That Geography doth merit the Title of Science in ſeveral Reſpects, and that the knowledge thereof is attended both with Pleaſure and Profit, is ſo univerſally granted by all who make any conſiderable Progreſs therein, that to enter upon a Probation of it, would be every whit as ſuperfluous, as if one ſhould go about to evince that the Sun is riſen at Noon-day. It derives its compound Name from the two Greek Primitives of 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , Terra, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , ſcribo vel deſcribo, and differeth from Coſmography, [quaſi 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 vel 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , i. e. Mundi Deſcriptio] as a part doth from the whole; as alſo from Chorography and Topography [quaſi 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , i. e. Regionis ac Loci Deſcriptio] as the Whole from its Parts. By a true Deſcription of the Exterior Part of the Globe of the Earth, we underſtand purely an Account of the Situation, Extent, Diviſions, and Subdiviſions, of all remarkable Countries on the Surface of the ſaid Globe, together with the Names of their Cities and Chief Towns, and that accordingly as thoſe Countries are already projected to our Hands upon particular Geographical Maps, and not an actual Survey or Menſuration of them, which the Science of Geography preſuppoſeth, and which properly belongs to Geodaeſia, or the Art of Surveying Land. In giving ſuch a Deſcription of Countries (as aforeſaid) doth the Science of Geography properly conſiſt; as for other Narratives relating either to Countries themſelves, or their Inhabitants, and which commonly ſwell up Geographical Tracts, we reckon them (though the more pleaſant part of this Study) rather the Fringes of Geography, than its real or eſſential Parts. In the foregoing Definition we intirely reſtrict the Science of Geography to the exterior Part or Surface of the Earthly Globe, and that as it's compos'd of Land and Water, as its ſole conſtituent Parts, deſigning thereby to diſtinguiſh it from Natural Philoſophy, which (in its curious and pleaſant Enquiries) reacheth not only the ſaid Surface in all its conſtituent Parts, but alſo the whole Globe of the Earth, with the whole Body of the Atmoſphere ſurrounding the ſame, yea, and even the outmoſt imaginable Expanſe of the Firmament it ſelf. We again reſtrict that Science mainly to one Part of the aforeſaid Surface (viz. the Dry Land) thereby to diſtinguiſh it from Hydrography, which particularly treateth of the other, namely Water. The Object therefore of Geography in a large Senſe, is the whole Surface of the Ball of the Earth conſiſting of Land and Water as its ſole conſtituent Parts, or (in a ſtrict and more proper Senſe) only One of thoſe Parts, to wit, the Firm Land. For the more diſtinctly viewing of which Parts, and the better comprehending of the Science of Modern Geography in the true Fundamentals thereof, we ſhall begin with that Artificial Repreſentation of the Earthly Ball, commonly call'd the Terraqueous Globe.

That this Globe is term'd Terraqueous from Terra and Aqua, (the two conſtituent Parts of its Surface) or Terreſtrial to diſtinguiſh it from the Coeleſtial; or finally, the Artificial Globe as a differencing Mark from the Natural or Real Globe of the Earth, are all ſo notoriouſly known, that the leaſt Illuſtration were wholly ſuperfluous. We reckon it alſo ſuperfluous, to ſhow that there is a true Reſemblance in Figure, between the Artificial and Natural Globe, or that the Body of the Earth is truly Spherical: This being now beyond all diſpute, and never (at leaſt very rarely) call'd in queſtion, except it be only by Women and Children But here note, That in the following Treatiſe, we intirely reſtrict our ſelves to this Globe, ſo that whereſoever the Name of Globe is indefinitely mention'd, we are never to underſtand the Coeleſtial. Note, alſo that whereſoever we are upon the Surface of the Natural Globe, that the Point in the Heavens exactly Vertical to us, is term'd our Zenith, and that Point diametrically oppoſite thereto, is ſtil'd our Nadir, which are two corrupted Arabian Terms in Aſtronomy, importing what is here aſſerted of them. The firſt obſervables that preſent themſelves to our view in treating of the Globe, are its Axis and Poles.

Its term'd Axis from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , quod circa illam agatur Terra. As this Axis in the Natural Globe, is an imaginary Line, ſo in Artificial Globes its a real one, it being a ſtreight piece of Iron, or ſolid Wood, paſſing through the middle of the Globe, as the Axle-tree of a Wheel.

It's ſo call'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , Terminans vel ſiniens, quia noſtrum terminat proſpectum, it being the outmoſt bounds or limits of our Sight, when ſituated in any Plain, or at Sea. This Circle is twofold, viz. The Senſible, and the Rational Horizon: The Senſible is that already deſcrib'd, bounding the outmoſt proſpect of the Eye, when viewing the Heavens round from any part of the Surface of the Earth; but the other is purely form'd in the Mind, and ſuppoſeth the Eye to be placed in the very Center of the Earth, beholding the intire Upper Hemiſphere of the Firmament: The Circle terminating ſuch a proſpect is reckon'd the true Rational Horizon, which is duly repreſented by that broad woodden Circle, uſually fitted for all Globes. Upon which are inſcrib'd ſeveral other Circles, particularly thoſe two containing the Names of the Months, and Number of their Days, according to the Julian and Gregorian Account; as alſo that other divided into the Thirty two Points of the Compaſs.

It's ſo call'd from Meridies vel medius dies, becauſe the Sun coming to the Meridian of any Place, is due South, or maketh Mid-day in the ſaid place. The Meridian here defin'd is that great brazen Circle, in which the Globe turneth round upon the two Extremities of its Axis paſſing through the ſaid Circle; but the Meridians inſcrib'd on the Globe it ſelf, are thoſe Thirty ſix Semi-circles terminating in both the Poles; beſides which, we may imagine as many as we pleaſe; only note, That one of thoſe Meridians is always reckon'd the firſt; however it's matter of indifference, which of them we take for ſuch.

It's call'd Equator, becauſe the Sun coming to this Circle, tune aequantur noctes & dies, or Equinoctial for the ſame reaſon, viz. aequalitas noctium cum diebus. By others it's ſimply term'd the Line, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , and that chiefly by Navigators, as being of ſingular uſe in their Operations. It's divided into 360 degrees, which are reckon'd round the Globe, beginning at the firſt Meridian, and proceeding Eaſtward.

It's ſo call'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , (Animal) becauſe it's adorn'd with Twelve Aſteriſms, (commonly term'd the Twelve Signs) being moſt of them Repreſentations of divers Animals. The Names and Characters of which Signs are theſe following,

Aries. Taurus. Gemini. Cancer. Leo. Virgo. ♈ ♉ ♊ ♋ ♌ ♍ Libra. Scorpio. Sagittarius. Capricornus. Aquarius. Pisces. ♎ ♏ ♐ ♑ ♒ ♓

Of all Circles inſcrib'd on either of the Globes, this alone admits of Latitude, and is divided in the middle by a Concentrick Circle, term'd the Ecliptick, which properly is that Circle ſet upon the Globe comprehending the Characters of the Twelve Signs above-mentioned, each of which Signs is 1/12 part of that Circle, and contains 30 degrees.

