisoners 20000. Hee had two sonnes, Carinus and Numerianus, these he named Caesars: he commits to Carinus (a wild young man) the charge of Gallia; and 20 takes Numerianus a solid and eloquent Prince alongst with him into the Persian War. He enters Mesopotamia with a great Army, and takes it. Then march­eth along to Ctesiphon without resistance, and obtaines the title of Imperator Persicus. But having passed beyond the bounds of the Empire, he was struck with thunder, and dyed suddenly in his Pavilion. His best sonne Numeri­anus was subject to soar Eyes, which now ware so weake with weeping, that hee was carryed in a Litter. Arius Aper his Father in law, aiming to be Em­peror himselfe; murthers Numerianus, and conceals the fact, giving out that he could not come abroad because of his soare eyes; but the smell of the dead car­kasse revealed the murther; whereupon Diocletian is chosen Emperor by the 30 Army; and Aper slaine by the said Diocletian; so the Druide told him, that he should be Emperor when he killed the Boar; which now was fulfilled: for Aper is a Boar.

Carinus the other sonne, and another Heliogabalus for wickednesse, hearing his Father and Brother to bee dead, grew worse then before. Hee over­threw and killed Iulian and his Army, who aimed at the Empire. In divers battels he with stood Diocletian. At last hee was killed by his own souldiers. He did so degenerate from his Fathers vertues, that he denyed him to be his son. Numerian was a good Poet, and like to prove an excellent Prince. Thus Carus and his two sonnes reigned about two yeares. Carus lived 43 yeares. 40 Numerianus 20. and Carinus 18. to Numerianus was erected an Image of brasse.

CHAP. VII.

VAlerius Diocletianus born in Dalmatia, his Father was Secretary to Ami­linus the Senator: his mothers name was Dioclea. He fin [...]ing the Em­pire 4254. A. C. 284. subject to so many distractions, did choose a Co-Emperor, Maxi­mianus of country parents, but a good souldier. He called him Herculeus, and himselfe Iovius, after hee had subdued the Persians and Egyptians. They also chose two Caesars to assist and succeed them. Diocletian chose Galerius Maxi­minus [Page 75] a Thracian, Maximinus elected Flavius Constantius Chlorus, whom Carus meant to have made his successor, and to have killed his flagitious sonne Carinus. Maximianus marcheth into France, and suppresses the insurrections there of the countrey people, and robbers, called by them Bagaudae. These foure thus divided the Empire between them. Maximianus Herculeus obtained Italy and Afric. Con­stantius all beyond the Alpes Northward. Galerius all the coast of Illyricum to 4261. A. C. 291. Pontus. Diocletian undertook the rest. By marriages these great Commanders u­nited themselves, for Diocletian bestowed his daughter Valeria upon Maxi­minus. Max. Herculeus gave his daughter in law Theodora to Constantius. Diocletian subdues Egypt, and in it Achilleus who called himselfe Emperor, 10 whom hee condemnes to the wilde Beasts. Unwalls Alexandria, over­throwes Coptus and Ptolemais, and punisheth multitudes with persecution or death.

Maximinus Caesar is sent against the Persians, by whom hee first was beaten. Wherefore was harshly used by Diocletian, when he came to meet him, for he suffered him in his purple robe to run before his chariot a mile or two. At last having recruited his army with old souldiers, marcheth through Armenia against the Parthians; falls suddenly upon Narsus the the Persian King, wounds him, and drives him to the mountaines, and takes his wifes, children▪ Nobility, prisoners; and plunders his Palace and treasure: and if Diocletian had not hindred him, he 20 had made Persia a province. Yet the Romans got five countreys beyond Tigris, so that the passing beyond the old bounds of Euphrates was not alwayes unfor­tunate to the Romans: as the ancient Oracles for [...]told: because though M. Cras­sus, Valerian, and some others miscarried; yet▪ Trajan, Odenatus, Carus, Pro­bus, and this Maximinus Galerius, had good successe. Carausius invaded Britain, which he held 6 years, till he was traiterously killed by his Colleague Alectus, whom in 4 years space Constantius by Asclepedat us captain of his Guard, overthrew, and added Britain again to the Empire.

About this time the Marcomans and Carpi were conquered again; in the mean while the city was well governed, for all oppressions and wickednesse were se­verely 30 punished: the poore was provided for with corn, and stipends were duly paid. But Diocletian gave himself to excesse in wearing cloth of gold, in treading upon silk and purple carpets, beset with pretious stones. In causing himselfe to be called God, and to be adored after the manner of Caligula, and Domitian. So Her­culeus gave himself over to all licentiousnesse, being a man of as stern a counte­nance as conditions. These Emperors triumphed at Rome, where the wives, sisters, 4272. A. C. 382. and children of king Narsns were led before the chariot, Constantius in iGallia Bel­gica did then wage war against the Alemans, who after he had by them been driven into the town, where he was taken up by ropes over the wall, (the gates of Lingon or Cangresse being shut) killed 5 houres after, when his army was come, about 40 40000 Alemans.

The Empire flourished all this while, Rome, Carthage, Milan, and Nicome­dia A. C. 306. were fenced with new wals; and the barbarous Nations feared the Romans. But Diocletian about the 19 year of his reign with Maximianus, began to rage a­gainst the Christians, beginning first with the souldiers whom they casheered, and some they slew. Then publick edicts are made for pulling downe the Christian churches, for burning their Bibles; for degrading of such as were in honour, and inslaving such as were free. All Bishops and Pastors of Churches, who would not deny Christ, or offer incense to Idols, were commanded to be slain. Then pro­miscuously the sword raged against all sorts of Christians. More cruell were these 50 men, then the wilde beasts, who oftentimes spared those, whom they murthered with all kind of tortures, which malice could device. Cosmus and Damianus af­ter all sorts of torments, at last were beheaded with three more of their brethren. Sebastianus a Commander in the army, was first wounded with many arrowes, af­terward recovering was whipt to death. None were suffered to draw water, nor grinde their corn, till they had offered incense to the Idol. Pope Cajus suffered Martyrdome, so did that Noble Roman Gabinius, with his daughter Susanna. A [Page 76] whole Legion of Christians after two decimations, were all at last cut off by the command of Maximianus. So were the two Captaines, Cerion and Victor with their Troopes. Marcellus the Centurion with his 12 sonnes were martyred; and so were Zenoche Tribune with all his souldiers: with many other brave men and women▪ In a church of Bithynia, on the day of Christs Nativity were burned mul­titudes of people. In one month there dyed 17000 Martyrs. In Egypt there dyed by Martyrdome 144000 in ten years space, besides 70000 banished. No lesse cruelty was used in Africa, against those who would not be Traditores, that is would not deliver up their Bibles to be burned. In France among many other Martyrs, Victorinus Bishop of Poytiers suffered. In Spain Vincentius the Deacon. 10 Osius Bishop of Corduba, and many more; Agnes, Eucratis, the two Eulalae, with divers other Virgins shewed more then humane courage in suffering un­speakable tortures; whereas Pope Marcellinus fainted as Peter did before him.

Diocletian and Maximianus being satiated with innocent bloud, tortured with diseases, and an evill conscience, f [...]ll madde, and so both in one day resigned up 4274. A. C. 304. their Empire, being content to live privately; Diocletian was then at Nicomedia, Herculeus at Millain. This betook himself into Lucania, the other to his native soil at Salonae. Both raging, that they could not with all their cruelty suppresse the re­ligon and name of Christianity. Diocletian poysoned or stabbed himself, being 68 20 years old. Maximianus dyed of a loathsome and torturing disease in his bowels in the 68 year also of his age.

Constantius Chlorus, and Galerius Maximinus, are declared Emperors. Con­stantius was favourable to the Christians, a Prince of an excellent temper, who cared not for wealth, holding himselfe sufficiently rich, if his subjects were rich. When Diocletian upbraided him for his poverty, he presently gathered great store of wealth, which having shewed, he restored again to the right owners. He was the son of Eutropius, a noble Roman, and of Claudia daughter of Claudius Augustus. Though Italy, Africk, Gallia, Germany & Britain were allotted to him for his share of the Empire; yet he contented himself with Gallia alone; which hee ruled with 30 good laws and moderation▪

Galerius was a good souldier, and a handsome man, born in Dacia, of mean pa­rentage, for his father was a husbandman, and he himselfe a Cow-heard, whence he was called Armentarius. Hee gave out that his mother had begot him of a Dragon, as Olympia did Alexander. He was indeed a Dragon to the Christians, for his persecution was the bloudiest of all, to prevent which, multitudes of peo­ple fled to desart places and rocks. Urbanus president of Palestina put Appianus and Edaesius his brother with many others to cruell deaths. But he himself was by Maximinus, (whose cruell commands he so readily obeyed) sentenced to death. But Firmilianus worse then he, raged over dead carcasses, denying them buriall; 40 which inhumanity the very Gentiles abhorred, when they saw wilde beasts and birds carrying away mens limbes. When the friends of Pamphilus saw, that his body and 12 others lay four dayes in the streets untouched by any beast, took the bold­nesse to bury them. And Firmilianus shortly after sheathed the same sword in his own bowels, which he unsheathed against Christians; so fierce was this Dragon against all that professed Christ, within his Dominions of Palestina, Egypt, Syria, Mesapotamia, Pontus, Cappadocia, and Bithyni [...], that he burned a whole towne of Christians at one time. The Governour of Provinces proffering rewards to those that should find out new tortures.

About the 8. year of this bloudy Tragedy, both Judges and Torturers began to grow weary of acting, for they perceived that Christians ran as cheerfully to Mar­tyrdome, 50 as the Romans did to a May-game. Therefore the tyrants fearing that their cities would be left desolate, were contented to put out onely one eye, and to break one of the confessors thighs, and to condemne them to work in mines. Many Bishops and Presbyters suffered martyrdome in these times. But Constan­tius was a friend to the Christians, who did not suffer under him, but in the two years of Diocletian and Maximianus. One day Constantius would try the since­rity [Page 77] of his Courtiers, commanding all that did worship Christ, either to renounce him, or forsake his Court; many went, many stayed: those he recalled, these he ex­pelled, shewing that they who were not faithfull to their God, could not be faith­full to him that was but a man.

Maximinus having also obtained the Government of Italy, appoints two Caesars. Severus for Italy, and Maximinus his sisters son for the East, both being I [...]yrians. He kept Constantine by him as an hostage, under pretence of religion. For hee saw in him though a childe, more then a manly spirit. Therefore he indeavoured to ex­pose him to danger, sometimes wishing him to sight with some barbarian, or with a Lion. But he perceiving his life aimed at, fled, and to re [...]ard the pursuers, killed all 10 the Post-horses that hee found in the way▪ and so came safe to Britain, where hee found his aged Father sickly, who dyed not long after at Yorke the 13 yeare of his reign, the 63 of his life. Hee was deified by the Ro­mans.

The Praetorian souldiers at Rome being bribed, declare Maxentius the son of Herculeus Emperor. Upon this Herculeus makes haste for Rome, hoping to bee re-invested in the Empire, which he unwillingly lost; to that purpose writes let­ters to Diocletian, that he would reassume again his command and dignity, who returnes this answer, that he found more pleasure in planting his pot-hearbs, then ever he did in ruling over the Romans. But Severus Caesar is sent by Galerius to 20 Rome, to appease the Praetorians, and Maxentius, He sits downe with his army before the city: but his souldiers forsake him, and join with Maxentius. Severus betakes himself to Ravenna: but Maximianus cunningly inticed him to come forth, whom he carries to Rome, where he is put to death. After this Maximi­anus in a full assembly went about to discover his sonnes nakednesse, and to shew how weake he was, and unfit for Government; but for his labour he was [...]ailed at by the souldiers. Thence he went to Gallia to Constantine, to whom hee had given his daughter Fausta in marriage; pretending that hee was banished by his sonne; and that hee was desirous to live with Constantine; but in­deed his intent was to kill him; which his daughter Fausta perceived, and 30 acquainted her husband with it. Whereupon hee flies to Massilia, intend­ing to saile to his sonne, but by the command of his sonne in law, hee was there strangled, yet others thinke, hee dyed of a loathsome disease, as I shewed before.

