A.

The Vowel a is the first letter in all Languages, and it merits the priority of all other, because it is the first and most natural easie motion and ouver­ture of the lips; it is also the letter of Absolution and comfort, as Cicero hath it. The French have a Proverb that makes much for the honor of A, viz. Il est marquè a l' A, He is mark'd with A; that is, he is right honest man: This may haply be the re­son why A hath such a large Dominion among the English, for she is a praepositive article (with The) to most Substantifs and Adjectifs, as A man un hombre, A Knight un Cavallero, A sword una espa­da, A learned man un hombre cientifico, A valiant Knight un Cavallero valiente, A bright sword una espada luziente.

A in the English Toung hath two differing sounds, the one open and full, as Abraham, Alaba­stre alabastro; the other pressing, and as it were half mouth'd and mincingly, as Ale cerveza, Awake despierto, &c. Whereas in Spanish (and other Lan­guages) [Page 8] it bears the first open prolation, as Da Dios alas a la hormiga para que se pierda mas ayna God gives wings to the Ant that she may destroy herself the sooner; a Proverb alluding to prowd ambi­tious men.

A, when it comes before lm somtimes drowneth the l and turneth to an u, as Calme is pronounced Caume, Psalme Psaume, Balme Baume, &c. but the a receives thereby a more open sound, and makes as it were one syllable of two.

E.

E the second Vowel is pronounced in English as in Spanish and other Languages; when it concludes a word it is pronounced carelesly and faintily, as Bare nudo, There allà, Fire, Fuego, &c. as the Spa­niards also do in combate a Fight, combite a Feast, es­cabeche Pickle, padre Father, madre Mother, &c. But in the monosyllable article The tis pronounced sharp. Where e comes after l having two Conso­nants before it, it hath a strange transposition, for it leaps before l, and takes the half sound of i, as Epistle Epistel, epistola; Thistle Thistel, cardo; Little littel, poco; Prickle prickel, espina: e passeth also obscure­ly, where it ends a word with a consonant, as spoken hablado, broken quebrado, Coffer cofre, brewes sopa, &c. When e also comes before d, to conclude a word, she loseth often her sound by an Apostrophe, as tyred tyr'd, cansado; restrained restrain'd, restreñ­ido: and so in all Participles of the Preter-tense. When e cometh before a it drowns the a, but makes [Page 10] the pronunciation longer, as beast bestia, disease en­fermedad, feast combite, &c.

E and I have such a friendship in the English lan­guage, that they supply one anothers place som­times, and are us'd indifferently, as Enterchange or Interchange, trueque; her or hir, ella; endure or in­dure, sufrir; endevor or indevor, diligencia, &c. And 'tis so likewise in Spanish, as mesmo or mismo, the same; pedir or pidir to pray: The Italian also doth it often as refiutare or rifiutare, reputare or riputare; but the Florentine more affects i.

I.

The Vowel i hath a very peculiar sound in som English words, which differeth from other Nati­ons; for the Spaniards with others pronounce it as ee in English, as mi tio my Uncle, mee teeo; pimienta Pepper, peemeeenta; cinco five, ceenco: But the English pronounce in most words i as if it were the Dipthong ei, as Pilot peilot, pilota; a pipe peipe, pi­pa; a hide heide, cuero; licence leicence, licencia: which pronunciation is a pure Anglicisme.

I, may be call'd an amphibolous letter, for though she be naturally and by her birth a Vowel, yet she degenerats often into a Consonant, (which she never useth to do in the Hebrew and Greek) which Consonant hath an affinity with g, insomuch that she may claim (like v) two caracters, as having two such capacities, viz. of Vowel and Consonant, as James is pronounced Giames, Diego; Javelin Giavelin, javelina; joy geoy, alegria; Jeffrey Gief­frey, Godefrido, &c.

O.

The Vowel O is pronounced with a rounde: mouth than any other, therfore she hath properly an orbicular figure, and is a letter in English of much change and incertainty; sometimes she is pro­nounc'd sharp, as Coller collar, corn grano, crosse cruz, Crocodile Crocodilo, &c. somtimes o is pro­nounc'd flat, as Colour colòr, Cosen primo, mother madre, taking thereby the half sound of u.

Upon the u, o soundeth smart, as Round redondo, sound sonido, bound atado, &c. But in the last syl­lable before n she loseth her strength, as Devotion devocion, compassion compassion, person persona: Be­fore w also at the end of words she loseth he [...] strength, and becomes an u, as hollow hueco, hollu; Tallow tallu, cevo, &c.

When o ends a word she is pronounced strong & clear, as in these Monosyllables, Go and àd, so assi, no no, &c. Before v consonant o hath various pronunci­ations, open and shut, as Dove paloma, glove guante, grove arboleda, Jove Iupiter, &c. Priscian saith, that som Cities in Italy had not o at all but u, and in other places they had no u at all, but o in the place of it, as in old Writers we read volgus for vulgus, pobli­cum, polchrum, colpam, for publicum, pulchrum, cul­pam; and let this suffice for this inconstant letter.

V.

The Vowel u as well as i hath the privilege to become Consonant very often, which make som call them the mongrel letters: V never endeth any [Page 14] word in English for the nakednes of it, but cloaths her self with a Dipthong, and at other times hath [...] to follow her, as New nuevo, knew conocia, blu: azùl, true verdadero, &c. The English pronounce oftentimes u like the French, in a whistling manner which sound is quite differing from the Spaniar [...] and Italian, who prolate it in a manner like oo, as un one, oono; usanza use, oosanza, &c. But the Eng­lish and French pronounce u as if it were the Dip­thong ew, as Cocu a Cuckold is pronounced as if [...] were written Cokew; Cubit Kewbit, &c. The Ger­man is subject often to turn b to u, as there is a fa­cetious tale of a Duchman, who thinking to com­plement with his French Hostesse said, Ma foy Ma­dame vous avez veaux enfans, Truly Madame you have Calfs to your children; wheras insteed [...] veaux calfs, he shold have said beaux fair.

W.

W is pronounced with a larger roundnes of the lips then the letter o, and with far more force if [...] hath h next it, as Whale balena, Wheele rued [...] Whirligigg peonça, &c. but where h doth not im­mediatly follow 'tis pronounced soft, as Whirlwin [...] remolino, where the first w is far more emphatic [...] then the second.

The Saxons or high Dutch themselfs, whence th [...] English derive their origen and language, cannot pronounce this w before h with that vigor, but [...] lieu of What they say Wat, Where were, &c. which shews that the English have stronger lungs.

The Spaniard hath no w, nor the Italian an [...] French.

Y.

Y, although it be pronounced like i, yet she is more constant to her self, scorning as it were to de­generat from her first being, and from a vowel to turn consonant; therfore she may well deserve to be call'd the letter of Philosophy, or Phythagoras his letter.

In French she is of that weight that she makes somtimes a whole word of her self, as Voulez vous y aller, Will you go thither? and is an Adverb both of person and place: In Spanish she frequently makes a syllable of her self, as yxar the flank, yzar to lift up, &c.

B.

B is the first Consonant and second letter of the Abcee; it is the first that brings our lips together after we are born, therfore tis calld the prime labi [...]l letter: In English tis pronouncd as in other lan­guages, but not alwayes as it is in Spanish wher it is promiscuous with v in sundry words, as bisoño a young Soldier, or visoño; vimbrera an Ozier, o [...] bimbrera; in Greek also [...] is turned often to [...], which made the Duchman to say as wittily as waggishly, Si beta est veta, tunc bibere est vivere. But the highest commendation of B is, that it is the letter of Innocence, it being the bleating tone of the Sheep, which is the embleme of Innocence.

C.

Ther are som critical Authors who bear no good will to C, calling it the mongrel androg y nous letter, [Page 20] nor male nor female, but rather a spirit or mon­ster; and that by her impostures she trencheth upon the right of s k q, assuming their sounds; that she might be spar'd in our English Abcee because of the identity or sameness of sound she hath often with them three: But surely they are deceived, for how could we pronounce Cheshire cheese, chisel, Chi­valry, without her? In Italian she borrows also the sound of g, as castigo for gastigo: In Spanish (and French) when she sounds like s she is attended with a train, having a semicircle underneath ç, and then she is call'd C cedilla, as çaratan the Canker, çapato a shooe, çarça a bramble, &c. which are pronouncd saratan, sapato, sarsa.

D.

D is so dainty a letter in English, that she admits of no other Consonant to be her Gentleman-usher but r, as Dreams sueños, drink bevida, drop gota, dragon drago, drum atambor, &c. She is pronounc'd as in other languages, but in Spanish when she is be­tween two Vowels, or before any Vowel in the midst or end of a word, she useth to melt into th, as we pronounce them in that or the in English, as Dádivas entran sin taladro, Gifts enter without a Wimble; which are pronounc'd as if they were written, Dathivas entran sin talathro: dd in the Bri­tish or Welsh agree with the Spanish in this pro­nunciation, as heb DDuw heb ddiiw, Nothing with­out God.

F.

F hath the honor to make one of the highest notes in Music, and, which is more, to be the first letter of the highest spiritual vertu, Faith; she is pronounc'd as in other languages.

G.

G hath a diffring pronunciation in the English, one before a, o and u, as Gard guarda, gold oro, gulph golfe, &c. and another before e and i, as Gentleman, hidalgo, German Tudesco, Gibbet hor­ [...]a, Giant gigante, &c. Yet ther be som words when she comes before i, that are pronounc'd as if she came before a, o or u, as giddy vertiginoso, gift dadiva, girdle cinta, &c.

H.

H is the letter of breath or aspiration, and ther­fore may be call'd the letter of life, for when the breath is gone, farewel life: Therfore I wonder why the Greeks came to give her no place in their Alphabet. Som call her a spirit, but whether letter aspirat or spirit, the Alphabet wold be breathless without her. Som call her the Queen of Consc­nants.

In som words she is written but not sounded, as in Humor humòr, honor honra, humble humilde, host huesped, &c. which are pronounc'd, umor, o­nor, umble, oft: The Spaniard also leaves her our in most words.