They're term'd Tropicks from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , (verto) becauſe the Sun in his Annual Courſe arriving at one of thoſe Circles, doth return towards the other. They derive their reſpective Denominations of Cancer and Capricorn from touching the Zodiack at the two Signs of that Name, and each of them is diſtant from the Equator, exactly 23 degr. 1/2.

They're term'd Polar, becauſe of their Vicinity to the Poles. That Circle neareſt the North, is call'd the Arctick; and the other, next to the South Pole, the Antarctick Polar Circle, and that for the ſame reaſon already given, (Def. 4.) when treating of the Poles themſelves.

Theſe are the eight neceſſary Circles above-mention'd; but to compleat the Furniture of the Globe, there remain as yet three Particulars, viz. the Horary Circle, the Quadrant of Altitude, and Semi-Circle of Poſition.

Upon this Circle are inſcrib'd the Twenty four Hours of the Natural Day at equal diſtance from one another; the Twelfth for Mid-day being in the upper part towards the Zenith, and the other Twelfth for Midnight in the lower towards the Horizon; ſo that the Hours before Noon are in the Eaſtern, and thoſe for the Afternoon in the Weſtern Semi-Circle: As for an Index to this Horary Circle, the ſame is fixt upon the end of the Axis, and turneth round with the Globe. The Uſe of this Circle and Index will ſufficiently appear in many pleaſant Problems hereafter mention'd.

Upon this Quadrant, are inſcrib'd 90 Degrees, each of them being according to the ſame Scale with thoſe upon the Equator. How uſeful this Quadrant is, will alſo appear in the Solution of ſeveral Problems hereafter mention'd.

Upon this Semi-Circle are inſcrib'd 180 Degrees, exactly the ſame with thoſe upon the Equinoctial. We may term it a double Quadrant of Altitude in ſome reſpect, and its of conſiderable Uſe in ſeveral delightful Problems.

To theſe I might add the Mariners Compaſs, that moſt neceſſary Inſtrument, commonly us'd by Navigators, which being duly toucht with the Load-ſtone, and horizontally fixt upon the Pedeſtal of the Globe, is frequently needful for the right Solution of ſeveral Problems.

The neceſſary Circles of the Globe being Eight (as aforeſaid); Of them, and ſome others, hereafter mention'd are form'd the Latitude and Longitude of Places, as alſo Zones and Climates.

No Term is more frequently us'd in Geography than that of Latitude, which is twofold, viz. North and South. In reckoning of the Northern Latitude, you are to begin at the Equinoctial Line, and proceed to the Arctick; and the Southern from the Equinoctial to the Antarctick Pole, ſtill numbring the Degrees of Latitude, either upon the brazen or firſt Meridian. The many Circles inſcrib'd on the Globe, at the diſtance of 10 Degrees from one another, and parallel to the Equator, are term'd Parallels of Latitude. But beſides thoſe actually inſcrib'd, we are to conceive the Globe as furniſht with a vaſt multitude of ſuch Circles, for every degree of Latitude, yea, and every ſixtieth part of each degree is ſuppoſed to have an imaginary Parallel Circle paſſing through the ſame. But ſince Latitude (as aforeſaid) is the Diſtance from the Equator to either of the Poles; it from hence follows, that the greateſt Latitude conſiſteth of 90 Degrees. Now correſpondent to each of thoſe Degrees (or the 1/360 of a great Circle in the Heavens) is a certain Space of the Surface of the Earth, which is every where of the ſame Extent in it ſelf, but different in its number of Parts, according to the different reckoning of various Countries. To know the ſaid different number of Parts, (of what ſort ſoever, whether they be Miles, Leagues, or other Meaſures) correſponding to one Degree in the Heavens, is abſolutely neceſſary for the right underſtanding of the true Diſtance of Places in different Countries; we ſhall therefore illuſtrate the ſame, and that by the following Table,

anſwerable to one Degree, are Common Italian, Engliſh, and Turkiſh Miles.— 60 Ordinary French Leagues— 20 Spaniſh Miles according to Vulgar reckoning.— 17½ German, Dutch, Daniſh, and Great Poland Miles.— 15 Miles uſual in Swedeland.— 12 Miles uſual in Hungary.— 10 The Verſts of Muſcovy.— 80 Perſian, Arabtan, and Egyptian Paraſanga.— 20 The Indian Cos.— 24 The Stades of China.— 250 The Inks of Japan.— 400

But here note, That though theſe are the moſt remarkable Meaſures of Diſtance throughout the inhabited World, with their reſpective Proportion to one Degree in the Heavens; yet, we are not to imagine that theſe Meaſures are of the ſame Extent in the various Provinces of the ſame Country, as is evident from the different length of Leagues in different Parts of France; as alſo the diverſity of Miles in the South and North of England.

In reckoning the various Degrees of Longitude (which are 360 in all) you are to begin at the firſt Meridian where-ever it is, and to proceed upon the Equator quite round the Globe. Correſpondent to each of thoſe Degrees in the Equator, [as to Degrees of Latitude on the Meridian] are ſixty Italian Miles, or twenty French Leagues, according to Vulgar Calculation: But this is to be underſtood only of Places exactly under the Equator; for the true Diſtance between two Places lying due Eaſt and Weſt in any conſiderable Latitude is far leſs in Miles than between other two Places lying exactly under the Equator, and likewiſe under the ſame Meridians; The Reaſon of which is moſt evident, namely, the approaching of the Meridians nearer and nearer to one another, till at laſt they unite all in the Pole. But that you may readily find the true Diſtance in Miles from Eaſt to Weſt between any two Places in any Parallel of Latitude, we ſhall here ſubjoin the following Table, in which is ſet down, to every Degree of Latitude, the exact number of Miles, and ſixtieth Part of a Mile, that are anſwerable to one Degree in the Equator, ſtill allowing ſixty Italian Miles to ſuch a Degree.

Lat. m. ſ Lat. m ſ Lat m. ſ. Lat. m. ſ 0 60 00 23 55 12 46 41 40 69 21 32 1 59 56 24 54 48 47 41 00 70 20 32 2 59 54 25 54 24 48 40 08 71 19 32 3 59 52 26 54 00 49 39 20 72 18 32 4 59 50 27 53 28 50 38 32 73 17 32 5 59 46 28 53 00 51 37 44 74 16 32 6 59 40 29 52 28 52 37 00 75 15 32 7 59 37 30 51 56 53 36 08 76 14 32 8 59 24 31 51 24 54 35 26 77 13 32 9 59 10 32 50 52 55 34 24 78 12 32 10 59 00 33 50 20 56 33 32 79 11 28 11 58 52 34 49 44 57 32 40 80 10 24 12 58 40 35 49 08 58 31 48 81 9 20 13 58 28 36 48 32 59 31 00 82 8 20 14 58 12 37 47 56 60 30 00 83 7 20 15 58 00 38 47 16 61 29 04 84 6 12 16 57 40 39 46 36 62 28 08 85 5 12 17 57 20 40 46 00 63 27 12 86 4 12 18 57 04 41 45 16 64 26 16 87 3 12 19 56 44 42 44 36 65 25 20 88 2 04 20 56 24 43 43 52 66 24 24 89 1 04 21 56 00 44 43 08 67 23 28 90 0 00 22 55 36 45 42 24 68 22 32

They're term'd Zones from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , [Zona vel Cingulum] becauſe they encompaſs the Globe of the Earth in ſome manner, as a Girdle doth ſurround the Body of a Man; and are in number Five,

Viz. Two Frigid comprehended between The Polar Circles, and the Poles. Two Temperate The Polar Circles, and the Tropicks. One Torrid The Two Tropicks, and divided by the Equator.