About this time Licinius the Dacian was made Emperor by Galerius, who dy­ed 4280. A. C. 310. shortly after, having reigned Emperor 13 years. For having left Licinius to rule the Illyrians and Thracians, hee went to Rome to suppresse Maxentius; but finding him strongly maintained by the souldiers, whom he bribed, and fearing his own souldiers would be bribed to betray him, departed out of Italy, and shortly after died of an uncurable wound, his genitals being putrefied, and 40 his whole body eat up with Vermine. Hee was told by his Physitians (many of whom he killed out of impatience of his paines) that his disease was incurable: he finding himselfe checkt in conscience for murthering so many Christians, re­pealed his edicts against them, set them all at liberty, and recommended himself to their prayers, and so dyed. About these times Pope Marcellinus, Serena Dio­clet ians wife, S. Catharine, Lucianus who was the seventh that turned the Bible into Greek, and many more suffered martyrdome. In the Councell of Rome con­sisting of 300 Bishops. Marcellinus condemned himselfe for offering incense to Idols. Donatus the Numidian storming that Caecilianus was preferred to him in the Bishoprick of Carthage, broached his schism, which in a short time became an 50 heresie: he objected against Caecilianus, that he was one of them who delivered up the Bible to he burned, but he was absolved by Constantine. Theophilus was made the first bishop of the Goths.

CHAP. VIII.

COnstantine was the sonne of Constantius Chlorus, and Helena, not a Bithy­nian as some think, but a Britain, he with Maxentius, Licinius, and Maxi­minus ruled the Empire. Alexander who had then a command in Afric, would have been a fift Emperor, he was a Pannonian, and of mean parentage, but 10 Rufus Volusianus being sent by Maxentius did quickly suppresse him. So Africa was now exposed to the fury of Maxentius who raged in Carthage, and all about with fire and sword. At first he shewed some favour to Christians, but being confirmed in his Empire, he persecuted them with as great fury, as ever did his predecessors. Neither Virgins nor Matrons could escape the fury of his lust, but such as fled, or dyed. He abused many noble women, and then sent them back to their husbands. He studyed magick, and to that purpose he cut up the bowels of di­vers children, and ript up the bellies of many mothers.

After the East had rested a while from persecution, upon the recantation of 20 Gallerius his successor, Maximinus fell with fresh fury on the Christians, imputing to them all the miseries that had fallen on the Empire; and recriminating them with pollutions and abominations whereof they were no way guilty; he com­mands all the Idol Temples to be repaired, their sacrifices renewed, and the Christian religion to be quite banished. But by Divine Justice it came to passe, that plagues, famine, and unusuall diseases never raged in the world so much as now, that Christians are persecuted, who notwithstanding the miseries they indu­red did shew the fruites of their Religion, by burying the dead bodies of their enemies, which lay scattered up and down the streets. But the Armenians by force of armes compelled Maxentius to permit them the free exercise of Christian re­ligion. 30 After this Maxentius exercised his cruell and barbarous nature against the Nobility of Rome and Italy, which Constantine understanding, resolves to ease the Empire of such a tyrant. Wherefore having quieted Gallia, to make himself the stronger, he marryeth his sister to Licinius; Diocletian was invited by these two Emperors to the wedding; but he excused himself by reason of his age and weak­nesse. Upon this denyall he receiveth menacing letters, shewing that he favoured Maximinus and Maxentius, whereupon he fearing some disgracefull death, poy­soned himself, as was said. He was an ambitious and proud man, as may be seen by assuming to himself Divine honors, and by changing the ancient computation of years, causing the accompt begin from the first year of his reign, this was called Aera Diocletiani, and continued 248 yeares, Yet hee was a fearfull man, chiefly 40 of thunder and lightning, with which notwithstanding his Palace was set on fire.

Constantine hastneth to Rome, the noise of whose approach affrighted Maxen­tius. Yet an Army is sent to retard Constantines march, at Verona the two Armies meet: Maxentius lost the day; who was little troubled, either at the loss of his Army, or the disaster of his father; at last with much adoe, he ventures with a fresh Army against Constantine, 9 miles from the City, who obtaines a second victory; Maxentius flying back to Rome, and entring upon a bridge of boates, over the river, his horse stumbled, and he fell into the water, where he was drown­ed 50 with the weight of his armour, and fearse could his body be found in the mud. The same fate befell his guard and Courtiers. Thus dyed he in the 6. year of his reign. His Armie consisted of 170000 Foot, and 18000 Horse, whereas Con­stantines were not half so many. The report of this overthrow was not at first beleeved in the City, till Maxentius his head was brought in upon a pole; then there was great joy; for both Senators and people were delivered from the mas­sacre intended by the Praetorian Guard upon them; which murther was plotted [Page 79] by Maxentius, and should have been executed by his souldiers, whom Constantine for this put to the sword, and destroyed their fortifications.

Whilest Constantine was in doubt whether he should go against Maxentius or not, there appeared to him about noon, the sign of the Crosse in the air, and on it these words ingraven, In this thou shal overcome: which sign the next night Christ himself confirmed by his own presence to Constantine, bidding him make use of this sign against his enemy. Upon this victory edicts are sent abroad for the free exercise of Christian religion. Maximinus in the east hearing of his fellow tyrants death, out of fear desisted from persecuting of the Christians, yet he did not permit their as­semblies. But Licinius in a short time delivered the Church from this oppressor; for understanding that his souldiers had forsaken him; he pursues him from Illyricum 10 to Thracia, and from thence to Cilicia, where he shuts him up within Tharsus; there he dyed the third year of his reign, of a loathsome disease; in which hee lost his sight, and his body stunk like a dead carkasse, before hee was dead. Thus the Church is freed of seven tyrants, to wit, Diocletian, Maximianus, Galerius Max­iminus, Maxentius, Valerius Maximinus, Severus, Galerius his Colleague, and Alexander tyrant of Africa, there remaines only Licinius with his Colleagues; but not long.

Licinius giving too much heed to Magicians and Soothsayers, began first to in­hibit the meeting of Bishops; then prohibited women to come to Church, commanding them to be instructed at home by those of their own sex, shortly af­ter 20 he shuts up all the Churches, casheers all Christians in his Armies, and banish­eth them from his Court. At last he embrewed his sword with the bloud of Bi­shops. He overthrew the Church Amasena in Pontus, and cut some Confessors in peeces, then flung them into the Sea. He hated learning, and scholars, chiefly Law­yers and Philosophers, calling letters the poyson and plague of the State. He was friendly to none, except to husbandmen, from whom he descended, and sooth­sayers, who soothed him up with promises of great happinesse. Yet this was com­mendable in him, that he kept the souldiers in good order; that he hated catamites and flatterers, calling them the rats and moths of the Palace. Many Christians fled to Constantine, who both maintained Christianity and learning, being a scholar 30 himselfe. He abolished the punishment of crucifixion, and breaking of legs. He suppressed all oppression and tyranny; he wrote kinde letters to Licinius, desiring him to bee favourable to Christians, according to the league made be­tween them: he was proudly answered, that he had no reason to meddle with his part of the Empire. Whereupon Constantine with his son Crispus, marched a­gainst Licinius in Thracia, where neer Odrissa, since called Adrianopolis, he de­feated him; from thence Licinius flyes to Bythinia in Asia, and raiseth a new ar­my, which Constantine overthrew by the power of Christ, the representation of whose Crosse he carryed still in his Banners, and on his Coin. 40

Licinius sends his wife Constantines sister to procure his pardon, which was granted, conditionally, that he should live privately with his wife at Thessalo­nica. But Valens whom Licinius had chosen for his Colleague, was put to death by Constantine. Zosimus writes, that Constantine not only pardoned, but also received him again as Co-Emperor, and named his sonne Licinianus fel­low Caesar, and successour with his owne sonnes Crispus and Constantine. But six yeares after, this peace was broken, and Licinius driven out of Thracia into Chalcedon, where he chose Martinianus for his Caesar. And as Eusebius writes, they were both overthrown by Constantine, who having received his imperi­all robe sent by his wife, pardoned him again, and sent him to Thessalonica, 50 whereupon new commotions raised by him and his Colleague Martinianus, they were both put to death. Licinius reigned about 15 years, and lived almost 60. About these times the Christian Religion was much propagated through Scotland, by meanes of the Britaines who fled thither to avoid the fury of Dio­cletian. But Christianity was imbraced in Scotland above 100 yeares afore this, by Donaldus their first Christian King, in the year of Christ 199. about the time that Severus came over to Britaine, to suppresse the Scots and Picts, which had [Page 80] made divers incursions upon the Roman Territories there, and had committed great slaughter upon them. For which cause he was forced to build a wall and forti­fications to keep out these Northern Britaines, a people free, and no ways disposed to receive the Roman yoak.

CHAP. I.

THE Church hitherto Militant, begins now to be Triumphant, which being delivered from a longer captivity, then that of 4294. A. C. 324. Babel, is setled by a greater Captain then Zorobabel; Con­stantine the great Eagle carries this woman upon his two 30 wings into the wildernesse, or state of rest and security. Now Religion lifteth up her head, the Temples are opened for the true God, at whose presence Idolatry like Dagon falls to the ground; Bishops and Doctors, chiefly those that suffered are highly rewarded; controversies are silenced; therefore Constantine gives, order for calling of Councels, and will himselfe hear the difference between Caecilian and Donatus, by his Deputies who absolve Caecilian and condemne the turbulent spirit of Do­natus, and his sect. Constantine compelled no man to embrace Christianity; yet suffered none to commit Idolatry: he would have Christ to be professed freely; not by constraint. He will not use that bloudy course against Pagans which they 40 used against Christians. Furious reformers of Religion, are the successors of Di­ocletian, not of Constantine. But this fair day of the Churches peace was quickly overcast by the black cloud of Arianisme, which like a sparkle being kindled at Alexandria by Arius Presbyter, there did spread it selfe soon after into a flame through Egypt, Lybia, and the rest of the world. The Emperour willing to quench this fire betimes, sends Osius Bishop of Corduba, with letters, desiring them to study mo [...] piety, and lesse controversie, lest they become a mocking stock to 4295. A. C. 325. the Infidels. But seeing he could not thus prevail, he cals a Councell at Nicea in Bi­thynia of 318 Bishops, besides innumerable Presbyters and Deacons. Sylvester 50 the Pope by reason of his age could not be there, but sent his Deputies. Constan­tine sitting down in his gilded Throne, exhorted them, to decide the controver­sie by Scripture, and to lay aside all emulation and strife. In the end Arius is con­demned and banished; and the eternall consubstantiality of the Son of God with his Father is confirmed. The controversie also about Easter is abolished, and it is commanded to be kept, the first sunday still, after the Equinoctiall full Moon, and not with the Jewes, the 14 day of the Moon. All other controversies between [Page 81] the Bishops he ended by flinging the papers in the fire. He commanded the Lords day to be observed, he put downe the Gladiators, and would not suffer any Chri­stian to be slave to a Jew. He did not permit the Governours of Provinces to in­fringe the Bishops Decrees and Canons. He caused the Church goods to be re­stored, which were held by the city, and many other excellent laws he made in sa­vour of Testators, Orphans, and Virgins. He alwayes heard Sermons standing, acknowledging thereby what reverence was due to Gods Word.

After the overthrow of Arius, Constantine celebrates the 20 yeare of his reigne, and entertaines the Bishops with a great Feast, on whom he bestowed gifts. Hee kissed the scars of Paphnutius Bishop of Thebais, and of Spiridion bishop of Cy­prus, 10 calling them blessed that were wounded for Christ. It was this Paphnutius that stood up in the Councell in defence of the marryed Clergy. Constantine re­proved Acesius bishop of the Novatians, for denying the Communion to those that had fallen, and wished him to set up a ladder, and climbe up himselfe alone to heaven. But the Arians did not cease to spew out their malice against the Or­thodox, by false accusations, whereas other wayes they could not hurt them. In the mean time Constantine gives order to pull down the chappell of Venus, built over the Holy Sepulchre, and in lieu thereof to erect a Temple to our Saviour; and a town, which he called new Jerusalem. His mother Helena built churches in the places of Christs Nativity and Ascension. Shee searched and found the Holy 20 Crosse, by which miracles were wrought. At last having done much good, she dyed being 80 years old.