[Page 24] Th hath two sounds in English, the one strong▪ like the Greek [...] theta, as Thunder trueno, Thursday Iueves, thousand mil, thirsty sediento, theef ladron, thought pensamiento, &c. but th in other words are pronounc'd gently, like d in Spanish, as in This esto, that aquello, thine tuyo, thither la, thence de la, then entonces, therfore por tanto, thou tu, &c.

H after w hath a stronger aspiration in the Eng­lish then in any other language, as What que cosa, wheat trigo, wheel rueda, when quando, where a­donde, whore puta, whale balena, &c.

Ph is pronounc'd alike in English as in Spanish (and other languages;) but indeed ther's no ph in Spanish or Italian, for they turn it into f, as Philo­sopher Filosofo, Philip Felipe, phantasie fante­sia, &c.

Ch is pronoun [...]d in English as in Spanish (and the Italian) as China, chamber cama, cheese queso, cherry ceresa, &c. In which words ch is pronounc'd as the Spaniard does in chico little, chichon a bile, chirlar to chirp: But the French differs very much herein, for he prolates ch as sh, as chambre shambre, China Shina, Cheshire cheese Sheshire sheese, Chiche­ster Shishester, &c.

K.

K is so stately a letter, that she scorns to serve either the Spaniard or Italian, nor the Latin or French either, but in the word Kalendae; therfore they make c to be such a drudg to them in her place, but the English makes equal use of them [Page 26] both; yet k goes in English before no Consonants but n, as Knight cavallero, knowledge ciencia, knave vellaco, knife cuchillo, knee rodilla, &c.

L.

L hath the honor to make the highest tone in Music, for she hath a kind of gentle melting pro­nunciation, therfore she is call'd by som [...], because she seems to sweeten the roof of the mouth.

The English pronounce l as the Spaniards do, but where ll is found in the beginning or middle of any word in Castilian, the last l turns to i, as lloro lamentation, calle a street, callar to hold ones peace, lleno full; the Spaniard pronounce them as lioro, calie, caliar, lieno.

The Britains or Welsh have also like the Spanish a particular sound of ll, which no other Nation can pronounce unless one be bred there very young; it is so difficult to the English that they are forced to turn it to fl, as Floyd for Lloyd, &c.

M.

M may be well call'd a labial letter as well as b, nay, tis a question which of them makes the lips meet first in an Infant. We read that the Phrygia [...] child upon whom Ptolomey tryed his conclusion▪ Which language was the most natural, spoke Be [...] first, which signifieth Bread in that language: But the ancient Britains hold that m is the first letter which makes the lips meet, because ther's no other [Page 28] word for Mother in Welsh then Mam, which all In­fants, be they born under any Climat whatsoever, use to pronounce articulatly as soon as they come into the world.

M is pronounc'd cleer in the beginning, meanly in the midst, and obscurely in the conclusion of a word in English; but tis alwayes prolated with a kind of humming, as Mamalukes Mamaluques, Marjerom Origano, Mamora Mamora, martyrdom martyrio, &c.

N.

N in English is pronounc'd as in Spanish, (and o­ther languages;) but in the Spanish toung it hath this singularity, as to have a streight stroke on the top, as for example ñ, and then she must be pronounc'd as if i immediatly follow'd her, as Fue la Negra al baño, y tuvo que Contàr todo el año, The Negre went to the Bath, and she had news enough for the whole Twelmonth; in this Proverb baño and año must be pronounc'd as if they were written banio, anio. This letter n ringeth somwhat in the Nose, and hath three degrees of sounds, full in the begin­ning, weak in the middle, and flat at the end of a word.

P.

P may be call'd the third labial letter after b and m, for she also makes the lips meet: In the Italian she is often metamorphos'd to an u, as soprano soura­no, coperta coverta.

Q.

Qhath much encroch'd upon the freehold that k had in former times among our Saxon Progeni­tors, who scarce knew this bumm letter q, but be­fore the Norman Conquest they writt kuill for quill, kuire for quire, &c. But the French-Normans brin­ging in divers Latin words, as question, quantity, quintessence, and others, much trenched upon the Saxon k; yet this q is so beggerly a letter, that un­less u follow she hath no being in English.

R.

R. Ther is a most mighty populous Nation next the Sun-rising call'd the Chineses, who read and write perpendicular not collateral, that have not the letter R at all, therfore they call their next neighbour the Tartar, Tata, leaving out both the R's: And it may be the reason is, because R is the Dogs letter, and seems to snarle in the sound, —sonat haec de nare canina litera, This letter sounds of a Dogs nostrill. The French women do often­times out of wantonnes leave it unpronounc'd at the end of words. In English tis pronounc'd as in other languages.

S.

S, though it be call'd the Serpents letter because of her hissing sound, as also for her shape, yet she hisseth but gently against the gums; she varieth her powers much in our pronunciation, in the begin­ning [Page 32] she hath a quick sound, as Sables z ebeliu [...] Sabbath Sabado, &c. but in the middle and end of words, unless she go doubled, she is pronounc'd meltingly as z, as Rose rosa, wise sabio, gems [...]oyas, rimes rimas, &c. but if the s be doubled, it is pro­nounc'd hard and sharp, as Distresse, oppresse, lesse, dresse, tresse, &c.

T.

T hath one constant prolation, except where it precedes i, towards the ends of words, as Genera­tion, action, nation, faction, generacion, action, na­cion, faction, &c. and then t turns to c, as those words use to be written in Spanish.

X.

X hath scarce the account of a letter in the Eng­lish, because ther's never a word in the whole lan­guage that begins with it; in the middle it comes often, as Sixty, vexe, perplexe, sexe, &c. And it ends many words, as Pox las buvas, flax estopa, Fox raposa, six seys; which sound as if they were written Pocks, flacks, Focks, sicks: For x hath the prero­gative to be made up of three Consonants, (which no other letter hath) viz. k, c and s, which being so, the Anagram that was made of Uxor and Orcus was not unwitty,—Uxor & Orcus idem. But x is very frequent in the Spanish, both in the beginning middle, and end of words; which came from the Mores, who for 700. years did almost inhabit the greatest part of Spain, and by so long coalition infe­cted them with a guttural tone.

Z.

Z is the last of all the letters, and tis properly so, being commonly the last sound that one makes in the mouth at his going out of the world, when he begins to throttle: Ther are but two or three words in all the English Toung (besides som Greek proper names) that begin with z, viz. Zeal, zealous, zealot, with som terms of Astronomy, as Zone, Zenith, Zodiac.

And so much of single letters.

Present tense.

I have, thou hast, he hath: we have, ye have, they have.

Preterimperfect tense.

I had, thou hadst, he had: we had, ye had, they had.

Preterperfect tense.

I have had, thou hast had, he hath had: we have had, ye have had, they have had.

Future tense.

I shall or will have, thou shalt or wilt have, he shall or will have: we shall or will have, ye shall or will have, they shall or will have.

The Imperatif or commanding Mood.

Have thou, let him have: let us have, have ye, let them have.

The Optatif or wishing Mood. Present tense.

Oh that I had, oh that thou hadst, oh that he had: oh that we had, oh that he had, oh that they had.

Preterperfect tense.

I shold have, thou sholdst have, he shold have: we shold have, ye shold have, they shold have.

The Subjunctif Mood. Present tense.

If or in case that I have, if or in case thou hast, if or in case he had: if or in case we have, if or in case ye have, if or in case they have.

Infinitif Mood.

To have, aver, Having aviendo.

The Auxiliary Verb I am. The Indicative or declaratory Mood. Present tense.

I am, thou art, he is: we be or are, ye be or are, they be or are.

Preterimperfect tense.

I was, thou wast, he was: we were, ye were, they were.

Preterperfect tense.

I have bin, thou hast bin, he hath bin: we have bin, ye have bin, they have bin.

Future tense.

I shall be, thou shalt be, he shall be: we shall be, ye shall be, they shall be.

The Imperative or commanding Mood.

Be thou, let him be: let us be, be ye, let them be.

The Optatif or wishing Mood. Present tense.

God grant I be, God grant thou be, God grant he be: God grant we be, God grant ye be, God grant they be.

Preterperfect tense.

Wold God I were, wold God thou werst, wold God he were: wold God we were, wold God ye were, wold God they were.

The Conjunctive Mood. Present tense.

Seeing that I am, seeing that thou art, seeing that he is: seeing that we be, seeing that ye be, seeing that they be.

Preterperfect tense.

Although I be, although thou be, although he be: although we be, although ye be, although they be.

The Infinitif Mood.

To be, to have bin, being.

Note, that Verbs of all Conjugations in English have their Passifs generally ending in d, as I love yo amo, I am lov'd yo soy amado; I fear yo temo, I am fear'd yo soy temido; I fire yo quemo, I am fir'd yo soy quemado, &c. Except Verbs ending in ell, who commonly have their Passifs ending in old, as I tell I am told, I sell vendo, I am sold soy vendido, &c. As also Verbs ending in ind, who commonly have their Passifs in ound, as I bind ato, I am bound soy atado; I find hallo, I am found soy hallado; I grind molo, I am ground soy molido, &c. As also divers Verbs whose Actifs end in ear, have their Passifs in orn, I swear juro, I am sworn soy jurado; I tear lacero, I am torn soy lacerado, &c. But in Spanish estoy serves to make a Paffif as often as soy, as shall be noted in the Spanish Grammar. Now the diffe­rence [Page 66] 'twixt ser and estàr is, that ser signifies the essence of a thing, as ser bueno to be good; estàr signifieth the local condition of a thing, as estàr [...]n Londres, To be in London, &c.

The Present t [...]nse.

The Preterimperfect tense.

The Aorist or Preterperfect tense.

The Preterpluperfect tense. Here the Verb, I am, turns to the auxiliary Verb, I have.

The Future tense.

The Imperatif or Mood of command.

The Optatif or wishing Mood.
The Present tense.

The Preterperfect tense.

The Conjunctif Mood.
Present tense.

Preterimperfect tense.

The Infinitif Mood.

[Page 74] According to this Example other Verbs Actif (unlesse they be Irregulars) and Passif may be form'd.

