Point. 1. Of the differences of Meats.

Meat is a thing not Natural, restoring and augmenting the substance of Mans body.

Concerning it there are these five things to be explained.

• 1. The various differences thereof.
• 2. The kinds of it.
• 3. The Seasonings or sauces thereof.
• 4. Bread it self.
• 5. The time of repast, or taking of this meat.

The differences of Meats are various.

• I. In regard of its substance it is,
  • 1. Hard which is not concocted without much difficulty, but it is easily corrupted.
  • 2. Soft, which easily and soon receives a taint.
  • 3. Heavy, thick, and gross; and this heaps up a juice, that is thick, fibrous, and earthy.
  • 4. Viscid, and [Page 6]clammy, which is very difficulty distributed into the veins.
  • 5. Firm, which truly makes a supply of much aliment or nourishent, but then it stands in need of great store of heat and strength of Nature for Concoction.
  • 6. In­firm, which indeed is easily and soon con­cocted, but then it breeds and supplies either very smal nutriment, or at the best, such as is transient and of short continuance.
  • 7. Hard, or easy of digestion, which accordingly is hard­ly, or with little difficulty overmastered by the heat of the stomach.
  • 8. Hardly or ea­sily to be corrupted, which accordingly (either through its own default, or else by reason of some weakness in the stomach, or lastly by means of some distemper proceeding from things therewithal mingled) is either easily or difficulty corrupted.
• II. In respect of its Quantity, it is,
  • I. Overmuch, Either as it refers unto the capacity of the vessells, as it is al of it converted into blood, but then by reason of the too great abundance of humors it threa­tens the danger of suffocation or choaking, &c. or otherwise as it respects the strength of Na­ture governing and ordering us; which kind of excess breeds very many Crudities of al sorts.
  • 2. Too little, to wit, when either we use but little food, or those meats of little nou­rishment; or else when we take them not often enough; and this evermore diminisheth the natural strength and powers of the body.
  • 3. Moderate, which preserveth the substance of the body, defends the Native heat and main­tains the lymmetry of the humors; it like­wise sets bounds unto the Excrements, in re­ceiveing of which we are sayd to use a mean, & moderation, when we eat not to satisfy.
• III. In regard of its qualities, it is,
  • 1. Hot, which attenuates and makes thin those humors that are thick, cuts and divides in sunder those humors that are temperate.
  • 2. Cold, which indeed tempereth the boyling heat of the blood and of the stomach, but suggests matter of windiness.
  • 3. Moist, by the which the dry­ness of the parts is amended, and the belly loosened.
  • 4. Dry, which though it be not so easily concocted, yet it affords a fast and firm nourishment, and brings a supply of Mel­ancholly Juice.
  • 5. Sweet, which indeed (at least, if it be wel compacted) nourisheth, but withal causeth obstructions of the Liver and spleen.
  • 6. Salt, which preserves from putrifaction; but if it excessively taken, it burns the blood, and excites a kind of itching.
  • 7. Bitter, which clenseth, and cuteth.
  • 8. Sharp, which freeth those parts that are ob­structed, increaseth choller, and excites salt and sharp fumes.
  • 9. Acid, which cuts, & if it be simply such draweth the thick Juice downward; if it incline toward a sweetness it mollifieth and loosneth the Belly; if it tend toward a sharpness, then it is astringent and binding.
  • 10. Sowr and Austere, which if it be taken in before other meats, bindeth; but looseneth if eaten after food.
  • 11. Meats that afford a good or ill issue,
  • 12. That which is simple or Physical; which besides the vertue it hath to nourish, hath likewise the power of altering.
  • 13. Ʋnwholsome, from the which there is an ill Juice generated, and such as ea­sily putrifieth.
  • 14. The Best which is con­cocted, affords much nourishment, and that nutriment that it yeilds is of the best; and is not easily corrupted, or depraved with any hurt­ful quality; and then again it leaveth behind it but very few Excrements.
• IIII. In respect of its preparing, it is,
  • 1. Crude or raw, which to this very day the Abyssines, Scythians, and divers other of the Barbarians take great delight in.
  • 2. Rost, the which alone the Peers of Troy are said to have fed upon during the time of the Trojain War; which yields a dry aliment and oftentimes hindereth the passing forth of the excrements: and this if it be extracted forth of the veins, and so shut up on every side that it can by no possible means exhale, it is then in this case very prejudicial and hurtful unto the Body.
  • 3. Toasted or broyled, which is o­ver adust, or two much burnt.
  • 4. Fried, which with some other kind of external Moy­sture is dressed in the frying pan; and very sweet (in good truth) it is, by reason of the fat Moisture that attends it: but then again in regard that it doth not so conveniently send forth, the internal superfluous Moisture, but rather attracts and sucks in more of that that is External and superabundant, it is therefore hard of concoction, sending up a favor from the stomach to the Mouth, and burning up the blood.
  • 5. Boyled, which indeed (as to the inner part) is dryer than the former, and yet notwithstanding by reason of its external hu­midity it moisteneth.
  • 6. That which is Strangled and suffocated, if it be fitly and equally boyled, it then generates a laudable, temperate Juice, and such as easily finds a pas­sage whether it ought to go.
  • 7. It is either sauced or not sauced. But as touching Condiments or sauces, we wil treat further of them in the ensuing discourse.

Point, 2. Of the sorts or kinds of Meats.

The species or kinds of meats are taken,

• 1. From plants.
• 2. From birds.
• 3. From four footed Beasts.
• 4. From Fishes.
• 5. From bloodless creatures.

I. Plants are, Bread corn, al sort of pulse potherbs, and fruits.

I. Unto bread corn there appertain,

• 1. Wheat, Which is hot and moist, yielding ve­ry much, firm, and most wholsom nutriment. The Claminess thereof, if any such there be in it, is quite taken away in the due preparing of it.
• 2. A grain very like unto the former, commonly called Spelt, which in its nature and property is next unto Wheat; and nourisheth more than Barly, but less then Wheat; of it is made that we cal Barly broth; but others cal it frumenty.
• 3. Rye, (which by others is termed Ragga) out of which in very many places there is a certain kind of bread made; it is hotter than Barly and nourisheth more than it, but it is harder to be concocted then Wheat.
• 4. Barly, out of which is made that spoon-meat which we commonly cal Ptisan, an excellent wholsom kind of food, opening and cleansing the passages, and easily transients; but yet ne­vertheless being somwhat thin of substance, it is therefore held to be the less fit for the preser­vation & lengthning of the life.
• 5. Oats; which heat, afford good and commendable aliment, and stop the lask or flux, of the Belly. In some places there is a spoon-meat prepared & made herof (a kind of gruel) with cows milk, Goats Milk, or else with the juice of sweet Almonds, (commonly called Almond milk) and sugar. We use to bruise this oatmeal, and so to eat it in flesh pottage.
• 6. Rice, which by the East­ern people is for the most part made into bread. It is temperate and with milk nourisheth very much; but is more difficultly concocted, and yieldeth a thicker kind of juice (which is therefore the more apt to obstruct) and increaseth the seed.
• 7. That which we cal Saracen breadcorn, which indeed suffici­ently and fitly nourishith such as live by their labor, but withal is hardly digested, begets windiness, and is hurtful to the eyes,
• 8. Millot or hirse, which is cold and dry, binds the belly, and is not digested without some difficulty.
• 9. That which we call Panick, like unto the former; but yet of nothing so wholsome a nature and property as the Millet; notwithstanding being beaten and bruised in a Mortar (or otherwise;) and throughly purged & cleansed from its branniness, it then affords a kind of pottage not much to be contemned, or loathed.

II. Of the Pulse, there are,

• 1. The Beans, which are Cold, Dry, and Flatulent or windy. They are of a crude and raw Nutriment, but withal such as is very abstersive, and hard of Concoction, and rendering the sense dull and stupid, and the sleeps turbulent; and there­fore an utter enemy to such as are studious, and live sedentary lives. Those of Leyden break them with a Mil, boyl them througly, and being hulled they then make them up into a certain thick white substance for their use, and spending.
• 2. Pease, which are cold, dry, and windy, especially those that are green: they are Experimentally found to hurt the Nerves; the Broth or Pottage made of them is better than their substance.
• 3. Lentils, which generates an Aliment that is both cold and thick, of hard digeston, filling the Head with gross Vapors very hurtful to the Eyes, and the breeder of much thick blood; especially if they be Eaten with Salt flesh.
• 4. A smal Pulse cal­led Cicers, which by Reason of their abstersive faculty, are most commonly sought out, and made of for Physical purposes. Dioscorides writeth that those that use them, thereby gain a fair & fresh color.
• 5. A sort of Pulse yet smaller than the former, called Chichlings, which obtain a mean, and stand (as it were) in the middle place between those kind of meats that are of good or ill Juyce, and easily or with much ado concocted, and converted into nu­triments.
• 6. Vetches, which suggest a grofs and thick Juyce, and such as is only fit, (and good for nothing else) to generate black choler or Melancholy, and to render the Body costive, through overmuch binding the Belly.

III. Ʋnder Potherbs, and in the Number of Garden Plants fit for Food, Herbs or Leaves, Stems or Branches, Roots, and Fruits, are Comprehended; For as touching Seeds, I shal here speak nothing of them.

• I. Among Leaves and branches, are,
  • 1. Let­tuce, which of al Pot-herbs is absolutely the best, and yieldeth more matter for the genera­ting of Blood, than other Pot-herbs; by its coolness it excellently qualifieth and allayeth the boyling heat of the stomach, procureth sleep, and tempereth the heat of the Kidneys: But if a man feed too much thereon, it then extinguisheth the seed. Two ounces of the Juyce hereof taken at once, or for one Dose, Kils unavoidably. It is Eaten raw, with Oyl, Salt, and Vinegar.
  • 2. Endive, which [Page 8](according to the Opinion of Galen) hath its qualities like unto those of the Lettice afore­said. In other places, it is far fetcht, and stored up until the winter months. For in those places their custome is, with a smal threed, to bind together round like a Globe the Leaves hereof so soon as they are come to perfection, and so to preserve them covered in earthen Ves­sels.
  • 3. The Colewort and Cabbage, which is cold and dry, hard of concoction, which af­fords an Aliment that is thick and gross, that exhales up into the Head Fuliginous Vapors, disturbeth the sleeps of those that eat it, and extreamly weakeneth and Dulls their sight. Its hurtful quality may be corrected, if we take it Boyled in flesh Pottage. The Juyce thereof hath in it a tart Acrimonious quality, & such as excites and provoks the Belly to void its Excrements. That which hath its Leaves spread al abroad, is far wholsomer and better than that which groweth al of a Head, which for distinction sake we cal the Cabbage. It is allowed to be eaten by working and labo­rious people, but then for a corrective, Pepper must be added and eaten therewith.
  • 4. Spi­nach, or Spinage, which cools and moistens, generateth serous or wheyie humors, and is somwhat offensive by its treasuring up windi­ness unless you mingle therewithal (for a cor­rective) Pepper, Salt, and Butter.
  • 5. Mallows, which yeildeth little nourishment, causeth a flux and loosness of the Belly, and borroweth a grateful & acceptable tast from butter and other Condiments.
  • 6. The like may be said of the herb Arach, or Orach, and Blite, which latter is likewise a kind of Spinach.
  • 7. Beets are cold and dry, and of different parts; the Juyce thereof cleanseth, the substance of it bin­deth the Body; howbeit it removeth the ob­structions of the Liver and Spleen. The Anci­ents were wont to add thereto Wines and Pep­per.
  • 8. Asparagus or Sperage, unto which the tender young branches of the Hops are very neer of kin, as being of a temperate Nature; they afford but little aliment, and that like­wise none of the best; this Aspa­ragus is very grateful to the pallate, excites and provokes the appetite, it cleanseth, expels Urine, and purifieth the Kidnys.
  • 9. Water­cresses, which by reason of their heat, are com­monly used instead of a condiment or Sauce. Aequineta hath added this further of it, to wit, that it is an enemy unto the Stomach, and that it breeds an il Juyce. In time past, the use of it was wont to be very frequent and familier with the Persians in their ordinary diet.
  • 10. Mustard, which is of a tart and sharp tast, and is withal most apparently hot and dry. And thereupon it is placed and recounted among those Condiments or Sauces which attenuate thick and gross meats. It is in the Vintage time mingled and throughly moystned with new Wine or Must, from whence it hath the name of Mustard.
• II. Of Roots there are,
  • 1. The Onyons, that afford but very little nourislment; but they are of a hot nature, they cut, attenuate, heat and inflame the Blood, and the thinner parts of them being dis­cussed and scatterred, they leave behind them a gross and thick Juyce, they incite and provoke unto Venery, cause distracted and turbulent dreams; and are very offensive unto the Head, Eyes, Teeth and Gums, especially in those that are cholerick.
  • 2. Garlick, which in the Month of May is by many of the French eaten with fresh butter; and of which beaten together with Wal-Nuts in a Morter, they prepare and make that Garlick sauce that we term Alliatum. In Garlick crude and raw there is not Aliment at al, and in that which is boy­led there is very little, and that also none of the best. By its extraordinary great heat and dryness it attenuates and cuts asunder the thick Humors; and moreover it is a most exquisite Remedy for the correcting of the pravity, of waters that are gotten together in the Abdomen or Belly, and a special help and means for the enduring of cold.
  • 3. The Leek, which hath almost the same properties and qualities with the Forementioned. It is chollerick, and greatly hurtful to such as are of weak Brains; it duls the sight of the eyes; and being often eaten it begets choler of a Greenish color much like unto the Leek it self. If it be in the beginning of the meal Eaten raw with Salt, it then freeth the stomach and Belly from gross and thick Juyces.
  • 4. The Reddish, which together with Salt we use to eat raw. But it is fitter to be used in­stead of a sauce or sallad, in regard it is extra­ordinary hot, and withal sharp and tart, tiring and wearing out the Teeth. It collecteth to­gether the scattered spirits, breaketh the win­diness of the stomach by causing ructures or belchings, provoketh Urine, and expelleth the gravel out of the Kidneyes. That Garden Raddish is accounted the best which is brittle and easily broken. Unto the former may be added the wilde or horse Raddish which hath in a manner the like vertues and properties with the Garden Raddish, and is more frequently [Page 9]made use of for a sawce than for food, affording little or no Aliment.
  • 5. The Rape Root, which yieldeth nourishment enough, to wit, Hot, and moist; but then it is more slowly concocted (more especially that which is raw) and puffeth up the Belly. It is somtimes kept until it be withered, and then made use of.
  • 6. The Navew or Turnep, which affordeth more Nutriment than the former, and hath in it less of the thick and flarulent Juyce than the Rape Root, provoketh lust, and excites unto Venery.
  • 7. The Garden Parsnips; which yieldeth but little Aliment, and that likewise thick; and its Juyce is none of the best. It furthereth the Expulsion of Urine, stirs up Venery, and expels forth the Causes.
  • 8. The Red Beet, which being boyled or pickled up with Vinegar, Caraway Seed, and Horse Raddish Root, is presented and set upon the table in the place of a grand sallad, rather than as a meat, since that it very little, or nothing at al nourisheth.
• III. Of Fruits, there are,
  • 1. The Ar­tichoke, which heateth and dryeth in the se­cond degree, is hard of Concoction, and the Juyce thereof none of the best. It is by some Eaten raw with Salt alone; but by others they are Boyled, and then they add thereto Pepper smal beaten, and Butter; if it be Eaten with Vinegar and Oyl it expels and drives forth a­bundance of Urine of a stinking Savor. There are some of Opinion, that it excites the ap­petite, and restoreth it when weakened and wel nigh lost.
  • 2. The Gourd, which afford­eth an Aliment more than ordinary cold and moist, and therefore such as is transient and stayeth not long in the body, but soon passeth throw. When it is corrupted in the stomach it is then converted into a very Malignant Juyce. Yet some there are that conceive these Gourds to be less dangerous and hurtful than Cucum­bers. They are oftentimes sent to the table either rosted or fryed. The longer and lesser of them are the more grateful, and indeed the more wholsome; such as grow and increase after their hanging up, have in them but little or no Seed.
  • 3. Cucumbers; which are cold and dry. Galen was of Opinion that these were never to be allowed of, or admitted by men in their common Course of Diet; but that they were evermore to be banished from their Meals, as most dangerous and baneful. For they abide unconcocted in the Stomach until the day following. Yet notwithstanding they may not unfitly be Eaten (but they are rather thought to be very commodious and proper) if while they be yet green, and before they be ripe, you take them in salads, after they been a while kept in a Pickle made of Vinegar and Pepper, and they are then least hurtful unto those that have their stomack over hot. The Venetian Physitians prescribe them against Pestilential Diseases by them to cut and divide the Humors.
  • 4. Melons, of al sorts (but principally the Musk-Melon) which are both grateful to the Palate, and withal send forth an Aromatical or sweet smel; but in regard that they abound with water from their Humidity, they are thereupon easily corrupted; and be­ing once corrupted they degenerate into a Poysonous Nature, and thereby excite store of Choler. And therefore they ought to be taken in the first beginning of Meals that so they may the more easily pass through; and then we must be very careful to put nothing upon them but meats of a good Juyce, and then af­ter al to drink one draught or two of the best Wine.
  • 5. Straw-berries, which are moist and cold, of a thin Juyce, and such as is soon and easily corrupted in the stomack. They cool the stomach and Liver when they are over­hot and cholerick; they restrain and qualifie the heat of the Blood and Humors, allay the vehement thirst, drives forth the Urine, and cleanse the Reins. The best and fittest time to Eat them is in the beginning of the Meal. They are now and then Eaten with Cream and Sugar; but most usually (as the better way of taking them) they are Eaten out of Wine.
  • 6. Capers, which if they be fresh and new, do the more effectually nourish, and loosen the belly. If they be eaten with vinegar and oyl they excite and Whet on the appetite unto a desire after meat, they remove the obstructions of the Liver and Spleen, and carry forth that Flegm that is conteined within the Cavity of the Belly.
• IV. The fruits of Trees, are,
  • 1. Apples, of which such as are sweet tasted, and withal sweet smelling, yield an indifferent quantity of Aliment, and are a good remedy against al sorts of Melancholy Distempers. Such of them as are sharp and sour are cold, and extreamly windy. Those of them that are rough, harsh, and not Mellow, are of a thicker Juyce, and therefore defcend over slowly into, and through the belly, albeit the Force and strength thereof was qualified and corrected by the first Conco­on. Such of them as are waterish are of a most corrupt Juyce, and have no tast at al in them.
  • 2. Quinces, which are cold and dry, of smal nourishment, and of hard digestion; if they [Page 10]be eaten raw they are very hurtful to the si­news; if they be taken in the beginning of the meal they render the belly Costive, if after meat, then they loosen the belly, and shut the mouth of the stomach.
  • 3. Oranges, which if sowr they are usually put into sauces, and being therewith mingled they are of singular use, both for the stirring up of the appetite, and for the removal of the stomachs nauseousness and loathing: but if sweet they are not then to be squeezed into sauces and so eaten with other meats; but how ever we use them they are of singular bennefit in helping Coughs, and easing the jaws when exasperated and infla­med.
  • 4. Pears, which if sweet, they are then of a more moist and cold nature (the muscatel or muscle pears only excepted, which are hot, and more obnoxious to corruption) if they be harsh and sowr, they binde and cool the Belly, & are hurtful to the stomach & the Intestines: they are the better if eaten boy­led.
  • 5. Medlers, which are cold and dry; those therefore alone of them that are milde and mellow are to be eaten; and these afforde but very little nourishment, and that likewise hard of concoction; they are good to stop a vomi­ting, when there is occasion; and they are al­so very fit and convenient for a hot chollerick stomach,
  • 6. Figs, which are hot and moist; these nourish more then other fruits, and easi­ly descend from the stomach, and pass out of the Belly; and if they be eaten into great abundance, they excite and generate windiness. Those of them that have been kept a while til they be dry (we usually cal them Ca­ricae) have in them such an abstersive and clen­sing quallity, that oftentimes they cause that flux that we cal the Lientery, drive forth the humors unto the exterior parts, provoke unto sweats; and if much eaten they produce a smal sort of lice.
  • 7. Peaches (or Persian aples) which are al of them cold, and moist; they nourish but little, and are soon corrupted; such of them as are new and fresh to be eaten before meat; those of them that are dryed or boyled do in some sort lose and lay aside al the il quallity that is in them.
  • 8. Abrecotes, or Apricocks, (the Ancients caled them Armini­an Apples) which are reputed better than Peaches, and more acceptable to the stomach.
  • 9. Prunes, the which al of them are cold and moist: The sweeter of them mitigate choller, are easily concocted, and descend through the belly: such of them as are white, and in cho­lor like unto wax are the worst and vilest sort of them al; those of damascus (we cal them damaske plunes) and Hungaria, are the best sort of them. While they be new they have in them an excrementitious moisture; and if they be eaten raw; they yield a worse kinde of Juice, and (to speak truth) they over much loosen the retentive faculty of the stomach; but being dryed they are much the fitter for nutrition or nourishment.
  • 10. Cherries, which if they be sweet, by reason of their a­bundant humidity, they are soon corrupted; and so come to generate a sort of smal long worms, and putrid feavers; if they be sharp and sowre, they cool, qualifie the heat of the Liver and stomach, are easily concocted, and pass through the belly, stir up the Appetite, neither do they afford any il Juice.
  • 2. Mul­beries, which moisten, cool, nourish but little, descend easily through the belly; and therefore in regard that if they be long reteyned in the stomach, they soon corrupt and putrefie, they must only be taken in upon an empty stomach, that is free from cholerick humors.
  • 12. Grapes, which if sweet, they are then the hot­er, and excite thirst; if they be tart and sour, they are then (by so much) the colder; if ful of a winy Juyce and substance, they are then of a mean quallity and temperament betwixt the two tormer. If they be new, they afford but little nourishment, lift and swel up the spleen, beget the chollick, and if they be detayned in the body beyond the due and convenient time, they fi [...] the liver and sto­mach with Crude humors. If they be dryed (we cal them raisons of the sun) those of them that are only sharp and sowr bind the belly; such of them as are sweet afford greater store of nourishment; but those of them that are both sweet and austere or somwhat sharp, are the more excellent of them al, as agreeing with the Liver in their whole substance, and exceed­ing benificial unto the Breast. Corans, which being without stones ad more strength to the body.
  • 13. Olives, which being pickled are of excelent use to provoke the appetite, and are more easily digested in the stomach. Those which are most astringent, are used after meals, that the mouth of the stomach being thereby strengthened, the meat may be the sooner passed downe into the belly.
  • 14. Almonds which if they are bitter, they exceedingly provoke urine, and by their bitterness breed a loathing of meat; if they are sweet, they are hot and moist, yeild plenty of good nourishment, and are therefore good for those that are in con­sumptions, and very lean. They are not good in chollerick feavers, nor in an [...]o stomach.
  • 15. Chestnuts, which are hot and dry, hard to digeft, yeild good nourishment if wel di­gested, [Page]but it is hardly distributed; if they are eaten in too great a Quantity they engen­der wind.
  • 16. Walnuts are hot and dry. Such as are new, because of their moistness are best eaten with salt. The drie are eaten after fish, the moisture whereof, they do with their dry­ness temper. They breed choler, and make rough the mouth of the stomach, the gullet and the wind pipe.
  • 17. Haselnuts and Filberds, are colder than walnuts, and afford more nou­rishment, are hardly digested and breed an earthy juice. To these may be added, Mush­romes and Toad-stooles, which are for the most part cold, tastless, of a thick and watry nourishment. Eaten not without danger, both because they are of bad juice, and because they are sometimes venemous.

