CHAP. I. Of the true Character of a compleat Enginier.

AS the blessed successe of an Army depends (after the favour of God) upon the election of a wise and va­liant Generall; so doth the sufficiency of the works of a Garison depend upon the choice of a skilfull Enginier. And the want of this choice hath been hitherto the essentiall cause, that sew or none of our Garisons have been fortified, as they ought to be; and why divers of them have been lost in eight and fourty hours. Therfore to prevent this evil for the future, I intend, in the first place, to speak of the qua­lities required in a good Enginier, That the Committees of our Garisons, to whom this choise appertaineth, may be informed of them, to the end, they may hereafter be more circumspect in their election.

1. He is to be religious; forEccles. 2 15. the fear of the Lord is the begin­ing of wisdom.

2. He is to be a souldier; for none can better judge of the suffi­ciency or insufficiency of Fortifications, then they that have learn­ed from their youth to defend, and to take them.

3. He is to be a traveller; for he that hath not seen variety of works, and the excellency of forreign Fortifications, cannot perceive the defects of ours, nor give directions to rectifie them.

4. He is to be well versed in the Arithmetike for his calculati­ons; in the Geometry, for the setting out of all superficies; in the Architecture, for to direct all manner of artificers; and in the o­ther [Page 2]parts of the Mathematikes, for the taking of distances depths, and elevations, and for the inventing and the contriving of all manner of Engines and machines of warre.

5. He is to be wise in all his proceedings, punctuall in all his promises, carefull and diligent in his calling, and rather enclined to austerity then lenity, or otherwise he will never be respected, served or obeyed.

6. He is to be of a solid judgement, and quick of apprehension, to judge aright of the defects and advantages of places, of raising grounds, or hollows that may endanger, or command a place committed to his trust, and what kinde of method of Fortificati­on is most convenient for it; and which method, among the rest, requires lesse men to man the works; or to judge of the weakest places of a Garison, if he be desired by his Generall to goe with him to besiege a Town, advising him where he is to begin his ap­proaches, plant his batteries, where he is to erect his bridges, if there be a river running of one side, or in the midst of the Town, and how the line of communication is to be drawn to secure his bridges; and what redoubts or flankers are required to fortifie his Camp. He is not to give account of his actions to any, but to the Generall, or to the lieutenant Generall of the Ordnance; if he be in an Army, or in a Garison, only to the grand Committee, and to the Governour; and as for all other kinde of men, inhabi­tants, souldiers or officers; he is not bound to expostulate the case, if they demand of him reasons for any thing he directs or com­mands to be done; neither ought he, if he regards his reputation, and makes conscience of his ways, to comply (when he is called to a Councel of war, or before a full or whole Committee) with the humour of the greatest in authority, or be led to assent to any reso­lution, that is against the maxims of his Art, by the Logical and So­phisticall reasons and arguments of Scholars or Church-men; for some of them are now a dayes over-busie in things that go beyond their element, and endeavour to over-sway Artists by rhetorike, con­sidering not that their reasons are no reasons at all to the reasons of art. And this last quality is the essentiall part of a good Enginier; for all the other are but to small purpose without this.

CHAP. II. Of the Antiquity of the Art of Fortification.

THe antiquity of this Art may be derived from the time of Nimrod Gen. 11.4, 9. , for the Tower of Babel was an admirable stru­cture, or Fortification, & from that time it came to a higher degree of perfection in the dayes of Ninus and Semiramis his Queen, that erected the incomparable Rampiers, and unparallel'd Tow­ers, that did begirt the great City of Babylon, that were of such an incredible strength, height and breadth, thatSee S Walter Rawley Histor. Cyrus when he besieged the same, durst not attempt to assail it on the Land side, but was enforced to drain the great river of Euphrates, into small chanels by the irksome and indefatigable labour of his great Army, and so entred the same the very night that KingDan. 5.3. Belshaz­zar was carousing with his Princes, wives and Concubines. We read also thatSee Titus Li­vius in his De­cade. 1. Vejente was so strongly fortified, in the second cen­tury of years after the foundation of Rome, that the Romans could not have reduced the same in ten years siege, if Furius Ca­millus their Generall had not invented, at the later end of the tenth year, the Art of mining, by which means he took the same, by breaking in the middle of the City with his mine, while a ge­nerall assault was given by his Army, to draw all the souldiers and inhabitants of the City to man and defend their Rampiers.See S Walter Rawley in his history of the world. Tyrus also was so strongly fortified in Alexander the greats dayes, that his Army durst never assail their works on the Land side, but were enforced after three years siege to erect a Mole, o­ver a bay of the sea, of an incredible structure, whereby it was re­duced, because the sea-side was not fortified. Syracuse also was so admirably fortified, thatSee Plutarch in Marce lus life. Marcellus, a rare and valiant Ge­nerall of the Romans with a great Army could not reduce the same in two years siege, and had never taken it, if Archimedes, the rarest Enginier and Mathemaetician that ever was, had not preferred the compleating of a Geometrical demonstration before his own life, and the preservation of his Countrey.See Plutarch in his life. Demetri­us also king of Macedonia, with a great Army, and all his ad­mirable Machines of warre, could never make a sufficient breach in the Rampiers of Rhodes, but was enforced to raise his siege [Page 4]from before it, because of the impregnable Fortifications of it, but it flourished specially, and attained to the highest degree of perfection, that ever it was before: and since that time inSee Caesars Comment. and Ioseplus histo­rie. Casar and Titus daies, as it will appear in the next Chapter, when I shall come to speak of the siege of Alexie in France, and of Jerusalem. Therefore I doe not a little wonder, that a Gentleman so well read in Histories as M^r Ward was, should disagree from the opi­nion of the greatest Commanders that have lived in our dayes, by maintaining, as he doth in his [...]e from p. 50 to 60. Animadversions of war, that we excel, in this Age, the Ancient in the Art of Fortification and assailing. But this errour proceeds by the comparison he makes between the Fortifications that were erected in Christendome, some century of years after the Goths and Vandals, that had over­runne the greater part of it, and by their barbarous disposition, had destroyed all the ancient monuments, and over-cast by their burning of all books of Sciences, a cloud of ignorance over all the face of Christendom: and therefore to make good his opinion, he should have taken his comparisons from the flourishing times of the Greeks and Romans, as I will shew in another place.

CHAP. III. Of the Nations that have excelled, and doe excell at this present time, all other Nations in the Art of Fortification.

IT is certain that the Caldeans, Jews, Greekes, and Romans have anciently excelled all other Nations in the art of Fortifi­cation and assailing: And that the Italians, the French and the Hollanders, do at this day excell all others in these Arts. M. Ward in his Animadversions of warre, is pleased to give the precedency to the Hollanders; yet I know no reason for it, except it be to ho­nour that Nation, where he exercised his Militia. For if the Hollanders excell these two former Nations in their out-guards, they do as much excell them in their inward works; and all En­giniers know, that the inward works are the essentiall parts of [Page 5]the Art of Fortification. And yet of late years S^r Anthony de Ville, and Honorat de Meynier, two of the last French Kings En­giniers, have gotten in my opinion the start of the Hollanders, for out-works, and avant-guards also. Notwithstanding they have the most convenient soil for such works, of any Nation in Christendom, because twenty Pioneersin Holland, will do more work in one day, then threescore can do here in England, France, or Italy in two dayes, for the evennesse of their soil, the tender­nesse of their ground, and their plenty of turff. But if the prece­dency in these Arts belong to any of these three Nations, it ap­pertains really to the Italians, for John Baptist Zanche, Castriot Durbin, Francis Montemeillino, Lorini Florentine, and Peter Sardi a Roman, and divers other Italian Enginiers, some of which comming with the Duke of Parma into the Low-Coun­tries, infused in the French and the Hollanders, what they know of these Arts, for they were the first that revived and adorned them, after they had been buried for divers centuries of years, in the grave of oblivion, by the inhumanity of the Goths and Van­dals. I do not here place the Spaniards and Germans, to stand in competition with these three Nations, because the greater part of the best Fortifications in Germany and Spain, have been lined out and surveyed by Italian Enginiers. Now, whether our mo­dern Fortifications do excell the Fortifications of the ancient Caldeans, Jewes, Greeks and Romans, it cannot be decided, be­cause theirs are destroyed, and ours extant; except we refer our selves to the testimony of the ancient Historians: which, if we do, M. Wards position, spoken of in the last Chapter, is absolute­ly overthrown. For although I have seen in my travels, the greater part of the rarest and strongest holds in Christendom, yet I must ingenuously confesse, that I have seen none to be compa­red to the Towers and Rampiers of Babylon, to the Fortifi­cations of Ʋejente, Syracuse, Tyrus, and Rhodes, but especi­ally, to the Cittadel of Antonia, and the three Towers, and the Rampiers, that Herod the great built in Jerusalem, in comme­moration of his wife, brother and intimate friend. And as for the Art of assailing, that goeth hand in hand with the Art of Fortification, as two inseparable Twins or Companions; all ju­dicious men know, that as the one increaseth in degrees of per­fection, [Page 6]so doth the other, because if new inventions be found to fortifie places, more sufficiently then one could formerly, the ingenious spirits of great Commanders have no rest, till they have found new waies of assailing to reduce them. For instance, the invention of bastions and motes of fourscore, or of a hundred foot broad, and thirty foot deep, full of water, was no sooner found out, but Gerard a French Enginier, that was in the service of the Prince of Orange, found the invention of our Gal­leries, whereby these large and deep motes may be passed with­out danger, and mines made to blow up the bastions. Whereby we may conclude, that if the ancient did excell us in the Art of Fortification, they did also go beyond us in the art of assailing. Now to prove that they did excell us in them both; we are, 1. To examine what modern Fortifications are extant, that may be compared to the ancient Fortifications before cited. 2. In which of all our modern sieges, there hath been more art and industry shown, then at the siege of Alexie, and of that of Jerusalem? But because this point may more properly be decided, when we shall have occasion to speak of the art of assailing; I will passe it over at this time, to examine another position of M. Ward, that maintains, our Ordnance to be more powerfull then the great Machines of war of the ancients; and upon this in­fers, that of necessity our Fortifications must be stronger then theirs were, because some of ours can hold out against the thun­der of our roaring Cannons. Mistake me not, I do not speak of the Fortifications of this Kingdom, for I knew never a Garison of ours, whose works are only of Cannon-proof, but of the best forreign Fortifications. I acknowledge that the great Machines of war of the ancient where more combersome to mannage then our Cannons are; but that our Cannons be more powerfull then they were, it doth not appear to be so by the testimony of the ancient Historians. For the great Rams of the Romans, made great and sufficient breaches to come to an assault, in the strong Rampiers and Towers of the Cittadell of Antonia, and in Herods Towers, that were built, saith Josephus, of bard free-stones of an in­credible thicknes; against which, a battery of six of our Cannons could not have moved one of them. And in liew of our muskets, they had ballisters that were more powerfull, wher with they kept [Page 7]the defendants in such awe, that they durst not peep out thorow the port-holes of their battlements. It is therefore most certain, that the ancient Greeks and Romans, have not only excelled us, in the Art of Fortification and assailing, but also in divers other Arts; as in the Art of graving, of painting, of sculpture, of ar­chitecture, and in all the parts of the Mathematikes, and in the very art of warre. And as for the power of their Machines and ballisters, it was also greater then that of our Cannons, and of our musket-shot; only they were, as I have said before, more combersome, because their great Rams required two hundred men to mannage them, and their ballisters four or six men: and six Cannoniers with their six mates, and four and twenty ma­troses, will mannage six Cannons mounted upon a plat-forme, and every one of our souldiers can mannage a musket; and not­withstanding this advantage, they excelled us in the art of warre.

CHAP. IIII. Of the true use of the Art of Fortification.

THis Art was invented at the first, to preserve a handfull of men against the oppression and cruelty of a multitude; for ac­cording to the rules of it, a Garison Town is not sufficiently for­tified, except one hundred men within it, can oppose a thousand assailants without; and a thousand, ten thousand, that is, one de­fendant against ten assailants; but it is with this caution, that the place besieged be provided with a competent number of men, ordnance, ammunition, arms, victuals, and a Magazine furnish­ed with all manner of fire-works, morter-pieces, engines of warre, ladders, and pioneers tools; for if any of these necessaries be wanting, this Garison will not subsist against a lesser number, then is here spoken of. But the Committees and Governours of our Garisons, are for the greater part so carelesse of these things, that few or none of our Garisons are provided of victuals for a moneth, and of ammunitions, arms, fire-works, ladders, and pioneers-tools, so sleightly, that the first assault would deprive [Page 8]them of all their store: nay, I have been in a Garison so ill provi­ded, that in their timber-yard, there was not so much good tim­ber, as to make a draw-bridge, nor a ladder, nor barrows to be had, when occasion did require to use them, but was enforced to stay while they were made. Now how such a Garison could subsist against an active army, if it were besieged, I leave it to the judicious Reader to judge of it. But our enemies are more provident, witnesse the long resistance of Basing, of La­tham-house, of Carlile, of Skipton, and Scarborrow-Castle, and now of Chester.

2. It was invented to preserve a small Army in the field, against a great and powerfull army, or of an army against three armies. AsSee Caesar Comment. of the warre of Africa. Caesar did preserve himself, and the small army he had with him in Africa, against the three powerfull armies of King Juba, of Scipio, and of Labienus; and by his great experience in this Art, did overthrow them all, more by the spade and pickax, then by his sword. And one of the main secondary causes of the spining out of this unnaturall warre, hath been, that our Commanders in chief have neglected to make use of this noble Art, that Caesar himself did not disdeign to practise; for he often lined out the intrenchments of his own Camp, and would draw upon paper the models of the Forts, or Engines of warre, that he would have his Enginiers to set out, and have made. And for the ere­cting of bridges overSee Caesar Commentary in the warres of Gaul Rivers, and raising of high mounts and plat-forms to place high wooden Towers, and his Machines of warre, he excelled all his Enginiers, as may be seen in his Com­mentaries, by the strong and stately bridge that he erected over the Rhine, when he past over into Germany, which bridge he fortified with four Forts, and rare intrenchments, to secure his return into France, leaving for the defence of them one of his Legions, and for the raising of incredible Towers, Mounts and Plat-forms, and for the setting out of an intrenched Camp, with a double line of Communication, I will referre the Reader, be­cause I shall have occasion to speak of it in another place, to the siege of Alexie in France, where we may see his admirable in­dustry and skill in this Art. But we have shamefully been infor­ced sundry times to raise our sieges for want of an intrenched Camp, as at Newark, Dudley Castle, Pomfret-Castle, Banbury-Castle, [Page 9]and Dennington-Castle, and in all these by an handfull of men; whereas if we had be [...] in an intrenched Camp, an Army six times as great could not have forced us to a retreat. Therefore to besiege Towns or Castles of any moment, without an intrenched Camp, except we come to a generall and furious storme, the next day after our Army hath faced the same, it is properly to spin out this war wittingly; and for to receive rather an affront, then to obtaine a victorie, or honour and reputation.

3. It was invented to erect strong holds upon the Frontiers of a State or Kingdome, to prevent the incursions of a forraine Enemy, that might with a great Army, come like a roaring floud, that throwes downe all the river banks, into the verie heart of a Kingdome, without opposition, and by meere activitie conquer the same; as the Duke D'Alva conquered for the King of Spain, as unjustly as suddenly, the Kingdome ofSee the Hi­storie of Spain in Ferdinand and Isabels Raigne. Navar, under pretext to passe thorow that Kingdome, to go against the French King, then in Languedock. And the essentiall cause of this great losse came by the negligence of the King of Navar, that had not provi­ded, as he should have done, with men, Ammunition, and victu­alls, his Frontier Garrison Townes.

4. It was invented to preserve mens habitations, and the Sub­urbs of Corporations, and not for to burne, or pull them downe, as many of our Enginiers have done in these dayes, to their shame and guilt of conscience. For if an Enginier, to comply with those in authoritie, or with the selfe-conceited men of a Garri­son, assent to pull downe Suburbs, or small Hamlets that are joy­ned to their Corporations, except they are suddenly and certainly in danger of a Siege, it argues that hee is either unskilfull in his profession, or voyd of all Christian charitie, and naturall huma­nitie; for by the experience of his Art, or alteration of his method of Fortification, he may preserve these Suburbs or Hamlets, to the great advantage of the Town; or of another Fortification, and so dispose of his works, that he may secure them, and yet the Cor­poration shall rather need fewer men to man their works, then it would require when these Hamlets are pulled downe. This hath been the case of Leicester, for had they not rejected a good coun­sell, they might assuredly have been preserved by a larger Line of Communication, then there was by halfe a mile; for this Line [Page 10]might have been defended with three hundred men lesse then that they made, for the which they were enforced to pull downe many honest mens houses, and draw a true imputation of inhu­manitie upon themselves; for what greater inhumanitie could these poore soules expect from their cruell Enemies, then to see their houses burned, or pulled downe. And by this instance you may see how dangerous it is for Committees and Governours to be led away by the chat and ridiculous reasons of ignorant and selfe-conceited men, that make no conscience what mischiefe they do to others, so they secure themselves, as they suppose; for it is often rather a supposition, than a true securitie or preservation, because it falls out oftentimes, that if these Hamlets or Suburbs be fortified, they serve as Bulwarks for the preservation of their Towne, and so by pulling downe of them, they advance their owne ruine, to save some small charges; nay, they often encrease them, by pulling of them downe. For instance: It is supposed by the judgement of such men afore-mentioned, that Cotton End, a small Hamlet adjoyning to the South bridge of North-hampton, is to be pulled downe, if they be threatened of a Siege, to make the circumference of their Works the lesse, and to secure their Bridge. But I will maintaine that if Nature it selfe, and the Art of man had plotted together, to place a commodious seat to serve as a Bulwark, not only to the South bridge, but to the whole Towne, they could not have found out a better then that part of Cotton End is. For being fortified as it ought to be, it will make that side impregnable; and this End might have been fortified and secured at the first, with smaller charge and a shorter Line of Circumference, then that which they have made, by which it is exposed to the Enemies mercie, and yet their Works are by it of lesse validitie, if they had not relyed over-much upon their owne judgement.

And although this conceit is backt with the assent of a earned Divine, yet I will judge charitably of his assent, as being in judg­ment so possest, this being out of his element; yet wisdome should induce him to rely more upon the judgement of an Artist, than upon his owne, and specially when it is bent upon the safest and the most charitable course. And this counsell I give them, to fortifie only the said End, according to the modell inserted in [Page 11]the 23 Plate; now they may conveniently do it, will be worthy of thanks if they embrace it; but if they do not, if ever they be besieged, it will produce an after-wish, as those of Leicester did, when it was too late; O that wee had followed such an advice and counsell: And so much for the discharge of a good con­science.

5. And lastly, it was invented to fortifie some places of re­fuge in the time of a Civill War, that a whole Countie be not ruinated by a roving and plundering Army: But in this, the Committees of such Counties are to be verie cautious in their e­lection of a seat, for all the head-Towns of Counties are not con­venient to erect Garrisons: And therefore I shall acquaint them in the next Chapter, of the best and of the worst seats for a Gar­rison: And will only for a conclusion of this point, informe them, that all seats of Garrisons, if they may be found, are to be as neare the middle of the Countie as may be, that they may the sooner releeve all the parts of the Countie: And that by no means they assent to erect any more than one in one and the same Countie, that they may be the better able to fortifie, man, and provide the same to some purpose; for pluralitie of Garrisons in one and the same Countie, whether they are foes or friends, are destructive to a Countie.

CHAP. V. Of the best, and of the worst Seats for Garrisons.

ANd first of the best Seats, as better deserving the precceden­cy; a good Seat is to be freed of all sides, from hills or rai­sing grounds that may command, or of all hollowes that may in­danger the Garrison it selfe, or the Workes of it; If the Towne hath walls,Mr. VVard is also of the same opinion concerning our old vvalls. See pag. 35. and chap. 20. a good Enginier is not to regard them, specially if there be hollowes, and raising grounds within Cannon-shot of them; for it it is not the lining of these walls, or the ere­cting of Mounts near or upon them, or the drawing of ill-lined and ill-flanked dikes within five or six yards of them that will se­cure [Page 12]the same. But a prudent Enginier is to let them stand, as a second weake defence, to obtaine a parley after all is lost, and yet not to rely on them, for they are rather destructive helps then profitable defences; But to draw his Line of Communication one hundred yardes or more into the field beyond them, to take in those hollowes that will indanger, and hills or raising grounds that will command his Workes. Or if they be too farre distant from the walls, he is of necessity to erect well flanked Forts, or Redoubts to secure them, or all his Workes will not be worth a button; let his Workes be never so well carried up, or lined out. And these Forts are to have Corridors, or covered waves to retreat into, for to be relieved from the main Line of Commu­nication, out of danger of the assailants shot: for a raising ground left out of the Line of Communication of Leicester, was the secondarie cause of the losse of it, and of a hundred townes more, if an abstract did permit to produce divers like instances. And as for Mounts errected neare or upon old walls, they are of no o­ther service, then to hinder the assailants approaches, for a day or two; but when their approaches are made, they are of no defence at all, for having a raising ground within Cannon-shot, one may dismount all the Ordnance upon them in an instant of time; and for the musket-shot, they are also of no use, because the shot of the Musket doth not fly upon a levell line, but upon a descending line from a great height downwards, and so can hurt none except it be at point-blanke, but upon a levell line, if the bullet misse one, it will hit another, and what is said here of the musket-shot, it may be applyed to the Cannon-shot, for if the assaylants had no raising ground to dismount the Cannons pla­ced upon these Mounts, their Cannon-shot cannot offend them, when their approaches are within one hundred yards of these Mounts, for it is the long distance that giveth a level line to the Cannon-shot, when it is mounted so high. And as for the lining of old walls and the making of dikes so neare them, they are distructive wayes for the defendents: For the first, the earth and walls doth never bind together, but falls and helpes to fin and levell the town dike upon the first storme of the Cannon-shot that is shot against the walls. And as for the second, the very splinters of the wall during a Cannon storme will drive the [Page 13]defendents from the Brest-Workes of these dikes, that are so near the Walls, to a shamefull desertion of them, to save their lives, and so they will become by accident a verie safe intrenchment for the assayllants, and so much be it spoken upon this subject for them, to whom it concerneth.

1. The best seat of all seats,Of the best Seats. is a Haven towne freed on the land side of the fore-said impeciments, having a safe rode for ships, and a deep and broad channell for the coming in, and such a one was Tyrus and Rochell, for a Garrison so seated can hardly be reduced without a Sea Navy and a Land Army, and how in­constant the winds and seas are when winter is at hand, all inge­nious men know. Therefore it is to bee reduced in a summer, or divers accidents may fall out, to free the same from the re­straint by sea, and as for TyrusSee Sir VValter Ra [...] leigh his Histo­rie of the vvorld. after three years siege, and an incredible charge, to make a mole over a bay of the sea, to reduce the same, the great Army of Alexander found in it but a small recompence for their labours, for the richest Inhabitants saved themselves and their treasures by sea: and as for Rochell, if the Cardinall de Richelieu, or his Enginiers for him, had not found an admirable invention to make a floting bridge with great Liters over a narrow arme of the sea, fortified on both sides the Land with two strong Forts, having in the midst two great Plat­formes erected, every of them upon foure great Lyers fast chained one to another with strong iron chaines, RochellSee the French Hi­storie. might (according to humane reason) have been at liberty at this day.

2. The second is a Towne seated upon a raising hill in the midst of a Champion Countrey, well provided with springs and cisternes of water, having an even flat top, and all the sides but one, of straight down and R [...]ckey [...]lif [...]es of some thousand yards Diameter, and such a one was Beeston-castle in Cheshire, for such a place cannot be reduced but by famine.

3. The third is a Towne seated in a Champion Countrey, free of the aforesaid impediments having an unfordable r [...]v [...]r running in the midst or close to one side of it, and such another is Newarke, for it cannot be reduced without an intrenched Camp (if the Workes be high and strong) and two bringes traversing the river, that the one Army of one side may relieve the other on the other side, as occasion requireth.

[Page 14]4. The fourth is a Towne seated on the side of a hill having a deep river running in the foot of it; whose buildings and works extend themselves to the verie top of the hill, and her Fortifica­tions unto the two sides of the river, and such a one is Notting­ham, had it not as it hath a sandy soile, yet this defect may be re­medied with art and charges.

5. The fifth is a towne seated upon a raising ground, in the midst of a marish, having but one coming to it, provided with wholsome springs, and such a one is Pessaro in Italy.

6. The sixth is a dry towne seated in a Champion Countrey that is of a good soile, and in a place where divers Roads meet, and upon the borders of three or foure Counties, for this being regularly fortified, is of great defence, and of great advantage to the owners of it, and such a one is Cremona in Lombardia.

The worst seats are these:Of the vvorst Seats. First, a Towne seated betweene two hills, within Cannon shot; Secondly, a Towne seated in the midst of a Marish, upon a flat and even ground: Thirdly, a Towne seated upon the side of a hill, the top of the hill comman­ding the same: Fourthly, a Towne seated upon a hill barren of water, and a rockey ground; Fifthly, a Town seated upon a sandy soile. Sixtly, a Towne seated in the midst, or on the side of a Forrest.

CHAP. VI. Of the forraigne Fortifications and Dimensions.

THe greater part of the forraigne Fortifications are not for our imitation, because they require a long time to erect them, and more men then we have, or are able to pay, to maintaine and defend them, and more means to finish them, then we have at this present, the meanes of this Nation having beene exhausted, by this unnaturall warre: Therefore I will omit to speak of their Cavalliers, Faulses, Brayes, Tenailles, Horne-works and Out-works of their Ravellins, and Corridors, or co­vered wayes, as being altogether unusefull for us, for the reasons [Page 15]above expressed. Yet to satisfie the curiosity of the reader, I will treat of two of their methods of Fortifications, by Bastions without, and with Orillons, and of the dimensions & proportions they observe in them, that the Reader may the better judge, whether these chargeable works are convenient for us, or no. I will also speak of another of their Methods of Fortification by Avant Guards, newly invented by Honnorat de Maynier, a rare French Enginier, that would be as chargeable as any of the other two, if we did not reduce it to shorter dimensions, and wholly omit the costly Free-stone Works they adorne them withall. And I do it the rather, because this kind of method (above all others) is more capable of dimintion in her proportion, and be little or nothing at all the worse.

But I will (in the fast place) represent unto you the proporti­ons and dimensions of the two methods by Bastions without, and with Orillons, that have no difference at all in their propor­tions and dimensions, but only in the Line of the Flanks, and in the turning and framing of the Orillons.

First, the dikes of these two Methods are ordinarily between fourescore or fivescore foot broad, and their depth about twentie five, or thirtie foot deep.

Secondly, they have another smaller dike in the middest of these great dikes, if in case they be drie, calied La Cunette, that is some foure and twentie foot broad, and twelve or sixteen foot deep; this small dike is commonly full of water in all places; for the raine-water descending from the Rampiers, and the sides of the great dike, fill it, although the ground be voyd of springs; this small dike is verie usefull, for it preserves the Garrison from being scaled, or surprized in the night time, for the undertakers cannot passe the same without they cast a casting-bridge over it, and that cannot be done without noyse, and this noyse waketh the Sentinells, and alarmes the Garrison; and with the earth of this dike they commonly make their Counterscarp brest-work, adorning the same within side with turfe, and one foot slope, the rest being laid or spread aslope, till it come to nothing, and even with the firme ground; that the French call Glacis.

Thirdly, their Rampiers are commonly fourescore or fivescore foot broad in the bottome, with a slope on both sides of two foot [Page 16]or a yard high; but on the wall side it cometh no lower than the boltill of the stone walls, that the French call Cordeau: for upon that boltill they set their battlements of their wall, that are about five or six foot high, having a Port-hole at every two yards, and three foot from the Cordeau, and by reason of the great slope, that the Rampier hath, a way of some eight foot broad is presently formed, that runneth between the battlements of the wall, and the Rampier, that is called the way of the rounds, and in French Le chemin des rondes, and this way goeth from one Bastion to an­other, round about the Garrison; a very commodious and necessa­ry meanes for the Rounds to go safe in the night, and to disco­ver by looking out of the Port holes of the battlements, if any appeares neare to their Counterscarp or Corridor that are on the other side of their dike, and the Rampier besides the Brest-work upon it, is commonly six foot higher then the battlements of the walls, and the Brest-worke six foot more; so that the splinters of the wall during a battery, cannot offend the souldiers, that defend the Brest-workes of the Rampier.

