Law unknown, or, Judgement unjust wherein is shewed, that some persons were indicted, judged, and condemned at the sessions in the Old Bailey, London, by an unknown Law, neither printed nor published, nor any ways knowable by the common people, whereby the inhabitants of this nation may perceive what unavoidable bondage and slavery they are going into : with a brief relation of the killing of John Townesend, by Major Crosby at St. Albones, and the proceedings of court thereupon, in quitting the said Crosby, and punishing the peaceable standers by, and some remarkable passages of Sir Harbottle Grimston in the said tryal : together also with certain queries, grounded upon the Act of Indempnity, especially recommended to the serious consideration of the said Sir Harbottle, and all the members of that Parliament whereof he was speaker.

Law unknown, or, Judgement unjust wherein is shewed, that some persons were indicted, judged, and condemned at the sessions in the Old Bailey, London, by an unknown Law, neither printed nor published, nor any ways knowable by the common people, whereby the inhabitants of this nation may perceive what unavoidable bondage and slavery they are going into : with a brief relation of the killing of John Townesend, by Major Crosby at St. Albones, and the proceedings of court thereupon, in quitting the said Crosby, and punishing the peaceable standers by, and some remarkable passages of Sir Harbottle Grimston in the said tryal : together also with certain queries, grounded upon the Act of Indempnity, especially recommended to the serious consideration of the said Sir Harbottle, and all the members of that Parliament whereof he was speaker.

Law unknown, or, Judgement unjust wherein is shewed, that some persons were indicted, judged, and condemned at the sessions in the Old Bailey, London, by an unknown Law, neither printed nor published, nor any ways knowable by the common people, whereby the inhabitants of this nation may perceive what unavoidable bondage and slavery they are going into : with a brief relation of the killing of John Townesend, by Major Crosby at St. Albones, and the proceedings of court thereupon, in quitting the said Crosby, and punishing the peaceable standers by, and some remarkable passages of Sir Harbottle Grimston in the said tryal : together also with certain queries, grounded upon the Act of Indempnity, especially recommended to the serious consideration of the said Sir Harbottle, and all the members of that Parliament whereof he was speaker.

Table of contents

Title page

§

A brief RELATION of the killing of John Towneſend by Major Edward Crosby, the 4th. of May 1662, at St. Albones in the County of Hartford, and the Proceedings of Court thereupon.

Mr. Grimſton's Speech in Parliament upon the Accuſation and Impeachment of William Laud, Arch Biſhop of Canterbury, of High Treaſon. Printed in the Year 1641. and now Reprinted for publick uſe.

Six Queries, ſeriouſly propounded to all, but eſpecially recommended to Sir Harbottle Grimſton, with the reſt of the Members of that Parliament, whereof he was SPEAKER; grounded upon the Act of Indemnity; whereby are pardoned all Treaſons, &c. as therein is mentioned; until the 24th. of June 1660, and no longer. Hereupon I Querie,

Querie 1.

Querie 2.

Querie 3.

Querie 4.

Querie 5.

Querie 6.

§

[Page]

Law Unknown, OR, Judgement Unjuſt.

Wherein is ſhewed, That ſome Perſons were Indicted, Judged, and Condemned at the Seſſions in the Old Bailey, London, by an Unknown Law, neither Printed nor Publiſhed; nor any ways knowable by the common People: Whereby the Inhabitants of this Nation may perceive what unavoidable Bondage and Slavery they are going into.

With a brief Relation of the Killing of John Townesend, by Major Crosby at St. Albones, and the proceedings of Court thereupon, in quitting the ſaid Crosby, and puniſhing the peaceable ſtanders by: And ſome remarkable Paſſages of Sir Harbottle Grimſton in the ſaid Tryal.

Together alſo with certain Queries, grounded upon the Act of Indempnity, eſpecially recommended to the ſerious Conſideration of the ſaid Sir Harbottle, and all the Members of that Parliament whereof he was SPEAKER.

How long will ye Judge unjuſtly: and accept the perſons of the Wicked?

Defend the poor and fatherleſs: do Juſtice to the afflicted and needy.

Deliver the poor and needy: rid them out of the hand of the wicked,

Pſal. 82.2, 3, 4.

Printed in the Year, 1662.

