[Page 13] The first ARCH.

MUNDAY, April the two and twentieth, His MAIESTY went from the Tower, through the City, to Whitehall.

In his passage through Crouched Fryers, He was entertain­ed with Musick, a Band of eight Waits, placed on a Stage.

Near Algate, another Band of six Waits entertain'd him in like manner with Musick, from a Balcony, built to that purpose.

In Leaden-Hall-Street, neer Lime-Street End, was erected the first Triumphal Arch, after the Dorick order. On the North-side, on a Pedestal before the Arch, was a Woman personating REBEL­LION, mounted on an Hydra, in a Crimson Robe, torn, Snakes crawling on her Habit, and begirt with Serpents, her Hair snaky, a Crown of Fire on her Head, a bloody Sword in one Hand, a charm­ing Rod in the other. Her Attendant CONFƲSION, in a deformed Shape, a Garment of severall ill-matched Colours, and put on the wrong way; on her Head, Ruines of Castles; torn Crowns, and broken Scepters in each Hand.

THere was no War in the Roman, or Greek Common-wealths call'd by any name properly answering to Rebellion, which compre­hends only the violation of that Natural duty, which the Subject owes to the supreme Governour: for though we find Rebellio in Tacitus, of Subjects that rise against their Prince, and Rebellis too in Claudian, speak­ing of Africk a Subject to Rome, but then in Arms against the Ro­man Emperour under Gildo, as

and in another place, speaking of the Moors, De bello Gil­donico.

Yet we find that word attributed also to Alarick, and his Army, no Subjects of the Roman Empire, but only Confederates, by the same Authour,

Wherefore we must look for its Description under Civil Discord, and Sedition, which Petronius Arbiter, in the Civil War betwixt Cae­sar and Pompey, ha's very elegantly delivered.

But we cannot better take a view of Sedition, and Discord, then in the Description of the Authours of it, feign'd to be the Furies: as Virgil,

Statius gives a Description of one of them very correspondent to ours,Thebaid. Lib. i.

Of Tisiphone Virgil,

Pindar calls Sedition [...], a bad Nurse for Children. The reason may be taken from these Verses of Homer describing the con­sequents of it;

[Page 17]The HYDRA, on which Rebellion is mounted, the Ancients have very variously represented.In Corin­thiacis. Pausanias attributes but one Head to it, Pisander Camirensis Ibid. many, Alcaeus nine, Simonides fifty, [...], whom Virgil follows,

‘On the South Pedestal is a Representation of BRITTAIN'S MO­NARCHY, supported by LOYALTY, both Women; Monarchy, in a large Purple Robe, adorn'd with Diadems, and Scepters, over which a loose Mantle, edg'd with blue and silver Fringe, resembling Water, the Map of Great Britain drawn on it, on her Head London, in her right Hand, Edinburgh; in her left, Dublin: Loyalty all in White, three Scepters in her right Hand, three Crowns in her left.’

Purple is call'd by Tertullian Regiae dignitatis insigne, De Idololat. a Badg of Royal Dignity. Lactantius,Lib. iv. cap. vii. In Rufinum, Lib. ii. Et sicuti nunc Romanis indumentum Purpurae in­signe est Regiae dignitatis assumptae, sic illis, &c. Claudian of Rufinus,

So Strabo says, that the Posterity of Androclus, Son of Codrus King of Athens, had at Ephesus, besides many other Honours granted them, a Purple Robe in token of their Royal descent. According to which, we finde in Sidonius Apollinaris, Purpuratus to be equivalent with Impera­tor, Epist. lib. ii. Qui videbatur in jugulum Purpurati jamjam ruiturus; Epist. xiii. Who seem'd ready to murder the Emperour: and, Serò cognoscunt, possereum Majestatis pronunciari etiam eum, qui non adfectâsset habitum Purpurato­rum; They too late understand, that even he, that affected not the Habit of the Emperours, might be found guilty of Treason. From whence the Civi­lians observe, that it was Treason to assume the Royal Robes. And Am­mianus Marcellinus speaks of a Woman, who had suborn'd several to accuse her Husband of High Treason, for having stoln the Emperour Diocletian's Purple Vest out of his Sepulchre, and hiding it. Eusebius; [Page 18] He (Diocletian) first beautified his Shoes with Gold, and Pearls, and preti­ous Stones. For the Kings before him were honoured in the same manner with the Consuls, having onely a Purple Vest for a badge of their Royalty, The same saith Paeanius, who translated Eutropius; The Royal Robe be­fore was distinguish'd only by its Purple colour. Wherefore, when any resolv'd Tyrannically to sieze upon the Royal Dignity, they immedi­ately usurp'd a Purple Robe; which they sometimes forc'd from a Standard,In Gordi­anis. as Trebellius reports of Saturninus. The same Authour; Gordianum Proconsulem reclamantem, & se terrae affligentem, opertum Purpurâ imperare coëgerunt & primò quidem invitus Gordianus Purpuram sumpserat: postea verò, quum vidit neque filio, neque familiae id latam esse, volens suscepit Imperium; They forc'd Gordian the Proconsul, who denied, and cast himself upon the ground, to be vested in Purple, and receive the Title of Emperour: at first he was very unwilling to receive the Purple Robe, but, when he saw, that that was unsafe for his Son, and Family, he receiv'd the Empire willingly. Where Purpurant sumere, and sumere Imperium, are the same. Sometimes they committed Sacrilege upon the Statues of the Gods.In Satur­nino. Vopiscus; Depositâ Purpurâ ex simulachro Veneris, cum cyclade uxoria, à militibus circumstantibus amictus, & adoratus est; Taking a Purple Robe from the Statue of Venus, and his Wife's inner Vest of Gold, he was invested, and adored by the Souldiers as Emperour. Trebellius; Celsum Imperatorem appellaverunt peplo Deae Coelestis ornatum; They put on Celsus the Vest of the Goddess of Heaven, and call'd him Emperour. Wherefore, when we read of the Consular Purple Robes under the Ro­mane Emperours, as in that of Latinus Pacatus, Quorum alter, post am­plissimos Magistratus, & purpuras Consulares; and of Sidonius,

it must be understood either of the Senatorian Segments added to their Consular Robes, or of a Purple mix'd with some other Dye; which is mentioned in Theodosius's Code: as a Warp of Purple, the Woof of an­other colour, or the like. For the Imperial Interdict comprehends all of whatsoever degree; Temperent universi, cujuscunque sint sexûs, digni­tatis, artis, professionis, & generis, ab hujúsmodi speciei possessione, quae soli Principi, ejusque domui dedicatur; Let every one, of what Sex, Dignity, Art, Profession, and Birth they be, forbear the possession of this sort of Purple, which is appropriated to the Prince alone, and his house. [Page 19] The first Imperial Edict of this nature is conceived to be in the time of the Emperour Nero: which is to be understood de holoveris, of pure unmix'd Purple.

Neither was Purple peculiar to the Imperial Robes onely, but to their Pens too. The Emperour Leo forbad, that any Rescripts of his should bear other then a Purple Inscription. So Nicetas, in the Life of Manuel the Emperour, says, That, at his entrance upon the Empire, he sent Letters to Constantinople, written with Purple. Constantinus Ma­nasses in his Annals, The Emperour granted the request of his Sister, and ta­king a Pen in his hand confirm'd the Paper in Purple Letters. Epitome Chron. Wer­weronis. And Palaeo­logus the Emperour, swearing subjection to the Roman See in the Church of Santo Spirito at Rome, subscribed in Letters of Purple.

The art of making this Purple, both for Robes, and Ink,L. Sacri, C. de diver. Rescr. is still pre­serv'd, but we meet not with the materials; though we have left us both the place, and manner of taking, preparing, and whatsoever is necessary for that purpose.

Monarchy is said to be supported by Loyalty; because the Love of the Subject is the securest Guard of the Prince. Seneca, in a Discourse betwixt Nero and Seneca the Philosopher,

We find not any name for Loyalty in the time of the Roman Em­perours, except Fides, or Fidelitas: as in the Coyns of the Emperour Philippus, Choul. Pag. xxxi.

which was signified by the extension of the hand. Lucan speaking of the Army, promising Fealty to Julius Caesar,

Isidorus Hispal. Mos erat Militaris, ut, quoties consentiret exercitus, quia voce non potest, manu promittat; It was the Military Custom, that as often as the Army consented, because they could not with their voice, they should pro­mise with their hand.

Which Posture is represented in these Medaigles of the Emperours Trajan, and Hadrian,

Croyiac. Tab. xxxiii, & xxxviii.

Claudian, speaking of a Rebellion in the Western parts of the Empire,

Loyalty is cloathed in white, to signifie its purity, and innocency, Co­lor albus praecipuè decorus Deo est, tum in caeteris, tum maximè in textili, Ci­cero. Horace.

This Inscription ADVENTUS AUGUSTI is often found among the Coyns of the Roman Emperours upon a peaceable return;Institut. Lib. xi. cap. iii. which is signified by the extension of the right hand: for saith Quintilian, Fit & ille habitus, qui esse in Statuis Pacificator solet, qui protenso brachio manum inflexo pollice extendit; That Gesture is used too, which in Statues is a token of Peace, which extends the Arm, and Hand, inflecting the Thumb. In which Posture there is extant at Rome the Statue of the Emperour M. Aure­lius Antoninus: and another before the Laterane, mention'd in the Addi­tions to Pierius. The same we finde in the Coyns of M. Julius Philippus, and Fl. Jovianus, with the same Inscription, ADVENTUS AUGUSTI.Croyiac. Tab. lviii. Baron. Tom. iv. Annal.

[Page 22]A Trophy amongst the ancient Romans was ordinarily a Trunk of a Tree, fitted with the Arms of the Conquered Enemy, according to that of Virgil,

And in the same Book,

Statius,

The Trophie of Jupiter over the Giants is at large, and elegantly described by Claudian,

Lib. iii. cap. ii.But when the City of Rome grew greater in power, the Trophies were more magnificent. L. Florus, How acceptable those two Victories were, may be conjectured from hence, that Domitius Ahenobarbus, and Fabius Maximus erected in the same place where the Battels were fought Turrets of Stone, upon which were Trophies, adorn'd with the Arms of the Enemy, a Custome not in use before amongst us. For the people of Rome ne­ver upbraided their Conquered Enemies with their Victories.