Of theſe the Ancients imagin'd only the Two Temperate to be habitable; eſteeming the ſcorching Heat of the Torrid, and pinching Cold of the two Frigid to be equally intollerable; according to that of the Poet,

They're term'd Climates from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , [Declino vel Inclino] becauſe in numbring of them they decline from the Equator, and incline to either Pole. Not to mention what the Ancients taught of Climates, either as to their number, or manner of reckoning them; It's ſufficient for our preſent purpoſe to conſider that Modern Geographers have advanc'd the Number of them to 60. From the Equator to each of the Polar Circles, are 24 ariſing from the difference of ½ Hour in the longeſt Day; and from the Polar Circles to the Poles themſelves, are Six ariſing from the difference of an intire Month, the Sun being ſeen in the firſt of theſe a whole Month without ſetting, in the ſecond two, and in the third three Months, &c. How all theſe Climates are fram'd, viz. the true Parallel of Latitude in which they end, (that being likewiſe the beginning of the following) with the reſpective breadth of each of them, you may clearly ſee by the following Tables.

Climat Climates between the Equator and Polar Circles. d. m. d. m Clim d. m. d. m. Par. of Lat. Breadth Par. of Lat. Breadth 1 08 25 8 25 13 59 58 1 29 2 16 25 8 00 14 61 18 1 20 3 23 50 7 25 15 62 25 1 07 4 30 20 6 30 16 63 22 0 57 5 36 28 6 08 17 64 6 0 44 6 41 22 4 54 18 64 49 0 43 7 45 29 4 07 19 65 2 • 0 32 8 49 01 3 32 20 65 47 0 26 9 51 58 2 57 21 66 6 0 19 10 54 27 2 29 22 66 20 0 14 11 56 37 2 10 23 66 28 0 08 12 58 29 1 52 24 66 31 0 03

Climates between the Polar Circles and the Poles. d. m. d. m. d. m. d. m d. m. d. m. Par. Lat. Par. Lat. Par. Lat. Par. Lat. Par. Lat. Par. Lat. 67 30 69 30 73 20 78 20 84 00 90 00 Breadth Breadth Breadth Breadth Breadth Breadth 01 00 02 00 03 50 05 00 05 40 06 00 1 Month 2 Month 3 Month 4 Month 5 Month 6 Month

Having thus taken a view of the chief Circles belonging to the Terreſtrial Globe, as alſo the manner how Latitude and Longitude with Zones and Climates are fram'd; proceed we next to the various Poſitions of the Globe, commonly term'd Spheres, which are three in Number, viz. Parallel, Right, and Oblique.

The Inhabitants of this Sphere, are thoſe (if any) who live under the two Poles.

The Inhabitants of this Sphere, are they who live under the Equinoctial Line.

The Inhabitants of this Sphere are they, who live on all Parts of the Globe of the Earth, except thoſe exactly under the Poles and Equinoctial Line.

But having no regard to theſe Poſitions of the Globe; The various Inhabitants of the Earth are likewiſe conſidered with reſpect to the ſeveral Meridians and Parallels peculiar to their Habitations, and that under theſe three Titles, viz. Antaeci, Periaci, and Antipodes.

Peculiar to ſuch People are theſe following Particulars, viz. (1.) One of the Poles is equally elevated to both, and the other equally depreſs'd. (2.) They are equally diſtant from the Equator, and both on the ſame ſide. (3.) When it's Noon to one, it's Midnight to the other, & econtra. (4) The length of the Day to one, is the Compliment of the other's Night, & vice versâ. (5.) They both agree in the four Seaſons of the Year, &c.

Peculiar to ſuch People are theſe following Particulars, viz. (1.) They have both the ſame Elevation of the Pole. (2) They are both equally diſtant from the Equator, but on different ſides, and in oppoſite Haemiſpheres. (3.) When it's Noon to one, it's Midnight to the other, & vice versâ. (4.) The longeſt Day or Night to the one, is the ſhorteſt to the other. (5.) Their Seaſons of the Year are contrary, &c.

The Inhabitants of the Earth were likewiſe conſidered by the Ancients with reſpect to the Diverſity of their Shadows, and accordingly reduc'd to three Claſſes, viz. Amphiſcii, Periſcii, and Heteroſcii.

They're ſo term'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , [utrinque] and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 [Umbra] becauſe they caſt their Shadows on both ſides of them, viz. North and South, according to the Nature of the Sun's Declination.

They're ſo call'd from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , [Circà] and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 [Umbra] becauſe they caſt their Shadows round about them, towards all Points of the Compaſs.

Def. 27. A Continent [Lat. Continens à Contineo] is a large and ſpacious Space of dry Land, comprehending divers Countries, Kingdoms, and States, all join'd together without any intire Separation of its Parts by Water.

Def. 28. An Iſland [Lat. Inſula, quaſi in ſalo] is a part of dry Land environed round with Water.

Def. 29. A Peninſula [quaſi penè Inſula, otherwiſe Cherſoneſus from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , Terra, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , Inſula] is a part of the dry Land every where encloſed with Water, ſave one narrow Neck adjoining the ſame to the Continent.

Def. 30. An Iſthmus [ab 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 vel 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , Ingredior] is that narrow Neck of Land annexing the Peninſula to the Continent, by which People may enter into one from the other.

Def. 31. A Promontory [quaſi Mons in mare prominens] is a high part of Land ſtretching it ſelf out in the Sea, the Extremity whereof is commonly term'd a Cape or Head-Land.

Def. 32. A Mountain [à moneo vel emineo] is a riſing part of the dry Land, over-topping the adjacent Country, and appearing the firſt at a diſtance.

Def. 33. The Ocean [Gr. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 quaſi ex 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , citò, & 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , Fluo] is a mighty Rendeſvouz, or large Collection of Waters environing a conſiderable Part of the Main Continent.

Def. 34. The Sea [Lat. Salum à ſale quia ſalſum] is a ſmaller Collection of Waters intermingled with Iſlands, and intirely (or moſtly) environed with Land.

Def. 35. A Gulf [Lat. Sinus, quaſi ſinu ſuo mare complectens] is a part of the Sea every where environed with Land, except one Paſſage whereby it communicates with the neighbouring Sea, or main Ocean.

Def. 36. A Strait [Lat. Fretum à ferveo, quod ibi ferveat mare propter anguſtiam] is a narrow Paſſage, either joyning a Gulf to the neighbouring Sea or Ocean, or one part of the Sea or Ocean to another.

Def. 37. A Lake [Lat. Lacus, a Gr. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , Foſſa vel Fovea] is a ſmall Collection of deep ſtanding Water, intirely ſurrounded with Land, and having no viſible or immediate Communication with the Sea.

Def. 38. A River [Lat. Flumen vel Fluvius à fluo] is a conſiderable Stream of freſh Water iſſuing out of one, or various Fountains, and continually gliding along in one or more Channels, till it diſgorgeth it ſelf at laſt into the gaping Mouth of the thirſty Ocean.