Fourthly, the Rampiers are commonly thirty foot high, be­sides the height of the Brest-worke that is six foot high within side, for it hath a foot-step of eighteen inches high, and two foot broad, and the whole height of the Rampier with his Brest-worke, is within side thirty six foot, and without thirty three foot high, because the top of the Brest-work is carried three foot slope, because it is alwayes twenty foot broad at top to be of Cannon-proof: and the Rampier besides the thicknesse of the Brest-worke and the slope of the two sides defalked, is alwayes forty foot broad on both sides, on which they plant Elmes or Sicamore Trees, that in few yeares make very pleasant and sha­die walkes, that serve in time of siege for a way for horse, men, foot and carriages, to come to defend and relieve the Rampier.

Fiftly the distance from the Center of one Bastion to another is commonly from two hundred fifty yards to three hundred yards.

Sixtly the faces of their Bastions are ordinarily from one hun­dred yards to one hundred twenty yards, besides the turning of their Orillons that is about twenty yards.

Seventhly the whole gorge of their Bastions are from one [Page 17]hundred yards, to an hundred and twenty yards, from out to out.

8 The brest of their Bastions are from 120. yards, to 130. yards.

9 And from the center of the Bastion, to the point, or the utmost Angle of the Bastion, from 80 yards to 100 yards.

10 The flanks of the Bastions from 42 yards to 50 yards, that is divided into three equall parts, if they make Orillons; one part is allowed for the flank, and the other two for the turn­ing and the framing of the Orillons.

11 Their curtaines are alwayes betweene 160 yards to 200 yards.

12 The Line of Defence, to be good for the defence of the musket shot, is to be from 220 yards, to 250 yards, at the most.

13 The slope of their Brest-works without side, is one foot for every yard, if the earth be good;Novv let the Reader judge, vvhether these costly Fortifi­cations be for our turn. and within side a foot in two yards: but if it be a sandy ground, or a running clay, it re­quires a foot and halfe without side, and a foot within, for a yard high.

14 The foundation of these walls begin from the bottome of the dike, and are carried up to the upper water-table of the wall to the Cordeau; and from the bottome of the dike on the field-side levell with the ground, and all of free stone. The middest of the Bastions are filled up with earth to the Cordeau, and made slope to the firme ground of the towne, and their Rampiers and Brest-works are raised fifteen yards above the Cordeau.

CHAP. VII. Of the superficies contained in the first Plare.

SInce the Principles of Geometry are the very ground-work of the Art of Fortification, I judge it convenient to begin this Abstract, by the demonstrations of such superficies as are most commonly used in the practice of this Art.Of Superficie.

A Superficie is properly any kinde of forme demonstrated [Page 18]upon paper, or upon the ground, inclosed with three lines at the least, except it be the circulary forme, that hath but one circulary line, that begins at one point, and ends at the same.

The point is a small touch of the pen,Of the Point. that cannot be divided, because it hath no parts, but is the beginning and end of all lines, and the center of all Formes. See Figure 1.

A line is the continuance of a point that is incapable of divisi­on;Of Lines. but in the length of it, it is distinguished by divers termes: As, by the strait line, in Figure 2. by the circulary line, in Figure 3. by the perpendiculary line, in Figure 7. by the parallel line, in Figure 8. by the diagonall line, in Figure 11. and by the diame­tricall line, in Figure 12. There are divers other distinctions of lines, but they are not usefull in this Art.

All Angles derive from the conjunction of two lines in one point;Of Angles. whether they be strait, circulary, diagonall, or mixt with a­ny one of these. As Figure 4. is called a plaine Angle, because two strait levell lines, from one and the same distance, meet at one point, and a strait perpendicular, and a levell line falling in the midst of a strait line, produceth an Obtus, and a strait Angle, as in Figure 7. And two circulary lines meeting at one point, ma­keth a circulary Angle, as in Figure 5. And a strait and a circulary line meeting at one point, produceth a mixt Angle, as in Figure 6. There are also divers other sorts of Angles, some of which we shall have occasion to speak of in another place.

The eighth Figure demonstrates how to make a perpendicula­rie line cut a strait line given,Of the eighth Figure. and how you may cut that perpen­diculary line in three parts, by three demicircles, to make up the line given, three parallell lines, without altering the compasse to a­ny other distance but the first.

First, let a strait line be given, then take the just distance of that line with your compasse, and set one of the points of it up­on the right hand end of the line, and with the other point make a small demicircle above; then remove the point of your com­passe upon the left hand side of the line given, and with the other point make another small circle, cutting the first; and where these two small circles cut one another, set your rule, and draw a strait line to the line given, and it will cut the same with a strait per­pendicularie line. Now to avoid all errour that might proceed [Page 19]from the mis-placing of your Rule upon the line given, make but two other small demicircles below the line, as you did above, and where these cut one another, put one end of your Rule, and the other, upon the upper cutting of the two small demicircles, and draw a strait line, and (of necessity) the perpendicularie line will be strait, and without errour.

Now to cut that perpendicular Line in two equall parts more, to make up the Line given, three parallel Lines, set your com­passe upon the just distance of the length of the perpendicu­larie Line, then set one of the points of the Compasse, upon the lower end of the perpendicularie Line, and make a demy circle upwards, then remove your Compasse upon the upper end of the perpendicularie Line, and make a demy-circle downwards, then remove the point of your Compasse upon the Center-point, where the perpendicularie Line did cut at the first the Line given, and make the third demy-circle upwards, and this demy-circle will cut the other two in foure places, and where they cut, set your rule, and draw two strait Lines, and these will make up the Line given, three perfect parallel Lines, as it is clearly demonstra­ted in figure 8.

The ninth figure sheweth how to draw as many parallel Lines as you please, upon two lines,Of the ninth Figure. that are the upper and the lower lines in this figure. First, let two equall lines be given, one below, & another above, according to the length you desire to have your parallel lines, then divide these two lines with your Compasse, in as many parts as you desire to have parallel lines, and at everie division make a point, and from everie point make a demy-circle above the upper and the lower given lines, then set your Rule up­on them one after another, and draw as many lines as there is de­my-circles, and these will all be perfect parallel lines. Now if you will double these parallel lines, it is but to divide with your Compasse the just bredth of them in two parts, and at everie divi­sion to make a point, and to set your Compasse againe upon its first distance, and to cut your first demy-circle with it, and to draw as many lines, and you shall have as many more perfect pa­rallel lines as you had before, as it is clearly demonstrated in Fi­gure 9.Of the tenth Figure.

The tenth Figure sheweth how to make a square and a trian­gle [Page 20]upon a line given: Suppose the Base of the square is the line given, now to make a perfect square, and foure Scalene triangles of this line, you are to set your Compasse upon the just distance of the line, and to set one point of it on the right hand end of it, and to make a demy-circle, and to remove your compasse upon the left end, and to make another demy-circle, and where they cut one another, set your rule, and draw a perpendicularie line, then turne your rule, and draw a strait top line, and joyne the base line with this top line, by two strait lines, and you will have a per­fect square, and foure perfect square scalene triangles, as it is de­monstrated in Figure 10.

The eleventh Figure sheweth how to make a paralograme out of two circles.Of the ele­venth Figure. First, set your compasse upon the demy bredth of the paralograme, that you intend to make, and then make a circle on the right hand then remove your Compasse-point upon the extreame of the first circle on the left hand upon a strait line, and with the other point mark the Center-point of the other circle, then turne your compasse round, and you will have two circles whose extreams will touch one another, then set your rule upon the foure extreames of these two circles, and draw foure strait lines; and where these lines cut one another, there is the foure Angles of the Paralograme, as it is demonstrated in Fi­gure 11.

The twelfth Figure sheweth how to make a perfect square by the out-side of a circle:Of the tvvelfth Figure. Make choyse of your Center, and set your compasse upon the verie Diameter that you intend to have your square, then make a circle, and draw foure strait lines upon the extreames of it, and it will produce a perfect square, as is de­monstrated in Figure 12.

CHAP. VIII. Of the Superficies contained in the second Plate.

AMong all other Superficies there is none so usefull for the Art of Fortification, as the Triangles; and yet Mr. Ward in his Animadversions of War, makes mention but of three sorts, yet there are six principall sorts of Triangles, from which all other mixt Triangles are derived; and these six sorts may be all set out by the Circle, as it is demonstrated in this Plate.

The equilaterall Triangle deserves the precedencie,1 Of the equi­laterall Trian­gle, and the best vvay to set out the same. because it is the only Triangle that can be fortified by Bastions, for all her sides are equall; the best way to set it out, is to set your Com­passe upon the just distance of the Base of it, and to make two points with your Compasse, and to draw two Demy-circles, one from the right point, and the other from the left hand point, and where these Circles cut one another, make the third point, and draw three strait lines to these three points, and it will produce a perfect equilaterall Triangle equall of all sides.

Some set it out by the Circle,Hovv to set out the equi­laterall Tri­angle by a Circle. dividing the Diameter of it in foure equall parts, and draw a strait line upon the first quarter point, as the Base of it, and two lines more from the two ends of the Base to the top of the Diametricall Line of the Circle; but this way is not so perfect as the other. See Figure 13.

The Isocele Triangle is also verie usefull in the Art of Fortifi­cation;2 Of the set­ting out of the Isocele Tri­angle. for all the regularie Poligons of many Angles, after the Sexagon, are composed of Isocele Triangles; but the Sexagon is composed of six equilaterall Triangles, that have all their sides equall: But the Isocele Triangle hath alwayes two sides equall, and longer than her Base; it is set out after this manner out of the Circle. After your Circle is made draw a strait perpendicu­larie Line Diametricall wise upon the Center of it to the two ex­treames of the Circle, then divide that last Line into eight equall parts, and draw a strait line with your rule, upon the first point of the eighth part division, from one extreame of the Circle to another, and that Line represents the Base, then draw two strait lines from the two ends of that Base, to the top-point of the [Page 22]Diametricall Line of the Circle, and these three Lines will pro­duce a perfect Isocele Triangle. See Figur 14.

The Recteligne Triangle is also usefull in the Art of Fortifica­tion to set out Halfe Moones,3 Of the recti­ligne Trian­gle, and hovv it is to be set out by the Circle. her Base contrarie to the Isocele Triangle is longer then her two sides; it is set out after this man­ner: After your Circle is made, draw a strait Line from the two side extreamities of the Circle, and cut with that Line the Cen­ter-point of the Circle, and this Line represents the Base, then draw two other Lines from the two ends of the Base, to the up­per point of the Circle, and two other Lines from the two ends of the Base, to the lower point of the Circle, and it will produce two perfect Recteligne Triangles, that makes also a perfect square Rhomb.

The Scalene Triangle hath all her sides unequall, it is very use­full for measuring of land;4 Of the sca­lene Triangle, and hovv it may be set out by the Circle. for two of them make an Equilate­rall Triangle, and foure of them a perfect long Rhomb. It is to be set out after this manner. After your circle is made, divide the side diametricall line of the circle into eight equall parts, then cut with a strait line the first eighth point of that division on the left hand point, and then divide the diametricall line of the circle that is drawne perpendiculary-wise into foure equall parts, and cut with another strait line the first equall point of that division towards the Base, or the lower side of the circle; then from the two sides of these two lines draw a strait diagonall line, and these three lines will produce a perfect scalene Triangle. See Figure 21.

The acute Angle,5 Of the Oxi­gon Triangle, and hovv it may be set out by the Circle. or Oxigon Triangle, is onely usefull, for measuring of land, all her sides are also unequall, and all her An­gles acute, you are to set it out after this manner: After the Cir­cle is made, draw a Diametricall line perpendiculary-wise, that may cut the point of the Center from the top of the Circle to the bottome; then from the lower end of this line on the left hand, make a point at the fourth part of the Circumference of the Circle, and another point on the right hand, at the third part of the Circumference of the Circle; then draw a line from the left hand point to the right point, and two other lines from the right hand, and the left hand point, to the top point of the Diametri­call line, and these three lines will produce a perfect Oxigon Triangle; see Figure 22.

[Page 23]The Obtus Triangle is usefull in Fortification,6 Of the Ob­tus Triangle, and hovv it may be set out by the Circle. and for mea­suring of Land, two of her sides are equall, and containe but the two third parts of her base, her base being longer then her sides by a third part, it is to be set out after this manner: After the circle is made, divide the Diametricall line of it into three equall parts, and cut the first point of this division by a strait line, and this line represents the base, then draw two lines from the two ends of this base, to the top of the Diametricall lines, and these three lines will produce a perfect Obtus Triangle, see Fi­gure 23.

Now I come to the 24. Superficie that containeth an Ovall,Of the setting out of the Ovall. and in that Ovall two long Rhombs, a Paralograme, two equi­laterall Triangles, and foure Scalene Triangles. But because I have already spoken of all these, the Ovall and the two long Rhombs excepted, I will begin with the Ovall, the most diffi­cult of all other superficies to be rightly set out upon paper, or in the field.

To set it out upon paper, you are to set your compasse upon the scale of the third part of the length you intend to have the Ovall, and this third part is to be divided againe into two equall parts, and your compasse set upon that sixth part: then make choice of your Center, and cut the point of the Center with two strait lines, one of them perpendiculary-wise, and the other diametricall-wise: then set one of the points of your compasse upon the Center point, and with the other make a point upon the diametricall line on the right hand, and another point upon the same line on the left hand, then set the compasse againe up­on the third part of the length of the Ovall, and set one of the points of it upon the right hand point, that represents the End of the third part of the line of the length of the Ovall, and with the other point of the compasse make a circle, then remove the point of the compasse, and set it upon the left hand point of the aforesaid line, and make another circle and the two extreams of these two circles represent the length of the Ovall. Then remove your compasse and set one point of it up­on the lower cutting of these two circles, and set it at that distance, that having a point upon this lower cut­ting of these two circles, it may conjoyne with a true [Page 24]circularie line, the two upper extreames of the two circles, that being done, remove your compasse, without any alteration of the distance, and set one of the points of it, upon the upper cut­ting of the two circles, and with the other point of it, make a true circulary line, to joyne the two lower extreames of the two circles; and this being traced with a pen, will produce a per­fect Ovall, one third part longer then it is broad; some make it halfe as long againe, as it is broad, but the sides are too flat, and the Ovall is by it more deformed, and not so seemly and com­pleat as this is, demonstrated in Figure 16.

Now to make the most perfect Rhomb that can be made,Of the setting out of the Rhomb. you are but to draw foure lines dioganall wise, from the upper and lower points of the perpendicularie diametricall line, that cuts the two broad sides of the Ovall, to the two points of the diametricall line of the length of the Ovall, and it will produce a perfect Rhomb, as in figure 18.

And to make the two equilaterall Triangles, and the foure scalene Triangles out of the smaller Rhomb,Of the setting out of the 6. Triangles. you are but to draw four lines diagonall-wise from the two Ends of the first line that did represent the eighth part of the Ovall to the two upper and lower cuttings of the two circles, and these lines (with the two diametricall lines of the length and breadth of the Ovall already drawne) will produce these six fore-said Triangles.

And to set out the Paralograme,Of the setting out of the Paralograme. you are to divide the breadth of the Ovall into four equall parts, and the length of it into nine equall parts, and at every division to make a point, and to draw foure strait lines upon the first points of these two divisions, and they will produce this Paralograme that is a ninth part lon­ger then twice his breadth.

CHAP. IX. Of the Superficies contained in the 3. Plate.

THe first Circle of this Plate contains an Equilaterall Tri­angle,Of the setting out of the equi­lateral triangle out of a square. a Square, and a Pentagon. And because all the Equilateral Triangles that are set out by a Square have their two sides longer then their square by an [...] part; I have drawne two demy-circles to shew where the upper Angle of the Triangle should come to be perfect and equall of all her sides, and that is where the two circles cut one another. As for the square, it is more easie to set it out from without the circle,Of the setting out of the square by the inward side of the circle. then from within the circle, because it is more difficult to reduce the sides of it to that scantling proposed, if in case you set it out by the inward side of the circle, then it is if you set out by the out-side of the circle; for the diametre of the circle is of the just length of the sides; but to take out a square out of the inward side of the circle, the demy-diametricall line of the circle is to be one third part longer then when you make it by the out-side of the circle. But if you are not tyed to a scantling, then you may make as perfect a square our of the inward side, as well as from the out-side of a circle, by dividing the two crosse diametricall lines of the circle, into 6. equal parts and by drawing 4. straight lines, cutting the foure first points of this division in the foure sides of the circle, drawing the lines to the inward extremes of the circle, and these lines wil produce a perfect square.

Concerning the setting out of the Pentagon, you are to di­vide the circumference of the circle into five equall parts, and at every division to make a point, then you are to draw five straight lines from point to point, and these five lines repre­sent the five sides or bases of the Pentagon: then you are to draw five other lines from the center point to the end of these five bases diagonal wise, and these five lines compleat the five sides of the five triangles of the Pentagon; and this being done, this superficie is perfected.

The other three Circles contained in this place are to set out [Page 26]in every one of them a Poligon with different Angles: viz. The first a Sexagon, the second a Septagon, and the third an Octo­gon; having all of them the Basis of their Triangles of an e­quall length, by the encreasing the circumference of the circle of the length of one of the Bases. And because this is a point of great concernment to an Enginier, that may by the same know at an instant how many Bastions the place will require, if he doth but know the true circumference of it, I will ex­presse my selfe more clearly.

Suppose then that the six Bases of the six equilaterall Trian­gles of a Sexagon contain 250. yards a piece, that is in all 1500. yards circumference. And that you would set out a Septagon with seven Bases that should contain every one of them 250. yards a piece, you are then to adde to the demy-diametricall line of the Sexagon, a sixt part more of the ex­tent that it had before; and by this meanes the circumference of the circle will be able to afford you seven Bases of 250. yards a piece, that is in all 1750. yards. The reason of it is, that the circumference of a circle containes three diametricall lines, so that you are of necessity to adde to the former demy-diametre line of the Sexagon, a sixt part more then it had before, be­cause a demy-diametre is but the sixt part of the circumference of a circle.

And by this rule you may make all the Bases of any Foligon from six Angles to twenty foure Angles, nay to eight and forty Angles if you please, of two hundred and fifty yards a piece, ad­ding alwayes to the demy-diametre as foloweth; To make a Septagon you are to adde the ⅙ part; to make an Octogon you are to adde a seventh part; to make a ninth Angle Poligon you are to adde the eighth part; and so as you goe on, the ninth, the tenth, the eleventh, or twelfth part. And as I have said, you are to observe that course, till you come to set out a Poligon of eight and forty Angles. That I conceive would be sufficient to fortifie the City of London on both sides the water, with as large a Line of Communication as it hath at this present, ha­ving at every two hundred and fifty yards distance an Angle, to forme a strong, complete, and defensible Bastion. A farre [Page 27]more beseeming a Fortification for so famous a City, then such sleight, winding Angles, and ill flanked Redouts, wherewith it is now fortified.

CHAP. X. Of the five Redouts contained in Plate 4.

BEfore I come to speake of the Superficies of these five Re­doubts, it will not be amisse to inform the Reader of their extent, continent, and dimensions. And first of their extent.Of the extent of Redouts. All square or circullary redouts are to bee of one hundred yards from out to out in their diametricall line, otherwise their in­ward continent will be too small. But a Triangle redout is to have her three sides of two hundred yards a piece, because two equilaterall Triangles containe no more then a square.

Secondly, their continent is to be so large,Of the conti­nent of redouts as it may lodge a competent number of Souldiers for their defence, that is, two hundred men at least, and every two men cannot have a smal­ler piece of ground allowed them for their lodging then a piece of eight yards square, that makes in all sixty four square yards; Now a redout of one hundred yards diametre, reduced in the forme of a square, will contain but 10000. square yards; out of which you are to defalke a third part, for the Rampiers, the place, and the streets; and then there will remaine but 6667. yards for the lodgings; and this being divided by sixty four yards, it will containe but two hundred and eight Soldiers lodgings, if two of them be lodged together in a chamber of 24. foot square. And by this you may judge whether the grea­ter part of the Redouts about the City of London are of a pro­portionable extent, seeing most of them have not fifty yards of diametre.

Thirdly, for their dimensions.Of the bredth and depth of their ditches. Their ditches are to be tenne yards broad, and five yards deep, and the slope of the sides of these ditches are to be but one foot slope in three, that the bot­tome of the ditch may remain to be twenty foot broad, when [Page 28]it is fifteen foot deep, for the reasons that will be shewn when I come to speak of the contre escarpe: and the Rampiars their Breast-works are to be proportionable to this ditch.Of the height and thicknesse of their Ram­piers. The height of it within side is to be twelve foot high, and nine foot with­out; the slope of it within side is to be but one foot in six, and one foot in three without side; there are to be five footsteps of two foot broad a piece,Of their slope within and without. and of eighteene inches high a piece, that the breastwork may not be above foure foot and an halfe high, that is of a convenient height for tall and middle siz'd Soldiers to discharge easily their Muskets. The top of the breast-work is to be twenty foot broad,Of their five foot-steps. to be of Cannon proofe, and is to have a slope of three foot, and that is the rea­son that the out-side of the Rampiar is to be but nine foot high, and within side twelve foot high, for by this slope the Musque­tiers can defend the very brim of their ditch, which otherwise they could not doe.Why the slope of their top is to be a yard. Moreover, this great slope preserves the Works from cleaving in the midst, because all the raine water falls off from them into the ditch. And by these dirnensions your Rampier with the five foot-steps will be foure and thirty foot in the bottome, and twenty foot at top: a very sufficient Rampier to oppose a good battery.

These broad and high breast-works require to be brought up with brush or bavin wood, if you desire they should be of conti­nuance; the smallest bavin wood is the best, and it is to be bound up with bands, and of some foure foot long, and some foure or five inches thick; the smallest end of the bavin is to lap over the turfe on both sides, and the thickest end is to be turned toward the middle of the Rampier;How the Ram­piers are to be lined with ba­vins. and when you have laid foure rows of them, every end lopping one over another halfe a foot, you are to cast in the midst of the work, a row of such bavins of six foot long, to serve as a key to binde all the rest; and this course you are to observe so soone as your turfe is risen to be eighteene inches high; so that in the height of a yard, there are to be two such courses of bavins, that is in all six courses of bavins for a Rampier of nine foot high without side, and of twelve foot within side; for the last course of bavins is to be placed when your out-side is eight foot high, that there may be eight inches high of earth to cover the bavin wood. And [Page 29]after every course of these bavins, before you place another course, halfe a dozen of the strongest Pioniers are to ramme the earth stoutly, with rammers made of a three inch'd plank, of a foot square, with a strong state fastned to it. If this be but observed, you will have strong and permanent works; but those that will not goe to these charges, are to expect to have the greater part of their works to be repaired every spring, and these repaires will be as tedious, and almost as chargeable as to make new ones.

Now when these ditches are finished, and the Rampiers and their five foot steps perfected, and hay-seed sown on the top of the breast-work, after it hath been raked and rammed, you are to erect your Contre escarpe after this manner: Your great ditch being twenty foot broad in the bottome, if in case it be dry, or if it hath but a little water, you are to cast it out, and to make in the midst of it another ditch, that the French call La cunnette of sixteene foot broad and nine foot deep,Of the Cunnette or small ditch. lea­ving a foot-step of two foot broad on both sides; and these foot-steps preserve your great ditch from calving in, and serve in Forts for the footing of casting bridges, to sally in the night upon the assailants out of salley-ports made on pur­pose under the orillons of the bastions; and this manner of double ditch all in one, is farre safer then these small double ditches, having a bank of earth of some two foot broad left be­tween them, used and erected about the London Redouts. Now all the earth that is digged out of this small ditch,How a contre escarpe is to be made. is to be cast on the field side; and as it is cast out, other Pioniers are to stand upon the brim of the great ditch, for to cast the said earth twelve or fourteene foot farther off into the field; and when this is done, and the smaller ditch perfected, then you are to make the breast-work of the Contre escarpe with this earth, adorning the inside of it with turfe, and with a foot-step of two foot broad and eighteene inches high, and the breast-work higher then that foot-step by foure foot and an halfe.Of the slope of the breast-work of the contre escarpe, that the French call Glacis. And having levelled even and rammed the top of the breast-work some two foot broad, you are to lay all the rest of the earth so slope till it come to nothing, and levell with the firm ground; and this slope is called for distinction sake, by the [Page 30]French Glacis. And by this meanes a sufficient and defensible Contie escarpe will be made round about the Works of the Redouts twelve foot distance in every place from the brim of the great ditch.

I have been the larger in the description of these dimensions, because I intend that these very same directions, shall suffice once for all, for the two last methods spoken of in this ab­stract; which in all parts are to be like these, if the erectors in­tend to have strong and permanent works. Master Ward in his Animadversions of Warre, would have the ditches or a Redout to be but nine foot broad, and six foot deep, and the bre [...]-work six foot high and six foot thick; but these dimensions are con­trary to the Rules of Art, for these reasons:

• 1. The top of the rigge of the lodgings of the Souldiers is to be covered by the height of the Rampier, which cannot be done if they be so low.
• 2. When a ditch and rampier require a ladder of 30. rounds to scale the same, it is more dangerous and difficult to scale and to storm then when it requires but a ladder of 12. rounds.
• 3. When the ditches are so shallow and so narrow, they are presently levelled with bavins, and one soldier helping another with a Pike, may easily get up on the Rampier, and the other with his Pike drive the defendants from the defence of the Rampiers. In a word, it were better to erect no redouts at all, then to erect any so sleight, and to expose mens lives to danger after that manner, for such a redout will be gained at an instant by a Storme. Moreover, there is to be a good Well, and two Cisterns made of Free-stone, plastered with Tarris, to receive all the raine water that falls upon the tiles of the soldiers lod­gings, that are to be built by long ranges, and not to exceed in height 12. foot when the rigge tiles are up, to be free from the enemies battery; and every roome of 24. foot broad, may be divided in two of 12. foot broad, and 24. foot long; in the one may be the two soldiers beds, their apparell and Armes; and in the other, their drink, victuals, fuell, and all other necessaries. And these ranges are to be lined out according to the forme of the superficies of the redout; if it be a Triangle, Triangle-wise; if it be a square, after a square manner; if it be of a fift, sixt, se­venth, [Page 31]or eighth angle form, the ranges are to be after that man­ner, that a place be left in the midst of the redout just after that forme of some 30. or 40. yards on all sides, as you shal see it de­monstrated in greater Forts, having three, or four, or five, or six streets, according to their angles, to goe from the place to the Rampiers, because all things in a Redout are to be as orderly carryed as in a Royall Fort, for all the difference that is to be betweene them, is in their extent, the Redouts extent being smaller then of a Royall Fort, or Citadell.

Now concerning the superficies of these five redouts de­monstrated in plate foure; the first being the figure 24. is a per­fect square set out by the out-side of the circle; the sides of the square are of one hundred yards a piece. It is fortified by foure halfe moones, whose bases are of fifty yards a piece to agree with the foure angles of the square, whose sides flank the halfe moone, and the sides of the halfe moones flanke them, so that a man cannot appeare at any point or side of it, but he may bee in danger of his life by the Musquet shot.

The second redout demonstrated in figure 25. is also a perfect square, set out by the out-side of a circle,Of the second Redout. of the same extent of the first, and fortified by foure great halfe moons that reduce the forme of it to a perfect corner cap; the utmost angles of the foure halfe moones extend themselves twenty yards beyond the four angles of the square, for the better flanking of the sides and points of the said halfe moones that flank one another very well. There is a small redout erected a: Grays-Inne-lane end much like after this manner; but her extent is too small, and her flanke invisible; and therefore no better then a plaine little square redout.

The third redout is a demy-Paralogramme,Of the third Redout. half as long again as it is broad; it is set out by the foure extrems of two circles, and fortified by foure halfe moones, whose bases are of 75. yards a piece, the better to flanke the Angles of the Paralo­gramme that flanke the half moones; this redout for her extent requires three hundred men for her defence, for it containeth 150. yards in length and one hundred yards in breath; It is of a very convenient form to be placed before the comming in of a gate of a great garrison Towne to command divers rodes, so [Page 32]the rode that traverse the same be winding like the letter S. comming in of one side of the exterior half moon, and going out on the other side of the interior halfe moone.

The fourth redout is a perfect circle divided in six equall half moones after the forme of a Sexagon;Of the fourth Redout. it is very well slinked of all sides; because the utmost Angles of her half moons extend themselves twenty sive yards into the field, more then her cir­culary circumference, whereby it is of a greater continent then the other redout; the demy paralogramme excepted.

The fift redout is a perfect square,Of the fift Redout. s [...]t out by the out-side of a circle, and fortifyed by foure Avant-gards, at the foure angles of it; whose utmost angles extend themselves thirty yards in­to the field; the breast of the Avant guards are twenty five yards broad; just the quarter part of the base of the square, the face of the Avant guard is of the same extent, and the flank of twelve yards and half. If the 4. sides of this redout that are in this figure but one hundred yards a piece were of two hundred yards a piece, it would make a strong and well flanked Fort, so the utmost angles of the Avant guards extended themselves 60. yards into the field; and the brest to be of fifty yards, the flanks twenty five yards, and the face of the Avant guards of fifty yards. The Royall Fort neare Islington is much after this manner, only the face of his Avant guards are square, and doe not extend themselves farre enough into the field, and there­fore not so regular, nor so defensible as this.