On these Trophies was inscribed both the Name of the Conquer­our,Lib. ii. and the People conquered. Tacitus, Laudatis pro concione victori­bus, Caesar congeriem armorum struxit superbo cum titulo; debellatis inter Rhenum Albimque nationibus, exercitum Tiberii Caesaris ea Monimenta Marti, & Jovi, & Augusto sacravisse: Caesar, having commended the Ʋictors, raised an heap of Arms with this proud Inscription, The Army of Tiberius Caesar, having vanquish'd the People between the River Rhene, and the Albe, consecrates these Monuments to Mars, Jupiter, and Au­gustus. And, to the same purpose, Miles in loco praelii Tiberium Impe­ratorem salutavit (absentem) struxítque aggerem, & in modum Tropaeo­rum arma, subscriptis victarum gentium nominibus, imposuit. There are two Trophies of Marius's still remaining at Rome, one of which ha's a Breast-Plate with Military Ornaments, and Shields, before it a young man captive, with his hands bound behind him; on each side of it two Winged Victories. So Pliny tells us of a Trophie erected to the ho­nour [Page] [Page]

[Page]

[Page] [Page 25] of Augustus in the Alps with this Inscription,Nat. Hist. Lib. iii. cap. xx. IMPERATORI CAESARI DIVI F. AUG. PONTIF. MAX. IMPERATORI XIV. TRIBUNITIAE POTESTATIS. S. P. Q. R. QUOD EIUS DUCTU AUSPICUSQVE GENTES ALPIUM OMNES, QVAE A MARI SUPERO AD INFIMUM PERTINEBANT, SUB IMPERIUM P. R. SUNT REDACTAE.Tit. De For­tuna. Stobaeus says, that Othryades, taking the Spoils of some of his Enemies, erected a Trophy, and writ this Title with the Blood of the wounded, ‘THE LACEDAEMONIANS OVER THE ARGIVES.’

These Trophies were consecrated to the Gods, and therefore could not be demolish'd without Sacrilege. So Dio says of Caesar, that,Lib. xlii. after his Pontick Victory, he durst not deface the Trophy of Mithridates, [...], because sacred to the Gods of War. So, when his Friends had given order, that a Sword, which hung up in a Tem­ple of the Arubeni, as a Spoil from Caesar, should be taken down, [...], he would not suffer it, accounting it sacred. Vitruvius,Lib. ii. Posteà autem Rhodii, religione impediti, quòd nefas esset Tropaea dicata re­movere, circa locum eum aedificium struxerunt; But afterwards the Rho­dians, out of a religious fear, because it was unlawful to remove the dedicated Trophies, erected a Building about the place. The Gods, to whom the Ro­mans consecrated their Trophies, we finde in Livy: Omnis generis arma, Lib. xlv. cumulata in ingentem acervum, precatus Martem, Minervámque, Luám­que Matrem, & caeteros Deos, quibus spolia dicare jus fásque est.

The Motto ULTOR A TERGO DEUS, over the Trophie, is in reference to the Coyn of the Emperour Claudius, which represents Martem Ʋltorem with a Trophie on his Shoulder,

but more particularly to that History of Augustus, who, after the War was ended, which he undertook for the revenge of his Father's blood, [Page 26] murdered by some Common-wealth's men in the Senate-house,Dio, lib. liv. conse­crated aSuetonius. Temple MARTI ƲLTORI, which he had vowed du­ring the War. Ovid,

The Form of the TEMPLE we have in this Coyn of Augustus,

Choul, Pag. 225.Num: OCTAVII Aug:

So when he had re-taken the Colours from the Parthians, which Crassus had lost,Fast. ibid. he gave him the Title of BIS-ƲLTOR. Ovid,

[Page 27]We finde also mention of MARS ƲLTOR in an ancient Inscription in Gruter. Pag. cccxvii. 8.

The Motto beneath the Trophy is taken out of Virgil who spoke it of those, who were, for the like Crimes, condemn'd to the Pains of Erebus, as he closes the Description of it in the Sixth of his Aeneis,

The Harpies were described by the Ancients with the Faces of Vir­gins. Hesiod,

and Virgil, Aeneid. iii.

The Form of these Harpyies is to be seen in Sculpture in the Church of Saint Martin at Venice, frequented, as a Master-Piece to draw these Monsters by, both by Carvers, and Painters; says Erythraeus on this place of Virgil. They were expressed also with crooked Claws, from whence they were called [...]

Apollonius,

Rutilius Numantianus, in his Itinerary,

There is a Coyn yet extant of L. Valerius, where we have an Har­pye thus represented,

In Eumenid.That they had Wings, we finde in Aeschylus, who, mentioning the Furies asleep about Orestes, doubting what they should be, says, they could not be Harpyies (for he had seen them often painted robbing Phi­neus's Table) because they had no Wings.

Ʋnder that of His Majesty this following Inscription, ‘D. N. CAROLO II.
D. G. BRITANNIARUM IMP.
OPT. MAX.
UBIQVE VENERANDO,
SEMPER AUG.
BEATISSIMO AC PIISSIMO,
BONO REIP. NATO,
DE AVITA BRITANNIA,
DE OMNIUM HOMINUM GENERE
MERITISSIMO,
P. P.
EXTINCTORI TYRANNIDIS,
RESTITUTORI LIBERTATIS,
FUNDATORI QUIETIS,
OB FELICEM REDITUM,
EX VOTO L. M.
P.
S. P. Q. L.’

[Page 32]The Title of DIVƲS was constantly attributed by the Romans to their Emperours after their Consecration, or [...]. Ovid, of Julius Caesar,

Aelius Spartianus; Hadrianus, rogante Antonino, DIVƲS à Senatu appellatus est: Hadrian, at the request of Antoninus his Successour, had the Title of DIVUS granted him by the Senate. So Claudian feigns the Emperour Theodosius to assume that Title immediately upon his death,

After which Consecration they had Temples dedicated to them, (which Augustus admitted, while he was yet alive) Flamens, and Ʋnder-Priests. Seneca of Augustus,

[Page 33]Spartian, Qui Templum ei pro Sepulchro apud Puteolos constituit, & Quinquennale certamen, & Flamen, & Sodales, & multa alia, quae ad ho­norem quasi Numinis pertinerent. The Senate erected him (Hadrian) a Temple for a Sepulchre at Puzzolo, with a Quinquennial Game, a Flamen, and Sodales, and many other things belonging to the Honour of a God. The Flamen, and Sodales of the deceased Emperour, we often meet with in an­cient Inscriptions, as of Caesar's Flamen, ‘M. PUBLICIO
M. F. SAB. SEXTIO
CALPURNIANO
EQVO. PUBLICO
FLAM. DIVI. JULI
PRAEF. AEDIL. POT
QUAESTOR. AERAR
SACERD. JUVEN. BRIX
COLLEGIA
CENTON. ET. FABROR.’ and of Hadrian's Sodales, ‘L. FABIO. M. F. GAL. CILONI
SEPTIMINO. COS. PRAEF. URB
LEGG. AUGG. PR. PR. PANNON
SUPER DUCI. VEXILL. LEG. PRO
PR. PROVINCIAR. MOESIAE SUPER
PONTI ET BITHYNIAE
COMITI. AUG. LEG. AUGG. PRO
PR. PROV. GALATIAE PRAEF.
AER. MILITARIS. PROV.
COS. ITEM. Q. LEG. PROV. NARBONENS
LEG. LEG. XVI. FL. F. SAMOSATE
SODAL. HADRIANAL
PR. URB. TRIB. PLEB. Q. PROV
CRETAE. TRIB. LEG. XI. CL.
X. VIR STLITIB. JUDICANDIS
MEDIOLANENSIS
PATRONO.’

[Page 34]The manner, and solemnity of their Consecrations is at large delivered byLib. iv. Herodian. There was a four-square Pile built of several Stories, fill'd with combustible matter; in the second was laid the Body of the deceased Emperour: in the uppermost, and least of the Stories was held an Eagle. As soon as the Pile was set on fire, the Eagle was let fly: which the Romans think carries the Emperour's Soul from Earth to Heaven. From which time he is worship'd with the rest of the Gods. The Form of the Funeral Pile, and the manner of their Translation into Heaven, we finde in many Coyns of the Emperours: as in these of Antoninus Pius, and L. Verus,

Claudian ha's presumed to tell us the way they went thither, speaking of the Death of THEODOSIUS,De iii. Con­sulatu Hono­rii.

They questioned not the [...] even of the worst of their Emper­ours; as we see in these Verses of Lucan on Nero, that Prodigie of Nature,

We finde like expressions to those in the Inscription under His present Majesty, in several of the old ones collected by Gruter; as Page CLII. 8.

And Page CCXLVII. 3.

In allusion to His Majestie's Royal Navy, those Floating Garri­sons made of Oak. For Themistocles ha's observ'd, thatTull. ad Attic. Lib. i. Ep. vii. Whosoever de­sires a secure Dominion by Land, must first get the Dominion of the Sea. And therefore, when the Oracle, in the Median War, wish'd the Athenians to provide a Wall of Wood for their Defence, hePlutarch. in vita The­mistoclis, and De vi­tando are alieno. interpreted it a Navy.

Which are at large described byMetam, Lib. i. Ovid,

Pliny ha's observed, that of Animals none, but a Bee, ha's a King. Their Loyalty to him he ha's at large described.Nat. Hist. lib. xi. cap. xvii. The Obedience of the Communalty is to be admired. Whensoever the KING goes forth, the whole Hive accompanie him, gather round about him, encom­pass him, protect him, and suffer him not to be seen. Whensoever the Com­munalty is at work, he oversees them, and is alone free from the labour. About him there is constantly a certain Guard, the daily preservers of his authority. When they go forth, every one desires to be next the King, and rejoyces to be seen in his duty. When he is weary, they ease him with their shoulders: when he is altogether tired, they carry him.

Claudian says, that they reverence their Prince at his Birth;

From whence the Aegyptians made a BEE the Hieroglyphick of a Loyal People.

The Covenant: in abhorrence of which villainous Combination, according to this Order of both Houses, it was burnt by the Com­mon Hangman.

Eight Mutes above, on Pedestals; four in White, four in Crim­son.

The Musick of this Fabrick is ten Drummers, flanking REBELLION; twelve Trumpets flanking MONARCHY.

Aloft under the two Devastations, twelve Trumpets, four Drums.

Within the Arch, on two Balconies, six Trumpets, four Drums.

While the Train passeth along, the Drums beat the Marches of se­veral Countries, and the Trumpets sound several Levets. At which Time His Majesty drawing near, the Drums turn their March to a Battel, the Trumpets sound a Charge, and on a sud­den REBELLION rowseth up her Self, at which, Drums, and Trumpets ceasing, REBELLION addresses to His Majesty the following Speech.

[Page 42]At which Words, Monarchy, and Loyalty, unveiling themselves, Rebellion starts as affrighted, but, recollecting her self, concludes her Speech thus.

Rebellion having ended her Speech, Monarchy entertains His Maje­sty with the following.

Monarchy having ended her Speech, the Trumpets sound pleasant Levets, and the Drums beat a lofty English March, whilst His Majesty, the Nobility, and the Rear-Guard pass on.

The next Entertainment is at Corn-hill-Conduit, on the top of which stand eight Nymphs clad in White, each having an Escutcheon in one Hand, and a Pendent, or Banner in the other. On the Tower of the said Conduit, a Noise of seven Trumpets.

[Page 43] THE SECOND ARCH.

NEAR the Exchange, in Corn-hill, is erected the Second Arch, which is Naval.

The Antients did very much differ in the Description of their Ri­vers, as Aelian Var. Hist. lib. ii. cap. xxxiii. relates. Those, that worship Rivers, and those, that make their Images, some form them in the likeness of Men, others in the likeness of Oxen. The Stymphalians liken the Rivers Erasinus and Metope, the Lacedaemonians Eurotas, the Sicyonians and Phliasians Asopus, the Argives Cephissus, unto Oxen. The Psophidians liken Eryman­thus, the Heraeans Alphaeus, the Cherronesians, that came from Cni­dus, the River Cnidus, to Men. The Athenians worship the River Ce­phissus under the form of a Man, but wearing Horns. In Sicily the Syra­cusians liken Anapus to a Man, but the Fountain Cyane to a Woman. Vir­gilGeorg. iv. describes Eridanus in the Form of an Ox.