Theſe being all the neceſſary Terms commonly us'd in Modern Geography; and particularly thoſe, that either need or can well admit of a Definition, Deſcription, or Derivation: We proceed in the next place to

Multiply the Diameter by the Circumference (or a great Circle dividing the Globe into two equal Parts) and the Product will give the firſt: Then Multiply the ſaid Product by ⅙ of the Diameter, and the Product of that will give the ſecond. After the ſame manner we may find the Surface and Solidity of the Natural Globe, as alſo the whole Body of the Atmoſphere ſurrounding the ſame, providing it be always and every where of the ſame height; for having found the perpendicular height thereof by that common Experiment of the aſcent of Mercury at the foot and top of a Mountain; double the ſaid Height, and add the ſame to the Diameter of the Earth; then Multiply the whole (as a new Diameter) by its proper Circumference, and from the Product ſubſtract the Solidity of the Earth, the Remainder will give the Solidity of the Atmoſphere.

The Globe being ſet upon a true Plain, raiſe the Pole according to the given Latitude; then fix the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith, and (if any Mariner's Compaſs upon the Pedeſtal) let the Globe be ſo ſituated, as that the brazen Meridian may ſtand due South and North, according to the two Extremities of the Needle.

By Longitude we do not here underſtand that Opprobrium Navigatorum of Eaſting and Weſting, but ſimply the diſtance between the given place and the firſt Meridian inſcrib'd on the Surface of the Globe. For the finding of which, bring the given place to the Eaſt-ſide of the brazen Meridian, and obſerve what Degree of the Equator is juſt under the ſaid Meridian, for that is the Degree of Longitude peculiar to the given place; and the Degree of the Meridian exactly above that place is its proper Latitude, which is either Southern or Northern, according as the place is South or North of the Equinoctial Line.

The Globe being rectify'd Prob. 2. according to the Latitude of the given place, and that place being brought to the brazen Meridian, make a mark exactly above the ſame, and turning the Globe round, all thoſe places paſſing under the ſaid mark, have the ſame Latitude with the given place

The Month and Day being given, look for the ſame upon the wooden Horizon, and over againſt the Day you will find the particular Sign and Degree in which the Sun is at that time (obſerving withal the difference between the Julian and Gregorian Kalendar) which Sign and Degree being noted in the Ecliptick, the ſame is the Sun's place (or pretty near it) at the time deſired.

The Pole being elevated Prob. 2. according to the Latitude of the place in which you are, and the Sun's Place found Prob. 6. in the Ecliptick at the time given; bring the ſame to the brazen Meridian, and ſetting the Index of the Horary Circle at the upper Figure of XII. turn the Globe till the ſaid Index point at the given Hour of the Day. Which done, fix the Globe in that Situation, and obſerve all thoſe places exactly under the brazen Meridian, for thoſe are the places deſired.

Elevate the Pole Prob. 2. according to the Latitude of the given place; find the Sun's place in the Ecliptick Prob. 6. at that time, which being brought to the Eaſt ſide of the Horizon, ſet the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon, (or the upper Figure of 12.) and turning the Globe about till the aforeſaid place of the Ecliptick touch the Weſtern ſide of the Horizon, look upon the Horary Circle, and whereſoever the Index pointeth, reckon the Number of Hours between the ſame and the upper Figure of 12. for that is the Length of the Day at the time deſir'd, the Complement whereof is the Length of the Night.

Note, There is a Miſtake in working the 7th Problem, for the ſame ought to be performed thus: The Pole being elevated according to the Latitude of the given Place, bring the ſaid Place to the brazen Meridian, and ſetting the Index of the Horary Circle at the Hour of the Day in the given Place, turn the Globe till the Index point at the upper Figure of XII. which done, fix the Globe in that Situation, and obſerve what places are exactly under the upper Hemiſphere of the brazen Meridian, for thoſe are the Places deſir'd.

Bring the given Place to the brazen Meridian, and finding Prob. 3. its true Latitude, count upon the Equator the ſame number of Degrees towards the oppoſite Pole and obſerve where the reckoning ends, for that is the place of the Antaeci. The given Place continuing under the brazen Meridian, ſet the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon, and turning the Globe about till the ſame Point at Midnight, (or the lower 12.) the place which then comes to the Meridian, (having the ſame Latitude with the former) is that of the Perioeci. As for the Antipodes of the given Place, reckon from the ſaid place upon the brazen Meridian 180 Degrees, either South or North, or as many Degrees beyond the fartheſt Pole as you are to the neareſt; and obſerve exactly where the reckoning ends, for that is the place deſir'd.

Bring the place in which you are, to the brazen Meridian (the Pole being raiſed Prob. 3. according to the Latitude thereof) and ſet the Index of the Horary Circle at the Hour of the Day at that time. Then bring the deſired Place to the brazen Meridian, and the Index will point out the preſent Hour at that place where ever it is.

This being only to know when its Noon at Agra and Moſcow, (the Imperial Seats of thoſe Mighty Monarchs) which we may very eaſily do, at what time ſoever it be, or whereſoever we are: For finding (by the foregoing Problem) the preſent Hour of the Day in the Cities above-mention'd, ſuppoſing withal that Mid-day in the aforeſaid Cities is Dining-time, we may readily determine how near it is to the time deſir'd,

Divide your Ecliptick Line in Twenty four equal Parts, and in ſmall Figures ſet down the Hours of the Natural Day after the following manner. At the Interſections of the Ecliptick and Equator place the Figure 6; and bring both thoſe Figures to the brazen Meridian, one being in the upper, and the other in the lower Hemiſphere. Which done, place the twelve Figures in the Weſtern Hemiſphere in this order following, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Beginning then at the ſame Figure of 6, and proceeding Eaſtward, ſet down the other twelve Figures thus, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, 1, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6. The Equinoctial being thus divided and mark'd, elevate the Globe Prob. 3. according to the Latitude of the place where you are, and bring the Interſection of the Vernal Equinox to the upper Part of the brazen Meridian; and ſituating the Globe Prob. 2. duly South and North, obſerve exactly that half of the Globe upon which the Sun doth actually ſhine; for the laſt part of the enlightned Hemiſphere doth always ſhew the Hour of the Day upon the Equinoctial Line.

The Globe being rectifi'd Prob. 2. according to the Latitude of the given Place, and the Height of the Sun at that time being found by an exact Quadrant; mark his place in the Ecliptick Prob. 6. for the given Day, and bring the ſame to the brazen Meridian. After this, fix the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith, and mark in the ſaid Quadrant the particular Degree of the Sun's Altitude, and placing the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon, move the Globe together with the Quadrant of Altitude, till the Sun's place markt in the Ecliptick, and his Degree of Altitude markt upon the ſaid Quadrant do come both in one. Which done, obſerve what Hour the Index doth point at, for that is the Hour deſir'd.

The Globe being Prob. 2. rectifi'd, and the Sun's Place Prob. 6. markt in the Ecliptick, fix the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith, and by the Mariners Compaſs obſerve the true bearing of the Sun; then bring the Quadrant of Altitude to the obſerved Point of the Compaſs upon the wooden Horizon, and move the Globe till the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick coincide with the ſaid Quadrant: Which done, and the Globe continuing in that Poſition, the Index of the Horary Circle will point at the Hour of the Day, at the time deſir'd.