II. Birds which are mans-meat, are either Land or water fowl: they afford us their flesh, other of their parts, and Eggs.

I. In respect of Flesh, among water-fowles, the cheife that afford us meat are,

• 1 The Duck both tame and wild, which breed a thick and melancholy juice, stop the veins of the mesentery and spleen, and are apt to breed Quartan Agues: especially such of them as are continually in the dirt and mud.
• 2. The Goose, which if it be tame, is of Excrementi­tious juice, and apt to putrify, but the tame more than the wild. The best of those which live and feed alwaies on Land, are,
  • 1. Poul­tery, because they have temperate flesh, of good juice, and little excrement. Where note,
    • 1. That the flesh, of their bodies, is the best of al other, and comprehends the praise of all birds, as to feed.
    • 2. That Henns are dryer, than the rest.
    • 3. That the flesh of Cocks is harder and dryer, especially that of old Cocks, whose broath purges the belly.
    • 4. That the Turkey-cock is not inferior to a Capon, either in tast, or goodness of juice; being good for such as are recovering out of sickness, the sweetest parts of them are the breast and the belly.
    They are variously crammed fatned and dressed with Oisters, spiced, with gelly, with white-broath, boyled, roasted, fried, pressed, distilled.
  • 2. The Partrich, whose flesh is temperate, encline­ing a little to dryness, of easie digestion, of excellent juice, much nourishment, little ex­crement, and which is well given to such as are upon recovery, and as are troubled with the whoremasters Pox.
  • 3. The Pheasant, which equals a Capon in goodness of flesh and juice. 'Tis commended in Autumn and Winter, being better in the wings than legs. A pheasant Chick is sweetest, when it is six or eight weeks old.
  • 4. The Heath-cock, whose flesh is of the same nature with the for­mer. And is very sit meat for such as are reco­vering after sickness.
  • 5. Pigeons whose flesh is of a thick, melancholick and excremen­titious juice, nor easily digested, nor good in putrid Feavers. The Mountaine and wood­pigeons are best. The Turtle dove affords little and thin juice, the older of them, breed Melancholy blood.
  • 7. The Lark, which engenders excellent juice, and is easily digested, it is thought by a peculiar faculty to preserve from the Cholick and to cure the same.
  • 8. The Black-bird, whose flesh is little inferior to that of kids, in sweetness, easiness of digestion, and goodness of juice,
  • 9. The Quail, which is hot & moist, hard to digest, of evil nourishment, much juyce, much excrement, affording matter for fevers.
  • 10. The Thrush, which Galen allows such to feed on, as are of a leane and thin habit of body. Apicius terms their flesh diaboli­cal, because it smells strong of Hemlock. They are taken very fat, when Grapes begin to be ripe.
  • 11. The Sparrow, which some are de­lighted with at all times, but in winter especial­ly; because they are in the summer by reason of their Letchery, leaner, dryer, and hotter than at other times.

II. The Parts of Birds are,

• 1. The Combs, which are proper to poultrey alone. Galen reckons them among such meats as no man wil commend or dispraise. They are thought to incite such as are slow, to generation.
• 2. The Wings, which because the superfluous and crude moisture is wasted away by exercise, are of good juice and easie to be digested.
• 3. The Rumpe, which in such as have short legs, is more fleshy and fat than ordinary, but some­times it makes the stomach sick by its over fat­ness.
• 4. The Brain, which in birds than in four footed beasts is dryer and harder; in such as feed on mountains, it is more delicate, than in such as lie in the fields and marshes. The sweetest is that of Cocks, Partriches, and Pheasants. That of Sparrows and Pigeons pro­vokes fleshly lust.
• 5. The Neck, which is thought to hurt the Eye-sight, by reason of blood therein in coagulated.
• 6. The Tongue, which the more musculous it is, the better it is. Bruyerinus writes that the tongue of Geese provokes lust.
• 7. The Heart, which is of a fiberous and hard substance, is hardly digested, and hardly passes. Often eaten it breeds mel­ancholly blood.
• 8. The Lungs, which be­cause of their thin substance are easily digested and nourish little.
• 9. The Stomach, which is for the most part fleshy and hard, that of a [Page 12]Goose is the sweetest. That of fed Henns is ra­ther fleshy than hard: We cal it the Gizzard.
• 10. The Gutts, which in some kind of birds is couuted a dainty. The Gutts of a larke, which are hard and bitter, are by some swal­lowed like pills, to loosen the belly, but in vain.
• 11. The Liver, which by reason of its hot and moist temper, is of kin to our na­tural Heat. That of a Goose is most short and tender, and most highly prized. Anciently they moistened their Goose-meat with milk, to make it nourish the more.
• 12. The Spleen, because in most birds it is very little, is of no account.
• 13. The [...] Stones, are best in cocks if they are nourished with wheyish nourish­ment. They are sought for by delicate and wanton people as incentives to Lust.
• 13. The Feet, which because they have little flesh up­on them, nourish little, and because they are nervous and tendinous they are hard to digest.
• 14. The Skin, which is sweet in such as are fed up and fatted, but of small nourishment, and hard to digest; that is the sweetest which covers the Loins of Hens. The rugged and fat skin of the Neck, is better boiled, than roa­sted.
• 14. The Marrow, which if it be of the back, it is of the same Virtue with the Braines, save that is a little harder; if that of the bones, it is more fat and pleasant; but eaten too plen­tifully it causes stomach sickness.
• 15. Fat, which being moderately eaten, with salt, gives little and bad, yet delightful nourishment. It takes away the Appetite, if wine be drunk down after it, because the stomach is smoo­thed, the wrinkles are taken away, and the sense of pain by reason of the sucking of the stomach is taken away.

III. The Egs of Birds consist of the yolk and the white. The former by propriety of substance is easily inflamed and turned to sumes. The Latter is cold and glewish, breeds bad blood, and is hardly digested. They va­ry in respect of Substance figure and concocti­on. They are,

• 1. Those of Henns, Partri­ges, Pheasants, such as are young and fat, which excel al others.
• 2. Ducks, Geese, and Peacocks Egs, which are counted worse.
• 3. Such as are Smal, long and white; which are thought to excel others in goodness of juice.
• 4. Such as are Pale, as those of Ducks and Geese, which partake more of a watry sub­stance.
• 5. Trembling Soft, which are so far thickned by boyling, as that they seem to trem­ble in the shell in the hand of the holder, do give much nourishment and excellent juice to the body; are easily digested and distributed, and breed blood which is most agreeable to the na­ture of the Heart.
• 6. Supping Eggs, which nourish less than the quivering or trembling, but they pass more easily and mitigate the roughness of the Jawes.
• 7 Perfectly boyled being thickned, which are hardly digested, pass slowly down, and afford a more thick nouri­shment.
• 9. Roasted, are of thicker sub­stance than boyled, because the Heat of the fire consumes their moisture; and if they are quite covered with ashes, because the fumes are therby kept in, they are the more unwholsom; it they are laid open upon the embers because they breath out their fumes, they are better.
• 10. Boyled they are better than roasted, be­cause the moisture of the water, hinders them from being dried by the fire.
• 11. Fried, which while they are digested in the stomach, do evaporate into nidorous fumes, and cor­rupt other meats, and breed thick juice.
• 12. Poached Eggs, which Galen teaches how to dress, are better than boyled or roasted, if they are done neither too soft nor too hard.

III. The third kind of Meats are four-footed beasts. Which afford for mans food.

• 1. Their Musculous flesh
• 2. Their Head.
• 3. Their Breast.
• 4. Their Belly and panch.
• 5. Their Leggs and feet. And
• 6. Such things as are taken from, but are not parts of them.

I. The Musculous flesh, is frequently used for meat, and is hotter with quickning heat than that of fowls, and therefore they grow thrice as big.

• 1. It is Oxe-flesh, which if of young beasts, not broken with Labor, 'tis so much the better, but seldom used: if of old beasts, it is thick, hard of digestion, and passes not easily through the veins, yet is it free from roap­ing and clammyness. It breeds a loose nourish­ment, hard to digest, and produces thick blood. Hippocrates has written that it causes cholera sicca
• 2. Cow-beefe, which is of a thick & melancholy juyce.
• 3. Calves-flesh, or Veale, which is temperate, of good juice, easie to di­gest. Yet it affords somwhat a thicker juice than Kids flesh, Lambs or Weathers flesh.
• 4. Swines-flesh, which differs according to the Age, that of Sucking pigs is moist, of no good juice, and which easily putrifies, and therefore wine must be drunk upon it. That of young shotterels is better, and gives good nourishment. That of young Hogs, especially those of May, is best of al, nourishes most powerfully, and affords firme aliment, to Men flourishing in years, very convenient, and for such as are ex­ercised with hard labors. That of Old decre­pit Swine, is hard, tastless, causes melancholy diseases, must be moistened with wine drunk [Page 13]after. The flesh of the Wild boare or Swine is better than that of the tame, both because it is not so excrementitious; nor breeds clammy juice. Out of no other Beast so much fuel is afforded to luxurie, for no less than 50. several tasts are thereout produced, whereas others have each one single tast.
• 5. Sheeps, which is of too unsavory a tast, and fit for Country people; it smells strong, if it be boyled after the solstice; worse, if it be roast.
• 6. Lambs flesh, which before a yeare compleat is moist, slimie, after a year, it is ful of good juice, of a midling consistency, and is easily digested in such perions as take paines, and is soon dis­cussed.
• 7. Weathers Flesh, which is easily digested, and breeds good blood, if it be of such as are young.
• 8. Roes Flesh, which is of good nourishment, and excells the flesh of o­ther wild beasts, in easy digesture, and little ex­crement, yet is it somewhat of a dry nature.
• 9. Rids Flesh, which being temperate is easily digested, and breeds good humors, but more clammy than those arising from veal. 'Tis flashy and void of tast unless it be roasted.
• 10. Deeres Flesh, which is drie and hard to digest, breeds melancholly blood, if it be of an old Deere, and is apt to obstruct the bowells.
• 11. Hearts Flesh, which affords melancholick juice: but if it be wel digested, it is not of ill juice: and is thought to such as eat it to have a fresh color.

II. The Heads of four-footed beasts which serve for food are the Oxe-head, Calves-head, Hogs-head, Wild Boares-head, Kids-head, Hares-head &c. Of which, thus much may be said in general, that they are hard of digesti­on, of a thick and clammy juice, and very nou­rishing. Their principal and most esteemed parts are.

• 1. The Tongue, which consists of a flesh by it self, loose, spungy, moist and clammy: and therefore it affords a nourish­ment not solid, thick, or long-lasting; yet in some creatures tis exceeding sweet, soft, of good juice, easy to digest, and affording no bad nourishment. That end which the beasts are wont to thrust out of their mother is har­der than the rest.
• 2. The Eyes, which are of no account, saving those of a Calves-head, which are compassed with much fat and soft flesh, and are involved in thin membranes.
• 3. The Eares, which because gristley, nourish little, unless they be eaten with the bordering parts.
• 4. The Cheeks, which, if they are of young beasts fat and fleshy, they are not void of good juice. Those of Calves are most ten­der.
• 5. The Braine, which is flegmatick, of thick juice, passes slowly, and is hard to digest. It makes the stomach thick, and pro­vokes vomiting. Varignana saies it is good a­gainst poyson, perhaps because of its clammyness wherewith the sides of the stomach are daubed.
• 6 The Palate, which is commended in an Oxe. It is covered over with a certain mem­branous flesh, and is a frequent Ingredient in­to minst pies, Haggests, and Puddings.
• 7. The Snowt, which Galen counts inferior to the feet in Hogs, and better than the Eares.

III. In the Breast the Heart and Lungs are seated.

• 1. The Heart is hard to digest, as I said before. The Salernitans are of Opi­nion, that an Hogs Heart encreases pensive­ness, namely in such as are already troubled with Melancholly.
• 2. The Lunges are of a cold and moist temperament, of a flegmatick juice, easily digested and distributed, by rea­son of their rarity or thinness of substance, and their Lightness: some say they pusse up the belly.

IV. The parts of the Belly are, the Liver, Spleen, Kidneys, Stones, Matrix, Stom­ach, Gutts, Mesentery, the Flanks, Duggs or Ʋdders.

• 1. The Liver of al beasts, is of thick juice, hard to digest, and which pas­ses slowly. That of a Sow is best, especially if she have been fed with figgs. That of Lambs and kids, does more easily pass, and is not so thick juiced. The Roes Liver is said to bring epileptical convulsions as well as the goats. The wild swines liver covered with the Cal, is commended.
• 2. The Spleen because it draws thick, dreggy and melancholick blood, affords suitable nourishment. Those of young swine, because they are not infected with so bad blood, are not of so ill juice.
• 3. The Ridnies are of bad juice, ill tast, hard to digest: those of kids and Calves are commen­ded, because they are neither hard, nor rank.
• 4. The Testicles, because they have a rank tast, especially in such creatures as have en­gendered, are hard and ill to digest. But Hogs-stones are counted the best, and lambs stones are not il thought of.
• 5. The Ma­trix was by the ancients esteemed a very dain­ty dish, and was reckoned of two sorts, viz. that of a sow or other beast with young, and that of Virgin female; Because it ingen­ders a cold and crude juice, therefore tis hard­ly digested.
• 6. The Stomach, what nou­rishment it gives may easily be conjectured by its constitution.
• 7. The Smal gutts which the greeks termed chordas, the Latines Lactes, were anciently a dainty dish, witness [Page 14]the Poet Epicharmus in Megaride: the thick guts which they called Phuscat, were no less esteemed of.
• 8. The Mesentery, especially that of a fat sucking calf, is a most dainty dish with a little Vinegar.
• 9. Touching the flanks or groins I have nothing to say.
• 10. The Ʋdder was counted for a dainty dish, as may be collected from the Psendolus of Plau­tus.

V. The Extremities or feet are by Ari­stotle accounted to be of a clammy nourish­ment. Mnesitheus the Athenian, writes, that they and the Head have little nourishing and pure Juyce in them. Some have termed them the Sacrifice of Venus. Hereunto I refer the Sweet bread and Brawne, the sweet bread is a Kernelly, Soft, Spongy and white substance. Plautus commends it in his Curculio. That of a Calfe is the sweetest. Brawn is swines flesh hardned, and was highly esteemed by the ancients.

VI. Food taken from Animals being no part of them, is Milk; which also affords the parts whereof it consists, Whey, Butter, and Cheese.

• I. Milk is manyfold.
  • 1. Raw, which must be taken new milked, least it cause Wind. That of Cows or other Creatures which have newly brought forth their young, is not approved. 'Tis corrected with a little Salt or Sugar.
  • 2. Boyled, which is indeed less windy, but because the whey is consumed by boyling, it becomes thicker, and apt to stop the Veins.
  • 3. Cheesie, which has much Cheesie substance in it, Nourishes much, but is not so whol­some.
  • 4. Buttery, which is more clammy, is hardly distributed▪ and causes wind.
  • 5. Wheyish, which nourishes least of al, and quickly passes through the Belly.
  • 6. Of leane Cattle, which nourishes little.
  • 7. Of Fat beasts, which is said to be apt to breed convul­sion fits.
  • 8. Of black beasts, which is better than that of such as are white.
  • 9. Milkt after the bringing forth of young, which is most liquid and thin, and grows thick in time.
  • 10. The best, is luke warm, of equal substance, put upon the Naile, it does not soon run off, light rather than heavy, not clammy but sweet, without smel, white, and in some sort shi­ning, finally which proceeds from an healthy Creature, being made in wel constituted Ud­ders.
  • 11. Womens milke, which is very near the best of al other.
  • 12. Cowes milke, which is thicker than that of Women, fatter, and more nourishing. It easily obstructs, and is in the Stomach hardly digested.
  • 13. Sheeps milk, which is inferior to that of Cowes, and ob­structs more.
  • 14. Goats milke, which is a little hotter than the foresaid, of thinner sub­stance, and less nourishment, and more apt to loose the Belly.
  • 15. Mares milke, which by the thinness and heat of the wheyish substance, wherewith it abounds, is exceeding detersive and clensing.
  • 16. Asses milke, which is colder, thinner and more wheyish than the rest, less nourishing and less obstructing, it excee­dingly clenses and loosens the Belly, without any acrimony or biting.
• II. Whey, in regard of its watry and Flegmatick substance, cooles and moistens; in respect of its sharp, Salt and Flegmatick parts, it clenses.
• III. Butter, helps the breast and Lungs, brings up flegm, and is good for cold and dry Coughs: taken in great Quantity, it loosens the Belly, and is endued with a strong faculty to digest, discuss, concoct, and lightly bring up. When it is old, it attains an Acrimonious Quality.
• IV. There are some Differences of Cheese.
  • 1. Some is new and soft which is preferred before that which is hard & old: because it nourishes more, & passes sooner through the belly.
  • 2. Some is of a thin and loose substance, which is more whol­some than that which is compact.
  • 3. Another sort is Clammy and dry which is accounted bad.
  • 4. Sheeps Cheese, which is concocted more easily than other sorts, and affords better nourishment.
  • 5. Cowes milk cheese, which is next in goodness to sheeps Cheese.
  • 6. Goats milk cheese, which is worse than either of the former, as being doubtless more hot and thin.
  • 7. The best cheese, is void of Eyes and holes, not over salted, nor foul with hairs, nor whey­ish, nor old, nor hard, nor Ranke. See Gesner of milke, and things made of milke; and Nar­dius in his Physical Analysis of milke,
• IV. The fourth kind of meates, but worse than those of four footed beasts, are Fishes, whose qualities wil be best explained by their Differences and parts, Viz. Their flesh and other Members.

