An exact abridgement of the general history of the world from the creation to the year 1685 / by the accurate pen of a learned historian. Ferrar, Richard. 1698 Approx. 618 KB of XML-encoded text transcribed from 175 1-bit group-IV TIFF page images. Text Creation Partnership, Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) : 2014-11 (EEBO-TCP Phase 2). A41223 Wing F808H ESTC R37805 17021244 ocm 17021244 105826

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Early English books online text creation partnership. (EEBO-TCP ; phase 2, no. A41223) Transcribed from: (Early English Books Online ; image set 105826) Images scanned from microfilm: (Early English books, 1641-1700 ; 1615:21) An exact abridgement of the general history of the world from the creation to the year 1685 / by the accurate pen of a learned historian. Ferrar, Richard. [6], 336 p. Printed by James Moxon, for Samuel Heyrick ..., London : 1698. Preface signed: Richard Ferrar. Imperfect: pages faded and tightly bound with loss of print. Reproduction of original in the Harvard University Library.

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AN EXACT ABRIDGEMENT OF THE General Hiſtory OF THE WORLD, From the Creation TO THE Year 1685.

By the Acurate Pen of a Learned Hiſtorian.

Lege Hiſtoriam ne fias Hiſtoria.

LONDON, Printed by James Moxon, for Samuel Heyrick, at Grays-Inn Gate in Holbourn. 1698.

TO Popham Connoway, Eſq Of RAGLEY, In the COUNTY of WARWICK.

CHronology, the Diſplay of Ages paſt, is here preſented to You; and Time, the wiſeſt of all things, claims in its Tranſactions the wiſeſt of Mens Judgments: To You therefore, Honoured SIR, do I make this Addreſs, it being of that excellency, that where Hiſtory is left imperfect, by this it is render'd compleat; ſo that not only the what, and where, but the when thoſe Actions were perform'd, are particulariz'd; whereas in Hiſtory, they are only glanc'd at in the Groſs. Hence it was that Venerable Antiquity pay'd that Reſpect to Chronologers of their Time: And I dare aver, that there is no Station where a Gentleman's Education has been concern'd, whether in Divinity, Law, or Phyſick, but this part of Knowledge may be highly uſeful: And, as a Gentleman deſigning Court Preferment, eſpecially in Affairs of State, it will imbelliſh him to that degree, to equallize, if not outvie moſt of his Contemporaries. As a Jewel therefore do I Recommend this Piece to You, worthy of Your Patronage, and Protection: And tho', SIR, I have not the Honour to be known to You, yet Fame has ſo tranſmitted to me, as to make the Choice in Your Perſon. The Merit of this Subject has ſway'd my Ballance, wholly to ſubmit it to Your Cenſure, which I queſtion not but according to the Calculation of the Ingenuous, it will find a ſafe Harbour, and favourable Reception; which will lay an eternal Obligation on,

SIR, Your moſt Devoted, and moſt Humble Servant, Richard Ferrar.
AN EXACT ABRIDGEMENT OF THE General Hiſtory OF THE WORLD.
The Firſt Age.

THE Creation as it is Written byThe Creation. Moſes, in the Book of Geneſis. Of the World, 1. before Chriſt, 4004.

The Double Generation of the Children of Adam.

The firſt was of Cain who killed his Brother The Poſterity of Cain. Abel, after which all the impious Poſterity of the Murtherer was extinct in the Deluge.

The ſecond Generation was of Seth, and That of Seth. deſcends to Noah, and from him directly to the Meſſias.

The Second Age.

IT began at the end of the Deluge. Of The Deluge. the World, 1657. before Chriſt, 2347.

The Collonies of the Three Sons of The Collonies of Japhet. Noah, Sem, Ham, and Japhet; the Offſpring of Japhet peopled the Northern parts of Aſia, and the principal parts of Europe.

Ham with his Off-ſpring peopled ſome Of Ham. parts of Aſia towards the South, and Aegypt with the reſt of Affrick.

The Poſterity of Sem peopled Meſopotamia, The Collonies of Sem. Babylon, Arabia, Perſia, and India.

The Generation directly coming to the Meſſias, is perpetuated from Sem to Abraham.

In the time of Peleg, Mankind was diſperſedThe Diſperſing of Mankind. to people the Earth. Of the World, 1771. before Chriſt, 2233.

Soon after Nimrod eſtabliſht the firſt The Babylonian Monarchy. ſeat of Monarchy in Babel or Babylon, which from a Tower founded by the Poſterity of Noah, took that Name from the confuſion of Tongues that aroſe there. Of the World, 1772. before Chriſt, 2232.

Much about that time, Aſſur the Son of The Aſſyrian Monarchy. Sem, Built a City which was after called Niniveh, upon the River Tygris, and made it the Seat of Empire, which after his Name was called the Aſſyrian.

The Eſtabliſhment of the Kingdom was The Monarchy of Aegypt. by Miſraim the Son of Ham. Of the World, 1816. before Chriſt, 2188.

The Chineſes reckon the ſetting up of Of China. their King in this Year under Fohi. Of the World, 1850. before Chriſt, 2154.

The Kingdom of Sycione in the Peloponeſe, Of Sycione began under Aegialeus. Of the World, 1915. before Ch, 2079.

The Arabians made themſelves maſters Paſtoral Kings of Aegypt. of Aegypt, under thoſe Kings called Paſtoral Kings. Of the World, 1920. before Chriſt, 2084.

Noah Died Aged 950 Years. Of the The Death of Noah. Word, 2006. before Chriſt, 1998.

The Birth of Abraham. Of the World, 2008. before Chriſt, 1996.

The Third Age

BEgins from the calling of Abraham. The Collony of Abraham. Of the World, 2803. before Ch. 1921. which he obeyed, and came firſt from Hur, in Caldea to Caram in Meſopotamia, where his Father there Dying, he paſt into Canaan. His Hiſtory Of the World, 2018. before Ch. 1896.

What happened to him till the Birth of Iſaac for the ſpace of 25 Years, is contained in the Book of Geneſis.

Sem Dyed 502 Years after the Deluge. The Death of Sem. The Kingdom of Argos. Of the World, 2158. before Chriſt, 1846.

The Eſtabliſhment of the Kingdom of the Argives, under Inachus. Of the World, 2168. before Chriſt, 1836.

The Birth of Eſau, and Jacob, the Sons The Birth of Eſau and Jacob. of Iſaac and Rebecca.

Thomoſis King of Aegypt of the Ancient Dynaſty, deſcended from High Aegypt to the Tower, who drove out Jannias, the laſt of Arabian Kings, called Paſtors. Theſe Arabs to the Number of Two Hundred Forty Thouſand, paſt into Paleſtine, and The Foundation of Jeruſalem there founded Jeruſalem. Of the World, 2179. before Chriſt, 1825,

Abraham died after the Death of Sarah, The Death of Abraham. he had by Ketura, Madan and Madean, the Fathers of the Madeanites. Of the World, 2187. before Ch. 1817.

Heber died the Eldeſt of the Patriarchs, And of Heber. Born after the Deluge: In his Family he preſerved the primitive Language, which from his Name was called Hebrew.

A Deluge happened in the time of Ogiges, The Deluge of Ogiges and of Deucalion King of Thebes, which occaſioned the Fable of Deucalion, and Pyrrah. Their Son Hellenus gave the Name to that Country, afterwards called Greece, from the Name of Graecus, who deſcended from Hellenus. Chaldeans, Kings of Babylon. Evecous their firſt King.

The Chaldeans poſſeſt themſelves of the Kingdom of Babylon, under their firſt King Evecous. Of the World, 2242. before Chriſt, 1762.

Jacob's flying into Meſopotamia, his Marriage, The Hiſtory of Jacob. and his Children are Recorded in the Book of Geneſis. Of the World, 2259. before Chriſt, 1745.

His return into Canaan is there alſo mentioned, and what is related of Eſau his Brother, otherwiſe called Edom, who gave the name to Edomia, or Idumea; from his Grand-ſon Amalee, came the Amalakites. Of the World, 2261. before Ch. 1743.

The ſelling of Joſeph into Aegypt, and That of Joſeph. the ſequel of his Hiſtory is in the Book of Geneſis. As alſo the Arrival of Jacob his Father into that Country. Of the World, 2299. before Ch. 1705.

The Kings who had Reigned in Aegypt, The Kings of Aegypt. after Thomeſis, who drove out the Arabs, are theſe following. Hebron, Amenophis, the Firſt; his Siſter Arneſſis, Mephres, and Mephra Muteſis: It was to him Joſeph interpreted the Dreams, and who entertained Jacob. This Patriarch died under The Death of Jacob. The Death of Joſeph. Tomeſis the ſecond; afterwards Joſeph continued to Govern under Orus, in whoſe Reign he Dyed. Of the World, 2305. before Chriſt, 1689.

The Succeſſors of Orus are theſe who The Iſraelites Perſecuted. follow: Ratotis, Achancheres, Armais and Rameſſes the firſt; Rameſſes the ſecond, he began to oppoſe the Iſraelites, and his Son continued it, he was called Amenophes the Third. Of the World, 2369. before Ch. 1635. The Birth of Aaron and Moſes. Cecrops K 〈…〉 of Athens.

The Birth of Aaron and Moſes. Of the World, 2430. before Ch. 1574

Cecrops brought a Collony from Aegypt into Greece, and there founded the City of Athens, of which he was the firſt King. Of the World, 2467. before Ch. 1537.

The Arabians became Maſters of Babilon, T •• Arabians in Babylon. and having drove out the Chaldeans, and there eſtabliſht a new Dinaſty, of which Mardocentis was the firſt King. Of the World, 2494. before Ch. 1510.

Amenophis the third continued to perſecute the Iſraelites, but God delivered them by the hand of Moſes, as it is Related in the Book of Exodus. Of the World, 2513. before Ch. 1491.

The Fourth Age.

THat which paſſed in the Wilderneſs, is fully deſcribed in the Book of Moſes. As to profane Hiſtory, that remarks the conqueſts of Seſoſtris, the Son The Conqueſts of Seſoſtris, or Aegiptus. of Amenophis the Third, who paſt thro' Arabia into Perſia, and went even to India, where he paſt over Caucaſus, and entred into Scythia, and arrived at Thrace, and ſo paſſing the Boſphorus, travelled through Aſia the leſſer and Syria, and came back into his Kingdom at the end of Nine Years, which he had ſpent to make himſelf maſter of thoſe Countrys which have been named. Beſides the name of Seſoſtris, he had that of Egiphes, whence his Kingdom took afterwards its Name. He had a Brother called Armais, whom at his Return, he drove out of Aegypt, becauſe he had broke the Orders given him to obſerve in his Brothers Abſence. It was this Armais, whom the Greeks called Danaus, Armais or Danaus. who being Expelled, his Country came to Greece, where he became maſter of the Kingdom of Argos, of whom was The Danaids. feigned the Fable of the Danaids. Of the World, 2522. before Ch. 1482.

Buſiris the Brother of Amenophis theBuſiris. Third (Uncle of the two preceeding Princes) ſucceeded his Nephew Seſoſtris, who died without Children. This is that Buſiris ſo famous for his cruelty to Strangers. Of the World, 2530. before Ch. 1474.Hermes Treſmigeſtus.

At this time lived Hermes Treſmigeſtus, the moſt famous Phyloſopher, and one of Seſoſtris his Privy Councellors.Agenor.

Agenor the Son of Belus the Aegyptian, paſt from the upper part of Aegypt into that part of Paleſtine, which from the name of Phaenix, his Son was called Phaenicia. Phaenix. Caelix his ſecond Son gave theCaelix. name to Caelicia; Cadmus the third havingCadmus. perſued the Raviſher of his Siſter Europa, Europa. and not being able to retrieve her, ſtopt in Boetia at a City he called Thebes, fromThebes. the name of another Thebes, of high Aegypt, his native Country. This Cadmus broughtGreek Characters. to the Greeks thoſe Characters that they uſed ſince for Writing. Of the World, 2549. before Ch 1455. The Death of Aaron and Moſes.

The death of Aaron and Moſes was a Year after. Of the World, 2552. before Ch. 1452

Joſhua brought the Iſraelites into theJoſhua paſt the Jordan. Land of Promiſe, where Manna failing, they began to Eat of the Fruits of the Earth: The firſt Year after the ſixth, fromThe firſt Sabbatick Year. their Entrance, is the firſt Sabbatick Year, by which they regulated their Years of Jubilee. Of the World, 2560. before Ch. 1444 The Death of Joſhua.

Joſhua dies after he had judged the People 26 Years. Of the World, 2591. bef. Ch. 1413.

Othoniel the Brother of Caleb Judged. Of the World, 2599. before Ch. 1405. The Judges of Iſrael.

Iſrael. Of the World, 2659. before Ch. 1345. after him Ehud, to whom Samgar ſucceeded. Of the World, 2679. before Ch. 1325.

Belus King of Aſſyria, of the race of Aſſur, drove the Arabs out of Babylon, and united the two Kingdoms. Of the World, 2682. before Chriſt, 1322.Deborah ana Baruc.

Deborah judged Iſrael with Baruc. Of the World, 2719. before Chriſt, 1245.Belus the Aſſyrian. The City of Niniveh.

Ninus the Sonnet and Succeſſor of Belus, gave the Name to the City Niniveh, which was Built by Aſſur in the time of Nimrod. Of the World, 2737. before Ch. 1267.

This Ninus conquered all the Country between Tygris and India; among the Kings whom he ſubdu'd was the famousZoroaſter. Zoroaſter King of the Bactrians. Of the World, 2781. before Ch. 1223.

Gideon judged Iſrael, his Son Abimelec The Judge of Iſrael. uſurpt the Title of King which his Father had refuſed.

Ninus gave to his ſecond Son Argon theArgon King of Lydia. Kingdom of Lydia, which he had conquered from the Deſcendants of Atys Son of Hercules.

After the Death of Ninus, Semeramis Semeramis. his Widow Reigned in his place, under the name of Ninias their Son.

Tholac and Jair govern'd Iſrael ſucceſſively; Judges of Iſrael. then Jephta whoſe Hiſtory the Scripture fully relates in the 11th. and 12th. Chapters of Judges.

The taking of Troy by the Greeks. The The Siege of Troy. Kings of that place were Dardanus, the Son of Jupiter and Electra, the Daughter of Atlas; then Erictonius, Tros, Ilus, with The Trojan Kings. his Brother Aſaracus. Ilus by the Daughter of Teucer, Son of Scamander King of Creet, had Laomedon. Aſaracus was Father to Capis and Tyton; Laomedon Father of Priamus; Priamus Father to Hector and Paris; and Caſſys Father to Anchyſes; Anchyſes Father to Eneas, Tyton Father to Memnon.