Crispus was Constantines eldest son, who being falsely accused by his stepmo­ther Fausta, that he would have ravished her, is by his Fathers command put to death, and she afterward being found guilty of this murther, is killed in a scalding bath. Hee caused also Licinianus his sisters son to be slain. Then he repaires and beautifies Byzantium, and cals it from his own name Constantinople, and having translated thither many Noble Families, and wealth from Rome, and erected mag­nificent buildings and Temples there, it was called new Rome: he buildes again the wals which by Severus 130 yeares before were thrown down; and gives the 30 same priviledges to new Rome, which old Rome had. This he did in hatred to Romes greatnesse and Idolatry; and because this city lay fit for the suppressing the Goths, and Sarmatians: but it was impolitickly done to weaken the old seat of the Empire, and Italy which lay so fit for Dominion. He adorned also Ni­comedia, Hebron, and Antiochia and other places. He caused Idolatry to be sup­pressed, and Idols to be thrown downe, and hereticall conventicles to be abolished: hee subdued the Scythians and made them tributaries, and likewise the Sauro­matae or Sarmatians, Indians, Ethiopians, and Persians honour him with pre­sents. Hormisdas the Persian king fled to him for aid. He upon spleen of his No­bility was put by his right, being the eldest son, and cast in chains; the younger bro­ther 40 was made king: but Hormisdas wife delivered him, by sending him a fish, and in it a file, wherewith he filed off his fetters, and in the clothes of an Eunuch passed unknown through the drunken guard; and so got to Armenia, and from thence had a convoy to Constantine: who had sent to Sapores the old Persian King to surcease persecuting the christians, as he did; upon the instigation of Jews and Magitians, he killed above 16000 Christians.

Constantine in his latter dayes began to waver, for the Arian faction wrought upon his sister Constantia, the wife of Licinius, and she upon him, to recall Arius from banishment. Eusebius also bishop of Nicomedia, with other Arians falsly accused Athanasius successour to Alexander in Alexandria, and in a councell held 50 at Tyrus condemned him, with Eustachius bishop of Antioch, whom they falsly accused of adultery. Athanasius is banished to Treviri, but by a Synod of 80 bi­shops in Egypt, he is absolved from the Arians unjust sentence, who condemned him for a magitian: but Arius having fraudulently subscribed and sworne to the Nicean creed, having another under his arm, was received by the Emperor, and order given to Alexander bishop of Constantinople to receive him publickly in­to 4306. A. C. 336. the church there, seeing the Alexandrians refused to communicate with him: [Page 82] but the next day as Arius was going in pomp towards the church, he stept aside to ease himself, and in the privy, his guts and soul went together. He dyed belike of a rupture; this was it that Alexander in his prayers did so earnestly desire the night before.

Constantine had three sonnes besides Crispus whom the stepmother Fausta the daughter of Maxentius murthered, that her own sonnes might succeed; the el­dest Constantinus was made Caesar the 10 year of his Fathers reigne; Constans the second son in the 20 year, and Constantius the youngest in the 30. In lieu of Crispus unjustly slain, and much lamented by Helena his Grandmother, and the whole city. The good old Emperor having celebrated the marriage of his sonne 10 Constantius, and answered the Embassadours of India and Iberia, as he was going 4307. A. C. 337. against the Persians, and was baptized in the Suburbs of Nicomedia, departed this life the 63 of his age, and the 32 years of his Empire. His death was foretold by a comet▪ his body was interred with great solemnity in the Apostles Church which he built at Constantinople. He was much lamented by the Romans, such was his piety that he taught his armies to pray, and gave them a set forme of his own making. He caused his Image to be stampt on his coin, in the gesture of one kneeling and praying to Christ: In his time Meletius bishop, for his misdemean­ours was degraded, and then out of spleen became Arian. Clodomerus King of the Francs invaded Gallia, the two Feasts of cxaltation and invention of the Crosse were 20 instituted. The Irish are converted by the preaching of St. Patrick. Christianity in­creaseth in India, Iberia and Armenia.

Constantine a little before his death, upon the importunity of the souldiers made Dalmatius his brothers sonne Caesar also; but by the same souldiers he was oppres­sed, and so the Empire was divided betweene the three brothers. Constantine the eldest had for his share Spain, Gallia the Alpes and Britain, Constans (whom others call Constantius confounding the names) had Italy, Afric, Graecia, and Illyri­cum. Constantius or Constans obtained the East. Constantine having restored A­thanasius, as his father had ordered, quarrelled with his brother about Italy and Afric, and was overthrown by Constans his army; having received many wounds 30 4310. A. C. 340. as hee fell from his horse neer Aquileja, and is flung into the river Alfa, the 3 year of his reign, the 25 of his age. Coustans was at first a valiant and just Emperor, but afrer growing gowty, he began lascvious and cruell. Hee subdued the Francs oppressing Gallia: he maintained Athanasius and the Nicean creed: but one day as he was hunting, Chrestius, Marcellinus and Magnentius, conspire against him, and murther him. Ungratefull Magnentius forgot that one time Constans saved his life, by casting his robe over him, when the souldiers would have killed him. Constans dyed the 13 year of his reign, he had been Caesar 3 years before his fathers 4320. A. C. 350. death, he was 27 years old, some say. 30. Magnentius made himselfe Emperor of the East. Vetranius Generall of the Illyrian and Pannonian Forces, invaded the 40 Emprire on that side, but Constantius by an eloquent speech hee made to both the armies ready to fight, made Vetranius lay down his command, the 10 month after he had taken it up, and content himselfe with a private life. At Rome Nepo­tianus sisters sonne of Constantine the Great, having slaine the Governour of the city is made Emperor in such a tumult, that the streets ranne with bloud, and all places were filled with dead bodies. The Persians also invaded the Empire.

Constantius finding how unable he was alone to manage the Empire, makes Gallus his cousen German Caesar, and marryeth to him Constantina his sister, who had been marryed to Annibalianus Governour of Armenia. Magnentius also makes 50 his kinsman Decentius Caesar, beyond the Alpes. These having many times skir­mished, at last encountred with all their strength neer Mursia, where Magnentius the Gaul is defeated, having lost 36000 men, and Constantius 30000. This victory was deer bought, for by the losse of so many men, the Empire was much weak­ned, so that the barbarous Nations could not be kept out. Magnentius fled to Lions, where he killed himselfe with his own sword, the 4 yeare of his Empire; 4323. A. C. 353. and about the 50 of his age. Decentius hearing of his overthrow and death, strang­led [Page 83] himself. Gallus Caesar quieted the Jewes who would have made them a new King; he killed many thousand of them, and burned Cesarea, and Tiberias. This Gallus was of a fierce and bloudy disposition; so was his wife. They caused many innocent men to be murthered, upon false accusations of informers, she thought she might doe any thing, being the Emperors sister. But they both were invited by flattering letters to come to Constantius. She feared her brothers cruelty, yet ad­ventured to see him; but having come to Bithynia, she fell sick of a Feaver and dyed, Gallus was apprehended at Pola a town of Istria, where he was accused of all 4324. A. C. 354. his cruelties; he laid the blame of al upon his wife; but there he was beheaded, the 4. year of his tyranny. 10

Silvanus was chosen in his room by Constantius; he was a Gaul by birth, but of an aspiring nature, who aiming too high was killed by the souldiers, within a month of his advancement. Constantius having now no Competitor, begins to exercise his cruelty, accusing many, as if guilty of plotting with Magnentius Gallus, and Sylvanus against him. He banisheth also many Orthodox Bishops. And because the Francs, Alemans, Saxons, and Quadi made irruptions upon Gallia, he chose Claudius Iulianus the brother of Gallus, and having sent for him from A­thens, makes him Caesar: and gave him command over the Transalpin coun­tries, he subdued the barbarous Nations thereabout; and took king Chonodoma­rius prisoner: and regained the ancient bounds of the Empire. He took also pri­soner Badomarius chief King of the Alemans. He defeated the Saxons and Qua­di; 20 upon this he is proclaimed Augustus by the Army. Constantius by Embas­sadours counsells him to content himselfe with the title of Caesar; who replyes that he will be no lesse officious and obedient, under the high title of Augustus then before.

Constantius overcame the Sarmatians, who had over run Illyricum, but having no successe against the Persians, and understanding that Iulian was marching against him with an Army, out of impatience and long watchings, fell into a vio­lent feaver and dyed, at Mesocrene neer the foot of mount Taurus, having reigned 24 years, 8 alone, 16 with his brother & Magnentius. He had fought 9 battels with the Persians, but with little successe: the last was lost by the wilfulnesse of his soul­diers. 30 He was a good archer, temperatin dyet and sleep, a good scholar; and one that could indure hard labour. Not much given to venery, contenting himself with his wives, chiefly Eusebia. Hee favoured the Arians, being induced thereto by the same Presbyter that wrought upon Great Constantines sister. He was 41 years old when he dyed; his genius that was wont to be cheerfull with him, a little before his sicknesse looked sad upon him.

In his time Athanasius was much vexed by the Arian Bishops, for returning to his charge without Episcopall approbation; for bringing into the Church the word Consubstantiall not found in Scripture. He to avoid Constantius his fury, 40 flies to Pope Iulius at Rome; in his absence one George sits down in his chair at Alexandria: and Eusebius at Antioch in a conventicle of 80 bishops, expels the word consubstantiall; and possesseth the chair of Constantinople, which belonged to Paulus the true bishop. But after his death Paul is received again by the Catho­licks; but Macedonius is ordained by the Arians, and ratified by the Emperor, who sent Hermogenes with some Forces to thrust out Paul. But the people killed the captain, and burned downe his house. For this sedition the city is fined, Paul banished, and Macedonius with the losse of 3000 citizens gets up into the chair. By the favour of Constans and Pope Iulius, Athanasius returnes to Alexandria, and is banished the third time, being accused for converting the Poors corn to 50 his own use. He flies to Constance, and desires a free Synod. His fellow-sufferer Paul, by the Arians malice perished in his exile: and Macedonius himselfe, who held the Holy Ghost to be the servant only of the Father, and the Sonne, was shortly expelled by the Arians, because he would not call the Son of God a creature.

Constans calls a Synod of 300 Westerns, and 800 Eastern Bishops at Sardica in Thracia, in which Athanasius is absolved by the Western bishops, and is a­gain [Page 84] restored to his charge, to the grief of the Eastern Cleargy: but Constans be­ing dead, Constantius was much abused by the Arian bishops, chiefly by Va­lens who prayed with Constantius, whilest his Army was fighting with Mag­nentius, and got him the first news of the victory; he with divers others, still waited on the Emperor, soliciting him against the Catholicks; whom George at Alexandria did eagerly persecute. Photinus bishop of Syrmium is condemned by a Councell held there, for giving Christ no other beginning but from Mary. Aetius and his scholar Eunomius, dissent in this from the Arians in denying Christ to be like his Father. A Synod is called by Constantius at Millan in which Pope Liberius, Hilarius bishop of Poytures with divers others are banished 10 for not subscribing to the unjust sentence against Athanasius. But the Arians dis­senting among themselves, & with the Orthodox gave occasion of calling another Synod at Ariminum in Italy of 400 bishops. But there could be no reconciliati­on. Whereupon a Synod is called at Seleucia, in which much digladiation there was about the word [...] or like; whether was meant the similitude of essence or of will. But nothing could be agreed upon, wherefore the Arians fly to Con­stantinople, and forced many Orthodox bishops to receive that fallacious Symbol, which was compiled in the Synod of Seleucia, in which the word usia, or sub­stance was put out, and concluded that the Son was like the Father, and that he was not a creature like other creatures: but some who refused to subscribe were banish­ed. 20 Hilarius is sent back to France, as being found too hard a disputant for the ea­stern bishops.

About this time Apollinaris starts up, affirming that the Word assumed the flesh, but not the soul, or minde, and that God was the mind or soul of the flesh as­sumed. Constantius was a great enemy to superstition; he punished all that con­sulted with cunning men or witches. He removed out of the Forum, the image of Cybele. Many Jews were converted to Christ upon the sight of a fiery crosse in the air, reaching from Golgotha to Mount Olivet.

CHAP. II. 30

FLavius Claudius, Iulianus the sonne of Censtantius Constantine the Greats brother, whose mother was Basilina a Noble Lady. In his youth he was bred 4331. A. C. 361. a Christian under the bishop of Nicomedia, and for his pregnant wit and e­loquence was made reader in the church. He was studious and expert in the Greek tongue. But being too familiar with Libanius the Sophister, with Iam­blicus, 40 Maximus, and other Philosophers, hee became a heathen, a magician, a persecutor of Christians, and a right Apostate. He used to diffame great Con­stantine, calling him an innovator and disturber of the ancient lawes. He put none to death for religion, but pretended other causes: hee shut up all schools of learn­ing among Christians, knowing that learning was an enemy to Gentilism. He opened the Idolatrous Temples, and commanded sacrifices there to be offered. He stampt upon his coin Iupiter, setting the crown on his head; Pallas putting on his cloak, and Mercury giving him the scepter. He robbed the church of her revenues, telling the Clergy that they should be the fitter for heaven, because it is written, Blessed be the poore. He suffered no military honours to be conferred 50 on Christians. He writ invectives against Christian Religion, which Nazianzen and Cyrill refuted. He would not permit Christian children to learn Rhetorick, fearing lest they might wound the Gentiles with their own quils. He incouraged the Jewes in hatred of Christianity, to set up again their owne State and religion, promising them great immunities and priviledges. Upon this the Jews began to rebuild the Temple, but they were faine to give off by reason of thunder, hail, fire, and earthquakes which destroyed many thousands of them. Where [Page 85] ever they cast their eyes they saw crosses on their garments and tables; the Delphic Temple also, was much about this time overthrown with thunder and earthquakes, as Iulian was sending thitherto know by the Oracle what successe he should have against the Persians. It had been overthrown before and spoiled 4 times, namely by the Phlegians. 2. by Xerxes his souldiers. 3. by the Phocenses 4. by Brennus; but still it was rebuilt again; by the overthrow of these two Tem­ples, Judaism, and Gentilism were deadly wounded.