There are also in English as in Spanish (and all o­ther languages) Impersonal Verbs which are not distinguish'd by Persons, as it grives me, it irketh me me pesa, it behoveth me me importa, it concerns me me toca, &c.

We have hitherto treted of the principal parts of Speech, we will now proceed to the rest, and first of

Adverbs.

An Adverb is a word without nomber that is joyn'd to another, and it comes either before or after a word, as well-bred bien criado, better-bred meior criado, ill-bred mal criado, &c. But most Ad­verbs com after, with this syllable ly, as couragiously animosamente, devoutly devotamente, &c. And as in English most Adverbs end in y, so in spanish and Ita­lian) they end in ente, as the former examples shew.

Adverbs are either of quantity as much much [...], too much demasiado, enough bastant-emente, toge­ther juntamente, &c. Or they are Adverbs of qua­lity, and first of nomber as once, twice, thrice, una vez, dos vezes, tres veces; The second are of Time, as yesterday ayer, then entonces, when quan­do, presently luego, ever siempre, &c. The third are of Place, as here aquì, there allà where adonde, yon­der acullà, &c. The fourth are of Affirmation or [Page 76] Negation, I, yea, yes, si; no, not, nay no; The fift are of Calling, as ho, hola, or exhorting or ap­proving, as so, so, well, well; Or of Wishing o, if: The sixt are of Similitude, as likewise, so, even so, assi, tambien, &c.

Interjections.

Interjections are either of mirth, as ha ha ha; or of grief, as Ah, alas, woe is me, hay ay de mignay de mi; or of rejection, as fie, fy-fy, ba; or of scorn, as tu [...]h, &c. st is an Interjection of silence; rr [...] set dogs together by the eares.

Prepositions.

Prepositions are separable as before delante, be­hind atras, according segun, among entre, without sin, afore antes, under or below debaxo, against con­tra, opuesto, enfrente; over sobre, neer cerca, &c.

Inseparable Prepositions are they which express nothing unlesse they be annexed to a word, as un­capable incapaz, undon deshecho, relief alivio, re­press reprimir, resolution resoluciòn, &c.

Conjunctions.

Conjunctions are call'd so because [...] words together, as and y, my father and mother [...] padre y mi madre, and this is call'd the [...] conjunction. Som are severing as but [...] [Page 78] although, though aunque, som are dis junctif as nor, neither, ni, nor I nor you, ni yo ni vos; som are of reasoning, as for porque, because para que; som are of Illation as therefore, wherefore, so that por­tanto, &c.

Of the points of Words and Sentences.

The English language as the Spanish (and others) hath her points or Notes of Sub-distinction, of Mid­dle-distinction, and of a Full-distinction; which are call'd comma, colon, and period: A Sub-distincti­on or comma is a Note of a short breathing or pau­sing and is figur'd thus, The Middle-distinction hath a longer time of breathing, and is a perfect part of the period which is figur'd thus: The period is the entire whole sentence, and is Note [...] with a plain single point thus.

Ther is also a Parenthesis which is two hal [...] Moons, and is figur'd thus () which though it [...] an included sentence, yet albeit it be omitted the speech remaines perfect.

Ther is also a Note of Interrogation, and is fi­gur'd thus?

Ther is likewise a Circumflect which is us'd whe [...] a word is contracted, which goes thus figur'd▪

Ther is besides a Note of Admiration which thus!

And lastly, ther is an Apostrophe when a [...] is cut off and is figur'd thus▪ but the Span [...] Toung to her greter commendation hath none this.

A.

La letra Vocal A es la primera letra de todas las otras en cada lenguage, y tiene esta prioridàd por ser el mas naturàl movimiento y abertura de los labios; Siendo tambien (segun Cicero n) la letra de Absolu­cion y de consuelo; El Frances tiene un Refran mu­cho por la honra de A, viz. Està señalado con A, que quiere dezir es muy hombre de bien: Esta podrà ser la razon porque A tiene tanto dominio entre los Ingle­ses, porque ella (con The) sirve por articulo preposi­tivo a los Substantivos y tambien a los Adjectivos, co­mo a man un hombre, a Knight un Cavallero, a sword una espada, a learned man un hombre cientifico, a va­liant Knight un Cavallero valiente, a bright sword una espada luziente.

A en Inglès tiene dos prolationes differentes, una abjerta y clara como Abraham, alabastro; La otra mas cerrada, y como a media boca: Mas in Españ­ol (y otros Lenguajes) tiene siempre la primcera [Page 9] prolacion, como Da dios alas a la hormiga, para que se pierda mas ayna; un Refran que sentiende de los sobervios y ambiciosos.

A precedien [...]o lm en Ingles anega la letra l, y se buelue en u, como en calme bonança, que se pronuncia caume, Psalme Salmo Pseaume, Balme Balsam [...] baume; mas a recibe por esto un sonido mas abjerto, y dos sylabas vienen a ser una larga.

E.

E la segunda letra Vocal, se pronuncia en Ingel [...]s, co­mo en otras lenguas: Quando concluye una palabra ella se pronuncia floxamente, ò con discuydo, como en There allà, Fire fuego, bare nudo: El Español ha­ze lo mesmo, como Alcayde a Warden▪ combate a fight, combite a feast, escabeche pickle, Azauache Jett, padre father, madre mother: mas en el arti­culo prepositivo The el ò la, e tiene siempre una pro­nunciacion aguda. Adonde e viene tras l teriendo dos Consonantes adelante, una estraña transposicion acontece porque ella salta antes de l tomando el soni­do de i, como epistle se pronuncia epistel, epistola; Thistle thistel, cardo; little littel, poco; prickle pri [...] ­kel, espina, &c. E passa tambien obscuramente quando ella concluye la postrera sylaba de un vocablo con el con­sonante n atras, como spoken hablado, broken quebra­do, coffer cofre, brewes sopa, &c. Quando e precede d por concluyr una diction ella pierde a vezes el sonido con un Apostrofo, como tyred cansado, se pronun [...]ia tyr'd, restrained restrain'd; quande e viene en el me­dio [Page 11] dio delante de a anegala, pero haze assi la sy [...]aba mas larga, como beast bestia, disease enfermidàd, feast combite, &c.

E y I tienen tal amistàd en Inglès que una supple el lugàr de la otra, y se usan indifferente mente a vezes, como Enterchange ò Interchange, trueque; her ò hir, ella; endure ò indure, sufrir; endevor ò indevor, di­ligencia: Lo mesmo acontece en Españòl en ciertas pa­labras, como mismo ò mesmo, pedir ò pidir: El Ita­liano lo haze amenudo, como refiutare ò rifiutare, re­ferire ò riferire, reputate ò riputare, màs el Floren­tino queda mas aficionado a i.

I.

I tiene un sonido muy particular en Inglès, que es differente de los demàs lenguajes, porque el Españòl (y otr [...]os) siempre pronuncia i, como el Ingles su [...]le pro­nunciar ee, como Mitio mee teeo, pimienta pepper, peemeeenta; cinco ceenco, &c. Màs el Ingles pro­nuncia i como si fuesse el Dipthongo ei, como pilot pei­lot, pilota; pipe peipe, sampoña; licence leicence, licencia: la qual pronunciacion es puro Anglicismo.

I se puede llamar una letra amfibola, porque annque sea voc. l por su navidàd, toda via ella degenera muy amenudo en consonante, (lo que ella nunca haze en la Hebrea y Grièga) el qual Consonante tiene una affini­dad con la letra g, de suerte que ella puede pedir dos caracteres teniendo ansi dos capacidades, como James Iago, se pronuncia Giames; Javelin javelina, giave­lin; joy alegria, gioy; Jeffrey Godefrido, Gief­frey, &c.

O.

La letra vocàl o se pronuncia con boca mas redonda que las demas, por esto tiene una figura orbicular; es letra de mucha inconstancia en Inglès; A vezes tiene un sonido abjerto, como en coller collàr, corn grano, crosse cruz, Crocodile Crocodilo, &c. A vezes ella se pronuncia mas flacamente, como en colour color, Cosen primo, mother madre, tomando ansi el soni­do de u.

Sobre la u, o tiene un sonido rezio, como round ro­dondo, sound sonido, bound atado, &c. Mas en la postrera sylaba delante de n ella pierde su sonido, como en devotion, compassion, person: Delante de doble [...] ò W, tambien ella quita su sonido naturàl, tomando [...]l de u, como hollow hollu, hueco; Tallow tallu, cevo, &c.

Quando o fenece un vocablo se pronuncia rezia­mente en Inglès, como en estas Monosylabas, Go an­dìd, so assi, no no, &c. Antes del v consonante o tie­ [...]e varias pronunciaciones, como Glove guante, Dove paloma, grove arb [...]leda, Jove Iupiter. Prisciano dize que ciertos lugares en Italia no tenian o mas u en sulugar, y en otros lugares no tenian u, sino o en su [...]ugàr, como leemos en los Autores antiguos muy amenudo Volgus, poblicum, polchrum, colpam; y [...]asta lo dicho desta letra inconstante.

V.

La letra vocàl u como i tiene privilegio deha­ [...]erse consonante muy amenudo, por tanto algunos las llaman las letras mestizas: V por su nudeza nunca [Page 15] fenee algun vocablo en Inglès, màs se fortificà con [...]n Diptongo, y otras vezes toma e por seguirla, co­mo en estas instancias, new nuevo, knew conocia, blue azùl, true verdadero, &c. A vezes el Inglès pro­nuncia u como el Francès en manera de sylvàr, el qual sonido es differente del Español y el Italiano, los quales la pronuncian como oo, como uno oono, usan­za oosanza, &c. Mas en Inglès y Francès u se pro­nuncia como fuesse un Diptongo de ew, como Cocu cornudo, Cubit codo, se pronuncian como si fuessen es­critas Cokew, Kewbit. El Tudesco està sugeto de tornàr b en v a vezes, como ay un donozo cuento de un Aleman, qui complementando su huespeda Fran­cesa dixo, Mà foy Madame vous avez veaux en­fans, A fe señora teneys hijos muy bizerros, en lu­gar que avia de dezir beaux enfans, hijos bi­zarros.