CHAP. XI. Of the two first Methods of Fortification in generall.

THe small difference there is between these two first Methods of Fortification, by Bastions without, and with Orillons, hath induced me to joyne them into one; for they agree in all their essentiall parts, but in two things, viz. in the Line of their Flanks, and in the having or not having Orillons. First, concer­ning the Line of their Flanks, Mr. Ward, Mr. Cruso, Mr. Nor­wood, and the Author of the Enchiridion, do make no difference at all between the Line of their Flanks;Of the diffe­rence that is to be observed in the dravving of the line of the Flanks, vvhen you are to forme basti­ons vvith, or vvithout Oril­lons. for in all their Modells and Superficies, they draw the Flanks of the Bastions with, and without Orillons, all after one manner, that is, upon a strait perpendicularie Line: But on the other side, they would have the side, or the Base, to be divided into eight parts, when they frame Bastions with Orillons, and only into six parts when they frame Bastions without Orillons, in both which points I main­taine they are mistaken: First, for the Line of their Flanks, if it be drawne as they propose, strait and perpendicularie wise, the Flanks by this meanes are too much exposed to the Enemies great batteries, and to the volleyes of their Musketiers shot, as soone as they have gained the Defendents Counterscarp; and therefore to prevent this evill, I say it is better and safer to draw the Line of the Flanks of the Bastions that are to be without Orillons, one eighth part more slope than strait: As for instance, suppose the Line of the Flank to be fortie two yards, then are you (I say) to straine that Line five yards and one quarter more slope towards the other Flank of the other Bastion, then a strait per­pendicularie Line will afford; for these five yards make the shoulder of the Orillon, to jet more into the dike then other­wise it would do, being drawne strait; and by this meanes this jetting out is a great safegard to the Flanks; for all that thick and massie peece of earth, of the shoulder with this jetty, must of necessitie be battered to dust, before the Flanks can receive any hurt; whereas if the Line be drawne strait, the Flanks lye open to the Enemies batteries, if the Bastions have no Orillons, or this [Page 34]jetting shoulder to defend them. This is clearly demonstrated in Plate 7, where the Pentagon fortified by Bastions is described better then it can be in the Triangle, Square, or Ovall formes, So that I conclude, that the Line of the Flank is to be drawne strait, when you intend to forme your Bastions with Orillons; and more slope by five yards and a quarter then strait, when you intend to set out, or forme Bastions without Orillons.

As concerning their dividing of the Base,Of the error of dividing the base into eight parts, vvhen they in­tend to set out Bastions vvith Orillons. or side of any Poli­gon, when they intend to frame Bastions with Orillons, into eight parts; and only into six parts, when the Bastions are to be without Orillons: I say it is superfluous, except they will imi­tate altogether the best Italian method; that is, first to divide the Base into ten equall parts, and to allow foure parts for the two Flanks, and the other six parts for the Courtine, which they divide againe into eight parts, to take their Line of defence from the seventh first part of it. But if they intend to follow the Low-Countrey method, they are not to divide their Base, but only into six parts, because the forming of the Orillons doth not take or shorten the Courtine at all, as it will be clearly proved in the next Chapter.

CHAP. XII. Of the Fortifications of the Equilaterall Triangle by Bastions with Orillons, demonstrated in Plate 9.

THe Equilaterall Triangle is fitter to be fortified by Avant-guards then by Bastions, because her Angles be so acute, that they produce these defects in some essentiall parts of her For­tifications, her Flanks are shorter, the face of the Basti­ons longer, and their Brest narrower then they should bee, and these defects cannot be avoyded, except the Line of de­fence be defective, that all Enginiers are to shun, as the most essentiall part of all; and therefore I have had speciall re­gard to make that perfect, rather then to amend the other imper­perfections. The Angle of her Center is of sixtie degrees, her [Page 35]Angle flanked of fortie five degrees, and her Angle flanking of 160 degrees; her three sides are of 250 yards a peece, her cir­cumference of 750 yards, and her continent from out to out, of 26230 yards; and therefore fitter for a large Redout then for a Royall Fort, for when wee have defalked the third part of her continent for the bredth of the Rampiers, the Market-place and the streets, there will remaine but 17500 square yards for the houses of the Inhabitants, to everie one of which cannot be al­lowed in this small continent, above one hundred square yards, that is a peece of ground of ten yards square on all sides, and ac­cording to this scantling there will be 175 Inhabitants, that are according to the rules of war, to billet two hundred and fortie Foot, and a Troop of threescore Horse, that is, for everie third house an Horse-man, and for all the other houses two Foot-men appece, or otherwise 350 Foot, and no Horse-men; for the con­tinent is too small for to billet Horse. But 350 Foot, with the Inhabitants, commanded by a valiant Commander in chiefe, may defend the place three months, against an Army of foure thou­sand men, so it be provided with all necessaries for a Siege.

To set out the same in the field,Hovv an equi­laterall Trian­gle may be set out in the field vvithout a De­mi-circle, or any Geome­tricall instru­ments but a Square. have a line of two hundred and fiftie yards, having a loop fastened in the middest of it; and when you have made choyse of the Seat, turne your selfe to wards the South, and straine your line from the South-East to the South-West, and where the loop is, and at the two ends of the Line, knock in three stakes; then take a line of 210 yards, and fasten the same upon the middle stake, and straine the same full North, and with a great woodden Square try (by setting one of the sides of it to the first line, and the other side of the Square to the second line) whether the last line be a perfect strait perpendicularie line, and when it is so, knock in a stake at the end of the line,The Center of the equilateral Triangle is in the third part of her perpen­dicularie line, and not in the middest, as the Center of cir­cularie Super­ficies is. And these three out stakes will represent the three Angles of the Tri­angle, then take a six foot rule, and measure from the South stake along the perpendicularie line, seventie yards Northwards, and at seventie yards end knock in another stake, and it will represent the Center of the Triangle; for the Center of the Equilaterall Triangle is in the third part of the perpendicularie line of it, and not in the middest, as it is in all square or circularie Superficies: then remove your line of 250 yards from one Angle-stake to ano­ther, [Page 36]and then if you find them all of an equall distance, fasten small lines about them, and have the Superficie of the Triangle traced by many Pioniers, with pick-axes and spades; but if any of the Angle-stakes are not equall, you are to amend the errour by the line.

You may also set out the equilaterall Triangle by the Demy­circle, as I will give you directions in the next Chapter saving one, when I shall come to set out the Pentagon. In the meane time observe this for a generall rule, that theNote once for all, that the gate or dravv­bridge of a Fort is al­vvaies to be South, if the seat vvill per­mit, and in the middest of a Courtine, to be defended by the Flan [...]s of tvvo basti­ons. gate o [...] draw­bride of a Redout, Fort, or Citadell, is alwayes to be full South, if the seat will permit; but howsoever it must be seated in the middest of a Courtine, that it may be secured by the Flanks of two Bastions.

The Superficie of the Triangle being traced, you are to divide the three sides into six equall parts, and at everie division to knock in a stake: then you are to fasten a line to the Center-stake, and to straine it Diagonall-wise towards the South-East and South-West Angle-stakes, and strait perpendiculary-wise to­wards the North stake, making the line thus strained touch everie one of these stakes; and you are to straine this line of 95The distance from the Cen­ter of the ba­stion to the point, is in this Triangle of 95 yards. yards beyond these three Angles stakes, for it is the distance that is to be between the Center of the Bastion of the Triangle, and the ut­termost point of her Bastions, and at this distance knock in three stakes, and they will represent the three exteriour Angles of the three Bastions. Then fasten aThis Line is to be of 240 yards long, the just extent of the Line of defence. line to the third stake of everie one of the sides, and straine it till it be fastened one after another to these three Angle-stakes, and it will set out all the faces of the three Bastions, and all the six lines of defence; then fasten a shortThis Line is to be fortie yards long, the just extent of the length of the Flank of this Triangle. line to all the second stakes of your sides, one time after another, and straine the same strait perpendiculary-wise, till they cut the other lines that represent the faces and the lines of de­fence, and where they cut one another, knock in six stakes, and they will set out the six Flanks of the three Bastions and the three Courtines; then have all these things traced by divers Pio­niers, after you have fastened lines as neare the ground as you can to them all.

And that being done, you are to set out the six Orillons of the three Bastions after this manner; divide the Line of the Flank [Page 37]into three equall parts, and allow one part for the Flank, and in that part knock in a stake, and the other two parts for the tur­ning of the Orillon; then you are to advance the shoulders of everie one of the Bastions beyond the stake that did represent the end of the Flank and of the shoulder, seven yards;Hovv a perfect Orillon is to be set out in the field. then you are to knocke in a stake, and to fasten a line of seven yards to the stake that represents the first division of the Flank, and to straine this Line parallel-wise with the former, and at the end of the Line to knock in a stake; then you are to divide the just di­stance of the bredth that is between these two last stakes, that will fall out to be thirteen yards and a third part, and in that division you are to knock in a stake, and to that stake you are to fasten a line of thirteen yards & a third part, & at the end of it be­ing strained upon a strait line, you are to knock in a stake; then you are to fasten your iron tracing pin to the other end of the line, and to draw with the point of it a circularie Line from one stake to another, touching as you passe by the verie last stake that you knockt in, representing the extreame, or the middest of the cir­cularie line of the Orillon; and by this meanes you will forme the Orillon perfectly, and verie round; and as you have set out this Orillon, set out all the other Orillons after this very minner: for this one direction will suffice once for all, for the setting out truly of a perfect Orillon.

By the setting out of this Orillon, the truth of the former po­sition made in the last Chapter, viz. that the Base or side of any Poligon is not to be divided into eight parts, but only into six parts, whether you intend to erect Bastions with, or without Orillons, because the Courtine is not shortened at all by the for­ming of the Orillons; for the dike runneth between the Ram­pier of the Courtine, and the inward side of the Orillon, as it is clearly demonstrated in this Triangle fortified by Bastions with Orillons, the Courtine having the same extent as the other Tri­angle hath, that is fortified by Bastions without Orillons, except you please to imitate (as I have said) the best Italian method, that is perfectly set out in a demy Sexagon, in the last Plate of this Abstract, where you shall find the Base to be divided first into ten parts, foure of which are allowed for the two demy gorges, and the other six parts for the Gourtine, which Courtine is [Page 38]againe divided into eight equall parts, that the Line of defence may be taken from the first division of the eight equall parts. And this they do to encrease the bredth of the brest and of the gorge of their Bastions, that they may be more capable of a second, or a third re-intrenchment, when the Flanks, or the points of their Bastions are beaten downe; but these Bastions erected out of a Base divided into six equall parts, are reputed here to have their brest and their gorge already too spacious, and there­fore it were superfluous to make them larger.

To conclude: The irregularitie of the Triangle causeth the dimensions of her Bastions to be these: The Flanks are fortie yards with the thicknesse of the Orillons, the Courtines 166 yards, and two third parts, the Line of defence 240 yards, the brest from out to out 90 yards, the whole gorge 80 yards, the face of the Bastion of 120 yards, the Orillons 26 yards thick, and twentie yards long, jetting over the dike, that is a great preser­vation to the Flanks; and the distance from the Center of the Bastion to the point, is of 95 yards, the Orillons being set out: Then you are to set out all the dikes round about the Fort and Works, observing the dimensions described in the Chapter, where is spoken of forraine Fortifications, casting the earth of the dikes inward, to raise your Rampiers; and when all your in­ward works are finished, and the broad dike perfected, then you are to set out the small dike called La Cunnete, in the middest of the great dike, that you may make with the earth of it, the Counterscarp round about the Fort, according to the directions before described.

But if in case your great dike be full of water, and that it is impossible to dig the small dike, to get earth to make your Coun­terscarp brest-work, you are to line theHovv to e­rect the brest­vvork of the Counter­scarp, vvhen the great dike is full of vva­ter. great dike round about the Fort, at foure yards distance from the brim of the dike, and to dig that twelve foot distance a foot deep, and with that earth you are to erect the brest-work of your Counterscarp; that is (as I have formerly said) to be six foot high, having one foot-step of two foot broad, and eighteen inches high, being adorned on the in-side with good Turffe, and the out-side made slope to no­thing, and levell with the ground, so wne with hay-seed; and the twelve foot space that hath been digged a foot deep, is to be [Page 39]levelled with an ascent to the foot-step of the brest-work, falling towards the brim of the dike, that the raine-water may fall into the dike, and keep that space and your works dry.

CHAP. XIII. Of the Fortifications of the Square by Bastions with Orillons, demonstrated in Plate 10.

THe square is also irregulary, yet not so much as the Trian­gle, because the Angle of his Center is of ninety degrees, his Angle flanked of sixty five degrees, and his Angle flanking of one hundred forty seven degrees: and by these helps the faces of his Bastions are not so long, their Brest broader, and their exteriour Angle more Obtus, then those of the Triangle, his foure sides are of two hundred fifty yards a peece, his Circumfe­rence of one thousand yards, and his continent from out to out of 62500. square yards, out of which is to be defalked the third part, for the bredth of the Rampiers, the Market-place, and the Streets, and there remaineth for the lodgings of the Inhabitants and Souldiers, 41666 yards square, and two third parts, and because this continent is greater then the former, we will accor­dingly increase the scantling of the Inhabitants houses, and allow them to be of 150. square yards, that is a piece of ground of twelve yards and halfe square of all sides; by which scantling, the 41666. yards being divided, there will appeare to be in this continent 277. dwelling houses, and as many Inhabitants, that may billet foure hundred Foot, and two Troopes of Horse: and this number is sufficient to maintaine this Fort against an Army of five thousand men three months, so it be provided with six­teen piece of Ordnance, Balls, Ammunition, Armes, Victualls, and all other necessaries, fit for a Siege.

Object. Some will wonder why so small a Fort, should have sixteen pieces of Ordnance, when many of our Garrisons that are of two or three miles Circumference, have not so many.

[Page 40] Ans. I answer the more is the pity, they are no better pro­vided. But if this Method of Fortification were not better sto­red, to what end should Forrainers be at the charges to erect upper and lower flanks: and because I have not as yet spoken of these upper and sower flanks, I will upon this occasion des­cribe how they are made, and for what use they are erected. In the Ancient Fortifications by Bastions,Of the upper and lovver Flanks of a Bastion. there was formerly low Casamates to scour the dikes even with the water, for they were built so low, that a Cannon being mounted in them and pointed, shot upon a levell Line, even with the water of the dike; and these Casamates were all vaulted with arches of free-stone, ha­ving two Port-holer, and two Demy-Cannons, in every one of them, their vault being some sixteen foot square, and they had a slanting descent from the gorge of the Bastion with a door to come down to them, but because they had no other light then the Port-holes, nor no other evacuation for the smoke, then the doore, when the Cannoniers fired their Pieces, they were so in­cumbred with the smoke in the vault, that they could not sud­denly charge their pieces againe, but were inforced to s [...]ay till the evacuation of the smoke were past: Whereupon the mo­derne Enginiers to prevent these defects, have invented the up­per and lower slanks, where they alwaies place two pieces of Ordnance in everie one of them, so that according to the Forrain Method, every Bastion is to have ten pieces of Ordnance, at the least, two Demy-Cannons in everie flanke, and two long Cul­verins to defend the faces and the point, that is in all ten pieces of Ordnance, these Flanks are made after this manner: The wall of the flanks is brought up from the bottome of the dike with free-stone of two yards thick, to the levell of the water of the dike, and within and without laid with Tarris, that the water of the dike may not pierce the same: and upon this wall and the firme ground, after another foundation of stone hath been laid, twenty four foot from the brim of the first wall, some five foot deep, a Brest-work is brought up of earth and turfe, of twenty foure foot thicke in the bottome, and of twenty foot broad at top, and six foot high, having three Port-holes, and beyond this Brest-worke the ground is digged lower the whole length of the flank, that is ordinarily from thirteen yards, to sixteen yards in [Page 41]length, and in breadth, eight yards, and in depth five foot, and this being laid with tracin; and planked, is the Platforme of the lower flanke open over-h [...]d, in which they place two Demy-Cannons, and these scou [...]d free the dikes from the assay lants galleries, and from the scaling of the Rampiers. Now to e­rect the upper flank they go eight and forty foot wider into the g [...]rge of the Bastion, and upon the in ward foundation of the low­er flanke wall, and the earth of the Bastion they erect another Brest-work of the same height, bredth, and thicknesse of the for­mer, with three Port-holes in it, and then they planke another platforme and place two Demy-Cannons more upon the same, and these are the manner of their upper and lower flanks, that have a slope coming downe from the upper to the lower some ten foot broad, which being covered by the Orillons, make the Bastions very strong; and when these double flanks are ta­ken out on both sides, the gorge is not above fiftie yards broad, that is narrow enough for the last re-intrenchment. Now these flanks being all open over head, the smoke of the Ordnance is suddenly evacuated: the use of the upper Flank is to scoure the face, and the points of the Bastions in the time of a storme, and to beat all along the Courtine. And so much will suffice once for all, concerning the erection and use of these lower and upper Flanks.

Now I come to shew how you are to set out this Square in the field. If men could as soon and as easily set out a Superficie in the field, as they may upon paper, it were soone done; but this last requires a greater labour and care. You are then in the first place to make choyse of your Center, and there to knock in a stake, then you are to stand close to that stake, and turne your face full South, and then take your Demi-circle, and set the sight of it upon the ray of 90 degrees, that is the Angle of the Center of the Square; then you are to have two men by you, one with lines and the other with stakes, and he with lines is to have a line of one hundred andYou are to observe, that this line of 180 yards, is the just demi-dia­gonall line and distance that is be­tvveen the Cent r-stake and the An­gles of the Square. fourescore yards, the one end of which line he is to fasten to the Center-stake; and when you have taken your Demi-circle, and set the sight of it as afore-said, you are to take with it, having your face turned to the South, the right hand ray of the Angle of 90 degrees, and when you have it, let the man [Page 42]straine the line fastened to the Center-stake along the said ray, to the end of the line, and when he is just against you and the ray of your Demi-circle, let the other man knock in a stake at his feet; then turne your selfe, and set your Demi-circle to take the left hand ray of the angle of 90 degrees, and when you have it, let the man with the end of the line come to it, and when hee is just a­gainst you and the ray of your Demi-circle, let the other man with stakes knock in a stake at his feet at the end of the line, and these two stakes represent the South-East and the South-West Angles of your Square; then turne your selfe fall North, stan­ding close to the Center-stake, and set out after the same man­ner the North-East and North-West Angles of your Square, and let the man with stakes knock in two stakes, as hee did in the South side, and these foure utmost stakes will represent the foure Angles of the Square. Now to avoyd errour, you are to fasten the line of 250 yards with a loop fastened in the middest, on the South-East stake, and to straine it to the South-West stake, if the stake be at the just distance of the line, that side is rightly set out; then you may knock in a stake where the loop is, to represent the middle of that side, where the gate and the draw-bridge of the Fort is to be placed; and so prove all the other three sides with your Line of 250 yards, knocking stakes in the middest on everie side; for they will stand you in stead, when you come to divide the sides into six parts. Now if any of these sides be amisse, and agree not with your Line, then you are to amend them by your Demi-circle and your Line, which is easily to be done; and when the foure angles and sides are right, you are to fasten lines to the eight stakes as neare the ground as may be, and to set Pioniers to trace the Superficie of the Square with spades and pick-axes, be­fore you set out the Bastions.

That being done, you are to divide the foure sides of the Square into six equall parts, and to knock in a stake at evene divi­sion, then you are to fasten a line of 90 yards to the former demi-Diagonall Line of 180 yards, that will then be of 270 yards, and to straine the sameThe distance from the Cen­ter of the Ba­stion to the point, is of 90 yards in this Square. 90 yards beyond the foure Angle-stakes of the Square, after it is fastened to the Center-stake, making the said Line to touch the Angle-stake; and at the end of the said line knock in a stake, and these foure stakes will represent the [Page 43]foure utmost points of the foure Bastions, and the foure former Angle-stakes, will then represent the Center of the Bastions. This being done, fasten a line one after another to the third stake of everie side, ofThis Line of 230 yards is the just extent of the Line of defence of this Square. 230 yards, and straine the same to the foure stakes that represent the foure utmost points of the foure Basti­ons, and this line will set out the eight faces of the Bastions, and all the Lines of defence; then you are to fasten a line one after another of 41 yards and two thirds to everie second stake of the foure sides,The Line of the Flanks in this Square is of 41 yards and tvvo third parts. and to straine the same upon a strait perpendicularie line till it come to cut the former line, that represents the line of defence, and sets out the faces of the Bastions; and where it cuts the other drive in a stake, and these eight stakes will repre­sent and set out the eight Flanks and the foure Courtines: And that being done, you are to set Pioniers at work, to trace all these things before you go about to set out the Orillons.

Now to avoyd mistake, you were better to set out one side at a time, & to have it traced as you set it out, for it wil save charges, because it will not require so many lines. This being done, you are to set out the Orillons, and after the Orillons the dike; and when all is finished, you are to erect the Brest-work of the Counter­scarp with the earth taken from the small dike, called La Cunette, adorning the same on the inside with Turffe and a foot-step, as I have formerly given large directions in Chap. 12. and Plate 9.

CHAP. XIV. Of the Fortifications of the Pentagon by Bastions with Orillons, demonstrated in Plate 11.

THe Pentagon is also irregularie, yet lesse then the Square; for the Angle of his Center is of 75 degrees, and the Angle flanked of the same extent, and his Angle flanking of 142 de­grees and a halfe, his bases or sides are of 250 yards a peece, his circumference of 1250 yards, and his whole continent from out to out of 125000 square yards, it is of a convenient forme [Page 44]for a Citadell, or of a well-compact Towne, whose circumfe­rence doth not exceed three quarters of an English mile.

Now to direct the Reader once for all,Hovv you may knovv the continent of any Poli­gon vvith va­rietie of An­gles. how he may speedily calculate the continent of all sorts of Angle Poligons, I have in this Figure set out a demonstration of it, viz. you are first to draw a strait perpendicularie from A to B, then a strait parallel line from C to D, and then to joyne D and A by a strait line, as it is demonstrated in this Figure, and it will produce a demy long square, his broad sides containing, according to the scale of this Figure, 200 yards, and his end-side 125 yards, which being mul­tiplyed one by the other, it will produce 25000 yards, as the just continent of one of the Triangles of this Pentagon, which being multiplyed by five, (because it containes five Triangles, the whole continent will amount to 125000 square yards. Now the one third part of it being defalked for the bredth of the Ram­pier, the Market-place and the streets, there will remaine for the Inhabitants houses 83333 yards and a third part, which be­ing divided by one hundred and fiftie square yards, that wee al­low for everie Inhabitants dwelling house, that is a peece of twelve yards and an halfe square of all sides, it will accor­ding to this scantling containe 555 houses, and as many Inha­bitants, that are according to the rules of war, to billet in everie third house a Horse-man, and in all the rest two Foot-Souldiers apeece; so that it will containe 185 Horse-men 740 Foot-men, and 555 Inhabitants, a sufficient Garrison to defend this place against an Army of ten thousand men for three months; so it be provided with Ordnance, Armes, Ammunition, victuals, and all other necessaries for a Siege.

Now to set out this Fort in the field, you are to bring along with you two men, one with lines, and the other with stakes: and when you have made choice of your Center the man is to knock in a stake, and you are to stand close to this Center-stake, and having set the sight of your Demy-circle upon the ray of 75. degrees that is the Angle of the Center of the Pentagon,Note that this line of 240 yards is the extent of the demi dia­gonall line of the Pentagon. the man that carrieth the lines is to fasten a line of 240. yards to the Center-stake, and to straine the same full North upon a strait perpendiculary line, and at the end of it he is to knock in a stake and this stake represents the North Angle of the Pentagon; [Page 45]that done, take your demy-circle and wind the right hand ray to the right hand, the man holding in his hand the line of 240. yards, straining the same according to the ray of the demy-circle, and when he is at the end of the line and just against you agreeing with the ray of your demy-circle, let the man with the stakes knock in a stake at his feet, and this stake will represent the North East Angle of the Poligon, then turne your face to the North-West, and with the ray of your demy-circle on the left hand, the man with the line following the same, and when he is just against you and the ray of the demy-circle, being at the end of the line, the man with the stakes is to knocke in another stake at his feet, and this stake will represent the North West Angle of the Pentagon. And after this manner set out the South-East and South-West Angles of the Pentagon, and having knockt in stakes, these five utmost stakes will represent the five Angles of the Pentagon, and by these observations, the gate and the draw-bridge of this Fort will be full South, and in the midst of the South Courtine, to be defended by the flankes of two Basti­ons; when this is done, you are to take the line of 250. yards having a loop in the midst, which line you are to strain from stake to stake to prove whether your stakes are at an equall distance, driving at everie middle of all the sides a stake, as you will be directed by the loop fastened to the middle of the line: now if any of your stakes be amisse you may easily amend them, by the demy-circle, and the line, and when they are right, you are to fasten lines from stake to stake as neare the ground as may be; and set many Pioniers to trace the superficie of this Pentagon, before you set out the Bastions. And this is also the way how you ought to set out the equilaterall TriangleHovv to set out an equila­terall Trian­gle by the de­mi-circle spo­ken of in Chap. 12. by the Demy-cir­cle, spoken of in the 12. Chapter, by driving a stake full North to represent the North Angle of the Triangle, and by turning your face South after you have set the sight of the demy-circle upon 60. degrees, as being the Angle of the Center of the equilaterall Triangle, turning the ray of your demy-circle on the right hand, and then on the left hand, and driving at the end of the line of 250. yards two stakes, for by this meanes the gate and the draw-bridge of the Triangle Fort will be full South, and just in the midst of the South Courtine, and defended by the flanks of two Bastions.

[Page 46]The Superficie of this Pentagon being traced you are to di­vide the five sides of it into six equall parts, driving in everie di­vision a stake, then you are to fasten to the former line of 240. yards, another line of 83. yards, and a third, that is the just di­stance, from the Center of the Bastion to the utmost point of it, and when you have done so, you are to fasten the same to the Center stake, and to straine it diagonall-wise 83. yards and one third part beyond the five Angle-stakes, making the line as you straine it to touch the said stake, and at the end of the line to drive in five stakes, that will represent the five utmost points of the five Bastions. And for the setting out of the rest, I referre you to avoid repetition to the two last Chapters, where you had large directions to set out the flanks and faces of the Bastions, with their Orillons, Dikes, and Conterscarpes; and will onely acquaint you with the demensions of this Pentagon, since I did omit the same in the square, yet I will give a hint of them in this place: the flankes of the square were but forty yards, and the flankes of the Pentagon are forty one yards, and two third parts, their Courtines are alike of 166. yards and two third parts, the distance from the Center to the point of the Bastion, in the square was 86. yards, and in this Pentagon of 83. yards; the gorge of the Square and of the Pentagon alike, of 83. yards and one third part.

And the line of defence in the square 230. yards, and in the Pentagon three yards lesse.

The faces of the Bastions in the square of 105. yards and in this Pentagon 100. yards, and the brest in the square of 95. yards, and in the Pentagon 100. yards.

CHAP. XV. Of the Fortifications of the Ovall by Bastions without Orillons demonstrated in Plate 8.

THe Ovall is as irregularie as the Triangle, and one of the most difficult superficies to set out in the field, because of the circu­lary [Page 47]form, and the variety of the Angles, foure of them being of sixty five degrees, and two, of thirty seven degrees and a halfe, the Angle flanking of 130. degrees, and the Angle flanked of 72. degrees and a halfe; her circumference is of 1500. yards, and her continent from out to out of 118800. yards; out of which the one third part being defalked for the bredth of the Rampiers, the market-place, and the streets, there remains for the houses of the Inhabitants 79200. square yards, that is to be divided by 150. square yards, for a piece of ground of 12. yards and halfe square of all sides, that is allowed to everie one of the Inhabitants, that are found to be by this calculation, 528. that are to billit 176. horse-men and 704. foot-souldiers: A sufficient Garrison to oppose an Army of eight thousand men for three months, so it be provided with Cannons, Ammunition, Armes, Victualls, and all other necessaries for a Siege. It is al­so a convenient superficie, to fortifie a well-compacted market­towne, that may be reduced to this forme of three fourth parts of a mile Circumference.