The chief of the Greeks who were preſent The chief of the Greeks at the Seige of Troy. at the War, were Agamemnon, and Menelaus, Brothers and Sons of Atreus: The firſt was King of Argos, and Miſſena: The ſecond of Spanea, Thieſtes their Grandfather. Pelops who was Son of Tantalus, and of Hippodamia, the Daughter of Enomaus King of Peloponeſus. Uliſſes Husband to Penelope, and King of Ithaca. Achilles the Son of Peleus and Thetis.. Peleus Son of Jachus King of Aegina. Patroclus Kinſman and Friend to Achilles, both of them Pupils to Chyron, the two Ajaxes; the firſt, the Son of Telamon King of Salamis, the other of Oclus King of Locris. Diomedes King of Aetolia, Palamedes King of Eubaea, Hercules, Caſtor and Pollux, Brothers of Hellena born of Jupiter and Leda. Orpheus and the young Hylas Friend of Hercules; Jaſon Prince of the Argonauts, The Arnauts. he was the Son of Aeſon, King of Theſſaly. Jaſon was Husband to Medea, who afterwards married Aegeus King of Athens, Father of Theſeus, who by the help of Ariadne killed the Minotaure, ſhe was Daughter to Minos King of Creet, Husband of Paſiphae. This Minos was renowned for Juſtice, as well as Aeacus and Radamanthus, Pyrithous the Son of Ixicon, The Judges of Hell. and Friend of Theſeus.

Ninias the Son of Ninus and of Seme amis, Ninius. ſucceeded his Mother in the Kingdoms of Aſſyria and Babylon. Of the World, 2824. before Ch. 1180.

Ilſam, Helon and Habdon judged Iſrael The Judges of Iſrael. ſucceſſively. Of the World, 2826. before Chriſt. 1178.

Then Ely the High Prieſt.Ely.

In the 20th. Year of his Government Gamſon was Born, whoſe Hiſtory is relatedSamſon. in the 14, 15, and 16. Chapters of Judges. Of the World, 2868. before Ch. 1136.

The four firſt Chapters of the firſt Book of Samuel, relates the Birth and DiſordersSamuel. of the Sons of Ely; their Death, with their Fathers, after the Ark of God was taken by the Phyliſtins.

The ſeventh Chapter of Samuel relates the happy beginning of Samuels Government. Of the World, 2903. before Ch. 1101.

The Iſraelites demand a King, which was Saul, Of the World, 2909. before Ch. Saul the firſt King of Iſrael. 1095 his Hiſtory is written in the firſt Book of Samuel form the 8th. Chapter to the 31ſt. Of the World, 2949. before Ch. 1055.

His Son Isboſeth ſucceeded him only overHis Death. Ten Tribes; David being acknowledg'd King by the other two, Judah and Benjamin.

Isboſeth being killed, David is declaredIsboſeth. David. King over all Iſrael.

He took Jeruſalem and made it the Takes Jeruſalem. Seat of his Kingdom; the remainder o his Hiſtory is ſet down in the ſecond Book of Samuel, from the 16 Chapter, toHis Death. the ſecond Book of Kings, which relates his Death. Of the World, 2990. before Ch. 1014.

Solomon his Son ſucceded him in hisSolomon. Throne; The Hiſtory of his firſt three Years is mentioned in the firſt Book of Kings, from the ſecond Chapter to the fifth. Of the World, 2993. before Ch. 1011.

The Fifth Age

BEgins from the foundation of the The Foundation of the Temple. Temple by Solomon, who finiſht it in Seven Years and a half. Of the World, 3000. before Chriſt, 1004.

The remainder of his Hiſtory is inſerted in the firſt Book of Kings; Chapter the 9th. and in the firſt Book of Chronicles, the 9th. and 10th. Chapters.

Under his Son Rhehoboam, the KingdomRhehoboam. was divided into two. Of the World, 3029. before Chriſt, 975. The firſt compoſed of two Tribes of Judah and Benjamin, which obeyed his Rule, and his Succeſſors under The Kingdom of Judah. The Kingdom of Iſrael. Jeroboam. the Name of the Kingdom of Judah. The ſecond conſiſted of the Ten Tribes under the name of the Kingdom of Iſrael, and paſſed to Jeroboam and his Succeſſors. Of the World, 3030. before Ch. 974.

The Battle between the two Kings, inA remarkable Battle. which were killed 500000 Men of the Army of Jeroboam.

Abiam the Son of Rhehoboam. Of the Abiam. World, 3049. before Ch. 955.

Reigned alſo in the time of Jeroboam. Of the World, 3050. before Ch. 954.

Baaſca the Son and Succeſſor to Jeroboam. Baaſca. Of the World, 3062. before Ch. 942.

Aſa Son of Abiam King of Judah. Aſa.

Nadab King of Iſrael, the Murtherer andNadab. Succeſſor to Baaſca.

Ela the Son of Baaſca killed by Zimri, Ela and Zimri, and Homri Kings of Iſrael. and he in the ſpace of 16 days by Homri, who Built Samaria. Of the World, 3088. before Ch. 916.

Jehoſophat Son and Succeſſor to Aſa King of Judah.

Achab Son and Succeſſor to Homri, heAchab. was reproved for his Wickedneſs, andElia. Echoſias. Eliſha. cruel Injuſtice by the Prophet Elia, and his Son Echoſias by the Prophet Eliſha.

Jehoſophat Son and Succeſſor to Aſa Jehoſophat. King of Judah.

Joram Brother and Succeſſor to Ochoſias Joram King of Iſrael. King of Iſrael. Of the World, 3007. before Ch. 897.

Joram Son and Succeſſor to Jehoſaphat Joram King of Judah. King of Judah. Of the World, 3008. before Ch. 896.

Jehoachas or Achaſis King of Judah wasJehoachas. killed, as was alſo Joram King of Iſrael by Jehu, who was likewiſe King of Iſrael; Jehu King of Iſrael. Athalia. while Athalia Mother of Achaſias, having killed all her Children except Joas. Reigned in Judah the ſpace of Seven Years. Of the World, 3020. before Ch. 884.

Joas Reigned in Judah after his GrandmotherJoas King of Judah. Athalia was killed. Of the World, 3126. before Ch. 878.

At the ſame time Jehoachas Son and SucceſſorJehoachas King of Iſrael. to Jehu Reigned in Iſrael. Of the World, 3148. before Ch. 856.

The Athenians after the Death of Codrus Change of Government at Athens. their laſt King, changed the form of their Government, and eſtabliſht their Archons for life; after that for Ten Years, and at laſt for every Year.

Joas Son and Succeſſor to Jehoachas Joas King of Iſrael. King of Iſrael. Of the World, 3164. before Ch. 840.

Ozias or Azarias Son and Succeſſor ofOzias King of Judah. Amazius, who ſucceeded his Father Joas King of Judah. Of the World, 3194. before Ch. 810.

Jeroboam the ſecond Son and SucceſſorJeroboam ſecond King of Iſrael. to Joas King of Iſrael. Of the World, 3220. before Ch. 770.

Iphytus revived in Elida, which is in Peleponeſus Iphytus. the Olimpick Games, inſtituted above 400 Years before in Theſſaly, at the foot of Mount Olimpus by Hercules, in Honour of his Father Jupiter. Of the World, 3228. before Ch. 776.

From this Re-eſtabliſhment the Greeks have reckoned their famous Epoche, called the Olimpiads, of which each contains The Olimpiads. four Years compleat. After an Interregnum of Eleven Years, Zacharias ſucceeded his Father Jeroboam the Second; at the end of ſix Months Zacharias was killed by Ralaum, Kings of Iſrael. who reigned but one Month, and then was killed by Maniur his Succeſſor, who was made Tributary by Pul or Pall, King of Aſſyria and Babylon. Of the World, 3233. before Ch. 771.

Pecaia ſucceeded his Father Maneheim, Kings of Judah. and was killed at the end of Twelve Years by Pecaia his Succeſſor.

Ozias or Azanas became Leprous for having uſurpt the Office of High-Prieſt. Of the World, 3245. before Ch. 759.

His Son Jonathan Governed the Kingdom in his place. Of the World, 3256. before Ch. 748. The Foundation of Rome. Three Dinaſtys in Italy. The firſt of Janus and Corythus. The ſecond of Saturnus.

Rome was Built at the end of the 7th. Olimpiad.

Three Dinaſties are obſerved to have Reigned in Italy before the Foundation of Rome. The firſt of Janus the Ancient, and from Corythus to Italus, whoſe Daughter Roma married. Saturnus, called from thence Romaneſſus, who was the chief of the ſecond Dinaſty, called the Aborigines, which he brought out of Arcadia into Italy. There are counted among thoſe who deſcended from them, two of the Name of Picus, and two of that of Faunus; one of the latter was Father of Latinus, Father to Lavinia, who was married to Aeneas, The third of Aeneas. the chief of the third Dinaſty, which laſted 436 Years under Kings to the Foundation of Rome.

At this time lived Homer and Heſiod theHome. Heſiod. Jetys and Dares. Greek Poets, and Jetys of Creet, and Dares of Phrygia, Hiſtorians who writ in Proſe the Hiſtory of Troy, as Homer did in Verſe. Nabonaſſar and Arbaces Lieutenant Generals The Death of Sardanapalus. to Sardanapalus, beſieged him in Niniveh; inſomuch that this Prince who had been ſo Effeminate, finding the Walls broken down, had the Courage to burn himſelf in his own Palace with his Wives, his Children, and Treaſures. Of the World, 3257. before Ch. 747.

From the Deſtruction of the Empire of Babylon, and Aſſyria, there aroſe three Kingdoms; the firſt in Babylon, under Nebonaſſar, Nabonaſſar King of Babylon. called Baladam, in the Holy Scriptures; and Belleſis, by the Greeks. In the firſt Year of his Reign, the ancient Geographers have taken their Epoche. The ſecond Kingdom was that of the Medes; but laſted only about Thirty eight Years: Arbaces being contented, at that time, to reſtore Liberty to his Countrymen. The third Kingdom in Nineveh, was under Tilgamus, Tilgamus King of Aſſyria. or Ninus the younger, called Tiglat Pilezer, in the Holy Scripture. Of the World, 3262. before Ch. 742.

Achas ſucceeded his Father Jonathan, King of Judah.

Picae was killed by Hoſeas, his Succeſſor in the Kingdom of Iſrael which ended The end of the King 〈…〉 of Iſrael. in the Perſon of 〈◊〉 King, ſlain by Tilgat Pylezar King of Aſ yria, after that Monarchy had laſted 254 Years, from Jeroboam. Of the World, 3278. before Ch. 726.

Nebonazar having reigned fourteen Years, had for his Succeſſors, Na 〈…〉 Ch 〈…〉 , and Pon s together: Then Elu ius, who reigned Kings of Babylon. ſucceſſively for the ſpace of Twelve Years: After whom, Merodachus Balladan, ſo called by Iſaiah, began to Reign. This King is named Mardoſempades, by the Greeks. Of the World, 3284. before Ch. 720.

Lycurgus, of the Royal Blood of the Heraclides, Lycurgus. Guardian to his Nephew, King of Lacedemon, did there change the Government, purely Monarchical, into a Government compoſed of Monarchy, and Ariſtocracy.

The fabulous Hiſtory aſcribes the Foundation The Foundation of Lacedemon. of that City to Lacedemon, Son of Jupiter and Thais, Daughter to Atlas: But the true Hiſtory does reckon for their firſt King, Laelex, Contemporary with Cecrops. He had for his Succeſſor, Eurctas; who gave the Name to a River on which that City was built: It was alſo call'd Sparta, from the Name of a Daughter of that King.

Candaulus, the laſt King of Lydia, of theCandaule. Giges. Din ſly of Arges, was killed by Giges, inſtigated by the Wife of Candaulus, enraged that her Husband had ſhewed her naked to Giges; who married this Queen, and ſo became King of Lydia. Of the World, 3286. before Ch. 718.

The Poet Archilochus, who made JamlikeArchilochus. Verſes, was their Contemporary, and makes mention of that Hiſtory. Of the World, 3290. before Ch. 714.

Corinth changed the Form of its GovernmentCorinth's change of Government. Its Foundation. of Monarchy, to a Republick.

This City was built in the Year of the World, 2640, by Siſiphus, Son to Aeolus, who was killed by Theſeus, by reaſon of his Robberies. Corinthus, who ſucceeded him, gave the Name to that City.

Romulus died, and was Deified under the The Death of Romulus. Name of Quirinus. Of the World, 3293. before Ch. 731.

Zenacherib, Son, and Succeſſor, to Salmanaſur, Zenachrib who conquered Egypt, and Syria, was conſtrained to raiſe the Siege of Jeruſalem; an Angel having killed in one Night 185000 of his Army: Being returned to Ninive, he was there kill'd by two of his Sons.

Serrhaddon, or Aſſaradin, his other Son,Aſſaradin King of Aſſyria. Ezechias. Eſaiah. reigned in his place.

Ezechias was then King of Judah, aſſiſted by the Counſel of the Prophet Eſaiah. He reigned with great Juſtice and Piety: But Manaſſes, his Son, was not like toManaſſes. him. Of the World, 3310. before Ch. 698.

The Kindom of Babylon being fallen intoBabylon and Syria united. decay, and weakned, Aſſaradin made himſelf Maſter of it, and joyned it to Aſſyria. Of the World 3323. before Ch. 681.

Numa Pompilius, who ſucceeded Romulus, Numa Pompilius. died. Of the World 3336. before Ch. 668.

Jeodachim, who was Nebuchadnezzar inNebuchadonezar King of Aſſyria & Babylon. Deicos King of the Medes. the Book of Judith, ſucceeds Aſſaradin in the Kingdom of Aſſyria and Babylon: He overcame Arphaxad, called Deicos by the Greeks, King of the Medes.

Manaſſes died, after he had been re-eſtabliſh'd in his Kingdom, having lain in Priſon many Years at Babylon. Ammon, his Son, followed his wicked Ways, but not his Repentance. Joſias, his Son, was always held a Godly, and a Vertuous King.

Tullus Hoſtillius, the third King of Rome, Tullus Hoſtillius died. Under his Reign, Alba was joyned to Rome by the Victory of the Horatii overHoraces, & Curiaces. the Curatii. Of the World, 3369. before Ch. 635.

Chinaladanan, or Saracus, Succeſſor to Saoſduchin, Kings of Aſſyria. was overcome and killed in Ninive, by Nabopalaſſur, who revolted againſt him, and made a League with Phraord, Son, and Succeſſor to Deicus, King of the Kings of the Medes. Medes. Of the World, 3380. before Ch. 624.