I. The Differences are taken.

• I. From the Place, in respect whereof, some breed and live in lakes and ponds, others in Rivers; some are Sea-fish, both such as hant the stony places near the shore, and such as live in the Maine Sea; others live partly on land, partly in the Water; others are digd out of the Earth; touching al which observe these following Rules,
  • 1. Pond-fish, because they are mud­dy and little exercised, are ful of Excrements.
  • 2. Lake-fish, that live in great lakes, which are watered with Fountaines and Rivers, are better than the former.
  • 3. River-fish, which [Page 15]swim in troubled Waters, that receive the filth of great Cities, are offensive to the sto­mach, are of thick substance, and difficultly voided forth; such as live alwaies in cleare Waters, are better than pond or lake fish. Sea-fish that live in an Northerne Sea open to the winds, by reason of their exer­cise, and the purity of the winds, have excel­lent flesh.
  • 5. Maine Sea fish which live in the bottome of the Ocean, are of hard flesh, are hardly digested, but they afford plenty of nourishment to the Body.
  • 6. Shore fish be­cause they live upon the scum and purgings of the Sea, may be disliked: and because they haunt in such places as are inlightened with the Sun beams, and by continual exercise such Ex­crements as are collected from their food, are dissipated, they are to be preferred before such as live in the Maine Sea.
  • 7. Stoney place han­ting fish, which keep alwaies one place and food, are easie to digest, of good juyce, ab­stersive, light and little nourishing: such as roame up and down, by reason of their conti­nual motion and the cuffs they receive from the billows, are of an hard flesh.
  • 8. Fish Dug out of the Earth have hard and unpleasant flesh, and Seneca records they were found so bad and destructive, that al died that did eat of them.
  • 9. Such as live on Land and Water, by reason of the variety of their diet and moti­on, are hardly allowed as good to preserve strength.
  • 10. Fish of the same kind and sort, differ in goodness and badness, according to the healthyness & unhealthyness of the place wher­in they live. Some are better in the Ocean than in the Mediterranean seas and contrary wise.
• II. From their Substance, in respect of which, fishes are.
  • 1. Of an Hard flesh, which are disallowed, especially if they be clammy with­al.
  • 2. Soft of Flesh, which are best of al, if their Flesh be also tender and short.
  • 3. Of a middle Nature, which have short but not soft flesh: such as are mullets.
• III. In re­gard of Age, in which respect note.
  • 1. That little fish, if hard of flesh, are disliked, as al­so the softer, because they have a slimy sub­stance.
  • 2. That old Fish, do by their Age lose much of their flesh.
  • 3. That those of middle Age are most approved, because they are neither slimy nor dry,
• IV. In regard of their food.
  • 1. Some Eat flesh and are of an hard and dry substance.
  • 2. Others live up­on slime and mud, which are of Clammy sub­stance.
  • 3. Such as feed upon Roots and Herbs have soft and short flesh, &c. But of these see my Books of Fishes.

II. Among the Parts of Fishes used in Diet, in the Cheife is their Flesh. In respect of it therefore.

• 1. The Stock fish though be­ing new, tis short, tender, of good Juyce, and easily digested; yet being dried, it affords a thick nourishment, hard to digest, and which cannot be overcome, save by a strong Stomach.
• 2. The Sole, Flounder, and Place, being fresh and new, have white and good flesh, and such as affords plenty of good nourishment, and which is not easily corrupted. When they are dried, they are harder.
• 3. The flesh of a Salmon is tender, most grateful to the Palate, easily digested, affords good Juyce, Viz. While it is young.
• 4. Trouts are the best of al fish that breed in the fresh waters, easily digested, of much good and thin Juyce: the biggest are not the best in regard of their fatness and clam­myness. Those are most esteemed of, which are sprinckled with red spots and have red flesh.
• 5. Gudgeons, afford wholsome nourishment, are of good tast, easie to digest, and abide not long in the stomach.
• 6. Millers Thumbes are like to Gudgeons.
• 7. A smal Pike or Pickerel has a very short flesh, not hard to digest, and easily distributed; some count it to have an hard flesh. The River Pike, is bet­ter than that of the Pond.
• 8. The Sea-Perch, is according to Diphilus, tender, not ranke, easily digested; the River Pearch has flesh that is not indeed, so short, yet is it not hard to digest, nor is it of bad Juyce; others say it affords a weake nourishment which is ea­sily dissipated.
• 9. The Carpe has moist flesh, ful of a watry rathe [...] [...]han a Clammy Humor, and has much Excrem [...]titious Juyce. That is most commended, which breeds in swift streams and pure waters. It must not be eaten with variety of other meats, but by it self.
• 10. The Barble has exceeding white flesh, easily digested and distributed, and has no ill nourishment or Juyce.
• 11. The Lamprey is clammy: but if it be wel sauced and dressed, it affords a pleasing and wel tasted Nutriment. Some would have it to be strangled in wine.
• 12. An Eele has soft and sweet flesh, but clam­my, ful of Fat and moisture: some say there is somthing in an Eele, which not taken out is destructive to the bowels of the Eater. How­beit the Ancients so highly esteemed this fish, as to account it the Helena or prime dish at their feasts.
• 13. The Tench is by Ausonius cal'd the poor mans comfort. It is thought to be of so bad Juyce that the feeding thereon [Page 16]should cause Feavers.
• 14. The Herring has a white and short flesh, of good tast, not hard to digest, of good Juyce. Being salted or hardned in the Smoake, it degenerates from it self.
• 15. The Sturgeon has hard flesh, Fat and glewish. It affords no bad Juyce, only tis hard to digest: the younger are most pleasant, and afford much nourish­ment.

III. The other Members of Fishes are.

• 1. The Head which is mans meat, in some fish. The Mullet was anciently bought, only for his Head and Liver. At this day the Head of a Salmon, of an Umber or Hallibut, and of a Carp, are accounted dainties.
• 2. The Tongue which in a dolphin is Fat and tender; in a carpe if it be roasted, tis very fat, & provokes lust.
• 3. The Eyes which in a Salmon are tender and Fat.
• 4. The Beards, which Heliogaba­lus had served up by whole platters ful, in­stead of smalladge and Water-Cresses and Fenu-Greek.
• 5. The Throates or parts between the brest and Neck, being salted, are pleasing to the Palate, and according to Xeno­crates are hardly corrupted.
• 6. The Liver which in stock fishes or Cods, is counted bet­ter than in other Fishes. In the Silurus, tis so sweet as to overcome the Stomach. That of the Wolfe fish roasted and sauced with Juyce of Orenges, is not inferior to a Gooses Liver. Upon the Livers of River Lampreyes, the re­venues of Princedomes have been anciently laid out.
• 7. The Sides of the sturgeon and Lamprey are commended.
• 8. The Bowels without which the Gilthead has no tast, and in the Dolphin their s [...]l is delightful, as also their tast resembling W [...]lets.
• 9. The belly, which in the fish they cal Huso, tasts like Porke. A dish has been invented of the Na­vils of the thin Fishes, cut out of their bellies, and barrelled up with Salt, Vinegar, and Fen­nel.
• 10. The Roes which in the Pike, Huson, Scarlet fish and others, are commended.
• 11. The belly which is fattest in the Tuny-fishes as Hicesius informes us.
• 12. The Guts, which are commended in the Salmon, Pike, Cod, and Conger.
• 13. The Flankes and Groins which Horace commends in a Turbot.
• 14. The Loins which Antiphanes relates to have been among the dainty dishes of Old.
• 15. The Taile, which is desired in the Pike or Thym. The Proverbe is, The Head of a Carpe, the middle of a Scordil, the Taile of a Pike, are the Gluttons delight.
• 16. The Skin, which in a Tench, is by French Women, preferred be­fore any flesh.
• 17. The Eggs or hard roes of Perches roasted on a Gridiron; of Carpes boy­led and fried; of the Wolfe-fish, Salmon, Hu­son, and Marde, Pickled, were a dish of e­steeme among the Ancients. Those of the Barble, Gripe the Belly intollerably, those of the Pike make it swel. And so much for Fishes.

IV. Among bloodless Creatures, I shal only reckon Oisters, Snailes and Crabs.

• I Oisters by the Salt Juyce they have in them, do provoke the Belly to stoole, they stir up appetite, and incite Lust, nourish little, and make some trouble in the stomach.
• II. Snails are of an hard flesh and difficult to digest: but if digested they nourish plentifully, if often Eaten. They breed thick and black blood. That which is said to be good in Consumpti­ons is in the broth of their Flesh, especially their hinder parts. In which there is a clam­my substance like hardned cheese, easily mel­ted, and soon chewed, tender, soon digested and very nourishing. Those are best, which are least white, and which are found in Vine­yards and Orchards.
• III. Crabs which have no Tailes; and Lobsters that have Tailes, do not much differ. They are hard to digest; being digested; they nourish much, but breed thick Juyce. Touching Creeping Creatures and other things, used for food in other Nati­ons, I shal not speak.

Point, 3. Of Sauces, Bread, and the time of Eating.

The third thing to be explained touching Diet, is Sawces, whose Differences, and mat­ters or kinds, I shal now reckon up. I. As to the Differences of Sawces, they are, either, 1. Simple, which are made of the mixture of one only thing with our Meat; or Compound, which consist of two or more. The former are heating, cooling Temperate, Sharpe, Aroma­tick, Bitter, Salt, Harsh, Acid, Sweet, Fat. The latter are wel nigh more in Number, viz. Dipping-Sawces, Licking-sawces, Sugard-sawces, Sage-sawces, Garlick-Sawces, O­nion-sawces, Tart Sawces, Vinegars, Sal­lads, not to speak of your black broaths, Saw­cages, Pap-Sawces, Bononia Sawcages, Westphalia Gammons, of which see Api­cius and Athenaeus.

II. The Matter of condiments, are things dug out of the ground, Plants themselves, their Juyces and Honey. Of things dug up is Salt, which attenuates clammy meats, gives [Page 17]tast to those that are tastlss, dries such as are moist, takes away the strong smel of such as stinke. The best is white, transparent like cristal, thick, void of smel, which has an even acrimony joyned with a certain sweetness. If we beleeve the Mauritanian Physitians, it dims the eyes, wasts the seed, and raises the scab.

• II. From plants, there is,
  • 1. Peper, especially the black. Which excellently helpes concoction, and is exceeding good for flegma­tick natures. That is best which is most heavy, ful, black, without wrinkles.
  • 2. Ginger, whose Heat is thought to last longer than that of peper, corects the Crudities of the stomach, and provokes Lust.
  • 3. Cloves with which neats tongues, Cowes-udders, &c. are prick­ed and stuck. They heat with a kind of A­striction, and helpe the stinking of the Breath.
  • 5. Cardamoms, which are sharpe and bitter in tast.
  • 6. Nutmegs, which are used to the same intents as the former.
  • 7. Saffron, which helps the concoction of meat, breeds a fresh colour, opens the stoppage of the liver, and has a narcotick or stupefactive Quallity in it.
  • 8. Elder, whose first buds pickled in vinegar are kept as a sallet, and move the bely to stool.
  • 9. Capars, which being pickled with salt, oyl or oximel, provoke appetite, void the flegme which is contained in the Belly, and ease the obstructions of the spleen. Touch­ing Water-Creases, Onions, Garlick, &c. see what has been said before.
• III. From the juices of plants there are,
  • 1. Sugar, which senifies sharpe things, blunts the fervor of things biting, makes salt things more delicious, overcomes harshness, gives tast to things insi­ped, but withal produces choler in such as are of an hot Nature; and makes black, Furrs, and soosens the teeth.
  • 2. Oyl, which if pressed from ful ripe olives, it affords nourishment su­table to our Natures: and is fit to correct the bad quallities of other meats, and of herbs. Also it molifies and loosens the Belly, it takes away al Asperity, it helps such as are bruised, and mitigates pain.
  • 3. Juice of unripe grapes, Citterns, Lemmons, and of Crabs, which the French and Itallians much use, doe coole, bind, and helpe the extravagant longings of women. Hereunto belongs Vinegar, which is extream cold and pierceing. The eagerness thereof is blunted, with a peice of toasted bread, wine, raisons, elder flowers, roses, sugar, and such like things. Tis hurtful for mellancholly per­sons, and women that are subject to mother fits.
• IV. Honey is of an hot nature, saving that which is white, and seems convenint for healthy people. It easily turns to choller, and therefore it is neither fit for hot natures, nor hot parts, otherwise it has a power to clense and resist putrefaction. Mead is made here­of.

IV. In the Fourth place we reckoned BREAD, of which in respect of the Matter and waies of making, there are sundry differ­ences.

I. In Respect of Matter.

• I. Such as is ne­cessary.
  • 1. It is made of fine flower, and which is most nourishing to the Body.
  • 2. That which is made of bolted meal, and finest flower being taken away, and is next in goodness to the former.
  • 3. Houshould bread which is made of the finer sort of bran, and nourishers less than the former, but descends better through the belly because of the branniness.
  • 4. Of Courser bran which nourishes least of al, but goes soonest through the belly.
  • 5. Bread of altogether, which nourishes very wel, and soone passes through the belly.
  • 6. Barley bread, which if it be made of the most excel­lent barly, is the less inferior to wheaten bread; if of loose and light barly, it is like the wheaten bran bread.
  • 7. Rye bread, which if it be black and heavy it burthens the eater, is of sad and thick juice, and breeds stones in the kid­neys.
• II. In respect of the matter prepared and quallified, it is.
  • 1. Leavened bread, which is lighter and sooner destributed, than the unleavened.
  • 2. Ʋnleavened bread, which is of a contrary Nature.
  • 3. Soure leavened, which is also hard to digest, and lies heavy up­on the stomach.
  • 4. Salted bread, which is lighter than the unsalted.
  • 5. Ʋnsalted bread, which is apt to breed obstructions.
  I shal not speak of Saffron-bread, Eye-bread, Butterd-bread, Cheese-bread, Sugard-bread. Hereto belong the parts of bread.
  • 1. The Crum, of w^ch that which has been here said of bread is to be understood,
  • 2. The upper crust, which drinks up moisture in the body, and sharpens the Heat thereof; but if it be scorched and burnt, it breeds adust humors and black cho­ler.
  • 3. The Lower Crust, which is of like nature with the former.

II. In Respect of the preparation, bread is.

• 1. Savory, in which the leaven and salt are wel mingled.
• 2. Ʋnsavory or tastless which is contrary wise ordered.
• 3. Wel Kneaded, which is neither too littl not too much, but mo­derately wrought.
• 4. Ill kneaded, which obstructs, pufs up, burthens the stomach.
• 5. Baked in an Oven, which Because its throughly bak't is the best of al others.
• 6. That [Page 18]which is baked on tiles, or in a portable oven; which because it is not so wel baked in the bottom, is worse than the former.
• 7. That which is back't on a gridiron, or on the hearth, is bad, because the outer parts are scorched and the inner parts are dough-bak'd.
• 8. Bak't under the ashes or embers, from which it re­ceives a bad quallity.
• 9. Biscoct or Bisket, which is drying, and if made of fine flower, it affords very little excrement.
• 10. New Bread, which if hot, causes thirst, and breeds winds and suffocations; if cold, tis wholsom to feel on; if it be two or three days old, tis hard of digestion, because of its dryness.
• 11. Old bread which is hard and moldy, breeds a melancholly humor; and binds the belly.
• 12. A Great Loafe, because the fire has not suffi­ciently digested the moisture thereof, lies heavy upon the stomach, and raises wind.
• 13. A Little Loafe, because it is more than ordinarily crusty round about, produces a­dust blood as the material cause; and makes the Body dry.
• 14. A Loafe of a middling size, which is most commended.
• 15. Light and spungy, which nourishes light­ly, and makes no obstructions in the bowels.
• 16. solid and heavy, which is worse than the former.
• 17. The best bread therefore is that which is made of fine white wheat meal, the wheat being ripe, not very new, grown in a fat soil, not infected with moaths, dust, cockel, darnel, or frost, not wet with rain, or musty with keeping; being wel kneaded, leavened and salted.

V. In the first place we are to consider of the TIME OF EATING, which varies according to the several Customs of natures. The Hebrewes seem to have eaten twice a day. Among the Greekes even so long as since Ho­mers daies, their times of eating were distin­guished into dinner and supper. The latter Grecians did eat oftener: The Romans had their Breakfast, dinner, after noones bever, their Supper, and Rere-supper. Our Age fol­lowes the Custom of the Romans, yet thou­sands there are, that content themselves, with a dinner and supper only. And so much may suffice to have spoken of meats. They that would know more, besides Galen of the facul­ties of meats, let them consult Morellus upon Schola Salerni, Bruyerinus of Meates, Julius Alexandrinus of wholesome diet, and Ʋlis­ses Aldrovandus de Animalibus.

Point, 1. Of preserving the Health of In­fants, Children and youths.

SO much shal suffice to have said of preser­vation of Health in general: let us now see how health is to be preserved in several sorts of people. And this preservation is either of wel constituted, or Intemperate persons.

Wel habited or wel constituted persons, are either Infants, both such as are in the womb, and such as are born; or Children, or Youth, or Men of Middle Age, or Old Men.

I. Children in the Womb, wil fare wel, if the woman with child, shal do some things and avoid other some. Among things to be a­voided are,

• 1. Aire which is moist and sou­thern, the stink of candles put out, and which arises from Castoreum, brimstone, and such like things.
• 2. Also the smell of strong herbs, as rue, penneroial, Mint, and of sweet smel­ling things, if the woman be subject to mother fits.
• 3. The sight of things horrible and fear­ful.
• 4. Sharp, bitter and salt meates, which open the mouthes of the veins, such as are, Gar­lick, Onions, Mustard, Parsly, &c. as also such as cause wind; to which ad strange things, and hardly to be obtained.
• 5. Motion which is violent either of body or mind, especially in the first months; also vacancy of motion, which collects humors in the body.
• 6. The use of venery, at the begining of conception, least the child prove abortive.
• 7. The use of Bathes, least the ligaments of the womb should be loos­ned.
• 8. Too much laughter, or imagination.
• 9. Costiveness of the belly, which may be cured by the use of broaths, and of Manna. A­mong things to be used and done are,
  • 1. Tempe­rate Aire, drie rather than moist,
  • 2. Meat of good juice and plentyful in the last months; Apples, Quinces, which are thought to streng­then the child; also the eating of toasted Figs every day before meales is commended, when a womans time draws nigh, because 'tis thought, that the secondine is hereby more easily separa­ted and brought forth. Also saffron and Cin­namon are commended after meales.
  • 3. Mo­derate use of good wine or cleare beer.
  • 4. Motion somewhat strong in the last month, to dilate the parts.
  • 5. Moderate use of venery a­bout the same time.
  • 6. A Bath of luke warme water, which opens the Genital parts, and pre­pares them to the birth.
  • 7. More sleep than watching.
  • 8. The use of such things as com­fort the child; among which are Balsamus Em­bryones, and sweet almonds with Malmesey, as most excellent.

II. Infants new borne for the first septena­rie are thus to be ordered.

• 1. As soon as they are borne, the dung must be avoided by giving them sugar penids with oile of sweet al­monds or honey, to prevent the Falling-sick­ness. They must not be put to a nurse, unless the mother be weak, subject to sickness, or bad manners.
• 3. For two years or eighteen months it must be nourished with milk, as that it be in the meane while inured to other meats. Pap made of wheat meale and milk, usual a­mongst us; which because it breeds gripings and obstructions, either the wheat flower must be dried in an Oven; or white bread crums moistened with Hens broath, must be used in stead thereof.
• 4. Its diet for the first three yeares, must encline to moisture.
• 5. Being new borne, it must be washed every day; af­ter the third month to the seventh, every other day; from the seventh month til it is weined, twice every week.
• 6. About the End of the first seven years it must be seldom bathed; and not soon after meat or drink, least crude juice be drawn into the body.
• 7. Wine must be a­voided til the one and twenteth year, according to Plato's precept.
• 8. The more it grows, the more it must be exercised, but so as care be taken, that no member be distorted, or un­timely dried.
• 9. As it encreases in growth, it must by lit [...] [...]d little abate of its sleep.

III. Ch [...] require,

• 1. More solid meats, but moderately drie, lest their moist­ure be suddenly diminished.
• 2. Stronger ex­ercise, yet somewhat less than their strength can wel beare.

IV. To such as are ripe, must be given,

• 1. In general such kind of diet to begin with, as they are to hold al their life, that they may in­ure themselves thereto.
• 2. Meats, which in little Quantity do nourish much.
• 3. Stron­ger Labours, that their bodies may be fitted for al kind of exercises, & al sorts of weathers.
• 4. They must avoide Venery, which does too soon dissipate natural Heat, and cooles the body.

Particularly, Studients ought to have a Care of their animal spirits, that they may [Page 29]plentiful, neat and pure. Such are bred by subtile and pure aire; Thin diet, and of good juice, due evacuation of excrements; avoidance of unseasonable studying, by which crudi­ties are multiplied, and the body made sick­ly.

Point, 2. Of preserving the Health of mid­dle-aged persons.

Wee cal that Middle-Age, which taking its beginning from the third septenary, runs through the four sextenaries following, and is finished in the fifteenth yeare, so as to compre­hend Adolescence, Youth, Ʋirility, and ripe Age.