W ò doble uu.

W ò doble uu se pronuncia en Inglès con mayòr re­dondèz de los labios que la letra O, y con mucha mas fuerça especialmente si h sigue immediatamente, como whale balena, wheel rueda, whirligigg peonça; pero adonde h no sigue tient una prolacion mas mansa, como en whirlwind remolino, do la primera w es mucho mas emfatica que la postrera.

Los Tudescos mismos, donde los Ingleses sacan su Originàl y lenguage, no pueden pronunciar w ante de h por esto dizen wat p [...]r what, were por where, que es sendl que el Inglès tiene mejores livianos en el pecho.

El Españòl no tiene esta letra w, ni menos el Italia­no y el Francès.

Y.

Y se pronuncia como i, toda via ella queda mas con­stante a si mesma como teniendo en disden de degeuer àr de su primero ser, y de vocal haçerse consonante; por tanto ella puede bien merecer el titulo de la [...] de Filosofia, ò la letra de Pythagora.

Y en Francês tiene tal peso que ella haze a vezes un vocablo de por si como voulez vous y aller, Que­reys yr allà, tambien es Adverbio de lugar y persona: En Español ella frequentemente haze una sylaba de por si como en yxar, yzar, &c.

B.

B es el primer Consonante y la segunda letra del Abecedario; ella es la primera que junta los la­bios despues de nacidos, por tanto se [...]ama la letra la­bial: En Inglès B se pronuncia como en otros lengua­ges, mas no siempre como en Español, donde ella se confunde muy amenudo con u en muchos vocablos, como Bisoño ò Visoño a young Soldier, bimbrera ò vim­orera an Ozier. En Griego tambien [...] raese tornae much as vezes en [...], que hizo el Tudesco dezir donosamente, Si Beta est Veta, tunc bibere est vivere. Màs la may or alabança de B es, que ella es la letr [...] de Innocencia, por ser el tono de la oveja, que es em­blema de la Innocencia.

C.

Algunos criticos Autores ay qui no quedan aficio­nado a la letra C, llamandola la letra mestiza, siend [...] [Page 21] ni varon ni hembra, mas un monstro ò espiritu, que por sus imposturas ella toma los sonidos de sk q, que ella es superflua a causa del mesmo sonido que tiene con ellas; mas sin duda ellos sengañan, porque com [...] podriamos pronunciar Cheshire cheese, chisel, Chi­valry, y otros vocablos sin ella? En la l [...]ngua Italiana ella emprunta tambien el sonido de g algunas vezes, como castigo por gastigo, En Castellano (y Francès) quaendo se pronuncia como s, ella and a suportada con un semicirculo abaxo ç, y entonees ella se llama C ce­dilla, como çaratan the Kanker, çapato a shooe, çarça a bramble, &c. que van pronunciados como si fuessen escritas saratan, sapato, sarsa.

D.

D es una tan delicada letra en Ingles, que ella no admite algun otro Consonante de seguilla eceto R, co­mo dreams sueños, drink bevida, drop gota, dragon drago, drum atambor, &c. ella se pronuncia en In­glès, como en otros lenguajes, mas en Español quando se halla entre dos Vocales, ò antes qual quier otro en medio ò en la fin de una palabra, ella se va derritiendo en th, como el Ingles las pronuncia en that ò the, como Dadivas entran sin taladro, las quales palabras van pronunciados como si fuessen escritas, Dathivas entran sin talathro: La lengua antigua de los Bretones cor­responde con la Castellana en esto, porque ellos pronun­cian dd en la mesma manera, como Heb ddew heb d [...]im, Nada sin Dios.

F.

F tiene la honra de hazer uno de los mas altos tonos en la Musica, y que es mas, de ser la primera letra de la mas alta virt [...]ud espirituàl es a saber la Fe: Ella se pronuncia en Inglès como en otros lenguajes.

G.

G en Ingles tiene dos differentes pronunciationes, una delante de a, o, y u, como gard guarda, gold oro, gulph golfe, &c. Otra delante de e y i, como Gentle­man hidalgo, German Tudesco, Gibbet horca, Gi­an [...] gigante, &c. toda via muchos vocablos ay que quando ella precede i, se pronuncia como delante de a, o, y u, como giddy vertiginoso, gift dàdeva, girdle cinta, &c.

H.

H es la letra del aliento ò aspiracion, por tanto se puede llamàr la letra de la vida, porque sin aliento no ay vida; por tanto me ofpanto porque los Griegos no vinieron a dalla lugàr en su Alfabeto. Algunos la llaman un espiritu, màs sea espiritu, letra ò aspira­cion, el Abecedario scria sin aliento sin ella, otros la ilaman la Reyna de los consonantes.

En algunas palabras h se escrive mas no tiene soni­do, como en humor humòr, honor honra, humble hu­milde, host huesped, &c. las quales se pronuncian umor, onor, umble, ost.

[Page 25] Th tiene dos sonidos en Inglès el uno fuerte comola Griega θ theta, como thunder trueno, Thursday Iue­ves, thousand mil, thirsty sediento, theef ladron, thought pensamiento, &c. màs th en otras palabras se pronuncian mansamente, como d en Castellano, co­mo this esto, that aquello, thine tuyo, thither là, thence de là, then entonces, thou tu, &c.

Htras w tiene unamas rezia aspiracion en Inglès que en algun otro lenguage, como what que cosa, wheat trigo, wheel rueda, when quando, where adonde, whore puta, whale balena, &c.

Ph se pronuncia en Inglès como en Español (y otras lenguas;) màs se observa que en Español y Italiano no se halla ph, porque ellos la tornan en f, como Philo­sopher Filosofo, Phillip Felipe, phantasie fanta­sia, &c.

Ch se pronuncia en Inglès como en Español (y Ita­liano tambien) como China, chamber cama, chee [...]e queso, cherry cereza, &c. En los qualos vocablos ch se pronuncia como el Español pronuncia ch en Chico, chicon, chirlar, Màs el Francès pronuncia ch muy differentemente como sh, como China Shina, Chalupa Shalupa, &c.

K.

K es traviessa que desdeña servir el Español ò el Italiano, ni el Latin ò el Francès, si no en esta palabra Kalendas, por tanto ellos se sirven de c en su lugàr; màs el Inglès las usa indifferentemente; toda [Page 27] via k en Inglès no precede algun otro Consonante si no n, como Knight cavallero, knowledge ciencia, knave vellaco, knife cuchillo, knee rodilla, &c.

L.

L tiene la honra de haçer el mas alto tono en la Mu­sica, porque ella tiene una prolacion gentily mansa, por esso algunos la llaman [...], porque ella ablanda el techo de la boca.

Los Ingleses pronuncian l como los Españoles, mas adonde se hallan ll en Castellano, sea en el principio ò en el medio de una palabra, la postrera l torna en i, como en lloro, calle, callar, lleno, que se pronuncian como si fuessen escrias lioro, calie, caliar, lieno.

Los antiguos Bretones en Ingalatierra tienen tam­bien un muy particular sonido de ll, el qual ningun otrà nacion puede pronunciàr, si la persona no se cria entre [...]llos muy moço; la pronunciacion es tan difficil al In­glès, que queda forçoso de tornalla en fl, como Floyd por Lloyd, &c.

M.

M bien se puede llamàr letra labial con b, y duda ay la qual dellas haçen juntar los labios primera en un [...]. Leemos que el Frigio Infante, del qual el Rey Tolomeo se servia por sober qual lengua era la mas natural al genero umano, produzia primero Bec, que significa Pan en aquel lenguaje: Mas los antiguos Bretones en Ingalatierra tienen que m es la primera letra que haze juntar los labios, porque [...] ay otr [...] [Page 29] vocablo por Madre en Inglès que Mam, que todos in­fantes nascanse debaxo de qualquier Clima que sea pronuncian articulatamente luego que entran en el mundo.

M se pronuncia clara en el principio, màs cerreda­mente en el medio, y obscuramente en la fin de un voca­blo Inglès, como martyrdom martyrio, Marjerom Origano, Mammalucks Mamaluques, &c.

N.

N en Inglès se pronuncia como en Español, (y otros lenguajes;) màs en Castellano tiene esta singulari­dàd, de aver unariga direcha encima, exempli gratia fi, y entonces se deve pronunciàr como si i siguiesse im­mediatamente, como en este Proverbio, Fue la Negra al baño, y tuuo que contar todo el año; en estas pa­labras baño y año han de pronunciarse como si fueran escritas banio anio. Esta letra ñ suena algo en las norizes, y tiene tres grados de sonidos en Inglès fuerte en el principio, flaco en en medio, y escuramente en el fin.

P.

P se puede llamàr la tercera letra labial tras de b y m, car ella tambien hazen los labios toparse; en Ita­liano ella se transforma algunas vezes en u, como so­prano sourano, coperta couerta.

Q.

Q se hà apoderado del lugar que k tenia en los siglos atras entre los antiguos Saxones nuestros tartar abue­los, los quales a penas conocieron esta letra culatica (que) màs antes de la Conquista Normana solian escrevir kuill por quill, penna; kuire por quire, coro, &c. màs los Franceses-Normanos trayendo consigo muchas pa­làbras Latinas, como question, quantity, quintessence, y otras, quitaron el uso de k; toda via q es tan pobre le­tra en Inglès, que no tiene lugar sin que u la siga im­mediatamente.

R.

Ay una Nacion muy populenta y grande hazia el Levante, llamada los Chineses, (los quales escriven y leer perpendicularmente) qui no tienen la letra R en su Alfabeto, por esto llaman los Tartaros sus vezmos màs cercanos Tataos, y la razon puede ser porque la letra r se llama la letra canina ò perruna segun el Poeta, —sonat haec de nare canina litera, Esta letra suena de una nariz perruna: Por esto las mugeres de Fran­cia la dexan sin pronunciar en fin de palabras muchas vezes. En Inglès R se pronuncia como en Español y otras lenguas.

S.