So Nabonahaſſur became King of Babylon, and of Aſſyria, and was in Alliance with the Medes; and marrying Nebuchadoneſur, with Am tys, Siſter to Aſtyages, Son of Cyaxares, he ſucceeded his Father Phraord.

Anous Martius, the fourth King of Rome, Anous Martius. died. He built the City of Oſtia, at the Mouth of Tyber. Of the World 3393. before Ch. 611.

N 〈…〉 , or Neco, King of Egypt, havingNecos King of Egypt. left his Kingdom, to make War againſt Nab pal •• ur, is ſtopt in his Way, by Joſias, who was killed in the Battle. Of th World 3395. before Ch. 609.

Necos being victorious, brought Jehoa has, Kings of Judah. Son of Joſias, Priſoner; and put in his place, on the Throne of Judah, J hoachim, Brother to Jehoachas. Of the World 3398. before Ch. 609.

Nebuchadneſur carried Jehoachim into Captivity, as likewiſe Jeconius, Son to Jeh achim; The 〈◊◊〉 of Judah. and at laſt took Zedechias, Uncle to Jeconias, and put out his Eyes, and killed his Children in his preſence, while Nebuzaradin ruined the City and Temple of Jeruſalem. The D ſtruction of Jeruſalem Of the World, 3416. before Ch. 588.

Where Jeremiah, the Prophet, lived to bewail the Miſeries of the Jews: In the ſame time that Ezekiel propheſied to the Captive Jews, in Babylon. Of the World, 3417. before Ch. 587.

The Sixth Age.

DAniel, and his Companions, gaveDaniel. Marks of their Faith and Piety towardsNebuchadnezar's Dreams. God; as is ſet down in the firſt Book of that Prophet: Where alſo is related the Interpretation of Nebuchadnezar's two Dreams.

In this time lived Arion, Alciceus, and Epimenides, Learned Men. Greek Po ts, with Sappho, the Poeteſs; Pythagoras the Philoſopher.

Nebuchadnezar took Tyre from Itabulus, Nebuchadnezar takes Tyr and ſo put an end to that Kingdom, of which Itabulus was the laſt King of the Race of Hiram, Contemporary with Solomon; that Dinaſty having laſted from the time of Agenor and Phaenix. Of the World, 3432. before Ch. 572.

Nebuchadnezar paſt into Egypt, and eaſilyNebuchadnezar King of Egypt. conquered it; having found it divided by a Civil War, between Apries and Amaſis; the former lawful King having been expelled by the Conqueror.

Tarquinius Priſcus, the fifth King of Rome, Tarquinius Priſcus was killed by the Sons of Ancus Martius, his Predeceſſor. This was that Tarquinius Priſcus, who eſtabliſh'd Triumphs for thoſe who had obtained a ſignal Victory over their Enemies.

Nebuchadnezar, grown proud of the moſtNebuchadnezar turned Beast. ſtately Buildings he had erected in Babylon, was, by a Judgment of God, reduc'd to the Condition of a Beaſt, for the ſpace of ſeven Years. Of the World, 3435. before Ch. 569.

After which, acknowledging his Sins, and giving all Glory to God, he was reſtored to his Reaſon, and Kingdom. Of He is reeſtabliſh'd. the World, 3442. before Ch. 562.

His Son, and Succeſſor, Evilmerodach, Evilmerodach. delivered Jeconias out of Priſon.

After two Years Reign, Evilmerodach was killed by Nerigliſſer, his Brother-in-Law;Nerigliſſer King of Babylon. whoſe Son Laboraſcadus ſucceeded him; but Reigned only nine Months, and then was killed, and a Son of Evilmerodach was plac'd on the Throne. He was called Balthazar, by Daniel; by Barotius, Balthazar King of Babylon. Naboniclus; by Herodotus Labinithus. Of the World, 3448. before Ch. 556.

Aſtiages King of Media being dead, hadDarius, or Cyaxar, the Second. to ſucceed him, Ciaxar, the Second, who was called Darius, in the Book of Daniel. This King gave the Command of his Armies to Cyrus, his Nephew, and Son-in-Law.Cyrus.

The Gauls, under the Conduct of Cigorais, Cigorais, & Bellorais. and Bellorais, paſt into Italy, and became Maſters of that part, which is called, Gaule Ciſalpine.

Croeſus, the laſt King of Lydia, who deſcendedCroeſus. from Giges, was taken Priſoner, in a Battle, by Cyrus; who ſaved his Life, when he was juſt ready to be burnt, upon hearing him call on the Name of Solon, the Athenian. Of the World, 3456. before Ch. 548.

Hiſtorians record the Death of the fairPanthea & Abradates Panthea, who killed herſelf on the Body of her Husbaud, Abradates, ſlain in the Battle that Cyrus gained over Croeſus.

Aeſop lived at that time.Aeſop The end of the Empire of Aſſyria.

The end of the Empire of Aſſiria, and Babylon, by the Death of Balthazar, and the taking of Babylon, in the very ſame Night that Balthazar made a moſt impious Feaſt, mentioned in the Fifth Chapter of Daniel. Of the World, 3466. before Ch. 538.

So the Aſſyrian Empire devolved to the The Empire of the Medes. Medes, in the Perſon of Ciaxar the Second, or Darius; to whom Cyrus, his Son-in-Law, reſigned all his Conqueſts.

In the Time of the Seven Years Captivity of the Jews, in Babylon, flouriſh'd in Greece, the Seven Wiſe Men, called, Thales, The Seven Wiſe Men of Greece. the Mileſian; Ch lon, the Laced monian; Cleobulus, of C rinth; Byas, of Prienae; Pittacus, of Mitelene; and Solon, of Salamis. This was he who gave milder, and more eaſie Laws to the Athenians, than thoſe of Draco; which were ſo very ſevere, and cruel, that it was ſaid of them, they were writ in Blood.

Cambyſes, King of Perſia, and Darius, or The Empire of Perſia. Cyaxar, the Second King of the Medes, both being dead; Cyrus, Son to the one, and Nephew to the other ſucceeded in all their Principalities, and gave Beginning to the Empire of the Perſians, which extended from the Hell •• p 〈…〉 , to India. Of the World, 3468. before Ch. 536.

Cyrus, in the Firſt Year of his Reign, ſet The Jews 〈◊〉 at Liberty. the Jews at Liberty; and they returned into their own Country, under the Conduct of Z rubbabel, Son of Salathiel, Son of Jeconias, King of Judah.

Cyrus died, according to ſome Writers,Cyrus's Death. in the War againſt Thomiris, Queen of Scythia; contrary to the Teſtimony of Xenophon, who writes, that this Prince died in his Bed, at Paſa gade, in Perſia. Of the World, 3475. before Ch. 529.

Servius Tullius, the Sixth King of Rome, Servius Tullius. was killed by his Son-in-Law, and Succeſſor, Tarquinius Superbus. Of the World 3476. before Ch. 528.Cambyſes ſubdues Egypt.

Pzametticus, Governour of Egypt, having ook upon him the Title of King Cambyſes, Son, and Succeſſor to Cyrus, went thither, and ſubjected it; yet he loſt two Armies in the Deſarts of Lybia; one which he ſent to plunder the Temple of Jupiter Ammon; and the other which he ſent againſt the Aethiopians. Of the World, 34 1. be ore Ch. 523.

At this time flouriſh'd the Poet Anacreon Anacreon Policrates Friend of Polycrates, Tyrant of Samos, who had been a Friend to Amaſis; but this latter renounc'd the Friendſhip of that yrant; becauſe he judged, that ſo much continual good Fortune, could not be attended without ſome remarkable Misfortune.

Cambyſes had caus'd his Brother Smerdis to be ſecretly kill'd. In the mean while, the Magus Patiſites plac'd on the Throne his own Brother, Oropaſtes, under the Name of Smerdis; becauſe he exactly reſembled The Impoſtor Smerdis. the Prince of the ſame Name. Of the World 3482. before Ch. 522.

This News made Cambyſes leave Egypt, to return into Perſia; but he di d by the Way, of a Wound he received by his own Sword, as he lighted off from his orſe.Cambyſes Death. He was wound d in the Thigh in the ſame Place, and by the ſame Sword, with which he had wounded the God Apis, in Egypt.

The Impoſtor, Smerdis, was killed by Seven of the chief S trap s of the Kingdom; of which Number, Darius, Son ofDarius King of Perſia. Iſtapes, was choſen King, by the cunning Intrigue of Othanes.

Zopyrus, a Friend to this King, ſhewedZopyrus. him the Means to reduce Babylon under his Obedience. Of the World, 3493. before Ch 501.

Tarquinius Superbus, was driven out ofTarquinius Superbus xpelled Rome. Rome, for Reaſons ſ t down in the Roman Hiſtory: He was the ſeventh, and laſt, of the Kings of Rome, who there Reigned for the ſpace of 245 Years.

In their place were elected two ConſulsThe Election of Conſuls. annually. The firſt Year they choſe five; to wit, Valerius Publicola, and Collatinus, the Husband of Leucretia. Of the World, 3500. before Christ 504.

But he having been turn'd out, becauſe he was of the Family of the Tarquins, they conſtituted in his place, Junius Brutus, who was killed in the Battle againſt Porſ nna; and in his place they choſe Horatius Pulvilius; who, alſo dying, had, for his Succeſſor, Spurius Leucretius, Father to Leucretia.

The Siege of Rome, by Porſenna, King of The Siege of Rome, by Porſenna. the Thuſcans, in favour of the Tarquins; the Noble Actions of Horatius Cocles, of Mutius Scaevola, and of Clelia, the Roman Virgin, are remark'd in the Roman Hiſtory.

Darius ſent to demand Earth and Water, of the Grecian Cities of Europe, as Marks of their Homage; which they refuſed, and prepar'd for War. Of the World, 3511. before Ch. 493.

This King having ſent a great Army againſt The beginning of the War between the Perſians and the Greeks. The Battle of Marathon. Piſiſtratus his Son killed. Armodius & Ariſtogeter. the Grecians, they won the famous Battle of Marathon, under the Conduct of Miltiades, the Athenian Captain. Of the World 3514, before Ch. 490.

Piſiſtratus, a Traytor to his Country, was the Cauſe of that War.

He was killed in that Battle: Hippias, his Son, being alſo in the ſame Treaſon with his Father, was kill'd by Armodius, and Ariſtogiter; who were likewiſe ſlain in the ſame Action: But the Athenians erected Statues for them, in Acknowledgment of their Deliverance by them, from the Yoak of that Tyrant.

Darius, the Son of Hiſtapes, chief of theDarius's Death. Second Dynaſty of the Perſian Kings, died, eaving two Sons, Artobaſanes, and Xerxes: This younger Brother was preferred beforeXerxes's Succeſſor. the eldeſt, to the Succeſſion of the Kingdom; in regard he was born after his Father was made King; and alſo, becauſe he was the Son of Atoſſa, Daughter of Cyrus. It is remarkable, that the eldeſt yielded without Regret to the Judgment of the Satrapes, to whom theſe two Bro hers had referred the Deciſion of that great Affair. Of the World, 5520. before Ch. 484.

At Rome, the common People pretending to be oppreſs'd by the Senate, ſtirred up a dangerous Sedition; to appeaſe which Tribunes of the People at Rome. were eſtabliſh'd Tribunes of the People; powerful Magiſtrates, who had the Charge to maintain the Rights of the People, and to hinder the Nobility from oppreſſin them.

That which happened upon occaſion o the Diſcontent of Q. Martius Coriolanus, i Q. Martius Coriolanus. Quintus Cincinnatus, first Dictator. remark'd in the Roman Hiſtory.

Quintus Cincinnatus is obſerved to be th firſt Dictator the Romans choſe upon a emergent occaſion. Of the World, 352 before Ch. 483.

Xerxes paſs'd into Europe with a terrib Xerxes conquered the Greeks. Land-Army, having ſent another as gre by Sea: Three hundred Lacedemonian commanded by Leonidas, killed Twent thouſand of the Land-Army, at the Pa of Thermopolis: All theſe brave Lacedem nians, The Battle at Thermopolis. with their General, died upon th place. The Naval Forces were defeat near Salamis, by the Greeks, under t The Battle of Salamis Conduct of Euribiades, the Lacedemonia and Themiſtocles the Athenian. Of the Worl Themiſtocles. 3525. before Ch. 479.

Xerxes being compelled, by his ill Su ceſs to leave Greece, repaſs'd the Boſpho in a little Bark: The Troops he had le in Greece, under the Command of Ma donius, were defeated near Platea, by th The Battle of Platea. Xerxes's Death. Lacedemonians.

Xerxes was killed by Artabanes, Capta of his Guards; who by that means Reig ed for ſome Months, and then was al killed, and Artaxerxes Longomain, Son Artaxerxes. Longomaine. Xerxes, was plac'd in the Perſian Thron Of the World 3531. before Ch. 473.

Pindar and Symonides Lirick Poets; So hocles Greek Poets. and Euripides Tragick Poets flouriſht t that time.

Cymon the Athenian, Son of Miltiades, Cymon. delivered the Aſiatick Greeks from the Per an Yoak. Of the World, 3538. before Ch. 466.

Eſdras the Jew of the Sacerdotal Line, rought back thoſe of his Nation who remainedEſdras. in Babylon, ſince their firſt return under Zerobabel.

Artaxerxes having ſhewn that favour to the Jews for the ſake of Nehemiah his favourite, the Jews finiſht the Building of their Temple; from thence many begin their Seventy Weeks mentioned in theThe beginning of the Seventy Weeks. Ninth Chapter of Daniel. Of the World, 3550. before Ch 454.

The Romans named Ten Perſons to digeſt their Laws, which were brought toThe Laws of the Twelve Tables. them from Athens, becauſe they were called the Laws of the Twelve Tables. Of the World 3554. before Ch. 450.

Thoſe Ten Perſons acquitted themſelves ſo well in that Affair, that the GovernmentThe Decemvirate. was committed to them, only one of them Appius Claudius having raviſht the Daughter of Virginius a Roman Soldier; thisThe Conſuls reſtored. Magiſtrate was turned out, and the Conſuls reſtored. Of the World, 3557. before Ch. 447.

At this time lived Artemiza, Queen of The two Artemizas. Mauſolus. Caria, who expreſt extraordinary Grief for the Death of her Husband Mauſolus. Of the World, 3559. before Ch. 445.

There was one of the ſame Name her Aunt, who fought at the Battle of Salamis for Xerxes.

Herodotus the Hiſtorian was Contemporary with the laſt Artemiza and her Subject, Born at Halycarnaſſus, the chief City Learned Men of Greece. of Caria: The Poet Aeſchylus, and the Orator Iſocrates flouriſht at that time.