We shal preserve the Health of this Age, if we shal observe some things, touching Meat, Drink, Affections, Motions, Sleep, Bathes and Excretions: and if any error be commit­ted, we must mend that the following day.

I. In Meat respect is to be had,

• 1. Of Quantity, touching which observe.
  • 1. That it must be so much, as is requisite to restore the strength of the body, & not to burthen the same, which may be gathered, by the sence of hun­ger six or [...]even hours after eating; by belch­ing, absence of Heaviness and smel, quiet sleep, absence of watchings, and bad tast in the Mouth, and if the Head be not heavy at Sun rise, and a man be fit for any business.
  • 2. We must cheifly have respect to three things,
    • 1. The nature of the Aliment, in which respect, Meats hardly digested taken in overgreat Quantity, are more hurtful than those easily digested, so taken. Plenty is pernicious when it has a bad quality joined with it, unless it be some waies diminished by the sweetness thereof. Those who have a cold stomach, ought to eat less; because such a stomach desires more than it can digest; the hot stomach may have more, because it digests more; those whose stomach is temperate, may make their appetite the mea­sure of their eating, not eating before they feel themselves hungry. 'Tis better that the Heat of the stomach exceed the meat, than that the meats should exceed the Heat of the Stomach.
    • 2. The kind of Body and course of life, and the Labours of a man; in respect to which those that are idle must eat less, because they digest less; paines-takers must eat more, be­cause their Heat is augmented by exercise.
    • 3. The time of yeare, and Constitution of the Heavens; in respect of which we must eat more in the winter and spring, because then our stomaches and Inwards are naturally hot­test. And the contrary must take place in Summer.
  • 3. We must by Fasting, spare diet, sleep, quiet and Vomiting correct any error committed, either through bad custome, or allurement of eating. Oft times nature being by the takeing of some good food, invited to digestion, has set upon some Crudity which before she could not master.
• II. Of Choyce, where note first that the flesh of beasts, is more familiar to our Nature than any other food. 2. Of Fouls, we commend a duck of a yeare old, in the winter, and therein the Pulp of the breast, the Liver, and the after-parts; of a wild foul the wing, from September to Janu­arie. A Goose of a yeare old, in the winter, and therein the breast, Liver, and after parts; Goslings of a month old, in the spring and summer. A Capon, of a yeare old, from October to April, and therein, the wings, the rumpe, and the flesh along the breast bone. A Quail in Agust, September, and the whol winter. Young pigeons of three or six weeks old, of which the thighes, and belly are the principal parts. An Hen of a yeare old, in January, February and March, and chickens of six or seven weeks age. A Turkey-Hen in the winter, her breast and belly, whose chick is best in the spring, of two or three months old. A Partrich from October to the spring, in al its parts, but cheifly in the wings. Whose chick, of six or eight weeks old, in July, Au­gust and September, is meat for a Prince. A Phesant in Autumne, and winter, in its wings rather than Legs, whose chick of six or eight weeks old, in the Summer, is most sweet meat. A Thrush of a month old, in Autumne and winter.
• III. Among four footed beasts are approved the Oxe, from September to March, especially if he be five yeares old; his chiefe parts are the Breast, Loines, and Mus­cles of the Hips. A Rabbit in winter and summer, its back parts, hips and wings. An Hare in cold winter. A Leverit or young hare of two or three months old, at al times. A Kid in the spring, of a month or two old, it is better to eat of its hinder parts, ribs, belly, head and feet, than other parts of the Body. An Hogg of two yeares, in the winter, the flesh on its back-bone, Loines, Ribbs, Eares and Feet. A Pigg at any time. A Calfe from Decem­ber to May, its Loins, breast, Belly, Head, Liver, Kidneyes. I forbeare to speake of Fishes, that I may not outgoe the bounds of a compendium. III. Of Sawces, touching which observe,
  • 1. That strong & healthy persons, must [Page 27]use very little sawce.
  • 2. Wee must abstain from such as differ much from our constituti­on.
  • 3. Wee must use such as come nearest the temper of the meats we eate.
  • 4. In the Summer, and such as are of a chollerick Con­stitution cold sawces must be used, in the win­ter and in flegmatick Constitutions hotter may be allowed.
  • 5. Wee must so use sawce, as never to eat more than the heat of our stomach can di­gest.
• IV. We must have regard to the time, that is to say, how often and when we must take food. Touching both which points observe in general.
  • 1. That we must not eat much and often, as the champions of old were wont to doe; because that is good neither for the body nor the minde.
  • 2. It is better to eat often and a little, than much at once: for so neither shal the stomach be oppressed, nor the body Pined.
  • 3. So often at our pleasure, as we feel our selves hungry. Now this varies, according to age, Temperament, kind of Life, custome; yet the most healthy course for such as are exercised with moderate labours is to eate twice a day; hard labours may eat four times a day. Nor must we eat, as soon as e­ver we feel our selves hungry, nor must we de­fer too long after Hunger summons us. For the former breeds crudities, the orifice of the stomach being provoked by reason of its exqui­site sence of feeling; the latter fils the stomach with bad humors.
  • 5. Cholerick persons, lean people, such as use much exercise, must feed often. For the former doe easily faint away through fasting; especially if choler be shed out into their stomach. The latter have their bodies apt to transpire and spend. The over exercised doe dissipate much.
  • 6. To cold and moist persons, to fat and corpulent, such as are busyed with little or indifferent labours, less meat is to be given, for the contrary rea­sons. A Temperate man may eat twice a day.
  • 8. Because al the meat is not digested in the stomach at one and the same time; but one part descends into the guts before another, there needs no such subtile enquiry about the space of time which must goe betweene dinner and supper; Provided there be no manifest signs of Crudity and repletion, the supper may be foure, five, or six houres after dinner.
  • 9. We must so keep to an houre of eating, that we sometime transgress the same, least exact cus­tome may occasion some danger, when we are forced to miss our time.
  • 10. We must al­waies have great regard to custom. For those that are accustomed to eat twice a day, if they miss their dinner, are troubled with heart-bur­ning, sharpeness of urine, &c.
  • 11. Although tis Scarce determinable, whether a man that is in health, wel tempered, and at his owne dis­pose, should eat more largely at dinner or at supper; seeing there are strong reasons on both sides, and concoction in the stomach, seems to be better by day than by night, as we finde by experience, that it is better, in the night than in the day; yet is it certain, that some kind of meats are better at dinner than at Supper, as onions and other vaporous meates; and that not only old persons, but those also which de­flect from a good state of health, and are troubled with Catarrhs, weakeness and swim­ming of the Head, ought to sup more sparing­ly than dine.
• V. Of order, in respect where­of note.
  • 1. Because al meats are changed in­to chyle, and those that are foonest digested, are drawn by the Liver, spleen, and guts; it matters not with reference to Coction and generation of Chile, in such as are in Health, what meats are eaten first and what last; yet it is best to take liquid meats before those that are sollid, because they are sooner reduced into act, and by their fermentation doe help the Coction of the other meats; also to take laxative meats before such as are binding, if the mouth of the stomach be not loose beneath, lest being retained long in the stomach they bind the belly; such meats as are apt to cor­rupt must be taken before others, that the ori­fice of the stomach being loosened, they may the more easily pass away: astringents before Laxatives, if the retentive faculty of the sto­mach be weake.
  • 2. Corruptible meats are most conveniently eaten alone, an houre or two before any other; lest being of a divers Nature, they defile and corrupt the Chylus.

II. Touching Drink, take these Rules.

• 1. We must drink so much, that our meat do not swim in our stomachs. Moderate drink moistens the body, cherishes the spirits, helps the distribution of meat, &c. Overmuch drownes the heat of the body, breeds cruditie, disturbs the mind.
• 2. We must drink between whiles at our meals, and we may drink after meat, if our meat pass not easily out of the stomach; but not til digestion is over. If you drinke during your digestion, Coction is troubled, and the meate is drawn crude unto the Liver.
• 3. We must not drink fasting: be­cause it weakens the nerves.
• 4. It is most convenient to drink a little and often at meals, than to fetch al off at a draught or two: the for­mer [Page 28]manner quenches thirst, the latter breeds fluctuation in the stomach. But see touching dinners and suppers Bernhardus Paternus, and Stuckius in his first book of the Feasts of the ancients, Chap. 14.

III. The Affections ought to be moderate; and therefore we must be obedient to reason, whose part it is to bridle them.

IV. The motion of the Body ought to vary, according to the Nature of several Bodies, the time, place and manner. And therefore.

• 1. Leane persons must be moderarly moved, strong persons strongly, respect being had to custome; touching which Hippocrates. Per­sons used to daily labours, although they are weak and old, do more easily undergoe their daily labours, than persons unaccustomed, though strong and yonge.
• 2. While a man is hungry, or meat remains undigested upon his stomach, he must not labor, for if he doe, the nourishment wil be drawn undigested into di­vers parts of the body: but he must not con­tinue too long fasting neither, for then, the natural heat wil be dessipated, and bad humors wil be brought into the stomach.
• 3. Motion must goe before and follow after eating, but such as is light. The former removes such ex­crements as stick in the narrow passages; the latter, brings down the meat, into the bottom of the stomach.
• 4. Those whose head is weak or ful, must not walke in the Sun.
• 5. Motion and Rest must follow one another interchang­ably.
• 6. Men must leave off exercising, when their face begins to be coloured, and sweat be­gins to break forth.
• 7. A man must not stu­dy presently after meat, least the heat be called forth of the stomach, and the brain be filled with vapours.

V. Sleep, as to the time, ought so long to continue, til the meat is digested, and the spi­rit restored. It must not therefore be conti­nued beyond nine hours, nor must it be less than sixe. Nor is sleep in the day time com­mendable, unless a man have passed the greatest part of the night without sleep, otherwise the Head wil be filled with vapours. Also that sleepe is not allowable which is after Sun-rise, which by its beames opens the passages of the body, and cals forth the humors and spir­its from the Centre to the Circumference: as for the manner of lying in bed, it ought to be upon one side, begining on the right, that the stomaches digestion may be assisted by the Li­ver, the thighs and armes being moder­atly contracted, the head a little high, the rest of the body as softly reposed as may be. As for the place, the moon-beames must be avoided: Let the bed be soft, fit to keepe off the injuries of the aire. Whether the Head should be covered or no, I leave as a thing doubtful.

VI. Touching Baths, observe these follow­ing rules.

• 1. They ought to be neither fre­quent nor long; for they dissipate natural heat, and cause a redundancy of il humors.
• 2. We must not goe into the bath, before our meat be digested, least crudities be drawn into the bo­dy.
• 3. We must not eat nor drink in a bath.
• 4. We must come out of the bath before we we be weary, nor must we eate or drink, be­fore the heat be expired.

Concerning washing of the head and feet, I shal only ad, what fol­lowes. The former is not good in Head-ach, or Catarhs; in other cases, it opens the pores, and lets out fumes: the latter drawes humors from the Head.

VII. Excrements, because they are daily accumulated, ought also daily to be voided forth. And therfore,

• 1. A man should goe to stoole as soone as he rises.
• 2. If he cannot doe that, his belly must be moved with the broath of an hen, and other lenitive.
• 3. The Excrements of the third Digestion, must be expelled by exercises.

Point. 3. Of Preserving the healths of old People.

By old people, I Ʋnderstand such as have attained to fifty yeares age. But their Age is divided into green old age, which reaches from the begining of the eight septinary to some part of the ninth, and old age it selfe precisely so called. The part of Physick which takes care hereof, is termed, the Regulation of old age.

Now we shal provide wel for the health of Aged persons, if we shal observe some things in General, other things in special.

I. In General, we must indeavor, because in old age the body daily dries away, that the said dryness may be prevented, and that a diet hot and moist may be used.

II. In Particular.

• I. Let the Air be hot and moist, and let the cold winter air, be conquered and driven away by Art.
• II. Let their Nourishment be of good juice, and easie to digest (some commend honey to wast away flegme) and let them take a less quantity than formerly, lest too much over whelm their na­tural heat. Let them eat thrice a day rather than twice; nor let them ever (if possible) of­fende [Page 26]in the Quantity of their meat. Somtimes let them change their Diet.
• III. Let their drink be▪ either thin Wine, fragrant, of middle Age, fle [...]m colored or yellow, or mead, or beer.
• IV. Let them avoid passions of the mind, least their weak Natural heat be dissipated, or suffocated, and a consumption be caused.
• V. Their accustomed exercises, are not whol­ly to be omitted; but let them use light ex­ercise before meat. Moderate frictions are commended that heat being excited after sleep, the distribution of their meat, may be more happily accomplished.
• VI. Let their Sleep be long: and let want of sleep be removed, by washing their feet near bed time, and other sleep procuring Remedies.
• VII. Let their Excrements be conveniently and seasonably voided forth; and because aged persons are com­monly costive, because of the dryness of their remper, let them use emollient and abstersive things, as honey, Figs, Raisons, terpentine, &c. See Sebizius of the Diet of aged peo­ple.

Point, 1. Concerning Humor's offending in Quantity, or a Plethora so called.

THe first kind of internal Causes are the Humors: and they are wont to offend in Quantity, Quality, Motion, Place, and in their whole substance: Humors offending in Quantity are termed Plethora, which is nothing else but a superabundance of Humors fit to nourish the Body, which arise from their Causes. Humors nourishing the body of man are contained in the mass of blood, viz. Blood, Cholor, Flegm, and Melancholly. These being turned into the substance called cambium, do nourish such parts as are of kin to themselves and communicate to them as much health as themselves are Masters of. The signs of Plethora are, wearyness; because the blood not being ventilated settles into the lower parts. Thick breathing after very smal Labor, the Muscles of the Chest being laden with blood. Swelling of the veins, Distension of the Mus­cles, carnosity of the Bodies habit, Deep sleeps, ruddyness of the face, &c.

The Causes are, good nourishment which affords good juice. The Liver hot and moist which makes it. Idleness, evacuations stopt, cutting off of some member. Use of unwonted bathings after meate.

The Differences are,

• I. One is Exqui­site, when either al the Humors are encreased, keeping their due proportion and equality, viz, so that the blood be in a double propor­tion to flegm, and flegm double to cholor; or only blood alone; or two or three of the rest exceed, blood also not keeping its proportion. 'Tis knowen by the signs forementioned. It arises also from the causes aforesaid. Another is bastard when plenty of bad juices, is joined with abundance of the natural humors. 'Tis knowen by the signs of a Plethora, joined with those of a cacochimia, and it arises from the causes of both.
• II. One is termed ad vasa, or in respect of the vessels; which does not op­press the strength, because it increases equally with the flesh & blood; but it distends the coates of the vessels by its plenty, to which the things aforesaid agree. Another ad visis, when the Humors so encrease, that they cannot be governed nor digested by the feeble strength of the Patient. 'Tis knowen hereby, that the blood is not very good, there is heaviness and Inequality of the pulse, with signs of crudity, and putrefaction beginning.

Point, 2. Of Humors offending in Qua­lity, or Cacochymia so called.

CAcochymia is the presence of il humors in the Body of Man, springing from their Causes.

Its Subject is the Body of Man,

• 1 Both in respect of the Veins, Arteries and Nerves; as also of things without,
• 2. Also in respect of the Region of the Belly, which includes the stomach, mesaraick veins, hollow-part of the liver, the spleen, and sweetbread.
• 3. And of the Venous region which containes the con­vex part of the Liver, with the vena cava, the greater Artery, and al their branches between the Armpits and the Groines. Also the Habit of the body, w^ch includes the muscles, membranes Bones, in a word, the whol bulk of the body.

The signs are to be fetcht from the differen­ces, which follow. Hereunto pertains, the mo­tion of certaine daies, which is neither critick, nor symptomatick, but natural, which is mea­sured by certain daies and hours, and is so pun­ctual, that it may contend with the Clocks.

The Causes, the six non natural things, of which we spake before.

'Tis variously dvided.

I. One sort is from Cholor, which is a pre­ternatural humor hot and drie: preternatural I say, because it is distinguished, both from the more hot part of the Mass of Blood, which is bred of the hotter and thinner part of chyle; as also from natural excrementitious cholor, which is collected in the Gal-bladder, and colours the dung. 'Tis knowen by the ampli­tude of the veins, by reason of Heat enwiden­ing the same; by depravation of the concoction, through superfluity of heate, defire of drink more then of meat, vehement pulse, sleep little or none, leane habit, yellow colour of the Bo­dy, by its motion from third day to third day, and that about noon. It arises from an hot and dry constitution of body, youths age, watchings, anger, overgreat exercise of the Body; meates hot and dry, fat and sweet. 'Tis divided.

• 1. Into Vitelline resembling the yolke of an Egg, which springs from yellow chollor adust, and is thick by reason that the wheyish part is consu­med by heat; is sometimes voided by healthy persons, turns to black chollor, if it be burned,
• 2. Into that which is termed porracea, or Leeke coloured, which is bred for the most part in the stomach, of herbs apt to corrupt, through crudity, and oft times in the veines, of vitelline choler.
• 3. Into Aeruginous or verdigreise color'd [Page 13]choler, which by a most intense Heat is bred, in the Liver, Veins and stomach.
• 4. Isatidea, or woad-colored choler, which resembles woad, being bred of the former, more a­dust.

II. Another from Flegm, which is a pre­ternatural Humor cold and moist. I cal it preternatural, to distinguish it, both from the colder part of the mass of blood; as also from that flegm wherewith the stomach, Guts, Lungs, Limbs and Brain are plastered. 'Tis known by the softness & whitness of the body, and by crudeness of the stools. By Urine, Crude, White, sometimes thin, and somtimes thick, by appetite of more than can be digest­ed, by its daily motion, and that towards the Evening. It arises from meats Crude and cold, unseasonable drinking, and cold distemper of the bowels. From retaining of Excrements, by idleness, long sleep, &c. 'Tis divided.

• 1. Into Insipid or Tastless, which follows crudity in the stomach, through want of digestion, and makes the body of a leaden color.
• 2. Acid, which is of the same nature with the former.
• 3. Salt, which arises from salt and wheyish moisture, consists of parts both hot and cold; causes thirst, salt tasts in the mouth, and gnawings.
• 4. Vitrea, like glass, in substance and color, it is extream cold and very clammy, and raises most cruel gripeings, when it is de­tained in the Body.

III. Another is from Melancholy, whi [...] is a preternatural Humor cold and dry. I say, preternatural, to difference it, both from the colder and dryer part of the blood, which is produced in the Spleen out of the colder and dryer part of Chyle, drawn by the Ramus Splenicus of Vena porta, before it enters into the Liver, to nourish the Spleen and grosser parts: as also from the natural excrementious sort, which because it can by no means be tur­ned into Aliment, it is cast out of the Spleen, partly by the Hemorrhoid veins, partly by the splenick Arteries; sometimes comes as far as the stomach &c. 'Tis known by the Leaden color, and blacknes of the Urine, Suppression of the Hemorhoids, flatulency and belching, overgreat appetite, sadness, silentness, trou­blesome dreams, leanness of the Body, hard­ness and leaden color thereof, and its motion from four to four about midnight. It arises from meats of thick juice, Beef, Coleworts, Fish, upon which a drying, not burning beat does work. From Air cold and dry, consu­ming the thinner parts, especially if an hot and dry Summer went before, by suppression of the Hemorrhoides, or other melancholick evacuations, &c. 'Tis divided into dilate, or thin, which is known by abundance of Urine, and sweating anights. Thick, which is known by the obstructions of melancholick people, & Blackcholer, which arises from heat burning the blood, choler, or melancholy juice. And it is somtimes sharp, somtimes tastless, somtimes so austeer and harsh, as to dissolve the flesh and being poured upon the ground, to make the Earth ferment and work.

IV. Another from a serous Humor, which is nothing but a thin and salt watry Humor, affecting the body by its plenty and quality. 'Tis known, by plenty of Urine and swear, somtimes by a wandring pain, because in re­gard of its thinness 'tis easily carried up and down, and it easily grows hot, by an extrane­ous Heat. By the sudden going away and coming again of diseases, somtimes by swelling of the Belly, &c. It arises from meats moist and watry, also from good meats, and in per­sons recovering from sickness, by reason of the wasting and languishing of the stomachs Heat. By detention of serositness, by reason of the expuisive [...]ties weakness, through obstru­ction of th [...] other bowels, or constriction of the pores through external cold, fault of the spleen, &c. To this Humor only of al others there is somtimes joyned a Colliquation or melting of the bodies substance, which hap­pens either in Famin, through wasting of the natural Heat, and turning the radical moisture and flesh into a vaporous humidity: or in case of bad diet, when the aliment not being surable nor familiar to the body, is not assimilated in­to the substance thereof, whence the former Colliquation follows. 'Tis divided into that which is mild, which is nothing but the thinner part of the blood: and sharp, which has attain'd its saltness from adustion.

