De succo pancreatico, or, A physical and anatomical treatise of the nature and office of the pancreatick juice shewing its generation in the body, what diseases arise by its vitiation : from whence in particular, by plain and familiar examples, is accurately demonstrated, the causes and cures of agues, or intermitting feavers, hitherto so difficult and uncertain, with sundry other things of worthy note / written by D. Reg. de Graaf ... ; and translated by Christopher Pack ...

DE Succo Pancreatico: Or, A Phyſical and Anatomical TREATISE Of the NATURE and OFFICE of the Pancreatick Juice; Shewing its generation in the Body, what Diſeaſes ariſe by its Vitiation; from whence in particular, by plain and familiar examples, is accurately demonſtrated, the Cauſes and Cures of Agues, or Intermitting Feavers, hitherto ſo Difficult and Uncertain: with ſundry other things worthy of Note.

Written by D. Reg. de Graaf, Phyſician of Delph, And Tranſlated by Chriſtopher Pack, Med. Lond.

London, Printed for N. Brook at the Angel in Cornhil near the Royal Exchange, 1676.

Licenſced,

February 2d. 1675. Roger L'Eſtrange.

To the moſt ILLUSTRIOUS D. JOHN CAPELLANUS, Councellour to the moſt Chriſtian KING. Sir,

THis Treatiſe, which five Years ſince, I willingly Dedicated to You in the French Idiome, is now again preſented to Your ſelf, repleniſhed with many Obſervations in the Latine Tongue: ſeeing that by the great eſteem of Your Name, our French Edition was not only Candidly accepted in France; but alſo in other Forreign Nations among Learned Men: The exceeding happy ſucceſs of which, had wrought in me an Admiration, had not the fame of Your Tranſcendant Learning made it Immortal, by your moſt Learned Writings, known, and throughly conſidered by me. You being ſo well verſed in all kind of Studies, that the moſt Illuſtrious Ludovicus XIV, King of France and Navarre, made You the Mecaenas, or Cheriſher of moſt Learned men. Since it is ſo, I may remember the former Edition, and ſo much the rather, ſeeing that the Heer Duyst van Voorhout, a Man of an excellent Genious, made me as certain of Your Peculiar Favours towards me, as Your own frequent Honouring me with your Epiſtles: Wherefore with all Humility I crave, that even as You protected the former Edition, under the Shield of Your Authority, ſo You would vouchſafe alſo to protect This. Sir, The doing of which, will oblige him in the higheſt Nature, who is, and will be, during his Life, the Adorer of Your Reſplendent Name.

Reg. de Graaf.

THE PREFACE.

IN the Year 1663. in the Ʋniverſity of Leyden, I hearing the moſt Famous, and Indefatigable Man in Studies, Francis de le Boe-Sylvius, daily teaching concerning the Pancreatick Juyce, to be one of the chiefeſt Foundations of Phyſick, I endeavoured to find out that, hitherto undiſcovered Juyce; the which when I had done, and indeed after that manner which he had firſt deſcribed to us; he having underſtanding thereof, with all Diligence did incite me to Print thoſe things, which I had obſerved worthy of Notice, concerning this Subject, through diverſe Diſſections of various Animals: And I, willing to gratifie his Requeſt, publiſhed a little Treatiſe, concerning the Nature, and Office of the Pancreatick Juyce; which, although in an unpoliſhed manner, nevertheleſs, it ſo took with the Curious Indagators of Nature, that in a ſhort time, ſufficient Examples of that Nature, were deſired of me: For which cauſe, in the Year 1666, I publiſhed, at paris, this little Treatiſe, in the French Tongue; which, three or four Months together, I preſented to the Famous Dr. Bourdelot, to be publickly examined; to whoſe Houſe the moſt Curious Wits of the Ʋniverſity do frequently reſort. And I, ſeeing that this ſecond Edition wonderfully took with the moſt Learned Phyſitians of all France, who have their Colledge at Paris, and returning to my own Country, I found that there were remaining no Coppies of my Firſt Edition, being inſtigated by the Printer, and my Friends, for their ſakes who underſtood not the French Tongue, have again turned the ſame little Treatiſe into Latine, and that not barely, but in ſeveral places have inſerted new Obſervations, and reſolves to ſeveral Objections, put to me againſt this Treatiſe, both in France, and other Countries, that my Opinion might not ſeem, in any Reſpect, to be faulty; So that, the Treatiſe, which I now publiſh, may bear the name of a new one; which I hope, will not be unacceptable to the Reader. But ſeeing no writing (as Plato ſaith) can be ſo exact, that it may avoid the Cenſures of Criticks, without doubt, there will be Carpers, who are better affected with Brawlings, and Drinkings, than the Diſſections of Bodies, which will laugh at me, for the ſpending ſo much time in the diſcovery of this Juyce: But Hippocrates, in an Epiſtle to Damagetus, hath taught me in an Hiſtory of Democritus, that thoſe Gibeings ought not to be regarded, &c. So much of which Hiſtory, as moſt nearly appertaines to us, I will briefly relate: Democritus, inferiour to none of the Abderitans, when, to find out the nature of the Bile, had betaken himſelf, apart from the City, and there alone had diſſected many Animals; he was generally reputed to be mad; wherefore the Senate, and People of the Abderitans being ſad, and troubled, did very much importune the Prince of Phyſitians, that he would vouchſafe to come, and cure the madneſs of Democritus: Hippocrates, by the Merits of Democritus, and the Intreaties of the Abderitans, taking Ship went to Abderis, where he found all the Citizens, and Inhabitants gathered together, waiting for him without the Gates; part of whom running before, and part following, led Hippocrates to a high Hill without the City, (crying out ſave, help, heal,) that he might ſee the Madneſs of Democritus: From whence they ſaw Democritus ſometimes diſſecting Animals, ſometimes muſeing, and ſometimes writing. Hippocrates, going all alone to Democritus, and making an exact tryal of him, although then he underſtood he was not mad, asked him what he wrote there? Democritus anſwered concerning Madneſs; And being further asked, What he wrote of Madneſs? ſaid, What elſe, than what it is, and how generated, and how allayed in the Bodies of Men? For, theſe Animals, which you ſee here, that I open for this purpoſe, is not becauſe I hate the Works of God, but ſearch out the Nature and Seat of the Bile: For, you know, this is the cauſe of Mens Madneſs, &c. Which being underſtood, ſaith Hippocrates, Democritus in truth, I call God to witneſs, you ſpeak truly, and wiſely: And he, returning to the Abderitans, who waited for him at ſome diſtance, commended Democritus, and accuſed themſelves of Madneſs. I wiſh Hippocrates, the great Prince of Phyſitians, might riſe from the Dead, he would not blame thoſe leſs, which deride me for my more diligent ſearch of the Pancreatick Juyce, than them which judged Democritus to be mad, for his exquiſite enquiry into the Bile: Seeing that he thought them to be taught of God, which did not only ſtudy about Heat, Cold, Dryneſs, and Moiſture, but about their Cauſes: For, it is not Heat (ſaith he) Lib. De Vet. Med. Text XXVI. XII. which hath great force, but Sharpneſs, and Fluidity, and other things by me related. And he ſaith before Text XXIV. XX. Becauſe there is in Man both bitter, ſalt, ſweet, acid, ſharp, and fluid, and infinite others, having all manner of Faculties, both of Plenty, and Strength. From whence he commonly calls thoſe Faculties, and Powers he affirms Salt, Bitterneſs, and Acidity, with other things of the like Acrimony, to be commonly the cauſes of all Diſtempers, as appears Lib. cap. Text XXV. From which it is as evident, as the Sun at Noon-day, that Hippocrates, if he were alive, would judge our Diſſections, and Searchings, about Salts, Acids, and other Faculties, ſometimes abounding in the Pancreatick Juyce, to be highly neceſſary. In regard Hippocrates, and other of the Antients, who were famous in their time, were altogether ignorant of the Pancreatick Juyce; neither did they underſtand the whole depth of Nature; It is not to be imputed to them as a Fault: But on the contrary, thoſe famous, and chiefeſt Guides of Wiſdome, and Inciters of Wits, are to be commended; becauſe they broke the Ice for us; and (as it is ſaid) thoſe things which we read, were rightly invented, and obſerved by them, are to be candidly embraced; and thoſe things, which we really know to be falſe, and erronious, I judge they ought to be corrected with ſuch Modeſty, as we deſire thoſe things, which we now write, ſhould be corrected with. If we conſider a Thouſand Years yet to come, ſomething may be found out, which will correct, and amend our Writings, by the unwearyed Searchers of Nature; for Arts admit of a daily Improvement, eſpecially in this age of ours, in which the Yoke of Authority being ſhook off, we may bring to the Teſt thoſe things which our Reaſon and Senſe doth afford us; for, the Enquirers into things Natural ought not to diſtruſt themſelves, or ſo doubtfully to follow the ſteps of their Anceſtors, as at any time, when they ſhall diſcover Novelties, be afraid to publiſh them.

— Non omnia grandior aetas Nos aeque Scimus habet, ſeris Venit Uſus ab annis. Antient times not all things knew: For, Practiſs ſprang from Years more new.

And as much as pertains to this Treatiſe, of ours, which hath been ſo illuſtrated with daily Experience, new Obſervations, and Reaſons, that they who firſt made a Queſtion of the Truth of our Hypotheſis, would be on our ſide; or at leaſt confeſs, till now, never any Syſteme was found out, in which fewer, or leſſer difficulties are, than this of ours, if they will but examine our Dictates without Prejudice, and Envy. Firſt of all, Let the Reader be perſwaded in himſelf, that our Pancreatick Juyce is no Fictions, but a real Humour of our Bodies; and ſuch a one indeed as after its own ſeparation from the Blood, and Propulſion, to the Inteſtines, is in a ſhort time after, again permixed with the Blood, ſeeing that all Liquid things, being carryed by the paſſage of the Guts, do eaſily aſcend (by the Venae Lacteae) the firſtThe Origin. is Thalamus. Treaſury of the Living, and the laſt of the Dead.

Which being granted, he may further conſider it was not (by the Almighty God) ordained in vain, but for a common uſe to the Body; and ſo all men will be eaſily perſwaded, that as often as the Pancreatick Juyce is rightly conſtituted, its uſe doth naturally happen: And likewiſe when it happens preternaturally, then it is vitious, and preternatural: Seeing it is ſo, and my whole Treatiſe conſiſts in the preſerving a good Order of the Pancreatick Juyce, and amending it when vitiated, and helping Diſtempers from thence ariſing, we hope it will be very acceptable, and profitable to Practitioners: For, let this be its whole deſigne, to give a helping hand to all who profeſs Phyſick, that they may ſooner, ſafer, and more delightfully help the Calamities, and miſeries of the Sick: And if I unhappily miſs my aim, you may commend my Deſigne, and modeſtly correct thoſe things in which the weakneſs of my Genious doth miſtake: And if any one pleaſe to inform me better, I will allow him to convince me of my Errour, and not to accuſe me of Obſtinacy, ſeeing that I am not moved by Ambition, but only deſirous of finding out Truth, offer up theſe my Studies unto you.

To the Right WORSHIPFUL Sr. CHRISTOPHER PACK, Kt. The Tranſlator Dedicates theſe His ENDEAVOURS. Honoured Sir,

CƲjuſ que ingenium non ſtatim emerget, Plin: niſi Materiae, Fautor, occaſio commendator que contingat, Epiſt. 2 lib. 6. (ſaith the Learned Pliny) the Work and Ingenuity of every Perſon doth not conſtantly proſper well, unleſs the matter or occaſion be remarkable, or ſome worthy Patron happen to favour it.

As for the Matter, it hath already commended it ſelf to the World, and crowned the Learned Author thereof (throughout the European Diviſion) with an honourable Acceptation, and Eſtimation, both in reſpect of the Invention, and Doctrinal Performances.

But in regard that I have aſſayed to make it more Univerſally Intelligible, and Beneficial to Engliſh men, by putting it into our own Native Idiome, I conceive I ought to preſent my Undertaking to the Patronage of ſome worthy Perſon; under the Protection of whoſe Name, it may have the freer paſſage through the World. To which end I have thought no Perſon fitter than your worthy ſelf, both in reſpect of Your profound Judgment, and Favour to all things that may advance a Publick Good. Neither could I do leſs, if the Bonds of Gratitude be any Obligations to the minds of men, ſeeing (that next to my Parents) I ſtand more highly engaged to Your Worſhip, than to any other Perſon living; which hath been a great Motive and Inducement to this Preſumption, which I hope Your Candour will paſs by, and Candidly accept this mite from him who at the preſent, is not capable of a better Retaliation of Your many Favours, than the humble offer of this Tranſlation: The which, having been brought forth in Your Name, I knew not how it might better live than in Your Family; the kind aſpect of which, will not be only Amicable to it, but alſo Honourable to him that is,

SIR, An Honourer of Your Self, and Progeny. Chriſtopher Pack.

The TRANSLATOR to the READER. Candid Reader.

I Having often viewed this Treatiſe of the moſt ingenious D. Regnerus de Graaf, and many times alſo heard it wiſhed for in Engliſh, at length Reſolved to Tranſlate it for their Sakes to whom the Original was not Communicable, in Regard of their Neſcience of the Language, though otherwiſe competently ingenious and intelligent. The which I am well ſatiſfied will prove ſervicable (and I hope alſo acceptable to them) in three Reſpects.

Firſt, that it will be of great Ʋtillity, for the more compleat underſtanding the Works of the Learned Franciſcus Sylvius de le Boe that late Renowned Profeſſor of Phyſick in the Ʋniverſity of Leyden, the firſt part of whoſe Praxis is already in Engliſh; for in regard that he urgeth the Pancreatick Juice to be an Agent of Fermentation and Concoction of the Chyle, and ſo conſequently a conſtitutive part of the Blood, and Authour of many grievous Diſeaſes, and Enormities of the Body. It neceſſarily follows 1. That the certainty of this Juyce ought to be known; that is, that it be a real Juyce, or Humour in all Mens Bodies, and not a thing only immaginary or uncertain, which this Author hath evidently demonſtrated. 2. The way and manner of collecting it, by ſenſible Experiment (the ſurest of Guides) to convince thoſe who oppugne, and reſolve the Doubting, which he hath largely ſhewn. 3. Becauſe the Anatomical Diſquiſition of the Pancreas, and its Juyce, is omitted by Sylvius, in the firſt part of his Praxis, as not pertinent to his preſent Scope, which omiſſion this Book ſupplies, and to which the ſaid Sylvius, in a manner, refers his Readers: So that he which deliberately reads this Book, will be thereby highly inducted to the Ʋnderſtanding of the Doctrines and Notions of the moſt Learned Sylvius, concerning the Pancreatick Juyce, throughout his whole Writings, as they relate to diverſe Diſeaſes, and Affections of the Body of Man.

The ſecond Commodity I ſhall propound is, That this Book doth moſt Indubitably contain the certain Cauſes of all Agues, or Intermitting Feavers, with their true and effectual Rules of Curation. It is a wonder to ſee the many Books which have been written concerning Agues, and Feavers, (perhaps as many as there are Old Womens Medicines for the cure thereof) and the great Diverſity of Opinions concerning their Cauſes and differences; ſo that, for a man exerciſed with a tedious Ague, to call a Councel of Phyſitians to his Aſſiſtance, uſually received no more Relief, than a Criminal Perſon doth by the Verdict of a Jury, which delivers him from Priſon, either to Death, or Baniſhment. Which hath formerly enrolled this Diſeaſe in the Catalogue of thoſe which were wont to be termed Opprobrium Medicorum, the Reproach of Phyſitians.

Neither, in my Judgment, is it greatly to be wondered at, that Phyſitians were wont to have no better ſucceſs in the Cure of this Diſeaſe, ſeeing they were involved in ſo many Ʋncertainties about the Seat, and Cauſe thereof; ſome aſſigning the Seat to be in the Blood in general, others in ſome perticular Parts of the Veſſels, where the Blood happened to be ſtagnant; others in the Meſeraick Veines; others in the Guts, and perticularly in the Colon, and ſeveral other Conceits, as if they went about to gain the Knowledge of the true Seat, Arithmetically, by the rule of falſe Poſition. Then again, as to the Cauſes, and Reaſons of Differences, whilſt they aſcribed them to the Four Humours, viz. Blood, Choler, Phlegme, and Melancholy, and their different Degrees of Miſtion, and Putre-Faction, they ran upon ſuch Rocks as conſtantly ſhip-wracked the Barks of their Opinions: For, ſtill, as they endeavoured to ſolve one difficulty that would ariſe, they cauſed the Riſe of another. But this Author's Hypotheſis, being ſo free from all Intricacies, and Difficulties, renders it agreeable to Truth.

I have yet further to ſay in the behalf of its Certainty, that is the Conſequence of Curation; which, although every ſingle Cure of a Diſeaſe doth not indeed declare the Adminiſtrator of the Medicine, to have a certain Intelligence of the Cauſe of the Diſeaſe; yet, when a Diſtemper ſhall be certainly cured, at divers times, in different Perſons, and with different Medicaments; alwayes from the Notions, Doctrines, and Conſiderations of the ſame Cauſe, that ſurely is a certain Argument that the Cauſe is known. And this I my ſelf have oft-times done even to Admiration, by removing Ague-Fits in a few dayes ſpace, and never yet failing of the Cure of any kind of Ague, whether Quotidian, Tertian, or Quartan, with their Compounds; and am yet (by God's bleſſing) ready, at any time, to undertake the cure of the worſt Ague-Fits that are; which Aquiſition, I acknowledge, I owe to this Author: I am able alſo, to perform the ſame in thoſe deplorable Fits, commonly called, The Fits of the Mother.

I have inſtanced this not out of boaſting, but to ſhew the certainty, and excellency of the Doctrine of the Pancreatick Juyce, and to excite the Reader to a ſerious Contemplation, and Obſervation thereof.

There is yet a Third Ʋtillity of this Book, which is, That it refutes ſeveral Errours in Phyſick, and Anatomy; many of which, in times paſt, have been received for certain Truths, and ſome of them perhaps yet remaining; the Principle whereof relate to the Pancreas, or Sweet-Bread, and to the Nervous Juyce; concerning which, I ſhall ſay no more, but commit you to the things themſelves, as they ſhall occur by reading.

I have nothing more to ſay, but to beg the Readers kind Acceptance; and withall to mind him of the Difficulty of things of this Nature, (eſpecially when an Author writes in ſuch a ſtyle as de Graaf hath done) that if he meet with any Errours committed by me, I hope he will the more eaſily paſs them by, as not being Intentional, and I preſume not Eſſentiall.

If I find this be kindly accepted, it will encourage me to ſerve my Country with ſome-what of my own, more at large.

I do expect to be cenſured, and ſnarled at by ſome (for as Eraſmus ſaith, Nihil moroſius Hominum Judiciis) there is nothing more peeviſh than Mens Judgments, I ſhall eaſily diſpenſe with it, being of a peacable Spirit: And as I have profeſſed to do this for a Publick Good, ſo I alſo declare, that I have been void of Prejudice therein, to all Mens Perſons, and Intereſts; being only deſirous of the Propogagation of all Laudable Science, whileſt I am

Chriſt. Pack. From my Houſe, at the Signe of the Globe, and Chymical-Furnaces, in the Poſtern, near Moor-Gate, Feb. 2d. 1675/6.

AN INDEX OF THE CHAPTERS. CHap. I. An exact Deſcription of the Pancreas, or Sweet-Bread; before which, ſome things are put concerning the neceſſity of Anatomy, and its Increaſe. Chap. II. The Opinions of divers Authors concerning the Uſe of the Pancreas, Examined. Chap. III. How, or in what manner the Pancreatick Juyce is found. Chap. IV. The Qualities of the Pancreatick Juyce are deſcribed, in a plain diviſion of the Glandules of the whole Body, is ſhewed, that the Pancreatick Juyce is not Excrementious; in like manner, how it is generated. Chap. V. The Liquor of the Glandules is Demonſtrated to be neceſſary, and that the Pancreatick Juyce doth ferment with the Bile. Chap. VI. What that Fermentation is in the Sound, and in the Sick, and what benefit accrews to the Body thereby. Chap. VII. The Diſeaſes by which the Subſtance of the Pancreas, and its Juyce may be moleſted. Chap. VIII. The Functions which are vitiated by the Pancreas, or its ill diſpoſed Juyce. Chap. IX. The Diſeaſes ariſing from the Vitiation of the Pancreatick Juyce. Chap. X. How the vitiated Pancreatick Juyce may be corrected. Chap. XI. A Diſcourſe of Intermitting Feavers.

ERRATA Sic Corrigenda.

PAge 20 line 1 read Months. p. 23 l. 9 r Pancreas. l. ultim r. Aliment. p. 32 l. 2 r. into the Ductus. p. 35 l. 4 r. but not except the Spirits were diſſipated. p. 42 l. 32 r. Faculties. p. 43 l. 1 r. imbibe. p. 56 l. 11 r. ſtrictly. l. 31 r. Preternatural. p. 63 l. 1 r. in the Temples. p. 91 l. 7 r. Plethora. p. 92. l. 18 r. Intermitions. p. 97 l. 15 r Ventricle. p 98 l 21 r abounds p. 124 l 12 for thirty r thirteen p 131 l 9 r Phlegm. p 132 l 12 r though p 133 l 2 r attent p 148 l 24 r Acrimony.

A Phyſical and Anatomical Treatiſe of the Nature and Office of the Pancreatick Juyce. Regnerus de Graaf, concerning the Pancreatick Juyce.

CHAP. I. A Deſcription of the Pancreas, before which ſome things are put concerning the neceſſity of Anatomy, and its Increaſe.

IT was never made a Queſtion, (unleſs perhaps by ſuch through whoſe ignorance True Phyſick is diſgraced; or that cannot diſtinguiſh the true Science of Phyſick from the Emperical curing of Diſeaſes (that Anatomy is very uſeful and neceſſary, as well for all Phyſitians as Chyrurgians; and that real Phyſick without it's Knowledge cannot ſtand, or be in force; which is wont to be called Dogmatical and Rational.

Seeing it is ſo, their Ingenuity and Study deſerves Praiſe, who endeavour to arrive to a greater degree of Perfection in the Knowledge of Anatomy, by making a narrow ſearch into the Secrets of Nature, and communicating thoſe things which they have found out to others.

And amongſt thoſe who have given themſelves up to this Work; neither frighted with it's difficulties, have had laudible ſucceſs therein: Gaſpar Aſe • ius the Anatomiſt, comes not far behind, who, when he had met with the Venae Lacteae, in the Year 1622. in a Dog which he undertook to open alive, he wholly gave himſelf to the further Diſcovery thereof; ſo that no Week paſſed without one or other Diſſection; not only of Dogs, but other living Creatures alſo, as Cats, Lambs, Hogs, Cows, and alſo Horſes, as you may ſee in that Book of his publiſhed after his Death. But dying young, he could not make a further progreſs in many other things, tending to this buſineſs exactly to explain them, and communicate them to the Learned World: Concerning their ſite and office, many Controverſies, and Diſputes have ariſen amongſt Anatomiſts; for they who immagined that all the Chyle aſcended by the Meſeraick Veins (in order to it's Sanguification by the Liver) did ſtiffly affirm, that theſe Milky Veſſels went to the Liver; but others deſcribed their courſe another way.

And this matter remained in Doubt until the Year 1651. that the Ductus Thoracicus was found out by that moſt ingenious Anatomiſt, John Pequet, a French-Man, to which it is evident to all men, the Veſſels diſcovered by Aſellius do tend, and there lay down the humour, or matter by them contained.

And that we may not only ſpeak of trifles, we cannot paſs by with ſilence the famous Invention of the Bloods circulation by the incomparable William Harvey, chief Phyſitian to the King of England, diſcovered in the Year 1628. which although at the firſt found many Oppoſers, (to whom it ſeemed ſtrange, that they being old, ſhould lay aſide their old Doctrines, and be taught anew what younger men did moſt certainly affirm) nevertheleſs, this Pillar of Truth remained unſhaken againſt the moſt furious Aſſaults, and that ſo ſtedfaſtly, that not long after many Learned men were found, who conſidering the ſolid ſayings of the Ancients, after this new Invention was found out, that it might be explained after a far better, and eaſier manner; plainly made it appear by the wrightings of Hyppocrates, that he underſtood this circular Motion of the Blood, to whom they judge there were nothing in the Art of Phyſick lay hid.

Yea, the matter is come ſo far, that you ſhall ſcarcely find any Phyſician of note, who doubts of the Bloods Circulation. So it requires ſome time to diſperſe the miſts of mens contradicting any good, and new Inventions.

Many famous men both in Judgment and Practiſe, were ſtired up by the Examples of worthy and excellent Anatomiſts, by whoſe Diligence about the ſame time, viz. 1650. and 51. in divers Countries it was diſcovered by Olaus Rudbechius, a Swede, and Thomas Bartholinus, a Dane, both famous in Anatomy; that the Lymphatick Veſſels were diſtributed through the whole Body.

Alſo the Ductus's were obſerved in, or about the Year 1656. (by Thomas Wharton an Engliſh man) tending from the lower Maxillary Glandule by a ſtraight paſſage to the Nipples; which are found alſo at the fleſhly Ligature of the Tongue, near the Teeth: Through which ſeeing the Salival Humidity continually floweth to the Mouth for the moiſtning thereof, they are called Salivales, and alſo Inferiores: To diſtinguiſh them from the ſuperiour Salival Ducts, which running from the upper Maxillary Glandules, by a direct paſſage about the Cheek-Muſcle to the former part of the Mouth by the region of the upper Eye-teeth, lay down their Spittle.

Which Invention we owe to Nicholas Stenonis a Dane, who diſcovered them in the Year 1661. in his little Book for publick good. Alſo by his Induſtry were found out many other Veſſels paſſing into the Noſtrils and Mouth. We following his Example, ſome years ſince have obſerved, that the Glaudulous part of the Jaw being preſt, a thick and viſcous Humour came forth by the general opening of the Pores; from which time we thought that that viſcous Matter which appears by Spitting, or other compreſſion of the Jaws, did in an eſpecial manner proceed from thoſe Duct:

Jo. George Wirſungus of Bavaria, is not ſilently to be paſſed by (who can all to mind all Inventions) who was very excellent in the Study of Anatomy; in the Year 1642. at Padua, firſt found out the Ductus Pancreaticus, which for the general good of Phyſicians, he cauſed to be Engraven in Copper, from whom we might have expected more, had he not been wickedly Piſtol'd by envious perſons in his own Houſe. Seeing therefore this famous man could not ſo ſucceſſively find out the Uſe of this Duct by his own Study, others, that they might be ſerviceable to the Phyſical Republick, perſiſted in the fame Labour, and with ſo much the more Earneſtneſs, in regard daily, there were more ſharp Diſputes concerning it's true Office, and that eſpecially in the Univerſity of Leyden in Holland; the moſt famous and indeſatigable Franciſcus de le Boe Sylvius leading the way; who when he had underſtood the various Experiments which we had ſucceſsfully made, by the diſſecting of divers Kinds of Animals, very often, as well in private as in publick, adviſed us, that we would commit to Writing theſe things which we had obſerved worthy of Note concerning this matter.

We diſtruſting our own Induſtry, (and conſidering that there are found ſome (gluttons of Books, as they may be termed) who being ſtimulated with the deſire of Vain Glory, ſpare not to aſſault all with their ſcribling Pen, and ſcurrilous Language;) were almoſt afraid to enter upon this work.

Yet conſiſidering that for the publick good, any thing was to be born with a Couragious mind; we at laſt put a helping hand to this Labour, and withal, have poliſht our Endeavours, which ſo took with this worthy man, that he more urged their publication than before; as certain that we ſhould have the favour of all Learned Men, for doing a thing of ſo great moment to the Publick Good: and often ſaid, That we ſhould not fear to publiſh theſe things which are clearly demonſtrated to our Eyes.

We being perſwaded by the Council of him, and other learned men, thought it worthy our Labour, the deſcription of the Part being prefixt; afterwards the Judgments, and Opinions of others being explained, concerning this Juice, as we find it in every reſpect, to make it plain to all, and after to find out its true Uſe.

The lower part of the Belly being opened, & the Inteſtines, with the Venticle removed, the Pancreas or Sweet-bread preſently appears; concerning which, as we ſhall find occaſion to ſpeak more, in the following pages, we will ſpend a little time in the exact Delineation thereof

The Word Pancreas is Compounded of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , as if they would ſay that this viſcous Part were all Fleſh, which Apellation, notwithſtanding is no way fit; but may be uſed as Mony to paſs from one to another Aſellius and ſome others of his Followers, particularly noting the middle-moſt glandule of the Meſentery, gave the firſt Occaſion of underſtanding all its Parts, by one and the ſame name.

The Subſtanee of the Pancreas (or Sweet-Bread, if you except its Membranes and veſſels), is wholly Glandulous; made up of many ſmall Glandules; all which have ſo great a hardneſs, and Strength, that being ſeparated from each other do ſtill retain their proper form; and being put together, by reaſon of their looſe joyning, make a ſoft Body: ſo that, not without Reaſon, they have called the Pancreas a looſe and ſoft Glandule. Moreover, each Glandules, conſtituting the Pancreas, have their propper Membranes; and all being joyned together, are encompaſſed about with a Coat of ſufficient Strength ariſing from the Peritonaeum; by the benefit of which, they are ſtrongly kept, with their little Veſſels, in their own place.

Its Scituation, in a man, is under the hindmoſt part, of the Ventricle, about the uppermoſt Vertebra of the Loynes, where it is firmly connected to the Peritonaeum. And it is extended from the Cavity of the Liver, viz. from the Entrance of the Venaporta, to the Region of the Spleen; by which means it is Tranſverſly Scituated, and not exactly in the middle of the Body; ſeing that the greateſt part 〈1 page duplicate〉〈1 page duplicate〉 thereof, is placed in the left Hypocondrium.