On which place says Probus; It's feign'd like a Bull, either because its noise is like the lowing of a Bull, or because its Banks are crooked like Horns. The same says Cornutus. The Scholiast on Sophocles renders other rea­sons, either because they cut the ground like Oxen; or because Meadows, Pasture of Oxen, are always adjacent to them. HORACE; tauriformis Aufidus. So we finde in Pindar that the Bull,Pyth. which Perillus gave to the Tyrant Phalaris, was the Image of the River Gelon. Very fre­quently we finde Horns attributed to them: as in Virgil Aen. lib. viii.,

Ovid,

Claudian,

And again of Eridanus,

So we finde them also in the form of a Man. As the River Rhene, as it is supposed: which Statue is still extant in Rome lying in a Rock, vulgarly call'd Marforium from Mars's Temple in foro Augusti, his Hair and Beard long, as if dropping with Water; just as Claudian De Prob. & Olyb. describes the River Tyber,

[Page 46] And the River Danubius in the Coyns of the Emperours Trajan, and Constantine, Cevart. p. 18. Croyac. Tab. xxxv.

Their Heads were ordinarily environ'd with Reeds, Oziers, and the like. Ovid, Metam. lib. xiiii. relating the Fable of Acis turn'd into a River,

Virgil, Aen. lib. viii. of Tyber, the King of Rivers,

where we may observe, that Virgil gives him a Sail for his Mantle.

Claudian De Prob. & Olyb. of Tyber,

OVID,Metam.

The Statue indeed of the River Tyber, now extant in Rome, ha's its Head inviron'd with several sorts of Leaves, and Fruits, to signifie the fertility of the places near it, caused by the same: yet it recedes not so far from the Fiction of the Poets, but that it holds a Reed in its Hand. And the reason is, because these thrive best in watry places.

They are ordinarily described too leaning on an Ʋrn, out of which issues Water.

VIRGIL, describing the Shield of Turnus,

CLAUDIANDe vi. Con­sul. Honorii. of Eridanus,

So is Danubius represented in the Coyns now mentioned. There is a little Image of Nile leaning on its right Hand, with its left Hand powring out Water from three Urns with one handle, about which play sixteen little Children. Why Nile should be figured with three Urns, this reason is given: because the Aegyptian Priests attributed the encrease of it to three several causes especially, rejecting all other opi­nions, which were innumerable. The sixteen Children are the Hieroglyphick of sixteen Cubits, the proper encrease of the River Nile: for, if it swelled higher, it caused dearth: for, by how much the more it swell'd, so much the longer it was before it return'd into its Channel, by which means the Seed-time was lost: if much under fifteen, it irrigated not the whole Land, and so part was unfit to receive Seed. PLINY; Justum incrementum est cubitorum sedecim. Minores aquae non omnia rigant; ampliores detinent, tardiùs recedendo. Hae serendi tempora absumunt, illae non dant sitiente. Ʋtrumque reputat Provincia. In duode­cim cubitis famem sentit, in tredecim etiamnum esurit, quatuordecim cubita hilaritatem afferunt, quindecim securitatem, sexdecim delicias. There was also not long since a Marble Coloss of the River Nile digg'd up at Rome with sixteen Infants playing about it. And so doth Philostratus describe it.

Of the falling of the Mole, and Medway into the Thames, Draigh­ton ha's feigned a pleasant Relation.

The Dominion of the Sea (signified here by this Inscription) ha's been in all Ages so remarkable, that, when the Grecian Chronographers could finde no Foot-step of Supreme Empire by Land, before the institution of their Olympiads, on whose Actions they could found their Chronogra­phy, they directed the Series of Time according to the succession of those Nations, who had the Empire of the Sea: which we see inChronico. Eu­sebius; who reckons up nine several Nations, who successively held it, before the institution of the Olympiads, and distinctly enumerates the years they retain'd it. The same right the Grecians challenged in their League with Artaxerxes, King of a vast part of ASIA, after the over­throw of his Naval Forces by Cimon the Athenian Admiral, [...]. That he should not within a Horse Race approach the Greek Sea, nor sail within the Cyanean, and Chelidonian Islands with any Man of War. The same Dominion of the Sea was afterwards assumed by the Romans, as we finde by the Commission granted to Pompey, [...]. That he should have the Em­pire of the Sea vvithin the Streights, and of the Continent for four hundred Stadia from the Sea. And not long after Dionysius Halicarnassaeus says,Orig. Rom. Lib. i. That Rome was Empress of the whole Sea, not onely of that within the [Page 52] Streights, but of the Ocean it self, as far as it was Navigable. Whence Augustus had a Dolphin in his Coyns to signifie that Dominion,

AndIn Prolo­go. Valerius Maximus, to Tiberius the Emperour, The Consent both of Gods and Men ha's constituted you Governour of Sea, and Land. After­wards Claudian De vi. Con­sul. Honorii.,

And sure, if any Nation may plead Prescription for this Title, the King of ENGLAND may, having had a longer uninterrupted Suc­cession in the Dominion of the BRITTISH Seas, then the ROMANS in the Mediterranean, or any other Nation, that History ha's acquaint­ed us with. The Antiquity whereof being purposely, and at large de­clared by Mr. SELDEN, we shall onely take notice of two Records of it, the one taken out of the Laws of Hoëlus Dha, Prince of WALES, about the Year, 982. viz. Quos cum Cunadio Rege Scotorum, Malcolmo Rege Cambrorum, & Maccusio Archipirata, ad civitatem Legionum sibi occurrentes, Rex Anglorum Eadgarus in Triumphi pompam deducebat. Ʋnà enim impositos remigrare eos hanc coegit, dum in Prora ipse sedens Navis tennit gubernaculum: ut se hoc spectaculo Soli & Sali orbis Britan­nici Dominum praedicaret, & Monarcham. The other is a Record in the Tower of London, entituled De superioritate maris Angliae, &c. in which it evidently appears, that the Dominion of the Brittish Seas belong'd to the Kings of England time out of mind, even before Edward the First, and was so acknowledged by other Neighbouring Nations; out of [Page 53] which we shall onely extract so much as may serve for our present purpose, viz. That the Procuratours of the Admiral of the Sea of En­gland, and of other places, as of the Sea Coasts, as of Genoa, Catalonia, Spain, Almain, Zealand, Holland, Freezland, Denmark, and Norway, do shew that the Kings of England, time out of mind, have been in peaceable possession of the Seas of England, in making, and establishing Laws, and Sta­tutes, and Restraints of Arms, and of Ships, &c. and in taking Surety, &c. and in ordering all other things necessary for the maintaining of Peace, Right, and Equity, &c. and in doing Justice, Right, and Law, according to the said Laws, Ordinances, and Restraints, and in all other things, which may apper­tain to the exercise of Sovereign Dominion in the places aforesaid.

NEPTUNE'S Statue is seldom seen without a Trident in its hand. Pausanias In Phocicis., Within the Temple there is an erect Brazen Statue (of NEPTUNE) with one foot upon a Dolphin, and on that side his Hand on his Thigh; in his other Hand a Trident. And so he is every where described by the Poets.

But more of this hereafter.

The Motto NEPTUNO REDUCI we finde in two Medaigles, the one of the Emperour Adrian, the other of Vespasian, with these Let­ters on one side NEPT. RED. and the image of one standing na­ked, a Mantle on his left Shoulder, in his right Hand a Whip with three Cords, in his left a Trident.

[Page 54] So HOMER describes the Shield of Agamemnon,

and in another place the Armour of Pallas,

Pausanias; Ʋnder the Statue of Victory lies a Golden Shield, with a Gorgon wrought upon it. And it is observ'd by the Scholiast onIn Acharn. Ari­stophanes, that it was Customary among the Grecians to have a Gorgon's Head on their Shields, as he representsIn Pace. Lamachus's. The Form of this Gorgon's Head is still to be seen at Rome on the Statues of the Em­perours Vespasian and Domitian. It was feigned with Wings, to signi­fie the present death, that attended it: for whoever looked on it, im­mediatly was turn'd into Stone.Metam. lib. v. Fab. i. The which at large, and very ele­gantly is declared by Ovid,

The Head is thus describedEpithal. Pol. by SIDONIUS APOLLINARIS,

PAUSANIASIn Arcad. reports, that Pallas made a City impregnable, by communicating onely a little Hair cut off from her Gorgon's Head.

The Title of PACIFER is attributed to Mars in the Roman Coyns; as in this of Quintillus, Hulsius.

So we finde, that the Romans erected a Temple to Mars Quirinus, as well as Mars Gradivus. The first had his Temple within the City: [Page 57] the other without in the Appian-way, not far from the Gate. The one, with a gentle, sedate Countenance, to preserve the tranquillity, and peace of the City: the other, to go out with them in their Wars abroad. Gellius Nect. Att. Lib. xiii. says, That Hersila speaking before T. Tatius, and desiring Peace, prayed on this manner, O Neria, Wife of Mars, I beseech thee to grant us Peace, that we may enjoy a during, and prosperous Marriage. And there­fore the Olive, the Symbole of Peace, was consecrated to Pallas, the Goddess of War; because War is therefore undertaken, that a secure Peace may be enjoyed. Ideò arma inferri dicuntur, ut posteà in pace vi­vatur, says Pliny.

"Over the Arch, the Marriage of Thame and Isis.

The Marriage of Rivers is a frequent Fiction among the Poets: as of Alpheus and Arethusa; therefore feign'd, because Alpheus, a River of Elis in the Morea, passeth through the Ocean, unmix'd, to the Ri­ver Arethusa in the Island Ortygia, near Syracuse, a City of Sicily. Which passage ha's been often tried, as by a Cup, saysGeogr. Lib. vi. Strabo, let fall in the Ri­ver Alpheus in Elis, and found in Arethusa: maintain'd also by an Ora­cle given to Archias, a Corinthian, that he should thither deduce a Colony, where Alpheus is mingled with the Fountain of Arethusa. The Marriage of these two we have described byMetam. Lib. v. OVID, where the Nymph Arethusa speaks, being ready to be turn'd into a River;

[Page 58]Thus Anapus, and Cyane are feign'd mutual Lovers; because their Waters unite,Ibid. and run together into the Sea. OVID,

The Marriage of Tibur and Ilia is frequently mention'd, OVID, speaking of both,

In another place,

SILIUS ITALICUS,Lib. xii.

The Marriage of Tame and Isis, here mention'd is pleasantly re­lated by Mr. DRAYTONIn his Po­ly-Olbion, Song 15.;

This is in reference to the Temple of JANUS, never shut, but in the time of Peace; nor opened, but in time of War. Therefore, when King Latinus had refused to raise a War against Aeneas, and his Followers, and to that purpose, to open the Gates of the Temple of JANUS, Juno, resolving to have a War prosecuted against him, opened them her self: mention'd by VIRGILAenid. vii.,

The Effigies of Europe in Armour relates to the Warlike disposition of that part of the World, evidently seen in the Greek, and Roman Mo­narchies. We shall not need to describe her Armour in particular, but leave it to be taken from this Description of Rome, the Mistress of Eu­rope, in Claudian,

Whom Sidonius Apollinaris followed so nearly, that there will need no other Translation then the precedent.