S aunque sea llamada la letra serpentina a causa de su chifladura, y tambien por su figura; toda via ella chifla mansamente contra las enzias: ella tiene diver­sas pronunciaciones en Inglès, en el principio tiene un [Page 33] sonido agudo, como en Sabbath Sabado, sable zebe­lina, &c. mas en el medio y fin de vocablos (si no va doblada) tiene un sonido manso como Z, como Rose, wise, gems, rimes; mas donde ella va doblada se pronuncia agudamente.

T.

La letra T tiene una prolacion constante en Inglès, eceto que quando ella precede i hazia el fin de pala­bras, como en generation, action, faction, do t tor­na en c, como se eseriven en Español, generacion, acci­on, faccion.

X.

La letra X a penas tiene la estima de letra en In­glès, porque no ay ningun vocable qui comiença con ella; mas en el medio, y en la fin se halla amenudo, co­mo en sixty sesenta, vexe congojar, sexe sexo, &c. tambien X concluye algunas palabras, como flax estopa, fox raposa, six seys, que se suenan como si fuessen escri­tas flacks, focks, sicks: Porque X tiene esta preroga­tivade ser compuesta de tres Consonantés (que ningun otra letra tiene) es a saber de c K s, loqual siendo assi el Anagramma de Orcus que se hizo de Uxor, era algo ingenioso,—Uxor & Orcus idem. En Espaī ol la letra X se usa mucho en el principio, medio y fin de vocablos, que vino de los Moros, los quales tuvieron la mayor parte de España 700. años, como Xarcias, Xa­pin, Xarava, &c.

Z.

La letra Z es la postrera del Abecedario, y muy propiamente, porque es el postrer sonido que se haze en la boca al salir del mundo; no ay en Inglès mas de los ò tres palabras en todo que comiençan con Z, viz. Zealous, zeal, zealot, con algunos terminos de Astro­nomia, como Zona, Zenith, Zodiaco, y ciertos nom­bres Griegos, como Xenefon, Xerxes, &c.

Y basta lo que dicho es de las letras senzillas.

El tiempo presente.

Yo he, tu has, aquel ha: nosotros avemos, vos aveis, aquellos han.

El tiempo preterito imperfecto.

Yo avia, tu avias, el avia: nos aviamos, vos avia­des, ellos avian.

El tiempo preterperfecto.

Yo uve, tu uviste, aquel uvo: nos uvimos, vos uvistes, aquellos uvieron.

El tiempo futuro.

Yo avrè, tu avràs, el avrà: nos avremos, vos avreis, ellos avràn.

El Modo Imperativo ò de mandàr.

Ave, aya el: ayamos, ayed ò ayays, ayan ellos.

El Modo Optativo, ò de dessear. El tiempo presence. Oxala.

Si yo oviesse, si tu oviesses, si el oviesse: si no oviesse­mos, si vos oviesses, si ellos oviessen.

El tiempo imperfect.

Yo avria, tu avrias, el avria: nos avriamos, vos av­riades, ellos avrian.

El Modo Subjunctivo. El tiempo presente.

Como yo aya, como tu ayas, como el aya: como nos ay­amos, como vos ayays, como ellos ayan.

El tiempo presente.

Yo soy, tu eres, el es: nos somos, vos soys, ellos son.

El tiempo preterimperfecto.

Yo era, tu eras, el era: nosotros eramos, vosotros e­rades, ellos eran.

El tiempo preterperfecto.

Yo he sido, tu has sido, el ha sido: nos avemos sido, vos aveys sido, ellos han sido.

El tiempo futuro.

Yo serè, tu seras, el serà: nos seremos, vos sereys, el­los seran.

El Modo Imperativo ò para mandar.

Se tu, sea el ò aquel: seamos, sed vosotros, sean ellos ò aquellos.

El Modo Optativo ò de dessear. El tiempo presente.

Que yo sen, que tu seas, que el sea: que nosotros sea­mos, que vosotros seays, que ellos sean.

El tiempo preterperfecto.

Si yo fuesse, si tu fuesses, si el fuesse: si nos fuessemos, si vos fuessedes, si ellos fuessen.

El Modo Conjuctivo. El tiempo presente.

Como yo fuere, como tu fueres, como el fuere: como nos fueremos, como vos fueredes, como ellos fuèren.

El tiempo preterperfecto.

Aunque yo sea, aunque tu seas, aunque el sea: aunque nos seamos, aunque vos seays, aunque ellos sean.

El Modo Infinitivo.

Ser, haver sido, siendo.

Se hà de observàr que los verbos en Inglès tienen sus passivos generalmente terminando en d, como I love yo amo, I am lov'd yo soy amado; I fear yo te­mo, I am fear'd yo soy temido; I fire I am fir'd, yo yo quemo yo soy quemado: Eceto Verbos en ell, qui tienen sus passivos en old, como I tell I am told, I sell I am sold, &c. Y Verbos en ind, cuyos passivos ter­minan en ound, como I bind I am bound, yoato yo soy atado; I find I am found, yo hallo yo soy hallado; I grind I am ground, yo molo yo soy molido; con mu­chos otros tambien que fenecen en orn, como I swear I am sworn, yo juro yo soy jurado; I tear I am torn, yo lacero yo soy lacerado, &c. Mas en Español estoy sirve por hazer un verbo passivo tan amenudo que soy, como se ver à en la Gramatica. Agora la differencia [Page 67] que ay entre ser y estar es, que el primero significa la essencia de una cosa, como ser bueno; estar significa la condicion local, como yo estoy en Londres, I am in London, &c.

El [...]iempo presente.

El tiempo Preterimperfecto.

El Aoristo ò tiempo preterperfecto.

El tiempo Preterpluperfecto. Donde ser torna en el Verbo Ayudodòr aver.

El tiempo futuro.

El Modo Imperativo ò de comandar.

El Modo Optativo ò de dessear. El tiempo presente. Oxala ò plega a Dios.

El tiempo preterperfecto.

El Modo Conjunctivo. El tiempo presente.

El tiempo preterimperfecto.

El Modo Infinitivo.

[Page 75] Segun este exemplo otros Verbos Activos (eceto cier­tos Irregulares) y Passivos se pueden formàr.

El Inglès tiene tambien sus Verbos Impersonales, como el Español (y otros) los quales no van distingui­dos por personas, como it grieves me, it irketh me, me pesa, it behoveth me me importa, it concerns me me toca, &c.

Hasta agora avemos tratado de las partes mas principales de la Oracion, procederemos a las demàs, [...] primeramente de

Los Adverbios.

Adverbio es palabra sin nombre que se junta con [...]ra, y viene adelante ò tras de una palabra, como well [...] bien criado, better bred mejor criado, ill bred [...] criado, &c. Mas los Adverbios por la mayor [...] vienen atràs, como couragiously animosamente, devoutly devotamente, &c. y como en Inglès todos [...]dverbios casi fene [...]en en y, assi en Español (y Italia­ [...]o) fenecen en ente.

Los Adverbios ò son de cantidàd, como much [...], too much demasiado, enough bastantemente, to­ [...]ether juntamente, &c. ò son de calid [...]d, y los prime­ [...] de numero, como once, twice, thrice, una vez, [...]os [...], tres vezes: los segundos son de tiempo, como [...]esterday ayer, then en [...]onces, when quando, [...] luego, ever siempre, &c. los terceros son de [...], como here aqui, there alla, where adonde, [...] aculla, &c. los quatros son de afirmation ò nega­cion, [Page 77] I, yea, yes, si; no, not, nay, no: los quintos son parallamar, como hola ola: otros son para amo­nestar ò aprovar, come so, so-so, well, assi, bien està: otros desséan, como ô if: los seys son de similitùd, co­mo, as, so, likewise, even so, assi, tambien, &c.

Interjeciones.

Interjeciones son ò de alegria, como ha, ha, ha: ò de congoja, como ah, alas, wo is me, hay, ay de mi, guay de mi: ò de aborecimiento, como fy, fy-fy, foh, ba: ò de desden, como tush, &c. st es Interjecion de silencio: rr para incitar los perros.

Preposiciones.

Preposiciones ò son separables, como before delante, behind atras, according segun, among entre, without [...]in, afore antes, under or below debaxo, against con­ [...]ra, opuesto, enfrente, over sobre, neer cerca, &c.

Las Preposiciones inseparables no exprimen nad a sin [...]r juntadas con otro vocablo, como incapable incapaz, [...]ndone deshecho, relief alivio, represse reprimir, re­ [...]lution resolucion, &c.

Conjunciones.

Conjunciones se llaman assi porque ata [...] las pala­ [...], como and y, my father and my mother, mi pa­ [...] y mi madre: y esta se llama la conjuncion copula­ [...]va: otros apartan, como but mas, albeit although [Page 79] a [...]nque: Otras son Disjunctivas, como nor, neither ni; ni yo ni vos, nor I nor you: otras proceden de razanando, como for, because porque: otras son de ilacion, como therfore, wherfore, so that, por tan­to, &c.

De los puntos de palabras y sentencias.

La lengua Inglesa [...]omo la Castellana (y otras) tiene sus puntos y not a [...] de Subdistincion, de media di­stincion, y de complida distincion, que se llaman Com­ma, colon y periodo. Una subdistincion ò Comma es nota do corto aliento, y se figura assi, La media di­stincion tiene aliento mas largo, y se puedo dezir cum­plida parte del Periodo, y se sigura assi: Periodo es la sentencia entera, y va figurada de un punto sen­zillo assi.

Ay tambien l [...] Parenthesis, que se figura como dos medias Lunas assi () y aunque sea incluyda en la sentencia, toda via en ometiondola, la sentencia no dexa de ser perfecta.

Ay tambien nota de Interrogacion, que se figura assi?

Mas desto ay nota de Circumflexion, quando el vo­cablo va abreviado, y se figura assi▪

Ay tambien not a de Admiracion, que se figura assi!