Point. 3. Of Humors offending, in their Motion, Place, and whole Substance.

I. Humors offending in Motion, are the very same, forasmuch as they flow into the parts, either by means of Attraction or Transmission. Those parts are either the weaker, and ordained for no remarkable acti­on, either by Nature, as the loose, soft and thin woven; or through some sickly constitu­tion; or the more liable, which have some connexion with the part sending, and waies [Page 14]wide and large by which they receive the Hu­mors, or lie under the sending part. The Cause of the Motion is.

• 1. Attraction, through heat caused from without, or through pain. For the pained part, grows hot by plenty of spirits sent to it, Nature endeavou­ring to drive away the Cause of the pain, fils the pain'd part with blood and spirits; fi­nally pain weakens the part, and makes it most fit to receive the Humors.
• 2. Transmission, either from the whol body, or the venous tribe, or from some parts, namely when their expul­sive faculty is strong, the waies open, and the matter plentiful. Yet it somtimes notwith­standind happens, that the Humors being ac­cumulated in their vessels, begin of their own accord to be moved, and rush violently into some one part, according to the nature of its scituation and conveniency of Vessels. Now those Humors are most of al moved, which are most thin and sharp, as the cholerik.

II. Humors offending in place, are the Humors aforesaid, when they are where they ought not to be. The Causes are.

• 1. Influx, either by attraction or Transmission.
• 2. Con­gestion, which happens either by fault of the part, inasmuch as its coctive or [...]ulsive fa­culties do not their duties: or t [...]gh fault of the Nutriment, when it is vitious; and such, as to cause such great quantity of Excrements: or when gross matter is produced, which resists the expulsive faculty.

III. Humors offending by their whol sub­stance, are those, which having gained within the body a peculiar corruption, they do after an hidden manner, and by their whol substance affect the same. Understand both preternatu­ral excrementitious Humors, and natural ex­crementitious Humors retained, as seed, clot­ters of blood, menstruous blood. The Signs are, the sudden invasion of malignant symp­tomes, as Raving, Fainting away, &c. The Idea of Diseases themselves, &c. The Cause is, both alimentary matter, which has in it the seeds of that corruption, and while tis mixed with others, hurts not, but being se­parated from them, and existing by it self, it becomes poyson. We verily feed upon many things, that are fed with poyson. To which ad Heat, joyned with the principal Agent, & the Matter, to which may be joined a disposition of the Body hereditary or acquired. Particular Influx of the Heavens, the Air receiveing the Astral Influxes, and terrestrial Exhalations. Contagion, Poyson. Finally, the Imagination and Affections of Passions. Now the foresaid determinate Corruption, is brought to this degree, ofttimes by long Digestion and Fer­mentation: whence it is that the Plague does not range up & down every yeer, although eve­ry year the Humors are many waies faulty, yea, and it often plaies its pranks without any pu­trefaction, as in plants and Animals, venoms are bred without Putrefaction; and in the most dry Air, pestilential venom is bred, in which there appear no signs of putrefaction.

Point, I. Of internal fluid Medica­ments.

WE cal those internal Medicaments, which are received by the mouth into the Body; and those we terme fluid which wil run like water, and they are.

• 1. Decoctions.
• 2. Infusions.
• 3. Potions.
• 4. Medicinal Wines.
• 5. Medicinal Beer or Ale.
• 6. Oxy­mel.
• 7. Barley water.
• 8. Medicinal Vine­gar.
• 9. Distilled waters.
• 10. Syrup.
• 11. Juleps.
• 12. Emulsions.
• 13. Es­sences.
• 14. Spirits.
• 15. Tinctures.
• 16 Oiles.

I. Decoctions, are made of vegetables, ani­mals, & sometimes of mineralls, if need be, cut, bruised or shaven, boiled in simple or prepared water, over a slow or quick fire, in a vessel o­pen or shut, to the consumption of a third or fourth part of the liquor, the Decoction be­ing afterwards strained; aromatized and clari­fied. The most noted decoctions are, The greater aperitive decoction of the Physitians of Augsburg, with their Decoction of Rubarbe, Decoction of Maiden haire Fumitory, Car­minative, Gallinae consummatum of a Capon, and the Vulnerary Decoction.

II. Infusions are made of Vegetables, or minnerals, purgers or vomitories, steeped a cer­taine time in some liquor, and afterwards strained forth. The proportion of the In­gredients to the liquor, is one and an half, or double.

III. Potions are made, when purgeing E­lectuaries, Extracts, pouders, roules &c. are mixed with liquors, without boileing.

IV. Medicinal Wines, are prepared, when new or clarified Wine is impregnated with the Virtues of simples, either suddenly by their oyles, spirits, and tinctures, or by long Infusi­on, either with or without sugar. The prin­cipal are wine of Barberies, Quinces, Pomgra­nates red Corants.

V. Medicinal beers and Physick Ales are made after the same manner.

VI. Oxymel is made, when vinegar is mingled with Honey, and plants are sometime steeped therein. The most famous are, the Simple, that of squils, the Helleborate Oxymel of Gesnerus.

VII. Barley water is made, when barley is sufficiently boiled in water, alone, or with raisons, anis-feed, cinnamon; strained, and made tart with a drop or two of spirit of Vitriol, or of Sulphur.

VIII. Medicinal Vinegar is made, when simples or compounds are steeped in vinegar, or it is made of their juices. It is made of Plants.

• 1. Of their Flowers as vinegar of rosemary-flowers, of Marrygolds, of Gil­lyflowers, of Lavendar, of Poppie, of Red-poppie, of Roses, of elder flowers.
• 2. Of their Leaves, as of Mints, Rue, Scordium.
• 3. Of their Fruits, as of Citron peeles, Strau­berries, Rasberries.
• 4. Of their Roots as vine­gar of Squils. There are also compound vinegar, Antidotary, Preservatory, Bezo­ardick &c.

IX. Distilled waters, either by a Cucur­bita in Balneo Mariae of plants for the most part of cold Nature, whol, or beaten and juiced; or in Vesica, out of hot plants and such whose force is not easily drawn forth, and which must first ferment. They are made either with wine, as Wormwood water, Agrymony, Betonie, Carduus, Cinnamon, Liverwort, Lavendar, Lilly-convally, Baume, Penny­royal, Garden sage Veronica, or without wine, as are those of Sorrel, Wood-sorrel, &c. Or which see the Dispensatory of Augsburge. They are also made of Animals, as of Capons, Singing birds, Kidnies, Mans blood, dung of Beasts &c.

X. Syrups, are made of decoctions, In­fusions clarrified juices; they are preserved with honey or sugar, & boiled to the consistence of honey almost, and are used both to alter and purge; seldom alone, frequently mingled with a double quantity of distilled waters. Those kept in the Shops, are, Syrup of worm­wood, of juice of Citrons, of Sorrel, wood-Sorrel, Vinegar simple, of vinegar compound, of Maiden haire, of sowr grapes, of Marsh­mallows, of Orenges, of Mugwort, of Betony Simple, of Betony compound, of borrage, Byzantious, so cald, simple and compound, of Maidenhaire simple, of Cichory simple, of Cinnamon, of Corals, of Citron peeles, of Quinces, of Endive simple, and compound, Of Eupatoruim, of Colts foot, of Fumitory Simple and compound, of Lycorize, of Pom­granates, of Jujubees, of Hyssop, of Lemons, of Hops, of Baum, of Mints, the Simple and compound, of Myrtiles, of waterlillies, of Poppies, of red poppies, of Cowslips, of Pionie, of Mouse-eare, of Apples Simple and Compound, of Purslain, of Horehound, of the five opening roots, of Roses Simple, of dried roses, of Rasberries, of Scabious, of stechados, of Comfrey, of Violets.

XI. Juleps are made of distilled waters, juyces, conserves, and sugar, either, without de­coction or with decoction.

XII. Emulsions are made of seeds, nut kernels, perles, corals, hearts-horne, certaine fruites, being beaten with some liquor poured on, and then strained forth.

XIII. Essences, are made of the juice of green herbes pressed out with spirit of wine, and digested in Balneo Mariae, where they re­ceive their color separated by inclination, and with a little sugar reduced into the forme of a Syrupe.

XIIII. Spirits descend in the distillation both of Simple and compound waters, together with the waters themselves, and are afterwards separated from them, by a Cucurbita, vial, &c. But this must be understood of the more vo­latil sort. The fixer sort, are drawen out by a Retort, and a stronger fire, viz. With sand, or the bare fire. The cheife drawen from Minerals are, of Alum, of coral, Mer­cury, Sal ammoniack; Common Salt, Nitre, Lead, Ambar, Sulphur, Tartar, Vitriol; of Vegetables, are, of Wormwood, Wine-vinegar, Angelica, Anisseed, Carduus, Cen­torie, black-cherries, Scurvy-grass, Quin­ces, Elder-berries, Fenel, Strawberries, Guaiacum, Juniper-berries, Lilly-convally, Baume, Rosemary, Roses, Sage, Danewort, Linden-flowers, Fluellen, wine &c.

XV. Tinctures are made of dry Plants, for the most part hot beaten & steeped in some liquor, which is called the Menstruum, as spirit of Wine, May-dew, or some other, set in an hot place, and the vessel shut, so longe as that the liquor wil receive no more colour; and then they are filtred through a Paper, or [Page 14]purified by digestion. The most renowned, are.

• 1. Of Minerals, Of the Sun, Moon, Mars, Saturne, Antimony, Sulphur, Vitriol Smaragd.
• 2. Of Vigitables, and cheifly of flowers, of Winter-cherries, Safron, Black­cherries, Strawberries, St. Johns wort, Peo­ny, Red poppie, Roses, Violets, Elder-berries, Dwarfe elder &c.

XVI. Oyles, are drawen out of gummie & rosiny substances, either descend with waters in distillation, or are separated from them, either by a separatory, or by thick linnen threds, or by brown or otherwise sinking pa­per; in some materials, they sink to the bot­tom, the more remarkable are, oile of worm­wood, Dil, Angelica. Of which see beneath in the first point of the third article.

Point, 2. Of internal solid Me­dicaments.

INternal solid Medicaments are.

• 1 Pou­ders.
• 2. Salts.
• 3. Saffrons.
• 4. Flowers.
• 5. Precipitates.
• 6. Vitra, Glass.
• 7. Feculae dregs.
• 8. Confects.
• 9. Roules.
• 10. Lozenges or bits.
• 11. Trochiscks. And
• 12. Pils.

I. Pouders consist of one or more medica­ments beaten together. They are either Sub­tile, which if they consist of meer spices, and sugar, their proper and peculiar name is, Tragemata or Tragee, dredge pouders; to which Sales Sacer dotales, or the Parsons Salts are to be referred, which are used with meat; or grosser, and are termed Trageae grossae, and species incisae, and are made either of simples, and they either confected over with sugar, or not sugared; or of compounds, viz. the aromatick roules or Lozenges of the shops. We use them both for Evacuation and Alteration. Among the Purging sort are, Pulvis sena preparatae, Tartari Chrysta­lini solutivis, de Tribus, Cholagogus simplex, Cholagogus insucoatus. Earle of Warwicks pouder or Pulvis Cornachinus. Of the Electu­ary of Benedicta Laxativa; Elescoph, Hiera pi­cra, Diaphenicon, de Succe Rosarum, Diatur­bith cum Rhabarbaro. Among the Alterers are, the species or pouder of Ariomatica Caryophyllata, Dianthos, Diacalaminthes, Diacinnamomum, Diagalanga, De Gemmis calida and frigida, de Hyacintho, Dtaireos, Latificans, Liberans, Diamargari­tum calidum, frigidum, Diamoschu dulcis, Diatrion pipereon, Diarrhodon Abbatis, Ro­sata novella, Diatrion Santalon, Diatragacan­thum frigidum, Diaxylo-Aloes, &c. Hi­therto appertain Alexipharmical powders or Antidotes, such as Pulvis Saxonicus, Caesa­ris, Gasceignes pouder, Viper Pouder, Coun­tess of Kents Pouder. Of these and other like Medicaments see the London Dispensatory in English.

II. There is in al things, very near, a two­fold salt, Volatile, by some called Essential, which sustains not the force of fire, but flies a­way, and is dissipated in calcination: and fix­ed, which is prepared of the ashes of plants and woods, of which a lie is made, and that is boiled, til al the water exhale, and then the salt remains. 'Tis purified, either by frequent solution and filtration, and recoagulation: or if it be dssolved per Deliquium in a moist place, let it be filtred, and again coagulated. The Principal are, Salt of Wormwood, of Mugwort, of Crabs, of Carduus, Centaury, Chervil, Harts-horn Volatile, of Mans scul Volatil, Eyebright, Bean-shels and Ham, of Strawberry Leaves, Fumitory, Guajacum vo­latile, Ground Ivy, Juniper berries, Juniper wood, Marjeram, Feaverfew, Bawm, Nitre, Onone or rest-harrow, Arsmart, Pimpernel, Rue, Sage, Mans-blood, Scordium, of amber Volatil, of Tamarisk, of Tartar, of vitriol vo­mitive, of Urine, Nettles, Zedoary, of Jove, Sa­turn, Corals, Pearls, &c.

III. Saffrons are subtile pouders, or tin­ctures, reduced into the form of pouder, of a Saffron color, the principal are, Crocus Me­tallorum, which is nothing else but Antimony calcined with Nitre, and reduced into a pouder of a saffron-color, of thin, to which is the Sul­phur Auratum of Antimony, and of Mars, which is divers waies prepared, of which see the Chymists. Terra Vitrioli is not uncon­veniently referred to the Head.

IV. Flowers are by Chymists so called, being for the most part the more subtil parti­cles of a body, separated from the grosser sub­stance by Sublimation. The most vulgar are, flower of Brimstone, Antimony, Benzoin, to which pertain al other sublimates, the chief of which are Mercurius sublimatus simplex, and Sublimatus dulcis, Arcanum Corrallinum, &c.

V. The name of Precipitate is chiefly attributed to Mercury; which having been dissolved in Aquafortis is separated from the Solvent water and settles, and receives the name of Mercurius Praecipitatus or Turbith Mine­ral; to which in its praecipitation, if a little [Page 15]gold be added, 'tis called Aurum Vitae. Hereto pertains Bezoardicum Minerale, Mer­curius Vitae, and some other things.

VI. Glass is made of the Calces of things, if the Ashes or Calx be melted with an excee­ding strong fire, and Borax be somtimes added to hasten the Melting, or other melting pou­ders; the matter being melted, is poured upon an hot bason, or some plate. Thus is the Glass of Antimony (or stibium commonly called) and the amber of Antimony made of those Cups, Rings, and purging moneys may be made. Touching the Vitrum Auratum An­timonii, and the Regulus Antimonii see the Chymists, especially Schroderus in his Phar­macopaea

VII. Fecula is a mealy pouder like starch, and is made of the juice of certain roots pressed forth, or extracted with liquor, which when placed in a cold place, the fecula settles of its own accord, which, the water swimming on the top being poured off, is dried in the sha­dow. The most usual are Fecula Bryoniae, A­ri, Paeoniae, Iridis, Serpentariae, white Lillies, Squils.

VIII. Confects are things preserved dry, invented for to gratifie the tast; and they are made both to alter and evacuate. The chief are, of sweet almonds, of Aniseed laxative, of Calamus Aromaticus, Cardamoms, Car­way, July-flowers, Cichory, Cinnamon, Cori­ander, Musk Plums, Cubebs, Fennel, Laven­der Flowers, Pimpernel Roots, Pine Kernels, Zedoary, Ginger. Hitherto belong Candied things, which are crusted with Sugarcandy, as Acorus, Orenge peels, July-Flowers, Cinna­mon, Citron Peels, Nutmegs, Muscatel-Pears, &c.

IX. Rouls so called from their shape, for they are either altering or purging, and are pre­pared with Sugar, whose vulgar proportion is octuple in alteratives, quadruple in Purga­tives, more in stillatitious oyls. The principle are, Rotulae de Berberis, Manus Christi sim­ple and perled, pectoral rouls. Of Sulphur, &c.

X. Morsuli, morsels, are made almost in in the same maner. They are either Altera­tives as the Bezoardic, Cephalic, Cephalico­stomachic, of the juice and peles of Citrons, Pectoral Sugars, Rosatum Tabulatum, &c. Or Purging, as Diacarthami, Diaphenicon, of Mechoacan, of Jalap, of Diaturbith cum rhabarbaro, &c. or Nutritive, which are made of the pulp of Capons, Partridges, Cock­stones, Flesh of Crabs and Tortoises, &c. To morsels appertain.

• 1. Pamdeleon so called, the Matter and end whereof agrees with Ele­ctuaries or Lick-pots, and the form with Lo­zenges, save that the Pandaleon is shapeless.
• 2. Turiones, as if you would say, torrones a torrendo from toasting, which are made of sweet almonds, Nut Kernels, Pine Kernels, beaten or toasted, and made up with honey.
• 3. Confections restorative, as Diamygdaltaum, Pineatum, Testudinatum, Diet bread, Naples bisket, &c.

XI. Trochisci, or Parstilli, are solid cohe­ring medicaments, consisting of convenient in­gredients made up with Liquor, in the shape of Lupines, or little flat bowls; invented to this end, that medicaments being poudred, might be in this form the better preserved a­gainst the Injuries of the Air. They are pre­pared of al kind of medicaments, not only pou­ders and Species, but with addition of thickned juices, Conservs, Extracts, or the like Confecti­ons, the dose to the Pouders in being a proporti­on somwhat less then quadruple, &c. They are either alterative, & Wormwood, of Alipta, Moschata, with Amber of Mosch, or without, Bechici albi, Nigri, Rubri, de Berberis, de Camphera, de Capparibus, de Carabe, de Ca­rallio, Cypheos of Democrates, de Lacca, de Myrrha, de Spodio, de Terra sigilata, de Vi­pera, &c. or Purgers of Agaric, of Coloquin­tida, &c.

XII. Pils, are medicaments reduced into the form of little bals, that they may be swollowed whole, and the unsavoriness of the ingredients, not discerned by the Tast. They are made of pouders extracted out of the mass of usual pils, the simples being made up with some liquor. They are either Alterers of Bdel­lium, Bechicae, or for the Cough, of Castoreum, of Cynoglossa, Narcotick pils of platerus, &c. or Purgers, of Agarick, Agregative, Alephan­gine, of Aloes rosata, of Amoniacum Arthriticae, Assajeret, Aureae, de Colocynthide, de Her­modactilis, Mastichinae, Panchimagogae, &c. They are also distinguished into Hypoglotudes and Narcoticae.

Point III. Of internal medicaments of a middle Consistence.

Internal Medicaments of a middle consistence between fluid and solid, contain under them.

• 1. Extracts.
• 2. Rosins.
• 3. Conservs.
• 4. Conserves.
• 5. Quiddennies.
• 6. Electua­ries.
• 7. Lick-pots.
• 8. So [...]pes. and
• 9. Bo­les.

An Extract is drawn as a tincture, and is [Page 16]reduced to the Consistence of Honey, Pils, or pouder. The most usual are, of wormwood, of Acorus, of Lignum aloes, of Angelica roots, of round Birthwort, of Carduus, of Gillo­flowers, of Castoreum, of Centory, of Celon­dine, of Safron, of Cubebs, of Dictamus, of Enula, of Galingal, of Gentian, of Guajacum, of Masterwort roots, of Baume, of Mint, of Mace, Marjoram, of Broad dock, of Paeonie, of Rue, of Savine, of Satyrium roots, of Scabious, of Scordium, of Comfrey, of Tor­mentil, of Valerian, of Zedoary.

II. Rosm is drawn out of Gummy mate­rials with Rosewater and spirit of wine, separ­ate from the feces by inclination, precipitated and dryed with a gentle heat.

III. Conserve is made of flowers, som­times of herbes, and soft roots bruised, and preserved with a double quantity of sugar. The most usual are, of the tops of Roman-wormwood, Carduus, Eye-bright, Fumi­tory, Marjorom, Penyroial, Veronica. Of the Leaves, of Sorrel, Wood-sorrel, Scur­vy-grass, Mints, Purslane; of flowers of A­cacia, Betonie, Borrage, Bugloss, Mary­golds, Cichory, Broom, White-lillies, La­vendar, Lilly-convally, Mallowes, Baume, Mints, Water-lillies, red Poppie, Peach-flowers, Primrose, Prunella, white and Red-roses, Sage, Elder, Linden, Savory, Colts-foot.