If you conſider its Colour, it is pale, being altogether Glandulous; for the Blood gives little or no Colour to the Pancreas.

Its Figure is oblong, and broader, and thicker, towards the Inteſtinum Duodenum, and towards the Spleen narrower and thinner; nevertheleſs it is differently conſtituted in diverſe Animals; for in Dogs; Cats, Apes, Ottars, and others of the like Nature, it is Bipartite: So that one part aſcendeth towards the Stomach, and the other deſcendeth by the Membrane of the Meſenterium, (according to the paſſage of the Inteſtine) to the which, it is on every ſide firmly knit.

In Fiſhes and Fowls, for the moſt part it is long and ſingle.

The Magnitude of the Pancreas in Healthful bodies is ſmall, and compared with the other Bowels, comes ſhort of moſt, yet in men of full growth, conſidered with the other Glandules it exceeds them all.

It's Longitude is uſually eight or ten Fingers breadth, which it ſeldom exceeds in men of perfect health. It's Latitude is ordinarily two Fingers broad, or two and a half. It's Thickneſs, for as much as we could obſerve in dead Bodies by us Diſſected, is a Fingers breadth. Finally, the weight is various, according to the diverſe Magnitude of the Animal in which it exiſts: We have with the moſt curious VVharton, often obſerved it in Men to be four or five Ounces, and in Horſes about eleven. The Veſſels of the Pancreas, by the moſt accurate Searchers of Nature, are referred only to four Kinds, viz. Arteries, Veins, Nerves, and it's own proper Ductus. The Arteries borrow their Original from the Caeliaca, the Veins from the Ramus Splenicus; the Nerves from the ſixth pair of Nerves, and the Ductus Pancreaticus ſeems to be derived from the Parenchyma of the Pancreas. For as much as each Glandules conſtituting the Pancreas, ſend forth ſmall Veſſels, which meeting in the middle thereof, make up this large Ductus.

This Veſſel which hath been before expoſed to curious Eyes, in all appearance is Membranous; and although it be ſmall, nevertheleſs it is ſufficiently ſtrong. It's bigneſs near the Inteſtinum Duodenum, is about the quantity of a ſmall ſized Quill, called a Pinion; but in it's progreſs towards the greater Lateral branches, and alſo to the leſſer, running to all the Glandules of the Pancreas, it is divided, and gradually leſſened; wherefore by how much the more it approacheth the Spleen, by ſo much it is the leſs, and ſends forth ſmaller branches

This Ductus, or paſſage for the moſt part, is wont in men to ſhew it's greateſt branch in the lower part thereof, next to the Inteſtinum Duodenum, which hath more little branches than any other proceeding from the great Ductus, as appears by the following Table.

The Explication of the firſt Table. AAA. The Ductus, or Trunck, of the new Veſſel ſtretched forth according to the Longitude of the Pancreas. BBB. The lateral Ducts, or ſmall branches, ariſing on each ſide from the great Trunk, and diſperſed into the ſubſtance of the Pancreas. C. The Conjunction of the new Veſſel with the Ductus Biliarius, or Choler-paſſage. DD. The Cholar-paſſage freed from the Pancreas, by which it is hid. E. The Common Ductus of the Pancreas and Cholar-paſſage, ending in the Inteſtinum Duodenum, about four Fingers breadth under the Pylorus. FFF. The inner part of the Pancreas, admitting the Lateral branches. G. Part of the Pancreas ſeparated from the Ductus Biliarius, which it did cover. HH. The inferiour part of the Ventricle drawn upwards. I. The Pylorus. K. The firſt of the ſmall Gutts, which is called the Duodenum. L. Part of the Duodenum lying under the Meſenterium. MM. Part of the ſame Duodenum riſing again in the left Hypocondrium. NN. The Meſenterium freed from the Gutts.

Tab. I.

O. The Meſeraick Vein. P. The meſeraick Arterie. Q. The Ductus Cyſticus. R. The Ductus Hepaticus. S. The Inteſtinum Duodenum opened.

We think it to be worth our while to examine that in many and different Animals, which belongs to the Inſertion of the Ductus Pancreaticus; ſeeing that Nature oftentimes in one is more depreſſed and obſcure, in another, more clearly manifeſted; ſo that none can truly determine concerning the Uſe, and Office of any part, which hath not diligently examined the Fabrick, and Scituation, the Veſſels annexed, and other accidents in divers Animals.

For which Cauſe, we will briefly inſert below the Differences, which we have obſerved in ſeveral kinds of living Creatures; as well that which belongs to the Ductus, as that which pertains to it's Inſertion, that all may be able the better to judge of it's uſe. There are ſome Animals which have only one ſingle Pancreatick Duct. Others there are which have it double, and laſtly, ſome have three, when the Ductus is ſingle; ſometimes it enters with the Ductus Biliarius into the Inteſtinum Duodenum, and ſometimes a part. When the Ductus is duplicate, ſometimes one, ſometimes both meet together with the Ductus Biliarius in the Inteſtine. But when the Ductus is threefold, ſometimes one only, ſometimes two, and ſometimes all three enter into the Inteſtine by the ſame paſſage, and alſo therein lay down a contained Humour. And if you conſider the place of Inſertion, it very much differs in divers living Creatures; for ſome are found in which the Ducts do disburden themſelves into the Inteſtines, and alſo others in which they are diſcharged into the Ventricle.

The ſingle Ductus for the moſt part is found in Man, Calves, Hogs, Hares, Conies, Cats, Dogs, Pikes, Carps, Eells, Barbils, &c. as we have formerly aſſerted; for in Men and Dogs we find it ſometimes double, yet ſo as the ſecond is leſs than the former, viz. then that which paſſeth into the Duodenum with the Ductus Biliarius.

As often as theſe two Ducts happen in the Animals but now cited, for the moſt part they are conjoyned in the Pancreas; ſo that the one being blown up, the other will ſwell; yet we find them ſo conſtituted in Man, that they are not joyned together, although both be extended to the extremity of the Pancreas almoſt in the ſame Longitude and Magnitude. A twofold Ductus is commonly found in Pheaſants, Peacocks, Geeſe, Ducks, and other Animals, eſpecially of the number of Fowls.

The threefold Ductus, for the moſt part is in Cocks, Hens, Pigeons and Magpyes, &c. When the Ductus Pancreaticus is ſingle, it is commonly joyned with the Ductus Biliarius about it's Inſertion into the Inteſtinum, Duodenum, in Men and Fiſhes, as we have above declared; as alſo in Cats, in which once we found by the ſide of the Gall-bladder, another little whitiſh Veſſel towards which the Pancreas in an extraordinary manner extending it ſelf, which being lightly compreſſed, there flowed a certain Matter into the Ductus Pancreaticus, like to the Juyce thereof, both in colour and ſubſtance: But the Bile in the ſame Cat retained both it's natural ſubſtance and colour, ſo that nothing ſeem'd to be changed which related to it's natural Conſtitution.

The Ductus Pancreaticus, and the Ductus Biliarius are not joyned together, but enter the Inteſtine in divers places in Hogs, Calves, Conies, and Hares, &c.

When the Ductus Pancreaticus is twofold, or threefold, ſometimes only one of them is joyned with the Ductus Biliarius, as is evident in Pyes, and ſome other Birds, Sometimes two, as appears in Peacocks, Geeſe, Ducks, Pheaſants; and Pigeons, in which now and then only one is joyned to the Ductus Biliarius: Sometimes all three being joyned therewith do paſs into the Inteſtine, as we have ſometimes obſerved in Hens▪

Seeing we have already ſufficiently ſpoken of it's Inſertion into the Inteſtine, it alſo remains for us to ſpeak ſomething concerning the place of Inſertion, as more nearly appertaining to our buſineſs. The Pancreatick Juyce doth immediately diſcharge it ſelf into the Stomach in Barbils and Carps; but in other Creatures (for as much as we have obſerved) it diſchargeth it ſelf into the Inteſtines, and that in divers places; for in Men it is performed about four Fingers breadth, under the Pylorus, and in Birds about eight Fingers breadth, but in Hares and Conies, the breadth of fifteen or ſixteen Fingers below the Pylorus.

Here we would diligently note, that as often as we name the Ductus Biliarius, we always thereby underſtand the Cyſticus and Hepaticus; becauſe theſe two are always joyned together about the end, only in Pigeons excepted, which want the Gall-bladder, and furthermore, are ſaid to have no Gall; nevertheleſs, they have uſually a threefold Ductus Biliarius, one of which enters immediately under the Pylorus, the other two make their entrance into the Inteſtine at a lower diſtance. Where thoſe Ducts enter the Inteſtines or the Ventricle, the inner Tunicle of that part buncheth out, being wrinckled like a Navel; for which cauſe it more difficultly admits the Stile then the Ductus Biliarius, which is broader and not ſo lax.

There is no value found throughout the Ductus Pancreaticus, nor in it's Inſertion to the Ductus Biliarius, as is raſhly and falſly affirmed by ſome. And theſe few Obſervations may be ſufficient as concerning the Syſteme of the Pancreas; and no man ought to think, who hath obſerved ſo great a variety in it, and ſo many notable ſports of Nature about it, that the Pancreas is ſlightly made; for the Liver, the Spleen, and ſeveral other Entrails of Animals, alſo highly neceſſary, being different in themſelves are found out by ſuch, who diligently apply themſelves to the Diſſecting of ſundry living Creatures; neither will they eaſily ſay it is unprofitable, who have obſerved it to be found in all kinds of Animals.

CHAP. II. The Opinions of ſundry Authors concerning the Office and Uſe of the Pancreas examined.

AS concerning the uſe of the Pancreas, it was not ſo much accounted of in former dayes as now it is; for Hyppocrates, the reverend light and deity of ſome Phyſicians gave the Pancreas no Name, concerning which now a dayes, ſo many Opinions are ſeen in Authors: For ſome think it only to ſerve as a Pillow placed underneath the Ventricle, or Stomach, and for the diſtribution of the Veſſels. Others that it received the Chyle from the Inteſtines: Others imagined that it purged the Excrement of the Chyle: Others that it were as the Bilarveſicle of the Spleen: Others, that the thicker and more unapt purgations of the Blood, were purged into it by the ordinary courſe of Nature: Others, that this part was made for the Reception of the Excrement of the Nerves. Finally, others have publickly taught, that the Humour in the Pancreas was not only uſeful, but highly neceſſary to be underſtood.

The firſt Opinion may be aſcribed to the Ancients, that this part is as a pillow under the Stomach, and ſerveth to diſtribute the Veins and Arteries; as Veſalius, the moſt ingenious Anatomiſt of his time ſufficiently affirmes, who broke forth into theſe words about the Fabrick of Mans body, Lib. 5. cap. 4. De omento. This body in Man (ſpeaking of the Pancreas) is more white than red, every where attended by the branches of the Vena porta, Arteries and Nerves, that their Complications may be the more firm, being only ſupported by the lower Membrane of the Omentum; that it may be placed under the Stomach like a prop, or pillow.

But this Opinion is no way probable; ſeeing then the Pancreas in Birds, Fiſhes, and many other living Creatures, in which it is otherwiſe ſcituate then in Men would be uſeleſs; becauſe in thoſe it is in no wiſe found to be ſo placed under the Ventricle, neither doth it admit a paſſage to the Veſſels, unleſs in a very few. But becauſe the Ancients never had a true knowledge of the Glandules, we muſt not blame them for not delivering to us the true Uſe of the Pancreas.

The ſecond Opinion is attributed to Baccius and Folius, both which ſharply maintained, that the Chylus paſſeth from the Inteſtines to the Liver and Spleen, through the Ductus Pancreaticus: The contrary of which is as clear as the Meridian Sun: Seeing that nothing is received from the Gutts into this Ductus, but only the Juyce ſent forth by it ſelf to the Inteſtines.

The third Opinion is aſcribed to Johan. Veſlingius; becauſe in his Syſteme of Anatomy, chap. 4. he thus ſpeaketh of the Pancreas: The uſe of this Ductus is not obſcure, for ſeeing it hath acertain Juyce not much unlike to the Bile, it is manifeſt that ſuch an Excrement is ſeparated from the Chylus by a further Concoction, and being conveyed into this Veſſel, is thence emitted into the Duodenum. Aſellius, Riolanus and others favour this Opinion; but Experience contradicts it, and manifeſtly ſheweth, that the Humour contained in the Pancreas is never really in it ſelf bitter, and therefore in no wiſe to be compared with the Bile.

If at any time it happens that the Probe being put into this Ductus be yellow, every one will eaſily believe, that this is not occaſioned by the Humour contained in the Pancreas, but from the Bile, as well flowing from the Ductus Cyſticus, as the Hepaticus immediately into the Inteſtine; eſpecially if he conſider that the Stylus is ſpotted by the Bile, before it paſſeth from the Inteſtine to the Ductus Pancreaticus; and again, that it paſſeth through the Bile whilſt it is drawn out: For the Ductus Pancreaticus, and the Ductus Biliarius in Men perforate the Inteſtine in the ſame place.

And although the moſt famous D. Van. Horne, in a Bilious Diarhaea ſaw that Veſſel full of Choler, we ſay it was Preternatural, in as much as the Bile, which Copiouſly adhered to the end of the Ductus (as is wont to happen in a Diarhaea) was thrown into the Cavity thereof, by the Agitation of that dead Body: Alſo that the excrement of the further Elaboration or Concoction of the Chylus, is not ſent into this paſſage, is manifeſt, in regard the ſame is witneſſed by Occular Inſpection. In ſome Animals, that Glandulous Body doth not at all touch the Milky Veſſels; and in others it only paſſeth over, and in no wiſe enters their Subſtance; as alſo becauſe they are eaſily ſeparated from the Pancreas, without the Effuſion of any Chyle, as we have formerly demonſtrated in Dogs, Cats, and other Animals.

Therefore we do not ſee upon what ground they might maintain the further Concoction of the Chylus to be celebrated in it, unleſs they following the Opinion of Aſellius, would take this Glandulous body for the Middle Glandule of the Mefentery, into which the Venae Lacteae are altogether immerſed. The fourth Opinion is of Bartholinus, as is manifeſtly apparent from his Anatomy Chap. 13. De Pancreate; where he thinks the Bile to be purged Naturally by its Ductus, and will have it to be the Bilar-Veſicle or Gall-Bladder of the Spleen; ſo that the ſame uſe which the other affords to the Liver, he believes that this affords to the Spleen: Which Opinion (by the leave of ſo great a man) Anatomy in our Judgment ſeems to confute: Seeing the Ductus Pancreaticus paſſeth not to the Spleen; neither are there any other Veſſels, which do convey any thing from the Spleen to it: For, there are found only two kinds of Veſſels, which carry any thing back from the Spleen, viz. The Veines and Lymphatick Veſſels: But the Veines carry back the Blood to the Liver, and the Complication of the Lymphaticks carrying from the Spleen, do not in like manner go to the Pancreas, but to the great Receptacle of the Chyle; ſo that nothing can be diſcharged out of the Spleen to the Pancreas, as our tryal in France hath ſufficiently manifeſted, for their ſakes, who judging this to be the beſt Opinion of moſt Authors, rejected ours. We tyed a Dog upon a Table, as is Demonſtrated by the firſt Figure of the third Table; and when we had made a little Hole in the left Hypocondrium, with our two fore-Fingers we pull'd out the Spleen, whoſe Bloody Veſſels we tyed with two or three ſeveral Ligatures, and afterwards we cut the ſame in ſunder between the Spleen and the Bonds; and when we had quite taken away the Spleen, we drew together the Lips of the Wound with ſmall threds in three or four ſeveral places, whereby this Dog, in aſhort time, being well cured, was returned to us, (at which we did not at all wonder, becauſe we once had a Bitch, which brought forth three or four Puppies after the Extirpation of her Spleen); and two Mouths after the loſs of the Spleen in the ſame Dog, we collected a notable quantity of the Pancreatick Juice, which the Profeſſors of Andegave, the Doctors of Ʋtrecht, D. Haverloo, and D. de Maets, judged to be acidly Salt: which being true, none as we think free from Prejudice, will maintain that the Succus Pancreaticus proceeds from the Spleen.

Alſo, it is worthy to be noted, That thoſe Dogs did no leſs greedily deſire, or better digeſt, their Food after the Extirpation of the Spleen, than before; from whence we, receding from the Common Opinion, judge that no Fermentitious Matter or Humour is ſent from the Spleen to the Stomach.

The Fifth Opinion is attributed to the moſt Famous Lindanus, ſeeing that in his Medic-Phyſiol. c. 5. Art. 5. pag. 114. he ſaith, When I conſider what appertains to the Ʋſe, beſides the ſtructure of the Pancreas; how many Diſeaſes Practiſe takes notiee of in it, I cannot doubt but that the thicker, and more uſeleſs Purgations of the Blood, are thrown out into it, by the Ordinary Law of Nature; ſo as they may be corrected by the Spleen: and alſo by an Extraordinary: all the Melancholy which either an Intemperate Diet, or Diſeaſe hath bred. The Ductus it ſelf gives us cauſe to believe, That they are both carryed to the Intestines; and Curation teacheth the ſame by the Medicines often required. And this Opinion ſeems alſo to us to be contrary to the Truth, ſeeing that the Pancreatick Juice, as often as it hath been truly collected by us, alwayes appeared Limpid like Wine.

But what we ſhall ſay concerning the Excrementitious Humour, will ſufficiently appear by the following Article, and alſo by thoſe things which ſhall be ſpoken of preſently after. The Sixth Opinion is manifeſt enough from Wharton's Treatiſe of the Glandules, Chap. XIII. whilſt he writes. Therefore I think that this Glandule (as likewiſe all others) do miniſter to the Nerves, and that it receives ſome of the Superfluities of the Nerves, of the Sixth Paire, with the little Branches of the Spinal Marrow, in the greater folding of the Ʋnitings; and by its own Proper Veſſel carries it to the Inteſtines.

But ſeeing that the Nerves are deſigned to carry Animal Spirits, we do not underſtand upon what ground the induſtrious Anatomiſt will hold, that the Excrementitious humour is carryed through them, and wherefore he will affirm that it is rather carryed into the Pancreas than into the Spleen, or other parts of the Body, to which Nerves of the ſame Original do belong.

Truly the Pancreas is too far from the Brain to receive its Excrement; moreover, the Nerves abhor all acrimony, ſo as to receive any ſharper Juice: For which cauſe, we judge this Opinion to ſtand upon too ſlight a Foundation to be admitted for Truth; and ſo much the leſs, ſeeing we could never perceive any Cavity or Liquour in the Nerves, notwithſtanding all the diligence we could uſe to this purpoſe, the moſt accurate Microſcopes have been of no uſe to us, for the diſcovery of the leaſt pores in them: We do not here ſpeak of the diſtances which are like Pores, ſeen between the ſmall Conveyances of the Nerves; but of the Cavity it ſelf, of the little Pipes, by which theſe Excrements ought to paſs. Furthermore, it is proved by Ligatures that no remarkable quantity of Humour is carryed by the Nerves, in which there is not the leaſt Swelling, of either ſide the Ligature which we have obſerſerved, nor yet by any other that we read of.

That which Chyrurgions cry out of the dropping of the Nerves, we rather aſcribe to the hurt of the Lymphatick Veſſels, being nigh to the Nerves, than the hurt of the Nerves themſelves; for which reaſon, that we might have a more certain information, we have ſometimes in Dogs, laid bare that notable Nerve in the hinder-moſt part of the Legs, and cut it croſs through the middle, and have put it into a Vial, being freed from the Lymphatick Veſſels (as we uſe to do in collecting of the Pancreatick Juice), the neck of which was ſo ſtraightned for this purpoſe, as that the Nerves being cut aſunder, the Orifice might be well cloſed by its thickneſs, that Spirits, or whatſoever ſubtile Matter paſſeth through the Nerves, might not vaniſh into the Aire. We fixed this Vial to the skin with the Nerve hanging down into its Hollowneſs, hoping that if any Liquor did paſs through the Nerves, we ſhould by that means attain it, but in vain: For, in the ſpace of four or five hours, we got not the leaſt drop; nor did we obſerve that the Animal Spirits did adhere by Condenſation to the ſides of the Glaſs.

Such Birds are to be catcht with more ſubtile nets; which after they are taken, we will prepare to break-faſt withal. Seeing therefore little or no viſible matter is carried through the Nerves, we pray the Propugners of this Opinion to tell us, Why Nature in the Pancreas (as they will have it) hath only formed a Ductus to receive the Excrements of the Nerves, which ſometimes exceed in Magnitude the Recurrent Nerves themſelves, whoſe ſmall Branches often touch the Pancreas. What appertains to the word Excrement, whereby they point out our Juice, we think it not convenient for it, if they underſtand whatſoever is ſeparated from the Blood, whether good or evil; but it is in no reſpect agreeable to the Pancreatick Juice, if by the word Excrement they underſtand whatſoever is carryed from the Blood to be unprofitable, for Reaſons hereafter to be declared.

The Seventh Opinion is aſſigned to the moſt Famous Franciſcus de la Boe-ſylvius; who thinks nothing is carryed from the Inteſtines to the Pancreas, by this Ductus; nor any ſecret unprofitable Excrement by the ſame to the Inteſtines; but a commendable Humour prepared therein of Blood, and Animal Spirits; and ſo conveyed to the Inteſtine, and permixed with the Alement.

And in regard he knew that nothing was carryed to the Inteſtines, but what was firſt ſwallowed into the Stomach, and by that driven out again through the Pilorus, or is ſent through the Bilar, or Pancreatick Ductus; and he moreover conſidering, not only in intermitting Feavours, that the ſick were alwayes troubled with various pains in their Loynes, by Cold, Heat, Yawnings, Reachings, and Vomitings, as well of inſipid Phlegm, and ſometimes acid, as of Choler; ſometimes bitter, ſometimes acid and bitter, &c. but alſo in other diſeaſes proceeding from hence to the Hypocondriack Affection. As for example, in the Scurvey, the Diſeaſe called the Suffocation of the Womb, the Chollerico Paſſio, pains of the Belly, and conſequently from hence in the Ulcerated Mouths, or Thruſhes of Children, &c. Belchings, and Acid Humours do ariſe, he concluded (although he never ſaw the Pancreatick Juice, as he ingenuouſly confeſſeth, Theſ. 37. of the uſe of the Spleen and Glandules) that the Pancreatick Juice, in its own Nature was Subacid, in an eſpecial manner tempered by the animal Spirits.

For, he judged that the Bile which is bitter and contrary to Acidity, could not be the cauſe of an acid Humour; and therefore he determines that Spittle, alwayes inſipid in ſound men; and oftentimes ſo acid, and remarkably ſharp in the ſick, came not from the Pancreatick Juice.

And becauſe we heard that moſt Learned man often teaching theſe and the like things, and did ſee the ſame confirm'd by a happy practiſe in the Hoſpital; his opinion ſo pleaſed us, that we never frequented his Meetings, whether publick or private, without great ſatiſfaction of mind; in which, being excited to find out the further truth of the matter, by the ſame worthy perſon and his Diſciples, we have undertook the work; and although we could not once deſpair of a happy ſucceſs; in proceſs of time, God favouring our Enterprize and Deſires, in the Year 1662. found out the way of Collecting the Pancreatick Juice; which, by way of Hiſtory, as it ſhall conveniently occur in the Work, we will ſet down: In which our Thoughts ſhipwrackt themſelves from thoſe ſcruples, by which they may be precautioned, who will follow our foot-ſteps to examine it.

CHAP. III. In what manner the Pancreatick Juice was found out.

THE Firſt Experiment by which we undertook to collect the Pancreatick Juice in a living Dog, was a Ligature with which we tied the upper-part of the Pancreas, together with the thin Gut; for, by that means, we hoped that after ſome Hours we ſhould have found the Pancreatick Duct ſwell'd with Juice, but in vain: which ſeemed to our Judgment to happen by reaſon that the Motion of the Blood being hindered to the Pancreas, the ſeparation of the Juice from it was prevented alſo.

The Second Experiment was alſo by a Ligature made about the Inſertion of the Ductus into the Inteſtinum Duodenum, but alſo in vain. The Reaſon perhaps was the Glandules of the Pancreas being hurt, by whoſe Ductus all the Pancreatick Juice might the more eaſilier have flown out, by reaſon that neither in the great Ductus nor in the lateral branches is there any values found.

The Third Experiment was by two boards or planks, higher in the middle, than at the ends, applyed and ſtraightly bound to the Duodenum, at the ingreſs of the Pancreatick Ductus; from whence, after ſome hours, the Abdomen being opened again, which before had been lightly ſtitched up, we found the Pancreatick Ductus ſwelled with a clear and limpid Juice; nevertheleſs, we could not conveniently either take it out, or taſt it. By which ſucceſs we being animated the more, reſolved a fourth Tryal, by opening the Inteſtinum Duodenum, according to the Longitude thereof; and preſently applying a little veſſel to the Orifice of the Ductus Pancreaticus, as the firſt Figure of the following Table A. demonſtrates; afterwards by ſtraightly tying the ſaid Inteſtine about the neck of the veſſel: ſo that its Orifice was diametrically oppoſite to the end of the Ductus Pancreaticus, not doubting but by this means we ſhould gather a rare quantity of the Pancreatick Juice; but this alſo in vain: without doubt, becauſe the air included within the veſſel, denyed entrance to the Pancreatick Juice, lightly touching it. Therefore we reſolved to try a Fifth Experiment, with a little veſſel ſmally perforated, as the firſt Figure of the Second Table ſhews under the letter B. By which advantage, in the ſpace of five hours, we collected ſo great a quantity of Liquor, that the veſſel was almoſt half full; whoſe contained Liquor was of a bitter reliſh, and of a yellowiſh colour; which we judged to happen, becauſe the bile, (by reaſon the Inteſtine was not firſt cleanſed) was intermixed with the Succus Pancreaticus. Wherefore, after many and tireſome vexations of mind, we came to a Sixth Experiment; which ſeeing it in all reſpects ſufficiently anſwered our Expectations; here wee will add its exact deſcription for the ſake of the Curious, that they may give credit to their proper ſenſes, which in others words moſt eaſily leſſen the Credit.

A little Veſſel, with a longer neck, was taken, as the II. Table under the letter A. repreſents; in the upper part of whoſe Belly a little hole was pierced B.; by which the air included in it, gave way to the Pancreatick Juice.

Let the neck of the Veſſel be encompaſſed with a little cord C.; and ſeverall Rings of Iron, thereunto affixed, or any other convenient thing; by the advantage of which, the Inteſtine may the more eaſily be ſtretched up.

Furthermore, you muſt take a wild Ducks quill D. becauſe that kind of bird hath longer and thinner than all others, which muſt be ſo obvolved about the larger part thereof with Paper, a little beſmeared with boiled Starch, that the Orifice of the veſſel H. whilſt it is included in it, may be moſt exactly cloſed: leſt either the Bile or Blood, penetrating by the ſides of the quill, defile the Juice collected, or to be collected in the Veſſel.

This quill is affixed to the Veſſel, by reaſon of the ſtraightneſs of the Pancreatick Duct, which will not admit the neck of the Veſſel. Preſently you muſt take a little tap or ſtopple made of ſoft Wood, and of ſuch thickneſs that it may fill up the narrower Orifice G. which with the Alligated thred K. by the help of the Style may be ſo far protruded through the larger part of the quill F. that a little thereof may remain in the larger part of the quill G. and there may ſtick ſo faſt, that it may not return of its own accord into the Ductus Pancreaticus: becauſe then the Pituitous or Vermiculous cruſted matter, of the Inteſtines, continually adhering about the end of the Ductus being moved, would eaſily cauſe it to be obſtructed; which need not be feared, if the ſtopple remain in the quill.

But the Tap is not ſo ſtrongly to be forced into the Quill, but that by the help of the thred it may eaſily be retracted. You have all theſe things ſet forth in the Second Figure of the Second Table.

The Explication of the Second Table. Fig. I. Sheweth all things neceſſary for the preparing of the Veſſel. A. The Glaſs Veſſel. B. A ſmall hole in the upper part of the Veſſel. C. A little String adorned with Iron Rings. D. A long and ſlender Quill of a Wild Duck. E. The Paper with which the Quill is enenwrapped. F. The larger part of the Quill. G. the more ſlender part of the Quill. H. The Mouth of the Glaſs Veſſel. I. The wooden Tap or Stopple. K. The thred annexed to the Tap. Fig. II. Doth exhibit the Veſſel as it ought to be furniſhed with all its Requiſites. Fig. III. Denotes the parts of the Inſtrument, by which the lower end of the Ductus Pancreaticus may be cloſed. AA. Two Tables made of Ivory. BBBB. Four little Holes made in the ends of the Tables. CC. Two Cylinders. DD. Two Scrues turn'd about the Cylinders.

All the Inſtruments aforeſaid being prepared and fitted, a Dog to is be taken; to whom, for the ſpace of ſome hours, no food hath been given: But, a young Maſtive is to be preferred; becauſe he, of all other Dogs, of the ſame Magnitude, hath larger Bowels, and by reaſon of the Humidity predominating in him, yeildeth more Pancreatick Juice, and alſo longer Life, and moreover leſs trouble in diffecting. We ſay that a faſting Dog is to be taken, leſt that the Inteſtines, with the Ventricle waxing bigger by aliment, the Cloſure of the Abdomen, after the Application of the Glaſs, be impedited; or alſo, the mouth of the Quill, by the two much Compreſſion of the Bowels, be ſhut up.

