In the Survey of a Countrey, these things are observable.

First, Finis Pe­regrina­tionis sit notitia sextuplex, Ling [...]ae Regionis Religionis Rerum ge­starum morum & Clarorum virorum. Erpenius De Peregrination [...] Gallica. The Name and its derivation, the Latitude and Longitude of the place, the Temperature of the Climate, the goodness or barrenness of the Ground, the populousness or scarcity of the Peo­ple, the limits of the Countrey, how it is bounded by Sea or Land, or both, the Commodities, Natural, Artificial, the [Page 8]Dis-commodities, either Imperfections or Wants, the Manners, Shape, Lan­guage and Attire of the People, their Building, their Havens and Harbours, the Religion and Government, the History of the Countrey and Families.

2. The Courts of Jones in his Instru­ctions to Travellers mentions twelve ge­nerals. 1. Cosmo­graphie. 2. Astrono­my. 3. Geogra­phy. 4. Choro­graphy. 5. Topogra­phy. 6. Husban­dry. 7. Na­vigation. 8. The Po­litical State. 9. The Ecclesiastical State. 10. Literature. 11. Histories. 12. Chronicles, and under every one of these Heads, hath several particulars. Princes are to be seen and observed, especially when they give audience to Embassadors, the Courts of Justice whiles they sit and hear Causes, and so of Consistories Ec­clesiastick, the Churches and Monuments therein, the Walls and Fortifications, of Cities and Towns, Antiquities and Ruines, Libraries, Colledges, Disputati­ons and Lectures where they are, Ship­ing and Navies, Houses and Gardens of State and pleasure near great Cities; Armories, Arsenals, Magazines, Ex­changes, Burses, Ware-houses; Exer­cises of Horsemanship, Fencing, Train­ing of Soldiers, and the like; Treasuries [Page 9]of Jewels and Robes, Cabinets, and rare Inventions.

Aubertus Miraeus in the Life of Lipsius, saith, that when he came first to Rome, he spent all his time (when he was at leisure) in viewing the stones and antient places, and other rarities there, and spent his time in the Popes Vatican Library, in comparing together the Ma­nuscripts of Seneca, Tacitus, Plautus, Propertius, and other Antients. He view­ed also other famous Libraries publick and private.

Thirdly, The choice Herbs The Gar­dens, sorts of Herbs, Flowers, Arbours, Knots, Mounts. The Or­chards, sorts of Trees, Apples, Pears, Plumbs, Berries, Spices, Orrenges, Lemmons, Figs; the Vines, Vine-yards; sorts of Wine and Drinks. Jones. and Plants, Beasts, Birds, Fishes, and Insects proper to that Country, are to be taken notice of; Minerals, Metals, Stones, and Earths; their Proverbs also should be observed, in which much of the wisdom of a Nation is found.

Fourthly, Learned men, and such as have abilities in any kind, are worthy to be known, and the best Books there, are to be inquired after. Men that Travel [Page 10]must be very cautious both of their speech and demeanour; The Italian Pro­verb saith, For a man to travel safely thorough the world, It behoveth him to have a Faulcons Eye, an Asses Ears, a Monkies Face, Merchants Words, a Camels Back, a Hogs Mouth, and Deers Feet.

Sir Henry Wotton in his Letters, men­tions twice the answer that was given him by Alberto Scipioni, when he beg'd his advice, how he might carry himself securely at The Ae­thiopians say, when thou shalt go into a­nother Country, Ne sis si­cut tu, Esto sicut illi in Ita­liâ tota tria hac mihi serva, Frons tibi aperta, Lingua parca mens Clausam. Lipsn Epistola ad Lanoyum. In peregrinatione vitam agentibus hoc evenit, ut multa hospitia habeant nul­la amicitias, Seneca Epist. ad Lucilium Epist. 11. Peregri­m autem & in cola officium est, nihil praeter suum negoti­um agere, nihil de alio inquirere, miniméque in alienâ esse Republica Curiosum. Tull. Offic. l. 1. Rome, Signor Arrigomio (says he) Pensieri Stretti, Et il viso Sci­olto, Your thoughts close, and your Coun­tenance loose, will go safely over the whole world.

Fifthly, The prime Italian Dialect is Lingua Toscana in Bocca Ro­mana, the Tuscane Tongue in a Romane mouth. Howels Instructions for Forreign Travels. Make choice of the best pla­ces for attaining of the Language, as Valladolid for the Spanish, Orleans, or Blois for the French, Florence or Sienna for the Italian, Lipsick or Heidelberg for the High-Dutch Tongues: in these places the best Language is spoken.

Abraham Ortelius in his Itinerari­um Belgiae, perswades Travellers to note, and observe what they see most memora­ble; Peregrinationes nostrae futurae nobis erunt longe gratiores, si una cum itineri­bus animadvertamus, & annotemus in Chartis, si quid observatione dignum oc­currerit.

What profit Travelling brings to an Architect, Vitruvius shews, what to a Souldier, Vegetius, what to a Limner or Statuary, the Horses of Phidias These with o­ther Col­lossi Sta­tues and Pictures are yet at Rome. and Praxiteles made by art, witness; Mer­chandise is almost maintained by Travel; How much are Cosmography, Topo­graphy and Astronomy, improved and furthered by Travel.

Change of Air by Travelling, after one is used unto it, is good: And there­fore [Page 12]great Travellers have been long liv'd: The Countries which have been observed, to produce long livers, are these; Arcadia, Aetolia, India, on this side Ganges, Brasil, Topropane, Bitain, Ireland, with the Islands of the Arcades, and Hebrides, Sir Francis Bacon's History of Life and Death.

How much may the art of Navigation further the spreading of the Gospel! Rem pro­fecto fa­stigio suo dignam principes fecerint, si sasseis non ad divitias indagandas, quae hodie sola fere pe­riculosarum & longin quarum navigationem ille cebra est, sed ad verbi dominici promulgationem inter illos populos ad huc veri luce destitutos, missis ad hoc theologis propagandam instruerent, si quid inde utilitatis postea ex commercii li­bertate in publico rediret, in lucro ponentes & accessionis loco accipientes, nam ex eo esset ut Dei gratia, sine qua nihil pos­sumus, expeditionibus illis aspiraret, & aspirante illa citra sanguinem & indigenarum vexationem res in his regionibus, quantum ad religionem & civilem administrationem felici­oribus auspiciis, administrarentur, quam ab Hispanis factum est, qui avaritia Caeci xxx. Annos mutuis lanienis miseros indigenas in Indiis & ad extremum seipsos grassante inter eos divina ultione confecerunt. Thuan. Hist. lib. 64. Dan. 12.4. Many shall run to and fro, and knowledge shall be increased, that is, say some Expositors by Travelling to and fro, as the Waldenses to learn and propagate the Truth, knowledge shall [Page 13]be multiplied in the earth in the last time. The same word is used, Numb. 11.8. Of the Children of Israel going about to gather Manna, and of the Devils go­ing to and fro, Job. 1. and 7. Manifest­ly intimating, saith, Sir Francis Bacon, De Augmentis Scientiarum l. 2. c. 10. Et Nov. Org. l. 1. Aphor. 93. that God would so order it by his providence, that the passing through the world (which is now fulfilled by so many far Navigati­ons) and the increasing of Sciences should fall into the same age.

Orbis terrarum factus est hac no­stra aetate, mirum in modum faenestra­tus atque patens Baconus De Augmentis Scientiarum, l. 2. c. 10. Nostris tempo­ribus & novi orbis partes complures, & veteris orbis extrema undique innotescunt. Baconus Nov. Org. l. 1. Aphor. 72.

In the Philosophical Conferences of the Virtuosi of France Conference 87. It is determined whether Travel be necessary to an ingenuous man. He saith there, if you except Embassies, Imperetam anima ho­mo, qui Circum scribitur natalis soli fine, Seneca. in which the good of the State drowns all other considera [...]i­ons, those that would Travel must be [Page 14]young and strong, rich and well borne, to get any good by their Travells.

La Moth le Vair in his Opuscules Lettre 6. Humiles istae & plebeae animae do­mi resident & affixae sunt suae terrae: illa divinior est quae coelum im­itatur & gaudet motu. Lipsii Epistola de Peregrinatione Italica. Hodie magnum dedecus est Germanis patrios tantum nosse mores; praecipua vero pars laudis exteras regiones, ad mi­nimum, Italiam, Gallias, Hispaniam, Belgiam, Angliam, ve per lustralle. Balduini Oratio Panegyrica. Speaks of the profit of Voyages, and Lettre 7. of the unprofitableness of them, he saith in the sixth Letter, that Travelling is the best School for life, in several respects: The French say Ʋn ho­neste homme, Est un homme meste, an ho­nest or wise man is a mixt man, that is, one who hath somthing in him, in point of knowledge of all Nations.