Now to set out the Superficie in the field,Note once for all, that you are to have a Sea-compasse, vvhen you go about to set out any kind of Superficies in the field, to place your an­gle South, North, East, and VVest rightly. you are to make choice of your Center, and to drive in a stake, and to fasten a line of 80 yards to that stake, and to straine the same full East up­on a strait line, and to drive in a stake; then you are to wind the line about, and to straine it full West, and to drive in a stake, and these two last stakes divide the length of the Ovall into three equall parts, of 160. yards a piece, and represent the two Centers of the two circles, out of which the Ovall is formed, then you are to fasten a line to the Center stake of 220. yards, that is the extent of the demy-diagonall line of the South-East and North-East Angles, and of the South-West and North-West Angles, that are of 57. degrees and a halfe, upon theray of which Angle, you are to set the sight of your demy-circle and standing at the Center stake to turne your face full East, wind­ing the ray of the circle on the right hand, the man with the fore-said line straining the same till he come just against you, and the ray of the circle, then is the man that carrieth the stakes, to drive a stake at his feet, then you are to winde the ray of your demy-circle on the left hand, and to do as you did at right hand, and at the end of the line to drive in a stake, and these two stakes [Page 48]will represent the South-East and the North-East Angles of the Ovall, then you are to turne your selfe full West, and to set out with your demy-circle, and the fore-said line the South-West and North-West Angles, driving two stakes at the end of the line. Then you are to fasten a line of 160. yardsThis is the extent of the demi diametri­call line of the bredth of the Ovall. to the Cen­ter stake, and to straine the same full South, upon a strait line, and at the end of the line the man with stakes is to drive in a stake, then wind the same line about, and straine the same full North upon a strait line, and at the end of the line drive in ano­ther stake, and these two last stakes represent the South and North Angles of the Ovall: then remove this line from the Center stake, and fasten it to the East Center circle stake, & strain it full East upon a strait line, and at the end of the line drive in a stake, then remove the same line to the West Circle Center stake, and straine the same full West upon a strait line, and at the end of the line drive in a stake, and between these eight cir­cularie stakes consists the superficie of the Ovall.

Now because the six sides of it are circularie, you are to re­move the fore-said line of 160 yards to the Center-stake, and to fasten your iron tracing-pin to one side of the line, and the other side to the stake, and to straine the same full South, and to trace the ground as far as the line will give you leave, on both sides of the South stake, and then you are to do the like on the North side; and that being done, you are to fasten these lines one after another to the East and West circle Center-stakes, and to trace the West and the East sides of the Ovall with the point of your iron pin, as you did the South and North sides, joyning the tracing of your pin on all sides; and this being done, you are to set many Pioniers to make the tracing deeper with spades, or with the flat ends of their pick-axes.

And when this Superficie of the Ovall is sufficiently traced, you are to divide the six circularie sides into six equall parts, dri­ving a stake in everie division; then you are to fasten a line of 85 yards to everie Angle-stake one after another, and to straine the same upon a strait Diagonall line from the foure Angle-stakes that represent the South-west and North-west, and South-East and North-East Angles; but upon a strait Diametricall line from the South and North Angle-stakes, and at everie end of the line [Page 49]you are to drive in a stake, and these six stakes will represent the six vtmost points of the six Bastions; then you are to fasten a line of 240 yards to everie third stake of your six sides, to set out by it the faces and the line of defence of the Bastions, by straining and fastning this line to everie Angle stake twice to set out the twelve faces, then you are to fasten a line of 45 yards to everie second stake of the six sides or bases, and to straine this line not perpendicularie-wise, as you have done formerly, when you did set out the Bastions with Orillons, but five yards more bevell, toward the next Bastion, then strait; and where the Line cuts the other that sets out the faces of the Bastions and the Line of defence, you are to drive a stake, and after this manner set out all the rest, till you have gone round.

Now let me informe you once for all, that the safest and the most frugall way to set out your Bastions after your maine Su­perficie is set out, is to set out one halfe Bastion at a time, and to have itA generall observation to be noted. presently traced before you remove your Line; for these two Lines, one long to set out the faces and the Line of defence, and a short one to set out the Flanks will serve turne; and besides, it will prevent all confusion and mistakes.

Now when all the Bastions are traced, you are to set out the dike; and when all is finished, the Counterscarp; as you have been directed Chap. 12, and 13.

The Line of defence of this Ovall is of 240 yards, the di­stance from the Center to the point of the Bastion of 85 yards;The gates and dravv, bridges of this Ovall fortification are to be pla­ced in the middest of the East and VVest cour­tine, that re­presents the length of the Ovall, and not South and North, as other Forts are. and the length of the Courtine, because of her circularie Line, of 170 yards; the brest of the Bastion, 110 yards; the Gorges of 83 yards and one third part; and the faces of the Bastions of 100 yards, and others of 90, because of the winding of the O­vall; and her Flanks of 45 yards, three yards longer then ordi­narie, because of the circularie line of the Courtine, that it may the better defend the inward Angle of the other Flanks.

CHAP. XVI. Of the Fortifications of the Sexagon, by Bastions with Orillons, demonstrated in Plate 12.

THe Sexagon is regularie, and a most compleat Superficie, the Angle of her Center is of 60 degrees, the Angle flanked of 80 degrees,See in Chap. 18. vvhy these sides have been set out fiftie yards longer then a­ny other for­merly have been. This Sexagon is composed of six equilacerall Triangles e­quall on all sides, contai­ning everie one of them 39000 yards, vvhich being multi [...]lied by six, containe 234000 square yards. and the Angle flanking of 135 degrees; her sides are of 300 yards a peece, her circumference of 1800 yards, her whole continent of 235000 square yards; out of which the one third part being deralked for the bredth of the Rampiers, the extent of the Market-place and the streets, there remaineth 156000 square yards for the houses of the Inhabitants, to whom wee will allow in this greater continent, 200 square yards, that is a peece of ground some thing more then fourteen yards square on all sides: And after this allowance, the fore-said number of 156000 square yards, being divided by two hundred square yards, it will appeare that this continent will containe 780 houses, and by consequence so many Inhabitants, that are according to the rules of war, to billet in everie third house a Horse-man, and in all the rest two Foot-Souldiers a peece: And after this accompt, there will be 260 Horse-men, and 1040 Foot-Souldiers, a verie compleat Garrison to defend a place not much above an English mile in cir­cumference, so it be stored with Ordnance, Armes, Ammunition, victuals, and all other necessaries for such a Siege.

I have in this Superficie, as being the last of this Method of Fortification, set out the broad streets, that go round about the Rampiers, and from the Rampiers to the Market-place, that are to be ten yards broad, and the Market-place of an hundred yards in her Diametricall Line, and of the same forme of the Fortifica­tion of the Sexagon; for you are to observe in all new erected Forts,The Market place of a nevv erected Fort, Citadell, or Garrison, is to be of the same forme of the out-Super­ficie of the vvorks. Citadels, or Garrisons, to reduce the Market-place after the forme of the out-side works, to be the more compleat, viz. if it be an equilaterall Triangle, or a Square, or a Pentagon, the Mar­ket-place is to be of the same forme of a Triangle, or a Square, or a [Page 51]Pentagon. Moreover, you are carefully to observe to line out in everie one of them, broad streets of thirtie foot broad round about the Rampiers, and from the Rampiers to the Market-place, and these broad streets that run from the Rampiers to the Mar­ket-place, are alwayes in this Method of Fortification, to be up­on a strait Diagonall, or Diametricall Line from the Center of the Bastion, to the Center of the Market-place, as these are drawn in this Figure for these reasons: 1 The streets round about the ram­piers serve for all manner of carriages to be brought to the works, and for the Horse-men to ride to the releef of any of the rampiers in the time of a siege or storm. 2 The great streets that run from theFor vvhat use broad streets lined round about the Rampters and the Mar­ket-place, are erected. Market-place to the Bostions, serve for a Troop of Horse, of five of a brest; or for a Company of Foot, with five or six men on a brest, to come to the releefe of any of the Bastions that are stormed. 3 The Market-place is always to serve as the Ran­dezvouz for Souldiers to gather themselves together, to be sent by the Governour where occasion requires. I have also set out the order that is to be observed in the erecting of the houses for the Inhabitants, that are to be lined out with strait double ranges, that gardens or back-sides may joyne one against another, that houses may have the more aire and light, and that all their doores may open to the streets, that are to be fifteen foot broad; for narrow lanes are dangerous in Garrison Towns. The Store-hou­ses or Magazines of Powder, Bullet, Fire-works, Engins, Lad­ders, Pioniers tooles; and provision of victuals, as Corn, Meale, Oat-meale, Oats, Malt, Hay, Salt, Powder Beefe, Bacon, Dry fish, Butter, Cheese, Rice, White Pease, and all such necessaries, are to be in those houses seated round about the Market-place, as the most safest seat of the Towne.

All these observations are carefully to be regarded, if in case the State should erect any new Forts, Citadels, or Garrison towns, where there never was any habitation before; for such a new erected Hold would ten times be more serviceable then any old erected Towne in this Kingdome; (provided all the dimensions of this Method be observed, that shall clearly be described in the Ichnography of this Chapter) because they are for the greater part of deformed shapes, and of a vast extent, and not compacted together, nor their streets well lined, nor ranged in order, nor [Page 52]their houses well contrived, some of them being verie high, and some verie low; but these of this newOf the height of the nevv-erected Houses in a nevv Fort, Cit­tadell, or Gar­rison tovvn. erection are to be all a­like, and not above two stories high, that may not exceed with with their roofe thirtie foot high at the most, that the ridge of the top of their houses may be lower then the top of the Ram­pier Brest-work by nine foot.

Now to set out this Sexagon in the field, you are to make choice of the Center, and to drive in a stake and to fasten to that stake a line of three hundred yards, and a foot over, which line the two men that are alwayes to be with you to carrie your instruments, lines, and stakes, are to straine full East, after you have taken with a goodAn Enginier is never to be vvithout a demi-circle, and a good Sea-Compasse. sea-compasse the East and West points. But if by the long extent of the line the line swags and cannot be drawne strait, they are to straine it but one hundred yards ve­rie strait, and stiffe, and to drive in the ground verie deep a strong stake, and to wind the line about it, then to strain the line againe another hundred yards, and to drive in another stake as before, and toObserve to vvinde the line alvvaies of one and the verie same side of the state, to avoid breaks. observe to wind the line alwaies of one and the same side, and to make it come to be strained againe, on that very side you did first wind it upon the first stake, to avoid all breakes; then you are to straine the line again for the third time, and to drive in a stake, and this last stake will represent the East Angle of the Sexagon. Then your men are to untwist the line from the stakes and to wind it about to the West point, and to straine it and to drive in three stakes as they did before, and the last stake will represent the West Angle of the Sexagon: Then you are to stake your demi-circle, and to set the sight of it upon the ray of 60. degrees, and to stand at the Center-stake and to turne your face and demi-circle to the East stake, winding the ray of the demi-circle East and by South, then are your men to follow that ray with the line, driving at every hundred yards a stake, and when they are at the end of the line just against you, and the ray of your demi-circle of 60. degrees, let them drive in a third stake and it will represent the East and by South Angle of the Sexa­gon; then turne your selfe and your demi-circle East and by North, and set out after this verie manner the East and by North Angle, and when that is done, turne your felfe full West, and set out after this manner the West and by North, and West and [Page 53]by South Angles, and when all the six angle stakes are driven in,Note that a good line of three double vvhip-cord vvound toge­ther of 300 yards and a foot, having loops fastened at everie fiftie yards, and an­other colou­red loope at everie hundred yards, vvill suf­fice to set out all this great superficie. then you are to remove your line from the Center stake, and to straine the same from Angle-stake, to Angle-stake, to try whe­ther your Angle-stakes, and sides be equall, and to amend them if any be amisse, by the demy-circle and your line; and when they are all equall, then you are to fasten this three hundred yard line, one after another from Angle-stake to Angle-stake, as neare the ground as may be, and to set Pioniers to trace that fide before you remove the line, and that side being traced, you are to trace the other five sides, one after another, after the very same manner, before you undertake to set out your six Bastions, that are to be set out after this manner.

When the Superficie of the Sexagon is traced, you are to di­vide your six sides into six equall parts, that will be of fifty yards a piece, and to drive in everie division a stake, then you are to fasten one end of your three hundred yards line to everie one of the six angles-stakes, one after another, and to straine the same into the field one hundred yards beyond theBecause the distance from the center of the bastion to the utmost point, is in this Sexagon of 100 yards. Angle-stakes, according to the former rowes of stakes you did drive in, whether the lines of them were diametricall or diagonall, and these six stakes will represent the six vtmost angles of the Bastions; the six former Angles of the sides of the Sexagon, being by these last six stakes become the Center of the Bastions. Then you are to fasten one end of your long line to the third stake of every side, and to straine and fasten the same to the stakes that repre­sent the utmost points of the Bastions, and for the first, we will suppose to be the East Angle, then fasten a line of 50. yards to the second stake of the East and by South side, and straine it per­pendicularie wise till it cut the long line fastened to the third stake of the said East and by South side, on the right hand that is strained and fastened to the utmost angle-stake on the left hand of the East and by South side, and where this short line cuts the long line, drive in a stake, for that stake binds the Courtine, and sets out that flanke, and the long line that runs from the third stake and toucheth the East stake to the utmost point of the ba­stion, represents the line of defence, and the face of the bastion on that side, and to this face, and the flanke, you are to set Pioniers to trace the same, before you remove your lines, and this side [Page 54]being traced you are to set out and trace after this verie manner all the eleven other sides, before you undertake to set out the Orillons.

For the setting out of which,The gates and dravv-bridges of this Sexa­gon Fortifica­tion are to be placed South and North, that they may be defended by the Flanks of tvvo Basti­ons, and in the middest of the South Cour­tine, because the East and the VVest points have tvvo Bastions. I referre you to the 12. Chap­ter of this Abstract, where directions are described to set them out, and when the Orillons are set out, you are to set out the great dike, that is to be thirty yards broad, and ten yards deep, and the Cunnette five yards deep, and ten yards broad, and the Counterscarp is to be made with the earth taken out from this small double dike, called La Cunette.

To conclude, this second Method of Fortification, by Basti­ons with Orillons, is the best and the strongest that ever was in­vented, to fortifie all manner of Angle-Polligons, that are re­gularie, especially if the demensions contained in this insuing Ich­nographie be observed.

• A represents the sides or base of the Sexagon, that are of 300. yards a piece.
• B represents the Center of the Bastion, and the distance from the Center to the point of the Bastion, that is 100. yards.
• C represents the Courtine that is of 200. yards.
• D represents the faces of the Bastions, of 120. yards.
• E represents the exteriour Angle or point of the Bastion.
• F represents the circularie compasse of the Orillon.
• G represents the Line of defence, by two prickt lines that is from 240. yards to 260. yards.
• H represents the Flanks that are of 50. yards with the O­rillons, but sixteen yards and halfe besides the Orillons.
• I represents the jetty of the Orillons over the dike that is of 20. yards.
• K represents the demy gorge that is of 50. yards.
• L represents the whole gorge of the Bastion, that is 100. yards.
• M represents the Brest of the Bastion, that is 140. yards.
• N represents the Angle flanking of 135. degrees.
• [Page 55]O represents the Angle flanked of 80. degrees.
• P represents the Market-place, that is of 100. yards diameter.
• Q represents the bredth of the dike that is of 30. yards.
• R represents the Rampiers of 30. yards broad in the bottome, and 20. yards at top, because the parapet of it with the three foot-steps take 30. foot of it, and the brest-worke is nine foot high within side, and six foot without side, and twenty foot thick at top, with a slope of three foot.
• S represents the broad streets, that go round about the Ram­piers and to the market-place that are thirty foot broad.
• T represents the small streets that are of fifteen foot, and the rowes or ranges of the houses of the Inhabitants.

CHAP. XVII. Of the third Method of Fortification, by Avant-guards and out-Guards, and halfe Moones in generall.

THe third method of Fortification would be as chargable as the second, if we should imitate in the erecting of it, the demen­sions and proportions of the Italian and French Enginiers, or adorn them as they do with free-stone of all sides to the Cordeau, or water-table, that is alwaies five yards higher then the firme or even ground, and sometimes from the bottome of the dike, that are ordinarily 30. yards broad, 10 yards deep, and their Rampiers 20. yards broad, besides the Brest-workes, and three foot steps that are also 10. yards broad in the bottome, and 20. foot thick at top, their Rampiers being ordinarily brought up fif­teen foot with stone-work from the even-ground and fifteen foot with turfe and earth, besides the brest-work of nine or ten foot high, that is in all some forty foot high, besides the depth of the dike, and this they terme in the French Tongue, Tels Rampars sont hors de danger deseallade, that is, such Rampiers are out of danger of scaling; and so they are, for ladders of fifty rounds, cannot be raised in the night time without noise, al­though [Page 56]they be made never so artificially, to be dismounted or set up by screwes in five or six peeces.

But since we have neither time, nor meanes, nor men, to man, to erect, or to finish such great works, wee will reduce this third Method of Fortification, that is capable above all others, to en­dure without being much the worse, alterations or diminutions in her dimensions and proportions, to these ensuing scantlings.

The dikes are to be ten yards broad and five yards deep, not slope to nothing, as our Countrey ignorant Surveyours make theirs, more like hedge-dikes, then of Works and Fortifications; but only allowing a foot slope in everie yard; and by this meanes the broad dike when it is finished, will be twentie foot broad, out of which is to be taken a small dike of sixteen foot broad, and eight or ten foot deepe, called by the French La Cunnette; and the slope of this dike is not to be on everie side above a yard, that it may remaine ten foot broad in the bottome; and these dikes are far better, and more difficult to be filled, or to be passed over, then those that are not a foot broad in in the bottome, as I have alrea­dy proved in Chap. 16.

And because the great dike is no broader nor deeper than is a­bove-said, and that the earth that is to be digged out of the small dike is to be throwne on the field side, some twelve foot beyond the brim of the great dike, for to erect when all the inward works are perfected, a Counterscarp with a Brest-work round about the Garrison, of six foot high with a step, wee will abso­lately cut off from this forraine Method the whole Rampier, and erect only with Turffe, and the earth that is taken out of the great dike, a Brest-work of twelve foot high within side, and nine foot high without side from the firme ground, leaving a wa­ter-table between the Turffe and the brim of the dike, of eight inches, if the earth be good; but if it be sandy, or of a running clay, it must be left eighteen inches, or two foot broad, notwith­withstanding the chat of selfe-conceited and ignorant men. The slope of the Brest-work without side is not to be above a yard in three yards, if the earth be good; but if it be naught, a foot more will serve, so it be well filled and rammed at everie foure courses of Turffe with small brush bavins, as I have formerly given'di­rections. And for the flope within side, it is sufficient if it be [Page 57]two foot in twelve, or one foot in six; for the three foot-steps are as a butteresse unto it. And the reason why the out-side of the Brest-work is but nine foot, and the in-side twelve, is, that the Brest-work is to be with five foot-steps, foure and thirtie foot in the bottome, and twentie foot at top, and so great a thicknesse is to have at least a yard slope to convey the raine-wa­ter away, and to make way for the Musketiers to cleare with their shot the brim of the dike. But in this place I will confute the grosse ignorance and foolish frugalitie of some Countrey Sur­veyours, that set the inward wall of their Brest-work upon loose earth, in stead of bringing it up as well as the out-side from the firme ground, and all to save some few loads of Turffe, and a little labour; but this is a destructive frugalitie; for by it, with­in a yeare or two, all their Brest-works cleave in the middest, and fall as much inward as outward. Now if these dimensions and proportions be observed in this third, and in the fourth Me­thod; and the Faces, Flanks, and Angles of the Avant-guards, Out-guards, Halfe Moones, and small Flanks truly lined and set out according to Art, our works should not be an object of de­rision to Forrainers, as they are, and the charges would not have been greater then they have been, to erect our slight and ill-flan­ked Redouts, Scar-crow mounts, and ridiculous winding An­gles as we have done, for it were better not to fortifie at all; but if we fortifie thus, we need not feare with Gods favour, to lose our Garrisons as we have done, in eight and fortie houres.

CHAP. XVIII. Of the extent of the sides or bases of all manner of Su­perficies, and of the just length of the Line of defence.

THe opinion of Enginiers doth varie much, concerning the ex­tent of the sides or bases of any manner of regulary Superficie, that is to be fortified by Bastious:See his Ani­madversions, Chap. 17. and pag. 49. Mr. Ward would have it 900 foot, or 1000 foot at the most. The Italian Enginiers [Page 58]from 700 foot to 800 foot, and yet their foot is smaller then ours; and Errard de Barleduck, an ancient French Enginier, would have it from 600 foot to 700 foot: But Sir Anthony de Ville, and Honorat de Meynier, two later rare French Enginiers, would have the extent of it of 750 foot, that is 250 yards, and with their opinion I concur and assent: And to that end I have drawne all the sides or bases of the two first Methods, the Sexa­gon excepted, of 250 yards a peece, as the most convenient to re­duce all the proportions of a Fortification by Bastions, to a per­fect dimension or scantling;Of the true extent of the side, to have the Line of de­fence from 200 yards, to 240 yards. but above all, the Line of defence to her true extent, and have only drawne the sides of the Sexagon of three hundred yards a peece, to shew that Mr. Ward was as much out in that extent, as Errard de Barleduck was, in main­taining it should be from six to seven hundred foot at the most; for if his opinion be followed, the Courtines and the Line of de­fence will be something too short, as it may appeare in all his Modells, and specially in his regularie Angle Poligons, that ex­ceed seven Angles. On the other side, if Mr. Wards opinion be followed, the Courtine and the Line of defence will be some thing of the longest, as it may appeare by the Sexagon demon­strated in Plate 12. And therefore I conclude, that 750 foot is the best extent for the side or the base of any Poligon fertified by Bastions.

But as concerning the sides or bases of these two last ensuing Methods, by Avant-guards and small Flankers, the bases or sides of all manner of Superficies may be (if you please) from five hun­dred, to two thousand yards, so you observe in your division, or in the placing of your Avant-guards and smal Flankers, two hun­dred and fiftie yards between Center and Center of everie one of them. But as for Forts that have no need to have neither A­vant-guards, nor small Flankers, but only in their Angles, you are then to observe carefully to make their sides of no longer extent then of 250 yards a peece.

Now if any should so much mistake himselfe, as to erect two or three Bastions upon a side of 500 or 750 yards, these Bastions are no more true Bastions, but Ravelias; for it is improper for a Bastion to be placed any where, but upon an Angle. Suppose then you would fortifie a Towne that containeth some three [Page 59]miles circumference, that can be reduced in a circularie forme: if you will fortifie the same by 24 Bastions, you must reduce this circularie forme into foure and twentie sides, and as many An­gles; but if you fortifie the same by Avant-guards, or small Flankers, you need not to divide this circularie forme, but into eight sides, and place in everie side two Avant-guards, and one halfe Moone beyond the dike, to defend the Angle; but if you fortifie the same by small Flankers, then everie one of these eight Angles is to have a Flanker, and everie side two Flankers more, as it is demonstrated in Plate 18, and 23. And this will suffice to have been spoken, concerning the sides, or bases of all manner of Superficies.

Concerning the Line of defence,See his Ani­madversions, Chap. 30. and pag. 74. Mr. Ward is over-bitter against Errard de Barleduck, because hee draweth his Line of de­fence from the verie corner of the Flank, and not from the third of the base or side which he calleth the Courtine. I do acknow­ledge that it is better to draw the Line of defence from the third part of the side or base, as Mr. Ward would have it, then from the corner of the Flank, and especially if the sides of the Fortifi­cation be ofIf a side is of 300 yards, it is better to dravv the Line of defence from the mid­dle of the Courtine, then from the third part of it. 300 yards a peece, as Mr. Ward would have them to be; nay, it were better if it were drawne from the middle of the side or Courtine, (for it is one and the same thing.) To re­ctifie the errour of the extent of his sides, of three hundred yards a peece, that makes the Line of defence unserviceable for the mus­ket-shot, if the Line be drawne from the third part of the Cour­tine; whereas it would serve turne, and amend the errour of the over-long extent of the fide, if it were drawne from the middle of the Courtine. Yet for all this small errour of Errard, I see no reason why Mr. Ward should be so bitter against him, for his owne Modells are not without defects; for it is a verie good horse that never stumbleth. And it is well knowne to all Ar­tists, that Errard de Barleduck was an experienced Enginier, and the first that adorned the Art of Fortification in the French tongue. Besides, the Line of defence is better (in the Superficies of the equilaterall Triangle, and of the Square) to be taken from the corner of the Flank, then from the third part of the side or Courtine, because it openeth the brest of the Bastion, and ma­keth their exteriour Angle more obtus, then when it is drawne [Page 60]from the third part of the Courtine. Moreover, Mr. Ward doth wrong or mistake Errard, and the other French Enginier, to alledge as he doth, that they relye most upon the musket-shot for the defence of the Courtines, faces, and points of their Bastions, despising the defence of them b [...] the Ordnance shot; the defence of the musket-shot being (saith hee) no defence at all, to em­pede the Assailant from casting their galleries over the mote. But I say that Mr. Ward doth mistake the meaning of Errard, and of the rest of the French Enginiers; for they erect their lower Flanks, and provide them with Demi-Cannon; only to prevent the casting of galleries over their mote: And for their upper Flanks, besides the Demi-Culverins they place upon them, to defend the faces and points of their Bastions, they place Mus­ketiers to discharge their shot continually, while their Demi-Culverins are charging againe, and so make use of Ordnance and of Musket-shot also, for the defence of them. Therefore I will conclude with the Assertion of one of the greatestSee the Duke of Roan in his Perfect Captaine, Chap. 8. Comman­ders of our dayes, that the extent of the Line of defence is the best, that is convenient for the Musket-shot, as well as for the Cannon-shot.

CHAP. XIX. Of the Fortifications of the Superficie, in the forme of S. Michaels Crosse, fortified by eight Halfe-Moones, demonstrated in Plate 13.

THe Circumference of this Superfice is so great that it contains 3680. yards, that is two English mile, and one third part of a mile, and therefore fitter to fortifie some Corporation town then for a Fort, so it may be reduced to this forme; the An­gles of the Center of it are of fifty five degrees, and the exteri­our Angle of the halfe-Moones are of sixty five degrees, halfe of the faces of the halfe-Moones are of 250. yards, and the o­ther halfe of 210. yards a piece, whereby they require to be de­fended by small drakes, or sacres, besides the musket-shot, but if upon every point of the halfe Moone a platforme were erected [Page 61]as they are most commonly in all Redoubts, or Forts after this manner, viz. the Angle upon which you intend to erect a plat­forme, is to be brought up twelve foot high from the ground, to be levell with the inward side of the Brest-worke, and towards the towne slope nothing, and when it is so, you are upon the last course of turfe, to place a frize with sharp picked quarters, of six foot long, four inches broad, and three inches thick,Seven or eight inches distance one from another. jetting one yard over the dike and running a yard into the brest-worke, that is to be raised so farre as the platforme goeth on both sides, fix foot higher then the other Brest-work, in which Brest-work the Port-holes are to be made two on every side, so that these Angle-Brest-workes are to be 18. foot from the ground, having a frize as is above said round about the Platforme to free it from scaling, to place two Sacres, & two Drakes upon everie platform, this Fortification being so provided, will be of great defence, and very offensive to the assaylants, because the halfe Moones flanke one another so well, that none can approach the sides or the points of them, without great danger of their lives; but if the diametricall line of this Superficie were reduced lesse by one halfe or the scale of it, brought from 30. yards to 15. yards, it would have been of a great defence, without Drakes or Sacres, by the musket-shot onely. But I have purposely set out the same so large to show how such great sides may be set out in the field, for they are farre more difficult to set out, uhen shorter demensions.