§

[Page]

[Page]

Reader,

I Know not whether this Paper will ever ſee the light of the ſun, or not; We being fallen into times of ſuch defection, and degeneracy, even from the common principles of the light of Nature, that Juſtice and Righteouſneſs ſeem baniſhed out of our Territories, and prohibited our Courts of Judicature: nothing more frequent than to call Light Darkneſs, and Darkneſs Light; Good Evil, and Evil Good; and accordingly to Juſtifie the Wicked, and Condemn the Innocent; Whereof this Paper contains one ſmall and petty Inſtance, which (compared with the great numbers of its fellows, and many of them much deeper in demerit) may be accounted a ſmaller proportion, than One, of a Thouſand: To make a particular calculation of all which, as it would be next to an impoſſibillity, (for they may well be called, Legion, or rather, many Legions; and would make a ſwelling Volumn, too big for this age well to bear.) So were it alſo like to be an undertaking of no great advantage; they appear ſo viſible in their own Light, that he who ſhould go about to demonſtrate them, ſhould do little better, than light up a Candle for men to ſee the Light of the Sun: Scarce any man's eyes ſo dim, but he now beholds them in their own Colours; and if there be yet a Blind man amongſt us, let him take an exact ſurvey of the proceedings of the Court at the Seſſions, held at the Old Baily in London, the 11th and 12th of this inſtant Auguſt, and there may he meet with Eye-ſalve, for the opening of his Eyes to ſee, the Door opened that leadeth Engliſh-men into the Paradiſe of unavoidable Bondage and Slavery. It was then, and there aſſerted once, and again, by him who ſat as Judge at the tryal of ſome men, who were then Indicted and Condemned by them, That they were not judged by any Act of Parliament, nor Statute Law; but by the Common Law, not Printed but Written; and ſuch which the Judge himſelf profeſſed in open Court, He had been Studying theſe forty years, and yet did not fully underſtand it; and therefore the Common People muſt be content to be ignorant of it. Oh England, England! Where is thy Magna Charta? Or what is become of thy Liberty, when thy free-born Subjects ſhall be Indicted, Judged, and Condemned by ſuch a Law, which was never Printed nor Publiſhed; and of the knowledge whereof they are no wayes capable?

A brief RELATION of the killing of John Towneſend by Major Edward Crosby, the 4th. of May 1662, at St. Albones in the County of Hartford, and the Proceedings of Court thereupon.

[Page]

[Page]

Upon the day aforeſaid, being Sabbath day, many People being met together in a peaceable manner at the Funeral of one Mrs. Terril, and one Mr. Heaward preaching unto them in a place called, either the Cloyſter, or, the Schoolwhite; the ſaid Croſby come ſwearing in a furious manner, calling them Rogues, and Rebels, (without any occaſion given him by the People, ſave onely their being met as aforeſaid) and directing his ſpeech to the ſaid Heaward, he cried out, Come down; Why prate you there? Come down, or I will pull you down. To which Heaward replied, If you have any Authority to command me to come down, I will obey it; but otherwiſe not. Then Croſby ſwore, He would fetch that which ſhould fetch him down, and ſo went away; but about half an hour after, he returned again, with a Piſtol cock'd in his hand; accompanied by one Tymothy Ratcliffe, a Conſtable of the Town, with a Fowling-piece in his hand. At which the People being much affrighted to ſee two men come againſt them with Fire-armes, ſome of them cried out, Murther, Murther. But Croſby, with his aſſiſtant Ratcliffe, preſſed in amongſt them; Whereupon the ſaid John Townſend uttered theſe words, Noble Major, Pray make no diſturbance, conſider it is the Sabbath day. Upon which Croſby replyed, You Rogue, do you tell me of the Sabbath day? and turned himſelf about towards Towneſend, (who ſtood almoſt behind him) and bending down the muzle of his Piſtol, (which before he carried upwards) preſented it againſt Towneſend, and gave fire upon him, and ſhot him, that he immediately died upon the place. And afterwards both Croſby and Ratcliffe made up towards the ſaid Heaward. Hereupon there was a great Cry among the People, ſome crying, Keep the peace, keep the peace. Others, Here is a man kil'd, Conſtable do your office; apprehend him that kil'd him, &c.

The Subſtance of this Relation was proved by ſubſtantial Evidence to the Court, and the Jury, and might have been farther teſtified (with other agravating Circumſtances) by a cloud of Witneſſes more, had not the Juſtices terrified them through fear, and with threatnings.