It's recorded of Iulian (whom Athanasius called a cloud soon vanishing) that in private he put divers Christians to death for their religion: among the rest Artemius Governour of Egypt, which made the Alexandrians fall furiously up­on George their Arian Bishop, and murther him. This George had used to in­veigh 10 bitterly against them, to make sport with the skuls of the murthered Ca­tholicks; tricks fitter for a Turkish turbant, then a Bishops miter. Iulian threat­ned to revenge this murther of George, but was taken off with fair words, and the Persian war: which he was preparing for. Understanding that Apollo could utter no Oracle, because the christians had buryed some of their Martyrs neere to him, he caused their bodies and reliques to be removed, the people in the interim singing that of the Psalmist: Confounded bee all they that worship graven Images. At which Iulian was vexed inwardly, but could not helpe it, but vowed to sacrifice the bloud of christians to his Gods, if he prevailed 20 against the Persians. About this time also Apollo's Temple at Rome was burned down.

Sapores who was made King before he was born, 24 years of age, made irrupti­ons upon the Empire. Iulian with 65000 souldiers tooke divers Forts and Towns from the Persian, and wasted all Assyria. Having crossed the river Ti­gris, he burnt his boats, as if he had conquered all: but being brought into an ambush by a fugitive, where he was beset with famine and Persian armies, was shot in the liver, by an unknown hand; he in a rage flinging the bloud of his wound in the air, cries out, Thou hast overcome mee O Galilean, and so dyed the 31 year of age, having reigned alone 1 year, 8 months, and 10 yeares with 30 Constantius. His wife was Helena great Constantins daughter, of whom hee had no children, her Matrix being poysoned by Eusebia the Empresse, so hee dyed childlesse. Maris bishop of Chalcedon was blind, whom Iulian mockingly told him, that he could not have so much as eyes from his Christ. I thank Christ for it (saith he) for so I shall not see thee, who art the great plague of the world. Atha­nasius after the death of George was restored againe to Alexandria; but pre­sently was forced to hide himself a while from Iulian's fury; in which time he compiled his excellent Symbol. Nazianzen writes of Iulian, that he was unstable in his head, eyes, and feet; at first he exhorted them to agree a­mong themselves, and not to trouble themselves with points of Religion, 40 but to let every one enjoy his owne opinion. He restored to the Donatists their churches again.

Iovinian or Iovian succeeded, he was chosen for his fathers sake Varonianus a Noble Pannonian, and who had done good service. Iovinian was a good chri­stian, 4333. A. C. 363. a bountifull Prince, and a handsome man. He was forced upon the ill suc­cesse of Iulian to make a dishonourable peace with the Persian, upon these arti­cles. 1. That five regions beyond Tigris with some castles should be surrender­ed to the Persian. 2. That Nisibis and Singara, which the Romans held ever since Mithridates till now, should be delivered to the Persian, but not the inhabi­tants. 3. That the Romans should not aid Arsaces King of Armenia the greater 50 against the Persians; this Article was hard, being this King was alwayes faith­full to the Romans; but they were forced to yeeld, because the Army was much weakened with famine and war in that hostile and barren countrey. Hee would not take upon him the Empire, till the whole Army had declared them­selves Christians, for many of them in Iulians time had apostatised. He shut up al the Idol Temples again, and restored the true worship of God, with the churches revenues, and Valentinian (who had been banished) to his former charge of the [Page 86] Army. He recalled the banished Bishops, chiefly Athanasius, to whom he wrote for a copy of that truth in Religion which he was to follow. Upon this Athanasius cals a Synod at Alexandria, where the sum of the Catholick Faith was compiled, and sent to the Emperour.

As the Emperor was returning from Persia, the Semi-Arian Macedonian he­retickes met him, crying out against the Arians, and striving to insinuate them­selves into his favour, but he rejected them, professing that hee would give no ear to contentions. Acacius the great Arian, Bishop of Caesarea, who had been a great stickler for Arianism, is now (but hypocritically) content to subscribe to the Nicaean Creed in the Councell of Antioch held by Meletins Bishop there, who 10 was lately returned from exile: his example was followed by divers other Ari­an bishops, more out of fear to the Emperour, then love to the truth. Iovi­nian could abide no disputes in Religion, but advanced those who were mode­rate and peaceable men. He dyed in Illyricum suddenly of a surfeit the 8 month of his Empire, and of his age the 33 year. In his time Vlphilas the Arian Bishop of the Goths found out the Gothic letters, and was the first who turned the Bi­ble into the Gothic tongue. He was interred neer to the Capitol, and his ob­sequies kept in Pannonia; before his death a comet appeared, and the Library at 4334. A. C. 364. Antioch was burned.

Valentinian the first succeeded, he had been Tribune of the souldiers under 20 Iulian, who casheered him for striking a heathen Priest, that besprinkled him with Holy water in the Church porch, as Iulian was sacrificing to his Idol. But Iovinian restored him. He was a Pannonian born, his fathers name was Gratian, who was so strong that five souldiers could not with all their strength wring a rope out of his hand, which he had then to sell. The Army urged Valentinian to choose a consort; one told him, that if he loved his kindred, he had a brother; if the State, he should seek out some other. This speech angered him; but hee said nothing till he came to Constantinople, and then pronounced Valens Co-Em­peror: no man daring to oppose him, they two deposed most of Iulians officers. About this time the barbarous Nations on all sides invaded the Empire, the Picts Saxones, Scots, and Attacots, (a Nation in the South of Scotland, or North of 30 England) fell upon the Britaines, the Persians on Armenia, the Alemans on Gallia, the Sarmatians on Pannonia, the Goths on Thracia, and the Maurisci on Africa. Upon this Valentinian sets up his seat at Millan, Valens at Constantino­ple, where he was infected by Eudoxus the Arian bishop, from thence he remo­ved to Antioch, where he cast the Catholicks out of their churches. Petronius his Father in law did so pole the people with extortions that they set up one Pro­copius to be Emperor of Constantinople, Armies are raised, and Bithynia is taken. The Thracians and Goths are invited to side with them. The posthume daughter of Constantius, the Emperor is carryed about the Army, as if this new Emperor intended her good: Cizycus is taken; but when Procopius should have fought 40 with Valens, his souldiers forsook him, and he was brought to Valens, who gave order hee should lose his head, and be quratered; many also of his side suffered with him: thus ended that civill broil.

At this time a great schism was in Rome, about the election of the Pope Dama­sus and Vrsicianus striving for it; the faction was so great, that many were killed; at last Damasus carryed it. He was the first that authorised the Latin Version before the Greek: but the Clergy retained their old Psalmes; he caused the Creed of Constantinople to be sung in stead of the Nicen. Lucifer bishop of Sar­dinia brought a schism into the church, for refusing to admit those Arians into 50 the Priesthood, who had renounced their errours. Ambrose then translated from the Greek into the Latin church the singing of hymnes and Anti-hymnes; he was made bishop, being Governour of Millan, for he being commanded by Valentinian to suppresse the sedition that was risen about the election, he himselfe was elected by the approbation of all.

After Valentinian had suppressed the Alemans, and was recovered from a de­sperate sicknesse, he named his young sonne Gratianus Emperor: so now are 4337. A. C. 307. [Page 87] three Emperours. Hee began to be a rigorous punnisher of every small offence in the Army. He suppressed the Scots and Picts incursions upon the Britains: whom still they vexed in the Romans absence. He subdued the Randon the Ale­man, and fortified the Rhene. Valens also suppressed the Persians, and killed their King Arsaces. At Rome Maximinus rageth upon all sorts of people. One Theo­dorus at Antioch foretold that the foure first letters of his name did belong to Gratians successour, meaning Theodosius, but this Theodorus with some other Ma­thematicians were burned, and divers Philosophers beheaded, Iamblicus poyson­ed himselfe. For Valens rashly condemned all such learning, not discrimina­ting between good and bad, nocent and innocent. In the West Valentinian did 10 so oppresse the people with taxes and tributes, that the Mauritanians rebelled and made one Firmus their Emperour, whom in divers battels Theodosius defea­ted. This Firmus flying to the neighbor king Igmazanes for help, but finding none, killed himself. The Quadi also rebelled because Garrisons were placed beyond Ist­her, and Gabinius the king was slain by Caedestius Perca at a feast treacherously; therefore they fell upon Pannonia, and had almost taken the daughter of Constan­tius, who was going to be marryed to Gratian, if Messala Governour of Panno­nia had not by post brought her back to Syrmium. The Sarmatians also breake out, but they were so beaten by Theodosius then a young man; that they were for­ced to beg for pardon and peace from Valentinian, excusing themselves, that this 20 insurrection was not caused by the Nobility, but by the countrey people, who were angry at the new erected Garrisons. Valentinian in a violent passion reproved them for this frivolous excuse, and their ingratitude, and upon the vehement stirring of his spirit fell into a Feaver, and within few dayes dyed, having reigned about 15 years, and lived 55.

Valentinian had two wives, Severa the mother of Gratian, and Iustina mother of Valentinian the second. This being as yet but 4 yeares old is made Emperor, of that part, by the Army which might be indangered without a head, seeing Valens and Gratian were far off, and could not help them. So he is Emperor of Italy, and Afric, and Illyricum. In the mean while the Hunns an unknown peo­ple 30 beyond Maeotis towards the frozen Sea, having no setled aboad, nor houses, nor lands, but lived in waines, made a sudden incursion upon the confines of Isther: so that the Goths and Scythians implore Valens for aid. He unwisely re­ceives these barbarians within the Roman territories, who being pinched with famine, in great multitudes passe over the Danow, and enters Thracia with their Armes, which they were commanded to deliver up, when they petitioned for help: but Maximus and the other Roman Governours were carelesse. Valens was forced to leave the Persian war, and to aid Thracia, which was oppressed by the Goths, to whose assistance there did flock all sorts of discontented persons: be­sides as Gratian was coming with an Army to aid his Uncle Valens, he was set up­on 40 by the Aleman forces, but Gratian defeated and killed 40000 of them. Valens unwilling that Gratian should have any share of his victory, would not stay for his assistance, but ventured with his Army upon the Goths, Alans, and Hunns, who defeated him, and at last burned him in a cottage whither he had retired, to dresse his wound he received by an arrow. He lived almost 50 yeares, and reigned a­bout 14. This, next to that of Cannae, was the greatest blow that ever the Romans had; the Goths also lost aboundance of men, both in this battell, and in their siege of Adrianapolis; hee was a cruell and an illiterate prince, who could indure any religion except the Orthodox. Which against his brothers will he persecuted. As he was subscribing an edict for banishing of Basil out of Caesarea, his arm was 50 taken with such a shaking, that he was forced to desist. He cruelly caused to be burned in a ship 80 Orthodox men, that were sent to petition for the free exercise of their faith. About this time dyed Athanasius, having beene bishop of Alexan­dria 46 years. In the time of Constantius he hid himselfe 6 years in a dark cave, where he saw not the Sun all the time of Iulian, he hid himself in Alexandria, un­der Valens he lay hid 4 months in his fathers tomb. To him succeeded Peter, but because he was Orthodox, Valens thrust him out, and set up Lucius the Arian.

CHAP. III.