[Page 69]Her Shield comprehends the Story from whence Europe had her name, agreeably to the Custome of the Ancients: as we finde by this description of the Shield of Rome in the same Author.Ibid.

The first part of which seems to be taken from that of Aeneas in Virgil,

[Page 70] Or from these of Silius Italicus, describing the Shield of Flaminius, a Roman Consul;

The other, from these Verses of Moschus, where he describes the Basket of Europa,

The Fable presented in the Shield of Europe is this. Europa, Daugh­ter of Agenor, gathering Flowers near the Sea-side, was carryed away by Jupiter, in the Form of a Bull, into Crete, where she became his Spouse; by whose Name he caused that part of the World to be cal­led, according to this of Manilius Astronom. Lib. iv.,

This Virgin was generally reputed a Tyrian. EURIPIDES,

SENECA the Tragedian,

And Herodotus Lib. iv. conjectures this quarter of the World was named [...] (which Valla renders, ab Europa Tyria) in his first Book, affirming, the Cretans sail'd to Tyre, and stole her from thence. The Chronographers, that follow Eusebius, rank this about the time of Joshuah, but the Arundelian Marbles (set forth by Mr. Selden) shew, that Cad­mus came to Thebes, and built Cadmea the same time, when Amphictyon reign'd in Athens, which was before the Israelites forsook Egypt. By this it is apparent, that Europa was not of Tyre; for that was built long af­ter, viz. according to Josephus Antiq. Jud. Lib. viii. 2., before the Temple of Solomon, which was begun in the 480. Year after the Israelites departure out of Egypt. It is supposed, that that part of the Fable, which feigns her carried away by a Bull, signifies no more, then that she was transported by Sea in a Ship called the Bull, from the Figure of a Bull on the Prow of it. So LYCOPHRON, ‘ [...]’ it being among the Ancients the usual Custom to nominate their Ships from the [...], or Insigne on the Prow, as the Tiger, Centaure, and Triton, in the Navy of Aeneas, mention'd by VIRGILAeneid. x.

We shall not need give any further account of this Fab the further Relation of it to this Poem of Moschus,

Among the Poets, we frequently find Asia called Aurora from the rising of the Sun there: as in CLAUDIAN,

And speaking of Asia, going to sollicite Stilico for Assistance,

From whence they represented her like the Rising Sun. Claudian im­plicitely delivers her ordinary Dress, though in regard of her calamity, at that time, in mourning,

Her Mantle of Silk speaks her ancient Propriety in it: which came so late into Europe, that we finde no name for it in Homer, among his so frequent Descriptions of the Vestments both of Gods, and Men. Nay, not in the Poets of the Old, or Middle Comedy, some hundreds of Years after Homer. Whence we conjecture, it was first brought into Europe after the Conquest of Alexander the Great. After it was brought over, the Europaeans seem to have had no certain knowledge how it was made. For, by what we can finde, they thought it to have grown na­turally on the Trunk, or Leaves of some Trees in Asia. So Virgil,

[Page 79]PLINY, The Seres are the first, who are known to have a Woolly sub­stance to grow on their Trees, which they comb off after they have sprinkled it with Water. And Julius Pollux Onomastis. speaks it as a report of some, that the Seres gathered their Silk from certain Worms, like unto the Bombyces of the Island Coos. Whence it appears, that in the time of Commodus the Emperour, in whose time Pollux wrote, it was generally believed to have been otherwise: and after that too, for Claudian, who flourish'd under the Emperour Honorius, agrees with Pliny;

Servius indeed, who lived in the time of Theodosius, as appears by his being cotemporary withMacrob. Saturnal. Macrobius, had a right opinion of it, as appears from these words of his in the fore-cited place of Virgil,

Amongst the Indians, and Seres, are certain Worms upon the Trees, which are called Bombyces; which, like Spiders, spin a very fine Thred, from whence is made Silk.

In the time of Justinian Zonaras. the whole Mystery was disclos'd by some Monks, who brought from the Indies some of the Eggs of the Worms: Since which time that Manufacture ha's been constantly used in Eu­rope.

That she ha's several Shapes, or Forms of strange Beasts wrought on her Vest, is agreeable to the ancient Customs of that Countrey, Aristophanes Ranis.,

[Page 80] PETRONIUS ARBITER,

SIDONIUS,

Thus we finde the Statue of Africk at Florence leaning upon its left Hand, in which there is a Pomegranate; in her right Hand an Ʋm­brella, to defend her from the heat of the Sun; for her Pillow, two great Waters, signifying the Mediterranean, and Atlantick Seas. So at Mycenae, the Statue of Juno (Protectrice of Carthage, the Metropolis of Africk) made by Polyclet, holds in one Hand a Scepter; in the other, a Pomegranate. Therefore, when the Queen sacrificed to Juno, she wore a Rod of Pomegranate upon her Head, called by the Ancients Inarculum. FESTUS; Inarculum virgulta erat ex malo Punico incur­vata, quam Regina sacrificans in capite gestabat.

She is crowned with Ears of Corn, to signifie the Fertility of the place. Horace,

Thus SIDONIUS introduces Africa, Paneg. Ma­joriani.

And CLAUDIAN,De Laud. Stilic. lib. ii.

[Page 82] According to which Description of his, we finde her represented in a Coyn of Antoninus Pius,

De Bello Gildonico.The same Authour implicitely describes her, in the same manner, in another place,

The Ivory on her Head, alludes to the great number of Elephants, bred in that part of the World;Plin. Nat. Hist. viii.xi. especially in that part of Africa beyond the Syrtick Solitudes, and Desarts, Aethiopia, Trogloditica, and Mauri­tania. Petronius,

[Page 83] JUVENAL,

Whence the Romans, in their Triumphs over Africa, usually had Ele­phants led before them, to denote the place of their Victory:Plin. lib. viii. cap. vii. as L. Metellus, in whose Coyns we finde either an Elephant, or his Trium­phal Chariot drawn by two of them, or a Head of one of them under his Chariot.

Pliny says,Lib. Peod. cap. vii. that the Chariot of Pompey was drawn by four Ele­phants in his African Triumph. And we finde that the Fifth Legion bore the Effigies of an Elephant on their Colours, because they suc­cessfully manag'd a Battel against them, in the War betwixt Caesar, and L. Scipio.

The two Ships at her Feet, relate to the Classis Frumentaria, which came yearly to Rome from Africk: frequently mention'd in the Ro­man Writers; which was instituted by Commodus the Emperour. Of whom Lampridius; Classem Africanam instituit quae subsidio esset, si fortè Alexandrina frumenta cessassent. He appointed an African Navy, which should furnish the City, in case the Corn from Alexandria should fail. Of which Claudian,

And,

De Provi­dentia Dei, Lib. vi.Wherefore Salvian, after he had mention'd the Destruction of Sardi­nia, and Sicily, the Vital Veins, he calls Africa the Soul it self of the Common-Wealth of Rome. Prudentius,

[Page 85]So Pompey, in his Triumph over Methridates, among the rest of his Silver and Golden Representations carried Montem aureum, quadratum, Pliny, Nat. Hist. Lib. xxxvii. cap. xi. cum cervis & leonibus, & pomis omnis generis, circumdatâ vite aureâ, A square Golden Mountain, encompassed with a Vine of Gold, with Harts and Lions upon it, and all manner of Fruit. The Mountain in her Hand is Potosis in Peru, whose Treasure ha's been accounted inexhaustible. Josephus Acosta relates, that in that Mountain there was found a Vein of Silver,Nat. Hist. Ind. lib. iv. cap. vi. about the height of a Spear above the Superficies of the Earth, three hundred Foot long, and thirteen broad. The same Au­thour witnesses, that the King of Spain receives yearly from thence a Million of Ducats; and that onely from the fifth part of the Silver. We have read of indeed of Silver Mountains in Europe; as that men­tion'd by Strabo in Spain; Not far from Costaon is a Mountain, whence flows the River Baetis, call'd the Silver Mountain, in relation to the Silver Mines there. And of a Golden Mountain in Asia, mention'd by Me­nander; [...] (presently after [...]) [...], Where King Chaganus him­self was, on a Mountain call'd Ectag, that is, the Golden Mountain. And Appian before him; Many Fountains bring down small Shavings of Gold from the Mountain Caucasus; the Inhabitants sinking Fleeces of Wooll very deep, take up what Shavings stick to them: But these are all so considerable, in respect of the inestimable Treasure of this Mountain, that America may reasonably from hence, as all other Countries from what is most valuable, and appropriate to them, have its distinguishing Character.

The River on her Stole is the Golden River Peru. So Claudian re­presents Brittain with the Flux and Deflux of the Sea on her Vest;

And SPAIN, with the Golden River Tagus on her Stole:

Which Leaves of Minerva, Max. claus. Lib. ii. Mr. Selden mistook for a Palm. Claudian, in several places, describes the Olive in the same manner; as in his Epi­stle to Hadrian,

And in another place,

LUCAN,

In which places 'tis evident, the Olive is signified, because carried in the Hands of Suppliants. Statius,

Whence Virgil makes Aeneas send a hundred to King Latinus, all crown'd with Olive Branches, call'd there Palladis rami.

And Statius makes Tydeus, going in the name of Polynices, to demand the Kingdom of Thebes, carry a Branch of Olive in his Hand, as a to­ken of Peace; and, his Demand being denied, to throw away the same, to signifie, and declare a War. So LIVY, Not far off was a Ship of the Carthaginians, covered with Mitres, and Branches of Olive; in which were ten Ambassadours, chief Princes of the City, sent to request Peace.

CLAUDIAN gives the same Epithet too, to the Olive-leaves, in his Epistle to SERENA,

And VALERIUS FLACCUS,Argonan [...]. Lib. iii.

The reason why Claudian so describes it, is, because that Tree was sacred to Minerva: which we finde attested by Pliny; The Esculus (a Species of glandiferous Trees) is sacred to Jupiter,Nat. Hist. lib. xii. c. i. the Laurel to Apollo, the Olive to Minerva, the Myrtle to Venus, the Poplar to Hercu­les; and is known from the Fable of the Contention of Minerva, and Neptune, concerning the Possession of Athens. And Epopeus, after a Victory, having erected and consecrated to her a Temple, and pray'd,Pausan. lib. ii. that she would show some token of her acceptance of it, there presently sprung forth a Branch of Olive before it.

[Page 88]This Errour of Mr. Selden's produc'd another in his following words, when he gather'd from thence, that the River Tagus, and Palm-Trees were proper to Spain. Hispaniae Palmae, & Tagus fluvius propria. In­deed the Palm-Tree was the Symbol of Judaea, as we see in the Coyns of Vespasian and Titus,

from the abundance of them in that Countrey. STRABO; Beside the common Palm, it (Judaea) brings forth the Carupta, not much inferiour to the Babylonian. Lucan,

SILIUS ITALICUS,Lib. iii.

But Spain was commended for the abundance, and excellency of its Olives.Epigram. Lib. xii. Martial,

Which Verses,Lib. iii. compared with these of Silius Italicus, evidently evince, that Palladis rami signifie the Olive.