[Page]Upon all which, ſeveral of thoſe men who were peaceably met together as aforeſaid, were bound to their good behaviour, and Indicted for a Riot; eſpecially thoſe who cryed, Conſtable keep the peace, do your office, &c. But the ſaid Ratcliffe, who was aſſiſtant to Croſby and came with him armed as aforeſaid, contrary to the Law; and refuſed to do his Office, &c. and therefore in the eye of the Law was deeply acceſſary to the Fact, and ought to have been dealt with accordingly; was notwithſtanding (not onely unmoleſted, but) made Foreman of the Jury to try Crosby, who ſtood Indicted for Willful Murther. Yet nevertheleſs (though Ratcliff was Foreman) the Jury brought in the Bill, a true Bill: At which Sir Harbottle Grimſton demanded of them, Will you hang a Man upon ſuppoſition? Can you prove that he came with a full intent to kill him? or words to that effect. And bid them go again; which they did, ſome of them ſaying, They meant not to hang him, but thought they had done right; for they intended to do as they were bid, or words to that purpoſe. But (it ſeems not well underſtanding their Leſſon) the ſecond time they brought the Bill in Ignoramus; whereupon the ſaid Croſby was quit by Proclamation.

Now becauſe this ſtory hath filled the ears, and exerciſed the tongues of many,Your Speech to the King, Aug. 29 1660. far and near; Let us reaſon a little with Sir Harbottle Grimſton upon ſome Maxims of his own. Sir, it was your own obſervation very lately, that, To ſettle mens eſtates was the way to quiet their mindes. But how (think you) can we look upon our Eſtates as ſetled, or, what quietneſs can the mindes of Engliſh-men have, when their lives ſhall be in jeopardy every hour, and their perſons obnoxious to be aſſaulted, killed and murthered at the malitious rage of ſuch wicked and ungodly wretches as Croſby, if juſtice cannot be had againſt the Murtherers? If Jehu had reaſon to demand, What peace ſo long as the Whordoms of Jezabel, and her Witchcrafts are ſo many? How much more cauſe have Engliſh-men to ſay, What peaceable ſecurity have we, when the Juſtices upon the Bench, [and no leſs than a quondam Speaker of Parliament] ſhall countenance the Murtherer? Or, what Juſtice are we like to expect, when ſuch ſhall be made Foremen of the Jury to try Capital Offenders, who were themſelves acceſſary to the Crimes committed? eſpecially if accompanied with ſuch fellow Jurats, who ſhall ſay in open Court, They intended to do as they were bid? What is the Law? or, what is our ſecurity by it when thus perverted, and imployed to puniſh the Innocent, and diſcharge the Guilty? Peaceable men bound to their [Page] good behaviour, and Indicted as Rioters; and the Conſtable that aſſiſted the Murtherer with Fire-armes, made Foreman of the Jury; and the Murtherer quit by Proclamation upon an ignoramus Verdit. Was there ever the like preſident before, that a Jury ſhould be turned back when they had found a Bill, under the like proofs as in this caſe; and an ignoramuus Verdit received? The King hath loſt a Subject: This man kill'd him in the face of many Witneſſes; in the manner aforeſaid: and can the Bill be found ignoramus, and he that kill'd him quit thereupon? Where is the Juſtice of the Judge?Eccleſ. 