Brennus the Gaul having paſt into Italy Brennus took Rome. with a great Army, and defeated the Romans in Tuſcany, took and plundered their City, but he could not take the Capitol Of the World, 3563. before Ch. 442.

Ju. Camillus conſtrained him to retire, and for that great ſervice, was eſteemedJu. Camillus drove them out. by the Romans as the Founder of their City, and was called by them the ſecond Romulus. Of the World, 3565. before Ch. 439.

At Rome the Military Tribunes wereThe Military Tribunes. choſe to Govern in the place of the Conſuls; then the Tribunes were turned out, and the Common-wealth remained four Years without any Superiour Magiſtrate; but the Military Tribunes having been reſtored again, they were at length caſhiered for ever, and the Con •• ls reſtored.The Conſ ls reſtored. Of the World, 3572. before Ch. 432.

Then began the Peloponeſian War between The Peloponeſian War. Hellenicus. Thucydides. the Athenians, and the Lac d monians; all the other Greeks taking part with the one or the other. The Hiſtory of this War has been Written by Hellenicus, H rod t s, and more exactly by Thucidides's Contemperaries, who have alſo deſcribed the general Plague which ravaged at that time through all the known World. Of the World, 3574 before Ch. 430.

Hypocrates writ of it as a Phyſitian; andHippocrates. The Cyrenians change to a Republick. has given great proof of his Ability and Skill on this occaſion; the Cyrenians changed the form of their Government from a Monarchy which had laſted 200 Years to a Republick.

Artaxerxes Longomanus dyed, Of the World, 3579. before Ch. 425. his Son Xerxes the Kings of Perſia. ſecond was killed about a Year after by his Brother Zogdian, who alſo was ſlain ſix Months after, by his Brother called Ochus, or Darius Nochus, who thus plac'd himſelf on the Perſian Throne. Of The World, 3580. before Ch. 424.

Themiſtocles who was retired among the The Death of Themiſtocles. Perſians, having been baniſht by the Athenians, killed himſelf by reaſon that the King of Perſia would oblige him to lead an Army againſt the Grecians

At this time lived Ariſtophanes the Poet,Ariſtophanes, Socrates, & Alcibiades. and Socrates the Phyloſopher, and Alcibiades the famous Athenian Captain. Of the World, 3593. before Ch. 411.

The Peloponeſian War ended by a Peace the Greeks. made among themſelves, finding they very much deſtroyed each other by their Diſſention. Of the World, 3604. before Ch. 404.

Ochus or Darius Nothus died leaving two Kings of Perſia. Sons, Artaxerxes Mnenon. Of the World, 3601. before Ch. 403. And Cyrus tho' Younger, who made War one againſt the other, which was ended in a Battle, where Cyrus was overcome and killed. Six Thouſand The Retreat of the Greeks. Greeks who had ſerved in the Army of the vanquiſht Prince, made at laſt a famous retreat, related by Zenophon who was there preſent as one of their Officers. Of the World. 3663. before Ch. 401.

After the return of the Jews from their Captivity, they were Governed by a Sanedrim: A Council compoſed of the wiſeſt among the Prieſts, and of the Tribe of Judah. In this time John the High-Prieſt, ſeeing Jeſus his Brother would put himſelf into his place, killed him in the very Temple. Voges Governor of Samaria, a Friend to the ſlain Brother, revenged his Death by a ſecond Prophanation of the Temple, where he ſlaughtered a great number of People. Of the World, 3608. before Ch. 396.

At this time lived Plato and Dioniſius thePlato. Dionyſius King of Syracuſe. Epaminondas. Tyrant of Syracuſe, to viſit whom this Phyloſopher made three Voyages.

Epaminondas the famous Thebane Captain, died Victorious over the Athenians, at the Battle of Luctr s; he had before deſe ted them in the Battle of M ntinea. Of the World. 3634. before Ch. 370.

In Aegypt the Kingdom being in diſpute Kings of Aegypt. between Nectana •• s and Tharos his Nephew, Th 〈…〉 prevailed by the help of 〈…〉 us King of Spar •• , who paſſed overAgeſi •• us into that Country with a great Army. Of the World 3643, before Ch. 361.

In Perſia, Ochus the Son of Artaxerxes Kings of Perſia. Mnemon killed his Brother Arſames, upon which the Father died of Grief: Thus Ochus, called Artaxerxes the Third, aſcended the Throne.

The Birth of Alexander Son to Philip Alexanders's Birth. King of Macedon and Olimpia. Of the World 3648, before Ch. 356.

The ſame Night the Temple of Diana The Temple of Epheſus Burnt. at Epheſius was Burnt by one Heroſtratus, who left his Name to Poſterity in ſpight of all the care Antiquity took to have it forgot. The Tyrians ſet Fire to their Ci y, and burnt themſelves with it, becauſe they would not fall under the power of Ochus or Artaxerxes the Third. This Victorious Ochus at laſt ſubdued Aegypt; Ochus ſubdeued Phaenicia and Aegypt. His Death. there he killed the Oxe Apis, for which he was ſlain by Bagoas one of his Eunuchs, who gave his Fleſh to be devoured by Cats. Of the World 3654, before Ch. 350. This Aegyptian Eunuch having thus revenged the Affront done to his Nation, ſet on the Throne Arſames Son to Ochus, and after that killed him and ſet up in his placeDarius Codomanus. Darius Cadomanus. Of the World 3668. before Ch. 336.

Philip King of Macedon was killed by The Death of Philip of M cedon. Pauſanius, a young Man of a Noble Family for a Cauſe diſhonourable to the memory of that King.

At this time lived Demoſthenes the famousDemoſthenes. Athenian Orator, Enemy to Ph •• and Alexander. Diogenes the Cynick livedDiogenes. Ariſtotle. at the ſame time, and Ariſtotle th Maſter of Alexander.

The Grecians aſſembled at Corinth, choſ Alexander to command the Forces whic Alexander chief Commander of the Greeks. Thebes deſtroyed. Athens ſaved. they reſolved to ſend into Aſia, againſt th Perſians; the Thebanes having diſowne their Deputies on the account of tha choice, Alexander ruined their City: H ſpared Athens which had diſpleaſed hi by the ſame ill conduct as the Thebanes. O the World 3670. before Ch. 334.

Ariſtophanes the Comick Poet then flouriſhtAriſtophanes the Poet. Alexander in Aſia. at Athens.

Alexander paſt the Helleſpont, to mak War againſt the Perſians: This paſſage o his was remarkt to have happened in th Third Olimpiad, and in the 420th Year o Rome.

Immediately after he won the Battl The Battle of Granic. near the Granic in Phrigia. Of the Worl 3671, before Ch. 333.

This Victory made him Maſter of the leſſer Aſia, there he paſs'd the Winter and cut the Gordian Knot; he fell dangerouſly ſick in the Spring, by bathing himſelf in a great Sweat, in the River Cidnus, which paſſes by Tharſus in Cilicia; he was cured by Remedies his Phyſician Philip gave him He went to meet Darius who had an Army of Six Hundred Thouſand Men, whom The Battle of Iſſus. he defeated near Iſſus in the ſtreights of the Mountains of Cilicia. Of the World 3672, before Ch. 332.

This Victory made him Maſter of aThe Fruits of his Victory. great number of illuſtrious Priſoners; among others, of the Mother, the Wife, the Son, and the Daughters of Darius; alſo of the City Damaſcus, where the vanquiſht King had left his Treaſure.

None but Tyre and Gaza durſt oppoſe The Ruine of Tyre and Gaza. him; he took the firſt after ſeven Months Siege, the ſecond after two Months, and deſtroyed them both.

He ſpared Jeruſalem, being moved toJeruſalem ſpared. compaſſion by the ſubmiſſion of the Jews, and out of the reſpect he had for Jaddus the High Prieſt. Then he paſſed into Aegypt, which ſubmitted to him moreAegypt ſubmits. willingly, becauſe it endured with regret the Perſian Yoak. Of the World 3673, before Ch. 332.

He took meaſures for the Building of The Foundation of Alexandria. Alexandria on the Banks of Nyle, while his Ingenier Dinocrates was there at work, Alexander viſited the Temple of Jupiter Alexander viſits the Temple of Jupiter Ammon. Hammon, in the deſart of Libia: He was there declared the Son of that God, he went back into Aegypt, and from thence into Siria, from whence he paſſed beyond Euphrates, and Tygris to meet Darius, who had gathered together an Army of a Million of Men.

Alexander conquered him in the plains The Battle of Arbella. of Arbella, where Darius eſcaping out of the Battle, was killed in his Flight by the conſpiring of Beſſus, and of Narbazan •• The Death of Darius. two of his principal Satrapes, who were afterwards puniſht by Alexander as their Crime deſerved. Of the World 3674, before Ch. 330.

Thus ended the Empire of the Perſians, which began 208 Years before in the perſon of Cyrus, paſſing after the death of Darius Codomanus, to the Macedonians in The Empire of the Macedonians the perſon of Alexander. Of the World 3675, before Ch. 329.

It is remarkt what happened to him in that time with Taleſtris Queen of the Amazons, Thaleſtris Queen of the Amazons. A War againſt the Scythians. who came to viſit him in Hircani on the Banks of the Caſpian Sea.

The War he afterwards undertook againſt the Scythians, which proved unfortunate to him, made him repaſs the Ca •• caſus, at the foot of which he founded a ſecond Alexandria.

The Conſpiracy of Parmenio, and o The Conſpiracy of Parmenio and Phylotas. The Death of Clytus and Caliſthenes. his Son Phylotas, coſt both of them their lives.

The Death of Clytus and of Caliſthene the Phyloſopher, the firſt killed by Alexander himſelf in a Debauch, the other by the hands of an Executioner, being ſuſpected to have conſpired againſt Alexander. Of the World 3676, before Ch. 328.

Alexander advancing towards Indus, Taxilis Taxilis. a King, whoſe Country lay on thi ſide of that River, ſubmitted voluntarily to him; ſo did Omphis another India Omphis. King who lived beyond the ſame River

But Porus the greateſt King of thatPorus. Country, having oppoſed him, was overcome and made a Priſoner, and in the end treated very honourably by the Conqueror. Of the World 3677, before Ch. 229.

Hiſtory does not forget to remark the The Death of Bucephalus. Funeral Honours which Alexander cauſed to be paid to his Horſe Bucephalus. And the City he ordered to be built about his Tomb, by the name of Bucephalia on the River Hydaſpes.

His Army being arrived on the borders of Hypanis, refuſed by a kind of Mutiny to paſs further, ſo that Alexander wasAlexander returns. He viſits the Ocean. forc'd to return back. In his return he ſurveyed the Mouths of the River Indus, and ſailed for a while on the Ocean; then taking his courſe along the Sea-ſideThe loſs of a great part of his Army. by the great Droughts, exceſſive Heat, and want of Water and Proviſions, he loſt three parts of his Army. He arrived with the Remainder at Paſargade in Perſia, from thence marcht to Suſa, where Calanus theCalanus the Gimnoſophyſt. Indian Gimnoſophyſt burnt himſelf, becauſe he found his Health begin to decay after he had enjoyed it perfectly for the ſpace of Seventy Years.

Alexander being at Ecbatana in Parthia, loſt his dear Epheſtion, who died of a Debauch The Death of Epheſtion. of Wine. Among his various expreſſes of Grief for his loſs, he often uttered ſome cruel ones, and ſome very ridiculous.

He came to Babylon contrary to the AdviceAlexander at Babylon. and Council of the Caldeans, who foretold that his coming there would prove Fatal. He ſtaid there ſome time, and departed Laughing at the Prognoſticators; he took a Survey of the Mouth of Euphrates, and there received the account of Nearchus and Oneſicritus, to whom he had given order to view the Coaſts between the Mouths of the River Indus and Euphrates; being return'd to Babylon, givingHis Return himſelf up to extraordinary Debauches of Wine, died either by thoſe Exceſſes, orHis Death. of Poiſon given him by his greateſt Familiars; he lived but 32 Years, of which he had Reigned 12. His Death happened in the firſt Year of the 114th. Olimpiad, and at the 449th Year from the Foundation of Rome. Of the World 3681, before Chriſt, 323.

He left a Baſtard Son named Hercules, and his Wife Roxalana big with Child, who was brought to Bed of a Son called after his Name; theſe two Sons with Philip His Sons. Arideus, brother to Alexander, acknowledgedArideus his Brother Perdiccas Governor of the Kings. Kings by the Mecedonians, under the Tuition of Perdiccas; the two firſt by reaſon of their Childhood, and the third in regard of the weakneſs of his Underſtanding.

The other Friends of Alexander ſhared among them his Conqueſts under the Titles of Governors, which they aſſumed during the Life of thoſe Kings. But after that by the Fraud and Cunning of Olimpias and Antipater, they were deſtroyed,Their Death. each of them took the Title of Sovereign in his Government.

It was not long before they fell to War among themſelves, by which the chief of them were ruined.

Perdiccas, the firſt, march'd into Aegypt The Death of Perdiccas. Ptolomy King of Aegypt. againſt Ptolomy, the Son of Lagus, and was there killed in Battle by Ptolomy; who by that Victory was fully eſtabliſh'd in that Monarchy, and joyned to Aegypt, Cyrenaica, and part of Arabia.

Craterus had ſhared Macedonia, and theCraterus killed. reſt of Greece, with Antipater: But Craterus having paſt into Aſia, againſt Eumenes, was there kill'd in Battle. Of the World 3680, before Ch. 320.

Eumenes a-while after, had the ſame FateEumenes killed. by Antigonus, who thus remain'd Maſter of a great part of Aſia the Leſſer; having killed in Battle Lyſimachus: After which,Lyſimachus kill'd Antigonus was likewiſe ſlain in a Battle againſt Seleucus. Demetrius, the Son of Antigonus, after he had reſtored Liberty to the ancient Republicks of Greece, and had made himſelf Maſter of Macedonia, loſt it again, and fell into the Hands of his Son-in-Law Seleucus Nicanor; who kept him Priſoner, tho' very honourably, and moſt commodiouſly, in a Peninſula of Syria; where Demetrius The Death of Demetrius. gave himſelf up exceſſively to his Pleaſures, died at the end of three Years.

Antipater, Caſſander, and his other Sons, the Death of Olimpias, Antipater, Caſſander, and his other Sons. who had a hand in the Death of the Kings, and in that of Olimpias, they periſh'd all in the ſpace of twelve Years. Thus the whole Succeſſion of Alexander was divided into three Kingdoms.