Now to set it out in the field, you are to make choice of the Center, and to drive in a stake; then you are to have a line rea­dy of 330.This Line of three hundred and thirtie yards is the just Demi-Diagonall and Diametricall extent of the Line that is to set our the eight invvard Angles of this Superficie. yards, having at everie fiftie yards a loop fastened to it of one colour, and another loop of another colour fastened to it at everie hundred yards, then you are to stand at the Cen­ter-stake, and to turne your selfe full South, after you have set out with your Sea-compasse as neare as you can to that distance, of the line, the South, North, East, and West points, because the foure sides of your crosse are of necessity to be lined so; then set the sight of your demi-circle upon the ray of 55. degrees, and wind the ray of your circle first on the left hand, and let the man with the line fasten the one end of it to the Center-stake, and follow with the other end of the line, the ray of your demi-circle, [Page 62]and when he is one hundred yards distance from you, and just against you, and the ray of your demi-circle, let the other man that carrieth the stakes, drive in a stake at his feet, and twift the line once or twice about the stake, observing alwaies to make the line to come to be strained againe on that very side,In sides that are above one hundred yards, that re­quire above tvvo stakes, you are care­fully to ob­serve, to vvind the Line upon the stakes all of a side, to prevent breaks that he first twisted the same, to avoid breakes, because the thicknesse of a stake of two inches thick will cause a great break in the ex­tent of three hundred yards, that being done, let him follow still the ray of your demi-circle, and when he is another hundred yards distant from the last stake, and two hundred yards from you, but just against you, and the ray of your demi-circle, let the man with stakes drive in a second stake at his feet, and winde the line about the stake [...]he did before, then let him go forward and straine still the line till he be a hundred yards more from the second stake, and when he is just against you, and the ray of your demi-circle, let the man with stakes drive the third stake at his feet, and having twisted the line about that stake as he did before, let the man with the line go forward 30. yards, and when he is just against you and the ray of the demi-circle, let the man with stakes, drive in the fourth stake at his feet, and betweene these foure stakes there will be 330. yards, and the last stake will represent the South-East inward Angle of the Crosse; then you are to wind the ray of your demi-circle on the right hand, and to set out after the verie same manner the South-West inward An­gle, and having driven in foure stakes as before, you are to set out the other six Angles after the verie same manner as you have done these two, and when the eight Angles are set out thus, and stakes driven in them all, then remove the line of three hundred thirtie yards, and fasten another line to the Center-stake, of 250.The extent of the Demi-Diametricall and Diagonall Line, from the Center to the vtmost point of the Hasse Moone, is 500 yards. yards, and straine it South-East diagonall wise, this line being the just moytie of the demi-diogonall and diametricall line, from the Center-stake to the utmost points of the eight halfe Moones, and at the end of it drive in a stake, and this stake represents the Center of the South-East halfe Moon; then remove the line from the Center-stake and fasten the same to the last stake, and straine it againe diagnail-wife, and that stake will reprsent the ut­most point of the South-East halfe Moone, then set out after the verie same manner the other seven Centers, and utmost [Page 63]points of the halfe Moones. Now because-the sides or faces of your halfe Moones are not equall, eight of them being 250. yards a piece, and the other eight but 210 yards a piece, you are to set out the eight longest first by fastening a line of 250 yards one after another to the foure stakes, that represents the foure ends of the two diametricall lines of the prickt Square demonstrated in this Plate, and to straine this line eight times one after another to the utmost Angle stakes that represent the utmost points of the halfe Moones, and as you straine it, fasten the same to the stakes as neare as you can to the ground, that the Pioneers may trace that side, or face of the halfe Moone, before you remove the line to another side, and one side being set out and traced, set out and trace all the other seven sides after this verie manner.

Then you are to remove this line of 250. yards, and to fasten another line of 210. yards to the foure diagonall inward Angles Center stake, that are just oposite to the Angles of the prickt Square demonstrated in this Plate, to set out the eight shorter sides or faces of the halfe Moones after the very same manner as you did set out the longer sides or faces, and these being also set out and traced, the superficie of this Fortification will be per­fected, then you are to set out the dikes according to the de­mensions described in Chapter 17. and when the inward Works are finished, then you are to erect the Counterscarp with the earth that is taken out of the small dike, called La Cunnette.

CHAP. XX. Of the Fortifications of the Faralograme, fortified by Avant-guards, demonstrated in Plate 14.

THe broad side of this Paralograme is of 900 yards, and the end side of it of 450 yards, and all the circumference of it 2700 yards, that is, an English mile, and three fifth parts of a mile; for her continent I will not stand upon, because it is not of a convenient forme to erect a new garrison, but onely fit to for­tifie some market towne, if need should require; of which form there are many in this Kingdome, most of them being as long a­gaine [Page 64]as they are broad: Yet let the Reader observe, that incase he be required to fortifie a towne that may be reduced to this forme, that hath her broad side of 700 yards, and her end side of 350 yards, that he may boldly undertake to fortifie the same after this manner, so he divide his end into five parts, and his broad side into ten parts, and doth reduce the rest of the demensions of the faces, brests, flanks, courtines, and line of defence after the proportions of his sides; for then the dimensions of such a for­tifiation will be more complete then this, and altogether de­fensible by the musket shot. But I have set out this so on pur­pose, to shew what may be done, when men are tied by the ex­tent of a place, and inforced to omit to erect foure Avant-guards lesse then they should, to avoid charges. The Angle of the Center of her broad side is of 135 degrees, and of her end side of 45 degrees. This is the most frugall way that can be invented to for­tifie a long town of so large an extent as this is; for it is almost a mile and three quarters in the circumference, her end side indivi­ded into five parts, two of which are allowed for the brest of the two end Avant-guards, that contain 90 yards apeece, and the courtine 270 yards: her broad side is divided into ten equall parts, two of which are allowed for the brest of the Avant­guards, that are of 90 yards a peece, uniforme with the end of the Avant-guards, the foure Angle Courtines are longer then the middle Courtine by 120 yards, because of the addition of the long Flank to everie one of them, that extend themselves into the field 120 yards more then the vtmost angles of the Paralog rame, the end and the middle Courtines are defensible by the Musket-shot, because they are between two Flanks, and also because the Line of defence of the faces of the Avant-guards is taken from the middle of the Courtine, whereby the Line of defence cometh to be from two hundred and fortie to two hundred and fiftie yards; but the long Angle Flanks cannot sufficiently be defen­ded by the Musket-shot alone, without foure Drakes and foure Sacres, one Sacre and one Drake mounted upon everie one of the long Flanks, and with them, this Fortification will be of great defence: The short Flanks are of 60 yards a peece, and the faces of the Avant-guards of 120 yards a peece, uniforme with the long Flanks.

[Page 65]To set out this Superficie in the field, you are to knock a stake in your Center, and to stand close to it, and to set your selfe East, after you have set the light of your Demi-circle upon the ray of 45. degrees; to set out the East and by South, and the East and by North Angles, as you have been directed for merly, and then to turn your selfe West, and to set out the West and by South, and the West and by North Angles; and these b [...]ing rightly set out, and stakes knockt in them, your two broad sines North and South cannot be amisse But if it be an erected Town, take the just length on the broad and end-side of it, with a line of 100 yards, and set out your Angles with the Demi-circle accordingly: and divide your end-side into five, and your broad side into ten equall parts, and then set out your Avant Guards thereafter.

CHAP. XXI. Of the Fortifications of the Equilateral Triangle fortified by Avant Guards, demonstrated in Plate 15.

ALL the sides of this Equilateral Triangle are equall, and contain 520 yards apiece, so that her circumference is of 1560 yards, that is an English mile wanting 64 foot; the An­gle other Center is of 60 degrees. I omit her continent, be­cause of her large extent, that is fitter to fortifie a well com­pacted town, that may be reduced to this form, then for a new Fort. Her sides are divided into eight equall parts; two of which, are allowed for the two brests of the Avant Guards, that contain 65 yards apiece; and the other six pares are divided e­qually for the three Courtines, that containe 130 yards a­piece. Her long flanks are 100 yards apiece, and her short flanks of 50 yards apiece, and the faces of her Avant Guards, are uniform to her long flanks, whereby they are also of 100 yards apiece. And by these dimensions, it is apparent that this Superficie is a compact and compleat Fortification because all her Faces, Flanks, Courtines, and Angles, can be easily de­fended [Page 66]by the Musquet shot; her line of defence is taken from the middle of the Courtine, and by this meanes of 160 yards.

Yet let me inform the reader, that if he had occasion to for­tifie a town that might be reduced into this Triangle for me, al­though her sides were from 520 yards apiece, to 750 yards a­piece, that he may boldly fortifie the same after this manner, so he divide his three sides into 8 equall parts; and doth pre­portion his Flanks, Faces, Brests, Courtines, and line of de­fence, after this extent: for notwithstanding this addition of 230 yards to every side of the Triangle, all the dimensions of his fortification, will be defensible by the Musquet shot.

Now to set out this Superficie in the field, you are to make choice of your Center, and to knock in a stake; and after to set the sight of your Demi-circle upon 60 degrees, and to follow the same directions given you in plate 9 for the setting out of a Triangle fortified by bastions. And because these sides are as long againe as they were, I referre you to the directi­ons given you in chap. 19. for the straining of a long line by knocking in at every hundred yards of it a stake. But if it be an erected town that you are to fortifie, after this manner, goe up to the end of the town where you intend the North Angle of the Triangle shall be, and turn your face South; and with your Demi-circle, when the sight of it is set upon the ray of 60 de­grees, set out the South-East Angle of the Triangle, cau [...]ing the man with lines to strain a line from the North Anglestake where you stand, to follow the ray of your Demi-circle; the man with stak s knocking at every hundred yards a stake, and by this plurality of stakes you may lengthen your line as you please, twi­sting the same alwayes of one and the same side of the stake, till he come to the just distance of your side of the Triangle, whe­ther it be five hundred and twenty yards, or 720 yards; and at the side of the distance, knock in a stake, and that last stake will represent the South-East Angle of the Triangle, then set out after this manner the South-East Angle, and knock in a stake at the same distance, that it may represent the South-West Angle; then measure with a line of 100 yards, whether the distance between the South-East and South-West Angle stake, is equall with the two other sides; and finding it to be equall, [Page 67]then is the Superficie of the Triangle perfected, that you are presently to have traced, by many Pioniers; but if there be any errour, you are to amend the same by your Demi-circle and your lines.

The Superficie of the Triangle being traced, you are to divide the sides into 8 parts, and at every division to knock 8 stakes; knocking in also a stake in the middle of every side, for it will serve to set out the faces of the Avant guards, and the lines of defence, allowing two parts to every Courtine, and two parts to the two brests of the Avant guards; and at every third stake of every side, you are to fasten a line of 32 yards and ½, and to strain it first on the right hand along the side traced; and at the side of the line you are to knock in a stake, and then you are to wind the same line on the left hand, and to straine it along the side traced; and at the end of the line you are to knock in a stake, and these two stakes will represent the breadth of the brest of the A­vant Guards; the exteriour stake toward the Angles of the Tri­angle, representing the beginning of the long flank, and the in­ward stake toward the middle of the side, representing the be­ginning of the short flank, and as you have set out this first brest of the Avant Guard, you are to set out the other five after the same manner. That being done, you are to fasten a line of one hundredIf you can strain a line from the mid­dle stake of the side of 320 yards, that is the just di­stance; from the side oppo­site to every long flank, it would [...]e the better; if not, this way will serve turn, so you stand with your Demi-cir­cle. At the middle stake of the side [...]o guide the end of the line of 100 yards, to the very out most Point or Angle of the Avant Guard. yards to every one of the stakes that represent the be­ginning of the long flank, and to strain the same into the field upon a Diagonal line, taken from the midst of the Courtine or side opposite to it; and at the end of the line knock in a stake, and six of these stakes will represent all the utmost parts of the long flank, and set out the sides of them that are to be traced as you set them out: then fasten a line of fifty yards to every inward stake that represents the inward parts of the brest, and the be­ginning of the short flank, and straine the same into the field, parallel with the line of the long flank, and at the end of a line knock in a stake, and these six stakes will bound and set out all the short flanks that are to be also traced, as you remove the line from one stake to another. Then you are to fasten a line of one hundred and threescore yards to every one of the middle stakes of the side, and to strain and fasten the [...]me one after ano­ther to the utmost stakes that represent the Angles or Points [Page 68]of the Avant Guards; and they will set out all the faces of the Avant Guards and the lines of defence; for they will out the line of the short flanks, and end at the point of the long flanks, and these faces are also to be traced before you remove this line from one stake to another: and these being all traced, you are to set out all the ditches, according to the dimensions described in the 17 chap. of this abstract. And when all the ditches and in­ward works are finished, you are to set out the small ditch cal­led La cunette out of the great ditch, and with the earth of it to erect the brest-work of the Contre escarpe, as it is described in chap. 17.

Here followeth the Itchnographie of this method of Forti­fication, but specially of the fortifications of this equilaterall Triangle. The letter A. represents the Market place, that con­taines in extent one hundred yards on every side.

• B. Represents the brest of the Avant guards that are in this figure, out 65 yards bread.
• C. Represents the Courtines that are in this figure, but 130. yards.
• D. Represents the ditches that are 10 yards broad, and 5 yards deep, besides the small ditch called La cunette, that is 16 foot broad, and nine foot deep.
• L. F. Represents the long flanks, that are 100 yards long.
• S. F. Represents the short flanks, that are 50 yards long.
• F. Represents the faces of the Avant guards, that are in ex­tent 100 yards.
• G. Represents the broad street that goes round about the Rampiars, and from the Rampiars to the Market place, that are to be 30 foot broad.
• H. Represents the places for the lodgings and the small streets, that are to be 15 foot broad.
• I. Represents the middle of the South Courtine where the gate and the draw-bridge is to be placed.
• K. Represents the brest-works with his five foot-steps, that is 34 foot in the bottome, with the five foot-steps, and twenty foot at top; 12 foot high within side, and 9 foot without side, with a slope at top, from twelve to nine that is a yard; the five foot-steps are two foot broad, and eighteen inches high apiece.

CHAP. XXII. Of the Fortifications of the square, fortified by Avant Guards, and Out-Guards, demonstrated in Plate 16.

THe foure sides of this square containes 400 yards apiece, and by consequence the circumference of it is of 1600 yards, that is almost an English mile; the Angle of his Center is of 90 degrees; I will omit his continent, for it is fitter to for­tifie a compact Market town, that may be reduced to this form, then for a Fort; it is to be set out after the manner as hath been described in Plate 10. And therefore I will only here insert some directions how you are to set out the Avant Guards, and Out-Guards, by which it is fortified.

The square being set out and traced, you are to knock four stakes in the midst of the foure sides of it, then you are to fasten a line one after another to these foure stakes of 125 yards, and to strain the same upon a strait perpendicular line from the Cen­ter stake, 125 yards into the field, and at every end of the line to knock in a stake, and these foure stakes will represent the middle of the faces of the foure Avant Guards; then you are to fasten a line of 41 yards ⅔. to the very same stakes whereon the line of 100 yards was fastned to; that is, to be removed and put by: and this line of 41 yards, and ⅔. is to be strained first on the right hand, and then on the left hand; upon the traced sides of the squares, and at every end of the line you are to knock a stake; and having done so to all the four sides one after another, these eight stakes will represent the breadth of the brest of the foure Avant-Guards: that is of 83 yards, ⅓. for the Avant Guards are to be one third part longer then they are broad; then you are to fasten to every one of these last stakes, the former line of one hundred yards one after another, and to straine the same paralel wise to the stakes that represent the middle of the face of the Avant Guards; and at the end of every line you are to knock a stake, and to trace that flanke of the Avant Guards, before you [Page 70]remove the line to the other flanks stake; and having done so round, and knockt in eight stakes, all the flanks will be set out and traced: then you are to remove the line of 100 yards, and lay it by, and to fasten the former line of 41 yards, 1/5. to the ut­most middle stakes, that represent the middle of the faces of the Avant Guards, and to straine and fasten the same first to the right hand stake, and then to the left hand stake that represents the utmost Angles of the Avant Guards; but before you wind the line from the right hand, to the left hand stake, have that moity of the face of the Avant Guard traced, then wind the line on the left hand, and trace the other moity of the face; and as you have set out and traced that face of the Avant Guard, doe all the rest after this manner: which being done, your foure Avant Guards will be perfectly fet out and traced.

Then you are to set out all your ditches after the same dimen­sions described in chap. 17. and to cast all the earth inward; to erect your brest-works and their foot-steps, of that height and breadth mentioned in the said Chapter. And when all the ditches, brest-works, and foot-steps are finished, then you are to set out the small ditch called La cunette, out of the great ditch; end with the earth that is taken from it, you are to erect the brest-work with the foot-step of it of your Contre escarpe, foure yards beyond the brim of the great ditch. Before you set out any of your Out-guards, that are not to be undertaken be­fore the brest-work and the slope of it belonging to the Contre esearpe, be fully finished; only you are to leave a gate of 12 soot broad against the places where you are to erect your out-gtards, and these gates are to be made up by so many strong and suffici­ent Turn-Pikes, well ironed, with iron pikes, and good hasps and locks: for by these you are to releive your Out-guards, or make your retreat, if you be driven from the Out-guards: all this being finished, you are to set out the Out-guards after this manner.

The foure Out-guards against the foure Angles of the square, are foure equilater all Triangies or Holfe-moones of one hun­dred yards on all sides, two of the sides are to have a di [...]ch of nine foot broad, and six foot deep; and their brest-works of six foot high with a foot-step, and the brest-work at cop is to be six foot thick, and in the bottome nine foot with the foot-step. And [Page 71]the other side towards the Angle of the square is to be open, that the assailants may be discovered if they should possesse themselves of these Out-guards; he Points of these Triangles that are towards the Angles of the square, are to be 16 foot di­stant from the brim of the ditch.

The foure smaller Triangles have their Base 13 yards longer then their two sides that are to have ditches and brestworks that are to be of the very same dimensions of their former Triangles; their base is of 83. and their fortified sides of 70 yards; the first defend the Angles of the square and the flanks of the Avant Guards, and the last defends the faces of the Avant Guards; so that this fortification is compleat, strong, and of great defence: the coming in is to be in the middle of the South Avant Guards, for the gate and the draw-bridge are flanked, and covered by one of the Halfe-moons.

CHAP. XXIII. Of the Fortifications of the Pentagon fortified by Avant Guards, and Out-Guards, demonstrated in Plate 17.

I Have formerly shown in Plate 11, how to set out the Penta­gon in the field; to omit repetitions, I will onely give you some directions how to set out the Avant Guards, and the Out-guards of this Pentagon, because this Fortification differs from the other. The Angle of the Pentagon is of 75 degrees, his five sides are of 240 yards apiece, ten yards lesse then the for­mer; the circumference of it is 1200 yards, that is almost three quarters of an English mile, a very convenient form for a Royall Fort for the continent of it: it differs little from the o­ther, because the circumference of it is but 50 yards lesse, and therefore I will referre you to Plate 11. only I will inform you that if the circumference of it were a quarter of a mile greater then it is, that it might be defended, being fortified after this method by a smaller number of men then the other could be, that is fortified by bastions, with orillons.

[Page 72]When the Superficie of the Pentagon is fully set out and tra­ced, you are to divide his five sides, into threeNote by this that the brest of the Avant Guard is 80 yards broad. equall parts, that will be of 80 yards apiece, and you are to knock in stakes in all their divisions; then you are to divide the middle division in two parts, that there may be a stake knockt in to represent the middle of every side. Then you are to fasten a line of 80 yardsNote that the greatest slanks of the Av nt Guards advance 80 yards into the field. to the South-East Angle stake, and to strain the same full East upon a strait line agreeing with the side, and at the end of the line knock in a stake; then remove that line and fasten the same to the North and by East Angle stake, and to strain it as before, and to knock in a stake; then remove that line, and fasten the same to the North and by West Angle stake, and strain it as before, and knock in a stake; then remove the line and doe the like, to the West and by North Angle, and as much to the West and by South stake, straining the line as is said before; and at every fide of the line knock in a stake, and these five stakes will represent the five out-most Angles or Points of the five Avant Guards. Then remove that line, and fa­sten a shorter line ofThe short slank is sorcy yards. 40 yards to the second stake of the South side, on the left hand South West; and strain the same into the field perpendiculary wise, and knock in a stake at the end of the line, and this line will represent the short flank of the South-West Avant Guard: and as you have set out this short frank, set out the other foure, and knock stakes at every end of the line, and these five stakes will represent the five short flanks. Then fasten the former line of 80 yards to every one of these last stakes, one after another; and first of all to the South-West short flank, and strain the same Diagonal wise, fastening the same to the stakes that represent the out-most Point of the Avant Guard: and before the line be removed, set Pioniers to trace the same, and it will set out the faceThe line of defence is ta­ken from the midale of the side or Cour­tine that is in this figure of 240 yards. of the South-West Avant Guard; and as you have set out this face, set out the other foure, after the same manner. You are to observe, that if a line of foure hundred yards could be strained from the South-East Angle of the side of the Pentagon, and fastned to the outmost Point stake of the South-West Avant Guard, that this Diagona line that represents and sets out the face, would be more perfect, for it would cut the end of the short flank, and terminate it selfe at [Page 73]the end or point of the long flank; but this cannot be done con­veniently: only when you set out these faces, stand with your Demi-circle at every Angle stake of the side opposite to the face you set out, and by the Diagonal ray of your circle, you may guide the line of the faces, to be set out as perfectly, as if a line of 400 yards had been strained.

Now when you have thus set out and traced the five Avant Guards, with their faces, long and short flanks; you are to set out all your ditches, after the dimensions described in chap. 17. Casting the earth of them inward, to erect the brest-works and their five foot-steps of that height, breadth, and thicknesse, there described. And when all your inward works, and the great ditch is finished, you are to set out the Cunette or small ditch out of the great ditch, and to erect with the earth that is taken out of it, the Contre escarpe brest-work, distant from the orim of the great ditch foure yards, observing the rules and dimensions described in chap. 17. and also five places of twelve foot apiece to be left open in the brest-work of the Contre escarpe; to set five Turn-Pikes right against these five Halfe-moones here demon­strated, which Halfe-moones you are to set out after your Con­tre escarpe brest-work is finished, placing the open side of them within 16 foot distance of the slope of your Contre escarpe, that there may be a cleare passage for horse and foot to come to the Halfe-moones, without spoyling of the slope of the Contre escarpe, that the French call glasis.

The five Out-guards of this figure are five Halfe-moones, that have one side longer than the other by twenty yards;And this must of neces­sity be obser­ved that the Ling side of the Halt-moones, may cover the slanks of the Avant Guards. the long side is of 80 yards, and the short side of 60 yards; their ditch is to be nine foot broad, and fix foot deep; their brest-work is to be 9 foot broad in the botteme, with the foot-step; and six foot thick at top, having a foot slope; and their height six foot from the ground, and foure foot and a halfe from the foot­step. The gate and draw-bridge of this Fort is to be in the mid­dle of the South side, that it may be defended with the South-West flank, and covered with the South Halfe-moon, marked with the letter A.

CHAP. XXIV. Of the Fortification of the Demi-Sexagon fortified by Avant Guards, and Out-guards, demonstrated in Plate 18.

THis Sexagon is of a large extent, for her sides are of 800 yards apiece, and by consequence her cucumference is of 4800 yards, that is almost two English miles and a halfe; and therefore fitter to fortifie a good Corporation, then for a Cita­dell, or Fort: the Angle of her Center is of 60 degrees. And the same directions that were given you for to set out the Sexa­gon demonstrated in Plate 12. fortified by bastions with oril­lons will suffice, with the observations contained in chap. 19. viz. to knock in stakes at every hundred yards, when sides, or Diametricall, or Diagonall lines exceed 250 yards.

The Superficie of this Sexagon being then set out, and fully traced, as it hath been showne in the foresaid Plate; you are to divide every one of the Bases into three equall parts, that will be of 266 yards, and ⅔. apiece; and to knock in a stake at every division: then you are to fasten a line to the two inward stakes one after another of 6060 Yards is the just moity of the brest of the Avant Guards. yards, and to strain the same first on the right hand; and upon the side traced and the end of the line you are to knock in a stake, then you are to winde the said line about on the left hand, and to strain the same upon a strait line upon the sidetraced: and at the end of the line you are to knock in a stake, then you are to remove the line, and to fasten the same to the other in ward stake of that side, and to doe as you did before; and to knock in two stakes at the end of the line, and these foure stakes represent the breadthThat is of 120 Yards broad. of the two brests of these two Avant Guards, and the middle stake represents the Center of the Avant Guards. Then you are to set out the brest of the other ten Avant Guards of the other five sides, after the very same manner as you did these last.

And that being done, you are to fasten a line of 120 yards to every one of the exteriour stakes that represent the breadth of [Page 75]the brests of the Avant Gnards, and to strain the same into the field upon a strait Diagonall line, derived from the Center stake of the Sexagon; that you are to guide by the sight of your Demi-circle, standing at the Center stake, while the man that carrieth your lines, straineth the foresaid line into the field: and at the end of it, the man that carrieth your stakes, is to knock in a stake, and this stake represents the utmost Point of the long flank of your first Avant Guard. And as you have set out this longNote and observe, This course is to be taken, le­cause the De­mi Diagonal line of this Sexagon, from the Center stake to the utmost Point of the long flank, is of 680 yards; that is too long a line to be convenient­ly strained. flank, set out the other eleven that remaine. And that being done, you are to fasten a line of 60 yards to the in­ward stake of that Avant Guard, that represents the breadth of the brest of it; and to strain the same into the field parallel­wise, to that of the long flank; and at the end of it, you are to knock in a stake, and this stake represents the utmost point of the short flank of that Avant Guard. But observeThese long flanks, are of 120 yards apiece. to trace the long and short flanks before you remove the line to another flake, to avoid mistake. And as you have set out this shortThese short flanks, are of 60 yards apiece flank, set out the eleven that remain.

That being done, knock fix stakes in the middle of the six sides of this S xigon, then you are to fasten a line to every one of them one ofter another of 240 yards, and to strain and fasten the same first on the right hand stake that represents the utmost Point of the long flanks, and this line will cut the end of the line of the short flank, and set out the face of that Avant Guard, and withall doth represent the line of defence;The line of defence is ta­ken from the midst of the Courtine, and the extent of it in this fi­gure, is o [...] 240 yards. And the extent or all the Courtines are o [...] 186 yards ⅓. aprece. but before you re­move this line, you are to trace the face of this Avant Guard that extends it selce from the stake of the short flank, to the stake that represents the utmost Point of the long flank. Then you are to wind the very same line about, and to fasten it to the left hand inward stake that represents the utmost Point of that long flank, and to doe as you did before to the other on the right hand, and then the two Avant Guards of that fide of the Sexa­gon will be perfected; and as you have done this side; doe the other five sides after the very same manner.

When the twelve Aven Guards are thus set out and traced, you are to set out all the ditches of it, after the very same dimen­sions set downe in chap. 17. Casting all the earth inward, to [Page 76]crect the brest-works, and their five foot-steps; of that height, breadth, and thicknesse; described in the aforesaid chapter. And when they are all finished, you are then to set out the small ditch called La cunette, out of the great ditch, and with the earth that is taken out of it, you are to erect the brest-werk of of your Contre escarpe, with the foot-step of it; the height of which is to be six foot high with the foot-step from the ground, and foure foot and a halfe from the footstep; and the top of it sloped to nothing, and levelled with the firm ground, leaving six places of twelve foot broad to place six Turn-Pikes, right against the middle of the six Halfe-moons, that are to be erected after the brest-works of the Contre escarpe are finished; the di­stance between the brest-work and the brim of the great ditch, is to betwelve foot at the least; and these Turn-Pikes are all of them to be locked in the night, and serve to retreat or releive the Out-guards in time of a siege.

And when all this is perfected, you are to set out the six Out-guards, that are six Halfe-moones in the form of six equi­laterall Triangles, that have all their sides equall, of one handred and forty yards apiece; their Base that lieth towards the Con­tre escarpe is to be open, and the ends of it 20 foot or 24 foot from the slope of the Contre escarpe; and the coming to the town and the going out, is to be by the South and North Half­moon, marked by the letter A. For by this means the gate and draw-bridge will be secured and covered by the Half-moones; and the Horse, Carts, or Foot that come to town, shall be in­forced to wind about the said Half-moon; and by it exposed if they be enemies, to the musket shot of them that keep the brest-works of the Half-moones. Now to secure these Half­moones from surptises, besides the Sentinel Perdues, there is to be a small Court of Cuard in the midst of them, and strong Pallisadoes, with Pallisado gates; that extendeth from the Points or Angles, to the very brest-works of the Contre escarpe. The ditches of these Halfe-moones are to be nine foot broad, and fix foot deep; their brest-work 9 foot broad in the bottome, with their foot-step; and their height fix foot from the ground, and foure foot and a halfe from the foot-step; and their thick­nesse at top six foot, having a foot slope towards the ditch.

[Page 77]This Garrison thus fortified, and manned with a thousand foot and three hundred horse, and provided with 24 peeces of Ordnance, Armes, Ammunition, Fire-works, and Victu­als, and all other necessaries for a siege; will be able to oppose an Army of twelve thousand men for 3 months. For to con­clude, this method of Fortification, is as convenient for us in these times of civill distraction as any, for it is not of great charges, and requires lesse men to man the same; and yet is safer and stronger three-fold, then our skare-crow Mounts: small and ill flanked redouts, and winding Angles.

CHAP. XXV. Of the fourth and last method of Fortification by small Flankers in generall.