Elevate the Pole according to the given Latitude, and ſituate the Globe duly South and North Prob. 2. by the Mariners Compaſs; then fix a ſmall Needle perpendicularly in the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick, and bringing the ſame to the brazen Meridian, ſet the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon: Which done turn the Globe till the Needle caſt no Shadow at all, and then obſerve the Index, for it will then point at the true Hour of the Day.

Bring the given Place to the brazen Meridian, and reckon from it upon the ſaid Meridian the number of 90 Degrees towards either of the Poles, and where the reckoning ends, place that part of the Meridian in the Notch of the wooden Horizon, and it will prove the Horizon of the given Place.

The Latitude of the Place being known, and the Globe Prob. 2. elevated accordingly; obſerve the height of the Sun above the Horizon at that time, and draw upon a true Plain a ſtreight Line in, or Parallel to the Shadow of a Stile perpendicularly erected upon that Plain: In which deſcribe a Circle at any opening of the Compaſſes, and find Prob. 6. the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick, and mark his obſerved height in the Quadrant of Altitude. Then move the Globe together with the ſaid Quadrant, till that Mark in the Quadrant, and the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick, come both in one; which done, count upon the wooden Horizon the number of Degrees between the Quadrant of Altitude, and the brazen Meridian, and ſet off the ſame number of Degrees upon the aforeſaid Circle drawn upon the Plain, by making a viſible Point in the Circumference where the reckoning ends (beginning ſtill at the ſide towards the Sun, and proceeding Eaſt or Weſt according to the time of the Day) Then draw a Line from that Point in the Circumference through the Center of the ſaid Circle, and the ſame will prove the true Meridian-Line of that Place, at what time ſoever the Obſervation is made.

Bring the given Place to the brazen Meridian, and mark what Degree of Latitude is exactly above it. Move the Globe round, and obſerve the two Points of the Ecliptick that paſs through the ſaid Degree of Latitude. Search upon the wooden Horizon (or by proper Tables of the Sun's Annual Motion) on what Days he paſſeth through the aforeſaid Points of the Ecliptick, for thoſe are the Days requir'd, in which the Sun is vertical to the given Place.

The Day given, (which muſt always be one of thoſe, either between the Vernal Equinox and Summer Solſtice, or between the Autumnal Equinox and Winter Solſtice) find Prob. 6. the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick, and marking the ſame, bring it to the brazen Meridian, and reckon the like number of Degrees from the North Pole towards the Equator, as there is betwixt the Equator and the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick, and ſet a mark with Chalk where the reckoning ends. Which done, turn the Globe round, and all the Places paſſing under the ſaid Chalk are thoſe in which the Sun begins to ſhine conſtantly without ſetting upon the given Day. For Solution of the latter part of the Problem; ſet off the ſame diſtance from the South Pole upon the brazen Meridian towards the Equator, as was formerly ſet off from the North, and making a mark with Chalk, and turning the Globe round, all Places paſſing under the ſaid mark are thoſe deſir'd, viz. them in which the Sun beginneth his total Abſence, or Diſappearance from the given Day.

Bring the given Place to the brazen Meridian, and obſerving its Latitude, Prob. 2. elevate the Globe accordingly, then turn the Globe about till the firſt Degree of Cancer come under the Meridian, and count the ſame number of Degrees upon the Meridian from each ſide of the Equator, as the Place is diſtant from the Pole; and making a mark where the reckoning ends, turn the Globe round, and carefully obſerve what two Degrees of the Ecliptick paſs exactly under the two Points mark'd in the Meridian, for the Northern Arch of the Circle (viz. that comprehended between the two mark'd Degrees) being reduc'd to time, will give the number of Days that the Sun doth conſtantly ſhine above the Horizon of the given Place, and the oppoſite Arch of the ſaid Circle will give the number of Days in which he is abſent. The Pole continuing in the ſame Elevation, bring the beginning of Cancer to the brazen Meridian, and obſerve the two Degrees of the Ecliptick which in the mean time coincide with the Horizon; then ſearch upon the wooden Horizon for thoſe Days that the Sun doth enter into the aforeſaid Degrees of the Ecliptick, for thoſe are the Days of his firſt and laſt appearance in the given Place.

The Sun's Place in the Ecliptick being Prob. 6. found, bring the ſame to the brazen Meridian, in which make a ſmall mark with Chalk, exactly above the Sun's Place. Which done, find Prob. 7. thoſe places that have the Sun in the Meridian at the time given; and bringing them to the brazen Meridian, obſerve that part of the Globe exactly under the aforeſaid mark in the Meridian, for that is the place deſir'd.

Elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the deſired Place, and finding the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick at the given Time, bring the ſame to the Eaſtern ſide of the Horizon, and you may clearly ſee the Point of the Compaſs upon which he then riſeth. By turning the Globe about till his place coincide with the Weſtern ſide of the Horizon, you may alſo ſee upon the ſaid Circle the exact Point of his ſetting.

Find Prob. 23. the Length of the longeſt Day in the given Place, and whatever be the number of Hours whereby it ſurpaſſeth Twelve, double that number, and the Product will give the true Climate of the Place deſir'd. But here note, That this is to be underſtood of Places within the Latitude of 66½. As for thoſe of a greater Latitude, (where the Climates encreaſe by intire Months, enter the ſecond Table of Climates (page 10) with the Latitude of the given Place, and oppoſite thereto you'll find the proper Climate of a place in the ſaid Latitude.

Having the Length of the longeſt Day you may know thereby Prob. 24. the proper Climate of that Place, and by the Table of Climates (pag. 10.) you may ſee what Degree of Latitude correſponds to that Climate, which Degree is the Latitude of the Place deſir'd.

The Globe being rectifi'd, and the Sun's Place brought to the brazen Meridian, ſet the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon; then bring that Degree of the Ecliptick (which is oppoſit to the Sun's Place) to the Weſtern Quarter, and ſo move the Globe together with the Quadrant of Altitude, till the Degree oppoſite to the Sun's Place, and the 18 Degree of the ſaid Quadrant come both in one; Which done, obſerve what Hour the Index then pointeth at, for at that Hour doth the Morning Twilight begin. As for the Evening Twilight, bring the Degree of the Ecliptick, oppoſite to the Sun's Place at that time to the Eaſtern Quarter, and ſo move the Globe till the ſame and the 18th Degree of the Quadrant come both in one, and the Index will point at the Hour when the Evening Twilight doth end.

By the given Length of the longeſt Day Prob. 25. find the true Degree of Latitude, where the Day is of that Extent, and making a mark upon that Degree in the brazen Meridian, turn the Globe round, and obſerve what Places paſs exactly under the ſaid Mark, for they are the Places deſir'd.