Charles the fifth made Nine Voyages, The States of the Em­pire. Dial. 1. into Germany, Six into Spain, Seven in­to Italy, four into France, Ten into the Low-Countries, Two into England, as many into Affrica, he also passed the Ocean and Mediterranean Seas eleven times.

The Emperour Hadrian travelled o­ver a great part of the world, Linguetus non minus doctrina quàm diu­turna to­tius Euro­pae pera­gratione Clarus Bo­dini me­thodus Ad Facilem Historiarum Cognitionem. Polybius nequid falsi scriberet imprudens, in longe semotas profectus est oras, easque suis lustravit oculis Diodor. Sicul. Ex testimonia Justini martyris, annos triginta Europiam atque Aliam lustravit Pauli Poet. not. in Marc. & Com. Imperat. Vitam. Pros­per Alpinus olim Aegyptum magno cum fructu studiosae ju­ventutis peragravit. Pignorii mensae Isiacae expositio Pytha­goras quidem inter Barbaros discendi causa peregrinatus est, atque ut nonnulli tradiderunt, Prophetam Ezechielem vi­dit Douneaeus in Chrysost. Vide Selden. de jure, &c. Lib. 1. Cap. 2. and with his Head bare, though it was cold and wet, and so fell into a deadly dsease; whence the Verses of Florus the Poet, whom Salmasius (in his notes on Aelius Spartianus) thinks to be the Historian, who elegantly wrote the Epitome of the Roman affairs and lived under Hadrian.

To which the Emperour answered in the like strain

But (saith Stuckius) how many Chri­stian Princes and Nobles are now to be found, In his Scholia in Arriani Periplum Pontei Euxini. William Postel a French-man, was a great Traveller and Mathematician. more like Florus than the Empe­rour Adrian?

They that have written the Iteneraries of the Apostles, See 2 Cor, 11.25. have observed that St. Paul Travel'd much farther, than either St. Peter or St. John, as they have de­scribed the circuite; and Purchas both Divines, of which last, Dr. Casaubon of Credulity and Incredulity, part first, [Page 17]saith, a book of very good worth with them that know the right use, and more valued abroad, than it is at home by ma­ny. Of the Navigation of the French into America, Johannes Lerius hath writ­ten well of the Probae­bile est ideo poetas fixisse Ae­neam, Her­culem, The seum, Pyritho­um, Ʋlys­sem & Or­pheum, ad inferos de­scendisse, propter longinquas Eorum Naviga­tiones qui­bus a Con­spectu ho­minum diu sepa­rati, mox reduces, Existimati sunt eo pervenisse si animae post mortem degunt Morysoti Orbis. Maritimi Hist. l. 1. c. 33. Navigations of the Por­tugals and Spaniards, See Guicciardines History of Italy, lib. 6. Of those of the English, Hackluit speaks sufficiently. Of the profit which comes to men by Na­vigations, see Fourniers Hydrography, l. 4. c. 9. and of the Faith enlarged and amplified by means of Navigation: See the same book, chap. 6. There are also the Navigations and Voyages of Leyis Vertomannus, and Cadamusti Navigatio ad terras ignotas, of whom Peter Mar­tyr saith, in the seventh Chapter of his second Decade, that he stole certain An notations out of the three first Chapters of his first Decade, written to Cardinal Ascanius and Acimboldus, supposing that he would never have published the same.

Dr. Casaubon (in his first part of Cre­dulity and Incredulity, in things Natural, Civil and Divine) saith, I have (as all men, I think have, that are any thing curious) read several relations of all the known parts of the world, written by men of several Nations and Professi­ons, Learned and Unlearned, in divers Languages; by men of several ages, an­cient and late.

There are divers Hodaeporica Voyages, and Itineraries, Antient, Modern, in Prose, Verse, in Latin, French, English.

Vixit Benjamin ut ejus in­terpres be­nedictus Arias [...] tes­tatur, an­no ab orbe Condito. 4033. Drus. Ob­servat. Sac. l. 13. c. 2. Benjamin Tidelensis, his Itinerary. He was a Jew, and travelled over a great part of the world. Ecchellensis in his Pre­face to his Historia Arabum seems to slight him: Constantine l'Empereur (who hath publisht notes upon him) saith, in his Dissertat. Ad Lectorem. Cum judicio legen­dum hoc itinerarium, nec auctori in om­nibus habenda fides, praesertim ubi suorum conditionem ac statum extollit: plurima tamen notatu digna passim occurrunt, ut quae de locorum distantiis aliisque annotat.

There is Cotovici Itinerarium Hiero­solymitanum & Syriacum.

Busbequii Angeriue Gistenus Busbequius multis legationibus Elarus. Auberti­miraei Vita Justi Lipsii.Itinerarium Constantino­politanum [Page 19]& Amasianum.

Douza de Itinere Constantinopolitano.

Furerii Itenerarium Aegypti, Arabiae, &c.

Antoninus his Seu An­tonii, seu Antonini, seu Aethici, Itinerari­um Zeileri Historici, Chronologi, &c. Geographi. Antonini Itinerarium sive Ae­thici potius Vossii not ae in Fragmentum Peripli Ponti Euxini. Itinerary (if it be his) for both Thuanus and Vossius De Histori­cis Latinis, l. 3. c. 2. and others, seem to question it, with Mr. Burtons Commen­tary.

There are Les Fameux Voyages De Pietro De le Valle Surnomme Illustre Voyageur in three Quartoes. His Travels into East-India, and Arabia Deserta, are Translated into English by Havers, and so I think are the other in three Quar­toes.

Voyage d'Orient du Philippe Carme Dechause Sieur de Loyer, his Relation de voyage de Levant De la Haie of the Levant, and also Blunts voyage into the Levant. Divers Voyages du P. Alexandre De Rhodes.

Voyages du Seigneur de Villamont in three Books.

Voyage de la terre Sainte.

Voyage du Duc de Rohan en Italie, Alemagne, Pays has uni, Angleterre & Escosse.

Jo. Hugenvans Linschotens Discourse of Voyages into the East and West-Indies, whom Mr. Boyle In his Sceptical Chymist. stiles the sober rela­ter of his Voyages.

Sir Francis Drakes Voyages. Thuanus calls our He was the next after Ma­gellanus, that sailed round a­bout the World. See Camdens Britannia in Devonshire. Drake, Celeberrimus universi orbis lustrator. Paulus Venetus hath writ­ten both an Itinerary, and three Books, de Religionibus Orientalibus.

Some think him somewhat fabulous for what he reports of Quinsay. Dolendum est Marci Pauli Ve­meti Itine­rari totum mendaciis ab impo­store quodam contaminatum. Quis enim credit illa quae de Quinsai scribit, pontes in ea lapideos duodecim mille altissimos sub nixos fornicibus fuisse ita ut [...]ves erectis malis ea per­navigare potuerint. Hornius de Orig. Gent. Amerba. c. 3. Dr. Heylin in his Cosmography in Madagas­car one of the Afracan Isles, for what he relates of the Bird called Ruck, of such [Page 21]incredible strength and bi [...]ness, that it could snatch up an Elephant, as easily as a Kite doth a Chicken.

Mr. Burton in his Melancholy, part 2. Sect. 2. Member 3. p. 244. saith, I would censure all Plinies, Solinus, Strabo's, Sir John Mandevils, Olaus Magnus, Marcus Polus, lies.

Apollo said to the Author of the Chi­na History, that he should reduce the immense Metropolitan City of so many Kingdoms, inhabited by many millions of men to some credible measure; and particularly, that he should bring the Palace of that King, which he had affirm­ed to be many miles long, to such a form, as Vitruvius should not laugh at him for it; saying, that if that building were so great as he had described it to be, the Halls must needs be half a mile long, and the Chambers little less; which if it were true, the whole Academy of Ar­chitects had reason to say, that to bring the meat but to the Table, the servants of so great a King must ride Post. Bocca­lini his Advertisements A very ingenuous piece much prized by Mr. Selden, and which cost him his life. from Per­nassus. Century 2d. 16th. Advertisement.

Yet Mr. Boyle in his experiments touching Cold, Title 19. saith of him, a writer not always half so fabulous as many think him, and Scickard in his Ta­rich. p. 185. saith, Marcus Polus Vene­tus, Minime vanus author, Cujus Nar­rata pridem incredibilia, quotidie magis magisque verificantur.

There is Relation du Voyage de Mus­covie,Mr. Ter­ries Voy­age into the East-Indies, and the Histo­ry of the Caribee Islands, which I have seen in French, and is translated into Eng­lish by J. Davis.Tartarie & de Perse du Sieur Ole­arius Secretaire de Duc de Holstein. Both the Author and Book are commended by Bochart in his late learned Treatise de A­nimalibus Scripturae. It is now translated into English. Mr. Boyle stiles him the Applauded Writer Olearius. In his Ex­perimental History of Colours, Experiment 9. He stiles him the Judicious Olearius, who was twice imployed as a publick Minister.