En conclusion ay not a del Apostrofo, quando una le­ [...]rase corta, y se figura assi' Mas la Castellana por su mayor alaban [...]a no usa tales Apostrofos,

[Page 80] TOuching the Syntaxis, which is an orderly series and connection of Nouns, Verbs, Adverbs, and other parts of Speech accor­ding to the propriety of a Language in a due cohaerence, the English toung may be said to have the same that other vulgar Languages and dia­lects have; But the English being a sub-dialect to o­ther toungs, as was touch'd in the Epistle to the Rea­der, and having such varieties of incertitudes, chan­ges and Idioms, it cannot be in the compas of human brain to compile an exact regular Syntaxis therof, Mr. Ben. Iohnson a great Wit, who was as pati­ent as he was elaborat in his re-serches and com­positions, as he was framing an English Syntaxis, confess'd the further he proceeded, the more he was puzzled; Therfore herin we must have recours to that great Mistresse of all knowledg Observation, it being a tru maxime, Quod deficit in praecepto, sup­pleat Observatio.

Concerning the English prosody, the same may be said thereof as was spoken before of the Syntaxis; But touching Poesie and Metrical compositions, the English is as punctual in observing the nomber of feet, syllables, and cadences, as any other vulgar language; And ther are couch'd in Her as strong concepts, and as sinewy expressions, with such high Idaeas and Raptures of Wit and Invention as in any language whatsoever; nor is any so copious of Al­legoires, and so constant in the poursuit of them; Her ordinary rithmical composures consist of ten feet, wherof I thought good to produce these (yet bleed­ing) examples.

Touching the Premises let the Reder observe this Exampel.

The Warre which beganne in Bohemia, foretolde by that fatall Comete in the yeare, 1618. (and by the intemperance of the Calviniste and the Jesuite) was directlie or collaterallie the cause of all the confusions which happened in Christendome ever since; it brought the Swede into Germanie, (like a colde Snake into ones bosome) whoe did soe ha­rasse the whole Countrey, and soe pittifullie grinde the faces of the poore People, that they have not recovered their right Countenances to this ve­rie daye in manie places.

The same written as 'tis commonly pronounc'd.

The War which began in Bohemia, foretold by that fatal Comet in the yeer, 1618. (and by the intem­perance of the Calvinist and the Iesuit) was direct­ly or colateraly the cause of all the confusions which happen'd in Cristendom ever since: it brought the Swed into Germany, (like a cold Snake into ones bo­som) who did so harasse the whole Cuntry, and so pitifully grind the faces of the poor Peepel, that they [Page 89] have not recovered their right Countenances to this very day in many places.

In this short Exampel ther are above 27. letters sav'd, and the words made fit to be pronounc'd by any Forrener being written as they are utter'd: Now, as ther was a hint given before, He doth his native Toung a good office, who finds a way to spread her abroad, and make her better known to the world.

And so much (yet) of the English Grammar.

The Masculin Article is declin'd thus:

The Feminin Article is declin'd thus.

The Neuter thus:

[Page 103] The Article El is alwayes put before Nouns of the masculin gender, beginning with a Vowel or Consonant, as el libro the book, el pecho the breast, el ayre the air, &c. And somtimes it comes before Feminins, specially before such as begin with a, to avoid too much gaping, as el alma the soul, el agua the water; not la alma, nor la agua; as also to a­void Apostrophes, which the Spanish hates.

This Article el becomes somtimes le at the end of a word, and so is ranvers'd: but it becomes so only at the end of Imperati [...] Moods, as matadle kill him, abraçadle imbrace him; which are pronounc'd matalde, abraçalde, by postposing the d to the l.

The Spaniards have a peculiar mode of speking to one in the second person, using this Article el and le insteed of vos you; for they hold vos you, to be a mean manner of speking, and use it towards their Inferiors, and is little better esteem'd then tu thou; as Si el hardesto, if you will do this: quiere cenar comigo? will you sup with mee? wheras the words import, if hee will do this, will hee sup with me: Insomuch that the Spaniard herein is higher in complement then the French or Italian, who commonly use you; in lieu wherof the Spaniard useth frequently the third person hee and him, shee and her. But el is often o [...]itted, being included in the Verb, which is of the third person, as hà comido, have you din'd? wheras it is meant hà el comido. In other cases except the Nominatif le is us'd, as Yo le digo, I tell you, wheras the tru sense is, I tell him.

[Page 104] The Spaniard hath another mode of complement by these two words, vuestra merced your favor, which they generally use insteed of you, and it is a­bove el the third person formerly spoken; som pro­nounce it at length, vuestra merced, som vuesa mer­cè, som vosastè, som vueste; but in writing two letters only stand for it, viz. VM. as Hago brindis a VM. I drink to you: Embio a VM. con el portadòr desta, I send you by the berer herof. Yet the Italian sur­passeth the Spaniard herin in point of complement, for in lieu of vuestra merced your favor, he useth vostra signoria your Lordship at every word, apply­ing it to every ordinary Gentleman, as Fo brindesi a vostra signoria, I drink to you; which two words in writing hee expresseth only by VS. as Poco fa chio scrissi a VS. I writ to you lately.

The Feminin Article la comes alwayes before feminin Nouns, as la cabeça the head, la yglesia the Church; but el takes place before words be­fore words beginning with a, as 'twas said before, as el ama the nurse.

Lo, though it cannot properly be call'd an Ar­ticle, because ther are no Neuter Substantifs in the Spanish, yet it comes before Adjectifs, and then it hath the power to turn them to Substantifs, as Lo bueno que yo recebia, the good which I receav'd; lo malo que me hizo dios se le perdone, the ill which you did me God forgive you. It comes also very often before and after Verbs, and then somtimes it is a Relatif, somtimes Demonstratif, as lo digo a VM. de veras, I tell it you in good earnest; or digo lo a VM. [Page 105] de veras: Tengo de hazer lo de buena gana, I will do it willingly.

Of Nouns, and their Genders, and Terminations.

THer are in Spanish, Nouns masculins, and Nouns feminins: Som end in Vowels, viz. e or o, as lumbre light, renombre renown, Cielo hea­ven, Infierno hell: and 'tis observ'd that ther are but two Nouns feminins which end in o, through all the Spanish Toung, which are mano the hand, nao a ship.

But most Noun Substantifs in Spanish end in one of these Consonants d, l, n, r, s, x, y, z: those that end in d have the accent in the last syllable, and their Plurals in es, as Abàd an Abbot, abàdes; mer­ced a curtesy or favor, mercedes; virtùd virtùdes vertu.

Som terminat in l, and they also have the accent in the last syllable, and the Plural in es, as animal animales, a living creture; b [...]t [...]l a boat, ba­teles; badil a Frying-pan, badiles; caracol a young inail, caracoles; azùl blu, azules, &c.

Som Substantifs end in n, and their Plurals end also in es, as pan bread, almazen a storehouse, cele­min a peck, sazon seson, A [...]un the Tunny fish: whose Plurals are panes, almazenes, celemines, sazo­nes, atunes. And for the most part Sub [...]tantifs in n have the accent also over the last [...], [Page 106] specially if they end in on, as devociòn, compassiòn, generaciòn, &c.

Som Substantifs end in r, and they also have the accent in the last, and also their Plurals in es, as havàr a Bean-field, havares; mugèr a woman, mugeres; martìr a martyr, martires; açor a hawk açores.

Som Substantifs terminat in s, and they also most commonly have the accent in the last syllable, and their Plurals in es, as Diòs God, Dioses; feligrès a parish, feligreses; mès a month, meses; montanès a mountaneer, mountañes.

Other Substantifs end in x, and they commonly are Morisco words, but they often change the x in the Singular to ges in the Plural, carcax a quiver, carcages; relox a clock, reloges, &c.

Som Substantifs end in y, and they also have their Plurals in es, as ley the law, leyes; rey a King, reyes; buey an ox, bueyes.

Lastly, som Substantifs end in z, and they also have the accent at the end, and their Plurals in es, as paz peace, pazes; juèz a judg, juezes; perdìz a partridg, perdizes; toz a cough, tozes; cruz a cross cruzes, &c.

Herby it appeers that the Plural of all Spanish Substantifs end in s, and som Singulars end so, but they are very few.

Of the Declensions of Nouns substantifs proper and common.

IT is to be observ'd that Nouns proper differ from common in two things; first, they have no Prepo­sitif article, then they have no plural nombers.

Examples of proper Nouns.

Instances in common Nouns.

[Page 108]

All which must be declin'd according to the ex­ample of cielo.

Of Noune Adjectifs, and of their Declensions.

The Spanish Adjectifs have two terminations, one masculin in o, which changeth into a feminin, as virtuoso virtuosa: The other termination is in e, as valiente, and it signifieth both masculin and fe­minin, as hombre valiente a valiant man, hembra va­liente a valiant woman, cosa grande a great thing: but heed must be taken to this word grande, for co­ming before a Substantif that begins with a Conso­nant, it loseth de, as grancosa, gran Bretaña, &c. but grand becomes a Substantif it self somtimes, as un Grande de España, a high Peer or Grande of Spain, who are permitted to cover themselfs before the King, but when hee speaks to them, or they to him.

The same holds in bueno and malo, good bad, in the Masculin gender, and when it comes be­fore Substantifs of the masculin only, as tiempo bue­no, [Page 109] buen tiempo a good time; hombre malo, mal hom­bre an ill man.

This abridgment holds also in tanto and quanto, before Adjectifs and Adverbs, and somtimes before Substantifs, as tan rico so rich, tan glorioso so glo [...]i­ous, tan tarde so late, tan temprano so early; quan admirable how admirable, quan bien habla vm, how well do you speak? but when tanto and quanto come before these Adverbs mas, menos, more, lesse, they are pronounc'd whole, as also before mayor greter, menor lesser, as Quanto mas yole respeto, tan­to menos me quiere, The more I respect him, the les­ser hee loves mee.

Before the Nouns Comparatifs they also keep their whole length, as Quanto mejor es el vino, tan­to mas se beve, The better the wine, the more 'tis drunk: quanto mayor es el hombre, tanto menor es s [...] seguridad, The greter the man is, the lesser is his security.

The Spaniards have a peculiar Idiom, to use que tanto for quanto in Inter [...]ogations, as que tanto es del mes? what day of the months is it? que tanto ay de Londres a Lancastra? how far is it from London to Lancaster?