THis fourth and last method of Fortification is derived from the first; composed of Flanks, Courtines, and Eastions, without Orillons; for they agree in their form, but disagree in their dimensions: the faces, flanks, and brests of these flankers, being in a manner halfe as short again, as those of the Bastions; & the extent of the Courtines of this method byA Flanker is properly a ba­stard Bastion, without Or [...]l­lons. flankers; lon­ger by forty yards, by reason of the narrownesse of their brests. It was invented to save charges, both in the erection of the works, and in the manning of the Garrisons; for I know no manner of Fortifications that will require lesse men to defend it, nor smaller charges to erect it, then this method: and therefore the more convenient for us to make use of it in these times of civill distractions, in which we want meanes and time to erect strong, compleat, and permanent Fortificati­ons, and men to man and defend them; yet I will informe the reader of this truth, that if this method of Fortification be set and lined out by a judicious Enginier, and the dimen­sions of it here described, carefully observed; that it will be three-fold as strong againe, and as permanent and regu­lary then the Mounts, weak redoubts, and slight winding [Page 78]Angles, used In these dayes. And that a valiant and expe­rienced Governour in a Garrison thus fortified, will be able to defend it with twelve hundred foot, and three hundred horse, although it be of three mile and a halfe circumference; then he could doe one that I know, fortified with Mounts and winding Angles; with eighteen hundred foot, and three hundred horse.

So much availeth the Art and the Method of Fortification in the defence of a corporation, and yet I dare affirm for a truth, that their charges have been greater, then if they they had erected such works as these; with the very same dimensions following.

• 1, The extent of the sides or Bases of this Method, are not to exceed two hundred and fifty yards.
• 2. The neck of their flankers is neither lesse, nor exceeds in extent fifty yards.
• 3. The brest of their flankers neither more nor lesse then 60 yards.
• 4. The flanks of their flankers neither lesse nor more then 25 yards.
• 5. Nor the faces of their flankers lesse or more then fifty yards.
• 6. The Courtines between two flankers, is not to exceed two hundred yards.
• 7. Their line of defence is to be taken in this method from the middle of the Courtine, that it may not exceed one hun­dred and fifty yards. Nor the exteriour Angle of their flanker, be more acute then these are.
• 8. The line of their flanks is not to be drawn upon a strait perpendiculary line, as most men use to doe; for this way is destructive to the flanks, and they being reduced to dust, the Garrison is lost. But they are drawne one ⅛. part more slope toward the other flank opposite to it, that the shoul­ders of the flankers may be thicker; and jet or extend so much the more over the ditches, to preserve the flanks.
• 9. All the ditches are to be in this methed that hath no Contre escarpe, or Out-guards, thirty foot broad, and twenty foot deep; the slope of them is to be for every yard a [Page 79]foot on every side, that the very bottome of them may be sixteen foot, and ⅔, broad; for it is a disparagement to make the ditches of Fortifications, and Martiall works, like the ditches of inclosed grounds; besides, they are not so safe, because they are sooner filled in a storme: and this manner of ditches savours over much, of the ignorance and selfe-concei­tednesse of our country surveyers.
• 10. The brest-works are to be twelve foot high within side, and nine foot without side; their in-side is to be carried up from the firm ground, as well as the out-side; and the five foot-steps within side are to be carried up after the brest-work is finished on both sides; they are to be two foot
  Of the breadth and height of the five foot-steps, and of the brest-works.
  broad, and eighteen inches high. The slope
  the slope of brest-work walls.
  of the in-side wall is to be but a foot in six foot, because the foot-steps serve instead of buttresses to that inward side; but the step of the out-side wall is to be a foot in three; and a water table is to be left, of eight inches broad (if the earth be good) between the brim of the ditch; and the turfe of the out-side wall, if the ground be san­dy, or a tunning clay, it is to bee eighteen inches broad; notwithstanding the chat of ignorant men. The bottome or foundation of the brest-work is to be thirty five foot in the bottome, with the five foot-steps; and twenty foot broad at top, that it may be of Cannon proofe; and it is to have a slope towards the ditch of three foot: and for that purpose,
  Of the water table of the brest-works. Of the slope of the top of the brest works, and of their thicknesse.
  the out-side wall is but nine foot, and the inward twelve foot; that the slope may be from twelve to nine. And observe once for all, that all the Angles of this method where you erect Plat­formes, are to have another brest-work fix foot higher then the rest, in which you make your Port-holes; and that this brest-work is to have a
  Of the frize of the Plat­form.
  frise when it is twelve foot from the ground, made of wooden pikes sharpe at one and of six foot long, and foure inches broad, and three inches thick, that are to be placed eight inches distant one from another; jetting three foot over the ditch, and running a yard into the brast-works.

These high brest-works are at every foure course of turfe to be laid with brush, or bavin wood well rammed with the carth; if the crectors intend they should be of continuance.

[Page 80]Having so clearly expressed the dimensions of this method of Fortification, I shall not need hereafter to speak any thing at all of them, because I have observed in these five Superficies following, these proportions related in their Sides, Cour­tines, Flanks, Brests, Faces, Gorges, and Lines of de­fence; and so I come to the method it selfe.

CHAP. XXVI. Of the Fortifications of the Octogon, fortified by small Flankers; demonstrated in Plate 19.

THe eight sides of this Octogon, containes two hundred and fifty yards apiece; and by consequence, the circum­ference of it is of two thousand yards, that is an English mile; and the ⅕. part of a mile. The Angle of her Center is of 45 degrees, it is to be set out in the field as the Sexa­gon, by the Demi-cirle and Lines; as it is described in Plate twelve, and Chapter 15. I will therefore only give you some directions how to set out the small flankers, be­cause it is a new method of Fortification, that wee have not as yet given you any directions for.

When the Superficie of this Octogon hath been set out and fully traced, after the manner you were directed to set out the Sexagon; you are to divide all the sides of it in two equall parts, and to knock in a stakeFrom these middle stakes is the line of defence drawn, that is in this figure of 150. yards; and the Courtine 200 yards. in every one of their divisions; then you are to fasten a line of twenty five yards to every one of the eight Angle stakes one after another, and to strain that line first on the right hand, and then at the left hand, upon a strait line; upon the sides traced on the left and right hand of that stake, and at the end of the line you are to knock a stake, and these two stakes will represent the two Demi-GorgesThe whole Gorge of the flankers is to be 50 yards. of that flanker; then remove your line to another Angle stake, and doe as [Page 83]you did before, till you have set out all the demi-gorges after that manner. Then set by that line, and fasten another line of fiftieThe Line of fiftie yards re­present the di­stance from the center to the point of the flanker. yards to every angle-stake of the sides, and straine the same into the field upon a strait diagonall line, standing at the center-stake with your demi-circle to guide the same, (because the demi-dia­gonall line from the center-stake to the utmost point of the flank is of 380 yards in this Figure, and therefore too long to be strai­ned conveniently) and at the end of this line of fiftie yards drive in a stake, and this stake will represent the utmost angle or point of the said flanker; and as you have done this, set out the other seven angles of the flankers after this verie manner; then you are to fasten a Line of 2828 yards is the extent of the slope flank. yards to everie one of the sixteene stakes one after another, that represent the Demi-Gorges of the Flankers, and to straine it three yards more slope then upon a strait perpendicularie Line, towards the other Flanker of that side of the Octogon, and at the end of th Line you are to drive in a stake. The reason why you straine this Line three yards more slope then strait, is to preserve the Flankes from the Enemies batterie, that are otherwise too much exposed to be ruinated by it: when the Line of the Flank is drawne upon a strait perpen­dicularie Line, you are also to observe that the strait perpendicu­larie Line of the Flank is but five and twentie yards, and that these three yards are added to it, that the Flanks may be three yards more slope then strait, because a slope line in five and twen­tie yards extent, comes to be three yards longer then a strait. And as you have set out this Flank, set out the other sixteen after this manner, and drive in stakes in them all; that being done, you are to fasten a Line of 150 yards to the middle stake of every side, and straine it first on the right hand, and then on the left, and as you straine it, make it touch the Flank-stake, and fasten it to the stakes that represent the vtmost point of your Flankers, and this Line doth represent the Line of defence, and theThe face of the flanker is to be 25 yards, besides the three yards added to thicken the Angle of the shoulder. face of that Flanker; and before you remove the Line, have the face traced by the Pioniers, and this face extends it selfe from the Flank­stake to the stake that represents the vtmost angle of the Flanker. And as you have set out this face-stake, set out all the fifteene o­ther; and they being set out and traced, your eight Flankers will be perfected. Then you are to set out all your dikes after [Page 82]the dimensions described in Chap. 25. And these directions for the setting out of the Flankers of all the other ensuing Superfi­cies, shall suffice once for all, to avoyd repetitions. This Octo­gon thus set out, and the proportions of her Flankers thus obser­ved, it will produce a strong, and a verie regularie Fortification, fit to fortifie a faire Market-Towne, of a mile and a quarter cir­cumference, that may be reduced to this forme.

CHAP. XXVII. Of the Fortifications of the Paralograme fortified by small Flankers demonstrated in Plate 20.

THis Paralograme fortified by 18. Flankers hath his broad sides of 1500. yards, and his end sides of 750. yards, for a long Paralograme is to be as long againe as broad, and a Demi-Para­lograme one third part longer then it is broad; his Circumference is of 4500, yards, that is of two English miles, and one third part of a mile, a large Circumference for so small a Continent, for it containes from out to out but 1125000. square yards, whereas if there had been 750. yards added to his bredth to re­duce it to a Square, it had contained 2250000. square yards, that is just as much againe; so much availeth in the Art of Fortifi­cation, to make choice of compact Townes for a Garrison, when a place of three miles, and two fifth parts of a mile Cir­cumference can be fortified for one quarter part more of charges, then a Towne that is smaller by halfe, and all because of her ill forme; yet because there are many Townes in this Kingdome, of this forme, I have inserted two different kind of Fortifieations for them in this Abstract; for his Angles if you take the Angle of the Center, of the end side, from the Center of one of the two Cirdes of which it is composed, you shall find it of 90 degrees, but if you take it from the Center of the Paralograme it self, you will find it is but of 45. degrees, and the Angle of his broad sides is of 135. degrees, a very open and obtus Angle. This Superfi­cie [Page 83]is easie to be set out upon paper, as you may see by this Fi­gure; but because it is more difficult to set out in the field, when the broad sides of it are of so large an extent, I will here add some observations to my former direction given in Plate 14.

The best and the most speedy way to set out so large a Para­lograme in the field, is to make choice of your Center, and to drive in a stake, and to fasten a line to it, of 375.This line of 375 yards is the fourth part of the diame­tricall line of the long side of the Paralo­grame. yards, and to straine it full East, and at the end of it to drive in a stake, then you are to wind that line about and to straine it full West upon a strait line, and at the end of the line drive in a stake, & these two last stakes will represent the two Centers of the two circles, from which this Paralagrame is composed. Then you are to set the sight of your demi-circle upon the ray of 90. degrees, and to stand at the East circle stake, turning your face full East winding your demi-circle on the right hand to set out the South-East An­gle, the man that carieth your lines following the ray of your demi-circle till he be five hundred and thirtieThe ray of this line of 530 yards is the diagonall line from the center of that circle to the angle of the Paralograme. yards and just a­gainst you, and upon the ray, then your man that carrieth the stakes is to drive in a stake at his feet, and with a line of 100. yards, that they are to straine between them, let them cast with it, if there be just 530. yards from that stake to the Center stake you stand at, if there be just so much, then is that Angle perfect­ly set out, but if the distance begreater or lesse, they are to re­move the stake, and amend it, you guiding them by the sight of your demi-circle, then you are to wind your demi-circle on the left hand, to set out as you did this the North-East Angle; and that being set out and a stake driven in, you are to remove your selfe from that East circle Center stake, to go to the West cir­cle stake, and to set out with your demi-circle, the South-West and North-West Angles, after the very same manner as you did the former, and two stakes being driven in them, the foure Angles of the Paralograme will be perfected. Then you are to stand with your demi-circle at the middle Center stake of the whole Paralograme, and after you have set the sight of it upon the ray of 135. degrees, you are to turne your selfe full South and to try whether your South-East and North-East Angle stakes are just of 135. degrees, which being so, that broad side is per­fected, then returne your selfe full North, and try whether the [Page 84]North-East and the North-West Angle stakes are just upon 135. degrees, which if they be, then is the Paralograme perfect in all his foure Angles, then you are to stand at every Angle stake, one after another, and to fasten a line to them, of 250.This Line of 250 yards is the distance that is to be betvveen the center of one flanker to the other center. yards, and the man with the lines is to straine the same from one An­gle stake to another, drive in at everie end of the line a stake, till he hath gone round, guiding his stakes with the sight of your demi-circle, that all the stakes may be upon a perfect strait line, then you are to fasten lines as neare the ground as may be to these stakes and to set many Pioniers to trace out the whole Superfi­cie of this Paralograme, and that being done you are to set out all the 18 Flankers one after another, as you were directed in the last Chapter.

CHAP. XXVIII. Of the Fortifications of the Square fortified by small Flankers demonstrated by a Demi-Square in Plate 21.

THis Square fortified by twentie foure small Flanks if of 6000 yards circumference, that is three English miles and two fifth parts of a mile. It is verie convenient to fortifie a great Corporation Towne that may be redeced to that forme, his con­tinent is great, because of the soliditie of his body, for it contains 2250000 square yards. The Angle of his Center is of 90 de­grees, and it is to be set out in the field after the verie same man­ner of the end-sides of the Paralograme, described in the last Chapter, and his Flankers are to be set out according to the dire­ctions given in Chapt. 26. and therefore to avoyd repetitions, I will omit to speake of these things, and will only set forth what number of Ordnance, Foot-Souldiers, and Horse-men, will be required to defend a place thus fortified against an Army of twentie thousand men, the circumference of it being so great as it is.

• 1 It requires to be provided with fortie eight Peeces of Ord­nance [Page 85]of all sorts; for there cannot be lesse then two upon everie Flanker, six Demi-Cannons to dismount the Assailants Cannons, if they erect their batteries, twelve Demi-Culverins to hinder their approaches, and twentie foure Sacres and six Drakes to cleare the Courtines, with Balls and Ammunition sufficient for these, to shoot six thousand shot.
• 2 Everie Flanker with his Courtine requires to have for their defence fiftie men besides the Cannoniers and Matrosses, viz. twentie Musketiers at everie Flank, and ten more along the Courtine; for the Flanks are the maine defence; for the Flank being of 28 yards, everie one of them will have a yards space to manage his Armes, and the Cannoniers eight yards at everie side to manage their Ordnance; and after this rate, 1200 Foot with the Inhabitant Trained Bands is sufficient, and a Regiment of three or foure hundred Horse, to make sallies, and to bring in contributions and provisions. And I dare maintaine, that a place of this extent fortified with mounts and winding Angles, will require as many more men to defend the same, as well as the lesser number before cited can defend it, if it be thus fortified.
• 3 It is to be provided with great store of Fire-works, with two hundred Ladders of all sizes, with two hundred wheele­barrowes, and two hundred hand-barrowes, with two hun­dred new spades, two hundred shovels, and two hundred pick-axes, all new, besides those of the Inhabitants; and with ropes, flax, poles, and great store of timber, with many wooll­sacks; for all these things serve to repaire and to stop breaches suddenly.
• 4 It must be carefully provided with Corne, Meale, Malt, Oat-meale, Pease, Oats, and store of Hay and Straw, to fodder and releeve the Horse, with great store of Powder Beefe, Pork, Bacon, White Pease, Rise, Butter and Cheese, and of all these such a competent proportion, according to the number of the Inhabitants, and Souldiers there in the Garrison, to serve them three months, for otherwise it availeth little to fortifie Townes.

CHAP. XXIX. Of the Fortifications of the 24 Angle Poligon, fortisied by small Flankers, demonstrated in Plate 22 by a Demi-Poligon of twelve Angles.

BEcause the scale of this demi-Polligon is smaller then that of the last square, some will suppose his sides the Circumference, and Contment of it, to be lesse then those of the last Figure, but it is not so, for their sides and circumference are equall, and the Continent of this last is so much greater, as the circularie forme doth containe more then the square, which I could easily calcu­late if it did any wise concerne to be informed of it, but it con­cernes not, because this large Superficie is fitter to fortifie a great Corporation already built then for a new-erected City, and therefore I do omit the calculation of it.

To acquaint you, that the demi-diametricall and diagonall lines of this superficie are of a thousand yards, and the whole as much more, that is an English mile, and the one tenth part of a mile, and therefore very difficult to set, by anie other way then by the demi-circle; the Angle of his Center is of 15. degrees, and it is composed of 24 Isocele Triangles that have three sides foure times as long as their Bases, the Base containing 250. yards, and their sides 1000 yards: the best and the most speedy way then to set the same out in the field, is to drive in a stake in the Center of it, and to set out first of all these foure An­gles, viz. the South, North, East, and West Angles, for those being perfectly set out, all the rest will be the easier to be set out, by dividing everie quarter into five equall parts: Now how you are to set out these foure Angles, it would be superfluous to re­late, because I have formerly given so many directions for it, and therefore I will referre you to the precedent Instructions set downe in Plate 12. and 19. I will then acquaint you, that if this Corporation or City that you are to fortifie after this manner hath no streets nor gates, that are seated, or run strait South, North, East and West, that you are in stead of a stake to [Page 87]set up a verie high pole, in the Center of the Towne, in manner of a may-pole, having a small slag or a bush at the top, except there be neare the Center of the Towne a high steeple, that you may stake by it your Angles from without the towne, and having set out and traced the superficie of it, you are then to set out and trace one quarter of the Flankers, one after another, to avoid confusion or mistake, and then you are to set out all the dikes after that manner described in Chapter 17. and of the very same bredth and depth, and having done so, and your work being fully finished, you are to provide this Garrison with the like number of Ordnance, Foot-men and Horse-men, Ammunition, Victuals, and all other necessaries for a siege mentioned in the last Chapter, and so it will be able having a valiant and experienced Gover­nour to oppose (by Gods favour) an Army of twenty thousand men for three months.

CHAP. XXX. Of the Fortifications of the mixt Superficie, fortified by small Flankers, and three Redouts, demon­strated in Plate 23.

THis Superficie hath six of her Angles regulary, and the other irregulary; the regulary are of 75. degrees, the irregulary sides whose point terminates it selfe in the midst of the Para­lograme Redoubt, are reduced to the forme of a recteligne Tri­angle whose base is of greater extent then her sides, the three Redoubts are so placed, to blind the deformitie that doth alwaies insue upon the conjunction of regulary and irregulary lines, and for divers other considerations, the whole circumference of it is of three English miles, and a halfe, and will require 1600. foot, and 300. horse, and 54. pieces of Ordnance, with all other ne­cessaries for a siege, mentioned in Chapter 28. for to inable the same to oppose an Army of twentie thousand men for three moneths.

It is to be set out not from the Center, but with the demi­circle, [Page 88]standing one hundred yards in the field beyond the walls, to take in all the Allowes that are neere to the walls: The steeple serving naturally as for the Center; having then set your demi-circle upon the ray of 75. degrees, you are to set out the six regularie Angles after the very same manner, as you have been directed to set out the Sexagon and the Octo­gon, in Plate 12, and 19. and in the midst of the South-East and South-West sides you are to set out the two square Redoubts, that will require for their defence two pieces of Ordnance, and 100. men a piece; and from the South Augles of those two sides, you are to draw two diagonall lines, that may terminate in the Center stake of the Paralograme Redoubt, turning the rod after a winding manner, as it is set out by the prick lines, this Redoubt will require two pieces of Ordnance, and two hundred men for her defence, and every flanker fifty men, for the defence of it and his courtine, these flankers are to be set out, after you have divided the eight sides into three equall parts, according to the directions given in Chapter 26. and where the Platformes are erected in the Angles of the Redoubts, you are to erect your Brest-work six foot higher then the other Brest-works, that have five foot-steps, because the Platforme is to be levell with the in-side Brest-worke, that is to be twelve foot high, whereby the Brest-workes of the Platformes will be eighteen foct high from the ground, observing in all Angles where you erect a plat­forme, to place upon the last row of turffe that reducett your Brest-works to be 12 foot high, aHovv the Frize of a platforme is to be placed, and of the distance betvveen the pikes. frize of sharp square wooden pikes of six foot long, and of foure inches one way, and of three inches the other way, jetting out a yard over the dike, and run­ing a yard into the Brest-works, and these pikes are to be but eight inches distant one from another; now if this Garrison were thus fortified, and provided, it would be one of the stron­gest and one of the most compleat Garrisons in this Kingdome. [Page]

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OF THE ART OF ASSAILING IN GENERALL.

AS there is diversitie of1 Cor. 12.4. gifts in the spirituall Function, among those that God hath set apart from their mothers womb, to be the Messengers of the blessed tydings of the Gospell of Christ: Even so God out of his admirable wisdome, doth also bestow different gifts to men of one and the same profession: But this wise dispensation of his gifts is more apparently seene in the varietie of parts that hee is pleased to bestow upon the most eminent Commanders, that have anciently, and do at this day exercise themselves in the Art of war: For among all the ancient and moderne Commanders, there was never any but Caesar, that did attaine to the perfecti­on of this Art; all the other having only received different gifts, [Page 90]to excell others in some of the most essentiall parts of it, but not in all. For some have excelled in the field, some in stratagems of war, some in the Art of assailing, and reducing of Townes, and some in the Art of preserving of them: And some have beene verie successefull in the field, and yet verie unhappie in sieges.See Plutarch in his life. Nicias Generalissimo of the Athenians, lost his life and the re­putation he had obtained in Armes, by the besieging of Syracuse. And the Emperour Charles the fifth was alwayes victorious inSee Sleidans Histories. field, and alwayes foiled in his sieges; for he lost the former re­putation that he had obtained by Armes, and threescore thousand men, by the sieges of Marseilles and Mests. We read that Alex­ander See Plutarch in their lives. the Great, Scipio, and Sylla, were prosperous in the field; Aratus, * See Tacitus. Hannibal, and Sertorius, successefull in stratagems of war;See Iosephus Marcellus, Carbulo, andSee the French Histo­rie. Titus, happie in their singes, and excelling in the Art of assailing, and of reducing of strong holds. And among our moderne Commanders, Heary the fourth King of France, and the last King of Sweden, were alwayes vi­ctorious in the field; Scanderbeg, See the Svveden Soul­dier. Mont Luc, and Mondragon, prosperous in their stratagems; the DukeSee his Commentarie. de Parma, theSee the Tur­kish Historie. Mar­quesse Spinola, the two Princes of Orange, Maurice and Henry, and the Marshall Gastion, wonderfully successefull in their sieges. And in the Art of defending of Townes, Monsieur de la Valette, great Master of Malta, the Duke of Guise,* See Deme­trius Historie of the Ne­therlands. Sir Francis Vere, and of late Colonell Massey. But, as I have said before, there ne­ver was any perfect and successefull in all the essentiall parts of the Art of war, but Caesar; for hee hath excelled all others in the field,* See the French Histo­rie. in the Art of fortification, defending, and assailing, in his stratagems of war, in his admitable activitie, in his prudent fore­cast, in his intrenchedSee the siege of Malta. Camps, in his militarie discipline, and in taking the opportunities of war by the fore-lock, to advance his designes.* See the French Histo­rie. And therefore the Duke de Roan, in his Perfect Cap­taine, doth affirme, that all the most famous exployts of all these fore-named moderne Commanders,* See the siege of Ostend. were but weak imitations of the noble and unparalleld actions that he did execute and perform at the siege of Alexie in France,* See his Commentarie. as the master-peece of this admi­rable Souldier.

Now if any should presume to inquire the reasons why God was pleased to be larger in dispensation of his gifts to Caesar, then [Page 91]to any of the greatest Christian Commanders, hee being but a Heathen.

I answer; That it was his free will and pleasure, and that it is not for us to dive into his private and unrevealed will; yet wee may suppose in all humilitie, that it was his pleasure to inrich Caesar with these unparalleld parts of the Art of war, to make him the instrument of the greatest revolution that ever happened in the world; for the three former revolutions of the three Mo­narchies of the Caldeans, Persians, and the Greeks, were no­thing in comparison of this last revolution, that Caesar was the maine instrument of, to reduce the greatest and most powerfull Common-weale that ever was, under the absolute command of one man: And by this meanes to accomplish the Prophecies of the Prophet Daniel, that prophesied many hundred yeares be­fore,See Daniel chap. 7. ver. 17 that the Roman Monarchy should excell the other in might and power. We may conjecture that he was pleased to have the instrument of so great a work to excell all others in the Art of war, as this last revolution did excell the former. And wee may also collect by the Commentaries of Caesar, that the finger of the admirable Providence of God had the ruling of all his actions; for it is beyond humane reason or beleefe, that fiftie thousand men should pen up fourescore thousand in Alexie, and rout and defeat one hundred and fourescore thousand more that came to their releefe: Or overcome with a handfull of men (as he did) the great Kingdome of Aegypt, and defeat so many great Com­manders joyned together in Africa and Spaine.

To conclude the point, God under Caesar was the Author of all the segreat actions, and so hee is of all our moderne Comman­ders exploits, yet wisdome, valour, activitie, and experience in Armes, are the secondarie causes of their great atchievements; and these rare qualities are as much required to be in a Comman­der in chiefe, that will excell others in this Art of Assailing, that we are to speak of, as in any other essentiall part of the Art of war.

Now since the erecting of strong and well-lined works are but a part of the Art of defence, that will availe little, except the Governour of a Garrison thus fortified be provident, valiant, and experienced in the practicall Art of war, to make the better use [Page 92]of these works; I will in the next Chapter set out the charge of a prudent Governour, before I come to the particulars of the Art of Assailing: Because this Art, and the Art of Defence, are like two inseparable twins, that are to go hand in hand together; for it is impossible to assaile judiciously, except the Assailant be ex­perienced in the Art of Defence; or for a Defendent to defend a place as hee ought, except hee be versed in the mysteries of the Art of Assailing, to prevent in either of them, what may bee done by the Assailants or Defendents.

CHAP. XXXII. Of the charge and qualities of a prudent and ex­perienced Governour.

1 HE is to be well-affected to the party he stands for, his owne interest rather inducing him to it, then otherwise, and faithfull and diligent in his place, for upon his fidelity, va­lour, and experience in Armes,Of the parts of a Gover­nour. depends the safety of a County; nay, sometimes the welfare of a Kingdome, for the losse of a well-seated Garrison indangers a State, more then the losse of an Army, and therefore it behoveth a Prince or a State to be verie circumspect in the choice of a Governour, if the place assigned to him, be a frontier Garrison,Of the choice of a Gover­nour. it matters not if he be of great descent, and allied with great families, for when they are such, up­on the least discontent, they are apt to foment civill discords; neither is he to be of a low descent, but a Gentleman by birth, and by merit, whose valour and fidelity makes him to deserve such a place: he is to be of competent meanes, borne in the same County, and allied to men of repute, and abilities, and trained from his youth in Armes, and such a man is reputed amongst States-men the fittest for such a place.

2 He is to be of an approved conversation,Of his man­ners and dis­position. honourably incli­ned, no swaggerer, nor a vanting rover, but temperate in all his actions, not over young to be seduced or missed, nor over old to a­void heavinesse, feare, and apprehensions, infirmities, incident to [Page 93]old men, but in the flower of his age from forty to threescore, that he may be active, provident, and vigilant, and well acquain­ted with all things that appertaine to his charge.

3 He is to be well versed in Histories, and to be adorned be­sides his naturall parts, with divers acquired vertues and qualities, but above all, he is to have a practicall knowledge, of all the essen­tiall parts of the Art of Warre, that he may know how to as­saile and to defend places, how to Martiall his men both horse, and foot, how to advance and how to retreat, for if he hath not been present in great battells, in famous sieges, in routs, in great batteries, in stormes, and assaults, he will be terrified or astoni­shed, upon any unexpected accident.

4 He is to be free from avarice, oppression, drunkennesse, licentiousnesse, and from all impiety,He is to be free from vices and adorned vvith vertue. and adorned with the op­posite vertues to these vices, sincere in Religion, and rather fervent then of the Laodicean temper; temperate and moderate, frugall and yet charitable, punctuall in his promises, cherishing valour, and punishing cowardice, a loving father to his souldi­ers, relieving them in their need, rather then to detaine or deprive them of their pay, by wiles or collusions.

5 He is to be acquainted with the ancient and the moderne Military Laws, and with the Civill and Politike Statutes,He is to be learned, and versed in the Militarie and Politique Lavves. and Ordinances, to decide all controversies, that may happen be­tween the souldiers of his Garrisons, and the Countrey-people, or the Inhabitants of it, he is also to love as his owne life, the place where he hath been assigned, and to procure the good and the welfare of the Inhabitants, and of all honest and religious peo­ple that sojourne there; and to have especiall care of the preser­vation of it, having alwaies in mind, that his life, honour and re­putation, depends upon the safety of it.