IV. Preserves are made of roots, barkes, Fruits, or harder materials, steeped in water or boiled; or of softer, preserved in sugar or honey, to last the better and to be more grate­ful to the Palate. The more usual are these following. Of the roots of Calamus aromati­cus, Borrage, Cichory, Comfry, Elecom­pane, Eryngoes, Pimpernel, Rhubarbe, Saty­rium, Scorzonera, Zedoarie, Ginger, both that of China, and the common sort. Of the flowers of Orenges, Citrons; the fruits of Orenges, Barberies, Cherries, Citrons, either whole, cut in slices, or dried; or of the pulpe of Quinces, bramble berries or Hips, Apri­cocks, Medlars, Myrabolans bellirican, Che­bulan, Citrine, and Emblican; of Wallnuts, and Indian nuts, of Peaches, black-peper in the branch, Sloes, Prunes, Damsins &c. Of Peeles of Aurenges, Citrons. And stalkes of Spanish Lettuce.

V. Rob or Quiddiny is the thickned juice of fruits, sometimes of flowers, either with expression, or without expression, boiled and with a like quantity or somewhat more of su­gar added. The cheife are, of Barberies, Cherries, Hips, red-corants, Elder berries. Hitherto belong thickned juyces, of Worm­wood, Acacia, Agrimony, Aloes, Carduus, kermes berries, Elder berries, centaury, Quinces, Elecampane, Fumitory, Lycorize, Hedge-Hys­sop, St. Johns wort, Henbane▪ Hypocistis, our blew Orice, Licorize, Mercury, Myrtils of germanie, Nicotiana or Tobacco, Opium, Plantane, Red-Roses, scrophularia, and So­latrum. Ad hereunto Mel Ebulinum, Sambuci­num, Juniperinum, and Passulatum.

V. An Electuary is made of Conserves, Spices, Roules, Trochischs, a proportion of juice or syrup being added. The Cheif are, Venice Treacle, Mithridate, Alkermes, Con­fectio Anacardina, Aurea Alexandrina, Elec­tuary of Bay-berries, de Scoria ferri, de Ovo, Philonium Mesuae, Persicum, Romanum, Dioscoridum, Tryphera magna, so named be­cause they give a good color to the whole body, and make the breath sweet, and are made up of curious ingredients.

VI. Eclegma, or Lohoch, or Lick-pot, of pouders, species, conserves, juices, mixed with some liquor or syrupe, used against infir­mities of the Lungs and Chest. The most u­sual are, de Scilla compositum, de Caulibus, de Farfara, de Papavere, Passulatum, of the Pine kernels, of Purslane, of Fox-lungs, Lohoch-sanum and expertum, and succo Scillae &c.

VII. Saponea, is a Lick-pot made of almonds blanched and beaten, and with sugar dissolved in a convenient water boiled to the consistence of Honey, starch and rosewater be­ing added towards the end.

VIII. Bolus, a morsel, is made of Electu­aries, pulpes, conserves, spices, pouders with a little syrupe, made into the shape of a little bal; given to purge, vomit, alter, or some o­ther purpose.

Point, 1. Of external fluid Medicaments.

And so much for compound internal Medi­caments; the external follow; which are ei­ther fluid, or solid or of a middling nature, or indifferent. The fluid are.

• 1. Clysters.
• 2. Gargles.
• 3. Mouth-washers.
• 4. Oiles.
• 5. Epithemes.
• 6. Pumpings.
• 7. Lo­tions.

I. Clisters, are medicaments, which by a convenient Instrument, are cast through the fundament into the Guts. They are made of [Page 13]Roots, Barkes, Leaves, Flowers, Fruites, boyled in water and strained, some other things being added, which may serve the Intent of the Physitian. Their use is to loosen the belly, to clense, dispel wind, to bind, to sodder, to allay the paines, of the Guts and kidneyes.

II. Diaclysmata or Mouthwashings, are medicaments, which are kept in the mouth, and are by the tongue moved up and down without swallowing. They are cheifly pro­vided for paines of the Teeth and Diseases of the Jawes.

III. Gargarismes are medicaments, with which the throat is washed without swallow­ing down, the humor being forced up and down by the breath. They are made of distilled wa­ters, or convenient decoctions, neither un­pleasing in tast nor smel, nor haveing any ve­nemousness in them, in which some syrupe or Quiddinie is dissolved. We use them in re­pelling, discussing, ripening, abstersion, con­solidation.

IV. Oiles are made either by distillation, as aforesaid: or by expression of the oleaginous juice, when the fruits and contused seeds grow warme with the vapour of hot water, and being put in a bag are squeezed in a Press: or by infu­sion, either when the simple medicaments with simple water, or distilled water, wine or o­ther convenient liquor, are boiled in com­mon oile, til the Humor be consumed: or when the same simples are macerated in a gen­tle Heat, or in the Sunn; or when dryed plants, are with oile digested in balneo Mariae, the oile being afterwards pressed out and cla­rified. The Oiles pressed out are these; Oile of bitter Almonds and of sweet, of Hazel-nuts, of Hemp seed, of Cherry kernels, of Citron seeds, of Rocket, of Henbane, of Walnuts, of Baies, of Mace, of Nigella, of Nutmeg, of Ripe and unripe Olives, of Eggs, de palma, of Poppie, of Peach kernels, of Pine kernels, Pistachios, Rape, Ricinus, sesamus, Acorns. Oiles by infusion in the Sun, and simple are these, Oile of Wormwood, Southernwood, Dil, Chamemel, Cheiri, Quinces, Elecampane, Euphorbium, Pismires, Ground-ivy, Jasemine, Orice, Priver, of Lillies, Lilly convally, wormes, Mastich, Mint, Melilote, Myrtils, Nard, white lilly, Populeum, Frogs, Roses, Rue, Elder, Scor­pions, Storax, Mullen, Violets. Boiled Oiles, compound, are these following: of Capers, Castoreum, Costus, St. Johns wort, Lilies, Marjorum, Mandrake, Nard, Poppy, Pepers, Foxes. The stillatitious oiles, most in use are these. Of Wormwood, of dil, of Angelica, of Anis, Orenge-peeles, May-but­ter, Benzoin, Calamus aromaticus, Cam­phire, Cardamoms, Caraway, Cloves, Waxe rectified, Chamaemel, Chervil, Cinnamon, Bark of Citron, Cumin, Cubebs, Euphorbi­um, Fenel, Galbanum, Guajacum, Hyssop, Juniper berries, juniper wood, of Tiles ph [...] ­losophick, of Mace, Marjerom, Mastich, Baum, Mints, Myrrhe rectified. Of Nutmeg, of Origanum, of Peper, of Peny-roial, Rose­mary, of Roses, of Sage, of Savine, Wild­bettony, Spike, White amber, yellow Amber, Tartar, Terpentine, Zedoarie.

V. Epithemata, Epithemes are applied to the external parts of the Body, and are made of distilled waters, juices, infusions, sui­table to the part and disease. To them belong Oxyrrhodina Rose-vinegred Epithemes, which are peculia [...]ly applied to the forhead, with frequent reiterations, to coole and repel. They were anciently made of Oile of Roses and vinegar; now a daies distilled Oiles and waters, as also juices and pouders are some­times added.

VI. Pumping or pouring, is when com­mon water, bathe water, decoctions, Milke, Oile &c. are pumped or poured down upon some part, or suffered to dril upon the same out of a cock or spout of sisterne or Ewer. They are applied cheifly to three places, viz. the suture of the Crown of the Head, the Beginning of the spinal Marrow, and to warme the stomach.

VII. Lotions are either of the whole Bodie, and are called Baths, or of the parts, Head, Hands, Feet, Belly &c. They are made of the same things as fomentations are made of.

Point, 2. Of external solid Medica­ments.

External solid Medicaments are:

• 1. Sup­positories.
• 2. Pesseries.
• 3. Plaisters.
• 4. Cerates.
• 5. Caustick [...].

Suppositories, are sollid Medicaments, which are put up into the fundament, being formed round like a wax candel, four or five fingers breadth longe. They are made of Honey boiled so thick, that it may be wrought and fashioned with a mans fingers, into which o­ther requisite materials are sprinkled. They are used to loosen the Belly, the patient being weak; to clense and consolidate an ulcer in the Rectum Intestinum, to stop paine, draw back humors flowing upwards, and kil worms in the Guts.

II. Pessaries are made of towzed wool or cotton, wreathed into the forme of a mans finger, impregnated with some juice or Li­quor, either alone or with pouders commixed: or of beaten medicaments made up in a mortar with convenient liquors, as Fat, Oile, waxe, Ladanum, Galbanum, Honey, and wrought into the forme of a pessarie: or of green herbes a little bruised, and bound with a string into the shape of a pessarie. Or of pouders, re­ceived in thin wool or Cotton, and bound with a thrid into the forme of a Pessarie. Or of pouders received in thin wool or Cotton, and put into a round bag made of thin cloath, which may be included in a round silver Instru­ment with holes on the sides, made for that purpose.

III. Plaisters properly so called, are Me­dicaments, which being spred upon linnen Cloathes or leather, do stick fast to the Skin of the body, & are the same with cerotes in respect of the matter, save that metals and mineralls, and litteridge for the most part, are added, which give it solidity of substance. Al which are boiled to a just consistence, and being coo­led are made up into rowles. Sometimes be­fore the Mass is quite cold Cereclothes of old linnen are dipped in, and taken forth. Em­plasters improperly so called, which are of a middle consistence between a plaster and a Cataplasme, are made without waxe, pitch, and those glewish materials, or fire; with ho­ney, mucilages, and a certaine clammy creame, or a little wax dissolved in Oile. The cheife Plasters are, Album coctum, Apostolicum, Arthriticum, Basilicum, and Lapide Cala­minari, Diachylon simplex, Magnum, Par­bum, cum Gummi, Citrinum, de Crusta pa­nis, de Baccis Lauri, de Meliloto, de Minio, Mundificativum, Nervinum, Oxycroceum, Diaphenicum calidum, frigidum; de ranis Vigonis, de Rhabardaro, Sparadrap, Stich­ticum, Paracelsi, Tetrapharmacum, Vesi­catorium.

IV. Cerotes which consist much of wax, and are not of so hard a consistence as Plasters, are made either of wax, Oile, and Rosin only, or of the same pouders being added besides, so that, the proportion of oiles to pouders is octuple, to wax triple or sextuple, to rosin twelve times as much. Besides al these, fats and gums are added, juices, roots, fruits, or seeds, which must first be boiled, and the colature is after­wards to be boiled with oile, til the watrish liquor be consumed. The Principle are, Cerot of Betonie, Diacalciteos, Diapalma, Infrigi­dans Galeni, Oesypi, Diapixer, pro Hermo­sis, Santalinum, Sparadrappum, Vigonis Stomachale.

V. Cauteria, Cauteries, are medicaments which have a power to burne the Body, and to raise a crust, and they are either Actual, which consist of red hot metals, of which in our discourse of Chirurgerie; or potential, which are made by burning medicaments, and composed of Lie which soap is made of, boi­led into a consistence of Salt, or of a stone al­most, which is vulgarly called Lapis corrosivus. An Ulcer made by a Caustick or Cautery, is commonly called a fontanel or issue.

Point, 3. Of external medicaments of a middle consistence.

External medicaments of a middle Consis­tence are.

• 1. Balsams.
• 2. Liniments.
• 3. Ʋnguents.
• 4. Cataplasmes.

I. Balsams are made of oiles incorpora­ted with white wax deparated, or oile of Nut­megs by expression, or the marrow of a Calfe washed, or manna clarified. Also the ex­tracts of things whose balsom is desired, may be mingled with them. The most usual are these; of Angelica, of Anise, An Apoplectick Balsom, with musk and civet, of Orenges, of Cloves, of Cinnamon, of Citrons, Cubebes, of Lavendar, of Mace, of Marjorom, of Mints, of Nutmegs, of Rose-mary, of Roses, of Rue, of Amber, Zedoary. There are also distilled Balsomes which are nothing else but distilled spirits (and a potion of oile) proceeding from rosins, gums, spices, and such like drawn out with spirit of wine. The most usual are, Balsamus vitae, Nervinus, Antiarthriticus, &c.

II. Liniments, are Medicaments of a mid­dle consistency between an oile and an unguent, and are made by adding to Oiles, Butter, Fat, Suet, Marrow, juices, pouders, rosins, teares of trees; in this proportion for the most part, that to one ounce of oiles, two drams or three of fats be added, one dram of spices; somtimes though seldom, a dram of wax is added. Al are mixed either with fire, or without fire, or boiling; sometimes they are set over the fire to melt the gums and fats; and sometimes they are a little boiled to consume and wast away the juices added.

III. Ointments, differ from Liniments by their thicker consistence, and are made either without fire, or with fire, of fats, oiles, gums, pouders, usual ointments of herbes, roots, [Page 19]seeds; macerated in water, wine, juices, oiles, and boiled to the Consumption of the liquor. The most usual are of Agrippa, Aegyptiacum, Alabastrinum, Album camphoratum, Altheae simplex compositum, Apostolicum, Arthanitae, Aureum, Citrinum, Comitissae, Infrigidans Galeni, Martiatum magnum, de Nicotiana, Tutiae, Pectorale, Pomatum, Populeon, Potabile, Resumptivum, Rosatum, Rubeum Camphoratum; ad Scabiem, Enulatum cum, and sine Mercurio, Apertivum. Of al which see the London Dispensatory in English.

IV. Cataplasmes or Pultesses, are Medi­caments made up in the form of watergrewel or hasty-pudding. They are made, either, with­out fire, which they terme crude, when green herbes bruised are reduced into a Pultis, or dried and poudered. They are mixed with a double or triple Quantity of some convenient Oile or Liquor: either over the fire or with boiling, when either the Plants broken or bruised, boiled til they are soft, and drawn through a searse; to which mucilages, meales, oiles, are added, or the Plants are soon after boiled in Oile. Hitherto may be refered.

• 1. Dropax, or Pitching, which is made of pitch melted with oile and other things, that it may stick more strongly to the skin.
• 2. Sina­pismus, or a Cataplasme, which is made of Mustard, and other things of like biteing na­ture.

If it be of the milder sort, tis called Phaenigmus, because it makes the skin looke red, if strong, tis termed a Vesicatorie; and is made of vesicatories.

Point, 4. Of external Indifferent Medi­caments.

I cal those indifferent medicaments which are sometimes prepared liquid, sometimes solid, sometimes of a middle cinfistence: and they are.

• 1. Apophlegmatismes.
• 2. Denti­frices.
• 3. Nose-remedies.
• 4. Sneezers.
• 5. Perfumes or pomanders.
• 6. Scapes,
• 7. Burning fumers.
• 8. Eye-salves.

I. Apophlegmatismes, are medicaments which being held in the mouth, draw flegm out of the Head and neighbouring parts: They are prepared many times after the same manner that Gargarismes are: sometimes medicaments are beaten, and with some convenient liquor brought into the forme of an electuary: some­times whole simples are only held in the mouth and chewed: sometimes being beaten they are with honey or wax reduced into trochisks: and sometimes they are shaped into a nodule.

II. Dentifrizes, Teeth-scrubbers, are prepared to clense, whiten, and fasten the Teeth to contract the loosened gums; either fluid, or in forme of a Liniment, Pouder, Tro­chischs.

III. Errhina, Nose-Medicines, are put into the Nostrils, either in a moist forme, which are either powred in, or anointed on; or in a dry form, and then either they are figu­red our of convenient roots or stalks, into a pyramidal forme, and are steeped in water and so used; or the pouder of simples are blown into the nostrils; or tents of wool or cloath are wet with some juice or water, and being sprinkled with pouders are thrust up into the Nostrils; or pouders are with mucilage, Gum, Terpentine, Oile or Wax, formed into Py­ramidal pencils.

IV. Ptarmica, sneezers, differ not much from the former, and procure sneezings.

V. Odours are made of such things as have a sweet smell, and are either fluid, or are made up in the forme of an Apple, Pouder, Lini­ment.

VI. Soapes are made of Castle-soape sha­ven, and about a sixt or eight part of some convenient pouders mixt therewith, and with some liquor made into a mass of which wash­bass are framed.

VII. Suffitus, Perfumes to burn, belong to Odors, and are prepared in form of Pouder, Trochisks and Pyramides.

VIII. Eye-salves are used externally to the Eyes, and are prepared either drie, being bea­ten very smal in a mortar; or moist, which either are distilled into the Eyes in form of a Liquor, or anointed upon them in form of a salve; or Vaporous, which being boiled in water, the vapour exhaling from them is re­ceived into the Eyes, the patients Head being to that end covered with a cloath of Linnen. But touching al these consult the Medico-chy­mical Pharmacopeia of Dr. John Schroder, which I commend to students of Physick a­bove al others.

Point, 1. Of bot Medicaments.

SO much may suffice to have spoken of Me­dicaments simple and compound. Medica­menta [Page 20]denominated from their faculties, are either Alterres, or Causers of Motion, or Pro­ducers of somewhat, or takers away of some­what, or Resisters of Poison.

Altering Medicaments are many waies differenced: for they are Temperate, Hot, Cold, Moist, Dry, Digesting, Emollient, Hardning, Relaxing, Rarifieing, Con­densing, Shutting, Opening mouths of veins, Attenuaters, Openers, Incrassaters, Em­plasticks, Deobstructers, Abstersives, Pain­asswagers, and Narcoticks.

I. Temperate are such as exceed not in the first Qualities, as are Maiden haire, Aspara­gus, Lycorise, Pine kernels, Jujubes, figs, Sebestens, Raisons, Dates, Gum Elemi, Gum dragant, Veale-suer, Goat-suer, Hogs­grease, sweet oile.

II. Things are hot, in the first, second, third, or fourth degree.

I. Things hot in the first degree are such as do scarce sensibly heat the Body, as, The Roots of Marsh mallowes, Beares-Breech, Betes, Bugloss, Lycorize, Satyrium. The leaves of Wormwood, which some count hot in the second degree, of Marshmallowes, Bor­rage, Bugloss, Betes, Beares-Breech, Cole­wort, Chamomel, Dodder, Liverwort or Agrimony, Fumitory, Toad-flax, Melilote, Malabathrium, Spicknard, Scolopendrium, Comfres, Coltsfoot. The Flowers of Bor­rage, or Bugloss, of Betony, of Oxe eye, Melilote, Chamomel, Black poplar, Stae­chados, Groundsel. Seeds of Coriander, Faenigreeke, Line, Gromwel, Sesamus, Rice. Fruits, Sweet almonds, Chastnuts, Jujubes, Cypress nuts, Green wallnuts, ripe Grapes, ripe Mulberries, Sweet fragrant Ap­ples. Barks, of Mace, Guajacum, Tamarisk. Liquors, juices and Gums, Sugar, Bdellium, Ladanum, Gum Hedera. Suet of a Kid, a Doe, an hart, new fresh butter.

II. Those Medicines are hot in the second Degree, which manifestly heat, but without Hurt. As the Roots, of Smallage, Cap­pars, Hogs-fennel, Pimpernel, Nape, Zedo­ary, Rhodia. Leaves of; wormwood, Calves snout, Green dil, Angelica, Smallage, Mug­wort, Betonie, Calamus odoratus, Chame­pitys, Faenum graecum, Hypericum, Ivie, Hops, Baume, Hoar-hound, Feverfew, Basil, Chervil, Pimpernel, Hogs-fenel, Poli­um, Rosemary, Savory, Sage, Scabious, Scor­dium, Stechados, Tansey. Flowers of A­momum, Safron, Gilloflowers, Schaenanth, Lavendar, Hops, Baume, Rosemary. Seeds. of Dil, Smallage, Orobus, Rocker, Basil, Nettle. Fruits; of Cappars, Nutmegs, Pistachives, drie figs, drie nuts. Barks; of cassia lignea, Cinnamon, Franckincense, of Cappar roots. Liquors, Gums Rofins; Wine which is not old, Ladanum, Aloe, Galbanum, Myrrhe, Mastich, Franckincense, Storax. Fat, Lions-fat, Panthers, Beares and Foxes grease.

III. Hot in the third degree are such things, as doe vehemently Heat, and with trouble, but without Corruption: as the Roots of Acorus, Asarum, Squils, Dictamus, Doronicum, Fen­nel, Galangal, both the Hellebors, Enula Campane, Orice, persley, Radish. Leaves; Southernwood, Asarum, Agnus Castus, A­rum, Ammoum, Bishops-weed, Dry dil, Bac­charis, Dictamus, Avens, Ground Oak, Cni­cus, Centaury, the greater and the less; Ce­londine, Calamint, Flea-bane, Menthastrum, Fennel, Epithymum, Elecampane, Juniper, Hysop, Bayes, Marjoram, Cockow-Pintle, Mint, Nigella, Aenanthe, Bindweed, Persley, Sneez-wort, Peny-Royal, Rest-harrow, Rue, Savine, Wild-Time, Water-mint, Time, Trefoil, Vervain, Nettles. Flowers; Agnus Caftus, Epithymum, Leucoium, Aenanthe, Pe­riclymen. Seeds of Byshops-weed, Anise, Amomum, Carway, Cardamom, Water-Cresses. Fennel, Carot, Cummin, Nigella, Na­vew, Persley, Seseli, Staphes-acre, Agnus Ca­stus. Fruits; Juniper Beries, Cloves, Car­pobalsamum, Anacardia, Pepper. 4. Barks, of Mace, Liqors, Tears, Gums; old Wine, Asa dulcis, faetida, Ammoniacum, Cedrian, pitch, Opopanax, Mosch. Metaline, flower of Brass, Burnt Brass, scales of Brass, Verdi­greise, Diphryges, Alum, Salt, Nitre, Sulphur, Vitriol.