That of the Selucides comprehended Meſopotamia, The Selucides in Aſia. Syria, and Aſia the Leſſer, under Seleucus Nicanor, who gave Name to this Dinaſty. Of the World 3692. before Ch. 312.

That of the Ptolomy's comprizing Aegypt, The Ptolomy's in Aegypt. Cyrenaica, with a part of Arabia, under Ptolomy the Son of Lagus.

That of Macedonia under the young Antigonus, Of Macedonia under the young Antigonus. Philoſophers. who became Maſter there, after that Pyrrhus, who had diſputed it with him, was gone into Italy.

At this time lived Democritus, Heraclitus, and Zeno, Prince of the Stoicks; Euclid, chief of the Mathematicians; and Epicurus who kept two Schools in Aſia, one at Lampſaſche, and the other at Mytelene.

The Indians ſhook off the Macedonian The Indians ſet at Liberty. Yoke, having valiantly repuls'd Selucus, who was advanc'd towards them, to keep them in Obedience. Of the World 3700, before Ch. 304.

At his Return from this Voyage, he The Foundation of Antioch, and of Selucia. founded two Cities in the ſame Year; Antioch, on the River Orontes, in Syria; and Selucia, upon the Tygris; the firſt after the Name of his Son Antiochus, and the ſecond after his own Name. Of the World 3704, before Ch. 300.

At this time lived Theocritus, the Poet, The Poet Theocritus. Author of the Idyles, which treat of Paſtoral Matters.

Ptolomy Philadelphus having ſucceeded hisPtolomy Phyladelphus. The Pharos Father, built the Pharos, at the entrance into the Port of Alexandria.

He collected a great Number of Volumes, The famous Library. Demetrius Phylareus. in a moſt ſtately Library, by the Care of Demetrius Phylareus, the famous Philoſopher. Of the World 3727, before Ch. 277.

The Gauls, under the Conduct of Belgius, The Gauls in Greece: and of young Brennus, paſſed into Greece, plunder'd the Temple of Delphos; there loſt a great part of their Army by the Plague; which was believed to be a Puniſhment for their Sacriledge: With the remainder of their Forces they paſt into Aſia, and gave to that Country where they eſtabliſh'd themſelves, the Name of Galatia, Gallatia, or Gallo-Graecia. Pyrrhus driven out of Aegypt. or Gallo-Graecia.

Pyrrhus had at firſt great Succeſs in the War he waged againſt the Romans, in favour of the Tarentines; but at laſt he was ſo often beaten, that he was forced to repaſs the Sea. He was killed a-while after,His Death. by a Blow of a Tyle, which a Woman threw at him from a Window; having heard he had killed her Son in a Combate againſt the young Antigonus, in the City of Argos; thoſe two Princes having been admitted into that City by their Factions. Of the World 3733, before Ch. 271.

By the great Care and Wiſdom of Phylopaemen, Phylopaemen, and Aratus The Acaike League. and Aratus, the Acaicke League was made; to which all the Greeks ſubſcrib'd, for the preſervation of their Liberties. Of the World 3740, before Ch. 264.

The Kingdoms of Pergamus and Bythinia, The Kingdom of Pergamus and Bythinia. began the firſt under Eumenes, Nephew to the Eunuch Phyleterus, who had been Treaſurer to Lyſimachus; the ſecond under Nicomedes, who rebuilt the City of Aſtacia, and called it Nicomedia. Of the World 3744, before Ch. 260.

Then began the Kingdom of the Parthians, The Kingdom of the Parthians. Arſaces. who ſhook off the Macedonian Yoke, under the Conduct of Arſaces, their firſt King, Chief of the Dinaſty, which from his Name was called the Arſacides.

At this time lived Beroſus the Chaldean, Beroſus. who writ three Books of the Hiſtory of the Kings of Aſſyria and Babylon. Plautus Plautus. the Comick Poet, lived then at Rome. Of the World 3758, before Ch. 246.

Antiochus Theos, the third King of Syria, Kings of Syria, Aegypt, and Macedonia. had for his Succeſſor Seleucus Callinicus, and Ptolomy Philadelphius, his Son Everietes, in Aegypt; The young Antigonus his Son Demetrius, in Macedonia: Theſe three Kings Fathers dying in the ſpace of two Years. Of the World 3760, before Ch. 244. The first Punick War. Hieron King of Syracuſe.

This Year being the 477th of Rome, began the firſt Punick War in Sicily; where the Romans got great Advantages over King Hieron, allied to the Carthaginians. Seleucus Callinicus, and Antiochus Hierax his Brother, having a long time diſputed for the Kingdom of Syria, they both died, Kings of the Kingdom of Syria. and Seleucus Cerannus ſucceeded his Father Callinicus. Of the World 3778. before Ch. 226.

In Aegypt, Ptolomy Phylopater, having Of Aegypt poiſon'd his Father Everietes, ſucceeded him. Of the World 3781. before Christ 223.

The War was carried over into Africk, in the Sequel of which, happened that which the Roman Hiſtory fully relates of Attilius Regulus: At laſt a Peace was madeAttillius Regulus. The end of the first Punick War. to the advantage of the Romans, to whom the Carthaginians were compelled to give up S rdinia. Of the World 3784. before Ch. 220.

The Romans paſt the Po, took Millan, and made themſelves Maſters of a greatThe Gauls in Gaule-Ciſalpine, and in Illyria. The ſecond Punick War. The Ruine of Saguntum. Hannibal in Italy. He defeats the Romans at the River Trebea. part of Gaule-Ciſalpine. They acted the ſame thing in Illyria, againſt Queen Teuta, a Gauloiſe, deſcended from young Brennus.

Annibal, the Son of Amilcar, commanding for the Carthaginians in Spain, had been ſworn by his Father, to be an inveterat Enemy to the Romans: To effect which, he began to make War in Spain, by the overthrow of Saguntum.

After which, he paſt into Italy, having made a Paſſage over the Alps, defeated the Romans near the River Trebea, which paſſes by Placentia.

And a ſecond time in Tuſcany, near the The Lake Traſimene. Lake Traſimene.

But theſe firſt Succeſſes were a little interrupted by the wiſe Conduct of Q. Fabius Maximus, 'till ſuch Conſuls ſucceeded, who not following the ſame Method, loſt the Battle of Cannae; the Circumſtances of At Cannae. which are fully related in the Roman Hiſtory.

After this great Victory, if Hannibal had but known how to have made a right uſe of it, he had taken Rome; the Romans being deceived by a falſe Report, that he was driven away by a Storm, which Heaven cauſed to fall on his Fleet. Some write, that he went into Campania, being allured by the Delights of that Country. However, Fabius Maximus, by his great Conduct, put a ſtop to the raging Fury of this Conquerour.

But that which fully re-eſtabliſh'd the Roman Affairs, was the paſſing of Cornelius Cornelius Scipio in Spain. Scipio into Spain; where he was ſent to ſucceed his Father, and his Uncle, killed by Aſdrubal, Brother to Hannibal.

At length Scipio going from Spain into Africk, got there ſuch advantage over the In Africk. Carthaginians, that they were forc'd to recall Hannibal to oppoſe this great Warrior. After many Skirmiſhes, the Affair terminatedHannibal repaſſes, and is overcome. in one Battle; where Hannibal was overcome, and could very hardly eſcape. Of the World 3803, before Ch. 201.

Scipio being Maſter of the Field by this Victory, reduc'd the Carthaginians to demandA Peace made. Peace; which was made very advantageous for the Romans, and their Ally, Maſſiniſſa, one of the Numidian Kings; and very diſadvantageous to the Carthaginians, and for their Ally, Syphax, another King of Numidia. By this great Succeſs Scipio gained the Honour of Triumph, The Surname of African. with the Sur-name of African. Of the World 3805, before Ch. 199.

In this time lived Ennius and Terence, Roman Ennius, and Terence. Poets; the firſt Heroick, and the ſecond Comick.

The Romans from this time grown very powerful, and intereſſing themſelves in the Affairs of Kings, forbid Philip of Macedon to moleſt Ptolomy Epiphanes; who was left by his Father, Phylopater, King of Aegypt, under the Protection of the Senate, and People of Rome.

This Philip King of Macedon had favoured Hannibal: The Romans made War againſt The Macedonian War. him for that Reaſon; and after having beaten him in ſeveral Rencounters, with the Lacedemonians, his Allies, they had the pleaſure to ſee march before the Triumph of the victorious Conſul, the eldeſt Son of that King, with the Son of the Lacedemonian General. Of the World 3807, before Ch. 197.

The Syrian War was not leſs glorious to The Syrian War. the Romans. Hannibal being retired to Antiochus the Great, whom he perſwaded to declare War againſt them; which proved unfortunate to him: For the Romans firſt beat him at the famous Paſs of Thermopolis, and again on the Banks of Meander, in Aſia, under the Conduct of Lucius Scipio, Lucius Scipio Aſiaticus. from thence Sur-named the Aſiatick: His Brother Cornelius, the African, having been his Lieutenant in this Expedition. Of the World 3813. before Ch. 191.

Four Years after, Antiochus having been Kings of Syria. killed by the Perſians, near the Temple of Jupiter Elemais, his Son Seleucus Phylopater ſucceeded him in the Kingdom of Syria. Of the World 3817, before Ch. 187.

Hannibal poiſon'd himſelf, having diſcover'd The Death of Hannibal. that Pruſias, King of Bythinia, deſigned to deliver him up to the Romans. Of the World 3822, before Ch. 182.

In the third Chapter of the ſecond Book of the Maccabees, is to be read what happened to Heliodorus, when he attempted The Hiſtory of Heliodorus. to plunder the Temple of Jeruſalem. Of the World 3828, before Ch. 176.

At his return from Judea, Heliodorus killed Seleucus, and ſo made himſelf Maſter of the Kingdom of Syria; but did not long Kings of the Kingdom of Syria. Antiochus Epiphanes. enjoy it, for he was ſoon after ſlain by Antiochus Epiphanes, Brother to Seleucus. This Antiochus had been given a Hoſtage to the Romans, by his Father Antiochus the Great. Seleucus his Brother diſengaged him, by ſending his own Son Demetrius in his place: So that in the Nephew's abſence, it was eaſie for the Uncle to uſurp the Kingdom of Syria. The Romans did nor then oppoſe Antiochus, but as he was entring into Aegypt againſt the Pupils, their two Brothers, Ptolomeus Phylometer, and Everietes the Second, Succeſſors to their Father Ptolomeus Epiphanes; they ſent him a Kings of Aegypt. Command by Papilius Laena, who was then Pro-Conſul of Aſia, not to moleſt the young Aegyptian Kings.

In returning from Aegypt, this enraged Prince brought thoſe Calamities upon the Jews, which are ſet down in the Second The Jews perſecuted by Antiochus. Book of the Maccabees, Chap. 4, 5, 6. And by Joſephus in his Twelfth Book, and the Sixth Chapter; in the Fifteenth Book, and the Third Chapter of the Jewiſh Antiquities. Of the World 3836, before Ch. 168.

In the mean time, the Romans became The Conquest of Illyria, by the Romans. Maſters of Illyria, by defeating Gentius, King of that Country, and alſo of Macedonia, which they took from Perſeus, who was carried in Triumph to Rome, by the Conſul Paulus Aemilius. Of the World 3838, before Ch. 168.

Judas Maccabeus, that Illuſtrious Jew, Judas Maccabeus. revenged the Injuries done to his Nation, upon the Lieutenants of Antiochus, who preparing to enter into Judea againſt Maccabeus, The Death of Antiochus Epiphanes. met with an unfortunate End, deſcribed in the Book of the Maccabees, and in thoſe of Joſephus. Of the World 3840, before Ch. 164.

His Son Antiochus Eupater ſucceeded him at Nine Years of Age, and was under the Tuition of Lyſias, his Father's Friend: But two Years after, the Guardian, and his Pupil, were killed by Demetrius, Son of Seleucus; who being eſcap'd from Rome, was acknowledg'd King by the Syrians. Of the Kings of Syria. World 3842, before Ch. 162.

His Lieutenants, with an Army of Forty thouſand Men, overwhelmed Judas Maccabeus, The Death of Judas Maccabeus. who had the Courage to meet them only with Eight hundred Men.

He had for his Succeſſor, to Command the Jewiſh Army, his Brother Jonathas. Of the World 3843, before Ch. 161.

Alexander Balas calling himſelf the Son of Antiochus Epiphanes, made himſelf Maſter of Syria, having killed in Battle his Couſin Demetrius Soter.

This new King was a Friend to Jonathas, Jonathas, High-Prieſt by which means he obtained the Dignity of High-Prieſt, and depoſed the wicked Alcymius, who had taken that Title upon him.

Onias, Son to Onias the Great, finding himſelf by this means excluded from thisThe Affairs of the Jews Soveraign Dignity in Jeruſalem, retir'd to exerciſe it in Aegypt, among the Jews who lived there: Having obtained of Philometer leave to build a Temple near Memphis, not unlike that of Jeruſalem. Of the World 3856, before Ch. 148.

A falſe Philip, not long before, had been A falſe Philip. driven out of Macedonia by the Romans; they ſoon after had the ſame advantage A falſe Perſeus. over a falſe Perſeus: And the Achaians, by favouring the latter, expoſed their Country to the Victorious Arms of the Romans.

This War ended by the Ruine of Corinth, The Ruine of Corinth Polybius: under the Conſul Mumius. Polybius, a Native of that City, who had followed his Diſciple, Scipio Aemilianus, into Africk; hearing of the Misfortune of his Country, went thither to ſave ſome Remains of its ancient and precious Monuments. Of the World 3858, before Ch. 146.

The ſame Year was alſo remarkable for The Ruin of Carthage. Scipio Aemilianus Africanus the Deſtruction of Carthage. Scipio Aemilianus took it, and deſtroyed it by the Order of the Senate. The third and laſt Punick War ending in that manner; who at the ſame time acquired the Sur-name of Africanus, as his Father by Adoption had done. This happen'd in the third Year of the 158th Olimpiad.

Ptolomy Phylometer, took away his Daughter Cleopatra from Balas, then killed him in a Battle, and gave Cleopatra to Demetrius Kings of Syria. Nicator, Son of Soter; who by that means put himſelf in poſſeſſion of the Kingdom of Syria. Of the World 3859, before Chriſt 145.

Phylometer being dead, a little while after Everietes the Second, his Brother, married his Widow Cleopatra, Siſter to them Kings of Aegypt. both, and killed a Son ſhe had by her firſt Husband: So Everietes Reigned ſole King of Aegypt. Of the World 3861, before Ch. 143.

In Syria, Tryphon, who was a Friend to Balas, made Antiochus, the Son of Balas, to be acknowledged King at Antioch; with ſo much the leſs trouble, by reaſon Demetrius Nicator was taken Priſoner in a Battle by the Parthians. The vanquiſh'd being honourably treated by the Victors, married Rodoguna, Daughter to their King.