And in another place, of Spain, Lib. i.

Whence, in a Coyn of Hadrian the Emperour, we finde that Coun­trey signified by a Woman sitting, with her left hand leaning on the Pyrenean Mountains (Mr. Selden calls it a heap of Stones) in her right Hand holding a Branch of Olive; at her Feet a Coney:Croyiac. Tab. xxxix.

The Coney we finde too at the Feet of Spain, holding an Olive-Branch on her Shoulder, in a Coyn of the same Emperour.Ibid.

The Coney at her Feet signifies either the incredible number of those Animals formerly in Spain (for Varro mentions a Town there [Page 90] undermin'd,Lib. viii. cap. xxix. and overthrown by them, as we finde in Pliny) or ra­ther the abundance of Mines in that Countrey; the Latine word Cu­niculi, from whence the allusion must be taken, being aequivocal, and an­swering to both. From one of which significations a part of Spain is call'd Cuniculosa Celtiberia by Catullus, Epigram. xxxv.

The Mines are mentioned by Claudian, speaking of Spain,

And by SILIUS ITALICUS,De Bello Pun. lib. i.

[Page 91]But to return. This River, says Josephus Acosta, Hist. Nat. Ind. lib. i. cap. xiii. De Peruviae regionis in­ventione. gave the name to the whole Countrey of Peru. Of which Levinus Apollonius thus, un­der another name; where he describes the Rivers of the Mountain­ous PERU, The chiefest far is the River Argyreus (PERU) from its abundance of Silver, which it casts up in glittering Sand, call'd in Spanish, Plata: it is equally liberal, and profuse of its Treasures unto all parts it passeth by, enriching its Inhabitants with an inexhaustible abundance both of Gold, and Silver.

‘The uppermost great Table in the fore-ground represents King Charles the First, with the Prince, now Charles the Second, in His Hand, viewing the Sovereign of the Sea, the Prince leaning on a Can­non; the Inscription, O NIMIUM DILECTE DEO; CUI MILITAT AEQUOR,ET CONJURATI VENIUNT AD CLASSICA VENTI. For thee, O Jove's Delight, the Seas engage,And mustr'ed Winds, drawn up in Battel, rage.’

Thus we finde Atlas painted in an ancient Temple of Jupiter's.In Eliacis. PAUSANIAS, Amongst the rest, is the Picture of Atlas, bearing up Heaven, and Earth; by whom stands Hercules, as ready to assist him: mention'd by Claudian,

Of whom thus HOMER,

AESCHYLUS,In [...].

VIRGIL,

He was thus described from his admirable knowledge in the motions of the Heavens, and the nature of things here below. PAUSANIASIn Boetius., In which there is a place of ground call'd Polosus, where they say Atlas studied the Heavens, and the Earth. DIODORUS SICULUSLib. iii., They say, he (Atlas) was excellently skill'd in Astrology, and was the first, that published the Sphe­rical [Page 93] Figure of the Heavens: from whence he was said to bear the Heavens on his Shoulders; the Fable signifying the Invention, and Description of the Sphere. Which seems not be understood of a solid Sphere, but a Sphere described on a Plane: the other Invention, by most of the Ancients, be­ing attributed to Archimedes, who liv'd many Centuries of Years after him.

We generally finde Neptune among the Poets drawn by Sea-Horses. STATIUS,Theb. Lib. ii.

VIRGIL,Aeneid. v.

They were called Hippocampae. NONIUS; Hippocampae, equi marini, à flexu caudarum, quae piscosae sunt. Hippocampae are Sea-Horses, [Page 94] so called from the flexion of their Tails, which are like Fishes. FESTUS; Campas marinos equos Graeci à flexione posteriorum partium appellant, ‘The Greeks call Sea-Horses Campae, from the bending of their posteriour parts: from [...] to bend.’

In the Medaigles of Caius Marius, and Quintus Creperius, is represent­ed Neptune riding upon these Hippocampae, or Sea-Horses.

Cheul. Goltz. in Fastis ad 646.

And the Form of a Sea-Horse we have in the Coyn of the Emperour Gallienus, Choul.

As he holds the Reins of his Horses in one hand, so we finde him constantly with a Trident in the other. From whence he is call'd by the Greeks, Proclus in Crat. Plaetonis. [...] Epigr. Gr., [...], by Pindar [...] by the Latines, Tridentifer, and Tridentiger. OVIDMetam. lib. viii.,

And, ‘Cúmque Tridentigero tumidi genitore profundi.’ VIRGIL,

HOMER,Iliad. μ.

Callimachus, singularly, says,Hymno in Delum. that his Trident was made by the Tel­chines, smiths in Creet.

Plutarch tells, that the Troezenians mark their Moneys with a Tri­dent, as a Testimony of their Devotion to Neptune.

Amongst the rest of Neptune's Attendants was Triton his Trum­peter. OVID,Metam.

VIRGIL, speaking of a Ship,Aeneid.

NONNUS,Dionysiac. xxxvi.

MOSCHUS,Eldyll.

The holding out of her Fingers erect points out to us that ancient manner of Supputation, known of old to most Countries in the World, but now out of use, by the Fingers of both Hands. This Supputation was divided into three parts; Digits, Decades, and Compound Num­bers. The Digits comprehend all Numbers under ten, the Decads comprehend all tens, as 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90. the Com­pound what was made of the other two, as 19, 27, &c. The Digits [...] [Page 97] were express'd by the three last Fingers, beginning with the little one. The Decads by the Thumb, either single, or in conjunction with the first Finger. Thus far reacheth the Arithmetique of the left Hand; so that, removing to the right, the first Number is an hundred:Iraeneus Ʋnius nu­merum, quo gestu significabantur in sinistra, translatum in dexteram centena conficere. The Number of a Hundred, by the same gesture,In Valent. lib. i. cap. xiii. is signi­fied in the right Hand, that one in the left. And, A numero nonagesimo, qui fuit in laeva, per unius significationem, transferri in dexteram, & ibi cen­tena constitui. From which kind of Arithmetique we must understand that Greek Epigram of Nicarchus,

And this of JUVENAL,

So that as the Units were counted on the three Fingers of the left, so the first Nine Hundred were counted on the same three Fingers of the right; and as the Decads were counted on the Thumb, and [Page 98] Fore-Finger of the left, so were the Thousands on the same of the right. Whence we may guess of the Figure of the Fingers, which Pliny Lib. xxxix. cap. vii. mentions in the Statue of Janus, dedicated by Numa, with his Fingers so complicated, that the Note of CCCLXV Days, the signification of a Year, should demonstrate him the God of Time.

Of this manner of Supputation must be understood that Saying of Orontes, who, upon some distast taken by King Artaxerxes, had fallen in­to disgrace;Plutarch. ‘As the Fingers of Accountants now represent one, now Myriads; so the Friends of Kings now are much in favour, now not at all.’ This manner of Supputation seems to have been ordinary among the Romans, used in their Pleadings before the Judge. QUINTILIANLib. i. In­stit., Si actor, non dico, si circa summas trepidat, sed se digitorum incerto solùm, aut indecoro gestu à computatione dissentit, judicatur indoctus. ‘If the Pleader not onely trembles about the Sums, but if by a doubtful onely, and un­comely gesture, he differs from the Computation, he is esteemed un­learned.’ Apuleius in his Apologetical Oration before AEMILIANUS, Si triginta annos pro decem dixisses, posses videri pro computationis gestu errâsse, quos circulare debueris, digitos aperuisse. If you had nam'd thirty Years for ten, you might seem to have mistaken in the gesture of your Computation, to have circl'd those Fingers, which you should have opened. And therefore it is very strange, that, after so common an usage of this manner of Computation, it should be so far lost, that none can agree what it was.

The Authour of Arithmetique, according to Aeschylus In [...]., was Prometheus:

According to Plato, 'twas Palamedes: but Pliny Lib. ii attributes the Inven­tion of it to Minerva; Eóque Minervae Templo dicatam legem, quia nu­merus à Minerva inventus sit.

The ancient Musick-Notes here mention'd, though for many hun­dred Years buried in obscurity, have been brought to light again out of some Greek Authours of Musick, lately publish'd by Meibomius. The Numbers are sufficiently known, though not so well as those we generally use, lately brought into Europe from the Arabians.

[Page 99] ‘Geometry, a Woman in a pleasant Green, in her Shield a Com­pass, and a Read; the Inscription,’ ‘DESCRIPSIT RADIO TOTUM QUAE GENTIBUS
ORBEM.’

Geometry is supposed by the Ancients to have had its original in Aegypt, where, after the yearly overflowings of the River Nile, they were forc'd continually to measure their ground out anew to distin­guish Propriety. STRABOGeogr. lib. xvi., [...] And,Lib. xvii. [...]. For which end, because they made use of a Read, it was amongst them ever after for a Symbol of Geometry. So in a Silver Coyn of C. Mamilius, in one side there is a Mercury with a Cap, and Caduceus, on the other Mamilius, with a Read by him, with this Inscription, LI. MET. AN. that is, Limi­tibus metandis, where we finde hs Office of measuring Land implyed by a Read.

The Compass in her other Hand we have described by OVID,Metam. lib. viii. Fab. iii.

The Authour of it, [...]alus, being envyed by his Uncle Daedalus for this, and other Inventions, was thrown down headlong by him from the top of Minerva's Tower: but in the middle of his fall, being favour'd by Minerva, the Patroness of Wit, was turn'd into a Bird; which we have in the following Verses:

‘Astronomy, a Woman in a loose Vestement, Azure, wrought with Stars of Gold, looking up to Heaven: in her Shield a Table, wherein are divers Astronomical Figures; the Inscription,’ ‘AURO CIRCUMSPICIT ORIONA.’

ASTRONOMY holding a Sphere in her left Hand, in her right a Radius.

So she is described by Martianus Capella. The Sphere, which he gives her, is that of Archimedes, as we see by the Epigram, in which he de­scribes it,

‘Navigation, a Woman in Sea-green Habit; in her Escutcheon an Anchor, with a Cable about it; the Inscription,’ ‘TUTUM TE LITTORE SISTAM.’

While the Nobility passed the Triumphal Arch, the three Sea-men entertained them with this Song from the Stage on the North-side of the Arch.

Besides the three before-named, who sang the precedent Song, there were in like manner habited, like Sea-men, six other Persons, who made a Winde-Musick.

The Musick in the Stage consisted of three Drums, and six Trum­pets.

On the East-side, Winde-Musick, consisting of six Persons.

On two Balconies, within the Arch, Winde-Musick, consisting of twelve Persons.

On the West-Gallery were placed six Trumpets.

These, and all the other Musick, belonging to this Triumph, per­formed their Duty without Intermission, till such time, as His Majesty fronted the Figure, which represented Thames, and then ceased; upon which, Thames made the ensuing Speech,

We finde the Speech of the River Tyber on the like Solemnity, the Procession of the Senate, &c. attending on the two Brothers Probinus, and Olybrius, newly elected Consuls, in CLAUDIAN;

The River Thames having ended his Speech, the three Sea-men, who entertain'd the Nobility with the former Song, addressed the follow­ing to His Majesty.