10.16. Pſal. 82.2, 3 —Wo to thee oh Land (ſaith the Wiſe Man) when thy King is a Child, and thy Princes eat in the morning. How much more may we ſay, Wo to thee oh Land, when thy Judges are thine Oppreſſors, and thoſe that ſhould defend the cauſe of the Fatherleſs, and the Widow, ſhall defend the Murtherer, and the Peace-breaker? Surely ſuch wiſdom as this,Gen. 3.4, 5. was not conveyed by Divine intelligence into the Soul of the Jugde, but rather inſpired from him, who firſt taught men ſhifts to evade the dint of a righteous Law. I appeal to you Sir, who ſo lately was as the Mouth of the Commons of England, Speech to the King, Aug. 29 1660. 2 King. 4.40. Whether ſuch Juſtice as this will Deliver us from our Sufferings? Or, Knock off our Shakels? Or, Set us at Liberty? Will ſuch Judges and Judiciary proceedings turn our Priſon into a Paradiſe of Pleaſure, & fill the whole Nation with Joy, Love, and Peace? If this be the after-crop, which the fair weather of our Patience hath brought forth for us, what food can we expect therefrom, but ſuch as hath Death in it? Or, what contentment can any of the Loyal and Faithful Subjects of the Land receive thereby? Will ſuch Triacle as this, expel the poyſon of John Townſend's Blood, and make a Sacrifice to appeaſe God's wrath, and ſatisfie Divine Juſtice? Will God be mocked? Can you demand of him, whether Croſby intended to kill? Or, would you know his Judgement? Read Numb. 35.16. And if he ſmite him with an inſtrument of iron (ſo that he die) he is a murtherer; the murtherer ſhall ſurely be put to death. And verſ. 31. Moreover ye ſhall take no ſatisfaction for the Life of a murtherer, which is guilty of Death, but he ſhall be ſurely put to Death. But Croſby did more then this, his Act had Contrivance, and Deliberation in it; He firſt Threatned, then fetch'd his Piſtol, cock't it, and preſented it againſt Towneſend, gave fire and kill'd him; and afterwards purſued another man. Certainly this is no more like unto Murther, than one Egg is like another; and to ſay that Croſbey had an intent to kill a man, is (without all doubt) as bad us to call a Spade, a Spade; or, a Bottle, a Bottle. What greater demonſtration can you have of the inward Intention of [Page] any Murtherer? And yet would you reject a Verdict that found him guilty, and quit him upon an ignoramus? HEAR oh Heavens! and GIVE EAR oh Earth! and Conſider ye Juſtices of the Bench! Think not that God will be mock'd; Or, that Conſiderate Men will alwayes ſhut their Eyes: No, you do not dance in ſuch a Net, but many in City, and in Countrey do look upon you: This Story rings far and near; and is come very nigh unto the Ears of the King's Court. And let all ſuch folly be made manifeſt that it may proceed no further. 2 Tim. 3.9. Matth. 26.13.—Our Lord Chriſt ſaith, concerning the Woman that poured the box of Ointment on his Head, Whereſoever this Goſpel is preached, there ſhall this be told for a memorial of her. In like manner, whereſoever the name of Sir H. G. from henceforth ſhall be mentioned, let this ſtory be told, for the future ſhame, and reproof of all Contrivers of Injuſtice and Unrighteouſneſs in the ſeat of Judicature.