The article lo is joyn'd to Neuter Adjectifs, and then it becomes a kind of Substantif, as seas con­tento con lo tuyo, y no busques lo ageno, Be conten­ted with thine own, and seek not what is ano­thers.

Possessif Neuters are made of the Pronouns, lo mio, lo tuyo, lo suyo, lo nu [...]stro, mine, thine, his or [Page 110] hers, ours, yours; as Necio es qui pierde lo suyo, He is a fool who loseth his own: Dios me haga con­tento con lo mio, God make me contented with mine own.

Of the words mucho, poco, harto; much, little, enough.

Mucho and poco, though they be Adverbs of quantity, yet they become somtimes Nouns Neu­ters, as Lo mucho que Dios me hà dado, The much that God hath given mee: Lo poco que le pago, The little which I pay him. They are somtimes Adje­ctifs before inanimated Substantifs, but only in the singular, as Mucho vino emborracha, much wine makes one drunk: mucho azeyte y poeo vinagre hazen buena ensalada, much Oyl and little Vineger make a good Sallet. But in the Plural nomber they are us'd indifferently before any Substantifs, as Muchos componedores cohonden la novia, Many attirers con­found the Bride: Portugueses pocos y locos, The Por­tugueses are few and foolish, &c.

Harto enough, is somtimes an Adverb, as Ay harto, si no ay demasiado, Ther is enough, if ther be not too much. Somtimes 'tis an Adjectif, as De­ [...]pues de harta ca [...]a Marta, Martha is merry when she hath enough: Hartos ducados tiene qui se con­tenta, He hath Crowns enough who is conten­ted.

Of the Spanish Diminutifs.

THe Spanish is more copious for Diminutifs then other Languages: Som end in illo illa, ico ica, ito ita; as capitanillo a little Captain, muger­cilla or mugercita a little woman, loquillo loquilla, or loquito loquita a little fool, &c. Som end in elo ela, as borrachuelo a little drunkard, moço moçuelo a little boy, a little maid. But in proper names they have Diminutifs, sub-diminutifs, sub-sub-diminutifs, and sub-sub-sub-diminutifs, as Simòn, Simoncico, Simon­cicico, Simoncilillo: Francisca, Francisquita, Fran­cisquicita, Francisquililla, &c.

Of Numerical Nouns, and of their Terminations.

• Vno One
• dos two
• tres three
• quatro fower
• cinco five
• seys six
• siete seven
• ocho eight
• nueve nine
• diez ten
• unze or onze eleven
• doze twelve
• treze thirteen
• catorze fourteen
• quinze fifteen
• dezieys sixteen
• diez y siete seventeen
• diez y ocho eighteen
• diez y nueve nineteen
• veynte twenty
• veynte y uno one and twenty
• veynte y dos two and twenty, and so taking the single nombers a­foresaid all along.
• [Page 112] Treynta Thirty
• Treynta y uno one and thirty, and so taking the single nombers a­foresaid.
• quarenta forty
• quarenta y uno one and forty, and so taking the single nombers a­foresaid.
• cinquenta fifty
• sesenta sixty
• setenta seventy
• ochenta eighty
• noventa ninety
• noventa y uno ninety one, and so taking the single nombers a­foresaid.
• Ciento a hundred
• dozientos 2 hundred
• trezientos 3 hundred
• quatrocientos 4 hundred
• quinientos 5 hundred
• seys cientos 6 hundred
• setecientos 7 hundred
• ocho cientos 8 hundred
• novecientos 9 hundred
• Mil a thousand
• dos mil 2 thousand
• tres mil 3 thousand, &c.
• Cien mil 100 thousand
• dozientos mil 200 thou­sand
• quinientos mil 500 thou­sand
• un millon or un cuento a million
• dos millones two milli­ons, &c.
• millar a million of mil­lions.

Observe that this word ciento a hundred, being to be put before a word it loseth the last syllable to, as cien millones a hundred millions, cien soldados a hundred Soldiers, not ciento soldados: and som­times it becomes a kind of Substantif, as un ciento de hombres a hundred of men, but then un goes before.

[Page 113] Numbers are of two kinds, cardinal, as those which went before, and ordinal numbers, which are Adjectifs, as follows:

• Primero the first
• segundo the second
• tercero the third
• quarto the fourth
• quinto the fift
• sexto the sixt
• septimo or set [...]no the se­venth.
• octavo the eight
• nono or no veno the ninth
• decimo or dezeno the tenth.

Som stop here the ordinal number, and take the cardinal number to go higher, as soldado onze the eleventh soldier; yet these five are admitted, onzeno the eleventh, dozeno the twelf, trezeno the thir­tinth, catorzeno the fourtinth, quinzeno the fiftinth; but after, the cardinal number, one, two, three, &c. then you must proceed to vieynteno or vigesimo the twentith, treynteno or trigesimo the thirtith, quaren­teno or quadragesimo the fortith, cinquenteno or quin­quagesimo and cinquentesimo the fiftith, sesenteno or sexagesimo and sesentesimo the sixtith, setenteno or setentesimo the seventith, ochenteno or octuagesimo and ochentesimo the eightith, noventeno or noventesi­mo and nonagesimo the ninetith, centeno or centesimo the hundreth. But it is to be observ'd that primo and tercio, not primero and tercero come after vige­simo and the rest.

Of Pronouns.

PRonouns are certain words which supply the room of Nouns, and they serve only to demon­strat the person or thing without naming of it. Ther are divers sorts of Pronouns, as Primitif, Possessif, demonstratif, derivatif, relatif, and reciprocal Pro­nouns: the Primitif have three persons, which are yo, tu, de si that hath no Nominatif; yo is thus declin'd:

The Singular is the same both for masculin and feminin, but os is turn'd to as in the feminin Plu­rals of nosotros and vosotros, as nosotras as vosotras, but nos and vos by themselfs serve for both genders.

[Page 115] Mi and tu coming before the Substantifs turn to Possessifs Pronouns, as mi espada my sword, tu sombrero thy hat.

Nos implying greatnes or dignity, comes before proper names of the singular number, as No Don Carlos por la gracia de Dios Rey dela gran Bre­taña, &c.

Vos us'd in Spanish in speking to a person is held as mean as thou: with a preposition vos is us'd, as no digo mal de vos, I speak no hurt of you; morirè por vos, I will dy for you, &c. but after any other Noun it turns to os, as yo os digo, I tell you: as also coming to the end of a word, as quiero hablaros la verdad, I will tell you the truth.

The Pronoun de si himself, hath no Nominatif nor Plural, and is delcin'd thus:

• Gen. De si of himself
• Dat. a si to himself
• Accus. se himself
• Abl. de si from himself.

Ther is an observable phrase in Spanish, Que serà de mi? que serà de ti? What will become of mee? what will become of thee?

Mismo or mesmo my self, is us'd after all the three persons through all the cases, adding s to the Plural.

The Spaniards use proprio or propio insteed of mis­mo, as yo proprio I my self, tu proprio thou thy self, ella propria she her self, de si propio of himself, &c.

The Pronoun El is declin'd thus:

Ella she, and ellas they, are declin'd after the same manner.

Of Pronouns Possessifs.

Mio Mine, tuyo thine, suyo his, nuestro ours, vuestro yours, with their feminins in a, are call'd Pronouns Possessifs; but before a Substantif they turn to mi, tu, su, as mi capa my cloke, tu guante thy glove, su libro his book.

Lo, being put before mio, tuyo or suyo, make them a kind of Substantifs, as mi cuydado es de guardar lo mio, my care is to keep mine own: tu cuydado serà de asseguarar lo tuyo, thy care must be to secure [...]ine own: su amo bien guarda lo suyo, his master looks well to his own. Su is somtimes us'd in Spa­nish for la, and 'tis only us'd in Spanish, as vi que notenia su firma del Autor, I saw it bore not the sig­nature of the Author.

Cuyo and cuya whose, are Pronouns possessifs, but the Italian and French have none such, and [Page 118] commonly they are put before Interrogatifs, as cuya ropilla es esta, whose coat is this? cuyo cavallo es aquel, whose horse is that?

Cuyo and cuya are also us'd as Relatifs in the middle of sentences, as guay aquel hijo cuyo padre va al Parayso, Wo be to that son whose father goes to heven: saluda la muger a cien passos lexos, cuyos cabellos son roxos, salute a hundred paces off that wo­man who hath red hair.

Ther are Demonstratif Pronouns, as este or esta this, esse or essa that same, aquel or aquella hee, shee or that: ther is also aqueste and aquesse, which sig­fies the same as este esse, but not so much us'd.

Este declin'd.

Esse or essa, aqueste or aquesse this very same are declin'd alike.

[Page 119] Observe that esto this, esso this very thing, aquel­lo ello that, are Neuters, and so have no Plurals.

The Pronouns este and esse are joyn'd often to otro, and then the e is lost, yet they never use the note of Apostrophe, as estotro hombre this other man, estotra muger this other woman: and so essotro is us'd.

Ther are two Pronouns which have no singular number, viz. ambos ambas, entrambos entrambas, wherunto one may adde ambos and dos, all which signifie Both or both together: as Querria que en­trambos veniessen aca, y yo os emoregare entrambos sus obligaciones, pero si no veneys ambos no tengo de darse las, por tanto digo que ambos ambos juntos, que serà por la ventaja de entrambos: I could wish that you both came hither, and I will deliver you both your bonds, but if you com not together, I will not deli­ver them, therfore I say that you com both of you, and it will be for the advantage of both.

Of Pronouns Relatifs.

Ther are three other Pronouns Relatifs, viz. quien, que, qual, as quien canta, who sings? que is what or that, que es esto, what is this? el cavallero que yo digo, the Gentleman which I speak of: qual in sense is the same as que, as qual hombre puede di­gerir esto, what man can digest this?

Que hath no Plural, as quien and qual have, as quien es aquel hidalgo, who is that Gentleman? quien es son aquellos mercaderes, who are those mer­chants? [Page 120] but quien in the singular is counted more elegant, as quien son ellos mercaderes?