GRatianus was born at Syrmium; this was a learned and good Prince; who 4349. A. C. 379. after the death of Valens called home the banished Catholicks. He would neither take the title nor habit of the High Priest, as others used to doe. He was moderate in his sleep, diet, and delights. He permitted liberty of conscience, 10 except to the Manichees, Eunomians and Photinians: he sent for Theodosius out of Spain, and made him Co-Emperor, by whom he subdued the Alans, Hunns, and Goths, Nations not touched by Alexander; and he overthrew them at such a time, when the Roman army was almost lost, and when the enemy had furnished them­selves with the Roman horse and arms. Gratian reigned with his Father Valentini­an 8 years, with his Uncle and brother three, with the same brother and Theodosius 4350. A. C. 380. four, with these and Arcadius 6 moneths. Theodosius was baptized at Thessalonica, and after his great victory in Thracia which he set free, entred Constantinople, and was made Emperor. 20

Valens had placed in divers towns of Asia, the sons of the chief Barbarians to be civilized and educated. These understanding of the great overthrow of their countrymen, resolved to sacrifice to their Ghosts, these towns they dwelt in; but were prevented by Iulius who had the charge of them: for one day he assembled them all together, as if hee meant to reward them, and suddenly by the souldiers laid in ambush, slew them. Theodosius made much of the Fugitives, and mixed them with his own souldiers. He was a Prince endowed with as many vertues as ever any, and nothing inferiour to Trajan his countryman, from whom he derived his pedegree; but hee exceeded Trajan in being more temperate, and lesse ambitious. His diet was simple, his apparell was plaine like others; his modesty was such, that hee forbid the marriage of cousin germans. He 30 was an enemy to all lasciviousnesse, not suffering women to play or sing at Feasts. He was learned, wise, diligent, sober; a hater of Cinna, Marius, Sylla, and such like tyrants. He overthrew Idolatry, and established the true religion.

Gratian began to grow carelesse, and to prefer the Alans before the Roman souldiers, so that hee became hatefull to them. Maximus Theodosius his fellow soul­dier, angry that no honour was conferred on him, in Britain made himself Em­perour, then passing over into France, Gratians souldiers being angry with him, 4353. A. C. 383. entertained Maximus for their Generall, who driving him to Lions, killed him, having lived 28 years. He was a good Oratour, whose Epistle to S. Ambrose, wherein hee professeth the Nicen Faith is yet extant. In his time Audaeus in Sy­ria, 40 taught that God had a humane shape; his scholars were called Audeani and Anthropomorphites. To these were coetaneall the Messalians, called Euchites and Enthusiasts, who bragged much of prayer, and of the Spirit, in the i nterim li­ving an idle life. Priscillianus then lived in Spain, who renewed the heresie of the Gnostics, he with his followers were banished out of Spain, and in Gallia be­ing brought before Maximus Emperour, there were punished with death. The Mes­salians or Euchites were called Valentiniani, because in his time they first appeared. Vigilantius and Iovinianus hereticks affirmed, that all sins were equall. The Sa­racens and Gothes turn Christians, but withall, Arians. Theodosius cals a Sy­nod at Constantinople, where Macedonius is condemned, and the Divinity of the 50 Holy Ghost asserted, then was the title of Patriarch first mentioned, and given to the four chief Bishops.

Gratian being dead, Theodosius chose his brother Valentinian the second, yet a child for his colleague. Iustina his mother supplyed his room, in his minority; she had a fair face, but a foul soul, infected with Arianism. Shee would have ex­pelled Ambrose out of Millan, but he resisted the souldiers that were sent into the [Page 89] Church to apprehend him, saying the Church was Gods House, not the Empe­rors. Maximus who had the charge of Britain, Gallia, and Germany, not con­tent with this share aimed at Valentinians also, wherefore having past the Alpes, he drove Valentinian out of Italy, who fled to Theodosius for help, the rather be­cause he had new marryed with Galla, the daughter of old Valentinian and Iusti­na; for he had buryed his former wife Placilla mother to Arcadius already created Augustus, and his brother Honorius. He resolves therefore by reason of this affinity with Valentinian, and the justnesse of this cause, to assist him. Andragathius Generall of Maximus his Forces, had fortified the passages of the Alpes, but hearing of Theodosius his preparation, forsakes the Alpes, and by a naval expedition, in­tends 10 to prevent the enemy; Theodosius unexpectedly passeth the Alpes now o­pen, falleth upon Aquileja, where Maximus thought himselfe secure, takes him, and kills him. Andragathius hearing that Maximus was slain, flings himself over­board into the Sea. So Valentinian recovered Italy and his Empire, and by the perswasion of Theodosius embraceth the Catholick Faith. Theodosius in his victo­ry shewed great elemency in sparing Symmachus and others of Maximus his faction. Victor Maximus his sonne Generall of the French Forces was now dead, whereupon Valentinian repaires thither, and governed Gallia about 5 yeares. Theodosius goeth to Rome, and there shuts up the Idol Temples, and reformes many abuses. Valentinian at last by Eugenius his Secretary, and Arbogastus the 20 Goth, Generall of his French Armies, was strangled at Vienna; because hee had casheered Arbogastus upon suspicion of treason. He told Valextinian to his face, that hee received no preferment from him, nor had hee power to casheer him; and so put himself out, and killed his Lord.

Arbogastus presuming on the souldiers favour raised a great Army, and de­clares Engenins Emperour, who unwillingly accepted it; knowing hee should bee Emperour but in Title. These two intended to re-establish Idolatry: but Theodosius hearing of these great preparations, betakes himselfe to his prayers, then marcheth with his small army against the enemy, carrying the Crosse for his standard. Arbetion with a part of the enemies Forces went over to him. In 30 the heat of the battell, a sudden whirlewinde fell upon the enemy, and beat the darts against themselves. Upon this the whole Army submitted to Theodo­sius, for whom the Heavens did fight. Eugenius fell flat at the Emperors feet, but was killed by the souldiers. Arbogastus killed himselfe. Theodosius returning victorious to Rome, declares his son Honorius Emperor, and appoints Stilico for his Tutor. He perceiving how unwilling the Romans were to leave their old I­dolatry, under which they had flourished 1200 yeares, seiseth upon all the re­venues that belonged to the Priests and to the Idols, and so Idolatry began to decay: and the poor in stead of Idols were relieved: yet Gentilism could not be as yet quite extirpated. 40

Whilest Theodosius was at Millan in a popular tumult, at Thessalonica, Vlde­ricus the Governour there was killed. Upon this the Emperor in anger sent thi­ther some Troopes to revenge his death, these killed about 7000 men. Ambrose Bishop of Millan, hearing of this, debarred Theodosius from the Communion, who publikely acknowledging his errour, shewed serious repentance, and made a a law that 30 dayes should intercede between the sentence and execution. For Theodosius though an excellent Prince, yet was oftentimes rash and rigid in pu­nishing, as may bee seene in the Antiochians whom he caused to bee plundered and inslaved, for breaking downe the statue of Placilla the Empresse. Yet was afterward pacified by Flavianus the Bishop, and so hee was recon­ciled 50 to the Byzantines for pulling downe the Jewes Synagogues, and by S. Ambrose perswaded to thrust them out of all Cities into the Suburbs. After this good Prince had reigned 16 years, he dyed at Millan, the 50, others say the 65 year of his age, and left the Empire to his two sons, his body was buryed at Constantinople.

The Goths not long before Theodosius chose them a King, Alaricus by 4365. A. C. 395 name, who persecuted the Christians. Afterward he embraced Arianism, in which [Page 90] the Goths continued 213 yeares. Theodosius subdued them; to whom they sub­mitted, but afterward chose Alaricus for their king. The Helvidians or Anti­dicomarianits lived about these times; then also ceased the Olympiads, and the Indictions were instituted. Isdigerdes persecutes the Christians in Persia. Gregory Nazianzen surrendred for peace sake his Bishoprick of Constantinople, to whom succeeded Nectarius who abolished private confession, upon an abuse offered by a Deacon to a Noble woman: a Synod was held at Constantinople, and another by Damasus at Rome.

After Theodosius, Arcadius succeeded in the East, Honorius in the West. These two were bred under Arsenius a Roman Deacon, whom Theodosius one day com­ing 10 into the schoole reproved, for suffering his sonnes to sit, whilest hee stood teaching them; therefore he made them stand up, and him set down, charging him to whip them when they deserved. This Arsenius might have had any preferment from his scholars, but hee refused all, and lived an Eremit. They had two Govern­ours in their minority; Arcadius had Ruffinus a Gaul and a wicked man; Honorius had Stilico: to Gildo was committed Africa. Ruffinus drew Alaricus the Goth in­to Greece, where he committed many outrages. Stilico marryed with Serena, the daughter of Theodosius his brother, of her he had a daughter Mary by name, whom he marryed with Honorius. Then sends Captain Gaina with an army to Arcadius, in whose presence they kill Ruffinus. So Stilico was rid of a corrivall. Gildo by defrau­ding 20 the souldiers of their pay, caused them to rebell, hoping thereby to be Emper­our. 4368. A. C. 398. But him also Stilico destroyed by the help of his brother Mascelzel, who hated Gildo his brother, for some wrongs received from him, therefore he overthrows him in a battell, and drives him to self-murther. Afterward Mascelzel by Stilico's trea­chery was drowned in the river.

The two Emperors having now got some breath after these tumults, in imi­tation of their Father, command all Idolatrous temples to be overthrown, and the gladiators to be abolished. Chrysostom was then sent for to be Bishop of Constan­tinople; who reproved Gaina to his face for aiming at the Empire; and en­deavouring to overthrow Eutropius who succeeded to Ruffinus in the Emperours 30 favour: Gainas conspiring with his countryman Tribigildus, began to make shew of a civill war. Tribigildus wastes many places in the provinces, against him Gai­nas is sent, who of purpose increaseth the feare, and labours with Arcadius to banish or put to death Eutropius for his own security. So Gainas a Goth and Arian is received within the City, desires to exercise publikely the Arian heresie, telling the Emperor that it did not stand with his honour, that he who was the Roman Generall should exercise his Religion without the wals. But Chry­sostome resisted him, telling him of his ingratefulnesse, and turbulent nature. But the Traitor intends to invade the city and Empire, wherefore under pretence of re­creating himself, removes into the countrey, carrying some Forces with him, and leaving some in the city to act for him. But whilest they thought to surprise the 40 city in the night, there appeared a guard about the Tower, as if they had been angels. For Arcadius not doubting of treachery, placed no guards in the city. But some ar­mour which he was conveying away being found, Gainas is proclaimed traitor, and all the Goths in the city, were by the inraged multitude murthered; even those 7000 that had taken sanctuary in the Temple. Then Travittas being made Generall, overthrew Gainas in a Sea fight, and drove him home into his owne country, whom at last the king of the Hunns overthrew in a battell, and then put him to death.

The Alani about this time made inroades upon the Empire. Stilico the Van­dall 50 got the good will both of the Roman and Barbarian souldiers. He kept se­cret correspondency with the enemies of the Empire, and endeavoured to set the two brothers Emperors at variance. He imployed Alaricus to seise upon Illyricum, and all this was to make his own son Eucherius Emperour. Hee imployed also his countreymen the Vandals, with the Alans, Sueves, Goths, and Huns against Gallia and Germany. The Vandals under Croscus their Generall did much havock in Gallia. Alaricus king of the Visi goths, or Western Goths, drove the Alans [Page 91] and Sueves with the Vandals thence into Spaine. Stilico's ambition was raised by the great victory he got over the Scythians, of which 200000 under their king Rhadagaisus break in upon Italy, having laid wast many townes by the way. Hee vowed the bloud of Christians for a sacrifice to his gods. But Stilico so shut him up within the barren hils of Fesulae, that they consumed away with the plague and famine, their king was laid in irons, and strangled, and they were sold by flocks like sheep, a crown then could buy a whole flock; but they dyed shortly after. In the mean while Arcadius dyeth, being 31 years old, having reigned 14 years alone, and 4378. A. C. 480. 13 with his Father. His Empresse Eudoxa dyed a little before, having a dead child in her womb. 10

In his time the Monkes who in Diocletian's persecution began, were increased to great numbers: they persecuted Theophilus Bishop of Alexandria, for deny­ing to God a humane shape, this Theophilus was an enemy to Chrysostome, because hee befriended the Monkes which he had excommunicated, for commending Ori­gens bookes. Chrysostome stood for Origen, whom Epiphanius Bishop of Salamis in Cyprus resisted condemning these bookes, which Methodius Bishop of Lycia, then of Tyrus, compared to the Syrenes for their many allegories. Epiphanius was reproved by the Monkes for condemning these bookes before a Councell was called, and so as he was returning home dyed by the way. Chrysostome for being too free in his speech, chiefly against Eudoxa the Emperesse, whom he calls Hero­dias, 20 inveighing bitterly against her and her statue which was erected neere the Church upon a marble pillar, at which the Stage players used to act. Hee thrust out also 13 Bishops; and reproved the Monkes for comming into cities; re­fusing to converse or eat with any of them. Hereupon hee is banished, but by the importunity of the people recalled again; yet could hee not refrain from inveighing against Eudoxa, which made Arcadius being uxorious banish him the second time, then he dyed on the borders of Armenia, a year before the death of Arcadius, two years before Rome was taken by Alaricus. But Pope Innocenti­us excommunicated the Emperour and the Eastern Churches for condemning of Chrysostome. 30

Arcadius left one sonne Theodosius behinde him, a child of 8 years, to the tuiti­on of Isdigerdes king of Persia, hopeing by this meanes that the Persians would forbeare to molest the kings pupill by incursions on his territories. He was a milde and religious Prince, well educated by his sister Pulcheria, who in his mino­rity ruled the Empire with great commendation. About this time a certain pa­ralytick Jew by baptism was recovered, and Marutha [...] Bishop in Mesopotamia by his prayers freed Isdigerdes from his continuall head-ach, and his sonne from the evill spirit with which he was possessed, so that the king was like to turn Chri­stian had not his Magi hindred him.