Tab. II

Having got ſuch a Dog, after his Mouth in ſtrictly bound that he may not bite; and having tyed his extended Legs, upon a Table, let the Style be thruſt under the Larynx, the long Muſcles being firſt removed, bending his neck; which done, let there be made a little hole in that part thereof, which is moſt prominent, by cutting the Particles of the two Cartilages; that by the ſame Hole, his troubleſome cry, to the ſtanders by, being removed, a Reſpiration be procured. In ſuch ſort as is ſhewed, Tab. III. Fig. I. Theſe things premized, you muſt open the Abdomen with one inciſſion, according to the White line from the ſword-like Cartilage, unto the Region of the Pubes; then preſently draw the Gut through the Wound, and make a Ligature about it three or four fingers breadth below the Pylorus, as alſo under the end of the Ductus Pancreaticus, leſt the Aliments ſliding from the Ventricle, or thoſe things contained in the Guts, by their Periſtaltick Motion, againſt things thruſt forward, ſhould diſturb or hinder this our VVork.

Then between both Ligatures, let the Inteſtine be cut open in its Anteriour Part, being firſt freed from the Meſentery; by and by the Bile, with the Phleme, and other matter found therein, being cleanſed away by a Sponge, the Ductus Pancreaticus may be obſerved; the which, with almoſt two Fingers breadth beneath the end of the Ductus Biliarius, and well nigh the ſame ſpace above the Connexion of the Inteſtine, with the deſcending part of the Pancreas, into Ductus of the narrower Orifice is gently to be immitted, the end of the Quill ſhut up with its Spout or ſtopper, with the Glaſs veſſel on the other part faſtned to it; which, by the mediation of the little Cord, containing the Rings C. it is ſewed to the Inteſtine with a double thred; ſo that, the extremity of the quill G. may remain in the Ductus Pancreaticus; nor the Veſſel recede from the Inteſtine. VVhich things rightly performed, the Abdomen is to be ſewed together with a thick thred, that the Veſſel may hang forth without the Cavity thereof, as is to be ſeen Fig. II. Tab. III. To which, now part of an Exſiccated Bladder N. is to be ſo bound with a ſtring about the neck of the Veſſel, that it may on every ſide cover the Veſſel; leſt the blood or bile flowing by the hole of the Veſſel B. might enter into it. Theſe things ſo done, the Tap or Stopple I. by the help of the thred K. is to be drawn through the hole B. This Inſtrument will alwayes be ſufficient where the Ductus Pancreaticus hath only one paſſage into the Inteſtine; but if beſides this ordinary Ductus, there be yet another paſſage, as in like manner we have ſometimes found; there is another Inſtrument required, by which that alſo may be cloſed. The which Inſtrument in the end we thought upon, as being more agreeable to this matter, then that of which we have already diſcourſed in the third Experiment, and it is noted, Tab. II. Fig. III.

It hath two Tables made of Ivory AA In the extremity of which are four holes BBBB. Theſe Tables may be ſo applyed between the Ventricle and the Veſſel, affixed to both ſides of the Inteſtine; and the intermediate Inteſtine may be ſomewhat compreſſed with the hand, till the acute Style, and the Clynders CC. be tranſmitted through the holes, and through the Scrues DD.

The intermediate Inteſtine may be ſo ſtraightned, that nothing from theſe Secondary Ducts (which we have alwayes found to be preſent in the Superiour place) may flow out; by which means all the Juice flowing through that Ductus, in which the Quill is immitted may be received by the affixed Veſſell.

The Explication of the Third Table. Fig. I. Exhibiteth a Dog, in which is ſhewed the manner how, and place where, the Inſtruments noted Tab. II. are to be affixed. A. The Glaſs Viall. B. The Needle. M. The Pylorus. N. The Inteſtinum Duodenum. O. the Pancreas. P. The Preſſe. Q. The little Hole cut in the Larynx. Fig. II. Repreſents a Dog, whoſe Abdomen, after the Application of the inſtruments is ſewed together. AA. Two Glaſs Vials to collect the Succus Pancreaticus, and the Spittle. N. A part of the Bladder, where-with the Glaſs is covered, leſt the Blood entring through the hole thereof ſhould defile the Pancreatick Juice.

CHAP. IV. In which the Qualities of the Pancreatick Juice are deſcribed: By a plain Diviſion of the Glandules of the whole Body, is ſhown that the Succus Pancreaticus is not Excrementitious: Alſo, How it is Generated.

HAving related the Inſtruments with their manner of applying, there is none but may ſee that we may eaſily come to a more intimate knowledge of the Pancreatick Juice, by obſerving not only the qualities thereof, but alſo the Quantity which at all hours do flow to the Inteſtinum Duodenum.

The Qualities of the Pancreatick Juice ſo collected, both Viſible and Tactable, ſuch as we have frequently obſerved them, we ſhall here ſet down for the ſake of thoſe who deſire to be informed.

As often as we have rightly collected the Pancreatick Juice, we have found it like clear Fountain Water, with ſome-thing of Viſcidity, but not without the aſſociating of Diſſipated Spirits. The Qualities thereof are perceptible to the taſt; not alwayes in the ſame manner in themſelves, which denote thoſe Functions depending upon it, not ſeldome to be vitiated, and the ſame is evinced by our Experience; For, we ſometimes have found it moſt gratefully acid, ſometimes almoſt inſipid, ſometimes auſtere, often times ſalt, but moſt often acidly ſalt.

Of this our Experience, we cite an approved Witneſs, the moſt excellent D. Vander Sprongh, with the moſt famous Profeſſor Sylvius, as alſo many others who have ſometimes been Fellowes of our practical Colledge, who in their preſence judged with us, that in ſuch a Collection it were both of an auſtere, and acidly Salt Sapor.

The notable Effect of the Auſterity thereof, then alſo obſerved, we will hereafter declare. Now having found out the Pancreatick Juice, that we may clearly and diſtinctly ſubject the Generation thereof to your Eyes, we will propoſe a deſcription of all the Glandules, by diſtinguiſhing them with the Famous D. Sylvius into Conglobated and Conglomerated. We call them conglobated, which are Conſtituted, as it were, from one continued Subſtance, having an equal Superifices; ſuch as in the Meſentery, Neck, Shares, and other parts of the Body, many are found.

But we call thoſe Conglomerated, which riſe from many leſſer Glandules joyn'd together; ſuch are the Pancreas, Salival Ducts, and many others in the Fauces, Noſtrils; yea they conſtitute the Thyme it ſelf, or Glandule, under the Channel bone, concerning which we are willing here to ſay ſomewhat of what we have ſome years ſince obſerved, whilſt we were Converſant about the diſſecting of Calves (in which this Glandule was found very great, and that which is moſt worthy of note, no leſs in Calves, than in other Animals, That it is ſenſibly diminiſhed after the Birth) that this notable Ductus was found repleat with a Limpid humor, which we ſometime proſecuted; but becauſe, upon the laying open thereof, the Liquor did continually Flow out, the intire Ductus vaniſhed away before we could enter its end: For which reaſon, we were conſtrained to defer its further Enquiry till another occaſion.

That this Diſtinction of the Glandules is not Fained but Real, the following Experiment doth prove. As well the Conglomerated as the Conglobated are cloathed with a Coat or Membrane; which being taken away, and a certain Liquor immitted, as well through the Ductus Pancreaticus, as through the Salivales; alſo by the Arteries of all the Glandules, by the help of a Syringe with divers little pipes faſtned to the ſame, contrived by us, and propoſed in our Treatiſe concerning the Organs of men; as ſubſervient to many things in Generation; and there will be obſerved by a moſt Elegant Spectacle Conglomerated Glandules, receding or parting by courſe from themſelves; eſpecially if from hence the little Membranes, whereby they are connexed, be cut with a Knife: Which, in no wiſe, is to be expected from the Conglobated Glandules, notwithſtanding the greateſt diligence.

Beſides the Glandules differ among themſelves, in relation to their Subſtance: Becauſe in the ordinary courſe of Nature, we have found a Cavity in the middle of the Conglobated Glandules; but not in the Conglomerated; which, by that great Expounder of Nature, and by an indiſſoluble bond of Friendſhip endeared to us, Nicholas Stenon, we have ſeen noted; and obſerved; who in his Anatomical Obſervations concerning the Conglobated Glandules, ſaith:

For, outwardly the Conglobated Glandules are hollow not inwardly like a Baſon, yet if you rightly enter the Separation between the protuberating Lips on every ſide, you ſhall find as it were a Cleft or Chap, by which go forth certain Lymphatick Roots returning with the Membrane.

Their Subſtances differ not only among themſelves by way of Connexion, as they are Conglobated and Conglomerated, but alſo in the peculiar Veſſels; for, the Conglobated are given to the Lymphatick Veſſels, which towards, and at the Common Ductus Thoracicus, or the Superior Folding thereof, eſpecially Conſpicuous in Dogs, drive out a Liquor prepared in themſelves, or received from another. But the Conglomerated diſpoſe their Liquour into peculiar Cavities, as the Salivales into the Mouth, the Pancreas into the Duodenum, and ſo of others.

That the Motion of the Lympha is ſuch, as we have even now aſſerted, and not from the Centre to the Circumference, is proved by the Values in the Lymphatick Veſſels, every-where exiſting, as may be ſeen in a little Treatiſe, concerning the Values of the Lymphatick Veſſels, by the moſt Famous, and our entire Friend, Dr. Rayſch, Anatomyſt of Amſterdam, Printed Anno 1665. by whoſe Indefatigable Dilligence, at the ſame time, was diſcovered that Veſſel which he calleth the Bronchial Artery, by reaſon that it accompanyeth the Widenings of the Branches of the ſharp Artery through the whole Subſtance of the Lungs; as may be ſeen by the Figure thereof, inſerted into his little Book, aforementioned, and worthily Communicated to us.

Seeing that the Duct's, and alſo the Subſtances of the Glandules are diverſe, it is worthy our enquiry, Whether the Humour, obſerved in all the Glandules, be of the ſame, or a different Quality? But we ſhall anſwer, That the ſame, or like Humour is ſeparated in all the Glandules, of a diverſe Species; for one Liquor is depoſed in the Conglobated, and another in the Conglomerated: For, that which is ſeparated in the Conglobated is all of the ſame Nature: which is proved, not only by the Subſtance of the ſame Glandules, every where Conſimilar, but alſo by the wayes by which they are all diſtburdened; for as much, as further appears to us, ending in the Ductus Thoracicus. Moreover, it is further Demonſtrable, by the Liquor of the Conglobated Glandules, ordinarily found more Saltiſh, and leſs Acid in them, than in the Conglomerated Glandules of the Pancreas; nevertheleſs more of Acidity, and Salſitude, than that of the Conglomerated Salivales. From whence it is manifeſt, that a Liquor is ſeparated from the Conglomerated Glandules of the Salivales, and Pancreas not alike in all its Qualities, as we have aſſerted even now to be done in the Conglobated; in which matter, that we might be more certain, at the ſame time, and to the ſame Animal, we applyed the Inſtrument depicted Tab. II. Fig. II. both to the Ductus Pancreaticus, and to the upper Salivary Duct, as is exhibited Tab. III. Fig. II. But we found a notable diverſity of the aforeſaid Liquors; For, the Salival is either Temperate or Inſipid; but the Succus Pancreaticus is acidly Salt, or ſuch like, for the moſt part, as we have deſcribed it in the former Chapter.

Seeing there is a diverſe Juice of diverſe Glandules, it deſerves our enquiry, What uſe every one may have, and whether it be proſitable or unneceſſary? That is, Whether it bringeth any Commodity to the Body? Or, Whether it be ſuch as is in no wiſe Subſervient to the Oeconomy of the Humane Fabrick? It will not be hard to ſatisfie this difficulty, eſpecially if we make a more exact Scrutiny into the Motion of thoſe Liquors; for ſeeing that all the Liquor of the Conglobated Glandules, is inſerted into the Ductus Thoracicus, and there permixed with the Chyle, the chief part of Aliments, and with the ſame may proceed, and be purged into the Jugular Veine, or left Subclavian Veſſel; from whence, being confuſed with the deſcending Blood, neceſſarily paſſeth through the right Ear of the Heart, into its right Ventricle. We do not ſee by what name it may be called Excrementitious and unprofitable; becauſe the Excrementitious Humours are ſeparated from the Blood: ſo that, according to the Order of Nature, they may not any more be commixed therewith; but are wholly ſeparated from the Body; which is clearly ſeen in the Urine; the which, being ſeparated from the maſſe of Blood in the Reines, and thence deduced through the Ureters into the Bladder: from whence, after ſome ſtay, according to the Dictate of the Will, by the Urinary paſſage it is excluded from the Body; ſo that it can never again return.

So, the Juice of the Conglomerated Glandules, is effuſed through particular Ducts, into divers Cavities of the Body, where it may be mingled with other Humours neceſſary for Nouriſhment, and is leaſt of all to be eſteemed for Excrementitious, or Unprofitable. Which that it may likewiſe, be made known, in like manner, as we have proſecuted the Liquor of the Conglobated Glandules; ſo alſo, we ſhall follow that of the Conglomerated flowing from the Salivales, and the Pancreas.

The Spittle is ſeparated from the Blood, in the Maxillary Glandules, as well the Superiour as the Inferiour, and is carryed by the ſaid Salival Ducts, into the Cavity of the Mouth; where it may be mixed with the aſſumed Aliment, or out of the time of the Aliments Aſſumption, is continually ſwallowed; the which we never better conſider, than whilſt we hold ſomthing in our Mouth; the which, becauſe of the cleanneſs of the place, in which we are, we will not ſpit out, neither dare we ſwallow it down; for the Mouth is very quickly fill'd with Spittle.

Therefore the Spittle, although without our knowledge, is continually ſwallowed, and mingled, and confuſed in the ſtomack with the Aliment, which truly would be very indecent, if the ſame were unprofitable and excrementitious.

The Pancreatick Juice is e •• uſed in the glandules of the pancreas, after the ſame manner as the Spittle in the ſalivales, being continually ſeparated in a Man about the breadth of four fingers under the Pylorus into the inteſtinum duodenum, and there is mixed with the Aliments already paſſed the fermentation of the ſtomack, and with the ſame is driven downwards by the periſtaltick motion of the Gutts; in which propulſion the greateſt part thereof, together with the more pure and liquid part of the Aliment is carried to the venae Lacteae, and thence to the Ciſtern; from thence it penetrates through the Ductus Thoracicus to the ſubclavian Vein, and ſo forward to the right Ventricle of the Heart; which indeed would happen againſt reaſon, if the ſaid humours were Excrementitious, and unprofitable to the oeconomy of the body of Man.

To this Opinion, beſides Sylvius, agrees Godofridus Moebius, who in his Phyſiological foundations of Medicine, c. 12. concerning the uſe of the Inteſtines, thus ſpeaketh: But this Juice (namely the Pancreatick) ſeeing that it may be admixed with the Chyle, together with the Bile in the Duodenum, without all doubt it further helps and promotes its Fermentation: For, if the pure purged Excrement ſhould be of no uſe, Nature would have derived that Channel to the lower Inteſtines, wherein hard and unprofitable Excrements are lodged, not to the Superiour, where the Chyle begun in the Stomach, ought to be perfected.

Seeing than that by Reaſons and Experiments, already ſufficiently inferd, it is manifeſt, That the Humours, as well of the Conglobated, as the Conglomerated Glandules, are not Excrementitious. We think fit, before we proceed any further, to propoſe their Way or Mode of Generation.

It hath been, in times paſt, believed by the Antients, (to ſay nothing concerning Faulties, and other their Figments) that the Glandules did imbile Superfluous Humidities, like unto Sponges. But to the Neotericks, it ſeemed after a more attentive Examination of their Structure, that this Simillitude was greatly wide of the Truth; by reaſon the Glandules are not every where open to the Pores, but are ſufficiently cloathed on all ſides with a ſtrong Membrane; & therefore they think that nothing entreth into the Glandules, unleſs it be thither propelled by the Arteries and Nerves.

But the Arteries carry the Humours of every kind to the Glandules, under the Colour of Blood; every of which, by reaſon of a certain Diſpoſition of the Pores, even as Seives do admit ſuch Particles of the Humours, which in reſpect of their Magnitude, and Figure, have the greateſt Analogy, with the little Pores; in the mean while excluding others, which have with them a leſſer Simillitude; which therefore by the name of Blood, are conſtrained to return to the Heart; from whence, being more exalted in their paſſage, they are preſently driven indiſcriminately, by the Pulſifick force thereof, to the Glandules, and other parts of the Body; but, notwithſtanding the Particles fitted to the Generation of the Pancreatick Juice, are no where more eaſily ſeparated than in the Pancreas, no where more ſerous than in the Reins, no where more commodiouſly Bilious than in the Liver; & ſo of the reſt: Becauſe there are ſome parts of the Body which do more commodiouſly receive this or that Humour into the Pores than others.

Nature hath therefore invented a ſingular Artifice, whereby it doth ſo happily abſolve ſo diverſe a work, in diverſe parts of Animals; which they do leſs admire, who diligently conſider with themſelves, that the like thing doth neceſſarily happen in Plants: For, we ſee various Plants, poſited in the ſame Sand, each to admit a peculiar Juice; which, nevertheleſs, is ſo Homo-geneous, that it may contain in it ſelf diverſe Particles, as we ſee in Trees, whereon, by the Induſtry of Gardeners, divers Fruits do grow; whereas alſo divers Branches or Twigs are grafted into the ſame Stock; which by reaſon of the different Conſtitution of their Pores, they admit this, and not that part of the Liquor or Sap, others being excluded, which have a leſſer Affinity with their Pores.

The which things being equally granted, we may inferre, that the matter fitted to the generation of the Pancreatick Juice, is ſeparated from the Blood by a certain diſpoſition of the Pancreas; yet not ſo exactly, but that it may bring divers other Particles with it; as occular Inſpection doth aſcertain us to happen in the Reins; in which indeed primarily the more Serous Particles of the blood, after the manner of Tranſcolation, are ſeparated from its intire Maſſe; yet, nevertheleſs, we note thoſe many Saline, Bilious, and other Humours; which are, as it were, ſnatcht away therewith, by reaſon of them or thoſe Particles largely abounding in the Body; in like manner as Chymiſtry doth Demonſtrate all theſe things to our Eyes, as clear as the Meridian Light.

The Animal Spirits joyne themſelves to the Succus Pancreaticus by a continual Circulation, continually ſeparated from the Blood, with which, being joyn'd together by an Amicable Connexion, they run into the Inteſtinum Duodenum. From whence it is Conſpicuous, that our Pancreatick Juice is not ſimple, but compounded of divers; this eſpecially, Acid, Aqueous, Saline, and other Particles therein found, adjoyned to the Animal Spirits; by whoſe Volatile Sweetneſſe the force of Acids is reſtrained; whence it happens, that the Pancreatick Juice is Naturally Acidly-Temperate.

Some may ſay, after what manner may the Pancreatick Juice be Acidly Temperate, ſeeing that in the Precedent Chapter we have ſaid, that it is very often Acidly-ſalt, and naturally may be ſaid to be ſuch as alwayes, or for the moſt part, it happeneth to be? But, we ſhall Anſwer, That perhaps it ſo happeneth in Dogs onely; becauſe they ought to digeſt Bones, and other things of a harder Concoction, but in Men we judge there is no ſuch Salſitude exiſtant or required; Becauſe, in Men, that which is Vomited, is either Inſipid, or Bitter, or Acid, very rarely, and perhaps never Acidly Salt; the which undoubtedly would happen if their Pancreatick Juice were Naturally ſuch.

But being granted, that in men, likewiſe as in Dogs, it may naturally be Acidly Salt, Whether then will our Hypotheſis run? Nowhither: Becauſe a Salſitude joyned to it, as hereafter ſhall be declared, doth no way impede its primary Operation.

CHAP. V. The Liquor of the Glandules in the Body, it demonſtrated to be neceſſary, and that the Pancreatick Juyce doth efferveſſe with the Bile.

ALL theſe things premiſed, deſervedly, who can ask what the Juyce of the Glandules may perform in the bodies of Animals? To whom we ſhall anſwer, that the juyce of all the Conglobated is ſubſervient to Sanguification, but the liquor of the Conglomerated is ordained to other uſes: For that which is generated in the Maxillary Glandules, and other of the Conglomerated, placed about the cavity of the mouth, for the moſt part abſolveth the Fermentation of Aliments in the Stomach: And that liquor which is generated or ſeparated in the Conglomerated Glandules of the Pancreas, ſeems to us to perform far more: Seeing that Nature for the moſt part ſo wiſely diſpoſeth matters, that one and the ſame thing may be accommodated to many.

But ſeeing the uſe thereof is not yet ſufficiently known, we ſhall examine what is firſt effuſed from it into the thin Intertine, and alſo happeneth in the ſame.

There is a ſufficiently large quantity of this Pancreatick juice continually brought to the thin Gut (we remember there hath been collected from one Dog, in the ſpace of ſeven or eight hours, two Drachms, half an Ounce, and from a Maſtive an intire Ounce) that it may be continually lifted up, and fermented with the Bile flowing from the ducts of the Liver, to a double or tripple quantity (for as much as we could obſerve by the benefit of an inſtrument applied to their paſſage into the inteſtine in Doggs) being therein carried with a certain ſtrugling motion.

That this Efferveſcency is excited from the acidity of the Pancreatick Juice, and the concourſe of the Bile abounding with a fixed and volatile ſalt, we dare the more freely aſſert; becauſe hitherto we have ſeen no example of an acid ſpirit concurring with a lixiviate ſalt to happen without an effeverſcency ſufficiently manifeſt, ſo that all impediments were taken away. That both ſalts are found in the Bile, Chymiſtry that moſt excellent and famous Medical inſtrument of truth doth prove; by the benefit of which we can ſeparate a volatile ſalt efferveſcing with an acid ſpirit, and lixivious ſalt more manifeſtly abſolving the ſame work. But that the Pancreatick Juice containeth in it ſelf an acidity is manifeſt by an experiment above-recited; the which, for their ſakes who are lovers of truth, and whoſe belief derogates not from their proper Senſes, as in the Academies of diverſe Regions, we have performed both publickly and privately, we have declared, not again to be repeated: and it is notably confirmed by an experiment which the moſt accurate ſearcher of nature, Floventius Schuyl, in his written Tractate for antient Medicine pag. 94. deſcribed in theſe Words:

Moreover, I have opened the Abdomen of another Living Dog in the ſame Method, and in the Inteſtinal Bilar Ductus, which is common to the Cyſtic and Hepatic, by a Compreſſed Inſtrument in ſuch manner as the Figure repreſents; that the Pancreatick Juice alone might iſſue forth, we collected in the ſpace of nigh three Hours the Quantity of two Ounces of Acidly Sour Juice; whoſe manifeſt Sourneſs was not only proved by the Taſt, but alſo by the permixing it with warm Milk; which was ſo Coagulated, that thereby was formed as it were a Cheeſe, being a manifeſt Experiment, that Acidity was altogether prevalent in the ſame.

Alſo, pag. 157. Writing concerning the Pellicle or Bilar Pore of Horſes; I, (ſaith he) by a double Experience, have found that Pellicle, firſt of all to be Repleniſhed with a Humour Subacid, then with a Bilious Humour, with a Temperate Acidity; into which, in like manner, a Humour, a little Souriſh, did flow from the Pancreas, and from thence into the Inteſtinum Duodenum.

It is likewiſe concluded, That the Pancreatick Juice, in Men, hath an Acidity in it, not onely from the like nature of all the Bowels and Contents in Brutes and Men, but deduced alſo from other Experiments: To wit, by ſowr Belchings, without the Aſſumption of ſowr and acid things into the Stomach; and in the Hypoconders forthwith ſtretched out, or after Rumbling and Noiſe, firſt obſerved in the Belly, preſently again breaking out through the Mouth.

Hither alſo belong thoſe wonderful, and almoſt inexplicable Motions, and Agitations perceived by the Sick; firſt of all about the Region of the Loynes, eſpecially after any heavy Affliction of the mind, as anger, terror, Fears, occaſioned by the acidity of the Pancreatick Juice, flowing into the thin Gut.

If any one object in the Caſes now mentioed, that the Pancreatick Juice is evilly diſpoſed, but that naturally in it ſelf it containeth no Acidity, let him declare: Dr. Paiſenius, a man joyn'd to us in peculiar Friendſhip, ſaith, in his Diſputation concerning the Vices of Humours, How may that Juice Preternaturally wax foure, if in the ſame, the Seeds of Acidity, as we may ſo call them, were not Prae-exiſtent. If we ſtand by Authorities, no doubt but the Cauſe will fall: For, Hippocrates de Veteri Med. §. XXIV. againſt thoſe, openly teacheth, That there is not only in man an Acidity, and that mixed with other things, and therewith ſo attempered, that it is neither Conſpicuous nor Hurtful to a man; but alſo ſubjoyneth §. XXV. But where the Acidity ſhall be divided, then it is Conſpicuous and Hurtful to man. Hippocrates doth not ſay, That it is ariſen, but ſeparated: Therefore it is preſent in the Natural State, although Inconſpicuous.

Beſides Galen teacheth that Melancholy is ſo made of the Blood, as Muſt is made of Wine.

But now with what Probabillity may we ſay, That in Wine, Ale, Milk, and the like Liquors, which left to themſelves, without the Addition of any other matter, do grow ſoure; that the acid parts were not before Exiſtent? What hinders, but that the ſame thing may alſo happen in men?

Beſides the Reaſons and Authorities already brought, we will add the following Experiment, which after a wonderful manner doth confirm the natural acidity of the Pancreatick Juice in Men. In the Year 1666. whilſt we were reſident in the Academy of Andegave, a Shipman, about thirty years of Age; a man of a good Habit of Body, and for as much as we could underſtand by the Standers by, very Healthful; in his little Veſſel, endeavouring to paſſe under an old Bridge, ſtanding upon the River Moene, with his Maſt erected, was by the Bridge, unhappily thrown down, which, falling upon the man, killed him; whoſe dead Body was immediately brought to the Hoſpital, where the ſame being as yet warm, was opened by Dr. Croſnier, the Chyrurgion of the ſame Hoſpital, and our ſelf; in which we collected the Succus Pancreaticus, which we exhibited to diverſe curious Taſts, who judged it to be acid; and for our own part we freely profeſs never to have found it more gratefully acid in Dogs.

Who is he, theſe things being rightly conſidered, that doubteth of the Efferveſcency happening between the Pancreatick Juice, and the Bile rightly Conſtituted? Yet, leſt it ſhould in any part ſeem deficient, we will ſet down, in few words, thoſe Primary Objections and Difficulties, both here and in other Countries propoſed to us againſt this Efferveſcency; the which being caſt off, doubts of leſſer moment will be ready to fall of their own accord.

The firſt Difficulty is, That the Pancreatick Juice, as often as it hath been found by us Inſipid, hath not in the leaſt been able to raiſe an Efferveſcency with the Bile in the thin Gut. To this Objection we anſwer, That it doth not follow, that the Pancreatick Juice, ſometimes found by us Inſipid, ſhould, at that time, have in it no Acidity. Concerning which matter, let them conſult Galen De Simp. Med. Fac. Lib. 3. Cap. 13, 14, 15. as alſo Hippocrates, in that place before alledged, ſaying, That in many mixed things, there are Subſtances of various Qualities by Act, in which, nevertheleſs, thoſe Subſtances are not ſound. The ſame is confirmed by daily Experience, whereby it is evident that diverſe Liquors are rendered inſipid, whoſe Effects we allow to conſiſt, partly in acid, partly in Lixivious parts; for example, the Spirit of Salt, which is moſt ſharp, may be ſo dulcified with Spirit of Wine, that no acidity may be perceived in it; yet notwithſtanding it failes not to Efferveſce, if it be permixed with a Lixivious Salt; ſo alſo, in infinite other things, which appear not acid, by reaſon of the Acid Particles which are in them, do excite Perceptible Efferveſcencies both to the Sight and Touch. But we do not abſolutely deny, but that the Pancreatick Juice may be ſometimes generated ſo Sluggiſh, as that it may ſcarcely, indeed not at all ferment with the Bile; but we then judge it to be diſtempered or Sick. Yea, that thoſe Animals in whom it ſo happens, do ſometimes dye by reaſon of the Non-contingent Efferveſcency: But this doth not deſtroy the Natural Efferveſcency.

The Second Difficulty which hath been propoſed to me, is, that ſeeing our Bile and Pancreatick Juice is diluted with the Chyle, they cannot Efferveſce: But to this Objection we ſhall anſwer; That Oyle of Vitriol, being mingled with Pure water, doth ſtir up a greater Efferveſcency with the fileings of Steele, than if it were mingled therwith alone without Water; and which is yet more, if after the ſaid Efferveſcency hath ceaſed, if freſh Water be added to it, the Oyle of Vitriol, with the Steele Duſt, will ferment again afreſh. But that we might have an Experiment which might come nearer to our buſineſs, we have taken Cows Milk, as having a very great Affinity with the Chyle, and have poured to it Spirit of Vitriol, mingled with the Lixivious Salt of Tartar, and the Efferveſcency was preſently excited, which continued a great deal longer, than if the Oyle of Vitriol, and Oyle of Tartar per Deliquium, had been mingled without the Milk.

We judge that the long continuance of the Efferveſcency, ought to be aſcribed to the Viſcidity of the Milk, ſeeing that daily Experience teacheth us, that Milk, Honey, and other things, may be more, and longer rarified, whilſt boyling, than Diſtilled Waters, Spirits, and other the like things, not having a Viſcidity.