[Page 110]The Sea-men having ended their Song, the several sorts of Musick performed their Duty, whilest His Majesty passed on towards Cheap­side.

At the Stocks the Entertainment was a Body of Military Musick, placed on a Balcony; consisting of six Trumpets, and three Drums: the Fountain there being after the Thuscan Order, venting Wine, and Water.

In like manner, on the Top of the great Conduit, at the Entrance of Cheap-side, was another Fountain, out of which issued both Wine, and Water, as in a Representation of Temperance; and on the several Towers of that Conduit were eight Figures, habited like Nymphs, with Escutcheons in one Hand, and Pendents, or Banners in the other: and between each of them Winde-Musick; the number, eight.

On the Standard also in Cheap-side there was a Band of Waits pla­ced, consisting of six Persons.

[Page 111] THE THIRD ARCH.

THE third Triumphal Arch stands near Wood-street end, not far from the place where the Cross sometimes stood.

‘It represents an Artificial Building of two Stories, one after the Corinthian way of Architecture, the other after the Composite, representing the TEMPLE of CONCORD; with this Inscription on a Shield,’ ‘AEDEM
CONCORDIAE
IN HONOREM OPTIMI PRINCIPIS,
CUJUS ADVENTU
BRITANNIA TERRA MARIQ. PACATA,
ET PRISCIS LEGIBUS REFORMATA EST,
AMPLIOREM SPLENDIDIOREMQ
RESTITUIT
S. P. Q. L.’

CONCORD was reputed by the Romans in the number of their Goddesses, as we finde in JUVENAL, ‘Cui colitur Pax, atque Fides, Concordia, Virtus;’ and had several Temples, upon various occasions, vowed, and dedicated to her. There arose a dangerous Feud, which conti­nued for some Years, between the Senate, and People of Rome: whereupon Furius Camillus Anno U.C. cccxxcvi., turning himself to the Capitol, desired of the Gods, that he might speak, and act that, which might tend to the benefit of the Commonwealth, and reconciliation of the two dissenting [Page 112] Parties; and to that end vowed a Temple to CONCORD. Where­fore having called the Senate, after a long, and various Debate, upon certain Conditions, brought the Senate, and People to an Agreement. Which Temple, according to his Vow, by a Decree of the Senate, was erected, and dedicated to CONCORD. This is mention'd, though ob­scurely, in tabulis Capitolinis; but plainly, by OVIDFastor. Lib. i.:

The like Vow was made by L. Manlius Anno U.C. DXXXV., upon a Mutiny of the Army under his Command, and the Year after the Temple was ere­cted, and dedicated by M. and C. Atilius Regulus, elected for that pur­pose. So in the Sedition of Gracchus Anno U.C. DCXXXII., who encamped on the Aventine, and refused the Conditions offered him by L. Opimius Consul, the Consul immediately vowed a Temple to CONCORD; and after his Victory over those seditions Conspirators, dedicated it in Foro. Which did highly incense the Communalty, who thought that CONCORD could not be founded on the Slaughter of their Fellow-Citizens: and some of them adventured to add this Inscription to the Title of the Temple, ‘VECORDIAE. OPUS. AEDEM. FACIT. CONCORDIAE.’

[Page 113]We finde mention of the like Temples in several Inscriptions, colle­cted by Gruter; as in this, ‘D.N. CONSTANTINO. MAXIMO. PIO. FELICI. AC.
TRIUMPHATORI. SEMPER AUGUSTO. OB. AMPLI
CATAM. TOTO. ORBE. REM. PUBLICAM. FACTIS. CON
SILIISQ.
S. P. Q. R.
DE DICANTE. ANICIO. PAULINO. JUNIORE. C.V. COS
ORD. PRAET. URBI.
S. P. Q. R.
AEDEM. CONCORDIAE. VETUSTATE. COL-
LAPSAM. IN MELIOREM. FACIEM. OPERE
ET. CULTU. SPLENDIDIORE. RESTITUE
RUNT.’

And in another not unlike the former, ‘AEDEM. CONCORDIAE. VETUSTATE. COLLAPSAM
AMPLIOREM. OPERE. CULTUQ. SPLENDIDIOREM
RESTITUIT.
S. P. Q. R.’

‘In the Spandrils of the Arch there are two Figures, in Female Habits, leaning: One representing PEACE, the other TRUTH. That of Peace hath her Shield charged with an Helmet, and Bees issuing forth, and going into it; the Word,’ ‘PAX BELLO POTIOR.’

‘TRUTH, on the other side, in a thin Habit, on her Shield TIME, bringing Truth out of a Cave; the Word,’ ‘TANDEM EMERSIT.’

GERYON, Son of Chrysaor, and Callirrhoe, according to Hesiod, was feigned by the Poëts to have three Heads, and as many Bodies, who was subdued by Hercules. Of whom VIRGILAenid. viii.,

And more largely SILIUS ITALICUSLib. xiii.,

[Page 115]The Origination of this Fable, and its Significations, are variously re­lated. Palaephatus supposed him to have been feigned by the Poets to have three Heads, because he had his Birth in a City on the Euxine Sea, called [...], that is, of three Heads. Others, that it related to the three Brothers, who unanimously govern'd Spain. And indeed, that Spain, by reason of its Tripartite Division, was signified by the Hie­roglyphick of Geryon, is not onely the Opinion of some Authours, but appears from a Coyn of the Emperour Hadrian, the third time Con­sul, in which there is a three-headed Image leaning on a Spear; either to signifie his Peragration of Spain, or his Origination from thence. Others have referr'd this to the Vices of Speech, Body, and Soul, which Hercules overcame; which is confirm'd from the three Apples ordina­rily held in one Hand of Hercules, still to be seen in a Statue of his in the Farnesie's Palace at Rome, which, Suidas says, alluded to the same.

That a Serpent was a Hieroglyphick of Enmity, and War, (for which cause it is presented trampled under the Feet of CONCORD) ap­pears from many Writers, Histories, and Medaigles. ARTEMIDORUSOneirocrit. lib. ii. cap. xiii., A Serpent signifies a Disease, and brings Enmity: according as that hurts any one in his Dream, so shall his Disease, and Enemy. And ACHMETOneirocrit. cap. cclxxiii., Serpents generally, according to their proportion, signifie Enemies. NICEPHORUS, Patriarch of Constantinople,

So DIODORUS says, that, according to the Aegyptians, A Ser­pent is the Symbol of Hatred. VIRGIL, describing Alecto, endeavour­ing to raise a War betwixt Turnus and Aeneas, feigns her with two Snakes erect upon her Head;

AESCHYLUS, of a Dream of Clytemnestra,

From whence Orestes immediately conjectured she was to die by his Hand.

Plut. in Gracchis.Which may further be illustrated from several events. TIBERIUS GRACCHUS, in his Bed, was clasp'd about by two Serpents. Which Pro­digie when the South-sayers had considered, they counselled, that he should nei­ther kill both, nor let both escape: and further said, that, if he kill'd the Male, it would cost his own life; if the Female, his Wife Cornelia's. TIBERIUS, bear­ing affection to his Wife, and withall thinking it more agreeable, that he, being the elder, should die first, kill'd the Male, and let the Female escape: and [Page 117] not long after died. The same evil consequence we finde in the History of C. HOSTILIUS MANCINUSObsequens De Predi­giis, cap. lxxxiii.; who, as soon as he had gone aboard a Ship, in order to his Voyage to Numantia, on a suddain heard a Voice cry, Stay, MANCINUS. Whereupon he return'd back, and, at Genoa, going aboard again, found a Serpent in the Ship, which escaped from him. He was overthrown, and delivered up to his Enemies. And VALERIUS MAXIMUSLib. i. cap. lxxxvii. says, that in the dissension of M. Fulvius Flaccus about making some Laws, two black Serpents, sliding into the Cell of Minerva, portended inte­stine Murders. Thus we finde them generally to portend sad Events, but particularly they were the Hieroglyphick of War, and Devasta­tion. This appears from that known Story of Homer, where he tells us, that, while the Grecians were sacrificing at Aulis, they saw a Dragon devour eight young Sparrows, with the Damm, and makes the Pro­phet Calchas Iliad. ζ interpret it the duration of the War for nine years.

Where the Dragon signified the War; the number of the Birds, the Continuation of it. So when Hannibal, in a Dream, saw a Serpent of vast magnitude throwing down Rocks, Woods, and Towns, and en­quired of the Gods the meaning of it, they return'd this AnswerSilius Ital. lib. iii.,

Which is evidently seen in some Medaigles of the Roman Emperours, as in this Reverse of Augustus's.

Goltz. Caes. Aug. pag. xli.

Where two Serpents, that is, the Hostility, and Dissension of the Roman Empire, divided into two Factions, that of Augustus, and Antony, are se­parated [Page 119] by an intervening Victory; that of Augustus at Actium, and Alexandria. That upon these Victories this Coyn was stamp'd, may be collected from the Inscription on the other side, CAESAR IMP. VII. that is annus U. C. DCCXXIV. in whichDio, Lib li. Year he triumph'd for the two Victories before-mention'd. The same is to be seen in a Reverse of M. Antony's.

Goltz. Jul. Caes. pag. xlviii.

Where a Woman (supposed to be CONCORD, with the Face of Octavia, Sister to Augustus, and Wife to M. Antony,) in a long Stole, holding in her left Hand a pure Spear, in her right a Pontifical Vessel, parts two Serpents, signifying the Armies of Augustus, and Antony. Which Interpretation of this Coyn is very much confirm'd from History. For this Pacification, obtain'd by the Prudence of Octavia, happened anno U. C. DCCXVI. Agrippa, and Gallus, being Consuls. That this Coyn was stamp'd after the Year DCCXIV.Vide Pighii Annal. ad cum annum. (the time of the Peace between Sext. Pompey, C. Caes. Octavianus, and Antony,) appears from the In­scription on the other side, M. ANTONIUS IMP. COS. DESIG. ITER. ET. TERT. for Appian De Civil. Bel. Lib. v. says, that, after that Peace, the Consulships were appointed for the next four Years. For the first, An­tony, and Libo (which Antony had been Consul before with Julius Caesar;) next, Caesar, and Pompey; after them Ahenobarbus, and Sossius; last, Caesar, and Antony: [...], then to become the third time Consuls.