The same year that young Theodosius began his reign, Honorius understanding 40 of Stilico's treasons caused him to be put to death at Ravenna with his confederats. Stilico's daughter that was marryed to Honorius, is restored to her mother Sere­na. His sonne Eucherius is executed at Rome, and the wives and children of the Goths are by the inraged souldiers through all the townes of Italy murthered. The Goths to be revenged, assembled themselves in a body of 30000 under Ala­ricus, 4379. A. C. 409. who finding no justice from Honorius, by a secret command as hee said, marcheth toward Rome, without medling with any towns by the way; to hinder him: hee seised upon the harbour and stopt all provision. He laughed when hee heard the citizens would fight; saying: that thick hay is easyer cut then thin. In­nocentius caused all the Images to be stript of their ornaments and jewels, to make 50 up the summe of 5000 l. weight of gold, and 30000 of silver, to pay Ala­ricus, who upon receipt thereof, removed the siege. But Honorius refused to give hostages, and to ratifie the peace which the city had made with Alaricus, wherefore hee intercepted the souldiers which Honorius sent to guard the City.

Honorius continuing in his obstinacy sent for the Huns to assist him, and remitted to Constantine the Tyrant, all the Territories beyond the Alpes, then [Page 92] did the Britaines, Celtae, and A [...]morici recover their liberty, by expelling all the Roman Officers. Alaricus besiegeth Rome againe, and forceth the citizens to make Attalus their Governour Caesar, and to join their Forces with him against Honorius. But the Army of Attalus which hee sent to subdue Africa, was cut off by Heraclianus Governour there under Honorius. Alaricus would willingly have made peace with Honorius, and to that purpose sent divers Embassies, but Honorius had vowed the contrary. Attalus with a great Army drew neer Ra­venna where Honorius was, which so affrighted him, that hee profferred to make Attalus his colleague, which he refused, in a proud and scornfull way; whereupon Alaricus devested Attalus of all his honour, and princely ornaments, which hee 10 sent to Honorius, hoping thereby that hee would hearken to peace. But Sarus and Iovius the two great Commanders of Honorius his Armies, would not give way to any peace. Wherefore Alaricus by treason takes Rome, and sackes it; when the 4380. A. C. 310. newes thereof came to Honorius, that Rome was taken, he thought the messenger had spoke of his great Cock, which hee named Rome. Alaricus gave order that none should be slain who took Sanctuary: but he could not keep the souldiers from pillaging and burning. So great was the famine in Rome before it was betrayed, that the people desired a price might bee set upon mens flesh. Alaricus stayed not in the city above three days, for he feared lest Theodosius Honorius his brothers sonne, might be coming with his Eastern army, wherefore having wasted Italy, as 20 he was passing over into Sicily, dyed suddenly, to whom succeeded his kinsman A­taulphus.

This Ataulphus marryed with Placidia Honorius his sister, who by her allure­ments was perswaded to make peace, and goe into Spaine, that Honorius might suppresse the new upstart tyrants, which invaded the Empire, to wit, Constantine, Constans, Gerontius, Iovinus, Sebastian, Sarus, and others. Which was effected by the meanes of Constantius and Vulphilas his Generall. Constantine at Arela­tum is besieged, taken, and slain by Constantius: his sonne Constans is killed by Gerontius, and hee by his own souldiers: Iovinus also is slain. Attalus is carryed away with the Goths into Spaine, and being taken at Sea, had his head cut off. He­raclianus 30 with a great fleet entred upon Italy, but being beaten back as hee was landing, returnes to Carthage, where hee is slain by the souldier. About this time Constantius recovered Gallia from the Goths. Athaulphus for desiring to make peace with Honorius is killed in Spaine by his souldiers: and so was his successor Sugericus, for the same cause. After whom Mallia was elected by the Goths, to break the peace, which the two former kept; but he remembring the miseries, which the Goths formerly suffered for violating the peace, made a firm league with Hono­rius, gave him choise hostages, and sent him back his sister Placidia, who afterward marryed with Constantius that brave commander, and of him had Valentinian, af­terward Emperor. In the interim the Vandals and Suevi did continually war with the Goths, to the great advantage of the Romans. But the Burgundians being grie­vously 40 oppressed by Uptarus king of the Huns, resolve to serve Christ, and so having received baptism, they fall suddenly upon the Huns, and in one battell kill 30000 of them. Since which time they constantly maintained the Christian re­ligion.

In the East Baraanes the Persian, upon the instigation of his Magi persecuted the Christians, which Isdigerdas tolerated, and because Theodosius would not re­store those that fled to him, hee is threatned with war: but Ardaburius the Em­perors Generall defeated the Persian Armies, and slew 10000 of their prime soul­diers, which they called immortall, 100000 Saracens being suddenly taken with a panic fear, as they were flying from the Romans over Euphrates were drowned. 50 The news of this defeat was by Palladius in three dayes space brought from Meso­potamia to Constantinople. About this time Honorius dyed of an Hydropsie at Rome the 30 year of his Empire, and the 40 of his age. He had made Constantius 4393. A. C. 423. his sisters husband Co-Emperor, but he dyed 5 moneths after his inauguration. About these times lived Pelagius the great patron of free-will, Helvidius also, Audaeus and Benosus hereticks. From Atulphus the Spaniards reckon their kings, [Page 93] for before him Spain was possessed by Vandals, Alans, and Sueves. The French begin their Chronicles from Faramund their first king, and General of the Francks. Vasconia is so called from the Visigoths which drove out thence the Vandals, A­lans and Suoves into Spain, and 19 years after they drove the Vandals, thence in­to Africa, they also overthrew the Alans and Sueves, and reigned there about 386 yeares, untill they were destroyed by the Mores. Innocentius the first drove the Novatians out of Rome. The Britains being forsaken by the Romans, became a prey to the Scots and Picts; from whose oppressions that they might be delivered, they invited to their own destruction the Saxons or Angles out of Germany. The Gaules also shook off the Roman yoak, and called in the Francks, whilest Alari­cus 10 was raging in Italy. Palladius by Pope Celestine is sent into Scotland, to convert them from the Pelagian heresie. He was the first Bishop there, before him that Church was governed by Monks. About these times dyed S. Hierome in Bethlem 91 yeares old, and about 11 or 12 years after, S. Augustine in Hippo in the 76 year of his age, the 40 of his Bishoprick. The University of Bononia is insti­tuted by Theodosius.

CHAP. IV.

VPon the death of Honorius, Castinus Generall of the Army, advanceth Iohn the Secretary to the Empire; who sent Embassadours to Theodosius for his favour and approbation. But hee imprisons the Embassadours, and 4395. A. C. 425. sends Ardaburius the Praetor against him, whom Iohn neer Ravenna beset round. Which being known, Theodosius sends Valentinian the sonne of Placidia his Aunt, whom hee had made Caesar to recover the Western Empire. Asper the 30 sonne of Ardaburius was sent before, whom a shepheard in an unknown habit, con­ducted through a Lake into Ravenna. Ardaburius is set free, Iohn is subdued, and Castinus banished. So Valentinian by the consent of all Italy is made Emperor. Bonifacius and Aetius by Theodosius are allowed for his Generalls. But these two by their emulations, and Valentinian his negligence ruined all. Spain, Gallia, Bri­taine, and west Lybia are lost. Aetius instigated the Emperour against Boniface Go­vernour of Africa, who understanding of the danger he was in, and what was in­tended against him by Valentinian and Placidia, called in Guntharius and Genseri­cus kings of the Vandals then in Spain. These with fire and sword wast Africa, and 40 poyson it with Arlanism. But at last Boniface understanding that Aetius his letters, which he sent him were false concerning the Emperors intentions against him, would fain have thrust the Vandals out of Africa again, but could not, wherefore he comes to Rome, and in a set battell defeats Aetius, but shortly after hee dyed, and left 4402. A. C. 432. Afric to the Vandals, who besieged Hippo, in the 3 month of this siege S. Au­stin dyed.

After this Aetius is reconciled to the Emperours. Numidia is given to the Vandals and a peace concluded with them. Aetius forceth the Burgundians, and Litorius, the Goths then besieging Narbon, to hearken to peace. Theodosius his wife Athenais daughter of Leontius the Athenian Philosopher, was baptised, and 50 new named Eudoxia. Shee expressed some places of Scripture in Homer's verses, as Proba Falconia did before her in Virgil's. This Eudoxia had a daughter by Theodosius of her own name, who was marryed to Valentinian in Constan­tinople. Eudoxia the mother went the next yeare to Jerusalem, whence shee brought Peters chaines, in memory of which shee caused the first of August to be kept holy, which before was observed in honour of Augustus his victory over Antonius and Cleopatra. In the 30 yeare of Theodosius there were earthquakes [Page 94] which lasted many moneths together, overthrowing houses and townes, which pre­saged great commotions and changes in the State. In these earthquakes a certaine young man was suddenly taken up in the air, and let down again, who told the peo­ple, that they must all sing: Holy God, Holy and strong, Holy and Immortall, have mercy upon us. Hereupon they all sung Kyrie eleison, and the earthquake ceased. But the Empire began more and more to decline. For Theodosius let loose the rains to his covetous Funuchs.

The Goths first defeated Valentinians Army, took Litorius his Generall pri­soner, and forced the Emperour to sue for peace, and to surrender a part of Gallia. In the interim Gensericus possesseth himselfe of Carthage, the next year he cros­seth 10 over to Sicily, which he wasteth. Theodosius sent Forces thither, but to little purpose. Shortly after, that scourge of God Attila king of the Huns, wastes Thra­cia and Illyricum: takes in all Castles, and Cities, except Adrianopolis and He­raclea. So that Theodosius was fain to hire him to be gone, for 6000 lib. weight of gold, and a yearly tribute. But pretending not long after, that his tribute was not duly paid, he renews the war; and being confederate with Gensericus, he arms the Scythians, Ostrogoths, Sarmatians, Marcomans, Saxons, and divers other na­tions, making shew that he would drive the Goths out of Gallia, and makes the Goths beleeve, that he was the greatest enemy the Romans had. But Valentinian having discovered his cunning plot, unites himself to all the kings of Gallia, to Theo­doricus of the Goths, Gundericus of the Burgundions, Merovenus of the Francs, and 20 Sangibanus king of the Alans; all these under Aetius his Generall, he employeth a­gainst A [...]tila. In the large fields of Catalaunum or Chaalons the battel was fought, on both sides were slaine 162000, besides 90000 of the Gepidae and Francs, wh [...]ch before the great battell had killed each other in the night time. The Francs held with the Romans, the Gepidae with the Huns. Theodoricus king of the Goths, or of Spaine was killed by a fall from his horse, as hee was riding about his souldiers, animating them to fight. Attila after the battell durst not ven­ture out of his Camp. It's thonght hee had in his Army 500 thousand men. 30

Theodosius the second being 50 yeares old, dyed of a bruise which hee had by a 4420. A. C. 450. fall from his horse, he reigned 42 yeares after his father. In his time lived Pope Leo a great Champion against Eutyches Archimandrita or Abbot of Constanti­nople, who held but one nature in Christ. Him Flavianus the Bishop excommu­nicated, Eutyches appeares to Leo, who condemned his Colleague of temerity: and the heretick by the meanes of Chrysaphius the Eunuch got a Councell to be held at Ephesus, in which Dioscorus of Alexandria guarded by souldiers was presi­dent. Here Flavianus was condemned, and Eutyches absolved. The Bishops then present out of fear were fain to subscribe to Dioscorus. Flavianus was kickt out of the Councell by Dioscorus, and dyed three days after. It's said that Dioscorus troad on him after he was dead. This second Councell of Ephesus was called [...], or the 40 theevish Synod. After this Domnus of Antioch repenting that hee had voted with that impious Synod, incensed the Emperour against Dioscorus, to appease whose an­ger Chrysaphius made Anatolius Bishop of Constantinople, and removed Pulcheria from the Court, upon false surmises. But Theodosius upon better information ba­nisheth the Eunuch, recals his sister to the Court againe, and reproves his wife, who pretending a vow went to Jerusalem. But the death of Theodosius, and wars of Attalus hindred the full decision of this heresie till the third yeare of Martian.