According to which, in the ſaid Experiment, it is worthy of note, That the Efferveſcency (perhaps by reaſon of the Coagulation of the Milk) doth not ſo well happen, if the Spirit of Vitriol be put to the Milk, before the Oyle of Tartar per Deliquium: Hence (with the ſafe Opinion of the more Learned) a Reaſon ſeems to us to be ſought into; why commonly, in all Animals, the Ductus Biliarius, either firſt, or with the Ductus Pancreaticus, do enter into the Inteſtine.

From hence may be anſwered their Difficulty, who ſay, That in ſome Animals the Diſtance between the Ductus Pancreaticus, and the Ductus Biliatius is too great: It is not neceſſary, that this Efferveſcency ſhould alwayes happen immediately under the Pylorus; but the Matter may be carryed ſome fingers breadths further, where at length it may ferment; namely, when the Pancreatick Juice, with the Diluted Bile, is mixed with the Chyle: becauſe thoſe Animals, in whom ſo notable a Diſtance is found, have alwayes (for as much as we have happened to ſee) very long Inteſtines; as may be ſeen in Coines, Hares, and very many other Animals. Moreover, neither need it be feared, that our determined Efferveſcency, by which the profitable parts of the Aliment, are ſeparated from the unprofitable, ſhould happen too ſlowly; ſeeing that in thoſe Animals ſome one Paſſage or Channel of the Inteſtines, may be over and above, ſufficient to receive the profitable Particles of the Chyle.

The third Thing which we have obſerved is, That the natural heat of our Hand would more increaſe that Efferveſcency, than the artificial Heat of Fire. After the ſame manner we read in Chymical Books, That the Heat of Horſe dung performs many things, which could not be expected from our Artificial Fires, but with the greateſt Difficulty.

Which ſeeing it is ſo, no man ought to admire, that we are not able to Demonſtrate the Efferveſcency, between the Bile and the Pancreatick Juice, without our Body, whilſt they remain in their Temperate and Natural Eſtate; becauſe neither artificial Fire, nor the natural heat of our Hand, can ſtir up ſuch a heat as we know to be excited in the Small Gut, by reaſon of the Circumjacent Bowels, which are moſt hot.

But ſome perhaps, being little content with theſe Reaſons, will ſay, That to ſee that naturally Efferveſcency, it behoveth to open a living Dog, ſeeing that as yet in him the natural Heat is in its Vigour: the which ſeems to carry ſomething of force with it, with thoſe who conſider not that in a Preternatural Diſpoſition of the Body, we cannot know its natural Operation; as alſo with thoſe who have never moved their Hand to the Work; becauſe thoſe things which happen in the Inteſtines, cannot be ſeen, unleſs they be opened, and many Veſſels muſt neceſſarily be diſſected when they are opened, out of which flow ſuch an abundance of Blood, that it is impoſſible (as we have often experienced) to ſee the deſired Efferveſcency.

Add, that the Succus Pancreaticus cannot after the manner of a ruſhing Torrent haſten it ſelf into the thin Inteſtine, becauſe this River flowing as it were from ſo many Springs and Rivolets, as the Pancreas is environed with Glandules and little branches, doth by a pleaſing courſe continually ſlide into its own Channel: So that the cleanſed juyce being now effuſed with the blood, you cannot without a very tedious delay collect a ſufficient quantity of the Pancreatick Juyce to be fermented, and which in the mean time will be ſo altered by the cold Air, that it will be in vain to expect an Efferveſcency perceptible to the ſight.

For it very much agrees with Vulgar Obſervation (ſaith the moſt learned Willis, Exercitat. Medico-Phyſic. de ſanguinis incaleſcentia, Fol. 85.) That fermentible Liquors when cloſed more ſtrickly in the veſſel, do moſt ferment, and preſently ceaſe from their Fermentation, if the Air be admitted through an opened Hole: More-over, Boyles Experiments, Experiment. Phyſico-Mechanicor. 41. 42. 43. do moſt clearly ſhew Efferveſcencies to be excited from the Ebullition of diſſimilar particles, or by Corroſion; alſo the Ebullition of Hot water in a glaſs Sphere to be wonderfully augmented after the Air is ſucked out, and that there are ſome things which in a ſpace of time, are intended in the Air to a great Vacuity, whoſe action after the air is drawn out, is preſently extinguiſhed: So that without reaſon they deſire that the Efferveſcency between the Bile, and the Pancreatick Juyce ſhould be manifeſted to the Eye without the Body: For it is plainly ridiculous to be willing to ſee the Efferveſcency of thoſe Humours, and to impede the Humours by which they are performed; or not to admit of the preturnal conſtitution of the Animal, and willing to ſee thoſe things which are performed in the Bowels of Animals.

If their Pancreatick Juyce who deſire this thing, were endued with ſuch an Acrimony as nevertheleſs being deſtitute of Natural helps, might ferment with the Bile to the Eye without the Body; with how great pains would not their bowels be tormented, if being helpt by thoſe aids in the body, the Efferveſcency ſhould be performed; doubtleſs they would not deſire ſuch an aciditie, before they would ſubſcribe to our ſo often commemorated Fermentation, but in ſhort, would wiſh for themſelves ſuch a Pancreatick Juyce, as we have above deemed to raiſe up therein a Natural Efferveſcency.

Laſtly, The third difficulty which hath been propoſed to us againſt the Efferveſcency between the Bile and the Pancreatick Juyce, is, that the Pancreatick Juyce being acidly ſalt (as it is ordinarily found in Dogs) ought not to ferment with the Bile: Seeing that the acidite thereof, by reaſon of the Salt therein contained, helping the innervated Liquor will be ſubdued.

But we may eaſily anſwer this Objection alſo, by diſtinguiſhing Sea-Salts, Foſſile-Salts, and others compounded of a Lixiviate-Salt, and Acid-Spirit, from the pure Lixiviate Salts. No man will ever deny, but that the laſt of Acids doth loſe its Force and Energy, and conſequently hinders its Efferveſcency. But that which appertaineth to the firſt, of whoſe Nature we eſteem that to be which is in the Succus Pancreaticus; (foraſmuch as we can perceive by the Taſt:) All men will eaſily grant that that in no wiſe hindereth the Efferveſcency, of thoſe things, eſpecially, which have an acid Spirit; as for example, that of Vitriol, in which was diſſolved Sea-Salt, mixed with the Lixivious Salt of Tartar, or Oyle of Tartar per Deliquium.

Yea it is ſo far from diminiſhing the Efferveſcency, that it exciteth a greater than otherwiſe would happen; as Sal Armoniack diſſolved in Oyle of Vitriol, ſo highly accuates it, that it diſſolveth Gold, the which without it could not be done. Hence perhaps it commeth to paſs, that Dogs, which devour Bones, and other Aliments, of difficult Concoction; which cannot be diſſolved by an acid Spirit alone; for, the moſt part have their Pancreatick Juice acidly-Salt.

Among thoſe things which we have aſſerted, concerning the Pancreatick Juice inſipid, acid, ſalt, &c. it is ſufficiently manifeſt, that the diverſity obſerved therein, excludes not the Acidity thereof; neither deſtroyes its Efferveſcency, which we have taught to be made in the Thin Gut, without any Interruption.

But we have ſometimes obſerved a pleaſant Efferveſcency of the Bile, with an acid, in the Bile of a Dog, cloſed up in a Glaſs Viall, after having poured on about a third part of Spirit of Niter, and keeping it a while in the warme Rayes of the Sun.

But that we may come nearer to the matter, we will declare the Experiments brought by Dr. Schuylius, to demonſtrate the Efferveſcency betwen the Bile, and the Pancreatick Juice, in the preſence of many Students; in his Treatiſe Pro Veteri Med. pag. 88.

Therefore (ſaith he) the Abdomen of a Living Dog being opened, I have bound the Duodenum, not far from the Pylorus with a Ligament; and alſo with another a little below the Inſertion of the Ductus Pancreaticus: then left the Dog to himſelf, his Abdomen being ſowed up. Three Houres being clapſed, the Dog, as it ſeemed, yet living; for he had onely loſt ſome few drops of Blood: The Abdomen being opened, we found the Space intercepted between the Ligatures, vehemently diſtended; ſo that, it would altogether reſiſt the Compreſſion of the Fingers, and threatned a Rupture. Neither did we find the Gall Bladder leſs diſtended: Alſo that that Intercepted Space of the Duodenum was poſſeſſed, with an Intenſe, and burning heat; in which making a little Wound with the Lancet, the contained Wind, with the Humour, broke forth with a bouncing Noiſe, alſo Vapours and Exhalations; from whence a certain ſharp ſtink did ſtrike all our Noſtrils, the which was greater by the opening of the Inteſtine; ſo that, none of the Students ſtanding by were able to bear it; which was a manifeſt Argument not only of the large quantity of the Bile, and Pancreatick Juice, which had flown thither: But alſo of the Efferveſcency, which had been in them Excited; not only to a Mediocrity or Gentleneſs, ſuch as happens in Health, but Vehement: For, that part of the Inteſtine was not only full, but alſo by a certain Force and Fermentation much diſtended.

Neither could that part of the Duodenum diſtended, have diſſipated the Wind, Humours, and Exhalations, with ſo great a Force, unleſs by the Efferveſcency or Agitation of the Particles of thoſe contrary Humours. Qui cupit, Capiet. A few dayes being paſt, I repeated the ſame Experiment in the Preſence of many Students: And after the ſpace of two Houres, that Portion of the Inteſtine, did ſwell in like manner as before, but leſs hot: But that ſwelling Portion of the Inteſtine, which before I had bound, being opened, frothing Bubbles broke forth with a noiſe; the which had ſo diſtended that part of the Inteſtine, that no man may further doubt of the Certainty of this Efferveſcency.

CHAP. VI. What this Efferveſcency is both in the Sick, and in the Sound; and what Benefit Accrews to the Body thereby.

SEeing then that it is more than ſufficiently evinced, and granted by Reaſons and Experiments, that there is an Efferveſcency between the Bile and the Pancreatick Juice, in the Thin Gutt, and that continually, we will further enquire, what it is in the Sick, what in the Sound, and what Utility it bringeth to Humane Bodies.

In the Sick, we often obſerve, That this Efferveſcency, either by its Fretting, and Tormenting Paines, or elſe by Heat or Cold, is very troubleſome, as ſome Years ſince, we knew in our dear Kinſman; who ſometimes, for a whole week together, came himſelf to us, to perceive a cold Ebullition in his Right ſide, and that in the place where the Inteſtinum Duodenum is ſeated; and the Bile runs together with the Pancreatick Juice; and that afterwards, by the meanes of Medicaments, meanly hot, to be changed into moſt hot, continuing a Fortnight, and longer.

That both theſe Efferveſcencies, viz. Cold and Hot, may be excited, is proved by the Thermometry, moſt ingenuouſly contrived by the Learned Swammerdammius, and depicted in his Treatiſe of Reſpiration, Page 108. In the depreſſed part of which Supream Sphear A. if you mingle together Salt of Tartar, and Spirit of Vitriol, an Efferveſcency will preſently be excited; and ſuch indeed as will ſo condenſe, or thicken the Air contained in that Spheare, that the Water, contained in the lower part of this Inſtrument B, may aſcend upward: being a manifeſt Experiment of Cold, produced by that Efferveſcency. But, on the contrary, if you mingle Spirit of Tartar with the Spirit of Vitriol, you ſhall obſerve, by the Efferveſcency excited between them, that the Water is depreſſed; and the more if with thoſe Spirits, you conjyne the Oyle of Turpentine; from whence no man, who is endowed with the lighteſt Tincture of Philoſophy, but will judge, that to proceed from the hot Efferveſcency, rarifying the Air contained in that Sphear.

Therefore we judge, that in the Sound, that Efferveſcency happens after a gentle manner, becauſe then there is no Sence thereof: The ſame thing is to be ſaid concerning the Motion of the Heart, and beating of the Arteries; the which, although they are Continual, are not perceived by thoſe in Health; but when we are evilly diſpoſed, they ſometimes manifeſt themſelves in diverſe parts of the Body, eſpecially in Temples, the Pulſation of the Arteries is ſo manifeſtly moleſted, as if they were contuſed by ſome hard body. By the ſame Reaſon the Motion of the Heart, is ſometime ſo vehement, that as it hath been obſerved by Practitioners, it might in a manner be heard to their Neighbour Houſes;Surely this is an Hyperbole. yea it hath ſometimes broke the Ribs; as in like manner, we have ſeen at Leyden, in a Baker's Son, dwelling in the Fiſh-Market; whoſe Ribs, by the Vehement Palpitation of the Heart, or rather the Convulſive Motion thereof, were Conſpicuouſly driven outwards; from which Vehement Palpipation, it was freed in a ſhort time with Medicaments, preſcribed by Dr. Sylvius; yet not ſo, but that the Ribs ſtill remained driven outwards.

But now if any ask unto what end and uſe this Efferveſcency between the Bile and the Pancreatick Juyce, being naturally excited, doth happen? We anſwer firſt of all, that it ſerves to cut, and attenuate the over viſcous pituity adhering to the ſides of the Gutts, left they being ſtufft up, the pores of the Venae Lactea ſhould be obſtructed, or a paſſage be denied to the Pancreatick Juyce, and the Bile continually ſliding into the Inteſtinum Duodenum, or alſo, leſt by the too great abundance of Phlegme, the ſence of the Inteſtines might be obtunded, and their periſtaltick Motion either be diminiſhed, or aboliſht, by help whereof, not only the paſſages of the parts neceſſary for the nouriſhing of the body may be facillitated, but alſo the more groſſer Foecies and unprofitable Excrements may the more commodiouſly be ſeparated; which uſe Gallen hath aſcribed to the Bile alone, as not knowing the Pancreatick Juyce, firſt by us diſcovered, nor the Efferveſcency excited between it and the Bile: Therefore he ſaith in Lib. 5. De uſu partium, cap. 4.

A neceſſary Excrement (to wit Phlegme) of this ſort, is to be found both in the Stomach and in the Inteſtines, as we have elſewhere demonſtrated: but that it may be generated, both Anatomy, and thoſe Diſeaſes to which men are daily ſubject from the abundance of the ſuperfluities hereof do declare: The Cure whereof is ſimple, to wit, by the Exhibition of thoſe things which have power to divide, to cut and cleanſe viſcous matters.

For that cauſe therefore Nature hath from the beginning provided a Defence for them, that this Juyce being ſharp, might be cleanſed, and as it ought be altogether ſeparated from the body, not into any Inteſtine near the Anus; but into the firſt Inteſtine taking its beginning from the Pylorus, neither ſometimes may it want the external Help of ſome of the inferiour Inteſtines. Moreover, as long as the body is rightly governed, the pituitous Excrement is daily cleanſed. But when it is more copiouſly collected by ſome evil affection of the body, the moſt famous Phyſicians doubt nothing, but that thoſe moſt grievous Diſeaſes which happen to the belly, as the Ileum, Lienteria, and Teneſmus, may be occaſioned by it. Neither therefore is that Tranſlation to be contemned which Nature hath provided for Health, by the opportune immiſſion of the Bilious paſſage in Animals.

The ſame Office is no leſs to be aſcribed to the Pancreatick Juyce, then to the Bile hereafter to be made conſpicuous by the Deſcription of its acid Qualities. Before we go any further in declaring the Effects ariſing from this Efferveſcency, we will premiſe ſome Fermentations, that theſe things being with all poſſibility inſpected, it may become the more obvious, what benefit the Inteſtinal Efferveſcency bringeth to the Aliments after their propulſion to the Gutts.

As many as have mingled filings of Steel with Oyl of Sulpher, prepared Per Campanum, or Spirit of Vitriol, having added a ſufficient quantity of water, they might obſerve an Efferveſcency to be excited after a certain manner by the concourſe of thoſe contraries; by help whereof, the laudable parts of the Steel are joyned to the acid Spirits, whilſt the reſt counted as refuſe, do partly go to the bottome, and partly like Froth ſwim or flote upon the Liquor.

But I think that the more purer parts of the Steel, and thoſe moſt exactly mixed, are therefore joyned to the acid Liquor, becauſe they have therewith a more greater affinity, becauſe of which they ſuffer themſelves to be diſſolved; but not the other more Impure and leſs mixed among them, whether they be more Terrene, and therefore ſeek the bottome, or whether they they be more Oleus, and therefore Supernatant.

The ſame, greater or leſſer, Affinity of Acids, with the diſſolved Matter, doth further appear, if in the ſame Liquor more Mettals be ſucceſſively immitted; Firſt, thoſe which have a leſſe; afterwards, thoſe which have a greater Affinity with it: So, when Silver is put into Aqua-Fortis, and ſo long detained therein, till it be all diſſolved; which Efferveſcency, is abſolved with its Coagent: hence let Copper be put to the afore-ſaid Solution, the Aqua-Fortis will leave the Silver, and begin a new Efferveſcency with the Copper, whilſt that the Silver, being gradually neglected by the Aqua-Fortis, gets to the bottome; which Mutation, by the Chymiſts, is called by the name of Precipitation.

But if afterwards, you caſt Iron to this Solution of Copper, the ſame thing will again come to paſs, and by degrees the Copper will be precipitated to the bottom. Which if again, to the Solution of the Iron, you affuſe ſome Lixivium of Calcind Tartar, Vine Aſhes, or the like, the Acid Spirit will joyne it ſelf more ſtrictly to the Solution of that, than of the other Mettalick bodies, and will ſcarcely ſuffer it ſelf to be ſeparated from the ſame.

The Reaſon of this more ſtraight Union is to be required from the more pure Acid Spirit, that is leſs mixed, and therefore more narrowly joynes it ſelf with the ſaid Lixiviate fixed Salt, hitherto alſo more pure and leſs mixed, than with the ſame Salt; but leſs pure, that is more mixed: So that, here the purity of the contrary Parts ought to be underſtood by their Affinity.

By reaſon of this greater Affinity, the Oyle of Tartar prepared per Deliquium, (which is nothing elſe but the Salt of Tartar, diſſolved by the Humidity of Air) when it is in like manner poured with the Vitriol into Water, it joyneth it ſelf to the acid Spirit, exiſting in the Vitriol, whilſt its Sulphureous part, as having a leſſer Affinity with Acidity, by little and little departs, and gets to the bottom.

Which being permiſed we will conſider, what things may happen in the Aliments in the Stomach by its Fermentation, and what alſo befalleth the ſame; (after the aforementioned Fermentation) in the thin Gut eſpecially, that we may conclude ſomething more certain, and more probable than uſual. Firſt, The Stomach, being opened, together with the Guts, ſeeing that the Aliments, by an abſolute Fermentation, are wont to be driven from the Stomach to the Inteſtines, we have obſerved a notable Change between that which is contained in the Stomach, and that in the Guts: For, that in the Stomach hath had a more groſſer, and Viſcid Conſiſtence, and by the Diverſity of the Aliments, and other things aſſumed, a diverſe Colour, and oftentimes leſs White.

Certainly, this Mutation cannot be derived from any other thing than from the Bile, and Pancreatick Juice: Becauſe thoſe Humours only flow in a large Quantity to the Superiour part of the ſmall Gut, and are admixed with the Aliments.

The Examen of both the afore-ſaid Liquors, doth confirm this our Opinion: For, the Bile, abounding with a Volatile Salt and Oyle, hath a force of Inciding, Attenuating, and making Fluid moſt things where-with it is permixed, eſpecially ſuch as are pituitous; as Galen alſo teacheth, Lib. V. De uſu Part. Cap. IV. as by the place above quoted may be ſeen, to which Platerus ſubſcribes, Cap. VIII. concerning the Defect of Hearing by the Repletion of the Eares, whilſt he breakth out into theſe Words:

Firſt, he declares that Aqua Mulſa, or Hydromel, or if to cleanſe more powerfully, with the Decoction, or bitter Juice before-mentioned, of Worm-Wood, Centaury, or Lupines, that may be effected, adding Honey or Gall, which, above all other things, as hath been often ſaid doth make thoſe things, which are Viſcous, Fluid, &c.

But the Succus Pancreaticus, being pregnant with a Subacid Spirit, as appeareth by the Precedent Reaſons, and Experiments, doth in like manner augment the Viſcidity of the Aliments by the Solution of their Fluidity; the which being ſo as it is more than ſufficiently known, we will not delay time, by further proofs concerning the Manner, wherby Acids in the thin Gut, do return to a Liquid, and Fluxile Motion, or other-wiſe to an Ine • t and Pituitous Viſcidity; we ſhall only ſay that in our Judgement it ſo happeneth; for as much, as by the Tenuity, and Sharpneſs of the Parts, ſtirred up by the Efferveſcency, the Phlegme is thereby as with Swords, incided, and attenuated into very Minute Parts. That which attaineth a Whitiſh Colour, then obſervable in the more Fluid part of the Aliments, we think it deducible from the Acidity of the Pancreatick Juice; becauſe we may note, that many other things, abounding with a Lixivious Salt and Oyle, do wax White upon the affuſion of Acids: So, that Vinegar or Sharp Wine, being poured upon common Sulpher, diſſolved with any Lixivium, and grown Red, that Reddiſh Colour is ſo changed, that it is made almoſt like to Milk: Wherefore alſo it is called by the Chymiſts Lac Sulphuris. The ſame is apparent in the Reſinious Extracts of Vegitables, as alſo in Spirit of Hart's Horne or Soot, being Replete with much Volatile Salt; with which an Acid Spirit being mixed, acquires a Milky Colour. All thoſe things being rightly conſidered, we judge, Secondly, That the Efferveſcency, in the thin Gut is exceeding neceſſary for the right Separation of the profitable Parts from the unprofitable. But perhaps ſome, who are altogether wedded to Antiquity, admitting nothing which to them is Novel, becauſe they have read or underſtood nothing, in the Antients, concerning this our expected Secretion, by Fermentation, will not think that ſuch a preparation is required to ſeparate the profitable parts of the Aliment from the unprofitable; but that the alteration which is performed in the Stomach, is ſufficient to this purpoſe; in which, if any thing be wanting, it may be Conſummated by the Periſtaltick Motion of the Guts; by the help whereof its more Fluid parts are thruſt forward into the Milky Veines, the Foeces, with the remaining thicker and leſſer profitable parts, paſſing away by the Channel of the Inteſtines.

To the which we deny not, but that ſomething is contributed to this matter both by the ſaid Fermentation and the Periſtaltick Motion of the Guts; nevertheleſs we do not think that any Phyſitian, unleſs a Slave to the Antients, amongſt all thoſe things which are daily obſerved in the diſſecting of Brute Animals, and Medical Practiſs; or at leaſt-wiſe may be obſerved, will reject this cauſe propoſed by us; If, firſt of all, he diligently conſider, that in the Coeliack Flux the Aliments, ſometimes viſcid like a Pultiſs, and every where alike, and ſometimes mixed with a whitiſh Liquor are purged out.

But this Diverſity of Colour happens, by a Contingent, or Non-contingent, Secretion of profitable parts from the unprofitable, by the ſaid Efferveſcency; which, who can but in vain, Attribute to expreſſion alone.

Yet we deny not, that by the Fermentation of Aliments alone, rightly performed in the Ventricle, ſomething Fluid may, Spontaneouſly, paſs away from the reſt of the Aliments more Pultatious; nevertheleſs that is but little, if it be compared with the large quantity of noble Chyle, which is continually ſtrained through the Venae-lacteae, or alſo from thence ſwimming up in the Caeliack Flux; ſo that, then the more watery part of the Chyle, freely going forth by the Compreſſion of the Bowels alone, is more without Efferveſcency, than the other which is more white, or, as we may ſay, more Milky.

In that Spontaneous Separation of the parts wont to happen through Fermentation, the Spirituous indeed firſt go forth with the Watery, neceſſary for the Reparation of the Animal ſpirits: We have an example in the Fermentation of Plants, & other things, abounding with a Volatile Spirit, in which the Spirituous Particles, alwayes expanded, and endeavouring to flee through the Pores of the Stomach and Guts, being looſed from their Fetters, ruſh through the Pores: From whence we are fully perſwaded, that after the Aſſumption of the moſt Spirituous Aliments, a ſuddain ſtrength is found in men; and although it be Inconſpicuous to our Bodily Eyes, that the Spirits, by the ſame reaſon, are diffuſed through the Pores of the Body; nevertheleſs, after a manner, we underſtand it with the Eyes of our Mind, whilſt we ſee a Stupendious Vertue in ſome Medicaments externally applyed: The ſame thing is often obſerved by Anatomiſts, when after the Inciſion of the Peritonaeum, they receive the Foetid Flatulencies paſſing through the Tunicles of the Guts to the Noſtrils.

But becauſe the Spirituous and Volatile parts are not ſufficient to ſuſtain Life; but, Moreover, Acid, Oleous, and Salt parts, are alſo required; therefore there is need of a new Alteration of things aſſumed, that thoſe parts, by a decent Copiouſneſs, might be ſeparated from the Superfluous and Unprofitable: Which alteration we call Efferveſcency, and by help of which, we judge (with our ſometimes Famous Profeſſor Franciſ. de le Boe-Sylvius, from whoſe Lectures, as well publick as private, we do not deny to have drawn many Fundamentals of this Doctrine) that Secretion to be accompliſhed.

We do not only judge by that Efferveſcency▪ mediateing the more Subtile and Fluid parts of Aliments, but alſo the Pituity by the help thereof diſſolved in the thin Gut, part of which is carryed together, with the better Portion of the Bile, and Succus Pancreaticus, through the Vermiculous cruſt of the Inteſtines into the Milky Veines; from hence to the Ciſterne or Common Receptacle of the Chyle, and Lympha, placed in the Region of the Loynes under the Appendices of the Diaphragma; and from thence aſcends through the Chyliferus, or more rightly the Lymphatick Ductus, Thoracicus, (becauſe it continually carryeth the Lympha, and the Chyle, only by Intervals) to the Subclavian, or left Jugular Veine, that from thence it may deſcend, with the Blood, through the Superiour Trunck of the Vena Cava, deſcending into the right Eare of the Heart, and the right Ventricle thereof. And in the right Ear, and right Ventricle of the Heart, it is confuſed both with the aſcending and deſcending Blood, and alſo impregnated with the Pancreatick Juice, the Bile, Phlegme, and Lympha; from whence it acquires a requiſite Conſiſtency of Blood.

This confirms what we have ſaid; That any thing acid Coagulates all Fatneſs and Oyle.

But becauſe, on the other ſide, the aforeſaid humours have in themſelves a force of attempering, we need not fear too great a Conſiſtency of the Blood; ſo long, as at leaſt they remain in a Laudable and Natural Eſtate.

But ſeeing that the more fluid and more profitable parts, as well of the Aliments aſſumed, as of the three nominated Humours, do go to the Heart; the reſt more groſs, and leſs profitable, by the Periſtaltick Motion of the Guts, gradually without Senſe, are driven forwards to the thick Guts, where they are diſtinguiſhed by the name of Alvinary Foeces. Whether alſo the Exhalations, excited by this Efferveſcency, or even the Juice it ſelf may not afford a natural Fermentation in the Stomach, we dare not as yet aſſert; although ſome Animals ſeem to perſwade it to us, of both whoſe Ducts, to wit, the Pancreatick and Bilar, Nature hath determined a paſſage into the Stomach. We judge this Pancreatick Juice is not onely Subſervient to the Functions, already declared, but alſo by the Sub-acid Spirit with which it is impregnated by the moſt wiſe God, we think it to be ordained after a certain manner, to Incraſſate, and Inſpifate the more fluid Bile, and alſo to temper its too much Acrimony; This thing is manifeſt in the Bile by affuſing any acid Spirits thereto, which preſently, either more or leſs, will be thickned, and its more groſs part precipitated to the bottom, whilſt its Thinner part floats on the top like Phlegme. Hence peradventure Hippocrates, Lib. De Victu Accutorum, Text 29. 8. 9. teacheth that bitter things are diſſolved, and paſs into Phlegme, that is, They become ſluggiſh whiles they are ſpread or mixed with an acid, which is not only confirmed by the Authority of the Divine old Gentleman, but alſo by a daily Efferveſcency; whereby it is evident that Acids, and Salts, being put into a Conflict amongſt themſelves, do ſo infringe their ſharp Particles, that they become almoſt temperate: Wherefore not without Reaſon Hipp. Aph. I. Sect. VI. hath taught us in the daily Levities of the Inteſtines, That if an Acid belching ſhould ſupervene, which had not been before, we ought to hope well: For it is a ſigne that the Pancreatick Juice, by its acidy, will, in a ſhort time, attemper the Acrimony of the Bile.

We have ſaid that the Pancreatick Juice is ordained by Nature, after a ſort to incraſſate the more Fluid Bile; but it may alſo ſo happen that the Bile, by its Acidity, may be rendered more Fluid, viz. when the Viſcidity of the Bile dependeth upon the Viſcidity of Phlegme; therefore in one reſpect Acids may render the bile more groſs, but in another more Fluid; for Acids do incraſſate Fats, and Lixivious Salts.

Among thoſe things which we have now recited, it is ſufficiently evident, in the Humours naturally conſtituted in the ſmall Gut, and the Friendly Efferveſcency of Nature from thence occurring, that many Functions in the Body are rightly performed; which by the ſaid Efferveſcency evilly happening, are waſted, and become Vitious. The verity of which thing, that we may make it more clearly appear, we ſhall, firſt of all, declare ſome Vices which happen in the Subſtance of the Pancreas. Secondly, We ſhall adjoyne thoſe things which may befall the Juice thereof.

CHAP. VII. With what Diſeaſes the Subſtance of the Pancreas, and its Juice may be Moleſted.