Cleopatra hearing this, married Antiochus Sydetes, Brother to her Husband Demetrius: So Sydetes was acknowledged King of the Syrians; having overcome and killed in Battle Tryphon, who pretended to the Crown of Syria, after he had killed his Pupil, young Antiochus. Of the World 3866, before Ch. 138.

Jonathas had been murthered by this The Jewiſh A •• airs. Tryphon; Symon, Brother to Jonathas; who ſucceeded him in the Principality, and High-Prieſthood of the Jews, aſſiſted Sydetes to defeat Tryphon, and was killed a while after by his Father-in-Law Ptolomy, the Son of Abobus; his Son John Hircanus ſucceeded in his place. Of the World 3869, before Ch. 135.

The Romans ſeized on the Treaſures, The End of the Kingdom of Pergamus and of the Kingdom of Attalus, the laſt King of Pergamus, under pretence he had made them his Heirs.

Scipio Aemilianus Africanus, added to his Sur-name that of Numantinus; having taken The taking of Numantia. and ruined Numantia, the only City in Spain, had given Refuge to the remaining Party of the Carthaginians. Of the World 3872, before Ch. 132.

Demetrius Nicator, ſet at Liberty by the Parthians, killed in Battle his Brother Sydetes. Kings of Syria. Afterwards he was overcome by Sabynus, whom Everietes the Second, had ſent to be King of the Parthians, at their Requeſt. Of the World 3876. before Ch. 128.

Nicator having been murthered in his eſcape, by his Wife Cleopatra, ſhe cauſed her Son Antiochus, whom ſhe had by Nicator, to be received as King. Afterwards the young King having diſcovered that his Mother deſigned to have poyſon'd him, forc'd her to take that Poyſon ſhe had prepared for him. Of the World 3882, before Ch. 122.

In Aegypt, Ptolomy Everictes, called alſo Kings of Aegypt. Phyſcon, after the Death of Cleopatra his Wife, his Siſter, and Siſter-in-Law, married the young Cleopatra, Daughter of the other Cleopatra, and of Phylometer their Brother. He left two Sons by the young Cleopatra; which were Ptolomy Laturus, and Alexander, under the Tuition of their Mother. Of the World 3888, before Ch. 116.

Two Antiochus's, one Sur-named Grypus, Of Syria. Son of Nicator; the other Cyzicenus, Son of Sydetes, diſputed the Kingdom of Syria.

John Hircan took this occaſion to ſet at liberty his Nation; ſeized on Samaria, and ruined the Temple, which Manaſſes, Brother to Jaddus, had built there Two hundred Years before, and ſubdued the Idumeans, whom he compelled to be circumciſed. Of the World 3898, before Christ 106.

After his Death, Judas Ariſtobulus's Son, The first King of the Jews after their Captivity. took the Title of King. His Reign was ſhort; for he died about a Year after, with great Regret, that he had killed his Brother Abſalon Antigonus.

Alexander Jamnes, whom he had put in Priſon, was ſet at Liberty, and plac'd on the Throne, and at the ſame time made High-Prieſt. Of the World 3899. before Ch. 105.

Grypus having been murthered by the Treaſon of his own Subjects, and Cyzicenus killed in Battle by Seleucus, the Son of Gryphus; and Seleucus likewiſe ſlain in Battle, by Philip the Son of Cyzicenus, (Of ••• gs of Syria. the World 3907, before Ch. 97.) the Kingdom was diſputed between that Philip, and Antiochus Son of Seleucus. Of the World 3911, before Ch. 93.

In the mean time the Romans had paſt the Alps, ſubdued the Country of the Allobroges, and of the Saliens, with that part of the Country called the Roman Province, and Gallia Narbonenſis.

Theſe happy Succeſſes abroad, were diſturbed by inteſtine Diviſions between the Senate, and the People, ſupported by their Tribunes, Tiberius, and Cains Gracchus; who there loſt both their Lives.

Marius, who began to make himſelfMarius conſiderable, took the Plebeans part, by whoſe Favour he had Commiſſion to go and finiſh the War againſt Jugurtha King of Numidia, who had declared himſelf Enemy to the Romans; having put to Death his two Brothers, Adherbal, and Hiemſal, Sons to Micipſa, Allies to the Romans, as their Father had been. Marius triumph'd over Jugurtha, having overcome and takenJugurtha. Defeated and made a Priſoner, by Marius. The Defeat of the Cimbrians, and the Teutons. Bellum Sociale. him in Battle.

This Defeat of Jugurtha was attended with that of the Cimbrians and Teutons, who were defeated by Marius, firſt on the Banks of the Rhone; and after that, in Italy.

The ſame Marius made an end alſo of the War in Italy, called Bellum Sociale; becauſe many People of the adjacent Country had made a League againſt the Romans, demanding a Right of Pretenſion to the Offices and Dignities of that City.

All what is before-mentioned in the Roman Affairs, was tranſacted between the Year 629, and 663, from the Foundation of Rome.

The Syrians wearied with the Civil Wars between their laſt Kings, the Selucides, The Syrians give up their Kingdom to Tygranes King of Armenia. Mithridates King of Pontus. gave the Crown to Tygranes King of Armehia, an Ally of the moſt powerful Mithridates King of Pontus; who having attack'd Nicomedes King of Bythinia, and Ariobarzanes King of Cappadocia, Allies of the Romans, occaſioned a long War. This King in the firſt War, was overcome by Sylla; who gave ſuch Conditions of Peace, to the Vanquiſh'd, as he pleaſed

Then Sylla haſtned his Return to Rome, in order to oppoſe the Faction of Marſus. Theſe two Competitors being ſo powerful The first Civil War among the Romans. in the Commonwealth, by their Ambition, occaſioned the firſt Civil War among the Romans.

Marius who had been ſix times Conſul Marius overcome and killed by Sylla, p rpetual Dictator. His Death. was there overcome and killed by Sylla who became Maſter of Rome, and made himſelf perpetual Dictator; yet he diveſted himſelf of that Sovereign Dignity ſometime before his Death; which was occaſioned by the louſie Diſeaſe.

Mithridates having renewed the War Th Second War againſt Mithridates, overcome by Lucullus. Pompey's Explo •• s. was often defeated by Lucullus; to whom Pompey was ſent to ſucceed, to carry on that War.

Pompey had already gloriouſly acquitted himſelf in the Civil War, where he was o Sylla's Party: At Twenty four Years o Age he had triumph'd for his Victories inSertorius overcome and killed. Spain, where he overcame and killed Sertorius, who took Marius's part: He had drove out the Gladiators, ſupported by the Power of Spartacus. He did the ſame With Spartacus chief of the Gladiators. The Pyrates defeated. to the Pyrates of Cilica, who infeſted the Seas. The like good Fortune attended him in the War againſt Mithridates: He forc'd him from that ſide of the River, and from Tygris; where he was at laſt reduc'd to that Extremity, that the miſerable King The Death of Mithridates. forſaken by his own People, was conſtrained by his Son Pharnaces to kill himſelf.

Pompey having likewiſe reduced Tygranes King of Armenia, to accept thoſe Conditions of Peace he impoſed on him, returning into Syria, ſtopt at Damas, and therePompey in Syri was informed of the Difference between the two Brothers, Hircanus, and Ariſtobulus, Sons of Alexander Jamne, and of Alexandra King and Queen of the Jews.

This Queen, after the Death of her Huſband, had moſt prudently Governed the Kingdom, as Guardianeſs of her Children for the ſpace of Nine Years: But they quarrelled, and made War one againſt the other.

After her Death, Pompey commanded them to lay down their Arms, and impoſed certain Conditions; which not being obſerved by Ariſtobulus, Pompey beſieged him, and took him at Jeruſalem, and brought him Priſoner to Rome; leaving the High-Prieſthood to Hircan, forbidding him to take the Name of King. He put the Government of the Kingdom into the Hands of Antipater, the Father of Herod; who made himſelf a while after ſo Renowned. Of the World 3242, before Ch. 62.

In Aegypt, Alexander having killed his King of Aegypt. Mother Cleopatra, who was ſo indulgent to him, that ſhe ſet him on the Throne, to the greateſt Injuſtice to her eldeſt Son Lathurus: The Aegyptians ſet him up, after they had expelled the other. Both being dead, Galinius Pro-Conſul of Syria, received Orders from the Senate, to put in poſſeſſion of that Kingdom Ptolomy Auletes, Son to Lathurus, whom the Aegyptians had expelled.

Craſſus plundered the Temple of Jeruſalem: Craſſus plunders the Temple of Jeruſalem. is overcome and killed by the Parthians. Caius Julius Caeſar ſubdues the Gauls. The Jews did artribute for that Sacriledge, the unhappy Succeſs of the War he made againſt the Parthians; where he, and his Son, were overcome and killed.

C. Julius Caeſar, after his firſt Conſulate, having had the Government of Gaule-Ciſalpine, ſubdued the Trans-Alpines in Nine Years time.

The Senate being jealous of his growing Power, commanded him to diſarm; upon his Refuſal he was declared an Enemy to the Commonwealth: Which occaſionedThe Civil War. a Civil War, Of the World 3255, before Ch. 49.

The Senate having given the Command of their Army to Pompey; upon Caeſar's coming he was forc'd to paſs the Sea to Dyrachium.

In the mean time he made himſelf to be choſe Conſul at Rome, then paſſed intoCaeſar Conſul the Second time. Reduces Spain. Spain; where without hardly a Blow ſtruck he forced Afranius, and Petreius, to deliver up to him the five Legions they commanded for Pompey: And the like Submiſſion was ſhewn by Varro, who commanded a Legion for the ſame Faction, which lay towards the Streights of Gades, in that Kingdom.

At his Return, he preſs'd the Siege of Marſeilles, which he left block'd up when Takes and ruines Marſeilles he went into Spain. He took it, and deſtroyed it, making that miſerable City an Example to thoſe that took part with his Enemies.

Then he came back to Rome, but ſtayed He comes back co Rome. no longer there, than was neceſſary to regulate his own Affairs: So he went to Brunduſium, and from thence to the other Paſſes the Sea to fight Pompey. ſide of the Sea, to fight Pompey.

After ſome Skirmiſhes between the two Armies, the Buſineſs was at laſt decided in the Plains of Pharſalia, where Pompey was The Battle of Pharſalia. overcome, tho' he had had an Army far more numerous than that of Caeſar's. Of the World 3956, before Ch. 48.

Pompey flying after this great Misfortune to the Coaſts of Aegypt, was there killedPompey killed. by the Treachery of the Counſellors of young Ptolomy Denis, who had ſucceeded his Father Auletes.

Caeſar arriv'd ſoon after in Aegypt, whereCaeſar arrives in Aegypt. by his Policy and Strength, he defended himſelf againſt the Ambuſcades of the Aegyptians: And after an open War had been declared, he defeated them by Sea and Land; their young King being killed in The End of Ptolomy in Aegypt. Cleopatra Queen of Aegypt. a Land-Battle.

Then Caeſar falling in Love with Cleopatra, Siſter to the ſlain King, made her Queen of Aegypt, tho' he might have reduc'd it to a Province.

Pharnaces, the Son of Mithridates, whoCaeſar against Pharnaces remained in poſſeſſion of ſome Provinces near the Boſphorus, judging this Opportunity of the Civil War, favourable to his Deſigns he had taken; not only enterprized upon the Pontus, the ancient Patrimony of his Royal Family, but alſo on Bythinia, and Cappadocia.

Caeſar returning from Aegypt, advanced towards him, and ended the War with as much Facility as Expedition: So that he writ to one of his Friends, it was the ſame thing for him, To come, to ſee, and to overcome.

In his Return to Rome, he ſet at Liberty the Prince Ariſtobulus, who had been taken by Pompey.

Caeſar likewiſe aſſiſted him with ſome Forces, in order to put himſelf in poſſeſſion of the Kingdom of the Jews: But having been poyſon'd by the Treachery of his Enemies, his eldeſt Son Alexander fell into the Hands of Scipio; who cut off his Head at Antioch. His younger Son Antigonus retired to the Parthians: So that in Judea the High-Prieſthood remaining ſtill in the Hands of Hircanus, elder Brother to the deceaſed Ariſtobulus. The Political Government was adminiſtred by Antipater, and his two Sons, Phaſelus, and Herodes.

Caeſar paſſed over into Affrick againſtCaeſar in Affrick. Cato, Scipio, Maſſiniſſa King of Numidia and others, who having got together the Remains of Pompeys's Army, had powerfully renewed the War in thoſe parts. They were all defeated by Caeſar near Tapſus; The Battle of Tapſus. his Victory was ſo great, that the chief of them deſpairing to be able to renew Catos's Death. The Death of Maſſiniſſa, Paetreus and Scipio. the War, killed themſelves: Cato at Utica, Maſſiniſſa and Petraeus at Cirta, the capitol City in Numidia; Scipio at Sea finding his Veſſel taken by one of Caeſars. Of the World 3959, before Ch. 45.

The Conqueror being returned to Rome, took poſſeſſion of his fourth Conſulat, then went into Spain againſt the two Sons ofCaeſar goes into Spain. Pompey, who had ſeized of that Province, and had got there a numerous great Army. The deciſive Battle was fought near The Battle of Munda. Munda, where the Eldeſt of the two Brothers Cneius Pompey was killed with a Thouſand Knights, and Thirty Thouſand other Romans. The younger Brother Sextus Pompeius eſcapt being reſerved for another Fortune.

Caeſar returned to Rome, and there celebratedCaeſars's Triumphs. five Triumphs, firſt of the Gaules of that of Aegypt, of Pontus, of Affrick, and of Spain, without making mention of the Battle of Pharſalia, of Tapſus, and of Munda.

It was at that time, that the CalendarHe reforms the Calender. was begun to be uſed; for Caeſar as Soveraign Prieſt had reformed it the Year before.

Caeſar by ſo great and fortunate Succeſſes being Maſter of the Common-wealth, the Senate conferred on him the higheſt Honours, with an Abſolute Power to command all the Roman Empire, which gave occaſion of the Conſpiracy made againſt him by the two Brutuſes, Marcus and Decimus, Caius Caſſius, and others of the chief of the Nobility who killed himCaeſars Death. in the Senate, as he was preparing to make War againſt the Parthyans. Of the World 3960, before Ch. 44.

Octavius Caeſar, Grand Son to Julia, Octavius Caeſar. And mark Anothony united. Siſter of Julius Caeſar, and his adopted Son, took the Name, Inheritance, and all the Rights of his Father, and maintained it with the help of Marcus Antonius, the zealous Friend of Julius Caeſar.