6 He is to provide his Garrison of all necessaries for a siege,He is to be provident in the repaire of the vvorks of his garrison. and to repaire the Workes of it in due and in convenient time, not delaying from day to day, but pressing the effecting of it, to the utmost of his power; although there be no likelihood of a siege, for when an enemy is at hand, it is too late to go about such imployments, neither is it a sufficient excuse for a Gover­nour to say who would have thought the enemy had a design up­on this place?

[Page 94]7 He is to be acquainted with all the principles of the Mathe­matiques, and especially with the essentiall parts of the Art of Fortification, that he may be able to controle the ignorance of selfe-conceited men, that take upon them to set out ridiculous and destructive workes,He is to be skilfull in the Art of fortifi­cation and as­sailing. improper for the defence of the place where they live, with whom he is by no meanes to combine, as some do for private or politike respects, because such deformed and ill flanked Works indenger his owne life, and will one time or other blemish his honour, and reputation; and therfore he is to be skillfull in the Art of Fortification and assayling. For if the towne be lost by these defects, the blame will onely be laid upon him, and not upon the contrivers of these works: now because the safety of the Towne is intrusted to his care, hee ought not to indure that ignorant Shop-keepers bee chosen Sub-Com­mittees of the Workes of a Garrison, for these places belong more properly to the wise, and prudent Gentlemen of the Coun­ty, and to the most experienced Officers of the Garrison, then to such men as these that will precipitate their owne ruine, rather then they will be crost in their destructive waies.

8 He is to dispose of all the Functions of Warre,He is to dis­pose of all the functions of vvar, and not to meddle vvith politike affaires. and to com­mand absolutely over Horse and Foot, or otherwise, he is but a titularie Governour, and it is no wonder if divers of our Coun­ties are plundered daily, by the incursions of the Enemies Gar­risons, since he that should send out parties to curb and restraine these disorders, hath his hands tied. In all things, without order, nothing can be successefull: for a Governour to anticipate upon the prerogative of Committees, and be medling in civill and po­litike affaires, it is to go against order; or for Committees to an­ticipate and be medling with those things that belong properly to a Governours place, as to command over a Colonell of Horse,Committees are not to meddle in vvarlike af­faires, onely in civill and politique af­faires. and to send out parties at randome; it is against order, and against the rules of war; for Committees should not be an­swerable for the defects, errours, and omissions of martiall de­signes; nor the Governour be answerable for any dismeanour committed, or dutie omitted, in civill or politike affaires; but everie one should be answerable for such things that belong to their places. Therefore if a Countie bee daily molested by the incursions of the Enemies Garrisons, the Governour should be [Page 95]answerable to the State for his neglect and carelesnesse in this case, because the protection and preservation of the whole Coun­tie depends upon his charge. On the other side, if the men of war of such a Countie be not duly paid, and notwithstanding the Countie is oppressed, the Committees are answerable to the State for this omission and dismeniour. But by the common dis­order there is in the greater part of our Counties, betweene the Committees and the Governours of the head Garrisons, by the anticipation they do upon one anothers charges, the State knowes not whom to call to accompt for divers grosse abuses that are daily committed, under which divers Counties groane, and become desolate. In a word, there is no wisdome nor policie to suffer the Committee to manage, or to dispose of the designes of war; or to suffer the Governours to raise contributions for their owne Garrisons pay, or to meddle in any manner of way in civill or politike affaires, except it be to decide some differences that may befall between some Souldiers, and some of the Inha­bitants.

9 He is to observe an austere militarie discipline, and to suffer none of the Inhabitants to be wronged and abused by any of the Souldiers of the Garrison; for if hee give them an inch this way, they will take a foot; and of the two, hee is rather to take the part of the Inhabitants then of the Souldiers, because the Soul­diers are most commonly the first Aggressours:He is to be au­stere in the Militarie Dis­cipline, and just in his judgment. Yet for feare this rule should not be generall, hee is to examine the case, and to distribute justice impartially. Hee is also to traine his Souldiers everie week, and withall to command the Sargeant of everie Company to instruct them daily, when their Company enters in guard, and especially the youngest and rawest Souldiers, how they should manage their muskets and pikes, that they may be the more perfect when they traine before him, in the handling of their Armes. And for the Horse, when they are at home, once a fortnight he is to appoint their Colonel a place in the field near the walls, where he is to be himselfe, to see them exercise, by dividing their Regiment in two equal parts;He is to be carefull and present at all militarie exer­cises. the Colonel commanding one partie, and the Lievtenant-Colonell the other; the one being the Assailants, and the other the Defendents. And in all these exer­cises the Governour is to take exact notice both of the Horse and [Page 96]Foot, that are defective in their horses, armes, and apparell, and to censure them severely for the first time, and to panish them the next training day if these defects be not amended.

10 He is to be active and vigilant, that Centinells be placed and relieved punctually at their hours, and to over-see the Courts of Guards everie night, not relying altogether upon his Major, for two eye-witnesses are better then one; the French, whose Garrisons are not ordinarily above one English mile, and halfe circumference,Of the num­ber of the Courts of Guard. content themselves with six Courts of Guards, the greatest in the Market-place of 120. men, foure more at the foure gates of 60. men a piece, and one before the Governours lodging of twenty men. and by this calculation there is to be in that Garrison 1140. Foot-souldiers, of which 380. are so en­ter into guard every night, that they might have two dayes respit in three. Their Centinells or Centries are relieved in the night time everie houre, and in the day time every two houres, and they place at everie 200. yards distance a Centry,Of the num­ber of Senti­nells. if their Garrisons be fortified by Bastions, they place besides the above-said Centries, three upon everie Bastion, one at the point of it, and two at the two ends of the faces, next to the flanks, so that this place of so smal a Circumference is to have forty Centries re­lieved every hour in the night times, besides them that are to make the Rounds, that are to be done three times everie night, besides a private Round called by the French La Patronille, every Round is to have a principallThe Gover­nour is some­times to go the Rounds, but the day & houre of his going is to be kept private. Of the Rounds, and of the French Patronille. Officer, their number is commonly of 12. and this private Round of as many, it marcheth commonly in the dead time of the night, that is an houre before day, the most dangerous time for surprizes. By this calculation the Reader may see that the greater part of our Garrisons are not halfe manned as they should be; for I know some of three English miles and halfe circumference, that have not a thousand Foot-souldiers, and a place of this extent should have at least ten or twelve Courts of Guards, whether it hath so many gates or no; for where the distance between two gates are over great, there is a Court of Guard to be erected in the midst, to prevent a surprize by scaling.

11 He is to have care to see his Garrison provided with Ordnance, Armes, Balls, Ammunition, Fire-works, some rea­dy [Page 97]made, and store of materials ready to make more,Of the Ord­nance and Ammunition of a Garrison. and with all manner of Engins of war, as Manttlelets and Ladders, Tor­toises, Pioniers tooles, store of timber, of wooll-pacles, pitch, oyle, Brimstone, coale for powder, pit-coale, and wood for sewell; and hay, straw, oats, and pease for the Horse.

If I should here relate the number and quantitie of these ne­cessaries, that the Italians, French, and Hollanders use to provide their Garrisons withall, it would seeme to many a false, or an in­credible relation; and therefore I will passe them over, and will only speak of a verie meane proportion, fitted according to our abilitie, after I have given you a hint of the store of the Citadell of Milan. The Citadell of Milan is a perfect Sexagon, fortified by six Bastions with Orillons, as in Plate 12. The Circumference of it cannot be at the most above an English mile and a quarter, and yet it had in my time 160 Cannons and Demi-Cannons in the Magazines, besides those that were placed in the paints, faces, and Flanks of the Bastions, that were above 90 in number, and in all 250 at the least, and fiftie thousand iron bullets of all sorts, and two hundred thousand weight of powder, and victualied for a yeare for three thousand men, and with Armes and other ne­cessaries proportionable, and such provisions will seeme (as I have said) incredible.

But the meanest proportion allowed for forraine Garrisons is of fiftie Peeces of Ordnance, for a Towne of two English miles circumference, of these sorts, six Cannons, six Demi-Cannons, six longIf it be a Sea-tovvne you are to double the number of the long Culve­rins, and to de [...]lk the same from the Sacres. Culverins, twentie Sacres, and twelve Drakes, and one hundred thousand weight of powder, that is a thousand bar­rells of powder. But it were well if one of our Garrisons of three or foure miles circumference were thus provided: for Armes there are to be of all sorts as many in the Magizines, as there is Souldiers in the Garrison; and for balls, the least number that can be provided, is for Cannon-balls, Demi-Cannons, and long Culverins, six hundred a piece, that is 1800 of these three sorts, and 2000 balls for the Secres, and 1200 for the Drakes, and fiftie new Carriages of all sorts in the Magazine, that if any Peece of Ordnance be dismouned, it may presently be let up a­gaine; and twentie lye thousand weight of match, five hundred Granado's, and 100 great oues for Master-peeces, and as many [Page 98]materialls to make twice as many more, and of all other necessa­ries spoken of before proportionably.

12 He is to have a provident fore-cast to provide in due sea­son his Garrison with all manner of victualls, and malt, for o­therwise the strong Workes of the Garrison, the number nor the valour of the Souldiers, nor this store of Cannons, Ammu­nition, and Armes, Granadoes, and other necessaries will availe nothing, if the Garrison be distressed for want of victualls, for all these things will but inrich the Enemy, when by famine the Towne shall bee inforced to yeeld to the Enemies mercy.

The two most necessarie provisions,He is to pro­vide his Garri­son vvith all manner of provisions and victuals. are bread and beere, and therefore the Governour is to take an exact accompt of the number of men, women and children, there is in his Garrison, I meane with the Foot and Horse-men of the Garrison, that I will suppose to be ten thousand living soules. The least allow­ance of bread and beere that can be given, is of a pound of bread and a pottle of beere a day, now everie strike, or bushell of Corn, will yeeld, 56. pound weight of bread, and this will amount to 188 strike a day, and in three months to 16920. strike of wheat, that is 2115. quarters of wheat. And as for beere, everie barrell of beere containes 36. gallons, and every quarter of malt will make eight barrells of small beere, that containes 576 pottles of beer; so that after this rate there will be spent 17. quarters and halfe of malt in a day, but we will allow 18 quarters for the soul­diers mornings-draught, that will amount in three moneths to 1620. quarters of malt.

The salt is the next, for without salt a Garrison cannot subsist, and therefore one hundred quarters of salt is the least that can be provided for three months. Butter and Cheese are the next, and ten thousand weight of each is of the least, and a thousand barrells of Porke, and of salt Beefe, is little enough, besides a thou­sand fliches of Bacon, five hundred quarters of white Pease, two thousand weight of Rice, twenty tun of Vinegar, for it is usefull to coole the pieces of Ordnance when they are over-heated; three or foure tun of oyle, great store of timber and fewell, and especially of brush bavins, for to repaire breaches, good store of sugar, and spices, but specially all manner of Physicall drugs, for sick and wounded men, and store of Chyrurgions to dresse [Page 99]the wounded souldiers: All these things and manie more, a pro­vident Governour will have a care to provide his Garrison withall, if he intend to make a noble resistance, and to preserve his Garrrison, life, honour, and reputation. But divers will ob­ject, that the providing of these things belongeth to the Com­mittees, and not to the Governours. I answer, that it belongeth to the Governours in forraine parts, and that he is bound by his place, after he hath twice or thrice admonished them, to provide these things, and they do it not, to protest against them, and to acquaint the State of their neglect, and omission of it, otherwise if the Town be lost by the want of anie of these things, the blame will be imputed onely to the improvidency of the Governour. MoreoverThe dutie of a Governour to prevent sur­prises and sca­ling. he is to be verie vigilant, to prevent surprises, by Am­bushes, that may lye undiscovered in allowes neare to a gate, that may of a sudden slay the Centeries, force a Court of Guard, and take a towne; or by scaling in the night time, for it is a thing easie to be done, to scale Workes that are so low as ours. To prevent these surprises, and scaling, the Governour is to send out every night 24. horse divided into foure parties of six a piece, and these parties must range all the principall rodes that lead to his Garrison, for the distance of seaven or eight mile everie way, as South, North, East and West, and to cause at the break of day all hollowes, and old walls about the towne to be viewed by two souldiers of everie gate, that are to be put forth at the Sally-ports, and to come in againe before the gates be open, and their draw-bridge put down, and by these two meanes the Go­vernour will preselve his Garrison from scaling and surprises.

CHAP. XXXIII. Of six different wayes, how strong Holds may be reduced.

ANtigonus King of Macedonia was wont to say, that the strongest Hold in the world might be reduced, if by the gate of it a Mule laden with gold might enter therein, meaning that [Page 100]strong Holds that were by nature or by art impregnable, might be won by the infidelity of the Governour, if he was inclined to Avarice and greedy of money, whereby we may collect that concussion and briberie was as familliar in those daies as they are in ours:The first vvay attempted by the Spaniard is briberie. And this is one of the first meanes that Phi­lip the second King of spaine did attempt to reduce the strongest Garrisons of his Enemies, for by these meanes he obtained Cam­bray and Callis, in the reigne of Henry the fourth King of France; a good Caution for a Prince or State, to make choice of trusty and faith full Governours, that may be free of Avarice and Con­cussion.

The second way is more noble and generous, and that is by Stratagems of War,The second vvaie is strata­gems of vvar. as the great City ofSee the Hi­storie of the civill vvars of France. Amiens was taken by Montdragon, by four and twenty souldiers, hidden under foure waggons laden with hay, and a disguised souldier that was upon the last load, that tumbled downe wittingly a basket of apples, and wall-nuts, when he saw the waggon under the Portcallice, whereupon the Centries and all the souldiers of the Court of Guard being over eager about the taking of them up, were all slaine by the 24. armed souldiers, that came out of the waggons, and the gate made good, till a thousand horse-men with as ma­ny Dragoones behind them, entred the towne and took it with­out little or no opposition at all; or asSee the Hi­storie of the Netherlands. Breda was taken by a French Captain, with twenty souldiers hidden in a ship laden with turffe that was let in at the Port, and in the night time sal­lied out, killed the Round, and put to the sword all the Souldi­ers of the Court of Guard that were next to the gate, where a thousand Horse and five hundred Foot of their party lay inam­busc [...]do, and so tooke that strong Hold, without much losse for opposition. But the two next Stratagems are worthy of admi­ration; in the civill warres* of France a young Gentleman and a Royallist, did oftentimes repaire to a strong Garrison of the League, to fee a kinsman of his, that was a Commander of the Garrison, and having noted that the souldiers of that Court of Guard next to the gate that he was used to come in, kept but an indifferent watch, perswaded five young Gentlemen of his ac­quaintance, that had no more haire on their faces then he had him­selfe, to attempt the taking of that Garrison, they imbraced [Page 101]the motion and disguised then selves in Gentlewomens apparell, ryding behind six Gentlemen, that lived neare that Garrison, everie horse-man having at his side a young valiant souldier, dis­guised like Lacquie's that made up eighteen in all, having pistolls in their pockets, and coming to the gate of the Garrison, he that rid formost carried behind him the undertaker disguised like a Gentlewoman, the Set jeant of the Court of Guard began to examine where they went: we come (saith the first horse-man) to be merrie in the Towne, with these Gentlewomen our kins­women, whereupon he let them passe, but being come between the two gates, where the Portcullice was, the first Gentlewo­man fained to be ready to swound, and called to some of the Court of guard for help, they as officious men came all to assist the sicke Gentlewoman, whereupon they all lighted, and the Lacquie's did instantly run to the Court of guard, and brought all the Partisans and Halberts they could lay hold on, and the Gentlemen and Gentlewomen drew out their pistolls, and slew everie one of them a fouldier of the Court of guard, and made good the gate till their Ambuscado that was within a musket­shot of the towne in a hollow came to their reliefe, and so took this garrison that was strong and of great concernment. The last Stratagem is knowne of all men, for it is the surprising of Hereford, that was as neatly carried as any of the former, for he that played the Constables part, was certainly a valiant Gentle­man, for it was a great attempt to venture upon so strong and so well manned a garrison as that was;The third vvay is by po­licie. The third way was u­sed by the Parthians to famish Crassus See Plutarch in Crassus life. Army in Armenia the great, and by the DukeSee Du Bel­luy his Com­mentaries. de Montmorency, in the daies of Francis the first King of France, to famish the Emperour Charles the fifths Army, that was coming to besiege Marseilles; for he per­swaded the King three weekes before the coming of the Empe­rours Army, to publish a Proclamation that all the Inhabitants of what degree soever, that lived within twenty miles compasse of the City of Marseilles, should upon paine of death, remove all their Cattell, Wine, Corne, and Movables, and bring them to his Camp where they should have money for their corne and wine, and lodging for themselves in the adjacent townes, with pasture for their cattell, at free cost, till the warre was over: and those [Page 102]that did not obey this Proclamation, within fifteen daies, were inforced to obey the same by a partie of 2000, horse that were sent by the King to see the execution of it, whereby the Empe­rour was reduced within a moneth after, to such extreame want of victualls, and of provender for his horses, that he was infor­ced to raise his siege with the losse of his former reputation, and of 30000. of his men that perished by famine, and by the sword upon their retreat into Italy.

This policie may be used also to reduce the strongest Garrison that can be, if the partie be master of the field, or lye in an intren­ched Camp some twentie miles off, that hee may day and night scoure all the roads with strong parties of Horse, as the Deke de Montmorency did; for after the favour of God, it was the secon­darie cause of the preservation of the Kingdome of Frances for if the French King had enforced the Emperour to a pitcht battell, and that he had been routed, the Emperours Army had advinced without opposition to the verie gates of Paris, because there was not in those dayes any strong hold between Marseilles and Paris. But by this meanes the French King did not hazard his King­dome upon the casuall event of a battell, and yet preserved the same, and did utterly waste and reduce to nothing, the greatest Army that ever this Emperour was Master of, and that was led by the most experienced Commanders in Christendome.The fourth vvay is by sca­ling in the night time.

The fourth way is by scaling in the night time, as Geneva was likely to have been taken by the Lord D'Aulbigny, Generall for the Duke of Savoy in Henry the fourths dayes;The best vvay for a Go­vernour to prevent these surprises by stratagems of VVarre and scaling, is set out in Chap. 32. for there were above five hundred men gotten up upon the Rampiers before they were discovered; and had it not been by the favour of God, that one of the first Inhabitants that was alarmed, did run to the lower Flanks of one of their Bastions, that had two Can­nons mounted, pointed and charged with case and chaine-shot, and presently fired them, whereby all the Assailants scaling lad­ders were broken, and cast into the dike, the Citie had been ta­ken; but the Souldiers and the Inhabitants being assured by this meanes, that no greater number then was entred could annoy them, took courage, and put the greater part of them to the sword, some Lords excepted, that they caused to be beheaded the same day.

[Page 103]And this is the reason that I have pressed so much in my for­mer discourses of the practicall Art of Fortification, the necessi­tie there is to erect upper and lower Flanks, as the only meanes to preserve a strong hold from scaling in the night time, and from casting of galleries over the mote or dike, to prevent a generall assault; for these Flanks (under God) were the cause, not only of the preservation of Geneva, but of Casal in Italy some certaine yeares since; for the FrenchHe vvas the verie same that vvas Go­vernour of the Isle of Ree, called Monsieur de Tho­rax. Governour that was entrusted by the Duke of Mantua to defend that strong hold against an Army of thirtie thousand men, commanded by the Marquisse Spinola, did make such use of the lower Flanks of the Bastions of that Garrison, that he broke three times one after another, the strong galleries that the said Marquisse did cast over the mote, and hin­dred him by that meanes to come to a generall assault, and so en­forced him to raise his siege, which disgrace struck such a deep im­pression in the heart of the Marquisse, that he died shortly after, more of griefe then by the violence of his disease, holding and re­puting that it was a great blemish to his former reputation, to be beaten off by so young a Governour, from a siege, when hee had been reputed the most experienced Commander in Christendom, in the Art of Assailing.

The fifth way is by the blocking up of a Garrison at a certaine distance, by strong Forts, or strong houses, seated and erected by,The fifth vvay is by the blocking up of a Garrison at a certaine distance. or neare the said Garrison. This way is tedious and uncertaine, because such ancient houses are rarely seated in the most conve­nient places, or at an equall distance for that purpose, and by these defects, the reducing of the Garrison is much retarded; for the besieged receive ordinarily some releefe from the adjacent villa­ges. It were therefore safer for a Generall, if hee be resolved to reduce a Garrison this way, to erect foure new Forts, on the South, North, East, and West of that Towne, upon the most convenient seats that can be found, within no longer distance then a mile, of all sides from that Garrison; and are to be seated where they may most conveniently command and block up the roads that lead to that Garrison. The continent of these Forts are to containe foure hundred Foot, and two hundred Horse, and fromThe lod­gings of these Forts are to be lovv and slight, so they be kept drie, for it matters not so they maie last halfe a yeare. Fort to Fort, a small Line of Communication is to be drawne, with a dike of six foot deep, and nine foot broad. [Page 104]And if there be a River running thorow, or by one side of that Garrison, two woodden bridges are to be erected, either with boats, or with piles, and two good Redouts erected to defend these bridges. And all this may be done in lesse then a months time, by an Army that is eight thousand Foot strong, and two thousand Horse, so it be Master of the field: And this course be­ing taken about the latter end of October, this Garrison will be in such streights for victuals and Ammunition before March, that it will be enforced to yeeld to the mercie of the Assailants: for it cannot be releeved, but by a greater partie by halfe then are bil­letted in these foure Forts and two Redouts, because they releeve and joyne one with another upon all occasions.

The sixth and the most certaine and method-like way,The sixth and the surest vvay is by a do able intrenched Camp. is by an intrenched Camp used in Caesars dayes, and at this time in Flanders by the French and Hollanders; because if all the five former wayes having been attempted and faile, this will assuredly carrie away the Garrison, either by storme or famine. But be­fore I come to the particulars of it, I will relate the judgements of the most experienced Commanders, both ancient and mo­derne, whether the sallies of the Defendents are prositable to them, or necessarie to be done, to hinder the Assailants to incamp themselves, and to make their approaches.

CHAP. XXXIV. Of the opinions of experienced Commanders, concerning sallies made by the Defendants at the be­ginning of a Siege.

ALL our moderne Commanders do not agree in this point, for some would have noWhether it be best to sal­lie, or not to sallie, in the beginning of a Siege. sallies at all, till the Assailant be­gin to pierce the Counterscarp with their secret approaches, be­cause they would maintaine the souldiers of the Garrison in their full number and strength, for the most urgent occasion of defence, that is, when the enemies do indervour to cast their galleries o­ver the mote, and to make their Mines for to come to a generall [Page 105]assault: their reasons are these. 1. All the sallyes of a Garrison say they, cannot hinder an Assailant Army to perform eight of the ten operations, that shall be spoken of in the next Chapter. 2. If it be never so well manned, the Assailants are alwayes sive to one at least, and sometime ten for one; and therfore if the De­fendants in these sallyes lose one man, their losse is greater, then if the Assailants lose five; nay, more then ten, because they may be supplyed and recruted: but the Defendants cannot, but by the coming of a great Army to their releife. 3. When the Defendants sally so farre from their Rampiars, as to endeavour to impede the incamping of the Assailants, or the making of their first approaches; it is ten to one say they, if they be not beaten and driven in again with losse.Forces that sally out are subject to be routed, if a par­ty of the Assai­lants horse go­eth between them and the town. Nay, they may be utter­ly routed, and their retreat into the town stopped; if a good party of horse of the Assailants, can get between their Ram­piars and them: which if they doe, as it hath been oftentimes effected; the strength and the courage of the Defendants is much weakned, and the town in a manner halfe reduced. Therefore say they, it is safer, and a part of greater wisdome for a Gover­nour to keep in his men till the Assailants are near the Contre escarpe, that their retreat may be secured by their musquet shot, from the Contre escarpe, and from the Ordnance of the Bastions and rampiars. But if in case the Garrison is not strong­ly manned, they are not say they, to make any sallyes at all; but only to discharge now and then some Culverings shot when some of the Assailants horse are in a body, and in the reach of the shot; or to discharge a Drake or two when they see some Commander of quality come neare to view their Out-works: for such expences are not alwayes cast away, for many great Commanders have been slain after this manner; and among the rest the King of Sweden See the Swe­den souldier. scaped narrowly, for his horse was kil­led under him, and the hinder part carryed a way by the shot of a Sacre, as he was viewing the works of the Castle of English-State in Bavier. On the other side, some other Commanders maintain,

• 1. That if a Garrison doe keep within their Rampiars, and make no sallies at all, that the Assailants are incouraged by it; and suppose the town to be weakly manned, or ill provided of [Page 106]Ammunition, if they be not lavish of their powder, in shooting dayly their Culverins, to hinder with shot the assailants ap­proaches.
• 2. They say that if the Defendants doe not endeavour to im­pede by sallyes their approaches, before they come to pierce their Contreescarpe; that their sallies will be then to little pur­pose, because they may be so suddenly begerted, that they will not then be able to sally forth at all.
• 3. That to gain time, which is more precious in sieges then to any other occasions of warre, because they hope to be relie­ved by some party of theirs, if they can hold out but a certaine time, that the defendants are by their dayly sallyes, to hinder the Assailants approaches; and to the utmost of their power, to impede them, to break through their Contre escarpe: for if they can but busie them three weeks or a months time, about these operations, it will much dishearten the common sculdi­ers, and discourage the Commanders of the Assailants Army.

Now to decide this point I leave it to the judicious Reader, yet I will inform him that the Duke De See his per­fect Captain. Roan, Sir Authoine See his Treaty de la charge dun Gover­neur. Of the charge of a Governour. De Ville, See his Mili­tary Archite­cture. Petro Sardy, and the greater part of the Italian and French Commanders, side in their judgement, with the first o­pinion here related; and that I conceive it also to be the safest way, and especially in this civill warre of ours; in which, our Garrisons are so ill manned, and so ill provided with Ordnance and Ammunition. And also, because we have neither Out­works, nor Contre escarpe, and not so much as any lower flunks to scoure our Courtines, or ditches; and therefore our works being so weak and deformed, as the greater part are, we are to keep our men fresh and in heart, for the defence of a generall assault. Besides, raw, and unexperienced souldiers, that never were in besieged Townes, are mightily astonished and amazed, at the first approach of a great Army before their Rampiars; but when they have been wonted to look the enemy in the face, their courage and resolution is increased, and dare better attempt such sallyes then they could at the first coming. And to prevent this Panique feare,See Plutarc. in Marius life. Marius a great Commander of the anci­ent Romans, being appointed by the Senate to raise an Army to hinder the Cymbers, a barbarous nation, that was coming in­to [Page 107] Italy, to passe the Alpelins Mounts, for they were already en­tred in Lombardia; he seeing that the greater part of his Army did consist of raw souldiers, he caused them to lye in an intren­ched Camp every night, but when he came in sight of the ene­my, their multitude, their grim countenance, their high stature, and barbarous carriage, and apparell, did so affright his souldiers, that he could hardly make them defend the Rampiars of their Camp; whereupon he gave charge to his Officers, to make one Regiment after another, to be day and night upon the Rampi­ars, that they might be wonted to see without feare, this barba­rous and grim nation; and lay purposely near a month, in one and the same intrenched Camp, suffering the enemies to ap­proach sometimes to the very brim of the ditch, till he saw his souldiers freed of this Panique feare; and till they came and in­treated him to issue forth of their Camp, to give the enemy bat­tell, which he granted with much adoe, reproving them for their former feare and cowardice. And by this wise Policy ob­tained a famous victory, for there remained slain in that bat­tell, fourescore thousand in the field of the Cymbers, and very few of the Romans. But had he set upon them at the first, when his Army was amazed, he had undoubtedly been routed; and had cast the City of Rome into a great danger, for they had then no other Army ready to oppose them.

To conclude this point, it is most certain that the Assailants in this unnaturall warre of ours, are to come to a storme the very next day that their Army hath faced a Garrison, if the works of it be not regulary, or have no lower flanks; and their brest-work not above nine foot high, and six or seven foot thick, with a graft of some nine foot deep, and twenty foot broad; for if they have but courage, they will undoubtedly take the same. And for the Defendants, they are not to wast their men, and Ammunition, in ridiculous sallyes, but to bee watchfull, and valiant to oppose the assailants in a generall storme: for if they can beat them off twice or thrice, they will free themselves from their [...]ury. But if the works of a Garrison be regulary, and lined out according to Art, and well flanked with upper and lower flanks, having the Rampiars and Brest­works of Cannon proof, and twenty or thirty foot high, with [Page 108]a graft of twenty foot deep, and forty foot broad, besides the small ditch called La cunette: with a good Contre escarpe: ha­ving a brest-work of six foot high, with a foot-step going round about the inward work, and well manned and provided with Ordnance and Ammunition; then is the Generall or Commander in chiefe that undertakes to besiege such a Garri­son, to intrench himself in such an intrenched Camp, that is de­monstrated in Plate 24. and by degrees to make his approa­ches both open and private, to break into the Contre escarpe; and to beat to dust the defendants flanks by his batteries, that he may cast his Galleries over the mote: and set his Miners at work, to blow up by Mines, the Point, or Faces of the Basti­ons, to come to a generall assault; for otherwise he will but spin out the time, and at last, come off with little honour and reputation.