Take half of the given Number of Days, and whatever it is, count ſo many Degrees upon the Ecliptick, beginning at the firſt of Cancer, and make a mark where the reckoning ends; only obſerve, that if your number of Days ſurpaſs thirty, then your number of Degrees ought to be leſs than it by one. Bring then the mark'd Point of the Ecliptick to the brazen Meridian, and obſerve exactly how many Degrees are intercepted between the aforeſaid Point and the Pole, for the ſame is equal to the deſir'd Parallel of Latitude. If the deſired Parallel of Latitude be South of the Line, the Operation is the ſame, bringing only the firſt Degree of Capricorn to the Meridian in lieu of Cancer.

The Babylonick Hour is the number of Hours from Sun riſing, it being the manner of the Babylonians of old, and the Inhabitants of Norimberg at this Day, to commence their Hours from the appearance of the Sun in the Eaſtern Horizon. For the finding of this Hour at any time, and in any place, Firſt elevate the Pole Prob. 2. according to the Latitude of the given Place, and Prob. 6. noting the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick at that time, bring the ſame to the brazen Meridian, and ſet the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon; after this, rowl the Globe either Eaſtward or Weſtward according to the time of the Day, till the Index point at the given Hour. Then fix the Globe in that Poſition, and bring back the Index again to Noon, and move the Globe from Weſt to Eaſt, till the Sun's Place mark'd in the Ecliptick, coincide with the Eaſtern Horizon; which done, reckon upon the Horary Circle the number of Hours between the Index and Noon (or the upper Figure of 12.) for that is the number of Hours from Sun riſing for that Day in the given Place, or the true Babylonick Hour deſir'd.

Elevate the Pole according to the given Latitude of the Place, and marking the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick, bring the ſame to the brazen Meridian, and ſet the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon. Then Rowl the Globe Weſtward till the Index point at the given Hour from Sun riſing, and fixing the Globe in that Situation, bring the Index back again to Noon, and turn the Globe backwards till the Sun's Place mark'd in the Ecliptick return to the ſame Semi-circle of the brazen Meridian from whence it came; which done, obſerve what Hour the Index of the Horary Circle pointeth at, for the ſame is the Hour deſir'd.

The Italick Hour is the number of Hours from Sun ſetting at all times of the Year, to Sun ſetting the next following Day. For the ready finding of ſuch Hours, Prob. 2. elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the Place, and Prob. 6. noting the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick upon the given Day, bring the ſame to the brazen Meridian, and ſet the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon. Then turn the Globe either Eaſt or Weſt according to the time of the Day, till the Index point at the given Hour, and fixing the Globe in that Situation, bring the Index back to Noon. Which done, turn the Globe about Eaſtwards till the mark of the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick coincide with the Weſtern Horizon, and obſerve how many Hours there are between the upper Figure of 12. and the Index (reckoning them Eaſtward as the Globe moved) for theſe are the Hours from Sun-ſet, or the Italick Hour deſir'd.

This being the Reverſe of the former Problem, Prob. 2. elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the given Place, and noting the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick, bring the ſame to the Weſtern Horizon, and ſetting the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon, turn the Globe Weſtward till the Index point at Prob. 31. the Italick Hour given; then fixing the Globe in that Poſition, bring the Index back to Noon, and move the Globe backward till the Mark of the Sun's Place return to the ſame Semi-Circle of the brazen Meridian from whence it came. Which done, obſerve how many Hours are between Noon and the Index, (reckoning them from Weſt to East) for thoſe are the Hours deſired according to our way of reckoning in England.

By the Judaical Hour we underſtand the exact Time of the Day according to the Ancient Jews, who in reckoning their time, divided the Artificial Day into twelve Hours, and the Night into as many, which Hours prov'd every Day unequal in extent (unleſs in Places exactly under the Equator) they ſtill decreaſing or encreaſing according to the Seaſons of the Year, or the various Declination of the Sun. For the finding of which Hours, obſerve the following Method, Prob. 2. Elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the given Place, and Prob. 6. marking the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick at that time, bring it to the Eaſtern Horizon, and ſet the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon; then turn the Globe about till that place mark'd in the Ecliptick come to the Weſtern Horizon, and obſerve the number of Hours between Noon and the Index, theſe being the Hours of which the given Day doth conſiſt, which number you are to Note down, and Prob. 29, 31. to find what Hour from Sun-riſing correſponds with the given Hour, or from Sun-ſetting, if the given Hour be after Sun-ſetting. Which done, work by the following Proportion. As the number of Hours, whereof the given Day conſiſteth, (viz. thoſe noted down) is to 12; ſo is the number of Hours from Sun-riſing, (if it be an Hour of the Day) or from Sun-ſetting (if an Hour of the Night) to a fourth proportional, which is the number deſir'd, viz. the Judaical Hour at the time given.

Elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the given Place, and finding the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick at the time given, bring the ſame to the Eaſtern Horizon, and ſet the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon, then Rowl the Globe Weſtward, till the Sun's Place coincide with the Weſtern Horizon, and the Index will point at the number of equal Hours. whereof that Day conſiſteth. Which Number you are to note down, and bring the Sun's Place to the brazen Meridian, and ſetting the Index again at Noon, turn the Globe about till the Sun's Place coincide with the Eaſtern Horizon, and the Index will point at the Hour when the Sun riſeth in the given Place. Which done, work by the following Proportion. As 12 is to the given Number of Judaical Hours, ſo is the Length of the Day in equal Hours (formerly found out) to a fourth proportional, which is the Number deſir'd, viz. the Hour of the Day according to our way of reckoning in England. Only note, That if the fourth proportional be leſs than 12, you are to add the ſame to the Hour of Sun-riſing, and the Product will give the Number of Hours before Noon for that Day; but if it be more than 12, then Subſtract it from 12, and the Remainder will give the Hour of the Day for the Afternoon.

The Breadth of the Torrid Zone being 47 Degrees which reduc'd to Miles, make 2820; each of the Temperate 43 Degrees, which make 2580; and each of the Frigid 23 Degrees ½, which make 1410 Miles. The true Area of each of thoſe Zones may be found in Square Meaſure by the following Proportion. (1.) For the Torrid. The Area of the whole Globe being found, (per Prob. 1.) ſay as Rad. to the Sine of 47; ſo is the ½ the Area of the Globe, to the Area of the Torrid Zone. (2.) For each of the Temperate Zones; ſay as Rad. to the difference of the Sines of 23½ and 66½; ſo is ½ Arch of the Globe to the Area of one of the Temperate Zones. Laſtly, For the Frigid Zones, add ½ Area of the Torrid to the whole Area of one of the Temperate, and Subſtract the Product from ½ Area of the Globe, and the Remainder will give the true Area of either of the Frigid Zones.

Bring the given Place to the brazen Meridian, and obſerve what Places are then exactly under that Semi-Circle of the ſaid Meridian, for the People in them have the ſame Hour with that they have in the given Place. The Globe continuing in that Poſition, ſet the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon, and turn the Globe till the Index point at Midnight, and obſerve that Places are then in that Semi-Circle of the Meridian, for the Inhabitants of thoſe Places do reckon their Hours contrary to theſe in the given Place.