Theſe two in a ſhort time fell out. Marcus Antonius having beſieged Modena, the Senate gave Octavius a Commiſſion to raiſe the Siege, where Decimus Brutus was ſhut up. Octavius accompliſht the deſign ſo well, that Anthony being overcome, Mark, Anthony overcome at Modena, and retires to Lepidus fled into Gaule, where he was kindly received by Lepidus,, who commanded in that Province. Of the World 3961. before Ch. 43.

But their mutual Intereſts having obliged them to a Reconciliation, in order to revenge the Death of Caeſar, and to oppoſe the power of his Murtherers favoured by the Senate; theſe three Men made themſelves Maſters of the Republick by joining together, and forming the famous The Triumvirat. Triumvirate ſo fatal to many illuſtrious Perſons of the Roman Empire. Of the World 3962, before Ch. 42.

Lepidus one of the Triumvirs ſtayed in Italy, while the other two Octavius and Anothony paſſed the Seas to make War againſt Marcus Brutus, and Caius Caſſius, who had great Forces in Greece.

That Affair was ended in a Battle nearThe Battle of Philippi. Philippi in Macedonia; Caius Caſſius overcome by Anthony killed himſelf, fearing the ſame fate had fallen on Brutus his Collegue, but it fell out contrary, he havingThe Death of Caſſius and Brutus. had ſome advantage over Octavius: But the next day the two Armys again joining Battle, Brutus was defeated, and killed himſelf in Deſpair. Of the World 3964, before Ch. 40.

After this Victory the two ConquerersThe Alliance between Octavius and Anthony. allied themſelves by Marriage, Octavius Marrying Antonia Daughter to Anthony, and Anthony with Octavia, Siſter to Octavius, tho' ſhe was a Widow a little before, and with Child by Marcellus her firſt Husband.

Theſe two Triumvers having little regard for their Colleague Lepidus, dividedThey divide the Provinces between them. between them the Provinces of the Empire; Octavius took thoſe of the Weſt, and Anthony thoſe of the Eaſt. Of the World 3968, before Ch. 36.

Sextus Pompeius had conſiderable Forces,Sextus Pompeius. chiefly Naval on the Coaſts of Sicily, and all along the Eaſtern part of Italy. Octavius made uſe of the Forces of Lapidus to Defeat Sextus Pompeius, ſo that this laſt Son of Pompey the Great, being forſaken of all, fled into Aſia, where he fell intoHis Death. the hands of Anthony's Party who killed him.

After that Octavius having corrupted the Army of Lepidus, this Triumvir was reduct, being abandoned by all to obey Octavius his Command who baniſh'd him to a little Iſland in the Mediteranean,Lepidus's Death. where he died an Exile.

Anthony having attackt the Parthians, Anthonys War aagainſt the Parthians. that War proved fatal to him, for he there loſt a great part of his Army, yet with the remainder he made a ſafe and honourable Retreat.

Antigonus Son to Ariſtobulus, by the help of the Parthians, was eſtabliſht in Judea, in the time of the civil War between the Romans; but theſe great Diſorders being ſome what appeaſed, Herod favoured by Anthony, his intimate Friend firſt of all, made uſe of the Forces Ventidius commanded in Syria; after that more effectually of thoſe commanded by Soſius, with which he beſieged and took Jeruſalem, where The Death of Antigonus. Antigonus was, who falling into the hands of his Enemys, was Beheaded: Whereupon Herod having been already declaredHerod King of the Jews. King of the Jews by the Senate, eſtabliſh'd himſelf in that Dignity.

Anthony fell Paſſionately in Love with Cleopatra, Anothony in Love with Cleopatra. paſt his time at Alexandria, in a ſhameful manner while Octavius was preparing to make War againſt him, under pretence of the high Injury his Siſter Octavia received by this diſloyal Love of Anthony her Husband. At laſt the buſineſs being come to an open Rupture, the Affairs ended by one Naval Battle between the two Parties; it was fought in view of the Promontary of Actium.

Anthony loſt the day by deſerting his The Battle of Actium. Fleet to follow Cleopatra, who retreated with her ſhips at the beginning of the Fight; he followed her to Alexandria, whereupon a falſe report raiſed by her means, that ſhe had killed her ſelf, gave himſelf a mortal Wound, but being immediately The Death of Anthony. after aſſured Cleopatra was living, he cauſed himſelf to be carried where ſhe was, and died in her Arms.

So Octavius, who from that time wasOctovius Auguſtus, Maſter of the Roman Empire. called Auguſtus, became ſole Maſter of all that belonged to the Republick; it was from that Battle, and from the Death of Anthony: Hiſtory begins to reckon the Forty Four Years that Auguſtus Reigned alone.

He came frequently after to Alexandria, The Death of Cleopatra. where having ſeized on Cleopatra, ſhe fruſtrated his Deſign, notwithſtanding all the care he took to preſerve her Life. Intending her for the chief Ornament of his Triumph; to avoid which, ſhe killed her ſelf, applying a Serpent to her Arm, which was brought to her in a Basket of Figs. In her, ended the Line of the Ptolomys who had Reigned in Aegypt ſince the The end of the Kingdom of Aegypt. death of Alexander to that time, the Kingdom being reduc'd to a Provinee by Auguſtus.

He employed the two following years to ſet in order the Affairs of the Eaſt; then he returned to Rome, where he celebrated three Triumphs, that of Actium, of Dalmatia, Auguſtus his Triumphs. and of Alexandria, with that vaſt Magnificence which had never been ſhown before.

After he had been powerfully ſetled in the Soveraignty, he expreſt a deſire toHis Soveranity over all the Empire. diveſt himſelf of it; but the Senate, and People inured to ſervitude, hindred him from executing his deſign, whether true or feigned, conferring on him exceſſive Honours, with an abſolute power over all the Empire. Of the World 3977, before Ch. 27.

He did not abuſe his Power, for his GovernmentHis Wiſdom in Governing. was ſuch, That the Romans never regretted the loſs of their liberty under his Reign.

The Reputation he required by the clemency of his Government, was ſpread about even to all Foreign Nations, ofHis good Fortune. which ſome of the moſt Barbarous, and moſt remote courted his Friendſhip and and Alliance as the Indians, but above all the Parthians, who not only rendered him the Enſigns taken from him at the defeat of Craſſus; and that of Anthony, with all the Priſoners taken at the laſt Battle, but that which never happened to this Warlike Nation, they preſented him with two Sons of their King in Hoſtage, as a pledge of their Treaty.

This great proſperity was only diſturbed by ſome ſmall loſſes on the Frontiers of the Empire. The moſt conſiderable, and which moſt afflicted him, was the loſs of the Legions, commanded by Varus in The loſ of Varus. Germany, who were ſurpized and cut in pieces by the Germans.

But Auguſtus ſo happy in all other reſpects, The inward troubles of Auguſtus. had great Domeſtick Troubles, by the irregular conduct of the two Julias, Mother and Daughter: One his Daughter, the other his Grand-daughter, by the Death of his two Grand-ſons, Caius and Lucius, whom he had adopted, and as it was thought, deſigned them for his Succeſſors to the Empire; alſo by the Death of Druſus, Son to his Wife Livia, whom he had Married to his Neice the Young Antonia. In fine, by the conduct of his dear Livia, who was ſuſpected to have contrived the Death of his two Grandſons, to advance her own Son Tiberius.

All theſe things happened in the ſpace of 22 Years, from the 7th Conſ lat of Auguſtus, to the end of that Age, which was the ſixth of the World, and the beginning of the ſeventh Age of the World. Of the World 3999, before Ch. 5.

The Birth of our Saviour Jeſus Chriſt, The Birth of Jeſus Chriſt. the Son of God, God bleſſed for ever, made Man to ſave us, Born of a Vingin in Bethlem of Judah. Of the World, 4000.

Herod had been of Anthonys's Party, yetHerod the Great. having found means to gain the favour of Auguſtus the Emperor, had fixt him in theHis good Fortune. Throne of Judea.

This King though he was fortunate inHis Domeſtick Misfortunes. all other reſpects, had yet very great inteſtine Troubles. He had put to Death his Wife Mariamne, who was of the Blood Royal of the Aſmoneans, together with two Sons he had by her, Alexander and Ariſtobulus. He was alſo the Death of Hircanus, Grand-father of Mariamne, and Ariſtobulus Brother to that Princeſs with Alexandra their Mother. Towards the end of his Life, he put to Death Antipater, his eldeſt Son he had by Cypris, one of his Wives; at laſt having attempted to put Jeſus Chriſt to Death, by deſtroying many Innocents. He died of a Diſeaſe both Shameful and Painful. Of the World 4003 His Death. before Ch. 1.

The beginning of the vulgar Chriſtian The Chriſtian Aera. Aera.

The Firſt Age.

AUguſtus baniſh'd Archelaus, Son to Herod Archelau Baniſh'd. Coponius Preſident of Indea to Vienna in Gaule, and put Judea under the Government of a Preſident; the firſt who had that charge was Coponius a Roman Knight. From Chriſt 3.

Auguſtus made the laſt numbring of theThe number of the Roman Citizens. Roman Citizens, which were computed to be Four Millions, One Hundred Thirty-Seven Thouſand, as well in Rome as in the Collonies of the Provinces.

He died a little while after in the 77th Auguſtus Death. Year of his Age, in the 57th of his Empire, counting from the Death of Julius Caeſar. From Chriſt 13.

Among the rare Qualities of Julius and Auguſtus, they were both Learned, and very great favourers of Learning; underLearned Men. their two Reigns flouriſh'd Leucretius the Poet and Phyloſopher. Terentius Varo the moſt Learned of the Romans. Vitruvius Prince of Architects, denies of Halicarnaſſus, and Titus Livius Hiſtorians, who writ the Roman Hiſtory; the firſt in Greek, the ſecond in Latin. Strabo the Geographer; Catullus, Tibullus, Proſpertius, Virgil, Cornelius, Gallus, Horace, Ovid, Poets Criſpus, Saluſtus, Hiſtorians, and Orators; Cicero Orator and Philoſopher.

Tiberius the Son of Livia, the Wife ofTiberius Emperor. Auguſtus, adopted by this Emperor, ſucceeded him in the Empire.

Auguſtus when he adopted him, obliged him to adopt Germanicus Son to Druſus, Germanicus his Death. Brother to Tiberius, and Nephew to Auguſtus by Antonia, Daughter of Octavius, and of Mark Anthony. But Tiberius being jealous of the Affection the Romans had for Germanicus, Poiſoned him.

Tiberius wearied with the Fatigue ofTiberius retires to Caprea. Elius Sejanus. Governing, put it into the hands of Eliu Sejanus his Favorite, and retired into the Iſle of Caprea, where he gave himſelf wholly up to all kinds of infamous Debaucheries.

The Holy Evangeliſts have mentioned nothing ſince the Birth of our Saviour Jeſus Chriſt, but of his flight into Aegypt of his return to Nazareth, and of finding Him at the Age of Twelve Years Old among the Doctors of the Law in the Temple of Jeruſalem, they began to write more perticularly his Hiſtory from his Baptiſm, and the Preaching of St. John the Baptiſt, relating all along what our Saviour did, and ſpoke from that time to his Death; and then of the glorious circumſtances of his Reſurrection, and at laſt of his Triumphant Aſcention into Heaven.

Tiberus abandoned Elius Sejanus to the fury of the Roman People, who could no longer endure the Injuſtice and Cruelties of this inſolent Favorite. The Senate The Death of Sejanus. condemned him to die, and his Body to be draged through the Streets. From Chriſt 36.

Not long after, Tiberius, worn out withTiberius his Death. old Age and Debaucheries died, leaving no Iſſue; ſo Caius Caligula, the Son ofCailus Caligula. Germanicus came to the Empire, with the applauſe of Senate and People, as well by reaſon this Prince appeared at firſt endeued with good Qualities, as alſo for the Meof his Father Germanicus, who was in great eſteem by the Romans.

The Martirdom of St. Steven, the Baptizing of the Eunuch of Candace Queen of Ethiopia; the Converſion of the Samaritans and of Saul, called afterwards Paul, are to be read in the Acts of the Apoſtles. From Chriſt 39.

Caligula diſcovering his own cruel The Horid Life of Caligula. Nature, gave himſelf up to all kinds of Debaucheries, Injuſtice and Cruelty, and to ſuch an inſolent Pride, that he cauſed Adoration and Sacrifice to be made to his Images: He likewiſe commanded one to be ſet up in the Temple of Jeruſalem, which occaſioned that miſerable Nation to be reduc'd to a moſt lamentable condition. At length the World not being able longer to endure this Monſter, heHis Death was killed by the Conſpiracy of the Senate, with his moſt familiar Domeſticks. From Chriſt 40.

Claudius his Uncle, Brother to Germanicus Claudius his Succeſſor. ſucceeded him.

Agrippa Son to Ariſtobulus, and GrandſonAgrippa King of the Jews. to Herod the Great, had been Favorite to Galigua; he was alſo in great favour with Claudius, ſo that he poſſeſt all that his Grand-father enjoyed with the Title of the Kingdom excepting Ceſarea, where the Roman Governor made his uſual Reſidence. From Chriſt 42.

This King being come to Jeruſalem, did The Death of St. James. Agrippas's Death. there cut off St. James his Head, and impriſoned St. Peter; concerning which, with the unfortunate end of Agrippa, is fully ſet down in the Acts of the Apoſtles.

Claudius ſubdued Great Britain and Triumph'd for it. From Chriſt. 43.

The Faithful Diſciples of Jeſus Chriſt The nam of Chriſtians. The Voyages of St. Paul and Barnabas. encreaſing, began to be called Chriſtians, which firſt happened at Antioach; St. Paul and St. Barnabas having the care of that flouriſhing Church. The Voyages of thoſe two Apoſtles, the Miracles that attended them; their Preaching with their happy Succeſs, are at large deſcribed in the Acts of the Apoſtles, where likewiſe is to be read the diſpute of the pretended neceſſity of Circumciſion, which was decided by the Apoſtles, and the Elders of the Church of Jeruſalem at a Counſel held there. From Chriſt 49.

Claudius died Poiſoned by his ſecond The Death of Claudius. Wife Agripina, who was his Neice: She had by her firſt Husband Domitius, a Son called Nero, who by the help and meansNero his Succeſſ r. of his Mother, came to be Emperor; the Mother and the Son Poiſoned Britanicus, whom Claudius had by Meſſalina his firſt Wife. The Voyages and Travels of St. Paul, and his Impriſonment, are at large ſet down in the Acts of the Apoſtles. From Chriſt 58.