Before this, in the 24 yeare of Theodosius the second, the first Councell of Ephe­sus 50 was held against Nestorius the Syrian Bishop of Constantinople, who held there were two persons in Christ. Against him Cyrill of Alexandria wrote, whose doctrine was received by the Church of Constantinople. Nestorius is banished be­yound Thebes in Egypt, where he dyed, his tongue being eat out with worms: this Ecclesiasticall broil raised by Nestorius was presaged by the murther done in the Church of Constantinople. Not long before; some slaves being threatned by their Masters, took sanctuary in the Church, from whence they were commanded to [Page 95] depart, but they having killed a Priest, and one more that resisted them, at last mur­thered one another. And not only was the Church infested with Nestorians and Eutychians, but with Pelagians also and Novatians, against whom divers Councels were assembled; and the Novatians by force of armes were forbid the exercise of Religion. The Jewes about this time were driven out of Alexandria, and those of Crete being deluded by a false Mos [...]s, who perswaded many of them to leape into the Sea, promising he would divide it for them, as the true Moses once did, were drowned, and the rest being wiser were converted.

The Goths being gone, Attila layeth siege to Aquileja, which hee took and o­verthrew, with Millan, Ticinum, and Vincentia: the Veneti or Heneti, a people 10 of Paphlagonia, seated neer the Hadriatic, for fear of Attila fled into those lit­tle Islands of the Sea, and laid the foundation of Venice. Pope Leo so pacified 4424. A. C. 454. Attila, that he went not further, but returned with his army into Gallia, where hee was defeated by Thursimundus, and so retreated into Scythia, where he dyed in his marriage bed: for though he had many wives, yet he would marry with Hil­dico a young maid and daughter of the King of Bactria, that night being infla­med with wine and Venus, he surrendred his bloudy soul, being choaked with bloud in his sleep which gushed out of his mouth in great aboundance. Not long after Valentinian was murthered by Maximus who was then a great man at Rome, and whose wife Valentinian had abused by sending her husbands ring to her 20 which he in sport pulled off from his finger, she thinking it had been her husbands pleasure to repair to the Court, went, where she was ravished by the Prince. To be revenged of this wrong, Maximus aleniates Valentinians affection from Aetius, as if hee aimed at the Empire. Whereupon Aetius who had done him so much good service, is by his command put to death; Valentinian (as one told him) had done better to have cut off his own right hand. Maximus causeth two of Aetius his 4425. A. C. 455. souldiers to kill him, which they did, and thus was his magick, lusts, and murther punished in Campus Martius the 30 year of his Empire. About this time the Sax­ons being called by the Britaines against the Scots, drove those they should have aided into Wales. The Acephali were the Eutychian spaune, who held that Christ was to be worshipped but in one nature, which was made up of the divinity and hu­manity. 30

Martianus succeeded to Theedosius, he was a Thracian by birth, and the Gene­rall of Theodosius his Army in Africa against Gensericus, and in Syria against the Persians. Pulcheria being now a Virgin of 50 years, advanced him to the Em­pire, and marryed with him conditionally, that he should make no use of her bed, for she meant to dye a Virgin. He had been taken heretofore a prisoner in Africa by Gensericus, to whom hee swore that if ever he were Emperor, he would hold perpetuall peace with the Vandals. For when he was sleeping among the rest of the captives in the field, Gensericus observed how an Eagle spread her wings o­ver 40 his face to keep him from the Sun, which he tooke as a presage of his fu­ture Empire. Therefore dismissed him, on the condition above said; which he observed, holding it unlawfull for a publick person to breake the Oath he made when he was a private man. That he might put an end to the quarrels of the Ma­cedonians, Arians, Nestorians, and Eutychians, which had now troubled the world 150 years, he cals a generall Councell at Chalcedon, in which he was present with 600 and 30 Bishops. Here Dioscorus of Alexandria was condemned; and it was de­termined, that in Christ remained the two natures without confusion, mutation, division or separation, united in one person.

The quarrell was no sooner ended, but upstarts another between the two Patri­archs of Rome and Constantinople about the primacy; Leo challenging the head­ship 50 over all Churches. The Councell gave to Constantinople an equall share with Rome. In the mean while Attila was wasting all the Westerne Empire. Earthquakes every where, and flashes of lightning in the air. Leo disliked the definition of the Councell, and impugned it with publick and private Epistles written to the Churches. Valentinian and Aetius being killed, the Barbarians without feare broke in on all sides upon the Empire. The Francs were now sub­ject [Page 96] to Merovius, after Feramundus and Clagio; they took possession of Paris, and the Isle of France. The Visigoths under Theodoricus were seated in Spain, whence they expulsed the Suevi. At Rome Maximus marryed with Eudoxia the daughter of Theodosius, and wife of Valentinian. Possessing both wife and Empire together by force of armes. But when foolishly hee had discovered to the Emperesse, that hee was the cause of Valentinians death; shee desiring to bee revenged, invited Gensericus out of Africa by private letters. Gensericus glad of this occasion, hastens to Rome with a great Fleet. Maximus being unprovided, thought to escape by flight, but his own souldiers stoned him to death. The Prin­ces flye away, the City is delivered to Gensericus, which the souldiers for 14 dayes 10 together spoil and plunder, carrying away the rich statues and ornaments thereof, with the plate which Titus brought from Jerusalem; this plate Bellisarius after­ward, having recovered Africa, sent to Constantinople, and by Iustinian it was remitted to Jerusalem: the City also in many places was fired; but consecrated places upon the intreaty of Leo were spared, much of the spoil was cast away by shipwrack, as they returned home.

The tyrant carryed with him to Africa Eudoxia with her two daughters, which shee bare to Valentinian, Placidia, and Galla, Eudocia, with many more Captives. Hee marryed Eudocia to his sonne Hunnericus; Placidia to Olybrius a Roman Senator. Others write that Gensericus to appease Martianus who was 20 moved for the losse Rome had suffered sent, to him Placidia with her mother; but before they came Martian was dead, and so Leo had them. Gallia now is di­vided among the Burgundians, Goths, and Francks. But on a sudden Avitus whom Maximus had made his Generall invaded the Empire of France, which he was forced to lay down again, and to accept of the Bishopwrick of Placentia. But thinking himself not safe there, returned into Gallia where he dyed of griefe. Him shortly after followed Martianus who dyed the 7 year of his Empire. He was a 4426. A. C. 456 peaceable and religious Prince.

Leo succeeded to Martianus, hee was a Thracian, and had beene a Tribune of the souldiers, he was the first Emperor that was crowned by a Patriarch. Anato­lius 30 was the Bishops name that crowned him. Hee maintained the Chalcedon Faith; and punished the Alexandrians for murthering Proterius their Bishop. He made Majorinus Generall of his Forces, and sent him to govern the West, which he did for 4 years, at last was killed by Ricimerus, whom hee had invited with his Army to expell the Alans out of Gallia. Leo made a league with the O­strogoths, who drove Hernacus the sonne of Attila into Scythia, and the Sueves out of Spaine. Ardaricus King of the Gepidae, a people among the Getae, the first who freed himselfe from the slavery of Attalus his sonnes, received Dacia from Leo. The Goths had Pannonia, a part of the Alans had the lower Maesia. After Majoranus, Severus reigned 3 yeares, under him Ricimer defeated the A­lans, 40 4431. A. C. 461. breaking in upon Italy, and killed Beurgus their King. By a Candle left burning in the Forum carelessely, Constantinople took fire, which could not be quenched in 4 dayes. Antioch, Gallia, and others parts were shaken with Earth­quakes, which occasioned Mamertus Bishop of Vienna to institute larger Litanies, which afterward were wont to be sung still the sixt week after Easter. Severus being killed by Ricimer the Goth Anthemius is sent to Italy by Leo, upon the intreaty of the Romans, his daughter Ricemer marryed, and so was quiet a while. 4445. A. C. 465. In the mean time Gensericus is defeated in a Sea fight. Leo's Fleet was 1000 and 100 ships; but shortly after, Basiliscus the brother of Verina Augusta, (whom Leo upon the recommendation of his two great Generalls Aspar and Ardabutius 50 both Arians, had made Admirall) treacherously lost this Fleet to the Vandals, Basiliscus being an Eutychian, and willing to please his two Patrons, that the Arian heresie might flourish. Ricemer also the Arian besiegeth his Father in law Anthemius in Rome, which hee took, and then murthered him, having reigned 5 yeares; but hee shortly after dyed, to whom succeeded Anicius Olybrius, who 4452. A. C. 472. dyed 4 months after. Then did Leo upon the importunity of Aspar, create his sonne Caesar, at which the peope repined, that an Arian should reign over them. [Page 97] but not long after Leo finding Aspars treachery, commanded both him and his two sons to be slain and bequeathed by will, the Empire to his Grandchilde by Ariadna his daughter.

To Olybrius succeeded Glycerius at Ravenna; he bribed the Goths to keep out of Italy, and so did Leo to keep them off from Greece. Who shortly after dyed of a loosenesse, having reigned 17 yeares. Hee named Iulius Nepos for the western Empire, who comming to Italy by Sea, removed Glycerius after he had reigned 5 yeares, and made him a Bishop in Dalmatia. In Leo's time Childericus King of the Francs, was banished by the people (for his insolency) into Thuringia, and by them Aegidius a Roman Commander is chosen: but 8 years after Childe­ricus 10 returnes, and is received again, whose reign afterward was more moderate. The name of France was given to all that part which Merovnus held. About this time dyed Pope Leo, to whom succeeded Hilaricus. And at Constantinople to Genandius succeeded Acacius. Studius a Consular man set up an order of watch­ing Monkes who were to sing divine Service, and to watch by turnes night and day: in Constantinople. There a certain painter represented Christ in the form of Iupiter, whereupon his hand withered. Vesuvius brake out into great flames, with the ashes whereof many countreys were covered: in memory of which, an annuall solemnity was ordained to bee kept at Constantinople. Euty­ches and Dioscorus refusing to stand to the decrees of the Councell of Chalcedon, 20 divided themselves into divers sects; the two chiefe were the Iacobites, so called from Iacob the Syrian, and the Haesitantes or Diacrinomeni, which doubted whether or not they should receive the said Synod. The Rogation solemnity was then instituted by Mamercus Bishop of Vienna: In which the time was spent in fasting, praying, singing, and weeping, it was occasioned by the Earthquakes of Vienna, and the irruption of Wolves and other wild Beasts into the City, which destoyed many people: then did Rabbi Ionathan perfect the Thalmud of Jerusalem.

Leo's Nephew being dead in his infancy, deformed Zeno Leo's son in law, a Cilician of obscure parentage, and father to the foresaid Infant, succeeds in the 30 Eastern Empire, and Nepos in the Western, whom Orestes drove into Dalma­tia, as Nepos had done Glycerius before. Nepos his sonne called Momyllus, is made Augustus, and for his small stature is named Augustulus. But hee shortly after is banished by Odoacer King of the Heruli, who being called in by the friends of Nepos, overrun all Italy, slew Orestes at Placentia, and took Rome; which is now the 4 time it is taken. 1. By the Gaules. 2. By the Goths in the time of Hono­rius. 3. By the Vandals in Martians time. 4. Now by the Heruli. And 5. it was afterward taken by Attila. In the reigne of Iustinian, as wee shall see, Odoacer named himselfe King of Italy, abolished the Consular dignity, transferred the seat of his Kingdome to Ravenna, and so that glorious Em­pire 40 which began in Augustus ended in Augustulus, 522 years since Augustus Caesar.