CHAP. XXXV. Of the entrenched Camp demonstrated in Plate 24.

TO besiege such a strong hold to some purpose, marked in this figure by the letter A. that the Generall or Comman­der in cheife of an Army, that undertakes such a siege, may come off with honour; he is in the first place to entrench him­self in fourThe first o­peration of the ten that are to be done in a fiege. large quarters, of a continent, convenient and pro­portionable to his Army: if it exceed not foure thousand horse, and twelve thousand foot, the dimensions of these foure quar­ters marked in this figure by the letter B. will as I conceive be sufficient, if it be greater or lesse; his Enginers are to encrease or to diminish the Continent of it. For we have found by ex­perience, in this unnaturall civill warre of ours, that to besiege strong holds, without an intrenched Camp,One of the causes of the spining out of this unnaturall warre. is wittingly and wilfully to spin out this war, because it is an easie thing for an experienced and active Commander to beat up and put to rout a quarter of our Armies, as they lye open, and that are at so great a distance one from another, as ours commonly doe; it hath [Page 109]been the overthrow of divers of our forces before Newark, Pomphret, Dennington, Banbury, and Dudley Castle; and the tedious spinning out of the reducing of Basing, and Latham house. Besides, they exhaust the meanes of the Kingdome; for a Garrison begerted with a circulary intrenchment, will be sooner reduced in a month, then another will be in six that is be­sieged; as we have done hitherto. For instance, How had it been possible forSee Caesars Commentaries of the warres of Gaul. lib 7. Caesar to have penned in fourscore thousand fight­ing men in the great city of Alexie, and to defeat an Army of one hundred and fourescore thousand more that came to their releife, with his small Army of fifty thousand men at the most, if he had not doubly entrenched himselfe against the town, and against the great Army that came to raise the siege? And yet some will maintain that we excell in these dayes, the ancient Romans in the Art of warre; But it is not so, for the French, or Gaules, were then a Warlike Nation, and their Generall Vercingentorix was a very resolved and valiant Commander, but it was by the Art of Fortification, and the excellent milita­ry discipline of the Roman souldiers, with the great activity, and the experience in Armes ofCaesars works and Carriage before Alexie in Erance. Caesar, that brought to passe in so short a time, such incredible things; for he inclosed Alexie, with a double entrenched Camp, with a ditch of twenty foot broad, and twenty foot deep, without a slope; and erected a Rampiar of twelve foot high, and twenty foot thick, beside a brest-work having at every fourescore paces a distance: high wooden Towers to secure his Archers, and to discharge his Balisters a­gainst the Assailants, and the exterior of these entrenchments, was at the least twelve English miles compasse, and the inward entrenchment could not be lesse then eight English miles cir­cumference, as may be supposed by the Continent of the city of Alexie, You may see how much it a­vaileth, to be in a double in­trenched camp. since it was able to billet fourescore thousand fighting men, besides her own inhabitants. And all these works were erected and perfected in lesse then a month; for he was not in all six weeks before it, so that it may be supposed, that the interior intrenchment, or the circulary line that did begert the city round, was done in eight or ten dayes; and so sufficiently made, and so vigilantly guarded, that the besieged could never break through these works, to joyn with them that came to their re­leife: [Page 110]Nor that great Army could not also goe over these works, but tired themselves in endeavouring to break through. And being thus over-tired, Caesar made a sally with his fresh Army, and by these means routed them, and obtained the city, that yeelded to his mercy, being not able to hold out for want of victuals. By this unparalleld example it is apparent, that there is no way to this to reduce a strong hold, and to be able to oppose a potent Army that cometh purposely to relieve it, when it is besieged.

But to return where I left, these foure quarters being set out and finished, and the Huts or Tents being set up, and the horse and foot with the Carriages, and the Train of Artillery being placed, and the Generalls Tents being erected in the midst of one of the best seated quarters, a double lineThe second operation. of Communi­cation marked C. is to be lined and taken in hand; having in every side smal flankers as it is demonstrated, to secure the cove­red way, made between the two Rampiars, markt by the letter M. whereby one quarter may releive the other as occasion re­quires, without danger. Now if a deep and unfordable river run in the midst, or on the side of this Garrison, two bridgesThe third operation. are to be erected over the same, in the two broad sides quar­ters of this entrenched Camp; for in that place they will be se­cured without any other works, and seated conveniently to re­leive from both sides the river, any of the quarters, if any of thē were assailed by the besieged, or any partie that should come to their reliefe. These bridgesFour kind of bridges, and how they are to be erected; the first sort being the best, and soonest erected are to be made with Barges, or great flat bottome boats, well linked together with iron chains, and fastned to pilles droven in the midst, and on both sides of the river, that the stream may not drive them down; and these Barges or Boates, are to be covered with planks of three inches thick, and then with gravell; that Carriages and the Traine of Artillery, may passe over without fear. But if such flat Boats nor Barges cannot be found, then they are to be erected with Pilles, and covered over with such thick planks, or gravell. Or if seasoned Pilles could not also be had, then long timber trees are to be felled, and the bark and branches being he wed away and squared, they are to be bound fast together as flotts of tim­ber that are driven down a shallow river, where Barges cannot [Page 111]goe for want of water; and five or six of these flotts well bound together, will make a strong bridge, so it be covered with the aforesaid planks and gravell, and fastned in the midst and in the sides to Pilles, driven with violence into the ground. Another kind of bridge may be made suddenly, with two double rowes of empty Sack-pipes, Hogs-heads, or Beer-barrels, well hooped,See Philip the Commin. Commentaries. and close botomed, bound together and fastned to Pilles driven in the midst, and in the sides of the river. As Charles the last Duke of Burgundi, did erect one (over the river, the Seine that runneth through the midst of Paris) some three miles from the city, and this bridge was erected in one night: And all the Dukes Army, with his Train of Artillery, bagge and baggage, passed the river before eight of the clock in the morning; upon which unexpected tidings, Lewis the eleventh, the great Poli­tician, was greatly amazed.

This double line of communication, and these bridges being finished, the Enginiers are to line out their approachesThe fourth operation. af­ter any of these two wayes demonstrated in this Plate by the letter D. erecting at every return an Angle flanker, where Musquettiers are placed to secure the approaches, having a Court of Guard in every one of them, of forty or fifty men; these flankers serve also for Carriages or horse-men to retreat, when other Carriages or horse-men are discovered coming in the next approaches, if in case the Generall will have them so narrow, that two Carriages cannot passe close together, for he hath the disposing of it: some therefore will have them but 12 foot broad, and 4 foot deep, and some twenty foot broad, and five foot deep; but very flat in the bottome: the slope of the sides is not to be above a foot. The principall care of the Engi­nier that lines them out, is to set out their Angles so farre into the field on the right, and on the left hand, that they may not be as the French term it (Enfillees) that is,Of the true setting out of approaches. that any Cannon or Culvering shot, placed upon the the Angle or Point of any of the Bastions of the Garrison besieged, may not upon a strait line beat in any of the approaches; for if they may, the approa­ches are not safe, nor lined out as they should be, but will be destructive to the Assailants; for such a shot may indanger the lives of twenty horse-men, or foot-men, at a time.

[Page 112]These approaches marked by the leetter F. being finished, and brought within one hundred yards of the Contre escarpe of the besieged; the Plat-formsThe fist operation. are to bee raised, marked by the letters E. and 4 or 6 Demi-Cannons to bee placed and pointed against the flanks of the Bastions, and the brest-works of the Rampiars; to batter to dust all the brest-works of the Flanks, and Rampiars. And while this is a doing, some of the Pioniers are to work day and night in the private approaches under ground,The sixt operation. to break into the Contre escarp; and some other Pioniers in the night time are to work about the begerting cir­culary trenches, (but if the Army be provided with mantlets, they may also work about this trench in the day time) that is, to goe round about the Garrison, marked by the letter O. that is, to have spaces left to place Turn-pikes to sally forth, when the secret approaches are almost finished, to assaile the Contre escarpe, while these that are in the approaches under ground, break into the Contre escarpe, and by a furious onset insorce the Defendants to retreat into the Garrison, and to forsake the Contre escarpe.

The Contre escarpe being won, and the circularyWhen this circulary line is finished, the defendants can by no meanes sally for th any more. trench finished, the Peeces or Demi-Cannons, that were appointed to beat down the brest-works of the Flanks and Rampiars, are to be removed as soon as other Plate-formsThe se­venth operati­on. are raised upon the Contre escarp, to place and point some of them against the Points of the Bastions that are intended to be stormed; and the other against the flanks that may be repaired that way, that they may erect theirThe erect­ing of Galle­ries, is the eight operation. Galleries over the Mote, if it be full of water: or if it be drye, to fill the same in a night with Bavins, that the Pioniers may begin their Mines, to blow up some part of the Bastions; but because the ensuing operations are demonstrated in the next plate, I will here describe the Ichnography of this intrenched Camp with the dimensions of all the parts of it, and will referre you for the rest to the next Chapter.

• A. Represents the Garrison besieged of a Sexagon form for­tified by six Bastions, with Orillons; after the best Italian Me­thod, [Page 113]as may be seene in the next Plate.
• B. Represents the foure quarters of the Army, that contain in their circumference a mile and a half, and may contain three thousand Foot and a thousand Horse a piece.
• C. Represents the double Line of Communication that con­joyn the foure quarters one with another; the circumference of the whole Camp, with the soure quarters, is in all of eight English miles; and the distance from the end-side of the Camp to the Contre escarpe of the Defendants, is of five eight parts of a mile; and the distance from the broad side of the Camp is of seven eight parts of an English mile, and thereby free in all parts from the besieged Garrison Cannon shot.
• D. R presents the winding approaches that runne to the be­girting trench, the earth of which is cast toward the Town, to serve as a b [...]ast-work to the assailants, to cover them from the Musqu [...]t shot of the Defendants that are in the Contre escarpe; the earth of the winding approaches is cast some at the right hand, and some at the left hand, the better to preserve them that goe, or are in them; their ditches are represented by the white lines, and their banks by the thatcht lines; their banks are so high, that neither Foot nor Horsemen can be in danger of the Cannon or Musquet shot of the Defendants. The brest of their flanks placed upon every winding angle, are of seventy yards broad apiece; that they may contain 40 or 50 Musquetiers apiece, if need require.
• E. Represents the soure first plat-formes for to raise Bat­tery; these batteries are to be raised according to the s [...]at of the place; if it be to batter the upper flanks of the brest-works of the Rampiars, they need not to be above two y [...]ds high; if it be to batter the lower flanks, and the faces or p [...]s of the Bastions, and the foot of the Rampiar, they are to be 4, paras high, and sometimes more. They are alwayes to be intrenched round, but in one [...], [...] barrier is placed with a good ditch, and a brest-work [...] flanked, and to contain be­tween 60 or 100 Musqu [...] [...], and Hol [...]d [...],, to preserve the Pe [...]ces, if in case the D [...]e [...]ants made a gr [...] and strong [...].
• F. Rep [...]sents [...]he Flank [...]s [...] [Page 114]the approaches; their brest is from 70 yards to 80, and may contain 40 or 50 Musquetiers.
• G. Represents the Diagonall approaches of the broad sides of the Camp, that crosse one another like a traverse, of which we have not spoken at all, because the batteries were not of that side; but what hath been said of the other, will also serve for them.
• H. Represents all the flanks of the Diagonall approaches of the broad sides of the Camp.
• I. Represents the upper traverse of the Diagonall approa­ches, and a small halfe moone that defends the comming in of the said traverse.
• K. Represents the lower traverse of the Diagonall approa­ches; and the little halfe moones that defend the comming in and going out of the two great quarters of the two broad sides of the Camp.
• L. Represents the foure small halfe moones that defence the comming in and the going out of the foure great quarters of the Camp, towards the fields. The sides of these halfe moones are of 6 [...] yards a piece.
• M. Represents the road or covered way, that leadeth from one quarter to another, between the Lines of Communicati­on: it is of 16 yards broad, besides the thicknesse of the two breast-works, and of their five foot-steps that are in the bottome eighteene foot, and at top ten foot, and of nine foot high [...], the ditches are eighteene foot broad and nine foot deep.
• N. Represents the two plat-formes erected by the diagonall approaches on the broad sides of the Camp.
• O. Represents the begitting trench, and her flanks or breast-works.
• P. Represents the turne-pikes and issues to goe to assaile the Defendants Contre escarpe.

Some will object, that to erect such a Camp, it will be a te­dious and a chargeable piece of work. But I answer, That an Army consisting of twelve thousand Foot, will finish such a Camp, and erect two such bridges over a River, as broad as the Trent is before Newarke, in lesse then a fortnights time, [Page 115]so the Army be provided, as it should alwayes be, with six thou­sand pick-axes, spades, and shovels, and with foure hundred wheele, and hand-barrowes, and as many scuttles, and with store of Carpenters. And for Pioniers there need none, so the Generall be pleased to allow foure pence a day to the Foot Sol­diers of his Army, that will work when they are out of guard, over and above their pay. And these charcges would be reco­vered one hundred fold, by the speedy reducing of the Garrison that is consumed by the pay of an Army, that spins out the time in other methods of Sieges; and which is of more value, many hundred mens lives will be preserved by this method of Sieges.

CHAP. XXXVI. Of the Batteries erected, and of the Mines to be sprung against a besieged Garrison, demonstrated in Plate 25.

VPon these last opperations, depends the honour or dis­paragement of the Assailants, and the preservation or desolation of the defendants, if they behave themselves like men of Warre, or be daunted or dismaid by the roring of the Cannons, and of the furious stormes of the Assailants. Now to describe these effects that are the most dangerous and terrifying actions of the Art of Warre, I will in the first place set forth the Assailants duty, and secondly, the Defendants op­position.

The new batteries erected upon the Contre escarpe, that we spoke of in the last Chapter, marked with the letter V. in this Plate, appointed to beat, to ruine the two points of two Bastions, are to have six whole Cannons mounted upon them, and pointed against the side of the face of the Bastions, within twenty yards of the point, as the most convenient place, to make a speedy breach, for to fill with the ruines of it the mote or ditch, these six Cannons are to be pointed, [Page 116]discharged, and fired at one and the same instance of time, by six Cannoniers, and not one after another, allowing some in­termission of time, betweene the fiting of them, as we com­monly use to doe, but all at one clap, because six Cannon shot comming at once against a Bulwarke, Rampiar, or Stone Tower, is more powerfull to shake and ruine the same, then forty single Cannon shot, that are fired between some inter­mission of time: And as soone as the six Cannons of one Battery have been fired, the other six Cannons of the o­ther Battery pointed against the other face of the other bul­warke is to be fired, that there may be a continuall roring of the Cannons, that the besieged may be the more ama­zed and perplexed, to which of these two breaches they shall first repaire, or bring materials to repaire them.

The other two batteries also, marked by the letter R. are to have three or foure whole Culverings upon them, that are to be pointed against the flanks of these two bastions, that are also to bee fired one after another from every severall batterie, but the foure culverings upon every one of them are to bee dischar­ged and fired at one instant of time, as hath been formerly said of the six Cannons. And so by these foure batteries, if they bee well ordered, there will bee a continuall Roring of th [...] Cannon, with little or no intermission at all; And these batteries are to continue till the breaches be sufficient, and at the least twenty yards broad, and levell with the ground, that twenty men may come out abrest, as close together as may be, and all the night time the assaillants from the Contre escarpe intrenchments, that they have made as neare the brim of the mote as may be, are to hinder (with fresh companies of Musquetiers that are to be relieved at every change of the Centries) the defendants to repaire the breaches, that the generall assault may be given the next morning.

But before these Batteries begin, the twoThe ninth operation. Mines mar­ked by the letter O. are to be brought to such a passe, as they may be ready to spring just in the midst of these foure Cannon batteries, that there may be foure breaches in three of the bastions of this Sexagon Garrison, all at one time, to make [Page 117]a diversion of the Defendants forces; by which diversion, their forces must of necessity be divided: and by consequence weakned and disinabled to make so strong an opposition as they might doe, if there were but two breaches.

The best way to guide covered approaches or mines, to that very place you purpose to doe, is to have a perfect Sea-compasse with you, that you may note upon your Table-book, upon what point or degree the place you intend to come to, standeth; from the mouth, or opening of the covered approaches, or mine.

This mouth or opening, is to be made eight or nine foot square, and the bottome as deep as you intend to goe with your Mine,The true way how to be­gin a Mine. then you are to set your Sea-compasseSea-com­passe is of ne­cessity to be used in the set­ting out of Mines. upon the point or degree noted before, and to order the Pioniers to mine just upon the ray of the degree; their way is not to be, if the ground permit above four, or four foot and a half broad, and not above five, or five foot and a halfe high, that two men may conveniently passe withThese hods are great bas­kets pointed in the bottome, and two foot broad at top, flat against the backs, and round without side; wherein a man may car­ry three times as much earth as in a Scut­tell. hoddes on their backs full of the earth of the myne; that is, to be brought up from the mouth of the myne with a Ladder, and placed some sixteen foot from the brim of the mouth; in manner of a square brest­work, as it is demonstrated in this Plate by the letter N. the letter M. representing the mouth of the myne. But this me­thod is to be onely observed, if in case the mouth be in the field, as the mouth of all covered approaches are; but if the mouth of the myne doth begin beyond the mote, then the earth is to be bestowed to raise the banks of the small intrench­ment that are made along the wall of the Rampiar.

Now when the Pioniers have entred the mine some foure foot, you are to set up at the entrance of it such a strong doore case, as is marked by the letter T. having two strong ledges nayled two inches and a halfe lower then the very top; and at every six foot of the way of the myne,How to hold up the earth of a Mine from calving in. you are to place such another doore-case, and to set planks of two inches and a halfe thick upon these ledges spoken of before; and this must of necessity bee done, where you find the earth to bee apt to calve: but where it is sound, this charge may be spared.

[Page 118]And when the way of the Mine is come so farre under the face of the Bastion, as you desire; you are then to wind the way of your Mine ten yards on the right hand, and ten yards on the left hand; in the manner of a T. as it is demonstrated in this Plate, and to make two round Ovens of that capacity, to con­tain six or seven barrels of powder apeece; as it is demonstra­ted by the letter P. and when these barrels are placed in both Ovens, the mouth of them is to be stopped (after the Traine of powder to them, hath bin laid upon boards) withAll other kind of stop­ing the ovens mouth, is no­thing to bricks and lyme. bricks and lime, with a hole in the bottome of foure inches square, for the Traine to be brought along the way of the Mine to the very mouth of it. Others make use of a copper pipe made like a T. in which they put a fine tinder match; the burning of which, they have made experience of, to know the just time that it will require to burne, to set the Train close to the powder barrels on fire, and do set the other end towards the mouth of the Mine on fire, so many houres before the time they intend to spring the Mine; the other way by a Train upon boards to the very mouth of the Mine is to be fired with a lighted match, fastned to the end of a long kane; and he that fireth the same, is to run aside as farre as he can, to avoyd the danger of the splits of the Mine.

These two Mines being sprung at the same time, that the breaches of the Cannon batteries are ready for a generall assault, will produce a great amazement, or a panique feare among the Defendants. And upon this amazement, the Regiments that are appointed to attempt every one of these severall breaches, are to be ready, and to advance furiouslyThe tenth and last opera­tion of the As­sailants, to ob­tain and reduce a Garrison Town. forward to enter the breach; for to crowne their heads with the Crown of Lawrell, due to the Victors. But because most of our souldiers goe not armed as they should, for such a dangerous and desperate at­tempt, I will here describe the Arms, that a wise Generall, that holds the lives of his souldiers more precious to him then his own, should have alwayes ready to preserve such valorous souldiers, that lead the way to such a Feast; he is I say to have alwayes one hundred of brest-plates, and one hundred of head­peeces, and one hundred of Roudaches, or broad Targets of musket proofe, to dispose among those that undertake to lead [Page 119]the Front of the three first ranks that enter these breaches, and this would preserve many mens lives, and make them goe on more boldly to so dangerous a fight.

In the next place we are to suppose that the Assailants by their valour have entred the breaches, and obtained the points of the Bastions, and other the top of the Rampiars; and yet cannot enter the towne, because of the provident fore-cast of the Defendants, that have intrenched themselves between the town and their Rampiars, and overthwart the brest of the Bastions: yet the Assailants are not to be discou­raged, but presently cast up some small trenches upon the Rampiars, and the points of the Bastions they have taken, till their smallest Sacres and Drakes be drawn up upon the Ram­piars, and the points of the Bastions, that will speedily beat the Defendants from their weak intrenchments, and inforce them to a parley, having then no other meanes left to preserve their lives but that; for if they be forced by another storme, they are like to suffer all the miseries that a provoked and incensed ene­my, will be able to inflict upon them.

But suppose that the Assailants be repulsed with great losse from the first and second Assault, yet if the Generall can beare these losses patiently, being intrenched in such a manner as is afore said; he may reduce in few dayes this obstinate Garrison, and obtaine the Crown of Lawrell, due to such as are constant in their warlike attempts, by famine, that inforceth the greatest resolution, to an accommodation. For if he can but endure the irksome and tedious labour of a long siege, this Garrison not­withstanding this great resolution, can hope for no reliefe. For if a greater Army then his come to endeavour to raise the siege, it cannot force this intrenched Camp, nor inforce him to bat­tell, except he list himselfe, or that some apparent occasion of prevailing should be offered; as the wearinesse of the Gaules, did induce Caesar to sally out of his intrenched Camp, after they had tired themselves upon their vain attempt,See Caesars Commentaties lib. 7. so break through his strong Rampiars and intrenchments, otherwise it would be no wisdome for a Generall to embrace an uncertain enterprise, for a certain victory, that cannot be taken out of his hands, [Page 120]if he continue in his intrenched Camp; for at last that Garrison will be inforced to yield to his mercy, as the City of Alexie was constrained to submit to Caesars clemency.

Having fully shewn the endeavonrs and the valour of the Assailants, it remaines for the conclusion of this point, and of this abstract, to shew also the endeavours that a valiant and prudent Governour is to perform, to discharge with a good conscience the great trust that hath been reposed upon him, for the defence of such a Garrison. First, as the Assailants erect their batteries, and point their Cannons to beat down the brest-works of the flanks, and of the Rampiars; he is to indea­vour to hinder the raising of these batteries, or to dis ount their Cannons by placing the greatest pieces he hath, upon the Mounts or Cavalliers that are erected near to the middle of the Courtines of his Garrison.

2. He is to have great care to cause the brest-works of the Flanks, or of the Rampiars, that have been beaten down in the day time to be repaired in the night; causing women and children to bring earth in the day near unto the places of the greatest breaches,The ten oppe­rations for op­position. that may with the more speed be repaired, having alwayes many hoppes and wool-sacks in a readinesse to serve as brest-works upon the breaches of the Rampiars, and of the Bulwarks.

3. He is to charge the Inhabitants to bring store of sewel and their greatest Caldrons, or Kittles to the houses adjacent, to the Rampiars, and to command that store of oyle, and water may be in a readinesse: that in the time of the generall assault, sires may be kindled near to the Rampiars; and oyle and water heated boyling hot in these Cauldrons and K [...]ttles, to be thrown by the women upon the Assailants that endeavour to scale the Rampiars.

4. He is to have great store of all manner of fire-works ready to cast upon those that endeavour to enter the breaches, to dis­may and offend the assailants, placing many muskettiers on both sides of the breaches, that may g [...]ll the assailants in the flanks.

5. He is to have in the Magazine of his Garrison, one hun­dred of Sea-Muskets, that the French call Harquebus à Groch, [Page 121]that carry a bullet three times as great as an ordinary Musquet, and longer then they by halfe a yard, and one hundred of Roudaches, or iron targets of Musquet proofe, and one hun­dred of Partisans, and as many good Halberds, with a hundred of breast-plates, and as many head-pieces, all of them of Mu­squet shot proofe: and all these are to be disposed to the most valiant soldiers of the Garrison, that dare undertake to de­fend the breaches.

6. As soone as he perceiveth that the assailants erect their batteries, he may presently guesse where they intend to make the breaches; then is he to take order, to erect by times new intrenchments, for it is too late to goe about them, when the assailants have gotten the rampiars, and the points of the Bul­workes.

7. When the Assailants begin their Mines, he is diligently to search the place where they intend to carry their mine; and because they seeme sometime to goe one way, when they intend to goe another, to delude the defendants, he is to try in all places that he may mistrust they intend to goe with their Mines, these conclusions:

Let a very thinne Barbers bason be set to that place that is suspected, full of cleare water; If the Assailants mine in that place, at every stroke of their pick-axes, the water in the ba­son will frizzle into small round circles, as if a small stone were cast in a paile of water.

Or let a drumme be set downe to the place, and some very round white pease be set upon the top of the drumme, and these pease will leap at every stroke of the assailants pick-axes, if they be mining in that place. And if any of these symptomes appeare, then is he suddenly to set Pioniers at work, to counter­mine, and to give aire or vent to the assailants mines; and when the defendants Pioniers come neare their Mine, let them proceed no farther, but let the Centries that are neare the place, where the mouth of the assailants mine is, give in­telligence from time to time, if any barrells of powder be brought into the ovens of the Assailants mine; for before they can sire the same, the defendants may if they be vigilant, de­prive [Page 122]them of their powder, and all's under one, give vent to their Mine. This stratagem hath been successefull to divers defendants.

8. When the assailants endeavour to carry over their galle­ries over the mote, he is then to spare no paines to place Mu­squetiers on their flanks to impede them; but if in case they are covered from the Musquet shot by mantlets, he is then to have the Demy-cannons placed in the lower flanks of the ba­stions, to be suddenly charged with iron balls, (and the case­shot wherewith they were charged before, removed, that as soone as the assailants galleries are almost brought over) the shot of these two Demi-cannons may break them to pieces.

9. The Demi-cannons that are placed in the upper flanks, are to be charged with chaine shot, that is, with two iron balls linked together by an iron chaine, that when the generall assault is given, if in case the assailants should attempt to scale the Rampiars, the said chained balls might cast downe all their scaling ladders.

10. And lastly, the Governour during the siege is to double his Courts of Guards, and Centries, and to goe the Rounds oftentimes himselfe, and in the day of a generall assault, he is to goe to all places, and to view the defects, and to apply re­medies to them, sending sudden reliefe to those breaches that are in most danger to be entred, and to have alwayes about him, some three score of the most valiant soldiers of the Garrison, being in the head of them, to relieve the most di­stressed place of the Garrison: and by these and such like en­deavours of valour and fidelity, he is to discharge the trust re­posed upon him, and preserve his Garrison, if it be possible.

• A. Represents the Garrison reduced into a Sexagon forme; the sides of it are according to the best Italian Methode; divi­ded first into tenne equall parts; foure of which are allowed for the two demy gorges, and the other six for the Courtine, [Page 123]and these sides are of 250 yards apiece.
• B. Represents the whole gorge, that is of 100 yards.
• C. Represents the demi-gorge, that is of 50 yards.
• D. Represents the distance from the centre of the Bastion, to the utmost point or angle of it, that is of 100 yards.
• E. Represents the face of the bastion that is of 120 yards.
• G. Represents the circulary compasse of the Orillons that jet beyond the shoulder 20 yards.
• H. Represents the breast of the Bastion that is of 120 yards.
• K. Represents the Courtine that is of 150 yards, that is di­vided into 8 equall parts; from the first part of which, the line of Defence is taken, according to the Italian method, that is, 14 yards nearer the flanks, then the Hollanders take it.
• L. Represents the line of defence that is of [...]40 yards.
• M. Represents the mouth of the Mine.
• N. Represents the earth of the Mine, placed in the manner of a breast-work.
• O. Represents the way of the Mine under-ground.
• P. Represents the two ovens of the Mine.
• Q. Represents the Copper-pipe, in which they set the tinder, match, where with the traine of the Mine is fired.
• R. Represents the two smallest plat-formes.
• S. Represents the winding approaches, whereby they come to the smaller plat-formes.
• T. Represents the two door-caser, to support the earth of the mine
• V. Represents the two great plat-formes.