CErtainly not a few, to whom the Pancreatick Juice hath been unknown, have nevertheleſs believed that the Cauſes of many grievous Diſeaſes lay hid. For, Schenkius in his Exer • itatione, Anat VI. Lib. I. Sect. II. Cap. XXI. ſaith, And there are the Seats (meaning the Pancreas, and the Meſentery) of innumerable and wonderful Diſeaſes; for the ſearching of which, the age of one man is not ſufficient. Which thing, being the Scorne of Phyſitians, alſo caſteth thoſe which are moſt exerciſed into a Bluſhing hue.

Fernelius alſo Lib. VI. Pathol. Cap. VII. ſpeaking concerning the Diſeaſes of the Pancreas and Meſentery, doth affirm and profeſs, That he hath thought for the moſt part, theſe to be the Seats of Choler, Melancholy, Diarhaea, Diſenteria, Cachexia, Atrophia, of Languiſhing, of Light, and Erratick Feavers: Laſtly, the Cauſes of hidden Diſeaſes; by the driving away of which, Health might be reſtored to the Afflicted.

And Riolanus, that Egregious Ornament of the Univerſity of Lovaine. V. F. Plempius, with other Famous men, alſo Converſant in Practiſe, do alſo think that the cauſe of intermitting Feavers, of Hypocondriack Melancholy, and other Chronick Diſeaſes, do lurk, or lye hid in the Pancreas. But this buſineſs, without all doubt, had been more ſucceſsfully treated of both by theſe, and other men of no ſmall Merit in Medicine, had the Pancreatick Juice, with its Generation and Nature, been known to them: Wherefore we ſhall endeavour, being excited by their Commendable Examples, to produce ſomething to the Learned World for the Common good, by conſidering firſt, By what Diſeaſes the Subſtance of the Pancreas may be infeſted. Secondly, By declaring the Primary Vices, which may happen to its Juice. Thirdly, By ſearching into the Functions, which are hurt by its evil Diſpoſition. Fourthly, By inveſtigating the Diſeaſes which follow thoſe Functions hurt. Fifthly, and laſtly, By delivering the Remedies wherewith all of them may be amended. The Diſeaſes wherewith the Subſtance of the Pancreas is wont to be moleſted, are Obſtructions, and thoſe which follow them, Tumours, Schirous's, Abſceſs's, Stones, &c. Obſtructions may happen to the Pancreas two wayes: Firſt, In the Ductus, when the Pancreatick Juice cannot freely paſs through it, into the Inteſtines, even as we ſhall more clearly Demonſtrate to happen when we ſhall diſcourſe of Intermitting Feavers. Secondly, In the Subſtance of the Pancreas it ſelf, when by any cauſe, either Internal or External, the Circulation of the Blood through it, is hindered; from whence the Parenchyma, by the continual appulſe of blood, is puffed up, and ſwells, unleſs it be indurated, or by a previous Inflamation goes into an Abſeeſſus.

Which, that it may be made known to all, we will bring upon the Stage the Obſervations of ſeveral Phiſitians, and Anatomiſts. Riolanus, Anthropog. Lib. 2. Cap. 10. writeth, that he had obſerved in many people, who were of a Melancholy Nature, and Habit of Body, that the Pancreas equalled the weight of the Liver; and alſo confirms the ſame, by the Example of the moſt Illuſtrious Auguſtinus Thuanus; Who, by the Melancholy Habit of Body, did complain for four Years together of a Collick Pain, about the Region of the Colon, with a Senſe of a Burden, or Weight, at his Stomach, while he ſtood upright, or walked: But his Hypoconders did not ſwell: At length being taken with an unlookt-for Gangreen, from his right Foot ſuddainly to the Superiour parts with Horrible and Direful Pains, in the ſpace of Six Hours expired. His Body being opened, and the Liver taken out, was round like to a Sphare, ſtuffe with Fat, and tranſ-fixed with a certain pituitous hardned Matter like to Mortar: But the Pancreas, by its Amplitude and Weight, did equalize the Liver, wholly Schirhous with many little Knobs, which were filled with the Species of a Pigeons Egg; the Spleen was ſo waſted that it ſcarce weighed an Ounce.

For which reaſon, ſome have called the Pancreas, the Vicar or Supply of the Spleen; not conſidering that this Diverſity might happen to other parts alſo; and likewiſe in Doggs, after the Extirpation of the Spleen, the Subſtance of the Pancreas did in no wiſe grow into a greater weight; which, according to them, ought to happen, if the Pancreas ſupplyed the Office of the Spleen.

Aubertus relates a ſtory of an Abſceſſus Progym. ad lib. abdit. Fernelij Exercit. 44. of a certain Merchant of Lyons, which could never ſleep, and when he endeavoured to ſleep, he fell into a Lipothymie, and cold ſweat of the whole Body, till at length he dyed. His Body being opened there was only found a putrid Abſceſſus in the Pancreas; the Stomach and other principal parts being ſafe. Guilh. Fabric. Hildanus. Cent. 1. Obſerv. 71. alſo relates, that he, in a certain Carpenter, who for the ſpace of two years, by Intervals, was grieved with divers Diſeaſes, laboured under Obſtructions, and Cachexy: Found in his dead Body, among other things, a Schirhous Tumour, ſuppurated like unto a Collection of Fat, under the skin, about the bigneſs of two Fiſts; having its riſe from the Inferiour part of the Pancreas, which incloſed the Inteſtinum Duodenum; ſo that, being covered with the Peritonaeum, it alſo reſembled another Ventricle.

You may read of a Cancerous Ulcer of the Pancreas, moſt worthy of note, in the Curious Miſcellanies Medico-phys, of the Germans, (which as in the year 1670. by great Dilligence, they began to bring to Light: So we altogether deſire that the great God, for Common benefit, may proſper their Endeavours:) Obſerv. 99. where Dr. J. Fera. Hert. à Tottenfeld adjoyns theſe following things, which they found in the Cavity of the Thorax in a certain Chyrurgion after Death.

Coming to the Lower Belly, we ſaw that Fleſh perforating the Diaphragma to be the Pancreas, which was the length of two Spans, and breadth of two Hands tranſverſe, being putrid, and corrupted; which, by its Coroſive Acidity, did not only perforate the Diaphragma, but did alſo ſo corrode the Spina Dorſi, that a Cancer-like Ʋlcer was produced, with a light ſtroke the whole Spina Dorſi might eaſily be broken. Laſtly, it corroded the very Vena Cava it ſelf, which runs into the Spine; by which the Blood, flowing through the Diaphragma, brought Death by impeding the Motion of the Lungs. This Cancer of the Pancreas, by creeping further, did alſo corrupt both the Kidneys, and cauſed them to be moſt black and putrid.

We add more-over, that which the moſt Famous Highmore, Corp. Hum. Diſq. Anat. lib. I. part II. writeth that he obſerved, In a Noble Woman, which being Antient, laboured with Convulſions, Epilepſie, and the Hyſterick Paſſion; and at length, after Exquiſite Paines and Torments, changed Life with Death; in whoſe dead Body, being opened, we found the Pancreas onely evilly affected and exulcerated.

They which deſire more Examples of Exulceration, let them read Barthol. Hiſt. Johan. Dan. Horſtij Obſerv. Anatom Salmuth, Tulpium, Blaſij Comm. in Synt. Anat. Veſting▪ and others. That this Pancreas had obtained a ſtony hardneſs, in an Antient Roman. Woman, is witneſſed by Dr. Panarol; as is likewiſe to be ſeen in Dr. Blaſius, in his Commentaries, even now cited page 40. In like manner, in the Year 1667. the following Hiſtory was Communicated to us at Paris, Bona fide, by Dr. Gajen, a Chyrurgion, and Famous Anatomiſt, by him before obſerved:

A Noble Man, aged about thirty, being Melancholy, was Obnoxious to Catthars, by the intemperate uſe of Wine, and Fruits; continually aſſumed, fell into a Vomiting, and Diarhaea, whereby after ſome ſpace, there followed a Flux of Blood; from whence, more and more failing in Strength, the Tenth day he Changed Life with Death. His body being opened, he found in the Pancreas, about the end of the Ductus Pancreaticus going into the Inteſtines, ſeven or eight Stones, having the bigneſs of the largeſt Peaſe; ſome of which being given us by himſelf, we keep among our Rarities.

Nevertheleſs, this Obſervation to us, ſeemed not ſo wonderful, who believe that Stones are generated in all the Glandules of the Body, eſpecially in the pineal Glandule: becauſe in it we have more than twenty times obſerved Stones in men, extinguiſhed either by a gentle Diſeaſe, or a violent Death; which thing happens more frequently in France, than in Holland; a more profitable account whereof, we do not ſee, than that the Anima of the French, as by Nature more Volatile, may be bound to a more firm Reſidence in their Bodies.

We have alſo found in a certain Dog, in that part of the Ductus Pancreaticus, where the Aſcending concurs with the Deſcending, and is only ſimple; a Cartilagineous Excreſcency, about the Ductus and its end, which like a Nipple, did hang out into the Inteſtine, to the bigneſs of a Finger, in the middle whereof a ſufficient paſſage was afforded to the ſliding Pancreatick Juice. Riolanus l. c. found the whole Pancreas hardned like a Cartilage.

We might be able to inferr many Diſeaſes of the Pancreas, were it not already ſufficiently evident by what hath been ſaid, That the Pancreas alſo may be afflicted with common Diſeaſes; neither that its evil Conſtitution followeth the affections of the Liver or Spleen: For, ſometimes the other Bowels being unhurt, the Pancreas alone, hath been the cauſe of Death, for Reaſons (already) ſufficiently alleadged.

For which reaſon, it is manifeſt that the Pancreas is neceſſary to Life, which is alſo confirmed by an Experiment made by us at Paris, in the Year 1667. when in the Houſe of Dr. Bourdelot, where, every Monday, the moſt Curious of Phyſitians and Phyloſophers did meet, we had for three Months together expoſed this little Book, in the French Tongue, to publick Examination, ſome being led by Speculation alone, aſſerted that▪ Animals might live no leſs without the Pancreas, than the Spleen: For which cauſe, before all that Company, we extirpated the Spleen, and alſo moſt exactly the Pancreas, of a certain Dog: The Abdomen again being cloſed, Dr. Bourdelot commanded his Servants to keep the Dog moſt diligently, who, notwithſtanding all their Dilligence, in a ſhort time Dyed.

Thoſe Vices being declared, which ſometimes befall the Subſtance of the Pancreas, we ſhall proceed to thoſe things which may happen to its juice; from whence, not a few Natural Functions depending upon its Natural Diſpoſition, are waſted and hurt. Firſt of all; The Pancreatick Juice offendeth when it is more ſparingly effuſed into the thin Gut, which ſometimes comes to paſs by the more ſparing Generation, or Separation thereof in the Pancreas; or when there is an Obſtruction in one or more of its lateral Branches; becauſe, for a time the Juice is therein ſtagnated, till at length the Obſtruction is opened.

It is more ſparingly generated, when the Matter thereof is more or leſs deficient in the blood, and not being reſtored with convenient Aliments; or when the ſame is carryed off another way; or when it is more ſtrictly conjoyned with the blood, that it cannot be ſufficiently ſeparated from it. One or more of the Ducts of the Pancreas are obſtructed by a pituitous, and viſcid Matter, together with the Matter of the Pancreatick Juice, ſeparated in the Pancreas, and tranſlated into, and detained in thoſe Ducts.

Secondly, The Pancreatick Juyce doth alſo offend, when it is carryed into the Inteſtines in greater plenty, whether it be generated more Copiouſly, or for a time being detained by Stagnation, in one or more of the Laterall Ducts, is then more plentifully Effuſed, when the Obſtruction is Diſſolved.

It is generated more plentifully by reaſon of the Liberal uſe of acid Aliments, or at leaſt of Condited Acids; for example, ſoure Wine, Vinegar, Pomecitrons, &c. as alſo, by reaſon of ſome Vice of the Glandules, by which the Separation of that juice, from the blood is promoted; as alſo, ſometimes perhaps, becauſe of more larger Veſſels tending into the Pancreas, and as is uſual, affording a larger Matter to the juyce.

Thirdly, When it flows inequally into the thin Gut, that is, at one time more abundantly, at another more ſparingly: Which, firſt of all, pens by an Obſtruction of one or more of the Lateral Ducts, which continuing, nothing floweth out from them; and therefore a more ſparing juyce is then effuſed into the whole:

By the ſaid Obſtruction, any way removed, preſently that which was ſtagnant in the middle Duct, together with the reſt of the juice, is effuſed into the thin Gut; from whence, on the contrary, the Excretion of the Pancreatick juice is then more plentiful.

That ſuch an Obſtruction may ſometimes happen in the Lateral Ducts of the Pancreas, Reaſon doth perſwade, and Experience it ſelf confirmeth, even as we ſhall more clearly evince in the following Diſcourſe of Intermitting Feavours.

Fourthly, It offendeth when it is more Fluid and Liquid, than Natural: which happeneth by reaſon of ſuch blood, or animal Spirits, more Copiouſly mixed there-with.

Fifthly, It offendeth, when on the contrary it is more Viſcid; by reaſon of the Blood, likewiſe Viſcid, and abounding with much pituity.

Sixthly, The ſaid Pancreatick juyce offends; when the Natural Reliſh thereof is changed:

Whence it is one while leſs acid, another while more acid; one while ſalt, another while auſtere; ſometimes of a ſimple Taſt, or elſe Compounded of thoſe before-named.

The Nominated Juice is leſs acid, either bebeauſe of the animal Spirits, more plentifully carried to the Pancreas, or for want of acidity in the Blood; whether it may come to paſs, by reaſon of aſſuming things unfit to repair the acidity taken away, or by the uſe of ſuch things as infringe, concentrate, obtund, or extinguiſh acidity.

The acidity of the Pancreatick Juice augmented, for the moſt part, is to be aſcribed to the Redundancy of acid Humours in the Body; ſometimes to the Impedited Afflux of the Animal Spirits to the Pancreas; at leaſt-wiſe, to that part of the Juyce which is ſtagnant in the Lateral Ducts; or other-wiſe, perhaps, by reaſon of the Animal Spirits, being Exhauſted. An acid Humour is wont to abound in the Body, for the moſt part, from aſſumed Aliments, Sauces, or Medicaments, which are ſharp, with ſharp Wines, ſuch as for the moſt part is Reniſh, Moſellanous, &c. as alſo, becauſe of a more Cold Air, and North Wind, Sorrow of Mind though not over much, &c. The motion of the Animal Spirits, to the Pancreas, is impedited, when the Animal Spirits are defective; or being more dull or ſlow throughout the whole Body; alſo, when the Nerves are obſtructed, diſſecated, or compreſſed.

The Succus Pancreaticus is made Salt by a Marine, or Foſſile Salſitude, in like manner, becauſe of the Seroſity of the Blood likewiſe Salt; perhaps by a like Fault of the Glandules concurring; for which reaſon, the Secretion of the Saline parts from the Acid, cannot be abſolved: For, our common Salt conſiſteth of two parts, to wit, a Lixivious Salt, and an Acid Spirit joyned together. The auſterity of the Pancreatick Juice ſeemeth to us, to be deduced from the more groſs, or Terrene Particles, with which its acid Particles are involved; which appeareth, not only in Fruits, being firſt ſoure, afterwards, when by the gentle Heat of the Sun, they are Ripened, they are made a little more acid; and at length, when the more groſs Particles thereof, by the Agitation of Heat, are more exalted, they become Sweet.

But moreover it is manifeſt, that thoſe things which are ſower, it is by their Syncriſis and Diacriſis: So D. Paiſenus hath noted in Theſi. XXI. C. that the juyce of Ribes, being powred to Coral of a grateful acid, becomes auſtere. Vitriol and Allum diſtilled, yield an acid Spirit: Likewiſe an acid Spirit may be diſtilled from ſealed Earths, Bole Armeniack, and the like; but how Bole Armen. may by the help of Nitre and other things, be made more aſtringent, is to be ſeen in Le Febre, in his French Edition. Page 649.

CHAP. VIII. The Functions which are vitiated by the Pancreas, or it's Juyce evilly diſpoſed.

HAving declared the more grievous Vices wherewith the Pancreas and its Juyce are wont to be affected, every man may ſee, that from that Fountain very many Incommodities to Mortals do proceed; all which things, ſeeing we have propoſed to handle them in order, we ſhall firſt judge of thoſe which proceed from the Pancreas it ſelf, by ſubjoyning thoſe things which are wont to flow from its juyce.

If the Pancreas acquire a Schirrous ſubſtance reſembling Stones, and alſo weighty in the place where it ſhould defend the Sanguinous Veſſels, as ſome would have it, leſt they ſhould be hurt by the Vertaebrae, or other parts, it will greatly afflict them by Compreſſion, and will hinder the circular motion of the Blood, from whence divers Diſtentions, Inflammations, Obſtructions, and other things ariſe, and ſpring up, fit to impedite the Common uſe of the Bowels. Beſides alſo by its weight, it will not a little hinder the Stomach from performing its Office by compreſſing it; but when it is inflamed, or Apoſthumated, for the moſt part it will cauſe the ſame Incommodities with the other Bowels, being afflicted with the ſame Vice. But ſome may ſay, if ſuch grievous Effects happen to the Pancreas, how can the uſe thereof be ſo neceſſary, and how do we hitherto live ſo long with them? Then may we alſo demand how thoſe men may live, to whoſe Brain, Heart, Liver, and other bowels neceſſary to Life, the ſame, or the like things happen, and we ſhall further enquire of them, by what reaſon ſuch may live well or ill? The Hiſtories above do certainly teſtifie, that ſuch live a miſerable life, and when the Evil ſhall be increaſed, thoſe alſo for no other Cauſe have changed Life for Death: So that from that part can nothing be infer'd againſt our Hypotheſis.

Having unfolded the Incommodities ariſing from the Parenchyma of the Pancreas it ſelf, it remaineth, that we alſo run through the functious Hurt, which the evil Qualities, or Vices of the Pancreatick Juyce, or other Humours exiſting in the thin Gutt, do draw after them.

Therefore the Pancreatick Juyce being driven to the Inteſtines in a leſſer quantity, will not ſufficiently free the Gutts from the ſuperfluous Humidity in them, and ſo will occaſion many Obſtructions, as the Learned R. Lower, who judgeth this juyce to be ordained by Nature to cleanſe the Chyle; he writeth in his Treatiſe of the Heart, Chap. 5. page 215. that by the defect thereof, he hath obſerved Obſtructions of the Venae Lacteae, in theſe very words.

It ſeems to me moſt true, that that great Glandule (namely the Pancreas) is ſeated in that place; and that Ductus to be opened into the Inteſtines, that the Lympha (for ſo he calleth the Pancreatick Juyce) being there ſeparated, may be mixed with the deſcending Chyle, whereby it may more readily enter, and more expeditely paſs through the narrow Channel of the Lactean Veins; and indeed the Chyle in the Milkey Veſſels, either becauſe of its craſcitie, or for want of potulent Liquor (which ought to be for its Vehicle) may ſometimes be apt to be ſtagnant, and ſo concrete, and by the ſame reaſon, to ſtop, and altogether fill up thoſe Veſſels, as in a Dog, whoſe Pancreas was obdurated I once obſerved.

Neither alſo will it ſufficiently promote the Natural, and due Separation of the Chyle from the Excrements, and that eſpecially if the Aliments be more dry, or of a more difficult Fermentation: Hence neceſſarily follows a diminiſhed Nutrition of the whole body, as alſo a univerſal Languiſhing; ſo that, ſuch may rather be ſaid to draw Life, than to live. But the Pancreatick Juice, being ſeparated in a larger quantity; and brought to the Inteſtines, will, as it were, pare off, not only their ſuperfluous Pituity, but alſo that neceſſary part which ſhould defend them from Injuries like a Curry-Comb; and beſides, it will ſeparate more than it ought, from the aſſumed Aliments, ſo that, ſometimes the unprofitable, and excrementitious parts, together with the profitable, may be conveyed to the Maſs of Blood; ſometimes only the profitable Parts, but in a larger quantity than they ſhould, may be carryed by the ſame wayes: From whence, if here we ſay a Pethora will happen, and thence a Cacochymy, Who can overthrow our Aſſertions? More-over, we think that the Lancionations, in the left Hypocondria, firſt moleſted by courſes, do proceed from too great a quantity of the Bile and Pancreatick Juyce, ſeparated from the Blood, by a more vehement Motion of the Body, and the ſtirring up a greater Efferveſcency.

For, it is moſt certain, that Running, or any other vehement Exerciſe of the Body, doth accelerate the Motion of the Blood, through the whole Body; which, ſeeing it is the cauſe of the Separation of theſe or other Humours, then it is alſo neceſſary, that thoſe Humours be depoſited into the Guts in a greater plenty; which, being ſeparated in a Natural Quantity, and Quality, if, as we have already proved, they may excite a natural and friendly Efferveſcency to Nature, may not the contrary happen when they are otherwiſe diſpoſed by exciting an Efferveſcency, greater, and troubleſome to Nature? After a wonderful manner doth that place confirm this our Opinion, in which thoſe paines are perceived by courſe, and very ordinarily, though unjuſtly, are aſcribed to the Spleen; becauſe the Spleen is not in that place, where thoſe pains do in us excite a Moleſtation, but hath its ſeat more down-wards; becauſe in that place thoſe paines do manifeſt themſelves in the Anteriour part of the Hypocondria, where the thin Gut M, emerging under the Meſentery N, doth lye by the Peritonaeum, as is to be ſeen in the firſt Table, where we have Delineated to the Life the Scituation of that Inteſtine.

The inequal ſeparation of the Succus Pancreaticus, and propulſion thereof, to the Inteſtines, produceth various Mutations in the Guts, and elſe-where, concerning the ſuddain Happening of which, no man will ever aſſigne a fit Reaſon, who will not give heed to thoſe things. Hence we think to be deduced the ſuddain Deliquiums of the Wind ſometimes advening, erratick Feavers, intermitious of Pulſes, &c.

The Pancreatick Juice being more fluid, will more dilute the Pituity of the Guts, and perhaps ſometimes occaſion the Flux of the Belly; eſpecially if it be conjoyned with a Salſitude, by whoſe acrimony the Guts are provoked to their Contraction; and unleſs that Flux of the Belly follow the Periſtaltick Motion of the Guts, it will neceſſarily expreſs a greater Quantity of Chyle into the Venae Lacteae, from whence the ſame incommodities will ariſe, which we have deduced from the Pancreatick Juyce, ſeparated in too large a Quantity.

The more Viſcid Pancreatick Juice concreting by the leaſt external Cold, will occaſion Obſtructions, as alſo intermitting Feavers, and likewiſe aſtringe the Belly. Concerning the ſenſible Qualities, and firſt of the Relliſh, there is ſometimes produced a Pancreatick juyce leſs acid; from whence there is neither a due Efferveſcency in the Duodenum, and therefore not a neceſſary Separation of the profitable parts from the unprofitable, nor a deſired Conſiſtency beſtowed on the Blood: and therefore they, in whom ſuch Blood is, have been leſs able to reſiſt Peſtilential Venom, than thoſe in whom, by the laudable Acidity of their Pancreatick Juice, have alſo a more Laudable and greater Conſiſtency of their Blood. Hence the reaſon is alſo clear, Why Melancholly Men are leſs afflicted with the Plague, than thoſe who are endued with a Bilious blood.

For we think that no man may be infected with the Plague, ſo long as the Natural conſiſtency of his blood is preſerved: We aſſert this the more freely, becauſe we ſee the blood in all perſons infected with the Plague to be altered, and obtain a far more fluid conſiſtency: So that if ſometimes by chance, Negligence, Ignorance, or any other urging Cauſe; as for example, too great a Plethory, ſpitting of blood bringing a preſent danger to Life, let a Vein be opened, the blood flowing out although refrigerated; nevertheleſs, is in no wiſe coagulated, neither can it acquire a due conſiſtency, even as ſometimes is wont to happen to the animal Spirits, being looſed from their Fetters, and diſſipated from the acidity exiſting in the blood, wherefore alſo ſuch a blood by divers Practitioners is called putrid.

We commonly ſay, becauſe it may ſo happen, that the whole Maſs of blood, not as yet equally infected, the laudible part of the blood in the cutting of a Vein, may only flow out, the blood remaining in the body being depraved; the which thing Practitioners daily obſerve to happen in Venae-Section; we do not only think with other Practitioners, that the blood remains fluid, without the bodies of thoſe who are infected with the Plague; but do alſo affirm the like fluidity in the bodies of thoſe extinguiſhed by the Peſt, as we have learned by Experience, which perhaps may ſeem ſtrange to thoſe who know not the Nature of volatile Salts, but not ſo to us, who have very often mingled it with the blood, and the blood always remained fluid, the which cannot be certainly expected from the commixture of any other thing, with the blood, then volatile Salts.

But on the contrary, if you mingle any acid Spirit with the Blood Dictum Factum, the Blood will be more or leſs Coagulated, according as that Spirit ſhall be more or leſs Acid; as for example, if to try the Experiment, we take Oyle of Vitriol, Oyle of Sulphur per Campanum, Aqua Fortis, Aqua Regia, &c. Beſides, that the Blood will preſently be Coagulated by them, it alſo acquires a Cheſ-Nut Colour. But if we take the Dulcid Spirit of Salt, Juice of Lammons, Diſtilled Vinegar or the like, whoſe acid Spirit is more Temperate, the Blood will only acquire the Conſiſtency of a groſſer Syrup, with its red Colour remaining unhurt.

From whence it is evident, the uſe of Acids may preſerve men from the Plague, not, as according to the Opinion of many Authors, that they cut and attenuate; but as they preſerve the natural Conſiſtency of the Blood, and do hinder its being infected, with a more ſharp Volatile Salt, which we, together with the Air, ſuck into our Bodies: For this cauſe, the moſt Famous Dr. Sylvius, who likewiſe hath Conſtituted the Venom of the Plague, in a more ſharp Volatile Salt; when, ſome Years ſince, in the great Plague at Amſterdam, which he fore-ſaw, he took a Cruſt of Bread, imbrued with white-Wine-Vinegar, in which Mary-Golds had likewiſe been ſteeped; by which Alexipharmack he ſo well preſerved himſelf, that he never was infected with the Peſtilential Venome. But when, through too much haſt, he omitted the ſaid Alexipharmack, as ſoon as he entred into an infected Houſe, he was infected with a pain in the Head; from which, at other times, he was free.

Which things being rightly conſidered, every one may ſee that the Peſtilent Venome is not indued with any force of Coagulating, as the moſt Learned Willis hath ſtated it, in his Treatiſe of Feavers, C. 13. But ſeeing that Dr. Dela-Font hath ſufficiently cleared this to all Oppoſers, in his Diſcourſe concerning the Peſtilent Venome, Chap. VIII.

We ſhall not ſpend any more time, either to the Reader, or our ſelves, but wave the further Diſquiſition of thoſe things; becauſe it is (beſides) our purpoſe in this Treatiſe, accurately, to deſcribe the Peſtilence: Wherefore we will leave the reſt to a further Occaſion, ſeeing it is time that we return to the Incommodities flowing from the more Acid Pancreatick Juyce.

The Pancreatick Juyce, being more ſharp, is the cauſe, firſt, of every Internal Cold, being firſt of all felt in the Region of the Loyns, and afterwards diſperſed into the whole Body; as for the moſt part, we obſerve in the beginning of the Fits of Agues, or Intermitting Feavers. Secondly, Of all Cutting paines, as well in the Hypocondria's, and whole Belly, as in other parts of the Body. Thirdly, Of all manifeſt paines in the Belly, from whence the Sick is ſometimes tormented after a wonderful manner. Wherefore we deduce all the black and aeruginous Bile from the ſame, more Acid, Pancreatick Juyce: Becauſe ſometimes being put into a Pewter Chamber Pot, or Braſs Baſon, they Corrode the ſame, and ſend forth a ſharp Savour; and alſo excite a manifeſt Efferveſcency; which every man, who hath ſaluted but the threſhold of Chymiſtry, knows, cannot happen from any thing but Acids: From whence, they may be compelled to confeſs their Errour; who affirm, That all black Choler, proceeding from Vomitting, or Dejection of the Belly, comes from the Follicles of the Gall, or the Spleen.

All theſe things are not a little confirmed, by the following Experiment, ſometimes made by us in a Dog; in the Section of whom, being alive, having opened the Duodenum, we found a greeniſh Liquor among the black, ſuch as the Antients have depicted to us for Atrabilis: that we might purſue a more Intimate cognition thereof, we examined diligently all the wayes through which any thing might be tranſfer'd to that Inteſtine; and ſeeing that beſides the Bilar Duct, the Pancreatick, and the Ventrile, there was no way perceptible to the ſight, through which any notable Quantity of Humors might be afforded to the Inteſtines; we judge therefore, that in one of thoſe, the matter thereof muſt be obſcured: Wherefore we examined all thoſe wayes; in the firſt whereof, we found the Bile, naturally Conſtituted, that waxing Yellow from a Green: In the ſecond we found the Pancreatick Juyce moſt limpid, like to Diſtilled Water: In the third we found the Aliments half crude, having the Colour of White Aſhes.

Seeing therefore that neither the Liver, nor the Pancreas, nor alſo the Stomach, carryed that Atrabilis to the Inteſtine, we began to ſuſpect whether that Atrabilis might not emerge by the Union of two or three of thoſe Humours, being mingled together by courſe: Concerning which thing, that we might attain to a greater Certainty, we affuſed Spirit of Vitriol to the Bile, drawn forth from its Veſicle, and placed it in the heat of the Sun; from whence there was commonly excited from the Black, a Greeniſh Liquor, ſuch as we firſt found in the Duodenum: Hence we concluded the ſaid Humour, called Atrabilis, not to flow from this, or that part, but to be generated in the Duodenum. Namely, as the Natural Colour of the Bile hath been tranſmitted into Black, and Green, by the Concourſe of the more Acid Pancreatick Juyce.