FORTƲNE was not more various, and unconstant in her Motions, then those, that painted her, in their Descriptions. The first [Page 120] was Bupalus, who put a Celestial Orb (which Pierius unhappily chang'd, by the mistake of one Vowel, into a Foal) on her Head, and a Cornu-copiae in her left Hand; as we finde her in a Reverse of a Coyn of the Emperour Gallienus, with this Inscription, [...] After­wards, some feigned her either standing upon a Stone, or the top of some Mountain exposed to the Winds, or upon a Wheel: others, upon the Prow of a Ship, holding a Sail with both her Hands; which is frequent in Greek Medaigles. PAUSANIAS makes mention of a Temple of Fortune, in which there was her Statue, holding a young Plutus, the God of Riches, in her Hand: as we finde her in ARISTOPHANESIn Pluto., to signifie, that she was the Mother, and Nurse of Wealth. Some at­tributed Wings to her, as EUSEBIUS mentions. HORACELib. iii. Od. 29.,

The Scythians, both Wings, and Hands, but no Feet. When APELLES was asked, why he made Fortune sitting, he answered, Be­cause she never stood. But we shall onely take notice of what is here before us. In the same manner we finde her described in a Stone, in­sculp'd on both sides, with this Inscription on one, ‘NUM. DOM. AUG. SACRUM. FORTUNAE CONSERVATRICI HORRE
OR. GALBANORUM. M. LORINUS FORTUNATUS MAGISTER S. P. B. D.’ with the Image of Fortune, holding in her left Hand a Cornu-copiae, in her right the Helm of a Ship: and so we finde her too in a Reverse of a Coyn of TRAJAN the Emperour, mention'd by OCCO. The like says LACTANTIUSLib. iii., Effingebatur quidem Fortuna cum Cornu­copia, & Gubernaculo; tanquam opes tribuere putaretur, & humanarum rerum regimen obtinere: Fortune was made with a Cornu-copiae, and the Helm of a Ship, as if she were reputed the Disposer of Wealth, and had the Government of Humane Affairs. And PLUTARCHDe fortuna Romano­rum., after va­rious instances on each side, at length concludes, that the Roman Em­pire ought more to Fortune, then to Valour, or Prudence: and therefore says, that, having left the Persians, and Assyrians, she lightly flew over [Page 121] Macedonia, and presently she shaked off ALEXANDER; then pas­sing through Aegypt, and Syria, often tryed the Carthaginians: but when she had once passed the Tyber, and entered the Palace, she laid aside her Wings, put off her Talaria, and forsook her unfaithful, and ever-mu­table Sphere, as if she intended to stay there for ever. Indeed the Ro­mans did confess as much; who, having dedicated sundry Temples to Fortune, with all variety of Honour, in the most eminent places of the City, never erected one to Virtue, or Valour, till the time of Marcellus, that took Syracuse; or of Scipio Numantinus, about theHelvicus Chron. pag. 75. d. five hundred sixty and third year after the building of the City. To Prudence never dedicated to any. Among the rest of Fortune's Titles none more frequent, then this of REDUX, to whom we read that DOMITIAN the Emperour built a Temple, mention'd by MARTIALLib. vii.,

Temples of the like nature are mention'd too by CLAUDIAN,

There are also many Medaigles, and those antient, of several Emper­ours with the same Inscription,

Bellerophon was the Son of Glaucus King of Corinth, renown'd both for Prudence, Courage, Beauty, and Modesty. Of whom thus HOMERIliad. vi.,

The Poëts feign many Stories of him. They say, he went to Praetus, King of the Argivi, by whom at first he was kindly entertain'd. But be­ing afterwards falsly accused by Antea, the Wife of Praetus, for offering to tempt her Chastity, he sent him to Iobates, King of Lycia, with a Letter written purposely to have him kill'd, Iobates, to pleasure Praetus, sent Bellerophon against the Chimaera. But Minerva, the Goddess of Prudence, and Valour, protected his Innocence. Wherefore she bri­dled Pegasus, and delivered it to him. Upon whom being mounted, he slew the Chimaera with his Javelin. After which Victory he sent him against the Solymi (a Nation betwixt Lycia, and Pamphylia) and the Amazons. From whence he returned also Conquerour; Iobates, mo­ved with his Prudence, and Valour, gave him to Wife his Daughter Philonoë, and afterwards dying, left him Successour in his Kingdom. Of which largely HOMERIbid.,

The Chimaera is in the same manner described also by HESIODIn Theo­gonia, vers. 322.,

VIRGILAeneid. vii. also makes a Chimaera on the Helmet of Turnus, vomiting forth Fire;

From that part of the History, wherein Minerva is said to bridle Pega­sus for Bellerophon, there was built a Temple, and Statue of Minerva cal­led [...] Fraenatrix; as PAUSANIASIn Corin­thiacis. relates.

That Bellerophon was the Son of Glaucus, King of Corinth, appears from a Medaigle of the Corinthians yet extant, on the Reverse of which is Bellerophon mounted on Pegasus, slaying the Chimaera with his Javelin: on the other side VENƲS, with this Inscription [...], because at Corinth VENƲS had a most splendid Temple. There is also a Coyn of C. Caesar's, in which Bellerophon kills the Chimaera, with this Inscription COL. JUL. COR. that is, Corinth the Colony of Julius Caesar. Because C.J. Caesar restored the City of Co­rinth, [Page 125] utterly destroyed before by Mummius, as we finde in DIO, and in PAUSANIAS in the beginning of his Corinthiaca.

What the Antients did denote by this Triple Form of Chimaera, is doubtful. NYMPHODORUS the Syracusan says, that Chimaera was a Mountain of Lycia, which perpetually vomited forth Fire, on the top of which lived Lions, in the middle (where were spatious pleasant Me­dows) Goats, at the bottom Dragons. Which Mountain when Bel­lephoron had rendred habitable, he was said to have slain Chimaera. But Antigonus Carystius says, it signified onely the People of three several Nations conquered by Bellerophon.

Though this Description of JUSTICE, with a Balance in one Hand, hath been by late Writers accounted modern, yet it appears from Occo to have been antient, who thus found her represented in the Reverse of a Coyn of Trajan the Emperour, with a Caduceus in the other Hand: if he mistook her not for Moneta Aug. constantly so de­scribed; as may be seen in the Coyns of Antoninus, and other Emperours.

There were several sorts of Crowns in use among the Romans, ac­cording to the variety of the Deserts of those, who were rewarded with them; Obsidionales, Murales, Castrenses, Navales, Rostratae, Ci­vicae.

The Obsidionalis was given to him, who had rais'd a Siege; which was made of the Grass, that grew in the place besieged: and this was ac­counted morePlin. Lib. xvi. cap. iv. honourable then any of the rest. The first among the Romans, that was rewarded with this sort of Crown, was Q. Cincinnatus; after him P. Decius, and L. Sicinius Dentatus, Calpurnius Flamma, and others.

The Mural Crown was the reward of him that first scal'd the Walls, and entred the place assaulted; mention'd by SILIUS ITALICUSLib. xii.,

And in another placeLib. xv.,

The Castrensis belong'd to him, that first entered the Tents of the Ene­my: which, in the Infancy of the Roman Empire, was made of Leaves. With such an one Romulus rewarded Host [...]us Hostilius, Grand-Father to Tul [...]us Hostilius, King of Rome: afterwards of Gold. This, without que­stion, is the same with that, which otherwise is call'd Vallaris.

The Corona Navalis, or Rostrata, (for they seem not to be diffe­rent, however Lipsius distinguisheth them) was the reward of him, that first boarded the Enemie's Ship, and took it: with this sort of Crown [Page 128] POMPEY the Great honoured M. Varro; and AUGUSTUS Agrippa. The Form of it is still preserv'd in the Coyns of Agrippa, Goltz. Au­gust. xxix.

This is it, which VIRGILAen. viii. mentions,

But that, which gave us occasion to mention these, is the Corona Ci­vica, given to him, that in single Combat had rescued a Citizen, and slain the Enemy on the place: and this was made of Oak. LU [...]NLib. i.,

CLAUDIANLib. iii. Stilich.,

[Page 129] And in another placeDe lande Serenae.,

These were ordinarily prefix'd the Entrance of the Emperour's Pa­laces, as being populi Servatores. OVIDFast. Lib. i.,

In another place,

Which seems to be derived from JULIUS CAESAR: of whose Statues thus APPIAN, speaking of the Honours decreed to him; There were several Figures inscribed on his Effigies: on some a Crown of Oak, as dedicated to the Saviour of his Countrey. And DIO of Au­gustus; When he denied the Monarchy, and discoursed of dividing the Pro­vinces, it was decreed, that Laurels should be set up before his Palace, and a Crown of Oak hung over them, to signifie, that he was constantly overthrowing his Enemies, and saving his Fellow-Citizens. The memory of which Honour conferred on him is preserved in several of his Coyns: in one there is a Crown of Oak betwixt two Branches of Laurel.

[Page 130]In another the same Crown betwixt two CAPRICORNS (he was born under that Sign) with a Globe, and the Helm of a Ship.

In one this Inscription, within the Crown of Oak, SALUS HUMANI GENERIS: to which PLINYNat. Hist. lib. xvi. cap. xii., without question, alluded in those words, Dedit AUGUSTUS Rostratam coronam AGRIPPAE, sed CIVICAM à genere humano recepit ipse.

There are several reasons propounded by PLUTARCH, and others after him, why this Crown should be made of this material; but none so probable as this, because the Oak was sacred to JUPITER and JUNO Conservatoribus, [...], and [...].

The Habit of VENUS 'tis something difficult in particular to de­liver; the antient Artists having been more willing to form her naked, as appears from the Statues of her still remaining in Rome, and from this Poem of ANACREON upon VENƲS engraved on a Basin,

Yet, because there is something of it particular to her, we shall give some account of it from CLAƲDIAN, who thus describes her Dress, when she was going to the Wedding of HONORIƲS the Emperour:

[Page 132] What this Cestos is, may best be known from HOMERiliad. [...]., who is the first, that mention'd it:

The Roses, and Dolphin, in the Hands of CUPID, signifie his Domi­nion on Land, and Sea: of which there is extant an Epigram of PALLADAS,

ANACREON,

Of the Dolphin largely OPPIAN,

Of the nine lesser Figures; the first bears, on a Shield, the King of Bees flying alone; a Swarm following at some distance: the Word, ‘REGE INCOLUMI MENS OMNIBUS UNA.’

[Page 134]The Second, on his Shield, a Testudo advancing against a Wall; the Word, ‘CONCORDIAE CEDUNT.’

"The Third, a Shield charged with Hearts; the Word, ‘HIC MURUS AHENEUS ESTO.’

The Fourth, like a Spread-Eagle with two Heads, one of an Eagle, the other of an Estrich; in the Mouth of the Estrich an Horse-shoe, in the Talon of the Eagle a Thunderbolt; the Word, ‘PRAESIDIA MAJESTATIS.’

The Fifth, a Bundle of Javelins; the Word, ‘UNITAS.’

The Sixth, two Hands joyned athwart the Escutcheon, as from the Clouds, holding a Caduceus with a Crown; the Word, ‘FIDE ET CONSILIO.’

The Seventh, Arms laid down, Guns, Pikes, Ensigns, Swords; the Word, ‘CONDUNTUR, NON CONTUNDUNTUR.’

The Eighth, a Caduceus, with a Winged Hat above, and Wings be­neath, two Cornu-copiaes coming out at the middle, supported by a Gar­land; the Word, ‘VIRTUTI FORTUNA COMES.’

The Ninth, a Bright Star striking a gleam through the midst of the Escutcheon; the Word, ‘MONSTRANT REGIBUS ASTRA VIAM.’

With these Figures is intermingled a Band of twenty four Violins.

The Bases, and Capitals within this Triumph, are as Brass, and the Pillars Steel.

The Triumph thus adorned, and the several Musick playing, all passed through, till such time as His Majesty came to the middle of the [Page 135] Temple, at which time the three principal living Figures, viz. CONCORD, LOVE, and TRUTH, who till then had not been seen, were, by the drawing of a Curtain, discovered, and entertained His Majesty with the following Song.