IV. Hot in the fourth degree, are such as heat with the greatest dammage to the Hu­mane Body: as, Rootes, Garlick, Onion, Co­stus, Leeks, Pellitory. Leaves, Pepper-wort, both the Water-cresses, the Headed-Leek, Fullers Herb, Thapsia, and Spurge. Seeds of Water-Cresses, Mustard. Fruits, Pepper; Gums, Euphotbium: Metaline substances; Vitriol, Orpment, Sandarach, Chrysocolla, Mi­sy, sory, Melantheria.

Point II. Of cold Medicaments

Cold Medicaments are, such as alter the Bo­dy of Man by cooling, and they are such, in the first, second, third, and fourth degree.

I. Cold in the first degree are such as scarce [Page 21]sensibly coole the Boody of Man, and they are Roots of Mallowes; Leaves of Orach, sharp­pointed-dock, apple-tree, Myrrle, Pellitory. Flowers of, Mallowes, Roses, Violets; Seeds of Barley, Millet. Fruits, Citron­pulp, Quinces, Peares, Prunes. Juices concrete, Acacia, Dragons blood. Stones, hyacinth, Saphire, Smaragd.

II. Cold in the second are such as mani­festly cool, but without hurt, as the Leaves of Blite, Dandelyon, Lettuce, Duck-weed, Hyacinth, Sorrel, Plantane, Solomons Seale, Flea-wort, Nightshade. Flowers, of yel­low Anemone: Fruits of Gourd, Cucumer, Galls, Auranges, Peaches, Damask prunes, Pompions, Pomegranates. Wood, of San­ders.

III. Cold in the third degree are, which do indeed vehemently coole, but without de­stroying or corrupting the Body: as Roots of Mandrake, Leaves of Purslane, mandrake, Houseleek, Henbane. Flowers Balaustian. Seeds, of Hemlock, Henbane, Poppie. Fruites, Golden Apples, Mad-Apples. Juyce of Hy­pocistis.

IV. Cold in the fourth degree are such things as corrupt by cooling and destroy the body; as Leaves of Hemlock, Poppie. Fruits of Thorne Apple. Juyces; Meconium, Opi­um, according to the vulgar opinion. See thereof Doringuis, Hartman, Frestagius.

Point, III. Of moistining Medicaments.

Moistening Medicaments, are such as by their moistening faculty alter the Body of Man. And the most are such only in the first and second degree.

I. Moist in the first degree are Rootes; of Satyrium, Bugloss, Lycorize, Mallowes, Rapes; The Herbs of Bugloss, Heixine, Mal­lowes. Flowers of Bugloss Mallows, Endive. Seeds of Mallowes, Sesamus. Fruits, the pulpe of a Citron, Jujubees, Sweet Al­monds.

II. Moist in the second Degree are, Herbes, Violet leaves, water-lilly-leaves, Orach, Blite, Lettuce, Duck-weed, Purslane. Flowers; of water-lillies, violets. Fruits; of the Gourd, Melons, Pepons, Peaches, Damask prunes, ripe Grapes, Sugar.

Point, IV. Of drie Medicaments.

Drie Medicaments are such as alter the Bodie of Man by drying; and they are so, in the first, second, third and fourth degree.

I. Dry in the first degree are Roots; Bry­onie, Madder, Aenanthe, Tamarisk, Marshmal­lowes, Cucko-pintle. Leaves; of Bete, Coleworts, Chamaemel, Fenel, Hyacinth, Malabathrum, Myrtle, Mullein. Flowers, of Oxe-eye, Chamaemel, Safron, Hyacinth, Me­lilote, Roses. Seeds of Beanes, Faenugreek, Barley. Fruits of Juniper Berties, Chast­nuts. Gums, as Frankincense.

II. Dry in the second degree, are Roots; of Cappars, Cichory, Raddish. Herbes, Pimpernel, Mugwort, green dil, Betonie, Dodder, Calamus aromaticus, Endive, Sea-Colewort, Shepheards-pouch, Hors-taile, Tooth-pick, Mint, Wild mint, Plantane, Rosemary, Spicknard, Comfery, fumitory, Pimpinel, Sorrel, Vervaine, Shepherds-Rod. Flowers; Balaustians, Peony flowers, Anemoneyes, Ground-pine, bind-weed and staechados. Seeds; of Fenel, Garden-cresses, lentils, Orobus, Millet, Rice, Poppie, Night­shade. Fruits; Ballanus Myrepsica, Cap­pars, Quinces, Cypress-nuts, Nutmegs, Peares, Pistachius. Wood, of Sanders, Teares, Gums, Rosins; Galbanum, Opopanax, Stone-pitch, Myrth, Storax, Mastich, Honey.

III. Drie in the third degree are Roots, of Acorus, Asarum, Smalladge, cinnamon, Do­ronicum, Galangal, Hellebore, Pentaphyllum, Hollow-root, Squil, Three-leaved-sorrel, Trefoile. Leaves and Hearbs; Fearne, Millefoile, Cinquefoile, Polium, Trefoile, Southernwood, Wormwood, Burnt dil, Smal­ladge Bishops-weed, Asarum, Calamint, Ground oake, Ground-pine, Epithymum, Hyssop, Juniper, Matjorum, Hoare-hound, Origanum, Hogs-fennel, Perseley, Sneeze­wort, Rue, Savine, Willow, Watermint, Time, Runing-betony. Flowers, of Balausti­ans, of Epithimum, of Ground-pine of Bind­weed. Seeds of Dil, Smalladge, Bushop­weed, Amomum, Anis-seed, carway, Cumin, Coriander, Nigella, perseley, Gromwel, Ag­nus Castus, Grana tinctorum. Fruits; Cloves, Carpobalsamum, Galls, Peper, Ju­niper Berries. Juices and Gums; Aloe A­cetum, acacia, camphire, mosch. Metalline matters, Flower of brass, burnt brass, Scales of brass, verdigreese, diphryges, alume, Salt, Nitre, Sulphur, Chalcitis.

IV. Things dry in the fourth degree are of herbes; wild Rue, Garlick, Water-Cresses, Mustard. Of the Metalline Medicaments, Vitriol, Orpment, Sandarach, Chrysocolla, Misy, Sory, Melantheria.

Point, V. Of Medicaments, digestive, Emollient, Hardening and Loosening.

Digestive Medicaments are such as assist Nature in concocting such humors as are prae­ternaturally offensive.

They are also termed praeparatives. Now they prepare, either by removeing impedi­ments, or by changing the Qualities which re­sist the action of Natural Heate, respect being nevertheless had to the part wherein the Humors reside.

They are dfferenced according to the differ­ence of Humors which they prepare. Yellow choler, requires things cooling and drying; and if it be thin, it requires thickners. Flegm stands in need of Heaters, Dryers and attenua­ters. Melancholy is corrected by things mo­derately heateing, moistening, and attenuate­ing. Black choler by things cooling, very much moistening and attenuateing.

A Catalogue of these Medicaments may be drawn from such as are attributed to every part of the Body, of which we shal speake anon; and therefore to avoide tautologie, we omit them for the present.

II. Emollients, are such medicaments as soften and dissolve such Humors as are com­pacted together, either primarily, as a glew­ish excrement in the bands of the Muscles; or secondarily, viz. when the thinner parts be­ing either digested, by the unseasonable use of Resolveing Medicaments, or being driven a­way by overmuch use of Repellers, the remain­ing parts grow compacted.

The Greekes cal them malactica: and they must be hot in the second degree, a little dry, of a daubing faculty so as to hinder difflation; and they must be mingled with moistners. They are either Indiffernt, or Strong.

I. Things indifferently emollient. 1. Of Simples, are the Roots of Lillies, Marsh-mal­lowes, wild Cucumer, Bryonie. Leaves of Mallowes, Pellitory, Violets, Dwarfe-elder; Elder. Flowers of Chamemel. Seeds, of Fenugreek, Line, Sesamus, Mallows. Fruits, fat Figs. Fats, fresh butter, fat of an Hen, Hogs-Grease, Calves-grease, Kids-suet, Weathers-suet, al marrowes. &c. Of Com­poundes, oile of Lin-seed, sweet-almonds, White-Lillies, Worms. Ointments, of Al­thea, Unguentum resumptivum. Emplaster, de Mucilaginibus.

II. The stronger sort are Beares-grease, old oile, bdellium, liquid storax, fat rosins, Ammoniacum, Galbanum, Emplastrum Dia­chylon simple, and cum Gummi.

III. Hardners are opposed to Emollients; the Greeks cal them Sclerotica, or Sclerunonta, and they are cold and moist, as, Sempervivum, purslane, psyllium, Duckweed, Nightshade.

IV. Relaxers are Medicaments which a­bate the distention caused by some matter, va­por, or wind, filling and stretching the spaces of the parts. They are moderately hot, very moistening, and of thin substance, for the more easie penetration, as Lillies, seeds of Line, Fe­nugreek, Fats, Butter, Chamomel Oyl.

Point V. Of Medicaments which Rari­fie, condense, stop, and open the mouths of the Vessels.

Rarifying Medicaments, are such as open the pores of the Skin, and make them wider, that the Vapors may be better transpired. They are moderately hot, of thin parts, and not dry­ing; such as are, among Herbs, Marsh-mal­lows, Mercury. Flowers of Chamomel, Me­lilot, Elder. Seeds of Fenugreek, Line, Oyl which is old, and Butter.

II. Condensers are, such things as con­tract and straighten the smal pores of the body, but are not able to compact the whol part, strongly, and every where. They are of a wa­try Nature, as, cold water; of Herbs, Pur­slane, Housleek, Flea-wort, Mous-ear, Duck­weed, green Thistles, Prick-madam, the grea­ter and the lesser.

III. Stoppers, by their thickness, do so stick externally upon the pores of the body, that by their coldness and dryness, they contract the part. There are of this kind, Astringents so called. Such as are, among Simples, the Roots of Tormentil, Plantane, greater Com­fry, dry water Lillies, Sorrel, Curmallow, Fi­lipendula, peony, Avens, Strawberry, Bistort, Rhaponticum, Rhubarb tosted. Leaves, of plantane, Knotgrass, Gnaphalium, Loof-strife, Solomons Seal, Horstail, Shepherds-pouch, Mous-ear, Oak. Flowers, of Roses, pome­granates, Ivy. Seeds, of plantane, purslane, Sorrel, Roses. Fruits, Quinces, Medlars, Barberries, Services, Cornel-berries, Galls, Raison-stones, Cypress nuts, myrtle berries. Shels and Rinds, of pomegranates, Frankin­cense tree, myrobalans, mulberries. Gums, of mastich, Dragons blood. Juyces, of Hy­pocistis, sour Grapes, Acacia. Minerals, Terra sigillata, Bole armeniack, blood-stone, Allum, Coral, Iron. Of Animals, Harts­horn [Page 23]prepared, Stags pizzle, &c. Of Com­pounds are, Water of Roses, purslane, plan­tane, privet. Syrup of red Roses, Quinces, Barberries, marmalade of Quinces, Diacodium narcoticum, Crocus martis astringens, pouder of mans bones calcined, fresh made Treacle, Juyce of pomegranates, of Acacia, old conserve of Red Roses. The stronger sort of these me­dicaments are, Balaustians, myrtles, Acacia, Hypocistis, Sumach, pomegranate, medlar, &c.

IV. Anastomaticks, are medicaments which open the mouths of the Vessels, and are therefore by the Greeks so named, because they ought to penetrate into the inner parts of the body, and to attenuate gross humors; and ther­fore they ought to be both hot in the second degree, and endued with a more thick sub­stance than ordinary, that they may retain heat the longer. Bitter things are most convenient.

Point VII. Of Attenuating, Aperient, and incrassating Medicaments.

I. Attenuating medicaments, are such as dissolve and make thin, thick, clammy, and glewish humors, so that either they vanish of their own accord, or are easily dissipated by the operation of Drawers. They must be of a thin substance, hot in the third degree; which is nevertheless, not alwaies necessary. For the juyce of Lemmons, Vinegar, Oxymel, do atte­nuate, and cut, though they are cold. See the Catalogue among Operatives.

II. Apperitive medicaments, do open in­ward Obstructions of the Body. They ought to be of a thin substance; and therefore are reckoned among such things as appear hot and biting to the smel and tast, which have a ni­trous, salt, bitter, and acid tast: but seeing there is variety both of the matter obstructing, and the bodies obstructed, somtimes such as are of thin parts, sometimes such as are not so qualified, are given. Now they are these; Among Simples, of Roots, the five o­pening Roots, so called, viz. (of Smallage, Fennel, Asparagus, parsly, and Holm) of Grass, Cicaory, Eryngos, Gentian, Fern, madder, Rhaponticum, Asarum, Cappars, Ta­marisk, Ash. Herbs, Fumitory, Worm­wood, Agrimony, maiden-hair, Liver-wort, ceterach, chamepitys, chamedrys, Dodder, Horehound, calamint, penyroyal, scurvy­grass, Brooklime, Water-cresses, Hops, white Horehound, Wormwood. Seeds of Annis, Fennel, Ameos, Agnus castus, Vetches, Lu­pines. Fruits, bitter Almonds, Cappars, Peach-kernels, Apricock-kernels. Spices, Cinamon, Cubebs. Gums and juyces, Am­moniacum, Vinegar, Juyce of Lemmons. Of compounds are, waters of the foresaid simples; Oximel simple, Scyllitick, Syrupe of opening roots, Trocbiscks of Rubarb, Wormwood, Egrimony, Lacca-gum. Tartar Vitriolated, Creame thereof, Christals and Tincture of Tartar. Tincture of steele, pouder, aperient crocus and pils thereof.

III. Incrassaters or thickners, do make the thin and liquid juices more thick. They are cold or temperate without acrimonie, and of thick substance; such as, Porslane, Sorrel, Poppy, Rice, Lentils, Quinces, Peares, Starch, Chalybeate milk, and juice of Pomegranates.

Point, VIII. Of Obstructive, And Deobstructive Medicaments.

I. Emplastick or obstructive medicaments are such as by their substance, do daub, stop and clam up the passages of the Body, and being smeared thereon, stick fast thereto being of a Consistence, either dry and earthy, but without any biting quality, or ful of watry and aerie humor. They are.

• I. Among simples. 1. Roots; Of Marshmallowes, White-Lillies; Seeds, Wheate, Starch, Pine-kernels steeped in water, Fenugreek, al Mucilages. Fruits, Figs, Raisons. Gums, Arabick, Tragant, Dragons blood. Earths; Terra sigillata, Bole-Armeniack. Juyces; Alum. Stones, Lapis Calaminaris, Blood-stone, Potters-clay. Minerals, litteridge of Gold and Silver, Lead, Oare of brass, Pom­pholyx; Cerus. Animals, Mumia, fresh fats, marrowes, fresh butter, Cheese, whites of Eggs, Wax.
• II. Compounds of these; Unguentum Album, Nutritum.

II. Deobstructers, do scoure away clam­my glutinous humors, which stick unto the body; they are hot or cold, salt, bitter, ni­trous. Such are I. Of Simples. 1. Roots of birthwort, Orice, Gentian, Solomons seale, Tamarisk. Leaves; of Smallage, Wormwood, Centorie, Southernwood, Hy­sop, Watercresses, Horehound, Agrimony, Ground-Oake, Tansey, Harts-tongue, Pim­pernel. Seeds; of Lime, Fenugreek, barly, Orobus, Lupines, and their meales. Juyces; Aloes and Sugar. Gums; myrrh. Rosins; Terpentine. Mineralls; verdi­grise, Vitriol. Animals; whey, beasts-Gal.

III. Extergents; differ only gradually. Of this kind are Oxymel, Alume water, Unguentum Aegyptiacum, &c.

Point, VIII. Of Anodynes, and Narco­ticks.

Anodyne Medicaments are those which by their moderate heate, and soft substance, do as­swage paine, by opening the pores of the body, and entering thereinto by the tenuity of their substance; and discuss the cause thereof by in­sensible transpration. Such are.

• I. Among Simples, the Roots; of Marsh-mallowes, Lillies. Leaves; of Mallowes, Elder. Flo­wers; of Chamemel, Melilote, Safron. Seeds, of Lime, Fenugreek. Animals; Fats, of Hogs, Hens, Geese, Calves, Man-fat. Mar­row; of Oxen, Calves. Milke, butter.
• II. Of Compounds, oiles; of white lillies, Chamo­mel, Violets, sweet almonds, linseed, worms, and (which is most commended) sweet oile of Roses, of a middle age.

II. Narcoticks stupifie the part, so that it cannot feel that which pains. This they do, partly by their coldness, partly by an hidden Quallity. Of this kind are.

• I. Simples, the Roots of Mandrake; Leaves of Henbane, mandrake. Seeds, of white-poppey. Juyces, Opium.
• II. Compounds: oiles, of Mandrake Ʋnguentum popeleon, laudanum ossiatum, Fernelius his narcotick lozenges.

Spirit of Darnel, &c.

Point, 1. Of Ripeners, Quittor-breeders, and Flesh restorers.

Medicaments which breed somewhat are in a six-fold difference.

• 1. Ripeners or Quit­tor-breeders.
• 2. Flesh-breeders.
• 3. Glew­ers.
• 4. Scarbringers.
• 5. Milke-breeders,
• 6. Seed-encreasers.

I. Ripeners, and Quittor-breeders, are such by whose helpe, the Natural Heat [Page 25]turnes corrupt blood into Quittor. They are moderately hot and moist, and like in tem­perament to the part whereunto they are appli­ed. Also by shutting the pores, they keep in the heate. They are in a twofold difference. Some are meerly of a temperate heate, and clammy which we use in hot tumors, such as are, Mucilages of Lin-seed, Fenugreek, Mal­lowes, Marshmallowes, Water and oile, Wheate-meale, Milke, Crum of wheaten breade, Hogs-grease, fresh-butter, Unguen­tum Dialthea. Others are hot, which we use in cold tumors and parts; such as the Gums, Ammoniacum, Bdellium, Galba­num. Rosins; Terpentine, Pitch, Vulgar rosins. Teares of Firr, Birch and Pine-tree. Oiles of Chamomel, White-Lillies. Oint­ments; of Agrippa, Basilicon, Majus and minus. Emplasters; diachylon simple and cum gummi. II. Sarcoticks or Flesh-bree­ders are such things as assist nature to change blood into flesh, both by preserving the Heate of the Part, and removeing such Excrements as hinder the work. They do moderately heat and drie; also they clense away filth, without any biteing, or astriction. They are of a Three fold Rank, In the first ranke or degree, are placed meale of Barly, of Fenu­greek, of beanes; Franckincense, Manna, thuris. In the Second, Terpentiue rosin, Larch-rosin, Fir-rosin, Clarified Honey, hony of Roses. Aloes, meale of Lupines, orobus, and Pompholyx. In the third de­gree, meale of Orobus, raw honey, birth­wort root, orice roote, myrrh, Vitiol.

Point 2. Of Sodderers, and Scar-bringers.

I. Glewing, or soddering Medicaments, are such as bring together the gaping lips of fresh wounds, and binder any thing from flowing into, or growing between them. Of which kind are among Simples, the Roots of Tor­mentil, Cinque-foile, Bistort. Leaves; of Mouse-eare, plantaine, Sr. Johns-wort, Bugula, Sanicle, Pyrola, Wal-Sage, Rup­ture-wort, Willow, Vervaine. Gumsz Myrch, Frankincense, Saccocolla. Jucies thickned; Aloes, Hypocstis. Rosins; Pitch, Terpenrine. Of compounds; Oynt­ment of Lituridge, of Betony.

II. Scarbringers, are Medicaments which consume both that which flowes to, and that humor which is already in the flesh, that the flesh may be changed into the similitude of Skin. Thick are of thick substance, vehement­ly drying, astringent and contracting. The cheife are, Roots, of tormentil, Cinquesoil. Herbes; Comfry, Thorough-waxe, Horse­taile, Plantane. Flowers; balaustians. Juyces concrete, Coral, Aloes, Juyce of dragon. Earths; Alum, Ecle Armeniack. Metelline substances, Lead, Cadmia, Litter­idg, Brass-burnt, and washed, Antimony.