Seeing that the Pancreatick Juyce, by the ordinary Law of Nature, may continually be mingled with the Bile, and the Inteſtinal Pituity, we will a little propoſe the ſame, as joyn'd with thoſe Humours. If it chanceth that the more ſluggiſh Pancreatick Juyce, bounds with a ſharper Bile, and the Inteſtinal Pituity rightly Conſtituted, the ſtrength of the Pancreatick Juyce, in that Concourſe, will be altogether infringed; and the Exhalations, which are excited by the Efferveſcency of thoſe Humours, will aſcend, not ſo much with Acid, as Lixivious Particles; which, when they reach to the Stomach, by infringing its Fermentation, they will hinder the Concoction of the Aliment, and deſtroy the Appetite: but if it happen that thoſe Exhalations aſcend to the Jaws, there, amongſt other Incommodities, they will induce a Dryneſs of the Mouth, eſpecially if they infect the Spittle with their Salſitude: But if they proceed further, through the Milky Veines to the Heart, from whence, with the blood, they may paſs through the other parts of the body, they will alſo produce a Heat in thoſe, as at firſt in the Inteſtines; and there more troubleſome, where thoſe Exhalations are moſt ſharp.

If a more ſharp Pancreatick Juyce concurreth with a ſharper Bile, there will preſently be a mighty Efferveſcency excited in the Duodenum, whereby the Inteſtines are ſometimes ſo diſtended, that they threaten a Ruption; which thing we have very often obſerved, whilſt we applyed our ſelves to our Study in Leyden, whilſt we mixed together divers Liquors ſit for Fermentation in two little Veſſels, in part of the Inteſtine intercepted by Ligatures, (even as D. Schuyl hath expreſſed it, Fig. B. in his Treatiſe, De veteri Medicina) wherefore we judge, in the firſt inſtant Emiſſion of thoſe ſharp Exhalations which way ſoever turn'd about, that, that Efferveſcency will excite very many grievous Incommodities; many whereof will alſo preſently ceaſe by the Diſſipation of thoſe Exhalations, becauſe either Humour being enervated after that Inteſtinal Conflict layes down its force, and ceaſeth from further contention; for in ſuch an Efferveſcency the acid Particles are ſo joyned with the Saline, that without great difficulty they are never to be ſeparated; wherefore as unworthy they are expelled from the body for Atra-bilis, if the acid over-grow the Salt, and get Dominion; in the mean time, they moſt miſerably afflict the body, no otherwiſe than as Hoſtile Souldiers, the place through which they paſs, by Eroding, and Ulcerating, &c. From whence Fluxes of the belly, Vomitings, Teneſmus, Dyſenteries, and ſix Hundred other Incommodities ſpringing from the Atra-bilis will proceed, and thoſe the more grievous, or more gentle, as the acidity of the Pancreatick juyce ſhall remain more or leſs, intemperate after the ſaid Conflict.

If beſides the Bile, and the Pancreatick juyce offending even now ſpoken of, much Phlegme ſticks in the Gutts, and if the ſame phlegme be viſcous, by reaſon of the Incommodities already declared, there will happen Flatulencies, the force and energy of which, whereby they are obnoxious to men, he that deſireth to be informed, let him read J. Fiennus, and others, who have profeſſedly Written of Flatulencies.

If a ſharper Pancreatick Juyce concurs with a more ſluggiſh Bile, it will not excite ſo manifeſt an Efferveſcency, but by its Acrimony will ſtir up wringings of the Gutts, Eroſions, &c. but if being more intemperate, paſſing through the little Channels of the Lactean Veins, it toucheth the firſt and laſt reſidence of life, it will produce the Auxiety of the Heart, Syncope, and many other Incommodities hereafter recited, whoſe ſymptoms will be of larger continuance than thoſe which we have deemed to ariſe from Exhalations, and from thence a greater Intemperance of the Pancreatick Juyce may be feared, when the Bile, wherewith it is wont to be attempred, is ſluggiſh and inſipid, as the moſt learned Gliſſon, amongſt other things writeth, that he hath obſerved in his Anatomy of the Liver, at the end of the 39. Chapter, where he ſaith: There was with us a Woman Cachectick, in whoſe Biliar Veſicle we found a ſerous Humour a little pale, little bitter, or rather inſipid, but next to a ſweetneſs.

The like to which we have alſo obſerved in the Icterick, or thoſe Afflicted with the Jaundies, in the Year 1664. being Diſſected by the famous Sylvius, in the Hoſpital of Leyden, whoſe Bile, whilſt we more accurately examined, in the Houſe of D. Elſner, in the preſence of D. Kohnius, we found it plainly ſerous, and ſo little indued with a Yellow colour, that a Linnen Rag being put into it, would ſcarcely be tinged with any Yellowneſs, and to the Tongue exhibited little or nothing of Amaritude.

CHAP. IX. The Diſeaſes proceeding from a vitiated Pancreatick Juyce.

EVen as from the Vitiation of the Pancreatick Juyce, we have ſhewed that divers Functions are hurt; ſo from the ſame Fountain do we judge that various Effects may be derived: Amongſt which we ſhall deſervedly aſſigne the firſt and chiefeſt place to all Agues, and intermitting Feavours, becauſe we judge the Acceſſes thereof to be aſcribed to the Pancreatick Juyce, being ſtagnant in one or more of the lateral Ducts, by reaſon of an Obſtruction made by Phlegme, and by reaſon of the force of the Acrimony increaſed, one while ſooner, another while later, prepareth a paſſage for it ſelf through the obſtructing Pituity, then cauſing a vicious Efferveſcency in the Duodenum, and being tranſlated to the Heart, produceth a preternatural pulſe.

Which Opinion, ſeeing that hitherto it hath been known to few, to avoid confuſion in the end of this little Book, we have ſet a part an entire Chapter, wherein we will treat of intermitting Feavers, to which we ſend the Reader, whilſt in the mean time, we go forward to the other Diſeaſes, ſpringing from this more intemperate juyce.

It ſeems probable to us, that the cauſe of the Arthritis (or Gout) derives its original from the ſaid acid Pancreatick Juyce; namely, when its elevated acidity, either with Phlegme, or the Serum of the blood is carried to the joynts, and lyeth in them; the ſymptoms alſo concurring, ſeems to perſwade the ſame thing to us; for thoſe pains for the moſt part are wont both to invade, and be exaſperated with a Paroxyſme of a Feaver, but according to the diverſe manner, wherewith the Bile and the inteſtinal Pituity are affected; ſo thoſe paines of the Joynts do alſo manifeſt themſelves after a diverſe Mode, with the reſt of the concomitant Symptoms.

The ſame thing is teſtified by the Urine, which once for curioſity ſake, we taſted with Doctor Rooſendael, in which we found a notable Acidity. We have alſo obſerved (which ſeems not a little to confirm this our Opinion) in theſe Regions, that Wine, eſpecially Reniſh, is exceedingly adverſe to thoſe who are obnoxious to this Diſtemper; the which we judge to happen from the ſame, becauſe that Wine contains in it a greater acidity than other Wines.

That this more acid Pancreatick Juyce doth increaſe Hunger, and ſtir up and inſatiable, and Dog-like Appetite; few hereafter will doubt, who have conſidered diligently, that the Pancreatick Juyce, and the ſharp Exhalations thereof do aſcend even into the Stomach, as is manifeſt by the Sower Belchings, violently breaking forth, and ſometimes by the Vomiting forth of Humours, more or leſs acid.

If they ſay that that juyce which is effuſed into the Inteſtine, the breadth of four Fingers below the Pylorus, cannot aſcend through the Pylorus into the Stomach, it being naturally ſhut; we may alſo ask how the Bile (which by all is granted) may aſcend to the Stomach, which iſſueth into the Inteſtine by the ſame paſſage: If they ſay it comes to paſs by the in verted periſtaltick Motion of the Inteſtines, we then ſay, that by the ſame Motion, the Pancreatick Juyce may alſo aſcend, to which we ſhall adde that Exhalations do far more eaſily aſcend into the Stomach than the Humours.

More acid Exhalations being excited, from the Pancreatick Juyce, through its Efferveſcency, and altogether with Flatulencies, carryed through the Venae Lactae to the Heart, and from thence to the Lungs, and there ſticking, do not only cauſe a difficult Reſpiration, but alſo a dry Cough; the Confirmation of which, we have not only ſeen in the Hoſpital of Leyden, but elſe-where: For, in the diffecting of Dead Bodies, we have often found the Parenchyma of the Lungs, and its Veſſels, as yet diſtended with Wind. If a Viſcid Pituity accompanies thoſe Windy Exhalations, and be detained in the Lungs, what doth it then produce but the Species of an Aſthma? But if thoſe Exhalations, and Flatulencies, do tend further to the Head, the paines thereof will produce Alienation of the Mind, and ſometimes infinite other Diſcommodities; every man may believe, That the Epileptick Invaſions of Children, which they call Stuypiens, i. e. the Dutch. doth proceed from the ſaid, more Acid, Pancreatick Juyce, who hath accurately attended to thoſe Invaſions, and the Symptomes accompanying them, and the way of Cure: For, beſides that Acidity, which doth very often breath through the Mouth, they ſuffer the Gripings of the Belly; the Milk may likewiſe be perceived to be concreted, both upwards, and downwards; the Excrements of the belly are more Green, and give forth a ſharp Odour: they are alſo cured by the tempering of Acidity: as for Example, with Aqua Feniculi, Aqua Lilliorū Conuallium, Spir. Salis Armoniaci, &c.

The ſame, more Acid, Pancratick Juyce, carryed to the blood, through the Lactean Veines, will give it a greater Conſiſtency; whence the Blood, leſs Rarifying, will produce a leſſer Pulſe: From which, Vice highly exceeding, we judge a Syncope, ſometimes to be produced, which is not a little confirmed by that Example which Lazarus Riverius relates in Lib. VIII. Fol. 358. of his Practice concerning that Syncope, which P. Salius, as he reports, Lib. De Afect. Practic. Cap. IV. obſerved in a Girle of 14 Years of Age: Who, after a dayes ſuffering of Heavineſs of the Head, Vertigo, and grievous Anxieties, the day following ſuddainly dyed: Afterwards her Body being diffected, the whole blood in the great Artery and the Vena Cava appeared to be Concreted, and ſo changed that it might intirely be drawn out from the Vein, and Artery, even as a Sword out of its Scabbard.

Concerning which thing, if any doubt, either by ours, or others Examples, let him take an acid Liquor, and pour it, by degrees, into the Vein of any Living Dog, and he ſhall not only obſerve the Blood, therein, to be ſo Coagulated, and Concreted, that the greater bloody Veſſels may be tranſverſly cut, without the Effuſion of the blood; but alſo when the acid Liquor ſhall come, in a notable Quantity, to the right Ventricle of the Heart, that it will preſently extinguiſh, and kill the Dog. Alſo, no man will deny, that Convulſions, for the moſt part, proceed from an Internal Cauſe, from the Acrimony of Humours, irritating the Nerves, and cauſing, by a greater Influx of the animal Spirits, into the Muſcles, Involuntary, and alſo Violent Motions: But when there is a two fold Acrimony of Humours, viz. Acid, and Salt, ſome perhaps may doubt, which of theſe do moſt frequently produce thoſe Convulſive Motions: But, for as much as we can obſerve, they rather proceed from an acid Acrimony, than a Salt: becauſe we ſee that Aromatick Medicaments, and thoſe abounding with a Volatile Salt, do very much conduce to their Cure; which would never come to paſs, if they drew their Original from a Saline Acrimony. Beſides, they are accompanyed with ſuch Symptomes, which are wont to be the Concomitants of Diſeaſes, ariſing from an acid Acrimony: Yea, the Effects of Acids are allowed to be far more powerful, as is to be ſeen in Helmont De Lithiaſi. Cap. 9. Pag. 725. §. 71. where he relates, that he ſaw a Chymiſt, which, after he had been much Converſant about making of Aqua Regia, he fell into the Palpitation of the Heart, Convulſions, and many other Incredible Dolours, by reaſon of the acid Exhalations, which mingled themſelves with his Blood. From the ſame Acidity we ſtedfaſtly believe, That the Strangury is very often produced, ſeeing that, together with other Students, we have ſometimes found the Urines of ſuch as have laboured under the Strangury, in the Hoſpital of Leyden, to be Acid; and alſo ſeen the ſame Perſons cured with ſuch Medicines, as temper Acidity.

The which if you are minded to try, ſaith Helmont, De Pleura Furente §. 14. Whether or no the Strangury may not proceed from Acidity, mix ſome Drops at leaſt of ſharp Wine, with the Ʋrine, lately ſent forth without pain, and inject it again by a Syringe, and you ſhall find, to your Pain, that what I ſay, is true. Alſo, that from the more acid Pancreatick Juyce, Ulcers do ſometimes break forth in the Skin, corroding the ſame, as alſo producing very great paines, they will not deny, who, following the Opinions of the Antients, determine them to ariſe from the Atra-Bilis; ſeeing that the Atra-Bilis of the Antients (as we have above Demonſtrated) hath its Original from the more acid Pancreatick Juyce.

We are like-wiſe plainly perſwaded, that the more acid Pancreatick Juyce, eſpecially if it hath any Auſterity conjoyned with it, produceth a greater aſtringency of the Belly.

For, if the Bile, by its Acrimony irritating the Guts (as is granted) may excite the Flux of the Belly, why may not that, which is contrary to ſuch a Bile, produce a contrary Effect? Notwithſtanding, if the belly be bound by a Viſcid Matter, then we think, likewiſe, that a Flux may happen from the ſharper Pancreatick Juyce, as it hath a power of inciding, and attenuating, the Viſcid Pituity: From which it is manifeſt, that the Pancreatick Juyce, according to the Diverſity of Humours, concurring with it, doth very often produce a diverſe and contrary Effect; which thing we would have well noted, leſt we ſhould ſeem to contradict our ſelf, in explicating the Effects of this juyce.

As yet we think, even as we ſeem to have already ſaid, that the Atra and Eruginous Bile is excited from the more acid Pancreatick Juyce, and a certain ſharp Bile concurring; and conſequently all Diſeaſes, which Authors deduce from them; and therefore they are not cured by other Medicaments, than thoſe which are fit to correct the more acid Pancreatick Juyce: Which, as it is Conſonant with Reaſon; ſo it will not appear Incredible to thoſe, who will conſider the things above ſpoken by us, with a more attentive Mind.

But perhaps ſome will ſay, after what manner doth the Pancreatick Juyce produce the Atra-Bilis, ſeeing that we have aſcribed the Whitiſhneſs of the Chyle, after the Efferveſcency, in the thin Gut, to the acidity of the Pancreatick Juyce? To which we anſwer, That Acids, according to the Diverſity of the matter where-with they are mixed, do alſo produce a divers Colour; for example, pour an acid Spirit to common Sulphur, diſſolved in a Lixivium, and its red Colour will be changed into white. Antimony Calcind, with Nitre or Chalk, being boyl'd in Fountain-Water, and any acid thing, being affuſed to its clear Colature, will preſently acquire a Saffron Colour.

A clear Infuſion of Galls, mixed with the Solution of Vitriol, maketh Ink, to which, if you add the acid Spirit of Vitriol, that Ink will loſe all its blackneſs, and become clear, like to Fountain-Water. The Blew Tincture of Violets, being mixed with Oyle of Vitriol, will wax into a Purple. The Wood Acanthus brought from Braſile, being infuſed in Common Water, doth freely yeild a red Tincture, which put to Diſtilled Vinegar, acquires a Colour like to White-Wine. A Knife, after it, hath cut a Pomecitron, in the Middle, unleſs it be wiped, and cleanſed, from the Soure Juyce of the Citron, in a ſhort time will be reduced to a nigrous Colour. And why from the ſame acidity too much exalted in Ulcers, the Cyrurgions Probe may not be ſtained with a certain Blackneſs, (as we have very often obſerved) and ſuch Ulcers be happily cured by Temperating of the acidity, (as Helmont admoniſheth De Blaſe humano, §. 53. we leave to the judgment of others?

It may here ſuffice for us to have proved, that from one and the ſame acid, permixed with diverſe things; one while a White, another a Black, another a Yellow, another a Purple, and ſo moreover other Colours may ariſe. He which deſireth to excite many Colours in the Solution of Minerals and Vegitables endued with no Colour, let him go to that moſt curious Treatiſe which D. Willis hath written, concerning Fermentation, where pag. 88. Edit. Ang. he may find very many Mutations of Colours not unprofitable; and being about to aſſigne the Reaſon thereof, he ſaith in the following page: If the reaſon of this Phaeno-mena be enquired, it ought altogether to be deduced from thoſe minute particles within the pores of every contained Liquor; which according to the ſcituation and poſition, being after a divers manner altered by the Infuſion of another Liquor, do diverſly tranſmit the beams of the light, and manifoldly break, or reflect it, and ſo cauſe the divers appearances of Colours, &c.

Having now unfolded the Diſeaſes riſen from the more acid Pancreatick Juyce, we ſeem in our ſelves to hear ſome in ſhort to ask the Queſtion, from whence the acid Humour in the body may proceed, if we do not uſe any acid things? To which we anſwer, that we can in no wiſe want thoſe things which abound with an acidity. For there is an acidity in the air, which appeareth, if the Caput Mortuum of Vitriol be expoſed to the air, which from the ſame eliciteth a new acidity. Alſo, that the air is full of Nitrous particles, Gaſſendus, Entius, Digbaeus, and others, which profeſſedly, or otherwiſe ingeniouſly treat of this Matter, have proved: But no man is ignorant, that Nitre containeth in it ſelf an acidity. There is alſo an acidity inherent in Aliments: For in Kitchings, if fleſh, or other Aliments, begin to corrupt, their Broth doth wax ſower; yea, we have collected an acid Spirit in quantity ſufficiently large, from the ſweeteſt of Condiments, to wit, Sugar, by chymical Art.

There is alſo an acidity inherent in Drink; for Beer, or Ale, as alſo Wine, being left to themſelves, without the addition of any other thing, do wax Soure: From whence, it is no wonder, as Hippocrates witneſſeth, Lib. De Vet. Med. Text. 24 that there ſhould be an Acidity in Men. But, it being granted, that there is an acid Humour in our Bodies, ſome one, more deſirous of Truth, may ask, How it comes to paſs, that it doth not only corrode the parts of our Bodies, but alſo Copper, and Tinn, as we have ſhewed above? To this we ſhall alſo anſwer, That the Fermentations, continually happening in our Bodies, is ſufficicient for this thing: For, we daily ſee that by their help, many things are very ſharp, which before were ſweet, or at leaſt Temperate: VVhether now this may happen by the Diſſipation of the animal Spirits, or by reaſon of any other inward Cauſe, we leave to the Judgment of others. Likewiſe, Experience teſtifies, that Men, feeding upon a cold Diet, do ſometimes, for the ſame Reaſon, and Cauſe, fall into burning Feavers.

We have alſo deſervedly aſcribed the Uterine Suffocation, or Mother-fits, ſo called, to the Pancreatick juyce divers ways vitiated, but eſpecially the Auſtere: The following Obſervation ſeems to give us no ſmall light into the Truth of this Matter, which our Friend Elſnerus, in the Year 1667. ſent to us from Paris to Andegave: We opened (ſaith he) a Maid, extinguiſhed by the Suffocation of the Womb, in whoſe dead body we found nothing at all, to which death might be aſcribed, but the blood coagulated in the Ventricles of the Heart, beyond the order of Nature. Which too much coagulation of the blood may not be deduced from any other cauſe, than from an acid Juyce, as we have ſufficiently proved.

But the reaſon why we judge that this Effect is not produced by the Pancreatick Juyce, being ſimply acid, is, that all women which have a ſharp Pancreatick Juyce, are not affected with that Diſeaſe: And therefore we do the more eaſily believe, that there is an auſterity, or harſh Sowerneſs preſent with it; becauſe we have known almoſt the like Diſeaſe excited from the Pancreatick Juyce, being auſtere, in a certain Bitch, as alſo in a Famous Man, the truth of which the following Teſtimony freely exhibiteth to us; done in the Year 1663. as it was communicated to me by the moſt expert Dr. Sylvius: I teſted the Pancreatick Juyce, and found it (firſt) as it were Saltiſh; but afterward, the Reliſh being ſome-what changed, it ſeemed then to be Sub-acid, with a light Auſterity; There was ſuch a Stink produced in my Mouth, that two of my Acquaintance, which were with us, admoniſhed me concerning it: The Stink was like to that which riſeth from Muddy, and ſtrinking Water. My Mouth, and Jaws, were not only exſiccated, or dried, but alſo ſo conſtringed, that I ſeemed to be ſuffoccated; which like thing, I ſuffer by a Diſeaſe familiar to me: And all theſe things vaniſhed not ſuddainly, but remained, and endured for a while, till they left me by Degrees, and of their own Accord.

The Bitch's Juyce was brought to the Famous Dr. Sylvius, and exhibited to his Taſt, in our preſence. From this, and the like Obſervations, it ſeemeth not abſurd to aſſert, That Men may ſome-time be affected with a like Hyſterick Suffocation; eſpecially, when its neareſt Cauſe happens, not from the VVomb, but from the ſmall Gut; in which, by reaſon of the Vitious Efferveſcency of concurring Humours excited, Exhalations, and auſtere Flatulencies are ſtirred up; which, as often as they ariſe through the Oeſephagus, or Gullet, and come to the Arteria-Aſperia, or Wind-Pipe, they ſo conſtringe thoſe parts, that the Sick think themſelves to be in the peril of Strangulation, or Choaking.

That divers Species of the Hypocondriack Affection may be produced by the ſaid Pancreatick juyce divers ways vitiated, the Books of Practical Phyſitians do teſtifie, and the ſymptoms confirme. But that we ſtay no longer upon the more acid, and auſtere Pancreatick juyce, and the effects from them ariſing; we think fit to deduce at leaſt one effect from the ſaid juyce more Salt, imagine a ſerous Diarrhaea, which by its ſaline Acrimony, produceth a more violent, and more frequent periſtaltick Motion of the Gutts.

Theſe things being rightly conſidered, we doubt not but that by a diligent tract of time, by the Obſervation of thoſe who happen to be converſant about the Sick, many effects will be made more manifeſt: And if there be more of Art in knowing than in curing Diſeaſes, who ſees not that this Pancreatick juyce being altogether known, the cure of many Diſeaſes may be performed more eaſily, more ſpeedily, and more profitably. Firſt of all in this Treatiſe, we have deſcribed the Diſeaſes taking their Original from a more acid Pancreatick juyce, becauſe they more often occur, and produce greater trouble, than thoſe which derive their Original from this juyce by any other way vitiated, for the acid Humour excelling the reſt, Witneſs Hippoc. lib. de Vet. Med. Text. 42. 14. of all others is the moſt Incommodious.

CHAP. X. How the vitiated Pancreatick Juyce may be Corrected.

SEeing that it is not ſufficient to have ſaid in what manner the Pancreatick Juyce may offend, Namely, by exerciſing too great an Acidity, Salſitude, and Amaritude; we have not reſtored it, ſaith Hyppocrates, before that the ſame be purged, and overthrown by the admixing of other things, Lib. de vet. Med. Text 34.

But with what Medicaments the Vices of the Pancreatick Juyce, above declared, may more eaſily be tempered, or evacuated we ſhall now handle in brief.

The more ſparing Separation, or Excretion, of the Pancreatick Juyce, happening by reaſon of Viſcidity, will be cured by Medicines, correcting any Viſcidity; ſuch are Volatile Acids, as alſo Salts, as well Volatile as Fixt; eſpecially the Volatile Salt of Amber ſeems to agree with our buſineſs; which, beſides the Volatile Salt, alſo containes certain Acid Particles: But, as often as the Pancreatick Juyce is thought to be leſs acid, then uſe pure Acids, on the contrary, as often as the Acidity thereof exceeds, then Salts are moſt conducible. When the Excretion of the Pancreatick Juyce is more ſparing, by reaſon of an Obſtruction happening in one or more of the Lateral Ducts, the Medicines, but now ſpoken of, are alſo profitable; for, except they looſen, cleanſe, and caſt forth the Obſtructing Pituity, or Remedy the Viſcous Crudity of the Blood, they will certainly profit nothing, as we ſhall endeavour, more largely, to explain the ſame in the ſubſequent Chapter, when we ſhall treat of intermitting Feavers.

The more Copious Increaſe of the Pancreatick Juyce, will be Cured, as well by abſtaining from much Drink, eſpecially ſuch as is ſharp; alſo by uſing ſuch Medicaments as may expel it from the body by the belly; as alſo Sweats, and Urines. But, among ſuch Medicaments, as educe it by the Belly, ſuch as Purge-Water, are convenient above others; by help whereof, the Serous Humours are purged, more than the Bilious: which, ſome years ſince, we have obſerved in not a few Dogs, to whom we exhibited, as well Hydragogues as Cholagues; and, ſeeing that they excellently deponed the belly, we ſuddenly opened the Abdomen, at the very time of purgation; the Dog's as yet living; which done, we could obſerve, although difficulty, in thoſe to whom we had given a Cholagogue, viz. one Dram of Diagredium, that the Bile did flow in a far greater Quantity, from the Inteſtinal biliar Duct; but in another, to whom we had exhibited a Hydragogue, namely, of Powder of Jallap two Drams, we obſerved that the Pancreatick Juyce did break forth in a large Quantity, from its Ductus into the Inteſtines, although then the Bile alſo did iſſue forth in a great Quantity; and in another, to whom we had given a Cholagogue, the Pancreatick Juyce did alſo flow forth in a greater Quantity, than uſuall; nevertheleſs we are able to collect, that the Bile is far more Copiouſly purged by Cholagogues, and the Pancreatick Juyce by Hydragogues.

In theſe Experiments, performed other things, did yet occur, worthy of note; for firſt of all, at the very time of purgation, there was nothing depoſited through the Meſeraick Arteries into the Cavity of the Inteſtines; but what ſo ever of a Liquid matter remained in them, after expreſſion, was ſucked up by the Venae Lacteae, or Meſeraick Veines. Secondly, That thoſe Ducts, in whom the Lactean Veines appeared not: After 3. or 4. Hours Exhibition of Aliment, we cut the Abdomen in them; neither the Bile, nor the Pancreatick Juyce, was carryed to the Inteſtine, in a more than uſual Quantity. Concerning which, ſeeing that other things, as yet remain to be ſpoken to, we ſhall defer it to another occaſion, untill by many Experiments, more ſurely made, we ſhall more perfectly (alſo) underſtand the force of other Medicaments. The Pancreatick Juyce, over Fluid, will be corrected by the prudent aſſumption of Viſcid Aliments; ſuch are Pills of Hound's Tongue, and other things which incraſſate.

In reference to the Qualities of the Pancreatick Juyce, perceptible to the taſt, if it offends by too much Acidity, Auſterity, or Salſity, it will be cured, Firſt, With altering Medicines, as Hippocrates hath rightly taught us, De Vet. Med. Tex. 31. 20. where he ſaith: And I perceive all other Fluxes, which happen by reaſon of the Acrimony, and Intemperances of Humours, are reſtored by their tempering and Cocting. But that will eaſily be abſolved by the Adminiſtration of the Medicines, even now ſpoken of.

The more Acid Pancreatick Juyce will be cured, Firſt, With a pure Volatile Salt, as an Aromatick, by tempering the ſame.

Secondly, It will be cured with a Lixivious Salt, as well fixed as Volatile, by infringing its Power.

Thirdly, It will be cured by Crabs Eyes, Coralls, Chalk, Shells, eſpecially being Calcined, fileings of Steel, and the like, by concentrating it.

Fourthly, It will be cured, by Oleous Emulſions, as alſo, by diverſe Oyles, made as well by expreſſion, as Diſtillation, as it were Wrapping about it, and Blunting the Edge thereof. [I know not how to render Obvoluo and Obtundo better].

Fifthly. It will be cured with water, & watery things, waſhing and weakning it. But here no Purges are to be exhibited; becauſe, hitherto, none are known; which, without great difficulty, do educe the Acid Humours, not tempered; ſo that, Aphoriſme of Hippoc. 22. Sect. 11. which ſaith, Things cocted not crude, being brought forth by a Purging Medicine, are not crude in their beginning, unleſs they ſwell: But many do not ſwell; doth rightly here take place. The auſtere Pancreatick Juyce will be cured by Volatile Salts, as firſt, by the Diſtilled Spirit of Salt Ammoniac, after the addition of Salt of Tartar, and Water; to which alſo, may be referred Caſtor, and its Tincture.

The Salt Pancreatick Juyce, and a Diarhaea, from thence ariſing, may be cured by the Diaſcordium of Fracaſtorius, Pills of Hound's Tongue, Coralls, burnt Hart's-horn, Bezoar-Stone, and other things Incraſſating, and alſo Concentrating Salſitude.

CHAP. XI. The Hiſtory of Agues, or Intermitting Feavers.

BEcauſe we have before promiſed, in the Nineth Chapter, that we would, in this place, demonſtrate, that Intermitting Feavers have their Original from the Preternatural Diſpoſition of the ſaid Pancreatick Juyce, we cannot but annex their Hiſtory; not becauſe, the difficulty of Explicating theſe Feavers, is obſcure to us, nor ſhunneth none of the moſt Expert Phyſitians; So as, hither-to, they have not ſatisfied the Curious in their Explications: So that, being by moſt paſſed over with a dry Foot, they have left behind them a Series of innumerable Difficulties; but, becauſe we judge it to be a thing of ſo great moment, that as many as hither-to have given themſelves to the ſearch of Intermitting Feavers, have ſtill deſired to this Labour, the further Induſtry of other Learned Men: For, very many Diſeaſes do every day occur in our Practice, wherein that Feaver either proceedeth, is concomitant, or doth follow; So that, ſometimes it requireth an intire Method of Curation, for it ſelf.