Bring the given Place to the brazen Meridian, and ſet the Index of the Horary Circle at the Hour of the Day in that place. Then turn about the Globe till the Index point at the upper Figure of XII, and obſerve what Places are exactly under the upper Semi-Circle of the brazen Meridian, for in them its Mid-day at the time given. Which done, turn the Globe about till the Index point at the lower Figure of XII, and what Places are then in the lower Semi-Circle of the Meridian, in them its Midnight at the given Time. After the ſame manner we may find thoſe Places that have any other particular Hour at the Time given, by moving the Globe till the Index point at the Hour deſir'd, and obſerving the Places that are then under the brazen Meridian.

The Sun's Place in the Ecliptick Prob 6. being found, and brought to the brazen Meridian, make a Mark above the ſame with Chalk; then Prob. 37. find thoſe Places of the Earth, in whoſe Meridian the Sun is at that inſtant, and bring them to the brazen Meridian. Which done, obſerve narrowly that individual Part of the Earth which falls exactly under the aforeſaid Mark in the brazen Meridian, for that is the particular Place, to which the Sun is vertical at that very time.

Find that Place of the Prob. 38. Globe, to which the Sun is vertical at the given Time, and bringing the ſame to the brazen Meridian, Prob. 2. elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the ſaid Place. The Globe being fixt in that Poſition, obſerve what Places are in the Weſtern Semi-Circle of the Horizon, for in them the Sun riſeth at that time. 2dly, Thoſe in the Eaſtern Semi-Circle, for in them the Sun ſetteth. 3dly, Thoſe that are exactly under the brazen Meridian, for in them it's Mid day. And Laſtly, All thoſe upon the úpper Hemiſphere of the Globe, for they are actually enlightned, and thoſe upon the lower are then in darkneſs, or deprived of the Sun at that very time.

The Moon's Place in the Zodiack may be found ready enough at any time by an ordinary Almanack, and her Latitude (which is her diſtance from the Ecliptick) by applying the Semi-Circle of Poſition to her Place in the Zodiack. For the Solution of the Problem, Prob. 2. elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the given Place, and the Sun's Place in the Ecliptick at that time being Prob. 6. found, and mark'd with Chalk, as alſo the Moon's Place at the ſame time: Bring the Sun's Place to the brazen Meridian, and ſet the Index of the Horary Circle at Noon, and turn the Globe till the Moon's Place ſucceſſively coincide with the Eaſtern and Weſtern-ſide of the Horizon, as alſo the brazen Meridian, and the Index will point, at thoſe various times, the particular Hour of her Riſing, Setting, and Southing.

Mark the Sun's Place in the Prob. 6. Ecliptick for the given Day, as alſo the oppoſite Point thereto, which is the Place of the Moon at that time. Then find Prob. 38. that Place of the Globe to which the Sun is vertical at the given Hour, and bring the ſame to the Pole (or vertical Point) of the wooden Horizon, and fixing the Globe in that Situation, obſerve what Places are in the upper Hemiſphere, for in moſt of them will the Sun be viſible during his Eclipſe. As for the Lunar Eclipſe, you are to find Prob. 9. the Antipodes of that place which hath the Sun vertical at the given Hour, and bringing the ſame to the Pole of the wooden Horizon, obſerve (as formerly) what Places are in the upper Hemiſphere of the Globe, for in ſuch will the Moon be viſible during her Eclipſe, except thoſe that are very near unto, or actually in the Horizon.

The various Places deſir'd [which are ſuppoſed to be ſome of thoſe that lie upon the intermediate Points of the Compaſs] being pitch'd upon, bring the given Place to the brazen Meridian, and elevate the Pole according to it's Latitude, and fixing the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith, apply the ſame ſucceſſively to the Places deſir'd, and the lower Part of the ſaid Quadrant will interſect the wooden Horizon at thoſe various Points of the Compaſs (inſcrib'd upon the ſaid Circle) according to the true bearing of the given Place, in reſpect of the Places deſir'd.

Elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the given Place, and bring the ſaid Place to the brazen Meridian, and fixing the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith, apply the lower Part thereof to the deſir'd Point of the Compaſs upon the wooden Horizon; and obſerve what Places are exactly under the Edge of the ſaid Quadrant, for thoſe are the Places that are ſituated from, or bear off, the given Place according to the deſired Point of the Compaſs.

The two Places given muſt of neceſſity lie under either the ſame Meridian, the ſame Parallel of Latitude, or elſe differ both in Longitude and Latitude. (1.) If they lie under the ſame Meridian, then bring them both to the brazen Meridian, and obſerve the number of Degrees of Latitude comprehended between them, which being reduc'd into Leagues or Miles, will give the Diſtance requir'd. (2.) If they lie under the ſame Parallel of Latitude, then bring them ſeparately to the brazen Meridian, and obſerve the Number of Degrees between them upon the Equator; which done, enter the Table [page 9.] with the Latitude of the given Places, and ſeeing thereby how many Miles in that Parallel are anſwerable to one Degree in the Equator, multiply thoſe Miles by the aforeſaid number of Degrees upon the Equator, and the Product will give the Diſtance requir'd. But, Laſtly, if the two Places given do differ both in Longitude and Latitude, then bring one of them to the vertical Point of the brazen Meridian, and extending the Quadrant of Altitude to the other, obſerve upon the ſaid Quadrant the number of Degrees between them, which being reduc'd into Leagues or Miles, will give the diſtance requir'd. This third Caſe of the Problem being moſt conſiderable and occurring more frequently than the other two, we ſhall here annex another way of performing the ſame beſides the Globe, and that is by reſolving a Spherical Triangle, two Sides whereof (viz. the Complements of the different Latitudes, or the diſtance of the given Places from the Poles) are not only given, but alſo the Angle comprehended between them, (it being equal to the difference of their Longitude) by which Sides and Angle given, we may very eaſily find the third Side by the noted Rules in Trigonometry, which third Side is the diſtance required.

Bring the given Place to the brazen Meridian, and elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the ſaid Place; then fix the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith, and reckon upon the ſaid Quadrant, the given Diſtance between the firſt and ſecond Place (providing the ſame be under 90 Degrees, otherwiſe you muſt uſe the Semi-Circle of Poſition) and making a Mark where the reckoning ends, and moving the ſaid Quadrant or Semi-Circle quite round upon the Surface of the Globe, all Places paſſing under that Mark, are thoſe deſir'd.

For the Solution of this Problem. Suppoſe the firſt Meridian to be the true Meridian of one of the given Places, particularly that whoſe bearing is unknown. Upon the upper Semi-Circle of that Meridian, mark the Latitude of the ſaid Place; then elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the other place, and fixing the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith, extend the ſame to the given Point of the Compaſs upon the wooden Horizon, and turn the Globe about till the Point mark'd in the aforeſaid Meridian coincide with the ſaid Quadrant. Which done, reckon upon that Quadrant the number of Degrees between that Point mark'd in the firſt Meridian and the vertical Point; which Degrees being converted into Leagues or Miles, will give the Diſtance requir'd.

For the Solution of this Problem, ſuppoſe the firſt Meridian to be the true Meridian of the Place, whoſe Latitude is unknown. Reckon from that Meridian upon the Equator the number of Degrees equal to the difference of Longitude of the two Places, and make a Mark where the reckoning ends, and bringing the ſame to the brazen Meridian, (which repreſents the Meridian of the ſecond Place) reckon upon it the Degrees of the given Latitude; and fixing the Globe in that Situation, raiſe the Pole according to that Latitude, and fix the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith, extending the other extremity thereof to the given Point of the Compaſs upon the wooden Horizon. The Globe continuing in this Poſition, obſerve that Point of the Surface, where the Quadrant of Altitude interſects the firſt Meridian, for the ſame repreſenteth the ſecond Place, and that Arch of the Quadrant between the ſaid Point and the Zenith, being converted into Leagues or Miles, will give the Diſtance requir'd.