There is the world surveighed, or Vincent le Blanck's Travels; He spent fifty years making ten or twelve Voy­ages almost through all the parts of the World. Mr. Boyle calls him that Ram­bler about the world.

There are also Morysons Travels, George Sandy's Travels, and Sir Edwine Sandes his Relation of the State of Re­ligion in the Western parts of the world, both very good.

Biddulph's Travels.

Herbet's Travels.

Monsieur de Monfart's Travels.

The Preacher's Travels.

Coriat's Crudities.

Lithgow's Travels.

Ferdinand Mendez a Pinto's Travels; who five times suffered Shipwrack, was sixteen times sold, and thirteen times made a slave, and spent one and twenty years in Travelling.

Sir John Mandevil's Travels.

He Travelled thirty three, thirty four years, say some.

He was in Scythia, the greater and less, Armenia, Egypt, both Lybia's, Arabia, Syria, Media, Mesopotamia, Persia, Chaldaea, Greece, Illyricum, Tartary, and divers other Kingdoms of the world.

He committed his whole Travel of thirty three years to writing, in three di­vers Tongues, English, French and La­tine. Purchas his Pilgrimage. part 3. l. 3. c. 6. out of Baleus.

Joannes Mandevile, Non minimam Consecutus est laudem describendo regiones, vel opere de re medica. Vossius 'De Hist. Lat. l. 3. ca. 2.

B. De Bri­tannica­rum Ec­clesiarum primordi­is c. 13. Ʋsher, speaking of Cloughte Kil­ti in Cork, saith, In quo fundamenta con­spiciuntur amplissimae domus, quam no­bilis illius Johannes Magnavillani (sive de Mandevile 34. annorum peregrinatione notissimi) fuisse tradunt accolae.

Quibus relationibus olim fides nulla­tenus fuit adhibita, Spizelius de re itera­ria Sinensium, sect. 2.

Yet Sir Walter Raleigh in his History of the World, part 4. l. 4. c. 2. sect. 21. and Dr. Heylin in his Cosmography (as he somewhat improperly Non par­vum erro­rem Com­misisse mihi videnturi, qui glo [...]i terrae & a­quae de­scriptio­nem, propium, particulareque Geographiae nomen habentem Communi, generalique nomine Cosmographiam appellant. Barocii Praefatio ad Cosmographiam. stiles his great Folio) speaking of India, p. 882. shew, how he was honoured abroad, and how many of his relations (though esteemed fabulous by some) were since confirm­ed by the Portugals.

Daviti in his book entitled, Le Monde, Mentions Malherbe for a great Travel­ler, spending twenty seven years in di­vers Voyages almost through all the parts of the World.

Purchas in his second part of his Pil­grims, l. 10. c. 1. Speaks of Damian a Goes, a Portugal, who did see, speak, and was conversant with all the Kings, Prin­ces, Nobles, and chief Cities of all Chri­stendome, in the space of twenty two years.

Mr. Greaves in his Pyramidographia, Mentions the Travels of Monsieur de Breves Embassador at Constantinople, les Voyages de Monsieur de Breves, which I have purchased from France.

Alexandre de Rhodes, in the third part of his Voyages, ch. 13. Speaks of Monsieur de Boulaye, which hath pub­lished, Ʋn tres beau liure de ses voyages, ou il faut voir ec autant de fidelite,Yanaquil­lus Faber in his notes on the sixth book of Lucretius c. 1. saith, Lambertus Massiliensis, hath left a little Book, De Peregrinatione Aegyptiaca, print­ed at Paris, which he undertook 1626.que de nettete d'esprit, la, Conduite qu' il a monstree sans des Royaumes si differents.

He hath travelled over (saith he) the greatest part of Europe, Asia, and Afri­ca. I have seen that French Book also.

There is Alex. Geraldini Itinerarium ad regiones sub Aquinoctiali, in sixteen Books.

There are also Relations of Divers Curious Voyages by Monsieur Thevenot, There are also the Repub­licks of several na­tions in little por­table books. in three Tomes, and Relation Du voyage, de l'Eveque de Breyte, per la Turquie, la Perse, les Indes, &c. jusques au Royaume de Siam, & autres lieux par M. de Bour­ges, Prestre, &c. Both mentioned in the Philosophical Transactions. I have mu­stered up these several Itineraries and Voyages, both because I have perused most, if not all of them, (except the two last) when I was about my great book of Geography, though it be not yet printed. And because I suppose Travel­lers may hereby furnish themselves with the best writers of those parts of the world, whether they intend to go, ei­ther to instruct them about those places before they go, or to carry with them: Who ever since the beginning of things and men, hath been so often by royal imployment sent Embassador to so many Princes so distant in place so different [Page 27]in rites, as Sir Robert Sherlie! There are the three English Brothers, and Sir Robert Sherley his Embassy into Po­land, both Printed. See Finets Observat. page 136, 137. 172, 173, 174, to 177. Two Em­perours, Rodolph and Ferdinand, two Popes, Clement and Paul, twice the King of Spain, twice the Polonian, the Mus­covite also, have given him Audience. And twice also (though not the least for a born subject to be Embassador to his Soveraign) his Majesty hath heard his Embassage from the remote Persian. Pur­chas his Pilgrims, part 2. l. 10. c. 10.

Dr. Nicholas Wotton (Uncle to Sir Henry Wotton) was Privy-Counceller to four successive Soveraignes, Viz. King Henry the 8th. Edward the 6th. Queen Mary, Queen Elizabeth. He was nine times Embassadour for the Crown of England, to the Emperour, the Kings of France and Spain, and other Princes. Camdens Hist. of Q. Elizabeth.

Some have instanced in several English Embassadours, how well they have ac­quitted themselves; but I shall single out one as very deserving. The Ap­pendix to the Histo­ry of Mr. Medes life.

Sir Thomas Rowe, after many Ambas­sages to almost all the Princes, and States in Christendome; (all which were man­aged [Page 28]with admirable Dexterity, Success and Satisfaction) was last of all Ambas­sador Extraordinary to Ferdinand the third, Emperour of Germany; who gave him this Character, I have met with ma­ny Gallant Persons of many Nations, but I scarce ever met with an Ambassador till now.

Bishop Bedell was Chaplain to Sir Henry Wotton at Venice. Dr. Featly, to Sir Thomas Edmonds in France. Dr. John Burgesse, to Sir Horatio Vere, in Germany.

Mr. Boyle in his Preface to his Expe­riments, touching Cold, commends Captain James his Voyages, it being scarce, and not to be met with, in Purchas's Tomes (having been written some years after they were finished) and his Voy­ages published by the last Kings com­mand; He stiles him in his Book, that Ingenuous Navigator He being bred in the University, and acquainted with the Mathematicks.

He commends also Mr. Ligon of the Barbado's, Neither of these two have I seen. and stiles him ingenious Mr. Ligon,

But enough (if not too much) of this.

Geographers, who write of the four parts of the Earth, are as large in Europe, as in the other three, Asia, Africa, and America, To which one part, all learn­ing [Page 29]seemeth now to be in a manner con­fined; which within this hundred, or two hundred years, hath produced so many able men of all professions; Di­vines, Lawyers, Physicians, and Philo­sophers; Papists and Protestants.

Bolton in his Nero Caesar. c. 29. sect. 1. speaking of ancient Rome, saith, The wonder of the feat did not grow from the greatness only, but from the innumera­ble ornaments of publick, and private works, erected for use, delight, and glo­ry, dispersed over all the fourteen wards, or regions thereof. Temples, Forums, Li­braries, Therms, Aquaducts, Theaters, Amphitheaters, Circi, Porticus, Ar­ches, Columns, Statues, Palaces, and the rest, whose bare names scarce remain­ing, do fill up Volums with their invento­ries.

The best Circuit a Traveller can take, is to go through Holland towards Ger­many, thereby to satisfie his curiosity by degrees, for Germany will afford more satisfaction than the Low-Countries; France more then Germany, Italy more then France, Gerbiers subsidium Pere­grinantibus.

Paris, Rome, and Constantinople, are the Court of the World; Venice Gene­va, and Lisbon, the City; Provence, An­daluzia, and Italy the Garden, Africk, and America, the Desart and Wilder­ness.

Flecknoes Relation of twenty years Travels, Letter 22.

Johnson in his Relation of the most famous Kingdoms. l. 1. of Travel, ad­viseth a Traveller to take heed of the Pride of Spain, Dr. Hall thinks Ita­ly a dange­rous place for Youth. Ʋrsin, in a Gratulatory Epistle to a friend returned out of Italy, addes, Ex cloaca diabolorum. Necesse est peregri­ [...]aturam habere duos saccos, patientiae unum, pecuniae alte­rum. Commenii Praxis Senicae par. 5. Actus 4. S [...]e­na. 1. the Poyson of Italy, the Treason of France, and the drink of Flanders.