He that Juſtifieth the Wicked, and he that Condemneth the Juſt, even they both are abomination to the Lord,

Prov. 17.15.

Mr. Grimſton's Speech in Parliament upon the Accuſation and Impeachment of William Laud, Arch Biſhop of Canterbury, of High Treaſon. Printed in the Year 1641. and now Reprinted for publick uſe.

Mr. Speaker,

THere hath been preſented to the Houſe, a moſt faithful and exact report of the conference we had with the Lords yeſterday, together with the opinion of the Committees that were imployed in that ſervice: That they conceived it ſit the Arch Biſhop of Canterbury ſhould be ſequeſtred. I muſt ſecond the motion, and with the favour of this Houſe, I ſhall be bold to offer my Reaſons, why I conceive it more neceſſary we ſhould proceed a little further than the deſire of a bare Sequeſtration onely.

Mr. Speaker, Long Introductions are not ſuitable to weighty buſineſs; We are fallen upon the great man, the Arch Biſhop of Canterbury; Look upon him as he is in his Highneſs, and he is the Stye of all peſtilential filth, that hath infected the State, and government of the Church, and Common-wealth: Look upon him in his [Page] Dependancies, and he is the man, the onely man, that hath raiſed and advanced all thoſe, that (together with himſelf) have been the Authors and Cauſers of all the Ruines, Miſeries, and Calamities we now groan under. Who is it, but he onely that brought the Earl of Strafford to all his great places, and imployments, a fit Inſtrument, and Spirit to act, and execute all his wicked and bloody deſignes in theſe Kingdomes? Who is it, but he only that brought in Secretary Windebanke into the place of Secretary and Truſt; the very Broker and Pander to the Whore of Babylon? Who is it (Mr. Speaker) but he only, that hath advanced all Popiſh Biſhops? I ſhall name ſome of them, Biſhop Manwaring, the Biſhop of Bath and Wells, the Biſhop of Oxford, and Biſhop Wren (the leaſt of all) but the moſt unclean one. Theſe are men that ſhould feed Chriſt's Flock, but they are the Wolves that devoured them: The Sheep ſhould have fed upon the Mountains; but the Mountains have eat up the Sheep. It was the happineſs of our Church, when the zeal of God's Houſe did eat up the Biſhops; Glorious and brave Martyrs that went to the Stake in defence of the Proteſtant Religion: But the zeal of theſe Biſhops hath been to eat up, and perſecute the Church. Who is it (Mr. Speaker) but the great Arch Biſhop of Canterbury, that hath ſat the Helme to guide and ſteer them all to the managing of their Projects, that have been ſet on foot in this Kingdom theſe ten years laſt paſt? And rather than he would ſtand out, he hath moſt unworthily truck'd and chaffer'd in the meaneſt of them; as for inſtance, that of Tobacco, wherein thouſands of poor people have been ſtript, and turned out of their Trades, for which they have ſerved as Aprentices: We all know he was the Compounder, and Contractor with them for the Licences, putting them to pay Fines, and Fee, and Farm Rents to uſe their Trades. Certainly (Mr. Speaker) he might have ſpent his time better (and more for his grace) in the Pulpit, than thus ſharking and raking in the Tobacco ſhop.

Mr. Speaker, We all know what he hath been charged withal here in this Houſe; Crimes of a dangerous conſequence, and of tranſcendent nature; No leſs than the ſubverſion of the Government of this Kingdom, and the alteration of the Proteſtant Religion; and this not upon bare information onely, but much of it comes before us already upon clear and manifeſt proofs: And there is ſcarce any buſineſs, grievances, or complaints, come before us in this place, wherein we do not find him intermingled, and as it were twiſted into it; like a buſie and angry Waſp▪ his ſting in the tail of [...] [Page] thing. We have this day heard the report of the conference yeſterday; and in it the accuſations which the Scotch Nation have charged him withal; and we do all know he is guilty of the ſame, (if not more) in this Kingdom. —Mr. Speaker, He hath been and is, the common enemy of all goodneſs, and good men; and it is not ſafe that ſuch a Viper ſhould be near his Majeſties perſon, to diſtil his poyſon into his ſacred Ears; nor is it ſafe for the Common-wealth, that he ſhould ſit in ſo eminent a place of Government, being thus accuſed. We know what we did in the Earl of Strafford's Caſe.

This man is the corrupt Fountain, that hath infected all the Streams; and till the Fountain be purged, we cannot expect to have any clear Channels. I ſhall be bold therefore to offer my opinion, and if I erre, it is the error of my Judgement, and not my want of zeal and affection to the publick good. I conceive it moſt neceſſary and fit, that we ſhould now take up a reſolution, to do ſomewhat, to ſtrike whilſt the Iron is hot, and go up to the Lords, in the Name of the Commons of this Houſe, and in the Name of the Commons of England, and to accuſe him of High Treaſon; and to deſire their Lordſhips his perſon may be ſequeſtred, and that in convenient time they may bring up the charge.

Six Queries, ſeriouſly propounded to all, but eſpecially recommended to Sir Harbottle Grimſton, with the reſt of the Members of that Parliament, whereof he was SPEAKER; grounded upon the Act of Indemnity; whereby are pardoned all Treaſons, &c. as therein is mentioned; until the 24th. of June 1660, and no longer. Hereupon I Querie,

Querie 1.

1. VVHether ſuch men who after the ſaid 24th of June 1660. ſat and made Lawes as a Parliament, being not called by the Kings Writ according to Law, did not uſurp the Legiſlative power of the Nation, contrary to the Laws thereof? And whether this be not implied (at leaſt) in the Preamble to an Act, Entituled, An Act for confirmation of publick Acts; Made by the Parliament begun and held at Weſtminſter, the 8th day of May 1661?

Querie 2.

2. Whether ſuch as ſhall uſurpe the Legiſlative Power as aforeſaid, be not guilty of High Treaſon?

Querie 3.

[Page]

3. Whether (unleſs an Act of Pardon ſhall be made for them) the King may not at any time, when he findes cauſe, give forth Orders to apprehend, impriſon, and try any of them accordingly?

Querie 4.