Qual hath los or las before it in the Plural, as Las donzellas las quales yo saludava, the maids which I saluted: los soldados los quales yo nombrava, the sol­diers which I numbred.

In lieu of qual what, and como how, these two words que tal are us'd, which is a pure Spanicism, as que tal est à mi hermano, how doth my brother? que tal se halla mi madre, how doth my mother? as que tanto is us'd for quanto, which is also a pure Spa­nicism, as que tantas leguas ay entre Londres y Glo­cestra, how many miles are ther 'twixt London and Glocester? que tanto ha que VM. hà buelto del pa­lacio, how long is it that you have returned from Court? wherof wee gave instances before.

To these Relatif Pronouns quien and qual ther is often adjoyn'd quier and quiera, which of themselfs are Verbs, as quienquiera, qualquier whosoever, as Hablarè Castellano con qualquier hombre que sea, I will speak Spanish with any man whatsoever. Som­times que quiera is us'd for Whatsoever, as que quier a que digan las gentes a ti mismo para mientes, whatsoever they say of thee take heed to thy self [...] Roma es la patria de qualquiera, Rome is any mans count [...]y.

Of me, te, se, the Reciprocal Pronouns.

Me and te serve Ve [...]bs oftentimes in the Datif case, as Di me con quien andas, y dezirte h [...] quien [Page 121] eres, Tell mee with whom thou dost keep compa­ny, and I will tell thee who thou art: somtimes they serve in the Accusatif, as no me trates en esta suerte, do not use me thus. Se comes also before or after Verbs, as el se va, hee goes away: vase VM. a Londres, do you go to London? no me voy, I go not.

Somtimes for a fuller signification me and te fol­lows se very often, as que se me da a mi, which form of speking is a pure Spanicism, and cannot be eng­lished verbatim but thus, What have I to do with it, what care I for it? que se le da a el, what doth hee care for it? se me da mucho, it concerns mee much: Deve algo para pascua, y hazerte se ha la quaresma corta, Borrow mony to be paid at Easter, and Lent will seem short unto thee.

Se, is very often us'd in the Datif case before the article lo, as Preste me su espada, y yo se la bolvere incontinente, Lend mee your sword, and I will re­turn it speedily: yo se lo dire, I will tell it you: yo se lo dare, I will give it you: yo se lo embiare, I will send it you.

Ther is also another mixture 'twixt se, me and te, and le and lo doth associat often with them, as quien eres que tu te me vendes por tan discreto, who art thou that makest thy self so wise? or according to the words, That sellest thy self unto mee for such a wise man? which kind of phrase is a Spanicism: no se le da nada, he cares not for it: madre mia a donde os me llevan, O my mother, whither do they carry you from mee?

[Page 122] The Particles mi, ti, si, do joyn oftentimes with the preposition con, and with go, as comigo with mee, contigo with thee, consigo with himself, as Cada Fran­ces lleva un frenetico consigo, Every Frenchman car­ries a madman about him. Andad comigo oy, & yo yrè contigo mañana, Go with mee to day, and I will go with thee to morrow.

Of Verbs.

WEE are com now to the Verbs, which may be calld the ligaments or great arteries which tie words and sentences together: Ther are in Spanish three Conjugations of Verbs, the first in ar, the second ending in er, and the third in ir: Ther are also Verbs Actif, Passif, Neuters and Im­personals, and they are declin'd by five Moods as in other languages; The Indicatif or demonstratif, the Imperatif or Mood of command, the Optatif or wishing Mood, the Conjunctif and Infinitif Mood. Ther are two subservient or auxiliary Verbs, with­out which no other can be thoroughly form'd, and they are Aver to have, ser to be, therfore wee must first conjugat these two Verbs, before wee treat of the other, but because Yo he I have, and yo tengo I hold, are often confounded, and of the same sense before other Verbs, we will conjugat them toge­ther.

The Indicatif Mood. Present tense.

Preterperfact tense.

Perfect tense.

Perfect indefinit.

Future tense.

The Imperatif Mood.

The Optatif Mood.
Oxala, plega a Dios que, aunque, dado que, como qui­era que, puesto que: O that, wold to God that, although, howsoever that, put case that.

The Conjunctif Mood. Si, o si: If, o if.

Quando is often us'd in Spanish before the Op­tatif and Conjunctif Moods, and then it signifies as much as although, or bien que, which is also us'd, as

Present tense.
Quando, bien que: Though or although.

Perfect tense.
Oxala, plega a Dios, aunque, puesto que: O that, I wold to God, although, put case that.

Pluperfect tense.
Oxala, o si, aunque, &c. Oh that, although, o if, &c.

Future tense.
Quando, when.

The Infinitif Mood.

Thus wee see that tengo I hold, is us'd often­times for the auxiliary Verb Hè, but tengo alludes to the possession of a thing, as tengo cobrado mi dine­ro, I have recovered my mony: It comes more of­ten after digo then any other Verb, as tengo dicho antes, I have said before, &c. dixo me que yo ter­nia mi dinero mañana, Hee told mee I shold have my mony to morrow: quando yo le diesse todo quan­to tengo, aun no se contentaria, Although I shold give him all that I had, yet I shold not content him.

[Page 128] The Conjugation of the Verb, Yo soy I am, and of Yo estoy I am or stand, which although they differ in Variations, yet they are alike oftentimes in Signification, as shall be shew'd further.

The Indicatif Mood. Present tense.

Imperfect tense▪

Perfect tense.

Perfect indefinit.

Preterpluperfect tense.

Future tense.

[Page 130] Ther is a second Future tense that belongs to these two Verbs, (and indeed to most of the rest) with hè or tengo before the Infinitif Mood.

The second Future tense of ser and estar.

The Imperatif Mood.

The Optatif and Conjunctif Moods. Present tense.
Oxala, plega a Dios que, aunque, puesto, dado que, &c. O that, wold to God that though, put case that, &c.

Imperfect tense.
Oxala, &c. O that, &c▪

When si if, or o si o if, and quando, when it is ta­ken for Although, comes before these Tenses, they are declin'd alike.

Future tense.

The Infinitif Mood.

The difference which is 'twixt ser and estar con­sists chiefly in this, that ser signifies the humor or essence of a thing, as yo soy colerico, I am coleric; tu eres valiente, thou art valiant; el es piadoso, he is charitable: and so denotes the quality of the Sub­stantif.

But yo estoy relates most properly to som local posture, or the being in som place, as yo estoy a pie, I am a-foot; yo estava entonces en Lisbona, I was then in Lisbon. Estar is much us'd in salutation, and in reference to health, as como esta mi padre, how doth my father? then answer is made, esta bueno loado sea Dios, he is well praised be God: como esta V M. how do you do Sir? estoy achacoso, [Page 133] estoy malo, I am sickish, I am ill; wher it is obser­vable that bueno and malo are us'd in these phrases for Adverbs, viz. for well and ill.

The difference 'twixt these two auxiliary Verbs, Yo hè or yo tengo, and yo soy, is this, that the first serve the Participles in the Preter tense of Verbs Actifs, as yo he amado, I have loved; yo tengo al­morzado, I have broke my fast alredy. Besides, yo he is an auxiliary to it self, as yo he avido, I have had; yo avia avido, I had had, &c. But soy I am, makes Passif Verbs only, as yo soy ensalçado, I am exalted; yo soy querido, I am lov'd.

Observe that tengo serving for auxiliary, makes the Participle and the thing to agree in nomber, as Los donayres que yo tengo contados son graciosos, The jests that I have related are plesant: but yo he doth not so, las hazañas que yo he recitado, the exploits that I have recited: But in the Toscan Italian it doth, as Io ho letta la lettera, I have read the let­ter; Io ho pagati i danari, I have paid the monies, &c.

Spanish Verbs have their tern inations in ar, er or ir: They in ar are of the first Conjugation, they in er of the second, and they in ir of the third; wh [...]rof ther shall be examples of each, and according to them all other Verbs must bee form'd, except Irre­gulars which shall be spoken of apart.

The Variation of Buscar to seek, being of the first Conjugation.
The Indicatif Mood. Present tense.

Imperfect tense.

Perfect definit.

Perfect indefinit.

Plusquam perfect.

Future tense.

The second Future.

The Imperatif Mood.

The Optatif and Conjunctif Moods. Present tense.
Oxala, aunque, &c. O that, although, &c.

Imperfect tense.
Oxala, aunque, o si, si, &c. O that, although, o if, if, &c.

Pluperfect tense.
Oxala, aunque, quando, plega a Dios, &c. O that, although, o if, &c.

The Incertain tense.
Aunque, quando, &c. O if, although, &c.

Future tense.
Quando, si, &c. When, if, &c.

The Infinitif Mood.

The declining or sorming of the Verb Holgar to rejoyce or to be glad, which hath most commonly one of these Pronouns me, te, se, mee, thee, him, be­fore or after it, as yo me huelgo, or huelgome I am glad.

The Indicatif Mood.
Present tense.

Imperfect tense.

Perfect tense.

Indefinit perfect.

Future tense.

The second Future tense, wherof every Verb is capable.

The Imperatif Mood.

The Optatif and Conjunctif Moods. Present tense.
Oxala, aunque, &c. O that, although, &c.

Imperfect tense.
Oxala, plaguisse a Dios que, o si, &c. I wold to God, though, o if, &c.

Pluperfect tense.
Oxala, aunque, quando, &c. O that, although, &c.

Incertain tense.

Future tense.
Quando, si, &c. When, if, &c.

The Infinitif Mood.

[Page 142] Verbs of the second Conjugation ending in er, whose Participles like the third Conjugation end in ido or ydo.

The Indicatif Mood of Entendèr, to understand, Present tense.

Imperfect tense.

Perfect tense.

Perfect indefinit.

Plusquam perfect tense.

Future tense.

The second Future tense.

The Imperatif Mood.

The Optatif and Subjunctif Moods. Present tense.
Plega a Dios, aunque, &c. God grant, although, &c.

Imperfect tense.
Oxala, si, &c. I wold, if, &c.

Plusquam perfect.
Aunque, quando, si, &c. Although, if, &c.

Future tense.