Those who have a desire to travel to Jerusalem should take heed to themselves; that they make no Shipwrack of Con­science, for if they come not well com­mended, or well monyed, or both, there is no being for them, except they par­take with them in their Idolatrous Ser­vices. Purchas his Pilgrimage, part 2. l. 8. ch. 9.

Lud. Bartema Relates, that they that Travel over the Desarts of Arabia, which are all covered with light and fleeting Sands, so that no Track can ever be found, do make certain boxes of wood, which they place on Camels backs, and shut themselves in them, to keep them from the Sands, and by the help of the Load-stone, like the Marriners Compass, they steer their Course over the vast and uncouth Desarts.

The Latine, the French, the Sclavo­nick, and the Arabian Tongue, are known in many places, For Africa; Leo Leo Af [...] in rebus Africanis fere instar omnium esse potest Hosmanni mantica. Leo Afri­canus A man of no small cre­dit among them who are well versed in the History of the World. Dr. Casaubon of Credulity and Incredulity part. 1. Some say Golnitz is the best Itinerary for France, & le Voiageur Irancois, Jodocus Sincerus his Itinerarium Gallia is well liked. is the best, for the Levant; Blunt is a good book to take with thee thither, and some others I have before-named; for Italie, Scotti & Capugnani Itinerarium Italiae, & Raimunds Mercurio Italico, will be useful; for France, Dallingtons View of France, and Mr. Evelins little book, for the Polity or Government; for Holland, Colnitzius, for Germany Zeiler.

Sir Benjamin Ruddierd (whose dis­course and speeches were full of Apo­thegmes) was wont to say, France was a good Country to ride through, Let Italy glory in this, that it is for pleasure the Gar­den of the World. It may be truly said of great Britain, that it is the Court, and presence Chamber of the great King, Esa. 8.8. Ezek. 48.35. Surely few parts of all the Earth are like England, for the Showers of Heaven, and the Riches of the precious Ordinances of God. Mr. Baxters Direct. to the Conver­ted, for their Establishment. Italy a good Country to look upon, Spain a good Country to understand, but England a good Country to live in.

So wishing the Traveller a prospe­rous Voyage, There cast Anchor.

Cowells Intepreter.

Coyning of Money is a special right [Page 36]and Prerogative of Soveraigne Freherus in his Dia­tribe or Exposition of Con­stantines Silver Coyn, saith, the Roman Princes, in cunen­da moneta non minimam majestatis suae partem posuerunt, and that Constantine the Emperour first ingraved the Crosse upon his Coyn, which his successors after observed, as we may see among Antiquaries. Majesty, Mony is as the sinews and strength of a state, so the life and soul of Commerce.

Mony, Commonly is the mean for all Commodities, and answereth to all, Ec­cles. 10.19. Yet the Spaniards Com­ing into the West-Indies, had many Com­modities of the Country which they needed, brought unto them by the In­habitants; to whom, when they offered them Money, goodly pieces of Gold Coyn, the Indians taking the Mony, would put it into their Mouths, and spit it out to the Spaniards again, signifying, that they could not eat it, or make use of it; and therefore would not part with their Commodities for Money, unless they had such other Commodities as would serve their use.

That Money hath been anciently used in a way of Commerce, we may see Gen. 33.19. And the most ancient was the [Page 37]purest Gold. Medals are certain pieces of Money dispersed at the Coronation of Kings. They call them commonly Me­dallias, in the Italian, Spanish, and French Languages, (saith Antoninus Augustinus, De veterum numismatum Antiquitate) from the Latine word Metalla, since those three Languages had their Original from the Latine.

Pope Gregory the 13th after he had received tidings in the Consistory of the Massacres in France, So in France, Medals were made in remem­brance of the Massa­cres, the Image of Charles the ninth, sit­ing in his royal Throne, and in one side, Virtus in Rebelles, and on the re­verse of it, the Arms of France, & Pietas excitavit Justi­tiam Horae subcesivae. On some of Vespatians Coyn, the State of Judea is Deciphered, in form of a Captive Wo­man, with a ruefull Aspect, sitting under a Palm-Tree. one thousand five hundred and seventy two, went to the Church that night to give thanks, made Bonfires, and gloried in the bloody feats of those Emissaries, having a Coyn with his own Face on one side, and an Angel on the other; with a Cross in one hand, and a Sword in the other, with this Motto, Hugonothorum Strages.

Lewis the 12th of France, a moderate Prince, when his Realm was interdicted by Pope Julius the second, caused Coyn to be stamped with his own image, Id. Ibid. with this superscription, See the Expositors on Act. 19.24. Perdam Nomen Ba­bylonis.

In Athens the Tower excelled, Mr. Selden before the English Historians Printed by Mr. Bee, Citeth, Ludovicus Paruta his Originale de. Yet Mr. Selden in h [...]s notes on Eadmerus, saith, Caeterum ad vetustum Archie­piscoparum in Cantuaria jus spectat etiam forsan priscu­numisma cujus pars altra Plegmundi Archiepiscopi, alte­ra Eicmundi cusoris nomine signata est vide plura Ibid. in which there was a Temple to Minerva. Juleus Pollux writes, that the Attick te­tradrachme was stamped with the face of Minerva, and he might have added with the Noctua on the reverse. Mr. Greaves of the Denarius. Hugh Broughton said, it was portended by his Arms, that he should be a Grecian, for he gave the house Athens.

There is a Medal in Oxford made upon the sinking of the Spanish ships in 88. Goltzius is the most copious & best writer about Medals. with a Navy on one side and a Rock on the other. See Cambdens Annals.

The Lydians first invented Gold and Silver Money, Janus Brass Money.

Gutherius De Offi­cio Domus Augustae. l. 3. c. 1. Bonitas Monetae est intriuseca vel extrin­seca. In­trinseca consistit in preciositate materiae & in pondere. Extrinseca bo­nitas consistit in aestimatione publica vel voluntariam Contrahentium. Angelocrator De Monetas c. 2. out of Isidore, saith three things are required in Money; the Metal, the Figure, and the Weight; Gold is the most excellent of all Metals, saith Georgi­us Agricola. Gold hath Greatness of Weight, Closeness of Parts, Fixation, Pliantness, or Softness, Immunity from Rust, Colour or Tincture of Yellow.

Sir Francis Bacon's Natural History, Centuary 4. Experiment 328.

Martiall calls Gold, Yellow Mony. The pure­ness and fineness of the Coyns, and the weight for the intrin­sick, and the outward form or Character, and inscription of the Prince or State for the Extrinsick of Coyns, is observed by know­ing bankers. Mr Greaves of the Denarius. Has nisi de flaxa loculos implere moneta. Non decet, argentum vilia ligna ferant. Silver is next to it, it is not consumed in the fire. It is more ductile than any other metal except Gold. Its white co­lour is delightful.

Yet Budaeus De Contemptu Rerum Fortuitorum l. 3. saith well, At Ʋsu subla­to quid tandem aurum & argentum aliis praestat metallis,

Diligent inquiring into Coyns, Felix sine diphthon­go. Con­sensus li­brorum & nummo­rum. Fe­cundus sine diphthongo? Eadem monum enta antiqua Dilher­ri Apparatus Philologiae. Vide Vossii Etymologicon Lin­guae Latinae, Melius scribitur hoc nomen cum aspiratione Ha­drianus, nam ita nummi & lapides Constanter. Casaub. notae in Aelii Spartiani Hadrianum: Scilicet ex statuis numis atibusque cognoscere licet qualis fuerit vultus ha­bitusque clarorum virorum faeminarumque illustrium, quorum nos actiones auditae delectant; qua forma fuerint Dii de aeque, & Heroes prisci cum suis illis insignibus; Cujusmodi fuerint sive ornamenta, sive instrumenta religio­num, bellornm, magistratuum, Coronae, Curras, trium­phi, sed ilia inumeraquc id genus alia. Vide Gassendii vitam Leireskii l. 6. p. 552, 553. is one great piece of antiquity; by the know­ledge of which (as other ways) we may come to understand the right wri­ting of several words.

Heliogabalus, or Algebalus rather, as he was stiled of old, as Egnatius (Notis ad Caesares) proves out of some old Coyns.

Leonardus Aretinus, in the fourth Book of his Epistles, describing his journy from [Page 41] Rome to Constance, saith, when he en­quired of some Citizens there, of the an­tiquity and original of Constance, nemo adhuc mihi occurrit, qui vel avi sui nomen & memoriam ne dum urbi tenere vide­retur. Yet by diligent searching, he found a Marble Table Containing ancient let­ters, by which it appears, that this Ci­ty took its name from Constantius the Father of Constantine, being called Vi­tudura.