Which, ſeeing it is ſo, we think our Cogitations, and Experiments, not to be ingrateful to the Curious Searchers of Nature, eſpecially if we hold their minds not long in ſuſpence, by rehearſing the Sentenſes and Opinions of many Authors, as they ordinarily have done, who have gone before us, in the ſame kind of Study: or retain thoſe things, by ſhewing an intire Series of Queſtions, relating more to Curioſity, than to the neceſſity of the thing to be known; but we ſhall preſently expound, in a few words, as much as is poſſible, thoſe things which we judge concerning this matter.

Seeing that Ariſtotle hath rightly ſaid, Lib. 2. Phyſic. Cap. 13. That there can be a ſure Knowledge of nothing, the Cauſe, or Original whereof, is not known: We, contrary to the Common Order, ſhall endeavour to purſue the Nature of Intermitting Feavers, by ſearching out their Signes and Cauſes.

Seeing that all Phyſitians, which have hither-to written of Intermitting Feavers, cry out that their Pathognomick Signe is a more Frequent, and Preternatural Pulſe; to know the Nature, altogether of Intermitting Feavers, by ſearching into the Cauſes of the Pulſe, we judge with the never ſufficiently praiſed Fran. de le Boe-Sylvius, that the Cauſe of a more Preternatural Pulſe, is either (firſt) the too much, and Permanent Rare-faction of the Blood, ariſing from a more Potent Fire, breaking forth from the Efferveſcency of both Bloods. Or, Secondly, becauſe of any ſharpneſs, being at one time Acid, at another Lixivious, another while briniſhly Salt, driven through the Veines, with the Blood, to the Heart, and Internally gnawing the Parenchyma of the Heart. Or, Thirdly, ſomething halituouſly Flatulent, and like-wiſe carried with the Blood to the Heart, or excited, by the Efferveſcency, in the Heart; and increaſing the Explication of the Ventricles of the Heart. Or, Fourthly, ſomething ſharp, or hard, either in the Peri-cardium, or elſe-where exiſting, and externally gnawing, or pricking the Heart.

Theſe few things being premiſed, there is none but may ſee, that the cauſe of continuall Feavers, is continually carryed to the Heart, but the cauſe of Intermittents by Intervals. It is not our purpoſe here to ſpeak of Continual Feavers, thoſe that are deſirous of ſearching out, and knowing of the Nature of thoſe, we recommend them to the Practice of Dr. Sylvius, where, amongſt other things, accurately delivered, they may find the exact Deſcription of thoſe Feavers, Chap. 29. Pag. 407. And we, in the mean-time, being about to deliver the Deſcription of Intermitting Feavers, ſhall ſay, That ſuch a Focus, or Minera, of Intermitting Feavers, is required, which is apt to tranſmit the cauſe of a more frequent, and Preternatural Pulſe, by Intervals, to the Heart.

Sundry men have ſought this Minera, in diverſe parts of the Body; ſome have immagined they have found it in the Maſs of Blood, which, to ſome others ſeemed leſs true, to whom the Continual Motion of the Blood, was known; becauſe the Circulation of the Blood is performed once, twice, or four times a day: For, the moſt accurate Dr. Lower, in his Treatife of the Heart, Fol. 156. proveth, That the Blood of a Man, well diſpoſed, circulateth through the Heart, in the ſpace of one Hour, thirty times: But being granted, (which in no wiſe, may be denyed) that the Maſs of Blood, of the whole body at leaſt, ſometimes in a Day, doth flow back to the Heart; part of which, if evilly affected, as often as it tranſiteth the Heart, would produce a Fit of a Feaver; and ſo, from the Blood naturally following, neither a Tertian, or a Quartan Feaver may be deduced, unleſs they ſay that the Blood doth abſolve this Tragedy, being preternaturally detained in any part of the body; which like-wiſe, doth not alike appear to thoſe, to whom it is known, how eaſily the Volatile Spirits exhale, by the Detention of the blood, and the remaining Particles of the blood being made more ſharp, do ſuddenly excite, mutually, among themſelves, a Heat and Inflamation of the Part; to which, if an Apoſteme be ſubjoyned that will affect the Blood, paſſing through its Circuits continually, and not by Intervals: Whence if a Feaver follows, it ought not to be called an Intermitting, but a Continuall Feaver.

If they ſay that the obſtruction is not expected to the generation of intermitting Feavers, but to furniſh the phlegme which is of that nature that daily, the yellow Bile wch. every third day, and the Atra-bile which every fourth day may produce a certain ebullition: many of a higher ingenuity, may ask firſt whether or no thoſe humours ſuch as they are deſcribed in the Schools can be Demonſtrated to be in the maſs of Blood, ſeeing it is evident by what is already ſaid the Atrabilis derives its original from the yellow Bile, and more acid pancreatick Juyce. Secondly, how doth that ſeem probable that a humour more cold, tenatious, and unapt for motion, as phlegme, daily, and a hot humour being more fluid and being fit for motion as yellow Choler, ſhould every other day onely excite a feaveriſh Ebullition in the Blood; Thirdly, how intermitting Feavers may be changed from quotidians into tertrans, quartans, and the contrary. Fourthly, to what humours they can aſcribe Quintans, ſextans, or thoſe which have more ſeldome periods (of which Fernelius lib. 4. cap. 14.) if they determine that each Feavour draws its Original from a certain peculiar Humour.

But they which have held the minera of intermitting Feavers to be latent in ſome part of the Body, have moſt of them ſought it in the Abdomen; for nauceouſneſs, loathing of Food, Torments, Colds, Horrors, Rigors, and other preludiums of the fits conſpicuous to none but ſuch as are more attentively diſpoſed, do ſhew the Abdomen to be evilly habited. A vomiting excited either by Nature or Art, and very often, preſently aſſwageing the fierceneſs of the fits, ſheweth the principal ways or paſſages thereof to be evilly habited. The Cure it ſelf of the Abdomen alſo in the beginning of the acceſs declareth the ſame according to Fernelius de ſede intermittentium lib. 4. cap. 10. for Fomentations applied to the Hypocondriaes procure a remiſſion of horror, rigor, and other Symptomes.

But what part of the Abdomen in theſe Feavers is evilly affected, hath wearied the brains of many; for ſo confuſedly have they ſought their minera, that nothing of certainty can be concluded from their writings or opinions; for ſome have ſought it in the meſeraick Veines, ſome in the Branches of the vena porta between the Liver and the Spleen, ſome in other Veſſels, yea alſo in the great Colon, the duplicature of the Omentum which is under the ventricle, and in innumerable other things have they determined the focus of intermitting Feavours, whoſe Clouds of falſity in theſe our more happy times the ſun of Truth hath ſo diſcuſſed and diſſipated, that they want not our improvement. Therefore leaſt we conſume our own, and the Readers time, by writing more things obvious as well in the Books of the Ancients as in the Moderns, we ſhall willingly paſs them by: Seeing that the cauſe of all intermitting Feavours ſeemes to us to be contained in the pancreas alone.

The reaſon of this Opinion is this, that having conſidered the parts of the whole Body of man, which by intervals only may tranſmit the Cauſe of theſe Feavers to the heart, none can be found in the whole body to which not only the Focus of intermitting Feavers, but alſo the cauſes of all their ſymptomes may be imputed beſides the Pancreas.

But ſome perhaps may ſay, that heat, thirſt, ulcers, breaking forth in the lips of the Feaveriſh, bitter Vomitings, Cholerick Excrements, and other ſymtomes wont to accompany tertain Feavers do declare the bile to be primarily offended, wherefore the Cauſe of all intermitting Feavers ought not to be aſcribed to the pancreas alone.

But truly this objection will fall of its own accord, thoſe things being known which we ſhall ſpeak of in the following Diſcourſe concerning the Reaſons of divers Symptomes; for we know that in tertians the bile is very often predominant, but it is to be noted that its abundance doth not cauſe an intermitting Feaver; becauſe that is perceived after it hath excited a vitious Efferveſency by intervals with the pancreatick Juice, in which if the bile gets Dominion, the ſigns thereof even now declared do ſomtimes manifeſt themſelves; but becauſe this Efferveſcency proceeds from the pancreatick Juice preternaturally diſpoſed, that Feaver is not aſcribed to the Bile, but to the Pancreatick Juyce, as, by the Sequel, ſhall more plainly appear. We judge the cauſe of Intermitting Feavers to be an Obſtruction, made in one or more of the Lateral Ducts; becauſe of Pituity, carryed thither in too large a quantity, and there detained: VVhich thing ſeems to us to happen for the following Reaſon; to wit, For as much, as the Pituity, of the thin Guts, eſpecially that ſticking to the ſides, leſt they ſhould be hurt by the abounding Humours, being in too great a quantity, by reaſon of the immoderate Exerciſes of the Body, and perhaps by an over-much uſe of hot Aliments, or by ſome Error, committed in the ſix Non-Naturals, is diſſolved, and with other Humours, carryed to the Heart, by the Milky Veines: From whence, by the Order of Circulation, this Phlegmatick Matter, together with the reſt of the Blood, is driven to the Pancreas; and being ſeparated in its Glandules, with the Pancreatick Juyce, it enters the Lateral Ducts of the Pancreas; in which, either by the External Cold, or of that Bowel it concreteth, and is Coagulated; by which reaſon, it obſtructeth either one or more of the Laterall Ducts.

VVe think the acceſſes of intermitting Feavers, ought to be aſcribed to the Pancreatick Juyce, ſtagnant in one or more of the Lateral Ducts, by reaſon of an Obſtruction; and one while ſooner, another while later, preparing a way for it ſelf, through the Obſtructing Phlegme, by its Acrimony increaſed; and not only cauſing a Vitious Efferveſcency in the ſmall Gut; but being every way carryed, eſpecially to the Heart, produceth a more frequent, and preternatural Pulſe.

Which, that it may more clearly appear, we ſhall ſpend a little time in the unfolding thereof.

That Coagulation, which we have mentioned to happen in the Pancreatick Juyce, we have ſome-time obſerved in a Dog, whoſe Juyce we endeavoured to collect in the Winter time; which, by the cold of the Ambient Air, was ſo thickned, that only a little would flow forth, and of a groſs Conſiſtency, untill the Dog, being placed before the Fire, between two Pillows began to grow hot; from whence the Pancreatick Juyce did flow more Fluid, and more Copiouſly. We have obſerved, that the Coagulation of the Pancreatick Juyce hath excited Obſtructions, in the Lateral Ducts, of the Pancreas, as in the Year 1663, with the Famous Dr. Sylvius, in a certain Woman, labouring under an intermitting Feaver, into whoſe Ductus Pancreaticus, after Death, we injected, by a Syringe, a very Volatile blewiſh Liquor; which, out of the great Duct, into which it was caſt, did penetrate into moſt of the Lateral Ducts, whilſt in a few, although more near to the Inteſtinal great Duct, by reaſon of an Obſtruction, it was ſtopped: From whence, by the ſaid Colour, the Subſtance of the Pancreas it ſelf, was tinged in one place, and not in another.

The Pancreatick Juyce, being ſtagnant in one or more of the Lateral Ducts, by reaſon of an Obſtruction, by its delay becometh more ſharp, and at length, perforating the Obſtructing Phlegme, prepareth it ſelf a paſſage, through the Obſtruction, into the common or middle Duct, until all the detained Juyce, being effuſed, the Phlegme as yet adhereing to the ſides of the Duct, grows together again, and by its mutual Reunion, renews the Obſtruction: Whence at length, the Pancreatick Juyce is Collected for the following Fit; which again, by its delay, being made more ſharp, doth again perforate the Obſtructing Pituity, and produceth a new Paroxyſme; which Fits, return alwayes at the ſame time, as often as the Pituity, cauſing the Obſtruction, doth occur, in the ſame Quantity, and Viſcidity, with the Pancreatick Juyce, of the ſame Acidity, and Acrimony.

The Pancreatick Juyce is made more ſharp by Stagnation, in as much, as the Animal Spirits do not ſo ſtraightly embrace it, but leave it obſtructing: Hence therefore, by the diſſipated Spirits, wont to attemper it, there redounds a greater Acidity of the Pancreatick Juyce. Would you have a Simillitude? We will grant it: New Ale, included in Hogsheads, Whether or no, by a certain delay, it doth not loſe its Sweetneſs? Conſider, that all Wine turns to Vinegar, the Spirits being diſſipated; alſo that Vinegar it ſelf, by delay, is made more ſharp.

For, every heat, diſſipating the Animal Spirits, cauſeth every ſharp thing to be more ſharp: So that, it ought to ſeem ſtrange to none, if we ſay, that the Pancreatick Juyce, by ſtagnation, deſerteth its genuine Diſpoſition, and paſſeth into a more acid Acrimony. But the Pancreatick Juyce, being made more ſharp by ſtagnation, and effuſed into the thin Gut, with the Flegmme and Bile, ſtirs up a vitious Efferveſcency; and indeed, by reaſon of ſuch a Pancreatick Juyce, ſtretchings, yawnings, and horrors are produced, and every-where a ſence of Cold, eſpecially in the Region of the Loynes, in which the Fit begins. Neither is that firſt called a Feaver, which either the Pancreatick Juyce, it ſelf, vitiouſly Efferveſcing in the ſmall Gut; or at leaſt, Exhalations from thence ariſing, and at length, carryed to the right Ventricle of the Heart; and, after a certain manner, irritating it to a more frequent Contraction of it ſelf. But we judge that the Pancreatick Juyce, by its acid Acrimony, performs this thing; although nothing hinders, but that ſomething of a Saline Acrimony, ariſing from the Bile may concur: becauſe we daily obſerve, that Exhalations do aſcend in the Efferveſcency, between Acids and Salts; which, being moved to the Noſe, by its Acrimony, cauſeth Offence. Intermitting Feavers by the reaſon already given, proceeding from the Pancreatick Juyce, are divided into Simple, and Compound; the Simple, by reaſon of their Fits, returning at divers times, are diſtinguiſhed into Quotidians which daily, Tertians which every other day, & Quartans which on the fourth day, Quintans which on the fifth, &c. do return.

Thoſe are called Compound which excite divers fits in one and the ſame ſick perſon, and they are either of the ſame Species: as double quotidians, double or treble tertians, double or treble quartans, &c. Or they are of a divers Species, as a Quotidian with a Tertian, a Tertian with a Quartan, &c. We ſhall ſay nothing in this place concerning thoſe Feavers which are compounded of intermittents and continual, tho we know they are daily to be obſerved by practitioners; for he which hath known & inſpected the Nature of intermitting and continual Feavers, may conſider that this complication carryes nothing of difficulty to our Opinion, which is clearer than the Meridian Light. They are alſo diſtinguiſhed by reaſon of an urgent cold, and heat into cold, and burning Feavers; although for the moſt part the cold is wont to go before, and the heat to follow, Vanhelmont in his Treatiſe of Feavers Chap. 1. §. 5. Writes that the ſick are ſometimes troubled with cold alone, and experience alſo witneſſeth the ſame.

Hence unleſs we be egregiouſly Deceived, we may infer with the ſureſt Foundation, that the eſſence of Feavers conſiſts not in heat (as many lead by ſpeculation, more than by the verity of the matter, do boldly maintain) becauſe then heat would be allways preſent with the Feaver: neither could the Feaver be exiſtent without heat, which nevertheleſs, they do, or may obſerve daily, who leaſt of all attend to the practiſe of Phyſick, do but viſit the ſick: I ſay they may obſerve in the beginning of moſt intermitting Feavers, when the bodies of the ſick are terrified and ſhaken with cold, that cold alone is troubleſome. Nevertheleſs, leſt it ſhould ſeem a new and unheard of thing, which we ſpeak, that the Eſſence of Feavers doth not conſiſt in heat, beſides experience, we ſhall bring the Authority of Hypocrates which ſeems to teach the ſame thing lib. De Vet. Med. Text. 30. 7. where he ſaith:

I think this to be the greateſt ſign that men do fall into Feavers not ſimply becauſe of heat, neither is this ſimply the Cauſe of the affliction; but it is bitter and hot, and hot and acid, and ſalt and hot, and infinite other things; and again cold conjoyn'd with other faculties. Theſe therefore are the things which hurt, &c.

But if any one notwithſtanding be ſo captivated to his prejudices, that he denies a trembling and a horrour to be the beginning of intermitting Feavers, let him alſo perſwade himſelf, as he muſt, that thoſe who at the time of that cold do die (as others have often ſeen, and our ſelf alſo within this eight days) expire without a feaver; which nevertheleſs to men converſant in Phyſick, will ſeem no leſs falſe than ridiculous.

Perhaps no man will deny that in ſome feavers, tertains eſpecially, no Cold being perceived, and by reaſon of heat alone continually urging at the time of the fits, they may be called burning feavers, and although any through a deſire of Contradiction ſhould deny that burning, ſuch feavers will not therefore ceaſe to be obſerved.

Foraſmuch as no feaver makes its progreſs alone, but for the moſt part is accompanied with divers ſymptomes, ſome of which do torment the ſick no leſs than the feaver it ſelf, they are diſtinguiſhed, or at leaſtwiſe may be according to the diverſity of ſymptomes manifeſting themſelves with each fit into Syncopals, Hyſtericks, Colical, Raving, Greedy, Aſtmatical, Arthritical, Catharral, Emeticks, Catharticks, Salivals, &c. If any demand a Reaſon, why the fits return one while daily, another every third day, another every fourth or fifth day, and that ſo certain as the hand of a Dial goes not more exactly? We ſhall ſay that all the diverſity depends, partly upon the diverſity of obſtructing phlegm, partly that of the ſtagnant Pancreatick Juice, for as there is found in the lateral Duct obſtructed more or leſs pituity, and as it is more or leſs viſcid, and the Pancreatick Juice more or leſs ſharp, ſo the pituity cauſing the obſtruction, will ſooner or later be perforated by the Pancratick juice being made ſharp by ſtagnation.

And although the beginnings of fits mutually following one another, are not always diſtant 24. 48. or 72. houres; but ſometimes 18, ſometimes 24, ſometimes 30, ſometimes 36, and 40 Houres, &c. Nevertheleſs Phiſitians are wont to diſtinguiſh the fits according to daies; ſo that by quotidians they intend not only thoſe which return every 24. houres, but theſe alſo which make their acceſſes in 18. yea, 30 houres; the former of which they call Antiponents or going before, the later poſt-ponents. [which word is generally underſtood] So thoſe fits which return every 48. houres are truly eſteemed for tertians, but not thoſe only; for they alſo which are returned every 36. or 40. houres are called tertians, but anteponents, as alſo thoſe which are repeated every 50. 55. or 60. houres are called Tertians, and likewiſe Poſt-ponents.

The Cauſe of this inequallity of the fits, ſeems to us to proceed from the obſtructing phlegme being more or leſs viſcid, or the whole Pancreatick Juice more or leſs ſharp, and that by reaſon of the diverſe uſe of the ſix Non-naturals.

By this reaſon it is not difficult to us to unfold how Quotidian feavers are changed into Tertians, and Tertians into Quartans, Quartans into Quintans, and the contrary; which thing they find very difficult, who determine that Quotidians ariſe from Phlegme, Tertians from Yellow Choler, and Quartans from Melancholy.

The Fits return ſo long, as the obſtructing Pituity is not totally removed from the Duct, but remaining therein is again compelled to renew the Obſtruction; But when the Viſcid Phlegme, either of its own accord, or by art, is ſo evacuated, that nothing thereof remains, which may be joyned together, whereby the obſtruction may be renewed; then alſo the Feavers are Cured. But as often as only one of the Lateral Ducts is obſtructed, ſo often is one, and indeed a ſimple Feaver, produced. But as often, as many of the Lateral Ducts are obſtructed together, ſo often are many and manifold Compound Feavers produced; which are either of the ſame, or of a diverſe Species: Obſtructions are of the ſame Species, when they are of the ſame Nature, and Pertinancy, in diverſe Ducts of the ſame Magnitude. Obſtructions are of a diverſe Species, when they are of a diverſe Nature, and Pertinancy, in diverſe Ducts, in like manner differing from one another in Magnitude. We ſay in diverſe Ducts of the ſame, or a diverſe Magnitude, ſeeing that as often as the Obſtruction ariſeth from a like Pituity, in diverſe Ducts, of the ſame Magnitude, and Amplitude: So often the Pancreatick Juyce, being made ſharp by ſtagnation, will, in an equal ſpace of time, perforate the obſtructing Pituity; and alſo, in an equal ſpace of time, will produce the Fit: But as often as Ducts, of a different Magnitude, and Amplitude, are equally obſtructed by a Viſcid Phlegme, ſo often ſhall we ſee a Diverſity in the Fits; in as much, as it may ſooner, and more amply, wax ſharp, in one Duct, and thence the Fit may ſooner return, and more grievouſly afflict than in another; or as often as obſtructions do happen in Ducts, of the ſame Magnitude, from a Pituity, not alike Viſcid; ſo often, like-wiſe, may the Fits invade the Sick at divers times; for as much as the Pancreatick Juyce, equally waxing ſharp, will ſooner perforate the leſs viſcid pituity, than that which hath a greater Viſcidity.

From thoſe things, which we have now propounded, it will not be difficult to explain, How in a double Tertian, or other Compound Feavers, one Fit may, unexpectedly, come in an Hour or two, after another: For, the obſtructions may happen in Ducts of the ſame Magnitude, from a Pituity alike Viſcid; ſo that, one obſtruction may be excited the firſt Hour, and another the fourth Hour; the which, if in Tertians, (unleſs ſome fault, as we have ſaid, be committed in the ſix Non naturals) the firſt will again return on the third day, the firſt hour, and the ſecond at the fourth Hour, &c. Which, in our judgement, affords no ſmall difficulty to thoſe who hold, that Intermitting Feavers, are brought to a Turgeſcency, by Congeſtion, from an evil habit of the Blood, or of the Alimentary Juyce, depraved: as for example, ſeeing that the Alimentary Juyce, depraved, doth excite, by its Turgeſcency, a feaveriſh Efferveſcency in the Blood, in the firſt Hour, Why may not that Quantity of the (depraved) Alimentary Juyce, ſerving to produce another Fit, which like-wiſe begins to ſwell, in the ſame Blood, being in the ſame Efferveſcency, be enkindled, and conſumed? Truly, we favour not that Opinion; neither alſo, can wee conceive how, in thoſe which are faſting, the Feaveriſh Fits ſo often, beyond meaſure, could be returned at the ſame time.

From what hath been ſaid, the reaſon is alſo manifeſt, wherefore in a double Tertian, or Quartane, &c. the fit doth preciſely anticipate, or ſucceed, an Hour; no other-wiſe, than as they ariſe from one, and the ſame, Lateral Duct: For, as the whole Pancreatick Juyce, and the obſtructing Pituity of both, grows more or leſs ſharp; alſo, the Pituity of both, more or leſs Viſcid: the Fits of both do equally return ſooner or later. There are Feavers, whoſe Species by ſome, are difficultly diſtinguiſhed; as for example, a Quotidian, from a double Tertian, or Triple Quartan; for, of thoſe three Feavers, each daily excite one Fit; which diſtinction, nevertheleſs creates no trouble to ſuch as are attentive to the matter: For, a Quotidian doth ordinarily invade the Sick, either at one Hour, or equally ſooner, or later. The double Tertian, for the moſt part, ſo hath its Fits, that the firſt acceſs anſwers to the third, and the ſecond to the fourth, &c. But in a Triple Quartan, the firſt Fit anſwereth to the fourth, and the ſecond to the fifth, &c.

Which things being rightly Conſidered, every one may eaſily diſtinguiſh theſe Feavers, mutually from one another, unleſs ſome external fault diſturb the order or frame of the Body, either in whole or in part. The diverſity of thoſe Symptomes ſo variouſly occurring, doth not overthrow thoſe things which we have propounded concerning intermitting Feavers, eſpecially of heat and cold ſeeing that diverſity dependeth upon a diverſe Conſtitution, of the reſt of the Humours exiſtent in the Body. For otherwiſe a fit of a tertian Feaver, happening to a Body repleniſhed with much Bile, and that ſufficiently ſharp, would laſt far longer than a fit happening to that Body where but little bile, and that as yet temperate is remaining. Alſo a greater or leſſer quantity of phlegme, as likewiſe plenty of other humours abounding in the body, may not a little augment this diverſity.

But becauſe it may not ſuffice to have ſaid, that the primary Symptomes of intermitting Feavers are heat and cold, it behoveth that we here alſo, annex our Opinion concerning their Cauſe and Original We Judge that the cold of intermitting Feavers, draws its Original from the more acid Pancreatick Juice, and heat eſpecially from a more acrimonions Bile; the former is evinced by the aſſumption of acid things, as Galen proveth in a thouſand places from things helping and hurting, that acids are cold, and do produce cold, and that not only in the ſick, but alſo in the ſound; in which ſometimes we ſee alike Cold to have been excited, as thoſe which are feaveriſh are wont to ſuffer, and any one may obſerve, if acids be taken by thoſe which are feaveriſh in the time of the cold fit, that the feaveriſh cold will be encreaſed after a wonderful manner. He that refuſeth to believe theſe our obſervations, let him read Galen De Simp. Med. Facult, where he ſaith: Every Acid, as it is only acid, is plainly cold; whether it be a Pear or an Apple, the Juice of Grapes or Rasberies, or Mulberies, punick Apples, or any other Fruit, or Juice, or Plants, as ſharp pointed Dock or Sorrel; for that it appears to the taſt that there is a vehement Acidity inherent in it, neither may any thing be prefer'd before it; for its Acrimony, you ſhall find this Juice altogether cooling, &c. as alſo in the ſame Book Cap. 7. and in infinite other places he teacheth, that Acids are cold, and produce cold in our Bodies.

That the qualities of Humours are to be known by their effects, Hyppocrates Lib. De Vet. Med. Text. 39. 5. doth diligently inculcate: Know that the chief Forces of Humours is in their acid Faculty; which likewiſe in the 23. of the ſame, from manifeſt things which behoveth to be Learned without the Body, he manifeſtly teacheth. Moreover, Lib. de Locis in Homine Text 56. 10. He ſaith, that Acids are alſo pituitous, which in Lib. de Natura Humana Text. 12. 2. He manifeſtly declares to be moſt cold of all things exiſting in the Bodie: The which, unleſs it were true, untowardly would Galen in his whole Book concerning Food in acute Diſeaſes, and thoſe who are his diligent followers, preſcribe an acid medicamentous Diet, in acute Feavers.

Although no man perhaps can eaſily deny, heat to proceed from the Bile, in regard we ſee that our natural heat is much augmented by the aſſumption of bitter, and aromatick Aliments and Sauces, augmenting Choler and making it more ſharp. Beſides, both is proved by the Remedies exhibited, diminiſhing or taking away thoſe Symptomes; For we ſee clearly, that by medicines infringing the Acidity, the Cold is attempered and taken away; and we likewiſe obſerve that by medicines tempering the Bile, eſpecially Acids, the heat is leſſened, as we ſhall preſently in many things further Demonſtrate.

From whence every one may eaſily imagine the Reaſon, why for the moſt part the fits of intermitting Feavers, are begun with a ſence of Cold, and terminated with heat: For the Pancreatick Juice being made more ſharp by ſtagnation in one or more of the lateral Ducts; after which flowing into the thin Gut, there exciteth ſuch an efferveſcency with the Bile, wherein the Succus Pancreaticus by its predominant Acidity every way emits or ſends forth acid Exhalations, affected with a ſenſe of Cold; which when they touch the Gall-bladder by their acrimony provoke it to its Contraction, from whence the Bile breaking forth into the Inteſtine, in a more than uſual quantity overwhelmes the Pancreatick Juice, and raiſeth therewith ſuch an Efferveſcency, in which the Bile predominating Excites heat, by ſending every way its exhalations or Emiſſaries.

This our Opinion, is in a wonderful manner confirmed by the Vomitings, which very often happen to the Sick, at one time ſo cold and Acid, that bringeth a ſtupor to the Teeth; and again on the contrary, another while ſo hot and bitter, that they believe they Vomit nothing but pure Choler.

But ſome perhaps may ask, why we deduce Vomitings and acid belchings, rather from the Pancreas, than from the Stomach? We anſwer, becauſe it is agreeable to experience, that the Pancreatick Juice is Acid, and ſeeing that the ſearchers of Nature, do as yet diſpute concerning the ferment of the Stomach and its Generation, we judged that it ought to be determined, rather from a certain than an uncertain Cauſe: And if it ſhall be evinced by further ſearch in the ſtomach of Men (we ſpeak not of Birds who require a ſtronger fermentation to digeſt Stones and other things of a hard conſiſtency for the Generation of Shells) that any other ferment is generated, beſides the Spittle continually ſwallowed, and that to be Acid, then ſhall we be ſo much the better able to prove an Efferveſcency to be excited in the thin Gut, between the Bile, and the Pancreatick Juice: Seeing that the Temperate, or Natural Acidity of the Pancreatick Juyce, would be helped by the acid Ferment of the Stomach; and from thence, the Efferveſcency would be the more powerfully performed.

It is further proved, that the Acidity, caſt forth by Vomitting, doth not proceed from the Stomach, but from the Inteſtines, by Vomitories, exhibited out of the time of the Fit; by the help whereof, firſt an inſipid Matter, afterwards, by further ſtraining, an Acid, and Bilious Matter, is vomitted up; the contrary of which would happen, if the Soure, and Cholerick Matter, did proceed from the Stomach. Concerning the manner by which Acids may get to the Stomach, no man, of a ſound mind, will doubt, who determines the Bile, ejected by Vomiting, to proceed from the Inteſtines: Seeing that the Pancreatick Juyce may, and ought to be driven through the ſame wayes, as the Bile, flowing to the Inteſtines, by their inverted Periſtaltick Motion, with the ſame eaſe to the Ventricle, as we have above demonſtrated.