III. Hitherto belong Vulnerary Medi­caments, of which vulnerary potions are made. And they are, the roots; of greate Comfry, Bistort, Tormentil. Leaves; of Lady­mantile, Shephards-pouch, Golden-rod, Bal­saminum, Vervaine, Fluellin, St. Johns­wort, Millefoil, Sanicle, Hors-taile, Elme, Plantaine, Betony, Cypress, Mouse-eare. Flowers; of red-roses, St. Johns wort, Ba­laustians. Fruits; Cypress nuts. Gums, Teares; Frankincense, Aloe, Mastich, Teares of the firr, Terpentine, pine and larch rosins, Stone-pitch, liquor of Elme-leaves, Gum Elemi, Gum of Juniper, of Ivie, of Tragant, Tacamahaca, caranna, Sarcocolla, Dragons-Blood &c.

Point, III. Of Milke and Seed-bree­ders.

1. Milk-breeding Medicaments in this place are such, as both helpe to make good blood, and moderately attenuate the same and bring it to the Duggs, such as are these fol­lowing: green Fenel, the seed thereof, Green Dil, Smalladge, pouder of Christal, De­coction of Colewort, Butter taken with milke and fenel, Smyrnium, Polium, Roc­ket, &c.

II. Seed-breeding Medicaments, both those which carrie matter to the spermatick vessels, and they which provoke to the expulsion of seed whether they fil it with wind, or ad a spir or provocation thereto. The cheif are these, Roots; of Eryngos, Satyrion, Ginger. Seeds; of Rocket, Mustard, Nettles, Pepper. Fruits Pine-kernels, Pistachios, Hasel nuts, the Pap of the Indian nut. Parts of Animals; Reins of the Scinci, Braines of Sparrowes, Stags-Pizzle, Cocks-stones.

Point. 1. Of Purgeing Medicaments.

Medicaments which take something from the Body are:

• 1. Purgers.
• 2. Vomiters.
• 3. Diureticks.
• 4. Sweaters.
• 5. Transpirers.
• 6. Braine-purgers.
• 7. Expectorators.

Purgers are such Medicaments, as drive out by stool, such humors as preternaturally nestle themselves in mans body. And they are

• 1. Choler-purgers.
• 2. Phlegm-purgers.
• 3. Melancholly-purgers.
• 4. Water-pur­gers.
• 5. Purgers of all humors together.

1. Choller-purgers, are medicaments which drive out preternatural choler. And they are 1. Mild; as among simples, Cassia fistularis, which because it is hurtful to a moist slippery belly and to the stomach, and is windy, it is corrected with a graine or two of peper, ani­seed or Cinamon, and is given in a bole, com­monly from sixe drams to two ounces; to children two drams may be given. Tamarins or Indian dates, convenient for hot Constitu­tions; which because of their coldness, are corrected with Cinnamon and Mace, and by reason of their lazyness, they are quickned with whey of Goates-milk. They are given in Pulpe, from an ounce to two ounces or three, and in the Infusion to five ounces. Manna Calabrina, which is safe in al cases, except­ing burning fevers; tis quickned, with syrup of Roses solutive. It is taken in Prune-broath, or the Broath of a Cock or Hen, to the Quan­tity of three or four ounces. Aloe Soccotrina, which taken in too greate a Quantity inflames the Liver: because it opens the orifices of the Veines tis not safe for women with child. Nor is it good for hot and dry natures. 'Tis nou­rished or impredgnated with juice of damaske Roses. 'Tis corrected with mastich because of its Acrimonie. It is given from halfe a dram to a dram & more: see thereof Solenander, sect. 3. Counsel, 29. Rhubarb, the soule of the Liver, which must not be given alone, be­cause it is apt to fume, and easily exhales, but with endive water, or syrup of Roses so­lutive; it must not be given to such as are trou­bled with the strangury, nor those that are sub­ject to the Hemorrhoides. 'Tis corrected with Cinnamon, Spicknard, Schenanth. 'Tis given from one dram to two drams. Dam­askroses, musked, fragrant, bitter and de­tergent. Their Virtue is encreased, if two [Page 27]ounces of whey be mixed with an ounce of their juyce, a little spike and Cinnamon being added. Violets, which are of like vertue with roses, exceeding good in diseases of the Brest and Head-ache. Terpentine, especially pis­tick, which with pouder of Lycoris and Sugar, is made into Boles, and given to clense the kidnies. Lemnius commends it in a potion. Among compounds are, Syrup of roses solu­tive, hurtful for women with child, because it opens the veines of the wombe, from two oun­ces to four. Rose-leaves must be gathered while the morning dew is upon them. Their strength lasts hardly beyond six monthes. Syrup of the flowers of Acacia, de Manna Laxa­tivus, Horstius his syrupe of tamarinds with senna. Pilulae Angelicae, Benedicta Bejeri. Hiera mellita, from a dram to four drams. II. The stronger are, amonge simples, Asar­um, which being long boiled loses its strength; very wel beaten, it moves vomit. It is given with whey, wine and honey sod together. Scammonie, which must never be given to such as are inclined to vomit, feverish, weak persons, in the summer, in broaths, alone, because its acrimonie disturbes the body, in­flames the spirits, hurts the principal parts. 'Tis corrected with juice of Quinces, mucilage of Gum Tragant, spirit of sulphur or vitriol. Be­ing corrected tis called Diagrydium. 'Tis given from five graines to fifteen. Of com­pounds are Pilulae Rhudji to a scruple; Au­reae, which are most in use. Extract of Sca­monie. The Magisterie thereof, which see in Mynsichtus and Grulingius.

II. Phlegme-purging Medicaments are such as draw excrementitious flegm out of the Body. And they are.

• 1. More gentle a­mong simples, Myrobalans, Chebulan, and Emblican; which are to be avoided in ob­structions of the Gutts or Bowels; they are steeped in Chick-broath to an ounce, or boiled therein, with muscadine. Cnicus or Cartha­mus seeds, which purge water, and crude flegme, and raise wind; because they pro­voke vomit, they are corrected with Anise, Ginger and Mastich. Mechoacan, which is of subtile parts mingled with Earthy. Of exquisite tertian Agues, it makes double ones. It works most happily in the forme of a pouder, or if it be steeped a night, in wine, or broath, and drunke in the Morning. Amonge com­pounds are, spices of Hiera picra simple. Lozenges of Mechoacan, described by Hor­stius.
• II. Vehement Flegme-purgers are, among simples, Agarick, which by a peculiar Faculty frees the Lungs from clammy thick and putrid humors. 'Tis [...]afer in the Infusion, than in the substance. Jalop, which is most proper, where choler is mixt with flegme. The Dose is from a scruple to two scruples, with cream of Tartar... It has in it somwhat of Acrimony. Turpetum gummie and white, which because it hurts the Stomach & provokes Vomit, is corrected with Ginger, Pepper and Cinnamon. By its dryness it brings the bodies of those that over use it, into a Consumption. It works best in a decoction. Coliquintida, which purges thick and clammy Humors from the remote parts; and because it sticks to the fibres of the stomach, it provokes vomiting. It must not be corrected by astringents, for they detain it, being a violent medicine, too long in the Body. Hermodactyls, which purge thick humors from the Joynts, and are corrected by atenuaters. Euphorbium, which is hot and dry, in the fourth degree: because it inflames the Jaws and Throat, vexes the Sto­mach and Liver, raises cold sweat, 'tis corre­cted with cordials and Stomach strengtheners, but best of al with Oyl of Roses. It must not be used inwardy before it be a year old. Saga­penum which brings out clammy and thick Humors. Of compounds are, Pils of Saga­pena of Horstius and Camillus. Syrup of Coloquintida, and Lozenges of Jalap, &c.

III. Melancholy purgers, are such as drive excrementitious melancholy out of the Bo­dy. And they are,

• 1. Gentle. Among sim­ples, Indian Myrobalans, which are princi­pally given in quartan Agues, and purge adust choler. Epithymum, which by a peculiar property above all other medicines, purges this Humor, howbeit but weakly. 'Tis more safely used in the Winter than the Summer. That of Crete, is the best. Polypodie of the Oak, which because it binds when it is old, must be used fresh and new gathered. That which grows on over old Oaks, by its overmuch Humidity, subverts the stomach. Sena, which is used to draw humors out of the Mesentery, in the broth of Prunes, Reisons, and in Whey, &c. its cods, if gathered when ful of juyce be­fore they are fully ripe, wil work as the leaves doe; but withering upon the stalk, they lose al their virtue. Among Comporunds are, Syrup of polypody, and Epthymum. Pils of Fumitory. Pouder of Sena of Montagna­na, &c.
• II. The stronger sort are, among simples, Lapis Armenius, which must be so long washed in cordial waters, til no more foulness appear. Lapis lazuli, which must [Page 28]be used after the same manner. Black Helle­bore, which is least dangerous, in the decocti­on. 'Tis best corrected with the flegm of Vi­triol. An excellent way and Elegant to give it, is, to stick an apple with cloves and black Hel­lebore Roots, and roast it in the Embers. A­mong Compounds are, Extract of black Hellebore, and Syrup of the same, in Heur­nius.

IV. Water-purgers are Medicaments which drive waters out of Mans body.

• 1. The more gentle are, among simples, Soldanella or Sea-Colewort, which extreamly delights in the company of Rhubarb, and loses not its Vertue by boyling. 2. Germane Orice, which provokes the Courses, and loses its force, by boiling. The juyce of the Root is put in an Egshel with the yolk of the Egg, and so they are boil'd together or roasted til the Egg be soft boyled, so as it may be supt. Among Compounds are, Conserve of Peach Flowers, Pouder of Soldanella of Fowentinus, &c.
• II. The more vehement sort are, Ela­terium, which slips even without the Veins and draws water away. It may be given to strong persons to the quantity of ten grains, if wel corrected [understand in German Bo­dies and tough english plough-men or Sad­lors] 'tis corrected with Cinamon, Spike, &c. Cambogia, which because it makes the Sto­mach a little sick, it is corrected with Spirit of Salt and Mace. The use thereof is hurtful to cholerick natures. See thereof Reudenius and Lotichius. Hedge-Hyssop, which works upwards & downwards. It is dried and steeped in milk, & then dried again, so as that it may be reduced to pouder. Esula, whose Milk, Seed, Leaves are very strong, but the Root more mild. It must not be used til a month after it has been gathered. That is best, which is five or [...] months old. The Bark of the Root is chiefly in use. 'Tis corrected by Infusing three dais in Vineger. Among Compounds are, the Magistery of Cambogia, Pilulae Freytagii, Oyl of Elder-berry Stones.

V. Purgers of al Humors together, which are called Catholica and Panchymagoga; are these which follow: of simples, Sena, Hellebore, Antimony, &c. Of the compounds, Panchymagogum Crollii, Vegitabtle, Para­celsi, Extractum Catholicum majus & minus. Electuarium Diacatholicon, &c.

Point 2. Of Vomitories and Diureticks.

Vomitories are such Medicaments as cast forth bad humors, by the Mouth.

Which they do, either because they natu­rally tend upwards; or because they swim upon the Stomach and burthen the same; or because they loosen the upper Orifice of the Stomach. Of this sort are,

• I. The more gen­tle, simple water, Luke-warm water, Barley water, fat broaths, simple Oyl with wa­ter, Butter, Hydromel. Root of Orach, Gar­den Cowcomber, Melons, Daffodillies, Asa­rum. Flowers of Peaches, of which conserve is made. Seeds of Rocket, Orach. The middle Rind of a Walnut Tree, when it is ful­lest of juyce, especially the Cats-tailes there­of. Electuary of Asarum of Fernelius.
• II. The stronger sort are, white Hellebore. The Vomitory of Cunradinus, which is given from three drops to ten drops. Gilla of Paracelsus. White vitriol vomitory. Sala his salt of vitri­ol. Flores Mercurii argentei. Mercurius Vi­tae, Mercurius dulcis, Manna Mercurii, Aquila-Flowers of Antimony, Oyl and Electuary of Antimony, and Crocus Metallorum. Aqua benedicta of Quercetanus, Pismire water, Platerus his Wine, Heurneus his Helleborate wine, Aqua Benedicta Rulandi.

II. Diureticks, are medicaments which provoke Ʋrine, and by that means evacuate withal the morbifick matter.

They are twofold:

• 1. Properly so called, which easily penetrate into the Veins, and therein melt the Humors with their heat, and they are Roots of Parsly, Smallage, Eringos, Ruscus, Asparagus, Pimpernel. Herbs, A­sarum, Liver-wort, Chervil, Scordium. Seeds, of Gromwel, Chervil, Saxifrage. Fruits, bitter Almonds, Peach Kernels, &c. among chymical preparations, is spirit of Salt, and whatever things are compounded of Tartar.
• II. Improperly so called, and they either hot, as Maiden-hair, Terpentine, Ambona Root, of which see Zacutus. Or moist and which lenifie the passages, as Mallow-seeds, Marshmallow, Lycorice. Or cold, as Strawberries, Barly, the four cool seeds, Bath-waters, Whey of Milk, Juice of Lemons. Also Peach-Kernel water with Muscadine is commended. The whitest slints heated red hot and quenched in rich Wine, Oyl of Wax from five drops to six. Salt of Amber, an half dram in weight. Water of Hips, Oyl of Juniper Berries, &c.

Point 3. Of Hydroticks and Diaphore­ticks.

Hydroticks are, such medicaments as drive [Page 29]out the morbifick matter by the habit of the body, in a sensible manner, viz. by sweat.

They are otherwise termed Sudorificks. The act by reason of their heat and thinness or subtilty of parts, turning the peccant matter into a vapor; and they which are cold, do act by a propriety of their Substance. Now they are, I. Either Simples, as Angelica, Pim­pinella, Fumitory, Tormentil, Zedoary, Chi­na, Sarsaparilla, Sassafras, Lignum Guajacum, Cornu Cervi, Bezoar stone, oriental and occi­dental.

2. Or Compounds, as, Orenge-Flower Water and Treacle water. Spirit of terra si­gilata, Tartar, Carduus, de tribus, Treacle, Mithridate. Salt of Scabious, Carduus, Wormwood, Ash. Among chymical prepa­rations, there is Aurum Diaphoreticum, Flo­wers of Antimony fixed, Turpetum minera­le diaphoreticum, Sulfur Auratum, Bezoar­dicum joviale, &c.

II. Transpirers properly termed Diaphore­ticks, are such medicaments as drive the mor­bifickmater through the pores of the Skin, in­visibly. They are al hot, turn the Matter in a vaporous steam, and open the bodies pores. The chief are, Melilote, Fenugreek, Rue, Marjerom. Of Kin to these, are Wind-discus­sers, such as are the Roots of the smaller Ga­langal. Leavs of Bayes, Dictamus Penyroi­al, Origanum, Rue, Marjerom. Seeds of An­nis, Fenel, Carway, Cumin, Carrot. Fruits, Bay-berries, Juniper berries. Barks of Ci­trons, Orenges, &c.

Point 4. Of Medicaments which purge the Brain.

Brain-purgers are such as void the morbi­fick matter nestling in the Brain, by the No­strils or Pallate. The former are called Er­rhina and Ptarmica; the latter Apophleg­matizantia.

I. Errhina, do by their nitrous quality melt and dissolve the flegm which hangs about the Coats of the Brain, and draw it out into the Nostrils, without any disturbance to the Brain it self. The chief are, the Roots of O­rice, Bindweed. Leaves of Bete, purple A­nagallis, Marjerom, Sage, Betony, Ivy. Juy­ces, Elaterium, which is the strongest, and Juyce of Pulsatilla. Also they may be made out of the foresaid roots and Leaves.

II. Ptarmica, or Sneezers, do by their Acrimony so provoke the Expulsive Faculty of the Brain, as to cause it to cast them out, and with them such excrements as stick in the Brain it self. The cheif are, the Roots of Ginger, Pellitory, Orice white Hellebore. Leaves, of sneezewort, Tobacco Seeds, Pe­per, Mustard, Staphisacre, Nigella, Gums, Euphorbium, whose smel alone is sufficient.

III. Apophlegmatizers, Being either chew­ed, or gargled, or smeared upon the Palate, bring down the Excrements from the Braine into the Palate and mouth. They are made of rootes, of Ginger, Pellitory of spaine. Seeds, of peper, watercresses, Mustard, Staphisacre; Gum; mastick.

Point, V. Of Expectorators.

Expectorateing Medicaments are those which evacuate humors contained in the chest and Lungs.

They are made of Roots of Alecampane, Birthwort, Angelica, Orice, Cuckow-pintle, Squills, Lycorice. Of the Leaves of Hyssop, Maiden-haire, Scabious, Horehound, Colts foot. Seeds of Cotton, Watercresses, Erysi­mum, Seseli, Nettles. Fruites, reisons, jujbes, sebestens, Almonds, Figs, Pistachios. Hither also appertaines Sperma, Ceti. See more of these in the Chest-medicines.

Point. 1. Of Cephalick Medicaments, which are hot.

ANd so we have done with our Muster of such Medicaments, as are denominated from their faculties: those follow, which re­ceive their denomination from the parts of the Body, with which they have an Agreement, by reason of their whol substance and specifical properties.

Now they are these, Caphalicks, Ophthal­micks, Thoracicks, Cardiacks, Stomachicks, Hepaticks, Spleneticks, Nephriticks, and Ʋterine Medicaments. And al these are ei­ther Hot or Cold, Internal or External.

I. Internal heating Cephalicks are, 1. Of Simples, Roots of Paeonie, Caryophillata, Birthwort, Masterwort, Calamus Aromati­cus. Leaves; of Primrose, Betony, Rose­mary, Marjerom, Centory, Sage. Flowers; of the Linden-tree, Stachados of Arabia, [Page 30]Lilly-convally, Peony, Primrose, Betony. Seeds, of Amomum, Peonie, Mountaine withie, Coriander. Fruits; Kermes Berries, Ana­cardia, Bay and Juniper berries. Spices, Cu­bebs, Nutmeg, Cardamom, Cloves. Woods, Miseltoe of the Oake, and of the Hasel. Tears; Frankincense, Storax; Sea-commodities, Amber, Ambergreise. From Animals; Mosk, Castoreum. II Of compounds: Water, of black cherries, of Lilly-convally, Peony, Linden, Gilloflower, Primrose, O­range-flowers, Treacle-water. Tinctures, Elixit proprietatis, of Peony, of Sassafras wood. Distilled oiles. Of Rosemary, Marjerom, Sage, Rue, Ambar, Spike, &c. Syrups, of stechados, Betony, Gilloflow­ers, Peony. Conserves, of Betony, Sage, Rosemary flowers, Lilly-convally, Centorie, Stechados. Preserves; Nutmegs preserved, Indian Nut preserved, Preserved wallnuts. Electuaries, Confectio Alkermes, Treacle, Mithridate, Diacastoreum. Spices of Diam­bra, Dianthos, Diamoschum dulce, Diacasto­reum.

II. External heateing Cephalicks are.

• I. Among Simples, al those wel nere, before re­lated. Leaves of Rue, Running betony, up­right vervaine, are exceedingly commended.
• II. Among compounds are, Oyls, of Sassa­fras wood, Oyle of Rue, Nard Oyle, Oyle of Baies, of Castorem. Balsoms, of Roses, of Rosemary, of Nutmeg, Marjerom, Sage, Ambar. Emplasters, de Betonica, de Muci­lagnibus, de Baccis Laury.

Point. 2. Of cooleing Cephalick Medica­ments.

Cephalick cooling Medicaments are like­wise internal, or external.

I. Internal are, 1. Of Simples, the Roots, of Mandrake, the Leaves of Lettuce, Perslane, Plantane, Night-shade, Water-lillies, Henbane. Flowers, of Roses, white popie, Red-poppie, purple violets, water­lillies. Seeds, four greater and smaller coole­seeds. Fruits, of Gourd, Cucumbers. Woods, of Sanders. II. Of Compounds. Waters of Roses, Violets, Lettuce, Water­lilly, Night-shade. Juices; Opium, Vine­gar of Roses. Syprups, of white poppie, red popie, Roses, Water-lillies. Conserves, of Lettuce, and of the flowers aforesaid. E­lectuaries, Diacodion simplex and composi­tum, Diaolibanum opiatum, Ladanum opi­atum. Speices, Diatrion santalon de gemis frigidum, Diacorallium.

II. External are, I. Of Simples; Leaves of Willow, Vine, Venus Navil, Mandrake. The rest may be taken from the foregoing. II. Of compounds; Waters, of Henbane, Let­tice, Water-lillies, Plantaine, Nightshade, Elders, Roses. Juyces; of the Birch-tree, House-leeke, &c. Oyles, of Poppeyes, Violets, Water-lillies, Lettice-seed, Man­drakes, Frogs. Ointments of Roses, Ala­blaster, Album camphoratum, Refrigerans Galeni, Populeum.