There is much learned pleasure in the Contemplation of the several figures stamped on each side of these Attique Coyns. Would you see the true and un­doubted models of their Temples, Altars, Deities, Columns, Gates, Arches, A­quaeducts, Bridges, Sacrifices, Vessels, Sellae Curules, Ensignes and Standards, Naval and Mural Crowns, Amphithea­ters, Circi, Bathes, Chariots, Tro­phies, Ancilia, and a thousand things more. Repair to the old Coyns and you shall find them. Peachams Compleat Gentleman, ch. 12.

There is a twofold Inscription of Coyns, obversa and aversa.

Vide Seldenum De Jure Naturali. l. 6, c. 17.

I have heard of some men, Dr. Ca­saubone of Credulity and Incre­dulity in things Na­tural, Ci­vil and Di­vine part 2 (but heard it onely) who by the bare handling and smelling, would judge better of old Coyns (which is a great trade beyond the Seas, and concerning which, many Books are written) than others, not al­together strangers unto them, could by the sight.

The general names for Money among the Romans are three, Apud Ro­manos quidem res nummaria tria habet generalia vocabula, quibus nominatur, Moneta, Pecunia, Nummus. Georg. Agricola De Veteribus & Novis Metal­lis. l. 1. Moneta, Numus, Pecunia.

First, Moneta (whence the French Monnoye) à Monendo, because it sheweth us the Author, the Value and the time.

Numisma, quasi Nomisma à nomini­bus scilicet & effigiebus principum quae ei imprimebantur, Isidorus dici putat. Wa­serus De Antiquis Numis Hebraeorum, Chaldaeorum & Syrorum c. 11.

Secondly, Numus, or Nummus ra­ther, saith Vossius, a Numa, saith An­gelo Cretor, it hath rather a Greek Ori­ginal, [...] from the Law, because [Page 43]it is a Legitimate and publick price. No­misma and Numus (saith Martinius) seem to be of the same Original.

Thirdly, Pecunia, either from the Images of Pecuni­am à pe­cum di­ctam esse constat, sed quae sit causa originis parum convenit inter auctores. Vossii Etymologicum Linguae Latinae. Cattel stamped upon it, or from their skin out of which mony was Coyned.

Gen. 33.19. For an hundred pieces of money, the Greek and Chaldee translate it, a hundred Lambs. Others think they were pieces of money, on which the ima­ges of Lambs were stamped. So in Jos. 24.32. Job 42.11. Ainsworth, Vide Me­neru in loc. & Brerewood De Ponderibus, &c.

The Mony currant in Attica was com­monly stamped with an Oxe, whence came the By-word. Bos in Lingua, Dr. Hey­lins Cosm. in Greece. p. 5 88. ap­plied to such Lawyers as were bribed to say nothing in their Clients cause, not much unlike to which was the Proverb rising from the Coyn of Aegina, (an Isle adjoyning) stamped with the figure of a Snail, viz. Virtutem & sapientiam vin­cant. Testudines.

The Names of the Brass Money among the Romans were,

• As
• Quadrans
• Sextans
• Triens

Of the Silver.

• Denarius
• Quinarius
• Sestertius.

Of the Gold.

Aureus Ʋt au­reus vi­ginti quinque denarias complectebatur, ita totidem annos Aureum vitae appellabant Mearsi mantissa ad Luxum Romanum. c. 19.sive Solidus, it was valued with the Romans at 25 Denaries.

As or assis, is a little piece of mony, whose baseness grew into a Proverb. Omnes unius aestimemus assis,

Aes is also used for Money, because the first Money amongst the Romans was made of Brass, whence aerarium also for [Page 45]a Treasury. Tam aeris quam argenti no­minibus in sermone latino pecunia indica­tur. Camerarius.

Servius Tullius First Coyned Money at Rome, as Pliny witnesseth, l. 33. c. 3. This was of Brass. Romani primum usi fue­runt qua druplici Moneta, ne mpe, Plumbea, Aerea, Ar­gentea, Aurea. Plumbeae usus quando coeperit, in­certum. Aes initio habuerunt rude, pon­dere di­stinctum, non nota Lipsius quasi forma & exemplum, ad quos nummos alios omnes ex­penderent. Serarius in Josh. c. 7. Quaest. 5. They used this till the 5th year before the first Punick war. Then Silver Money was first Coyned, which is called Denarius, quia valeret decem li­bras aeris. The Golden Money was Coyn'd at Rome, forty two years after the Silver Money was used, as Pliny shews in the place before-named, 62. saith Lipsius. The price and esteem of Gold was different among the Greci­ans and Romans, among the Grecians Golden Money was changed for ten of Silver, among the Romans for twelve and a half; often it was much more e­steemed. Vossius De Philiologia Christi­aniae. l. 6. c, 35. Meursius hath put out Denarius Pythagoricus opusculum pereru­ditum, ac mihi eo gratius quod inscripse­rit nomini nostro Vossius, ibid. l. 8. c. 3.

Amongst the ancient Hebrews Chal­deans and Syrians, Waserus de Antiquis Numis He­braeorum l. 2. c. 2. the most usual money was the Siclus or Shekel, among the La­tines the cheif and usual kinds of Silver money were Denarius and Scrive­rius on Martiall addes Victoria­tus Consentiunt omnes Sicli nomen esse prorsus ab Hebraeo [...] Shekel, hoc vero esse à verbo [...] Shakal quod ap­penderare significat, partim quia, ut in multis hodie locis pon­derari enim solebat argentea moneta, partim, quia apud Hebr aeos hoc nummi genus, erat. Sestertius, among the Grecians, Drachma, Mina, Talentum.

A Shekel (coming from Shakal, he weighed, from whence our English Skole and Skale to weigh with, is derived) is by interpretation a weight, as being the most common in payments, in which they used to weigh their money, Gen. 23.16. Jer. 32.9. The Chaldee calleth a Shekel Silgna, and Selang (from whence our English shilling seemeth to be bor­rowed) and the quantity of the common shekel differd not much from our shilling, as the shekel of the Sanctuary was about two shillings., Answ. on Gen. 20.16. See him on Exod. 33.13.

A shekel is about the weight of an English half Crown, Nehem. 5.14, 15. Forty she­kels of Silver, that is, five pounds sterling; a shekel is half an ounce, which makes 2 s. 6 d. Valet pro inde She­kel de nostro. 2 s. 6 d. Brerewood de Ponde­ribus & Pretiis veterum nummorum. c. 1.

Exod. 30.13. Mr. Jack­son on that place. The Gerah is held to have been about a penny half penny, and by that estimate, the shekel was two shillings six pence, and half the shekel fifteen pence.

It is the ancientest of all the monies the Scripture mentions, Ar. Mon­tanus, De Mensuris Sacris. the weight of it is almost four Spanish Reals, or four Roman Julii,

A Roman Julio In Italia Romana Scor­ta in sin­gulas aeb­domadas Julium pendent Pontifici, qui census annuus nonnunquam viginti milia ducato excedet. Cornelius Agrippa De vaenita. Scient. or; a Spanish Royal, is about 7 pence English, a piece of eight called so, because equal to eight Royals is about 4 s. 6 d. English, so that Ains­worth seems to be mistaken.

Graeci pecuniarum summas num era­bant drachmis, ut Judaea siclis, & Ro­mani sestertiis, Brerewood De Ponderi­bus & Pretiis veterum nummorum.

Mr. Greaves in his Denarius, Shekel is usnally understood where the Coyn or weight is not ex­pressed, as Esai. 7.23. 2 Sam. 18.11, 12. Mat. 26.15. Exodus 30.13. The shekel of the Sanctuary, either because the shekel of the Sanctuary was twice as much as the Common shekel, which is indeed the common opinion; or rather because the Standard of all weights and measures was kept in the Sanctuary, a she­kel of the full weight and value, after the Standard of the Sanctuary. Mr. Jackson. would have the thirty pieces of Silver, which were given to Judas, as the reward of his treason, to be thirty shekels, that be­ing less then fifteen of our ordinary Crowns.

We find in Exodus (saith he) the price of a servant to have been thirty shekels. Gassendus De vita Peireskii, saith as much, and so doth Dr. Hamon on Matth. 26.15. Mr. Greaves, there also saith, the distinction of a double shekel, the one sacred equal to the tetradrachme, the o­ther prophane weighing the didrachme: that used in the Sanctuary, this in Civil Commerce, is without any solid foun­dation in the writ, and without any pro­bability [Page 49]of reason, that in any wise State, the Prince and people should have one sort of Coyn, and the Priests should have another, and that this of the Sanctuary should be in a double proportion to the other, and yet that both should concur in the same name, Rivet. on Exod. 30.13. goes the same way and gives four reasons to prove that the shekel was but one.