In the East Basiliscus brother to Verina the Emperesse, made war against Zeno, A. C. 476▪ shee animating her brother against her son in law, Zeno being a coward, fled with his wife Ariadne to Isauri neer mount Taurus in Cilicia, where hee was born; there he lived one year and 8 moneths. In the meane time Basiliscus as bad as Zeno, advanced the Eutychian heresie, and forced Acacius to side with him a­gainst the Councell of Chalcedon. But within two yeares his Army under Har­matus fell off to Zeno, against whom they were sent, and brought him back to Constantinople, who sent away Basiliscus with his wife and children to a Castle 50 in Cappadocia, where they perished with famine. In Basiliscus his time, the Li­brary of Byzantium took fire, in which 120000 bookes were burned. Zeno be­ing nothing bettered by these troubles, names for Caesar Basiliscus sonne to Har­matus the traitor; hee first kills Hermatus the father, not daring to trust him who betrayed his Master, then after hee had named his sonne Caesar, according to his promise, hee makes him a Clergy man. Zeno's sonne dyed, before hee attained the Empire. And he himself being one day dead drunk fell down speechlesse, his [Page 98] wife Ariadne buryeth him before he was quite dead, no man offering to help him, though he groned lamentably, and so dyed having reigned 17 years. 532 yeares after Iul. Caesars death.

Two years before Zeno dyed, Theodoricus the sonne of Amalus King of the Ostrogoths, having overrun Thracia and Maesia, threatens Constantinople. Zeno a better flatterer then a souldier, invites his enemy into the City, made him Consul, and bestowed divers honours on him; and at last perswaded him to goe against Odoacer in Italy. Theodoricus an active Prince was easily perswa­ded to this, being troubled that Italy the mistresse of the World should bee subject to the obscure Nation of the Heruli, and finding that Odoacer having 10 subdued Phaebas Prince of the Rugi upon the Baltick sea (whose seats were now possessed by the Longobarbs) was secure at this time; hastens into Italy, and defeates him at the bridge Sotius, then gives him a second overthrow neer Verona, whence he was called Veronensis. In the third encounter hee drives 4460. A. C. 490. him within Ravenna, who having made a sally upon Theodoricus in the night, was beat back again; a part of the Army was left to besiege the towne, with the rest Theodoricus marcheth about Italy, makes peace with Hunericus King of the Vandals in Africa, and frees Sicily from their oppression. This Hu­nericus worse then Gensericus his father, upon the instigation of the Arians, banished and slew 400000 Catholicks. Hee cut out some of the Preachers 20 tongues: and at last hee fell so madde that hee tore and bit his owne flesh, so that hee dyed miserably, his body being putrefied, and eat up with ver­mine the 8 yeare of his reigne. Odoacer after hee had beene besieged three yeares in Ravenna, was slaine by Theodoricus, who having recovered Italy, recommended the care of Rome to the Senat, and made Ravenna the seat of his Kingdome. But being an Arian hee imprisoned Pope Iohn, till hee dyed there, for not permitting the Arians to have Churches. Hee imprisoned at Ticinum two Senators, Symmachus and his sonne in law Boetius; then seised upon their estates, and slew them. Not long after, at supper, as hee was looking on the head of a fish; hee thought hee saw Symmachus with 30 fiery eyes gaping on him, which put him into such a shaking, that he was car­ryed away to his bed and dyed. This Symmachus was not hee that in the time of Theodosius wrote against the Christians.

About Zeno's time the South-Saxons erected their Kingdome in England 32 yeares after their arrivall. The Jewes at Tiberias by the help of Rabbi Ben Aser, and R. Ben. Nepthali found out those Hebrew pricks which we use at this day in stead of vowels and accents, which are read in some words otherwayes by the Eastern Jewes about Babylon, then by the Western. Enricus King of Spain was the first there, that gave lawes to the Goths in writing. Pope Gelasius compiled the Canon of the Masse, and the Collects or short Church-prayers. Clodovens the 40 first Christian King of France is baptized by Remigius Archbishop of Rhemes, who gave him the name of Ludovicus. The holy Oil was then (if we may be­leeve it) brought by a Dove from Heaven, with which he was, and his successours are at this day anointed.

CHAP. V.

ZEno being starved in his tombe, for want of food eat up his own flesh, A­riadna his wife not suffering any to help him; advanceth to the Empire Anastasius, with whom 'tis thought shee was too familiar in her former 4461. A. C. 491. husbands time; therefore now makes hast to marry him. Hee was before but a Court Scribe or Secretary, called Silentiarius, for Secretaries should be silent, he [Page 99] was nick named Dicorus because the apple of his eyes were of two colours. Euphe­mius Patriarch of Constantinople, refused to crown him, till he had subscribed to the councell of Chalcedon: which in policy he did, shewing great justice in the beginning of his reign; in abrogating those acts by which taxes were raised by un­lawfull wayes, as of publick stewes, and such like; he banished all informers from the city; and would suffer no offices to bee bought and sold. He banished Longinus, Zeno's brother, for aspiring to the Empire, at last slew him for arm­ing the Isauri against him. Hee forced the Arabians who had overrun Meso­potamia and Palestina, to make peace with him. He took Amida from Cabades the Persian King. Whom his subjects imprisoned for making it lawfull that 10 wives should be common. But his wife got him to be dismissed by prostituting her body to the Goal Keeper. He shortly after recovered his power, and became a good friend to the Christians. But killed his brother who had reigned 2 years.

Anastasius being setled in the Empire, began to shew himselfe in his true colours being disguised before. He demands back his hand-writing, by which hee had promised never to molest the Orthodox professours. He banisheth Euphemius, and sets up Macedonius in his place, from whom violently hee extorted his hand­writing, and then banished him, advancing Timotheus his flatterer, and Pander. Hee banished also the chief of the Orthodox Clergy. He built a wall 280 fur­longs distant from Constantinople, to keep off the barbarous incursions of the In­habitants 20 about Pontus, Colchis and Maeotis. But he could not keep out Vitalianus the Thracian with his Mysians and Scythians from plundering the countrey all a­bout Byzantium; who also beset the City with a Fleet of Ships. But Anastasius sent Martinus captain of his guard with an army against him, and by burning glasses, which Proclus the Mathematician had made, set all the enemies ships on fire: yet he was fain to begge for peace, which was granted conditionally, that the Orthodox Bishops which Anastasius banished, be recalled home; and that a Synod bee cal­led. Which was assented to, and Vitalianus is made muster master of Thracia, and rewarded with a great summe of gold. Pope Hormisdas sent to Anastasius about this Synod, but upon some discontents, or miscarriage of the Legats, they 30 were sent privately away, with command not to return any more into Greece. So little hope there was of a Synod. Flavianus Bishop of Antioch was assaulted by the Eutychian Monks, because he would not abjure the Councell of Chalcedon, but the townsmen fell upon the Monks, killed many of them, and drove many into the ri­ver Orontes, where they were drowned. Hereupon Flavianus is banished againe, and the Eutychian Severus set in his chair, who being incensed against the Monks of Syria for aiding Flavianus, he slew 300 of them, and would not suffer them to be buryed. Anastasius adding to the hymne of the Trinity these words, who was cru­cified for us; as if he meant, that the deity was crucified, occasioned such a tumult in the people, that he could scarse appease them, though he layed down his crown be­fore 40 them.

In the second year of Anastasius, Odoacer was killed by Theodoricus, who was 4463. A. C. 493. King of Italy 33 yeares; he repaired the decayes of Rome, and was bountifull to the people. Clodoveus then King of France, partly by the instigation of his wife, a Burgundian, and partly because of his vow which he made, became a Chri­stian, for he vowed so to be, if he obtained the victory over the Alemans, which hee had. He overcame also Gundebaldus of Burgundy, and Theodoricus the Goth King of Aquitania, so having inlarged the bounds of France, he set up his Court at Paris, he was angry with Anastasius for diverting the Bulgarians, (a people unheard of till now) from Illyricum, and Thracia, where they were seating them­selves, 50 and sent them into the Western Provinces. These Theodoricus overthrew, and added Syrmium with Pannonia to his Dominion. Anastasius made Clodo­veus a Patrician, and named him Augustus, whence great jealousies arose between Clodoveus and Theodoricus, and then wars in which 30000 Francks were killed by the Goths. Pope Anastasius being dead, a bloudy quarrell arose at Rome, about the election of a new Pope; some stood for Symmachus; some for Lau­rentius. The quarrell lasted 3 yeares, till Thedoricus ended it, who assigned the [Page 100] honour to Symmachus that was first nominated. About this time the Catholicks in Africa were set at liberty by Gundamundus the Vandall, but they were banished afterward by Thrasamundus. One Olympius as he was blaspheming the Trinity, was visibly burned by a fire dart from heaven. Theodoricus the Arian killed one Diaco­nus whom hee loved well, because he became an Arian for the Kings sake, saying: He that will not be faithfull to God, will never be faithfull to the King: for he hated those that changed their religion. Severus the Eutychian Bishop of Antioch would have converted Alamundarus the Saracen king to Eutychianism. The King fained himself to be sad for the death of Michael the Archangel: the Bishops told him an Angel could not dye, to whom he replyed: How then could Christ dye, if 10 4488. A. C. 518. he was only God? and so stopped the Eutychians mouths.

Anastasius having lived 88 yeares, and reigned 27. was struck dead with thunder. In his time the Acephali or headlesse hereticks, having no Bishops to patronise them, divided themselves into many sects: to wit, Trithaits, Agonets, Theopa­schites, Jacobites, Armenians, &c. A people of Persia called Immeres, who had been Jews, after Salomon had visited their Queen, but turned again to Gentilism, sent to Anastasius for a Bishop, and so embraced Christianity. Alamundarus also the Saracen Prince was baptized. The Babylonian Thalmud was now finished by the Rabbies, about 100 yeares after the Thalmud of Jerusalem, and 29. years af­ter, the invention of the Hebrew pricks. The feast of Michael the Archangel is 20 instituted. Anastasius dreamed before he dyed that 14 years of his life should be cut off, for his heresie; he was forewarned also that he should dye by thunder. His statues and his wifes are dragged through the streets of Byzantium by the inraged people.

Iustinus a Thracian born, of a Sow-herd became Emperor, by bribing the soul­diers. For Amantius the Eunuch and great Chamberlain to Anastasius, had given to Iustinus a large donative to be distributed among these souldiers, who did vote for his friend Theocritus whom he meant to make Emperour, Iustinus preferred himselfe, and so got the souldiers to vote for him. Amantius being thus delu­ded conspired with Andrew the Chamberlain, and Theocritus against Iustinus, but the plot being discovered, they were all three slain. Amantius had dreamed a 30 little before this, that he was devoured by a great hogge. Iustin to shew his zeale 4889. A. C. 519. to the Councell of Chalcedon, called his wife Dupicina by the name of Euphe­mia the martyr, in whose church that Councell was held. He recall'd the Catho­licks from banishment, exiled the Arians and Eutychians, thrust Severus from his Bishoprick of Antioch, and condemned him to lose his blasphemous tongue. Vita­lianus muster-master under Anastasius, and very intimate with Iustin was (as its thought) by his command murthered in the palace. In whose place Iustinian his si­sters son was chosen.

Cabades the Persian king having wars with Iustin, he hired for gold Zeliobes King of the Huns, to assist him. Who being invited by the Persian for a greater 40 summe forsook Iustin, and assisted the Persian. Iustin by his letters acquainted Ca­bades how this dishonest King had served him, who could not deny, but hee had received the money, whereat Cabades being incensed slew him, and many more of the Huns with him, which had not escaped by flight; (there were 20000 of them) and peace was made with Iustin for his sincerity, which lasted not long: for Tsathius King of the Lazors or Colchi revolting from the Persian, came to Iu­stin, receives the Christian religion and is baptized, therefore hee is called King by Iustin, and is sent back to Colchis, which then was subject to the Persian. This caused a quarrell; the Colchi and Huns join with Iustin against the Persians. But Cabades being aged and sickly, desired his sonne Cosroes might bee adopted by Iu­stin; 50 which had beene done, but that he was by Proclus his Treasurer disswaded, as being dangerous both to himselfe, and to Iustinian. Upon this the quarrell grew greater; and now not only is Cabades Iustins enemy, for advancing Tsathius, but Theodoricus Veronensis also, for persecuting the Arians. Pope Iohn the first successour to Hormisdas with Boetius and Symmachus, came to intreat Iustin, that hee would not bee too rigid against the Arians, lest Theodoricus should use the same rigour in his Dominions against the Catholicks. These Embassadours were honourably entertained, and great joy there was to see a Pope in Constantinople, [Page 101] who because he was above the Patriarch, Iustin would bee crowned by him; hee was the first Emperour that was crowned by the Pope; Theodoricus hearing of this was inraged, thinking these Embassadours had plotted with Iustin, against him, and his Western Dominion, therefore he starved Iohn in pri­son, and slew the other two (as was said) with their followers; he dyed shortly after 4496. A. C. 520. himself.