Neither doth the place a little confirm this our Opinion, in which, a Feaveriſh fit beginning, is for the moſt part perceived Cold, then Hot; as alſo, a moſt fierce pain: We underſtand the Region of the Loynes, in which the firſt part of the thin Gut lies, under the Meſentery, as is to be ſeen Tab. I, wherein the Confſux and Efferveſcency of the Bile, and the Pancreatick Juyce, is Celebrated; from which, the Particles of thoſe Humours, being agitated upon the Ligaments of the Meſentery, and other Nervous, and Membranous parts, they daſh againſt them, with an Impetuous force: So that, that Efferveſcency may ſometimes be perceived by the Touch in the Sick, as we have above demonſtrated. Nor does the Pancreatick Juyce, being made ſharp by ſtagnation, only exerciſe a tyranny, in the Region of the Loynes; but alſo ſends forth its acid Exhalations, both upwards and downwards; Who doubteth that from the one the Torments of the Belly, and from the other Acid belchings, do proceed? But if thoſe Exhalations penetrate through the Venae Lacteae, to the Heart, by Incraſſating the Blood, gives an occaſion of a leſſer Pulſe; which, nevertheleſs, by its corroding Acrimony, produceth one more frequent. The Acid Exhalations, being ſubdued in manner afore-ſaid, Salt and Bilious Exhalations do follow; which again, by attenuating the Blood, do no leſs excite a great, and ſometimes alſo, a more frequent Pulſe, by irritating the Heart; and that ſo long till their Acrimony being ſpent, they can no longer irritate, or provoke the Heart: Which done, the Vigour and Natural pulſe of the Heart is returned: So that, very often the moſt skilful can hardly judge, whether they have a Feaver or no.

We will not here ſpeak (leſt this Chapter ſhould ſwell too much, with that which we purpoſed to finiſh in few Words) concerning ſix Hundred other Symptomes, which are wont to accompany Intermitting Feavers; ſeeing we are perſwaded there are none, at leaſt, of thoſe who with an attent mind, have conſidered, that the Juyce, or its Emiſſaries, after a diverſe manner diſpoſed, doth perambulate the whole Body, and may produce diverſe Symptomes; but may, from theſe things, deduce them by their own proper Induſtry.

Which ſeeing it is ſo, we leaving thoſe ſmall Circumſtances, ſhall rightly paſs on to the Cure of intermitting Feavers, which as it Primarily conſiſteth in taking away Obſtructions, and correcting the Pancreatick Juice, and other Humours if they be Vitious; ſo it may be moſt ſuccesfully performed, firſt by Medicines inciding and attenuating tough Phlegme, and ſometimes expelling it from the Body.

Secondly, By adhibiting Remedies, which are indued with a force of correcting and temperating the Pancreatick Juice, offending by its Acrimony.

Thirdly, By correcting other Humours in the Body, this or that way ſo peccant that they may Cheriſh the Vicious Efferveſcency excited in the thin Gut between the Bile and the Pancreatick Juice. For the taking away the Obſtruction, temperating the more acid Pancreatick Juyce, and the diminiſhing the Cold, from thence proceeding, theſe following Medicines do much conduce, viz. Water of Parſly, Fennel, Baume, Simple Treacle-Water, Salt of Worm-wood, of Centary, the leſſer, Syrup of Carduus Benedicttus, or the five opening Roots, and the like, being mixed according to Art, eſpecially if taken halfe an hour before the feaveriſh Cold invades the Sick, who ought to be kept in his bed, or other warm place, that Sweat may be a little promoted, or at leaſtwiſe that the operation of the Medicine may not be hindered.

We ſay half an hour before the feaveriſh Cold invade the Sick, becauſe Reaſon teacheth, and Experience proveth, that cutting and attenuating, as unobſtructing Medicaments do then with a far more happy Succeſs abſolve that for which they are Adminiſtred, than if they were exhibited at any other time; the Reaſon of which ſeemes to us, becauſe thoſe Medicines begin to operate at that time, wherein the Pancreatick Juice by its Acrimony doth molifie the Obſtruction, and ſo by a united force, may more ſtrongly and more happily diſſolve the Obſtruction, than if either of thoſe only were opperating: Moreover, It very much diminiſheth the Feaveriſh Cold, which as yet would be performed with greater ſucceſs, if to the mixture even now deſcribed, you ſhall add a drop or two of Oyl of Cloves, becauſe as yet we ſee no medicament that doth more powerfully take away Cold than that Oyle.

If a great Heat follow the feaveriſh Cold, to attemper that Medicines called Refrigeraters, among which aqueous things diluting the Bile ſeems to us moſt agreeable, but eſpecially Acids with which the acrimony and volatillity of the ſaline Bile exceeding, producing Heat and burning is beſt infringed. For as Doctor Minrotus ſaith pag. 36. in his Treatiſe of Malignant Feavers, Acids do repreſs the inflamabillity of a Sulphurous Matter without the Body, ſo alſo within the Body they bridle the inflaming Bile.

So Hippocrates, De Victu Acutor. Text. 29. 9. manifeſtly Teacheth that Acids do infringe and mitigate the Bile. And this is the Reaſon, why the moſt skilfulleſt Phyſitians do daily preſcribe Acid Julips for the temperating of that feveriſh Heat; as for Example, by the Decoction of Barley, or coolling diſtilled Waters with Syrup of Limmons, Mulberies, or Barberies, &c. By adding Spirit of Vitriol, Oyl of Sulpher per Capanum, or other Acid Spirits in a ſufficient quantity to give it a grateful Acidity. For the ſame end they alſo ſometimes preſcribe Apozems of the opening Roots, the Herb Sorrel, Lettice, the greater Houſleek, Tamarinds, &c. by adding after the boyling, ſome Acid Syrrups, and an acid Spirit ſufficient for a grateful Acidity, that the ſick may now and then take a ſmall Draught thereof to temperate the Heat.

If a great Thirſt afflict the Feaveriſh at the time of Heat, half a Dram of Lap. Prunella may be conveniently diſſolved in the aforeſaid Apozeme, or in ſmall Ale, or in a convenient Julip, for it excellently extinguiſheth Thirſt; and therefore thoſe to whom Drink is hurtful, may diſſolve the ſame Medicament in Water, but in a greater quantity, to waſh the Mouth. Here it is well to be noted, that at the time of the Heat, it is not neceſſary that the Sick ſhould abſtain from moderate Drinking, which at the time of Cold is altogether required; becauſe we daily ſee, that if Drink be aſſumed at the time of the Cold fit, that it is augmented, and the Sick more troubled.

If the Medicaments, even now mentioned for Example, do not take away the Feaver, in the Intervals wherein they are not vexed with the Feaver, this following mixture will much avail. R. Fennel Water three Ounces, Simple Treacle Water ſix Drams, diſtilled Vinegar three Drams, Crabs Eyes prepared half a Dram, Syrup of the five opening Roots, half an Ounce mixt. Of which moſt ſimple mixture, let one ſpoonful be taken every two houres; for altering Medicines do operate far better if they be taken by Intervals, then if they be taken abundantly together and at once. If vehement Paines and Watchings do accompany the Feaver, Mixtures are to be uſed in the Intervals, to which is added, one Grain of Laudanum Opiatum, which Medicament we do believe hath alſo a force of temperating the accimony of the Humours, becauſe we ſee that Paines ariſing from the Acrimony of Humours, remain not after Sleep procured by the prudent aſſumption of Laudanum Opiat; which in our Opinion could not happen, if that Laudanum had not a force of temperating ſharp Humours.

If a pain of the Head accompany the Feaver, in ſtead of fennel water, that of bettony, or burrage, may be ſubſtituted; and in place of the Syrup of the five Roots, Syrup of Diacodium, or white Poppies. But if the Stomach be evilly affected, Water of Mint or of Carduus Benedictus will be uſed with better ſucceſs. If the menſes flow not, Water of Peniroyal, Syrup of Mugwort, &c. may be exhibited. If a ſuffocation of the Womb be preſent, in ſtead of thoſe, may be added Spirit of Sal Ammoniack, Tinct of Caſtor, &c. if the Sick be tormented with flatulencies, Spirit of Nitre may be added; which remedy doth greatly help thoſe which are troubled with a collick Paſſion, or any other flatulent Diſeaſes; eſpecially if ſome Drops thereof be prudently mixed with ſome Arromatick Waters, and the aforeſaid Carminatives. If the Appetite be proſtrate by Reaſon of too great a quantity of Bile carried to the Stomach, which will be known by the Appetite ſuddenly Deſtroyed, by bitter Belchings and Cholerick Vomitings, two Scruples of Elixir Proprietatis Paracelſi may be added to the laſt mixture. But if the ſaid evil proceedeth from a vicid pituity detained in the Stomach, which will be known by an aggravated pain in the Stomach, half a Dram of the dulcid Spirit of Salt inſtead of Elixir Proprietatis will be more Conducent if it be mixed with the foreſaid mixture.

To the ſame intent may be directed alſo divers Apozemes, and other medicate Wines, Powders, Pills, and medicaments againſt the ſaid Obſtructions: Nevertheleſs you muſt diligently diligently Note, that Apozemes and other Medicaments eſpecially refrigerating which promiſcuouſly they daily compel the Sick to ſwallow down in a great Doſe, ſometimes ſo debillitate their Stomacks that the Appetite is thereby not only Deſtroyed, but ſometimes fall into a diſdain or Loathing of Aliments, from whence a new Affliction is added to the Sick, and the latter Errour is allſo very often worſe than the firſt. But if notwithſtanding before the Phyſician hath attained his deſired end, he thinketh ſome other Humour doth offend by too much plenty, that may be diminiſhed with convenient medicines.

The Diet according to the diverſity of intermitting Feavers, muſt ſometimes be changed, becauſe Tertian Feavers accompanied with the greateſt Heat, do require a Diet more Cooling than Quartans which very often afflict the Sick with intollerable Cold and Trembling: For we ſee the moderate uſe of French Wine, which we are wont to forbid in all Tertians, ſomtimes to be granted in Quartans. But ſuch a Diet as may be agreeable to all intermitting Feavers, every one may gather from what we have already ſpoken.

We would have further propounded ſome other Remedies as well accomodated to intermitting Feavers as to their Symptomes, had not the moſt Famous Doctor Sylvius in the firſt Part of his Praxis already Printed, propoſed many, and the moſt excellent of them.

From my Study, Feb. 2d. 167 5/6. at the Signe of the Globe, and Chymical Furnaces, in the Poſtern, near Moor-Gate, London.

FINIS.

POST-SCRIPT.

I Have taken notice of many People (eſpecially of the Poorer ſort) who are afflicted with tedious Agues, and many more, who labour under thoſe Deplorable Fits, commonly called the Fits of the Mother, and Spleen; as alſo, the Falling Sickneſs, Grievous Convulſions, &c. And being well ſatisfied, (as well by the means of Curation, as the undenyable Experiments, and valid Reaſons in this Book, confirming the ſame) that thoſe Diſeaſes, with many more, derive their Original from the Vitious Alteration of this Juyce, of the Sweet-Bread: I, for the ſake of poor People, that they might have help at an eaſie Rate, hereby let them know, that (amongſt many other) I have two Medicines, which are certain in the Cure of the fore-mentioned Diſeaſes. The one will diſſolve the Conjunct Matter of all Ague-Fits, with great Celerity; it being of ſuch Subtile Parts, that it quickly penetrateth, and openeth thoſe Obſtructions in the Lateral Branches of the Pancreas, or Sweet-Bread, from whence thoſe Agues proceed. The which Medicine alone (with the help of a proper Purge, to carry off the Matter after it is diſſolved, and attenuated) will, in a ſhort time, Cure the Fits of any Ague whatſoever. It is put up in Glaſſes, and ſold at the Price of half a Crown each Glaſſe, with Directions for the uſe thereof; one Glaſſe being ſufficient for the Cure of an Ague that is but of a ſhort Continuance.

The other Medicine is a Specifick Remedy, againſt the Fits of the Mother, Hypocondriack Paines, and Melancholy, Vapours ariſing (as is generally ſaid) from the Spleen, and Womb: As alſo, againſt Convulſion Fits, Falling Sickneſs, and Vertigoe, or Giddineſs of the Head: In which Caſes, thoſe who have made frequent uſe thereof, have found it to anſwer their Intention. This is alſo ſold at half a Crown a Glaſs, with Directions for its Ʋſe. Theſe Medicines are ſold at my own Houſe, and at no other Place; Where alſo may be had all Chymical Medicines in uſe, truly prepared; ſuch as are ſafe, and effectual in Operation, and able to abide the Teſt of the moſt Curious Examiners: This being added for the Information of Phyſitians, Chyrurgions, and Apothecaries, who may have occaſion to make Ʋſe thereof.

From my Houſe at the Signe of the Globe, and Chymical-Furnaces, in the Poſtern-Street, near Moor-Gate, Feb. 16th. 167 5/5.

THE INDEX. THE neceſſity of Anatomy. page 1. The Commendations of thoſe who have enriched Anatomy with new Inventions. 2. The Invention of the Venae Lacteae ibid. The Invention of the Ductus Thoracicus. 3. The diſcovery of the Circulation of the Blood. ib. The Invention of the Lymphatick Veſſels. 4. The Invention of the ſuperiour Salival Ducts. ib. The Invention of the Inferiour. ibid. The Invention of the Pancreatick Duct. 5. What moved the Author to write. ibid. The Inſtitution of this Book. 6. The Etymology of the Pancreas ibid. Aſellius, What he underſtood for the Pancreas. 7. The Subſtance of the Pancreas. ibid. Scituation. ibid. Colour. ibid. The Figure, as it is found in Men, and Beaſts. page 8. Quantity. ibid. Longitude. ibid. Latitude. ibid. Thickneſs. ibid. Weight. ibid. The Number and Riſe of its Veſſels. 9. The Deſcription of the Pancreatick Duct. ib. The First Table, exhibiting the Figure of the Pancreas, delineated by the Author to the Life. 10. The Inſertion of the Pancreatick Duct, and how the number varies in divers kinds of Animals. 11. Animals which have a ſingle, double, and treble Pancreatick Duct. 12. A rare Obſervation found in the Gall, about the Folicles thereof. 13. In what Animals the Pancreatick Juyce is diſburdened into the Stomach. ibid. The paſſage of the Pancreatick Duct in Man. 14. How difficultly it admits the Style. ibid. The various Sport of Nature, obſerved about the Pancreatick Duct doth not deſtroy the Natural Ʋſe thereof. ibid. The Opinions of divers Authors, concerning the uſe of the Pancreas, examined 15. What Veſalius, with the Antients, judged concerning the uſe of the Pancreas. 16. The Opinion of the Antients refuted. ibid. The Opinions of Bartholine, Riolan, and Veſling. refuted. 17. The Experiment of the Lord Van Horne, about the uſe of the Pancreas, why ſuſpected. p. 18. The Opinion of Bartholinus, concerning the uſe of the Pancreas, why it pleaſeth not the Author. ibid. That the Spleen affordeth nothing to the Pancreas, is proved by the collection of the Pancreatick Juyce, after the Extirpation of the Spleen. 19. The Opinion of Lindanus, concerning the uſe of the Pancreas, refuted. 20. The Opinion of Wharton, concerning the uſe thereof, why not pleaſing to the Author. 21. Various Experiments, inſtituted in vain, for the collecting the Juyce of the Nerves. ibid. The dropping of the Nerves, from whence it comes. 22. The word Excrement, with what Signification it may agree with the Pancreatick Juyce. 23. The Reaſoning of Sylvius concerning the uſe of the Pancreas. ibid. Why it pleaſed the Author. 25. The Pancreatick Juyce, what time at firſt diſcovered by the Author. ibid. In what manner the Pancreatick Juyce is found. 26. The true way of collecting the Pancreatick Juyce. 28. A Deſcription of the Inſtruments whereby the Pancreatick Juyce is collected. ibid. A Second Table, repreſenting the Inſtruments whereby the Pancreatick Juyce is collected. 29. The manner of applying the Inſtruments deſcribed. page 31. How to avoid the Noiſe of a Dog in living Diſſections. ibid. The Third Table, demonſtrating the manner and place where the Inſtruments are to be applyed. 33. The Qualities of the Pancreatick Juyce are deſcribed. 34. The diviſion of the Glandules into Conglobated, and Conglomerated. 35. The Deſcription of the Conglobated Glandules. ibid. The Deſcription of the Conglomerated Glandules. 36. The Difference of the Nominated Glandules is demonſtrated to the Eye. ibid. The Motion of the Lympha is from the Circumference to the Center. 38. The Invention of the Bronchial Artery. ib. The difference of the Humours ſeparated in the Glandules. ibid. The Humour of the Glandules, whether it may be ſaid to be profitable or unprofitable. 39. A Reaſon proving the Humour of the Glandules not be Excrementitious. 40. The Humour of the Glandules how generated. 41. Wherefore the Acid Particles are ſeparated in the the Pancreas, rather than in the Reins or Liver. 43. In how many parts the Pancreatick Juyce conſiſts. 44. An Objection againſt the Natural Acidity of the Pancreatick Juyce, anſwered. pag 45. That a Salſitude, found in the Pancreatick Juyce, doth not exclude its Natural Acidity. 46. That the Liquor of the Glandules is neceſſary in the Body. ibid. That the Juyce of the Conglobated Glandules ſerves for Sanquification. ibid. That the Liquor of the Conglomerated Glandules, of the Mouth, is ſubſervient to the Fermentation of the Aliments. ibid. That the Pancreatick Juyce doth ferment with the Bile. 47. The Quantity of the Pancreatick Juyce caſt into the Inteſtines. ibid. The Cauſe why the Pancreatick Juyce, and the Bile, ferment together. ibid. It is Demonſtrated, that Salt is inherent in the Bile. ibid. That Acidity is inherent in the Pancreatick Juyce, is evinced by Reaſon, Experience, and Authorities. 49. The Pancreatick Juyce in man Collected by the Author. 50. Difficulties propoſed againſt this Efferveſcency, anſwered. 51. That Acid Particles are ſometimes inherent in inſipid Liquor, is ſhewed. 52. That Acids diluted do ſometimes the more powerfully Efferveſce with Salts. 53. Wherefore the Bile is firſt mixed with the Aliments propelled to the Inteſtines, then the Pancreatick Juyce. ibid. That the Efferveſcency is more powerfully promoted by Natural, than Artificial Heat. pa. 54. The Efferveſcency, between the Bile and the Pancreatick Juyce, why not viſible without the Body. 55. The Salſitude, found in the Pancreatick Juyce, Why it hinders not the Inteſtinal Efferveſcency. 57. That diverſe Taſts, found in the Pancreatick Juyce, doth not exclude its Acidity. 58. The Efferveſcency, between the Bile and the Pancreatick Juyce, is demonſtrated by Experiments. ibid. What Efferveſcency may ſometimes happen in the Sick. 61. That there is a hot and cold Efferveſcency, is evinced by Obſervations, and Experiments. ib. What Efferveſcency happeneth in the Sound. 62. Wherefore the Efferveſcency is not perceived in the time of Health. ibid. The Palpitation of the Heart, 63. The firſt Ʋtility of the Intestinal Efferveſcency. ibid. The Effects of diverſe Efferveſcencies are propounded. 65. The greater or leſſer Affinity of Acids, with things diſſolved. 66. The Reaſon is examined, Why acids do more powerfully joyn themſelves to theſe, than other Liquors. 67. How the Aliments in the Stomach differ from thoſe in the Guts. ibid. That the cauſe of that Mutation is to be aſcribed to the Pancreatick Juyce or Bile. p. 68. The white Colour of the Chyle, from whence it proceeds. 69. The Second Ʋtility of the Inteſtinal Efferveſcency. ibid. An Objection againſt the Alleadged Ʋtility from the Efferveſcency. 70. The Solution of that Objection. ibid. The Separation of what Particles may happen by the ſole Fermentation of the Aliments. 71. What Particles of Aliments are neceſſary to Life. ibid. The Ʋtility of the Inteſtinal Efferveſcency is farther deſcribed. 72. The way whereby the more Subtile parts of the Humours penetrate to the Heart from the Inteſtines. ibid. The Natural Conſiſtency of the Blood, from whence it proceeds. 73. Whether or no the Pancreatick Juyce may afford a Ferment to the Stomach. 74. For what reaſon the Pancreatick Juyce doth incraſſate the Bile. ibid. For what reaſon it attenuates the Bile. 75. What the Pancreatick Juyce effects being well, and what being ill diſpoſed. ibid. That the Pancreas is the cauſe of many Diſeaſes, is witneſſed by famous Phyſitians. 76. The Order of their Calling. ibid. The Diſeaſes where-with the Subſtance of the Pancreas is wont to be infested. 77. The Hiſtory of the Pancreas of Thuanus, grown into an admirable Magnitude. 78. That the Pancreas is not the Vicar or Helper of the Spleen. 79. Various Abſceſſes of the Pancreas found in dead Bodies. ibid. Cancer. 80. The Hiſtory of it concreted into a stony Hardneſs. 81. Stones. ibid. That all the Glandules are Obnoxious to Stones. 82. That the Pineal Glandule is more frequently afflicted with Stones in France, than in Holland. ibid. That the Pancreaas doth not alwayes follow the evil Affections of the Liver or Spleen. ib. The Vices of the Pancreatick Juyce. 83. The Pancreatick Juyce, wherefore more ſparingly driven to the Inteſtines. ibid. Why more copiouſly propelled to the Inteſtines. 84. Why inequally divided into the Guts. ibid. Why it may be more Fluid. 85. Why more Viſcid. ibid. The Vices of the Pancreatick Juyce, perceptible to the Taſt. ibid. the leſſer Acidity of the Pancreatick Juyce, from whence. 86. Its Acidity increaſed from whence. ibid. Its Salſity from whence. ibid. The cauſe of Auſterity is ſearched into. 87. The Faults of the Pancreas, what Functions they hurt. 88. The Faults of the Pancreatick Juyce, what Functions they hurt. 89. If it be ſent to the Guts in a leſſer Quantity. ib. If it be carryed to the Guts in a greater Quantity. 90. If it be inequally moved to the Guts. 92. If more Fluid. ibid. If more Viſcid. 93. If it be leſs Acid. ibid. Running-Pain in the Left-ſide, from whence it ariſeth. ibid. Wherefore Melancholy men are leſs ſubject to the Plague than Cholerick. ibid. Why the Blood of thoſe who are infected with the Plague, will not Coagulate. ibid. That Volatile Salts do make the Blood more fluid. 94. That Acidity is the cauſe of the Blood Coagulating. ibid. That an Acid is the beſt Preſervative in the time of a Plague. 95. That a more Acid Pancreatick Juyce is the cauſe of Cold in the Region of the Loynes. 96. Of Pain and Torment of the Belly. ib. Of Black and Eruginous Bile. ibid. That the Spleen doth not generate Atra-Bilis. 97. A rare Obſervation, demonſtrating to the Eye the Generating of Atra-Bilis. ibid. The Pancreatick Juyce together with other Humours, is joyntly examined. ibid. What Efferveſcency is excited between a dull Pancreatick Juyce, and a more ſharp Bile. 98. A more ſharp Pancreatick Juyce, meeting with a ſharper Bile, what it effecteth. 99. What Efferveſcency is excited between a ſharper Pancreatick Juyce, and a more dull Bile. 100. The Diſeaſes ariſing from the Pancreatick Juyce. 102. The cauſe of Intermitting Feavers to be aſcribed to the Pancreas. ibid. A more Acid Pancreatick Juyce the cauſe of the Gout. 103. The cauſe of a great Appetite and Hunger. ibid. The Cauſe of difficult Breathing, and a dry Cough. 104. The Cauſe of thoſe outragious Epileptick Fits, which the Dutch call Stuypiens. 105. The Cauſe of Contraction of the Pulſe and Swounding. ibid. The cauſe of Convulſions. 106. The cauſe of the Strangury. 107. The cauſe of Malignant Ʋlcers. ibid. The cauſe of the Adſtriction of the Belly. 108. The cauſe of Melancholy, and Diſeaſes from thence proceeding. ibid. An Anſwer to an Objection, That it cannot excite the Atra-Bilis. 109. It is demonſtrated by Examples, that Acids may ſtir up divers Colours. ibid. The reaſon thereof ſearched into. 110. How Acidity may abound in their Bodies, who are not converſant in the Ʋſe of Acids. 111. It is demonſtrated, that the auſtere Pancreatick Juyce may be the cauſe of the Suffocation of the Womb. 112. A wonderful Effect of the Pancreatick Juyce, being taſted. 113. That men do ſometimes labour under the like Hyſterick Suffocations. ibid. The Cauſe and manner of the Generation of Mother Fits. 114. The cauſe of the Hypocondriack Affection. ib. A Salt Pancreatick Juyce is the cauſe of a Diarhaea. ibid. How the Pancreatick Juyce is to be corrected. 116. If it be effuſed more ſparingly by reaſon of Viſcidity or Obſtruction. ibid. If it flows more largely. 117. Purgers Electively given. ibid. Nothing of Excrement driven by the Purges through the Meſeraick Arteries, into the Inſtines. 118. That Purging Medicaments may operate, as happily, by the Venae Lacteae. ibid. The Correction of the over-fluid Pancreatick Juyce. ibid. Its too much Acidity corrected. 119. The Correction of its Auſterity. 120. Its Salſitude rectified. ibid. The Hiſtory of Agues, or Intermitting Feavers 121. The Pathognomick Signe of a Feaver. 122. The cauſe of a Feaver determined to be four-fold. ibid. That there is a different cauſe of Continual, and Intermitting Feavers. 123. VVhat the Minera of Intermitting Feavers is, 124. That it is not to be found in the Blood. ibid. The Swiftneſs of the Bloods Circulation. ib. That the Stagnation of the Blood cannot produce the cauſe of Intermitting Feavers. ib. The cauſe and manner of the Generating of Inflamations. ibid. That all the Humours deſcribed in the Schools, are not to be found, neither do they ever raiſe a manifeſt Efferveſcency. 125. That the Focus of Intermitting Feavers hath been by many rightly ſought in the Abdomen, but ill aſcribed to the Miſeraick Veins; the Duplicature of the Omentum, the Inteſtine Colon, &c. ibid. The Focus of Intermitting Feavers to be aſcribed to the Pancreas alone. 127. The reaſon thereof examined. ibid. An Objection againſt it anſwered. ibid. That an Obſtruction of the Ductus Pancreaticus is the cauſe of Intermitting Feavers. 128. The Generation of an Obſtruction in the Pancreatick Duct. 129. The cauſe of the Fits acceſs is the diſſolution of that Obſtruction. 130. The Pancreatick Juyce accompanyed with Viſcidity. ibid. An Obſtruction of the Pancreatick Duct found after Death, in one who dyed of a Feaver. 129. For what reaſon the Pancreatick Juyce groweth more ſharp. 130. In what manner it is made ſharp, and carryed to the Inteſtines, and there efferveſceth with the Humours. 131. When that Efferveſcency may be called Feaveriſh. ibid. The cauſe of a more frequent Preternatural Pulſe. ibid. The Diviſion of Intermitting Feavers into Simple and Compound. ibid. A Sub-diviſion of the Simple, into Quotidians, Tertians, Quartans, &c. 132. A Sub-diviſion of the Compound, according to the Feavors, of which they are compounded. ib. A Diviſion of Intermitting Feavers into Cold, and Burning. ibid. The Eſſence of Intermitting Feavers, conſiſts not in Heat. ibid. A Diviſion of Intermitting Feavers according to their Symptomes. 134. The reaſon of the return of the Fits, ſometimes daily, other-while every Third, or Fourth day. ibid. The inequal Intermediate Space of Intermitting Feavers. ibid. The cauſe of that Inequality. 135. How long the Feaveriſh Fits may return, and when wholly ceaſe. ibid. The cauſe of Intermitting Feavers, both Simple and Compound. 136. The reaſon of the ſame, and of a diverſe Species of Intermitting Feavers. ibid. Why in Compound Intermitting Feavers the Fit of one doth precede, ſupervene, or follow the Fit of another. 137. That Intermitting Feavers cannot proceed from an evil Diatheſis of the Blood. ibid. The reaſon why the Fits of Compound Feavers ſometimes come ſooner or later than their uſual Hour. 138. How Quotidians, Double Tertians, and Trible Quartans may be known. ibid. The diverſity of Heat, and Cold of the Fits, from whence. 139. The cauſe of the Feaveriſh Heat and Cold, inquired into. ib. That acids are Cold, and do produce Cold. ib. That the Bile exciteth Heat in the body. 141. Why the Fits of Intermitting Feavers do uſually began with Cold, and Terminate with Heat. ibid. Why Acid Vomitings and Belchings are rather to be deduced frrm the Pancreas, than the Stomach. 142. The Symptomes perceived in the Region of the Loynes, in the time of the Cold Fit, ſignifie the Male affection of the Pancreas. 143. In what manner the Cure of Intermitting Feavers is to be performed. 145. Medicaments tempering the Feveriſh Cold. ibid. Wherefore Medicines, againſt the Feaver are to be exhibited in the very inſtant of the Fit. 146. Medicaments tempering the Feaveriſh Heat. 147. To aſſwage the Thirſt. ibid. When drink is to be allowed the Feaveriſh, and when not. 149. What Medicaments are to be given out of the time of the Fit, and how to be accommodated to the Symptomes. ibid. What Diet is to be preſcribed for thoſe afflicted with a Feaver. 150. FINIS.