Matth. 22.20. The tribute Money or Denarius, that was to be paid to Cae­sar by way of tribute, had on it, saith Occo, the picture or image of Caesar, and in it these Letters written, Caesar Augu­stus, such a year after the taking of Ju­daea, Dr. Hammond in loc.

Denarius may be considered in a dou­ble respect, either as nummus, M. Greave of the De­narius. or as pon­dus: In the first acception, the valuation of it in civil affairs is remarkable, in the later, the gravity and ponderousness: The Denarius was a Silver Coyn in use amongst the Romans, passing at the first institution for Dena aera or ten Asses. whence the name: The Dutch esteem it at six Stivers, or a shilling.

The Assis was a brass Coyn weigh­ing a pound. The assis is taken for the whole, ac­cording to the usual phrase of Civilians, ex asse haeres, when one is Heir to the whole inheritance. The denarius had an im­press upon it of the figure X. denoting the decussis, or number of the Asses.

Denarius as Pondus was either Consu­laris, Argenteus nummus Romano­rum De­narius est, Atticorum drachma. Scaliger De Re Numma­ria. Denarii drachmae ferè pondus & aestimationem habebant Salmassii notae in Vopiscii. A Drachma natum nostrum Dram, which in Gold is six shillings three pence, in Silver seven pence half peny. made under the government of the City by the Consuls, or Caesareus, under the Caesars, somtimes there is the Effi­gies of the Consuls, and somtimes of the Emperour on it. Denarius is of as great moment for the Discovery of weights, as the Roman foot for the Measures.

It weigheth of our Money seven pence, or seven pence half peny, and was the pay of the Roman Soldiers, and the wages of a Day-labourer, Matth. 20.9.

The Athenian Drachma (the pay of their Souldiers) by account both of Mer­chants and Physicians weighed alike, and was of one value

Sestertius signifies two and a half, Sestertius, quasi se­missis ter­tius, ut in lege duode­cim tabu­larum pes sestertius, sunt pedes duo & semis Snellius De Re Nummaria. Olim edoctus sum Sestertium valere duobus assibus & semisse quando scilicet dicitur Sestertius genere masculino Sestertium autem neu­tro genere valere mille sestertios. Ratio est quia neuiro gene­re subintelligitur pondo, ut in masculino nummus cum simpliciter dicitur sestertius. Sarravii Epistolae videsis Vos­sii Etymologi con Linguae Latinae & Lips. de Pecun. Denari­orum tot suut genera quot populorum, Spelmanui Glossa­rium. as the vulgar note also importeth H s. or joyned H. s. that is, duo & semis, two and a half, 'tis meant alwaies of so ma­ny asses, four Sestertii are equivalent to a denarius. Sir Henry Savil on Tacitus, and Mr. Greaves of the Denarius.

Every Sestertium was valued at seven pound sixteen shillings three pence.

As the Sestertius according to Arrun­tius, was olim dupondius & semis, anci­ently two pounds of brass and an half; so the Sestertius pes, was two foot and an half. Mr. Greaves his Discourse of the Roman Foot.

As the Ʋnity in respect of Numbers, or the Sestertius in Discourses de re num­maria: So is the Denarius for weights, a fit rise or beginning, from whence the [Page 52]rest may be deduced. Mr. Greaves of the Denarius.

The Drachma as Nummus, was a sil­ver Coyn in use amongst the Athenians, Drachma. and so it was the measure of things vendible, as all Coyns are, and as pon­dus, it was the measure of their gravity and weight. Mr. Greaves of the Dena­rius.

Dilher in the first Tome of his Acade­mical Disputations, reckons up eight kinds of Drachmae; See Beza Schmi­dius, and Dr. Hammond on Matth. 17.27.

Gellius, Noct. Attic. lib. 1. chap. 8. saith that Demosthenes went privately un­to Lais, and desired to lie with her; but she demanding 10000 drachmae of him for one nights lodging with her; he re­fused, saying, He would not buy Re­pentance at so dear a rate; This was Lais, the Daughter; for there were two of that name, the mother and Sive na­turalis, sive adop­tiva. daugh­ter: both beautiful and infamous strum­pets, as Palmerius ad Pausaniae Corin­thiaca sheweth.

The Attick [...] or Mina, Contain­ed a hundred Drachmes in weight, as it is clear out of Pliny, Pollux, and others; some derive it from the Hebrew [...], From Ma­neh, in He­brew, Mua in Greek, and Mina in Latine, for a pound, hath its name. Mr. Ga­taker on Esa. 65.11. to number, the word is used Ezek. 45.12. and rendred Maneh.

Snellius De Re Nummaria saith, it is manifest by the testimonies of Come­dians, that there was a double Talent in use among the Athenians, a greater and a lesser.

A Talent is the greatest weight which was in use, Attica Ta­lentum & Mina sunt Numerus, & Collectio pecuniae, non species Nummi, Sealiger De Re Numma­ria. The Talent was manifold, the Attrick Talent is much cele­brated. Ainsworth. every Talent was a twelve pounds weight; it weighed three thousand Shekels, and every Shekel three hundred and twenty grains of Barley. An Hebrew Talent in Silver, is of our mo­ney three hundred seventy and five pounds. In Gold, four thousand five hundred pounds.

1 Chron. 22.14. See Brere­wood De Ponderi­bus Pret. Heb. &c. c. 6. Now behold in my po­verty I have prepared for the house of the Lord an hundred thousand Talents of Gold, and a thousand thousand Talents of Silver. Some compute it to be above thirty three thousand Cart-loads of silver, allowing six thousand pound sterling to every Cart-load, and seventy millions of French Crowns of Gold. See Sir Walter Rawleigh his History of the World, part 2. ch. 17. §. 9.

1 Kings 9.14. The Talent contained three hun­dred she­kels, as may be collected from Exo. 38.25, 26. The He­brews va­lued Gold at ten times the rate of Silver. The Jews had two Ta­lents, the one sacred, the other common. The sacred was in weight and worth, as much more as the common. The sacred in Gold was reputed to be three thousand seven hundred and fifty pound in value; the common, one thousand eight hundred seventy and five pounds sterling. Dr. Gouge in loc.

Edward Brerewood heretofore Profes­sor of Astronomy in Gresham-Colledge in London, hath published a learned Book, De Ponderibus & Pretiis Veterum Nummorum, eorumque cum recentioribus Collatione, which is in the Apparatus of the Polyglot Bible.

Waserus hath written so fully and ex­actly of the ancien Coyns of the He­brews, Chaldees, and Syrians, that there needs not to be said more of that Argu­ment.

Budaeus Sed de istoc & caeteris ad rem mone­tariam pertinenti­bus, Con­suli malo Budaeum, Vortium, Hottomannum, Car. Moli nae­um, Covarruviam, & intelligentissimu in bujus argumenti, Reinerum Budelium Ruremundanum Ictum, Electori Co­loniensi, dum viveret, monetarum tam Rhenensium, quam West-falicarum praefectum: Cujus geminus exstat. liber: unus de arte cudendae monetae; alter de quaestionibus Mo­netariis Vossius De Physiol. Christ. l. 6. c. 36, Inter an­tiquos Orismius Lexoniensis Episcopus, & Caroli sexti Gall­drum regis praeceptor Curiosa de re Nummaria volumine, & inter recentiores Gulielm. Budaeus libris de Asse, Joachim Camerarius de Nummismat. Graec. & Lat Demps. in Rosin. Antiq. Rom. l. 7. c. 31. Vide Plure ibid. in his Books de Asse, or the Breviary Collected out of him, with the Annotations of Philip Melanchthon, and Joachim Camerarius, are the best for the Greek and Latine Coyns.

Antonius Augustinus a man very a­curate in Coyns, as appears by his Dia­logues. Mr. Greaves of the Denarius.

Marquardus Freherus, hath put forth a learned Discourse of paying tribute, where he speaks somewhat of Roman Coyns. Mr. Selden De Jure Naturali ac [Page 56]Gentium. l. 2. c. 8. calls it Eruditissima ac gravissima De Numismate census à Pharisaeis inquestionem vocato Disserta­tio.

Mr. Greaves hath written learnedly of this subject in his discourse of the Dena­rius.

The Roman Emperours Gold, Silver, and Copper Coyn, (with their Images and Inscriptions) are in the custody of that learned Knight, and my worthy Friend, Sir John Cotten, as I have heard.

It's pitty that Sir Simonds D' Eus my great friend, had not published somthing this way, he having spent so much time in this study, and having purchased so many several Coyns of all sorts.