The first Song ended, CONCORD addressed her self to His Ma­jesty, in these words,

The Speech ended, His Majesty, at His going off, was entertained with the following Song,

[Page 138]On the little Conduit, at the lower End of Cheap-side, were placed four Figures, or Nymphs, each of them having an Escutcheon in the one Hand, and a Pendent in the other.

In a Balcony, erected at the Entrance of Pater-noster-Row, were placed His Majestie's Drums, and Fife; the number of Persons, eight.

Between that and Ludgate there were two other Balconies erected: in one was placed a Band of six Waits; in the other, six Drums.

On the Top of Ludgate six Trumpets.

At Fleet-Bridge, a Band of six Waits.

On Fleet-Conduit were six Figures, or Nymphs, clad in White, each with an Escutcheon in one Hand, and a Pendent in the other; as also a Band of six Waits. And on the Lanthorn of the Conduit was the Figure of Temperance, mixing Water and Wine.

[Page 139] THE FOURTH ARCH.

IN Fleet-street, near White-Friers, stands the fourth Trium­phal Arch, representing the Garden of PLENTY; it is of two Stories, one of the Dorick Order, the other of the Ionick. The Capitals have not their just Measure, but incline to the Modern Architecture.

To Ʋberity, or Plenty, there are frequent Dedications amongst the [Page 140] Reverses of the Coyns of the Roman Emperours; as of AUGUSTUS, and GALIENUS,

She is represented in a long Stole, or Mantle, the proper Habit of Wo­men, holding in one Hand a Patera, or little Cup; in the other a Cornu­copia. The latter is well known to be the Embleme of Plenty. Its original related by OVIDMetam. lib. ix. Fab. i.: which, though unknown to few, the elegancy of the Relation will not give me leave to omit.

The Patera, or little Cup, which she holdeth in the other Hand, is frequent in other Figures of Reverses; as

[Page 141]What is meant by EXTINCTO BELLI CIVILIS INCENDIO, the extinction of the Flames of Civil War, is fortu­nately known to us all, and may serve to explicate what follows, CLUSOQUE JANI TEMPLO, the shutting of Janus's Temple: a Rite instituted by NUMA, according to LIVY: Numa Regno potitus Ʋrbem novam, conditam vi & armis, Jure eam Legibúsque ac Moribus de integro condere parat: quibus cùm inter bella assuescere vi­deret non posse (quippe efferatis militiâ animis) mitigandum ferocem populum armorum desuetudine ratus, Janum ad infimum Argiletum, indicem Pacis Bellique fecis: APERTUS, ut in armis esse civitatem; CLAUSUS, pacatos circa omnes populos significaret. NUMA, being possess'd of the Kingdom, applyed himself to reform the new City, which was built by Force, and Arms, and to build it anew by Rites, Laws, and Institutions: with which perceiving, that in the midst of War it was not possible to be effected, by reason that their minds were made rough and fierce by Arms; he conceiving that the fierce People might by their disaccustomance be made mild, he built a Temple to Janus at the bottom of Argiletus, the signifier of Peace, and War: which being OPENED, shewed that the City was in Arms; SHUT, that they were in peace with all Nations. This VARRODe ling. Lat. lib. iv. confirms, The Janual Gate is so call'd from Janus: and therefore an Image of Janus is plac'd there and a Rite instituted by▪ NUMA POMPILIUS (as LUCIUS PISO in his Annals relates) that it should be always SHUT but in the time of War. We finde no where, that it was OPENED in the time of POMPILIUS. PLUTARCH, in the Life of NUMA, There is at Rome a Temple also of JANUS, with a two-leav'd Gate, which they call Polemopyle, the Gate of War. For it was decreed, that in the time of War that Temple should be OPEN; in Peace, SHUT. But VIRGILAeneid. vii. derives this Institution higher,

This Temple was shut several times. First in the Reign of NUMA POMPILIUS, as PLUTARCHIn Vita Numae. testifies. Next, after the se­cond PUNICK War, by T. MANLIUS Consul, says LIVYLib. i.. Thrice by AUGUSTUS: once after the Victory at Actium, about the time of the Nativity of our SAVIOUR; and then most justly, when there was an ƲNIVERSAL PEACE over the whole World.

[Page 143]Of which last there is a Monument extant at this day in Spain: ‘IMP. CAES. DIVI F. AUGUSTUS PONT. MAX.
COS. XII. TRIBUNIC. POTEST. X. IMP. VIII.
ORBE MARI ET TERRA PACATO
TEMPLO JANI CLUSO
ET REP. P.R. OPTIMIS LEGIB. ET SANCTISS. INSTITUTIS REFORMATA
VIAM SUPERIORUM COSS. TEMPORE INCHOATAM
PRO DIGNITATE IMPERII LATIOREM LONGIOREMQUE
GADEIS USQUE PERDUXIT.’ And at this time it may properly be said to be shut at the fortunate arri­val of our Sacred Sovereign into His Kingdoms, at what time there was a GENERAL PEACE throughout all Christendom.

There is also a Coyn of AUGUSTUS, whose Reverse is the Temple of JANUS shut; the Inscription, JAN. CLU. not to mention that of NERO, PACE TERRA MARIQUE PARTA JANUM CLUSIT.Goltz. Au­gust. pag. lviii. Augustin. Dial. v.

[Page 144]The Statues of BACCHUS were of a very different form among the Antients. MACROBIUSSaturnal. lib. 1. cap. xviii., Liberis Patris simulacra partim pue­rili aetate, partim juvenili fingebantur; praetereà barbatâ specie, senili quoque, &c. The Images of BACCHUS were partly like Boys, others like Youths, some with Beards, some like Old men. ULPIANSchol. in Midiam Demosth., Chorus's of all Ages contended in the Feasts of BACCHUS, because they fram'd him of every Shape; for they paint him a Boy, an Old, and a Young man. Of which MACROBIUS gives this Physical Reason, esteeming BAC­CHUS to be the same with the SUN; Because the Sun in the Winter Sol­stice may seem a Boy, the days being then the shortest; but, by continual en­creases in the Spring Aequinox, may seem a Youth; in the Summer Solstice, at his full age; afterwards in his diminution, an Old man. In the form of an Old man we finde him worship'd by the Graecians, under the Name of Bassareus, and Bryseus; and at Naples under the Name of Hebon: MACROBIUS in the same place. Of Hebon there is still remaining this Monument, ‘ [...].’

So PAUSANIASIn Eliacis. tells us of a Bearded Statue of Bacchus hold­ing a Golden Cup in his Hand. But most frequently he is represented in the form of a Boy, or Youth. TIBULLUSLib. iii.,

OVIDMetam. lib. iv. Fab. i. of Bacchus,

[Page 145]The Poëts feign him riding in a Chariot drawn either by Tigres, Leopards, or Lynces. STATIUSLib. iv.,

HORACE,Lib. iii. Od. iv.

OVIDMetam. lib. iv. Fab. i.,

These not onely drew his Chariot, but were his constant Compani­ons; as we finde in the Ship of Bacchus, (taken from the Mariners, whom he had turn'd into Dolphins) described by OVIDMetam. lib. iii.,

[Page 146]His Ship is lively set forth by Philostratus In Imag.; which, or the like, is still to be seen in the Church of St. Agnes at Rome, formerly a Temple of Bacchus's, in most exquisite Mosaick Work.

He was constantly crown'd either with Grapes, Ivy, or both. OVIDMetam. lib. iii.,

HORACELib. ii. Od. xix.,

TIBULLUS,

So in Achaia, at the Feasts of Bacchus Pausanias n [...] Achaicis., the Children having wash'd themselves in the River Meilichus, they put on Crowns of Ivy, and so go to the Temple of Bacchus Aesymnetes.

[Page 147]Hence M. Antony Dio lib. xlviii., having assumed the Title of [...], New Bacchus, caused the Coyns, stamp'd with his Image, to bear a Crown of Ivy.

Goltz. Jul. Caes. pag. xlviii.

And the Antients used this, as an Argument, to prove that Bacchus of the Grecians, and Romans, was the same with Osiris of the Aegyptians, because Ivy, which was sacred to Bacchus, was in Aegypt called [...], that is, The Plant of Osiris.

Why Bacchus, and those that drank, did wear a Crown of Ivy, Athenaeus gives this Reason amongst the rest, because there is great plenty of it, and it grows of it self, and is everywhere to be had, being not undelightful for sight, shading the Fore-head with its green Leaves, and Berries, and of a body fit for binding, besides that, cooling without any Carotique smell offensive to the Head. The Wine-Bowls also were ordinarily adorn'd in the same manner. VIRGIL,

ANACREON,

We finde him cloathed with the Skin of a Tigre (though that not the onely one Garment he used) in CLAUDIANDe raptu Proscrp. lib. i.:

A Thyrsus is a Spear adorn'd with Ivy at the upper end, which Bacchus, and his Attendants, made use of to sustain them in their drink. Claudian De raptu Proserp. lib. i., of Bacchus,

Pausanias In Arca­dicis., The Statue (of Jupiter) is like unto Bacchus; for it hath Buskins instead of Shoes, and it holds in one hand a Cup, in the other a Thyr­sus. This Thyrsus, with a Cornu-copiae, is the Hieroglyphick of Mirth [Page 149] in a Coyn of Faustina's; the Inscription HILARITAS. In one hand she holds a Cornu-copiae, in the other a Thyrsus, on a Spear, cover­ed from one end to the other with Leaves, and Coronets.

Silenus, and the Satyres, were the constant deboist Companions of Bacchus. Of whom Pausanias In Atti­cis. relates a Story told him by Euphemus a Carian, that, in a Voyage to Italy, by cross Winds, their Ship was for­ced beyond the Streights into the Atlantick Ocean, and was driven by the Tempest upon the Islands, called, by the Mariners, The Islands of Satyres. Whose Inhabitants were of a yellowish colour, and had Tails not inferiour to those of Horses. Who, as soon as they saw the Ship arrived, presently entered, and laid hold of the Women: so that the Mariners were forc'd, out of fear, to land them a Woman, whom the Satyres used not onely according to Nature, but abus'd all parts of her body: Nor were the young Satyres more devoted to Venus, then old Silenus to his Patron Bacchus. VIRGILEclog. vi.,

So OVIDMetam. lib. iv. Fab. i.,

[Page 150] Whence the Eleans Pausanias., in their Temple of Silenus, make Drunkenness delivering a Cup of Wine to him.

He was conceiv'd to be the Fosterer, and Educator of Bacchus; from whence AURELIUS NEMESIANUSEclog. iii. describes him with Bacchus in his Arms,

And thus we finde Silenus in an antient Statue at Rome Antiq. Rom.. The Satyres were painted with Goats Horns, and Feet, to signifie the insatiableness of their Lust. FULGENTIUSMythol. lib. iii.; Satyri cum caprinis cornibus depin­guntur, quia nunquam novêre saturari libidine; The Satyres are painted with Goats Horns, because their Lust is unsatiable. HORACE,Carm. lib. ii. Od. xix.,

That the Chariot of CERES was feigned to be drawn by Dra­gons, appears from several places in the Poets. CLAUDIANDe raptu Proserp. lib. i.,

And immediatly after,

OVIDFast. lib. iv.,

And a little before, of the same Goddess,