The given Diſtance being reckon'd any where upon the brazen Meridian, and thoſe places of the Globe exactly under the beginning and end of that Reckoning being mark'd, raiſe the Pole according to the Latitude of one of them, (which for Diſtinctions ſake we'll term the firſt Place) and fixing the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith, extend the other extremity thereof to the given Point of the Compaſs upon the wooden Horizon, according as the ſaid firſt Place beareth off the third unknown, and make a ſmall Tract with Chalk upon the Globe, where the Edge of the Quadrant paſſeth along. Which done, elevate the Pole according to the Latitude of the ſecond Place, and fixing the Quadrant of Altitude in the Zenith, extend the ſame (as formerly) to the given Point of the Compaſs upon the wooden Horizon, and obſerve where the ſaid Quadrant interſects the aforeſaid Tract of Chalk made upon the Surface of the Globe, for that is the third Place deſir'd, whoſe Diſtance from the other two may be found by the foregoing Problem.

Theſe are the Chief Problems performable by the Terreſtrial Globe, as alſo the manner of their Performance. But if the Reader deſire more, let him Conſult Varenius, (his Geographia Generalis) from whom we have borrowed ſeveral of thoſe abovemention'd. Now followeth according to our propoſed Method

Commonly reckon'd Four, viz. thoſe of Europe, Africa, Aſia, America.

Europe North Scandinavia— found from W. to E. Muſcovia [or Ruſſia]— Middle France— found from W. to E. Germany— Poland— South Spain— found from W. to E. Italy— Turky in Europe— Aſia North, comprehending the vaſt Body of Tartary. South China— found from E. to W. India— Perſia— Turky in Aſia—

Africa Egypt — found from N. to S. Barbary Bildulgerid — Zaara or the Deſert — Land of the Negroes — Guinea — Nubia — Ethiopia Interior— Exterior— America North Mexico or New Spain— from S. to N. New Mexico or Nova Granada— Florida— Terra Canadenſis— Terra Arctica— South Terra Firma— from N. to S. Peru— Land of the Amazons— Braſil— Chyli— Paraguay— Terra Magellanica— Terra Antarctica—

They belong either

Europe. The Scandinavian Iſlands— Lying in the N. and Baltick-Sea. The Iſland of Ice-land— W. of Scandinavia. The Britannick Iſlands— N. of France. The Azores— W. of Spain. The Mediterranean Iſlands— S. of Europe. Aſia. The Japan Iſlands— E. of China. The Philippin— S. W. of Japan The Iſles des Larrons— E. of the Philippin. The Moloccoes— S. of the Philippin. The Iſlands of the Sund— W. of the Moluccoes. Ceylon and the Maldives— W. of the Iſles of Sund. Africa. more Remarkable Madagaſcar— E. of Ethiopia. The Iſles of Cape Verde W. of Negroland. The Canary Iſlands W. of Bildulgerid. The Madera— W. of Barbary. Leſs Remarkable The Iſles of Comore N. W. of Madagaſcar. St. Thomas's Iſland— W. of Ethiopia. Lat. 00 The Princeſs Iſland W. of Ethiopia. Lat. 3. St. Helena— S. W. of St. Thomas. Iſle of Aſcention— N. E. of St. Helena. America North are California— W. of Nova Granada. Newfoundland— E. of Terra Canadenſis. Middle are the Antilles Greater Cuba— E. of New Spain. Jamaica Hiſpaniola Port-rito Leſſer Caribees— S. E. of the greater Antilles. Lucayes— S. E. of Florida. Sotovento— N. of Terra Firma. Bermudas— E. of Florida. South is Terra del Fuogo— S. of Terra Magellanica.

Europe. Juitland— adjacent to Germany. Morea— Greece. Taurica Cherſoneſus— Little Tartary. Aſia Peninſula Indiae intra Gangem the Continent of Aſia extra Gangem the Continent Mallaca [or Cherſoneſe d'or]— Peninſula Indiae intra Gangem. In Africa is none but Africa it ſelf the W. of Aſia. America Mexico or North America— South America. Peru or South America— North

In Europe Cape Nord— Extending from The Northmoſt part of Norway. Cape la Hogue— The N. of France. The Lands-End— The S. W. of England. The Lizard— The S. The Start— The S. Cape de Finiſterra— The W. of Spain. Cape de Rocca— The W. Cape St. Vincent— The W. Aſia Cape Ningpo— The E. of China. Cape Comorin— Peninſ. Indiae inter Gangem. Cape Razalgate— S. E. part of Arabia. Africa Cape Spartel— The W. of Barbary. Cape Verde— The W. of Negroeland. Cape of Good Hope— The S. of Ethiopia exterior. Cape of Guardifeu— The N. E. part of Ethiopia exterior America Cape de Florida— The S. of Florida. Cape de Coriente— The W. of New Spain. Cape Froward— The S. of Terra Magellanica. Cape Hoorn— The S. of Terra del Fuogo. Cape de S. Auguſtine— The E. of Braſil.

Europ The Hyperborean Ocean Encloſing Europe in the North. The vaſt Weſtern Weſt. Aſia Tartarean Ocean.— Aſia on the North. China— Eaſt. Indian— South. Perſian— Arabick Africa Oriental Ocean— Africa on the Eaſt. Ethiepick South. Atlantick Weſt. Amer. Vaſt Eaſtern Ocean— America on the Eaſt. The Pacifick Weſt.

Europe Baltick Sea— Encloſed with Swedeland on the W. Poland in part E. Germany in part S. German Sea— with Scandinavia on the E. Britain— W. Iriſh Sea— with Britain— on the E. Ireland— W. Mediterranean Sea with Europe— on the N. Barbary— S. Euxine Sea— with part of Europe on the N. & W. part of Aſia. S. and E.

The Seas in the other three Parts of the world, are different Parts of the Ocean [except Mare Caſpium in Aſia] variouſly nam'd according as they lie adjacent to different Countries.

Europe Straits of Dover Joyning The Germ. Ocean to the Engl. Channel. Straits of the Sound The Daniſh to the Baltick Sea. Straits of Gibralter The Medit to the Weſtern Ocean. Straits of Caffa Palus Meotis to Pontus Euxinus. Thracian Boſphorus Pontus Euxinus to the Propontis. The Hell • ſpont— Propontis to the Archipelagus. Veer of Meſſina One part of Mediter. to another. Boke of Corſica One part of Mediter. to another. Aſia Straits of the Sund The Indian and Eaſt Ocean. Straits of Ormus The Perſian Gulf to the S. Ocean. In Africa is Babelmandel The Red Sea to the E. Ocean. America Hudſon's Straits.— Button's Bay to the E Ocean. Fretum Davis Baffin's Bay to the E. Ocean. Magellanick Straits The vaſt E. and W. Ocean.