There are some other Gentlemen that have a good Collection of Coyns; There are Coyns with Lazius, l. 3. Commen. Reipub. Romanae, c. 12. whose inscription is Omnium ad Remp. pertinenti­um supre­ma lex est salus po­puli, sive Felicitas publica. Tam in nummo Juliae Mam­meae Augustae videre est formâ maetronae solio in sidentis, quae dextra gerit caduceum, sinistrâ copia cornu Inscriptio autem est Felicitas Publica. Vossius in Physiologia Christiani & Theo­logia Gentili. l. 10. c. 38. Salas Publica Demps. in Rosin. An­tiquit. Rom. lib. 1.

There are two requisites (saith Demp­ster) that Money pass, proba materia, & vultus Imperatoris ei impressus.

False money (saith He in Rosin An­tiq. Rom. l. 7. c. 31.) was forbidden by the Roman Laws, and the Crime is call­ed peculatus. Charles the Great had a shop in his Palace for the Coyning of Money, that it might be more diligently coyned.

Camden in his Britaine saith, Nicolaus Fabricius de Peiresc. of France, was very skilfull in antiquities, and old me­dals or pieces of money.

He saith there also that many pieces of Roman money are every As in Lancashire at Lanca­ster, Rible, Chester, in Westmor­land at Brougham Cumberland where found among us in the ruines of Cities and Towns subverted, in Treasure-Cof­fers, or vaults hidden in that age, as also in Funeral-pots and Pitchers.

About thirty five years since, One that writes the History of England, saith of the Britains. Some of their Money was in Brass, other in Iron Rings; one especial sort, had the Figure of a shield Emboss'd, and on that side a certain Image the De­vice was within. not far from Dunstable many pieces of silver [Page 58]were taken up, which the plow had thrown upon the edge of the Furrough: Being examined, they were found to be silver with the impression of Caesar on them. Mr. Selden much valued them for their Antiquity, some of them having been stamped (as he said) above nine hundred, and some a thousand years. Mr. Peachams Worth of a Peny.

I have been informed, that some Me­dals have been dig'd up at Shawell in Lei­cester-shire, the Town where I was born and also at Braunston.

It is a great question, saith Georgius Agricola, whether pure or mixt money be more profitable for Countries and States.

Peacham in his Complete Gentleman, Terrie in his Voy­age to the East-In­dies, saith that the Spanish Royal is the purest money of Europe. There is Pezzi di Quatro which is equal to four Reals, there are also pieces of two Reals, one Real, and half a Real. c. 19. of Travels, saith, the Spanish Coyns are the best of Europe.

Howell in his Dodonars Grove, or Vocal Forrest, part 2. Walk 4. p. 44. saith, Drui­na (by which I suppose he means Eng­land) is renowned abroad to have her [Page 59]Kings Face and Arms drawn in the purest sort of Minerals, and the generally best currant Coyns in the world.

Queen Elizabeth caused all such base monies as were Coyned by any of her Predecessors, Dr Heylins Ecclesia Restaura­tu. p. 135. to be reduced to a lesser value, and to be brought into her Ma­jesties Mint, for which she gave them money of the purest silver, such as passed commonly by the name of Easter­ling or Sterling money, Esterlin­gus & Sterlingus apad Mat­thaum Pa­risium, at­que alios, praecipue Anglica­nos scripto­res legas. Nec tamen eo rejicien­dum, quando hoc nihilo deterius est quam vulgata, illa voca­bula, daleri, ducati, floreni, ac similia. Nam peouniae novitas nova exigebat vocabula. Notat ea vox Anglis denarium vox Sterling est ex eo inqu it Watsius quia stellae figura in ea compareret, Vossius de Vitiis Sermonis l. 2. c. 5, since which time, no base money hath been Coyned in England, but only of pure Gold and Silver, to pass for current in the same; save that of late times, in relation to the Necessity of poor people, a permission hath been given to the Coyning of Far­things, which no man can be forced to accept in satisfaction of a Rent or Debt.

In all other States of the Christian World, there are several sorts of Copper money, as current with them for pub­lick uses, as the purest metal,

Queen Elizabeth supplyed the King of Navarre in his straits, with twenty two thousand pounds of English money in Gold, (a sum of Gold Coyn so great, as he professed he had never seen together before) and sent him Arms and four thousand men, under the Command of Peregrine Lord Willoughbey.

Camdens Annals of Queen Elizabeth. 4th Book, Anno 1589. the 32d of her Reign.

Sterlings are used in England, Scotland and Ireland.

That name of Sterling began in time of Hen. II. and had its original of name from some Esterling, making that kind of money, which hath its Essence in par­ticular weight and fineness; not of the Starling Bird, as some, nor of Sterling in Scotland under Edw. 1. as others ab­surdly; for in Records much more anci­ent I have read the express name Ster­lingorum. Mr. Selden on the 17th song, of Draytons Poly-olbion.

Sterling is a proper Epithete for mo­ney currant within the Realm. Occurrit Esterlin­gus inter­dum sim­pliciter pro ipso dena­rio, interdum ad distinguendam monetam probam a re proba, & pro numo legali ingenere. Spelmanni Glossarium vide plura ibid. A certain pure Coyn stamped first of all by the Esterlings here in England.

Cowells Interpreter.

Esterling money, now called Sterling, not from Striveling in Scotland, nor from a Star, which some dreamed to be Coyn­ed thereon. Camdens Remains.

That denomination came from the Germans, of their Easterly dwelling, termed by English men Esterlings, whom John, King of England first sent to re­duce the silver to the due fineness and pu­rity. Camdens Britain. in Scotland.

There is one Thomas Hylles that put out the Art of Vulgar arithmetick 1600. who hath p. 262. A Table of the names and values of the most usual Gold Coyns in Christendome, and begins with our own Country Gold. He mentions the Rose Noble, or Royal, Half Rose No­ble, Old Noble, Half Old Noble, [Page 62]George Noble, Half George Noble, Angel, Half Angel, Old Crown. K. H. Base Crown K. H. Half Crown. Sove­raigne of K. H. other Sou. of all sorts, Double Soveraign, Great Soveraign, Half Soveraigne. Unicorn of Scotland. Scottish Crown.

There is for The Eng­lish Gold being at a higher va­lue beyond the Seas, then in our own Nation, it is a great Cause of the transportation of it, Peachams Worth of a Peny. Gold.

For Silver.

Here in England that which was sold about an hundred years agone for ten Groats, which then weighed and ounce, now since the discovery of the Indies, can hardly be bought for ten shillings of our current Money, or two ounces of the same goodness and weight.

Sir Henry Savill on a Place in Poly­bius.

In the Low-Countries and Germany, the usual Coyns in Gold are Duckats, and double Duckats, the Duckats are called Hungars at Venice, and are worth nine shillings English.

In the Low-Countries the usual silver pieces are Ducatoons equal to ten Dutch shillings, or sixty stivers; Paracoons e­qual forty eight stivers, or eight Dutch shillings; Shillings equal to six stivers. But the States money is a little under this value, stiver, in brass, the fourth part of stivers pieces.

In Germany the most Common pieces in silver are Dollars, Copsticks, and half Copsticks, equal just to our shillings and six-pences, Tafiletta the great Emperour of Barba­ry, allows to every Horseman sixteen Dollars a Month, and to every Footman eight, so that his men are not chargeable to the Countrey. Relation of some part of his life. and there is abundance of our shillings and sixpences which pass under that name.

This word Copstick comes from Ca­put, as the Italian Teston from Testa. Kreutzers, so called from the Mark of the Cross. Weiss-penny equal to two Kreutzers. Grasse equal to three Kreut­zers; ten Weiss-pennies are equal to five Copsticks, Guilders equal to three Cop­sticks, and half Guilders, a Weiss-pen­ny a White Penny in Dutch, these lesser peices are of a mixt metal.

The German Dollars furnisht all the Mints of Europe, The Ger­man silver Dollar, called Rix Dollar, in England is worth 4 s.—6 d. or as some say 4 s. — 8 d. before the Mines of Mexico and Potosi were discovered in America.

There were the Latine, Attick, and Greek pounds.

Libra. Numaria or pound, Spelmanni Glossari­um, See Ezra 2.69 took its name from the weight, because it weigh­ed in times past a Trojane pound, that is, twelve Ounces. Thence the Saxon punde, and the English pound.

The pound sterling in Britain (saith Angelo Crator De Monetis c. 1.) is e­steemed ten Brabantine Florenes, or four Spanish Dollars.

In Spain for Gold The Spa­nish Pistoll, is about seven pence better than the Italian, The value of Money in Spain is very often varied according to the wills and Interests of the Princes. Pistolls, and half Pistolls, and double Pistolls. In Silver, the common pieces there, are a piece of eight, a half piece of eight, a quarter piece of eight, a half quarter piece of eight, and a piece that is but a sixteenth part of a piece of the Royal eight.