4. Whether the King hath any reaſon to be gracious to, or confide in ſuch men? Or, Whether by the ſame Principles they may not act as much againſt the King, if occaſion ſerve, as they then ſeemed to do for him? For he whoſe Principle will ſerve to break the Law one way, why may it not ſerve him to break it the contrary way another time?

Querie 5.

5. Whether if the King ſhould alwayes connive thereat, it would not ſeem (at leaſt) to a great degree, to juſtifie the uſual plea of his Adverſaries, to make good their former proceedings againſt himſelf, who were wont frequently to plead Neceſſity, and not Law, for the ground, and juſtification of their actions?

Querie 6.

6. Whether it be ſafe for the King and Kingdom to let them all eſcape without ſome examples of Juſtice; inaſmuch as their proceedings in this kind ſeems ſo much to juſtifie the Plea of Neceſſity practiſed by others heretofore; and likewiſe tends very much to encourage other men in future time to dangerous practiſes upon the ſame principle?

FINIS.

Information about this book

Title statement

Law unknown, or, Judgement unjust wherein is shewed, that some persons were indicted, judged, and condemned at the sessions in the Old Bailey, London, by an unknown Law, neither printed nor published, nor any ways knowable by the common people, whereby the inhabitants of this nation may perceive what unavoidable bondage and slavery they are going into : with a brief relation of the killing of John Townesend, by Major Crosby at St. Albones, and the proceedings of court thereupon, in quitting the said Crosby, and punishing the peaceable standers by, and some remarkable passages of Sir Harbottle Grimston in the said tryal : together also with certain queries, grounded upon the Act of Indempnity, especially recommended to the serious consideration of the said Sir Harbottle, and all the members of that Parliament whereof he was speaker.

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1662

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2007-01 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1).

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A49746

ID [STC]

Wing L636

ID [STC]

ESTC R36860

ID [EEBO-CITATION]

16144337

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104844

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— Law unknown, or, Judgement unjust wherein is shewed, that some persons were indicted, judged, and condemned at the sessions in the Old Bailey, London, by an unknown Law, neither printed nor published, nor any ways knowable by the common people, whereby the inhabitants of this nation may perceive what unavoidable bondage and slavery they are going into : with a brief relation of the killing of John Townesend, by Major Crosby at St. Albones, and the proceedings of court thereupon, in quitting the said Crosby, and punishing the peaceable standers by, and some remarkable passages of Sir Harbottle Grimston in the said tryal : together also with certain queries, grounded upon the Act of Indempnity, especially recommended to the serious consideration of the said Sir Harbottle, and all the members of that Parliament whereof he was speaker.,

Extent

11 p.

s.n.,. [London] printed :: 1662.. (T.p. verso (p. [2]) and p. [4] blank.) (Reproduction of original in the Harvard Law School Library.)

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Users should be aware of the process of creating the TCP texts, and therefore of any assumptions that can be made about the data.

Text selection was based on the New Cambridge Bibliography of English Literature (NCBEL). If an author (or for an anonymous work, the title) appears in NCBEL, then their works are eligible for inclusion. Selection was intended to range over a wide variety of subject areas, to reflect the true nature of the print record of the period. In general, first editions of a works in English were prioritized, although there are a number of works in other languages, notably Latin and Welsh, included and sometimes a second or later edition of a work was chosen if there was a compelling reason to do so.

Image sets were sent to external keying companies for transcription and basic encoding. Quality assurance was then carried out by editorial teams in Oxford and Michigan. 5% (or 5 pages, whichever is the greater) of each text was proofread for accuracy and those which did not meet QA standards were returned to the keyers to be redone. After proofreading, the encoding was enhanced and/or corrected and characters marked as illegible were corrected where possible up to a limit of 100 instances per text. Any remaining illegibles were encoded as <gap>s. Understanding these processes should make clear that, while the overall quality of TCP data is very good, some errors will remain and some readable characters will be marked as illegible. Users should bear in mind that in all likelihood such instances will never have been looked at by a TCP editor.

The texts were encoded and linked to page images in accordance with level 4 of the TEI in Libraries guidelines.

Copies of the texts have been issued variously as SGML (TCP schema; ASCII text with mnemonic sdata character entities); displayable XML (TCP schema; characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or text strings within braces); or lossless XML (TEI P5, characters represented either as UTF-8 Unicode or TEI g elements).

Keying and markup guidelines are available at the Text Creation Partnership web site.