In France for Gold, the common pieces are the Lewis, equal (not many years since) to eleven Livers, the half Lewis half so much. The Escud' or now about six Livers,. For Silver the Escue equal to three Livers, the thirty, fif­teen, [Page 66]and five Sous pieces. The Quart D'Escu (because the fourth part of the Escud' or) equal to one Liver. Mixt me­tal, the Souse and the Souse Marque. For Brass the Denier and the Lyard e­equal to two Deniers, at first stamp'd for three Deniers.

Johnson adviseth Travellers if they car­ry over money with them, that it be in double Pistolets or French Crowns of weight, by these (saith he) He is sure to sustain losse in no place, and in Italy to gain above twelve pence in the pound.

Bizantines or Bezants, Constanti­nopolis primum Bizanti­um dicta formam antiqui vocabuli praeferunt Imporato­rii Num­mi Bizan­tini Vocati. Spelmanni Glossari­um. Vide Cotgrave Dictionar. Gallico. Anglic, verbe Besant. as coyned at Constantinople, somtimes called Bizanti­um, and not at Besanson in Burgundy, plates of Gold are called Bezantes; and in the Court of England where a great piece of Gold valued at fifteen pound, which the King offereth upon high Festi­vall days is yet called a Bizantine, which anciently was a piece of Gold Coyned by the Emperours of Constantinople, Cam­dens Remains of money; in his Britannia in Middlesex, He speaks of Bizantines of Silver vallued at two shillings antient­ly.

Lar is a Coyn much used in the East, both in Persia and the East-Indies. There is one of them to be seen within the Gal­lery above the publick Library in Ox­ford

The Asper in Turkie is worth a Peny, Turkish Asper. and often mentioned, one of which I have seen.

In Italy at Venice, for Gold there is the Chequeen equal to seventeen Livers, the Ducat for silver, a Scudo which by a Bando, anno 1663 was rated at nine Li­vers six Sous, one half, one quarter, and the eighth part of a Scudo, a Ducaton.

For brass Soldo, and half Soldo, and Sol­dino, also a Denier. Genoa, for Gold, double Pistolls, Pistolls. The Pistoll is called Doppio or Dobla, the double Pi­stoll Doblone.

The silver pieces there are a Croison or Scudo.

For Brass D'otto pieces equal to eight Deniers, de Quatro equal to four Deni­ers and the Deniers.

At Florence for silver, the Scudo equal to ten Julios, the Teston equal to three Julios (so called from having a Head up­on it which is in Italian Testa) Julios, half Julios, and Quarto Julio pieces, the [Page 68] Grats equal to five Quatrins.

In Brass the Quatrin equall to the third part of a Soldo.

In the Popes Territories, in silver a Scudo equal to ten Julios, a Teston, Julio, half a Julio and a quarter of a Julio,

At Banonia Bajocks, The Pope who hath six and twenty thousand Crowns a day to spend; on the day of his Coronati­on scattereth among the people Baiocchi, and Bagatini, half pence and farthings: saying with St. Peter Act. 3.6. Silver and Gold I have none, but such as I have I give thee. Peter Du Moulius Confutat. of Lurgat. ch. 5. and two Ba­jocks pieces of a mixt metal.

Naples, in silver, Carolines equal to [...]ulios, but not altogether so good, two Caroline pieces.

In Brass Granos, Publicas equal to one and a half of a Grano.

There are pieces of Gold called Flo­rentini, or Floreni Florens, because first coyned in the City of Florence, and ha­ving the shape of the flower of the Lilly in one side, and of John Baptist in the o­ther, it is called in Italian, Florino. Vossius de Vitiis Sermonis, l 3. c. 12. saith, that the French had also in times past its Florene, thence called Franc saith he, A Franc is [Page 69]one shilling six pence in England, so is a Livre saith he, and the English also of the best Gold, thence called Auri Nummis apud Anglos geuus ante nostram memoriam Exoletum. Spel­manni Glossarium. Noble.

There were also the Rhenish Florens first coyned by the four Electors at Rhene, that of Mentz, Trevers, Colen, and the Palatine, after used by others, somthing inferiour to those first.

The pieces of Gold called Ducats were first coyned by the Venetians and those of Genoa.

There are (saith Georgius Agricola) the Hungarian, Venetian, The Polo­mans Gold Ducats are of the same value with the Hungarian.Spanish and Turkish Ducats.

Artiabalipa King of Peru payed for his ransom ten millions three hundred twen­ty six thousand Ducats in Gold. Du mi­roir des Francois Liure premier.

The Turkish Sultanie is of the same Standard, firmness, and value, with the Hungarian Duckat.

The Venetian Chequeen, in England 9 s. 6 d. the Barbary Duckat, the Egyp­tian and Turkish Erif, are almost all of the same pureness in respect of the Gold, MGreaves of the De­narius. and not differing above a grain in the weight.

The old Denarius, The Giulii or Pauli are two names of the same price, from two Popes.Drachma Dutch shilling, Spanish Reall Roman Julios or Paulos, are neer of an equal value; The French Escu or silver Crown, the Spanish Piice of eight, the German Dollar, the Low-Dutch Patacon are of an equal va­lue.

Mr. Broughton saith, he asked a sim­ple Mariner which had been in the West-Indies, what they called Gold there, he said Cethem, just the Scripture term.

Broughtons Epistle to the Require or Consent to the grounds of Divinity studies.

Their currant money in the West-In­dies is of the fruites of certain trees like our Almonds, which they call Cachoas. Pet. Mart. first Decade, ch. 4.

The Coyns of the West-Indies are Wampon Peague, (the sixth part of a penny with us) which goes by number, and Ronokco which goes by weight.

In the East-Indies the Rupihes of Ro­pees of divers values and Mah Mudies.

They have in the West-Indies also a Golden Coyn which they call a Castellan, it exceedeth the Ducaet, it is commonly a third part called Pesus

The Coyn or Bullion brought to the East-Indies from any place, is presently melted and refined, and the Moguls stamp (which is his Name and Titles in Persian Characters) put upon it. The Coyn there is more pure than in any o­ther part of the world, being made of pure silver, without any Allay.

Sir Thomas Roes Voyage into the East-Indies.

Madines are the small silver Money currant in Egypt. The Ara­bick useth to express the least piece of money that is by Phals, for two Mites, Mark 12.42. They read Phalsam.

Mr. Greaves in his Denarius, saith at his being in Egypt, five Madines passed for a Dollar: Sands in his Travels saith forty.

Most Countries (saith Mr. Greaves) use the same weights for Silks, Gold and Silver.

The Persians loved shooting so well, Pliny l. 7. c. 5. wri­teth that Perses the son of Per­sius, of whom the Persians had their Surname, Should be the first de­viser of Shafts. Yet the Scripture, (which is ancienter then any kind of learning) mentions Archers. Gen. 21.20. 1 Sam. 31.3. 2 Chron. 35.23. that they set an Archer on the reverse of their Coyn of Gold, which was of great value. The King of Persia being offend­ed at Agesilaus, gave the Athenians ten thousand pieces of this great Coyn of Gold of theirs, and so corrupted them; which thing when Agesilaus understood, he said merrily, but yet truly, That he was driven away with ten thousand Bow­men, (meaning the [...]r Coyn of Gold with an Archer on it) and how should he a poor man be able to withstand so many Archers. See Plutarch in Agesilaus.

The Muscovites have but one kind of money which they call Copeca, fifty of which make a Crown, 'tis of Silver of an Oval figure, and so small, that the va­lue of two Crowns will searce bear the bulk of four pence in French Deniers; that which they call Muscofske is the fourth part of a Copeca, Poluske is the half, an Alim is three pence, a Grifna is ten, a Rouble a hundred, but these are not to be had of one piece.

Relation of three Embassies by the Earl of Carlisle, p. 68.

Many Coyns resemble the Dragon with the title of Health. This most vigi­lant Creature is a Type of Aesculapius. Vigilance is necessary for a Physitian.

It were worthy the inquiry of some studious persons, how the custome came up of dividing money into pounds, shil­lings and pence, which is used in most places of Europe. A Liver or pound, say some, is every where equal to twenty so­lidi, soldi sous or shillings, a shilling is e­qual to twelve of the modern Denarii or pence, but the value of the Livers is ve­ry different in France. a Liver is about 1 s. 6 d. English, in Flanders a Liver is e­qual to 11 s. 3 d. English; in Venice a Liver is about seven pence half peny, at Genoa a Liver is about one shilling English, at Turin a Liver is about one shilling three pence, at Ligorn a Liver is 9 d. at Millain a Liver is 10 d. in the Popes Country a Liver is 13 d. at Naples 12 d. in the Popes Territories in Catalonia a Liver is about 3 s. 6 d. in Valentia a Liver is about 5 s. in Castile and Granada not long since, a Liver was 2 s. 6 d. in Scot­land a pound is equal to 1 s. 8 d.