Young Agrippa, Son to him who died, Young Agrippa King of the Jews. ſtruck by an Angel, was plac'd on the Throne of his Father, by Nero: This young King took away the High-Prieſthood from Ananias, becauſe he had put to Death St. James, the Son of Alpheus, The Death of St. James the Son of Alpheus. whoſe Sanctity was ſo highly revered by the Jews, that Joſephus attributes to his Death, all the misfortunes that happened to that Nation.

Nero, who had appeared Wiſe, JuſtNeros's Debauches and Cruelties. and Clement for the firſt Five Years of his Reign, afterwards gave himſelf up to all kind of Impieties, Injuſtice, and Cruelties; killed his Wife Octavia, and Seneca his Tutor, with many other perſons of Quality,Colonia Agripina. and at laſt his own Mother Agripina; it was ſhe who founded a Colony on the Rhine, that ſtill retains her Name.

In the mean time Corbulon maintainedCorbulons Exploits in Armenia. with Glory, the Honour of the Roman Empire in Armenia, and forced Tyridates, Tyridates at Rome. Brother of Volgeſes, King of the Parthians, to come to Rome, and there to take the Title of King, and his Crown from the hands of the Emperor.

In Great Britain the Romans did not ſucceed The War in Great Britain. Bonduca. ſo happily; for the Britains revolted under the Conduct of their Queen Bonduca, and though this brave Princeſs was killed in a Battle, the Peace made afterwards was moſt ſhameful to the Romans From Chriſt 61.Nero burns Rome.

Nero burnt Rome, and accuſed the Chriſtians to have been the Incendiaries: And under that pretence, raiſed a moſt cruel Perſecutes the Chriſtians. The War againſt the Jews. Perſecution againſt them. From Chriſt 65.

The War againſt the Jews began upon the occaſion of oppoſing the Roman Officers, who exacted very great Tributes from that miſerable Nation.

Ceſtius Gallus beſieged Jeruſalem, took The Siege of Jeruſalem. the lower part of the City; but on a ſudden he raiſed the Siege, without any apparent Cauſe: But Heaven decreed it ſo, to ſave the Chriſtian Church, which retired for ſafety to a little Village called Pella, a little beyond the River Jordan. From Chriſt 66.

In the mean time Nero went into Greece, Nero in Greece. where he made himſelf as deſpicable as he was at Rome; expoſing his Perſon and Dignity upon Theaters, and at Races where he play'd the Comedian, and the Charrioteer. He attempted, but in vain, to cut the Iſthmus of Corinth, to joyn the two Seas, the Ionian, and the Aegrean. From Christ 67.

Upon the News of the Revolt of his Armies in the West, he returned to Rome; where finding himſelf at laſt abandoned, even by all the World, he fled baſely, then fell into Deſpair, ſtabb'd himſelf, andNero's Death. died. From Christ 68.

Sergius Galba, already proclaimed EmperorGalba his Succeſſor. by the Army, in Spain, and in Gaul, came to Rome, and was there received as Emperor, by the Senate, and the People of Rome.

Moſt Eccleſiaſtick Writers remark, about this time the Martyrdom of St. Peter, and St. Paul. It is moſt certain, that they ſealed their Faith and Doctrine, by the effuſion of their Blood; but cannot tell exactly in what Year.

Clementius Romanus, is the only ancient Writer, who mentions their Martyrdom, ſays nothing more in his Epiſtle to the Corinthians, but that they ſuffered under the Emperors, without naming which of them. From Christ 69.

Galba aged Seventy four Years, having not Reigned one compleat Year, was killedGalba killed by Otho his Succeſſor by Otho; who by that means ſeized on the Empire, yet Reigned a ſhorter time than his Predeceſſor: For Vitellius being proclaimed Emperor by the Army in Germany, being come into Italy, the two Competitors fought a Battle at Brebia, in Gaule-Ciſalpine; where Otho being worſted, wouldOtho overcome and killed. not tempt his Fortune a ſecond time, but killed himſelf, and left Vitellius Maſter of the Empire. From Christ 70.

But the Armies of the East having given up the Empire to their General Veſpatian, his Lieutenants in Italy, preſſed Vitellius ſo forcibly, that having defeated hisVitellius killed. Army, they took him Priſoner in Rome, and there killed him.

Veſpatian coming into Italy, and findingVeſpatian Emperor. the Buſineſs done, was received at Rome with great applauſe, by the Senate and People; joyful to find themſelves delivered from thoſe laſt Emperors, whoſe ſcandalous Reputation cauſed all Nations to dread their Government.

Veſpatian, in Nero's Reign, had begun a The War against the Jews. War againſt the Jews: He had defeated their Forces in the Field, took all their Towns, except Jeruſalem, which he beſieged: Coming into Italy, he left his Son Titus to make an end of that War; which The Ruine of Jeruſalem. he did, by taking, and deſtroying Jeruſalem.

The dreadful Calamities that happened to that miſerable City, during the Siege, by the unnatural Diviſions of their Fellow-Citizens; with the reſt of that lamentable Tragick Story, may be read with horror in Joſephus's Book, who was an Eye-witneſs of the Ruine of his Country.

The Roman Hiſtorians make mention of The Triumph of Titus. the magnificent Triumph Titus made, at his Return to Rome. From Christ 71.

Veſpatian Reigned Nine Years; worthyVeſpatian his Death. of great Praiſe in all things, except his A •• rice.

His Son Titus, ſtil'd, The Delight of Mankind, Titus his Succeſſor. ſucceeded him. While he applied himſelf to make his Reign perfectly happy, a dreadful Fire waſted Rome, and another at Campania, by the Fire broke out at Veſuvius.

Theſe two Misfortunes gave occaſion to the good Emperor, to beſtow his Liberality to a great Number of miſerable People, whom theſe Accidents had reduc'd to extream Poverty. From Christ 79.

Titus having Reigned but two Years, died, bewailing himſelf, that his Life wasTitus's Death. taken away ſo ſoon, proteſting he had done but one thing to be repented of: Which made ſome believe, that it was to have aſſociated his Brother Domitian to theDomitian his Succeſſor Empire; who was endowed with as many ill Qualities, as Titus was poſſeſt with good ones. He was covetous, unjuſt, and moſtHis ill Qualities. cruel to the Romans in general, and to the Chriſtians in particular; who felt it very much all the time of his Reign.

He put to Death a great Number of the Nobleſt Citizens, and plundered the Goods of the richeſt Families. From Christ 81.

He raiſed up a bloody Perſecution amongHe perſecutes the Chriſtians. the Chriſtians. In the Number of thoſe who were Crowned with Martyrdom, Lynus, and Cletus, Biſhops of Rome, Lynus and Cletus, Biſhops of Rome. gave the Example of a conſtant Faith to their Flocks, ſealing it by ſhedding of their Blood. From Christ 83.

The Eccleſiaſtical Hiſtory ſets down the Martyrdom of St. John the Evangeliſt, at St. John the Evangeliſt. that time: He was brought from Aſia to Rome, where being thrown into a Cauldron of boiling Oyl, he came out of it ſafe and well. He was baniſh'd to the Iſle of Patmos.

About the end of Domitian's Reign, Anacletus Anacletus Biſhop of Rome. alſo received the Crown of Martyrdom. From Christ 90.

A Paper, containing the Liſt of thoſe whom Domitian intended to put to Death, fallen by chance into the Hands of his Wife; ſhe ſeeing her Name at the Head of it, prevented his Deſign, by cauſing him to be killed by thoſe whom he hadDomitian his Death. deſtined for Death. From Christ 96.

Nerva, his Succeſſor, a Perſon of highNerva his Succeſſor. Deſert, was proclaimed Emperor by the Conſpirators, and received with great Joy by the Senate and People.

He Reigned like a wiſe and juſt Prince, one Year and four Months; at the end of which he died, Aged Sixty ſix Years, leaving His Death. Trajan his Succeſſor. the Empire to Trajan, whom he Adopted.

The Eccleſiaſtical Hiſtory makes the Death of St. John the Evangeliſt to happen The Death of St. John the Evangelist. at the end of that Age: Yet there is no Certainty of the Time of his Death, any more than of the reſt of the Apoſtles.

The Learned Men of this Age, beſidesLearned Men. thoſe who were remark'd before, were Perſius, Propertius, Seneca the Tragedian, Seneca the Philoſopher, Petronius Arbiter Silius Italicus, Martial, Juvenal, Statius, Pliny the Ancient, Quintilian the Orator, Strabo the Hiſtorian and Geographer. Likewiſe Pomponius Mela, and Solinus.

Among the Chriſtians, Clement Biſhop of Rome, was Author of an Epiſtle to the Corinthians, which is extant. There are alſo ſome Epiſtles under the Name of Ignatius, Biſhop of Antioch: Yet many learned Criticks doubt of their Truth. There is one of Polycarpus, Biſhop of Smirna, to the Philippians.

The Hereticks of that Age were the Nicholaits, whoſe Author was never known. Menander the Diſciple of Simon the Magician. Cerinthus and Elion, Enemies to the Divinity of Jeſus Chriſt.

The Second Age

BEgins with the Perſecution Trajan raiſed The Chriſtians perſecuted. Clement Biſhop of Rome. againſt the Chriſtians.

Clement, Biſhop of Rome, after fifteen Years Confinement to Cherſoneſus Taurick, received there the Crown of Martyrdom. From Christ 101.

Trajan ſpent the five following Years in The War againſt the Daces. the War againſt the Daces. It proved a very glorious War to him, having overcome many times that Nation; inſomuch, that their King Decebalus killed himſelf out of Deſpair. From Christ 106.

Pliny the younger, Pro-Conſul of Bythinia, writ in favour of the Chriſtians 3 yet the Perſecution continued againſt them.

Ignatius, the Colleague of Evodius, in the Epiſcopal See of Antioch, being brought toIgnatius Martyr. Rome; was there Crowned Martyr. From Chriſt 107.

Trajan employed the nine following Years in the War againſt the Parthians; War againſt the Parthians. Trajan's Conqueſts. over whom, and their Allies, he conquered Meſopotamia, Armenia, part of Arabia, and all that is beyond Tygris, even to India: But finding it was impoſſible to keep all thoſe Countries, he reſtored to the Parthians all that lay beyond Tygris; giving them for their King Parthamaſparus, of the Blood of the Arſacides, on whom he plac'd, with his own Hands, the Diadem; after he had obliged him to ſwear Fealty to the Romans. From Chriſt 116.

Evariſtus Biſhop of Rome, having been Biſhops of Rome. Crowned Martyr in the Eighth Year of this Age: In which time alſo his Succeſſor Alexander had the ſame Happineſs.

Trajan returning from all his Conqueſts died at Selinonta in Cilicia. With his greatTrajan's Death. good Qualities, he was endowed with no ſmall Vices: For he was given to Drunkenneſs, and to moſt abominable Sins againſt Nature, and was very cruel againſt the Chriſtians. From Christ 1117.

The Learned Men in his time, wereLearned Men. Plutarch his Maſter, Pliny the Younger, Suctonius, Florus, the two Hiſtorians, Aulus Gellius, Lucius Epictetus, an excellent Moral Philoſopher, and Galen the famous Phyſician.

Aelius Adrianus, Adopted by Trajan, ſucceededAdrianus Succeſſor to Trajan. him in the Empire. In the Perſecution which he carried on againſt the Chriſtians, Sixtus Biſhop of Rome, Succeſſor to Biſhops of Rome. Alexander, was enrolled among the Martyrs. From Chriſt 120.

The Roman Empire flouriſhing in Peace, Adrian took a Journey to viſit all his Provinces. While he was in the Eaſtern parts, he rebuilt Jeruſalem, and called it Aelia, Adrian rebuilds Jeruſalem. from his own Name: And in deriſion and ſcorn to the Jews, he cauſed the Figure of a Hog to be ſet on their Gates. He erected a Temple to Jupiter, in the very place where had been the Temple of the true God.

And to expreſs the like ſcorn and hatred towards the Chriſtians, he alſo built a Temple in Venus on Mount Calvary; and another to Adonis at Bethlem, in the ſame place where Jeſus Chriſt was born. From Chriſt 135.

Adrian died of a Bloody-flux. His goodAdrian's Death. Qualities were defiled by the ſame Vices that diſhonoured the Reputation of his Predeceſſor.

Antinous, a Boy whom he loved, being dead, he was ſo ſhameleſs to make his Subjects pay him Divine Worſhip. From Christ 138.

Titus Aurelius Antoninus, Adopted by Adrian, Antoninus Pius his Succeſſor. ſucceeded him: He was Sur-named Pius, by reaſon of his ſweet Diſpoſition and Goodneſs. Nevertheleſs, the Perſecution continuing, many Chriſtians ſuffered Martyrdom; and among the reſt, Theleſphorus Biſhops of Rome. Biſhop of Rome, Succeſſor to Sixtus and Higinus, and after him, Pius, the Succeſſor of Higinus. From Christ 150.

At length Antoninus, perſwaded of the Innocency of the Chriſtians, cauſed the Perſecution to ceaſe; moved to it by two excellent Apologies, addreſs'd to him by Juſtin the Chriſtian Philoſopher. From Christ 151.

The Peace of the Church, as it was outwardly diſturb'd, ſo it was inwardly perplex'd by Hereticks; that is to ſay, by the Hereticks. Gnoſticks Saturninus. Bazilides. Gnoſticks, followers of Carpocrates, to whom were attributed moſt deteſtable Opinions: Saturninus, and Bazilides, Diſciples of Menander; as he, ſo were they Enemies to Jeſus Chriſt.

Tatien, Author of the Encratites, or Continents, Encratites a Sect very auſtere in their way of Living.

Montanus, the Diſciple of Tatien, withMontaniſts. his two Propheteſſes, Maximilla and Priſcilla. His Followers were Cataphriges; becauſe their Errors began to ſpread in Phrygia; but they called themſelves Cathares, in regard of their pretended Purity of Life; boaſting, with their Maſter, they had received a more abundant Effuſion of the Holy Ghoſt, than the Apoſtles ever had.

Papius, Biſhop of Hieropolis, with his Chiliaſts, had leſs dangerous Opinions.Chiliaſts.

Antoninus died, Aged more than SeventyAntoninus' Death Years. From Chriſt 261.

Marcus Aurelius, whom Antoninus hadMarcus Aurelius, & Lucius Verus, Succeſſors. Anicetus Biſhop of Rome. Adopted; and Lucius Verus, Adopted by Aurelius, ſucceeded him.

Anicetus Biſhop of Rome, Juſtin the Apologiſt for the Chriſtians, with a great Number of others, were Crowned Martyrs, in the Perſecution Marcus Aurelius raiſed up againſt them. From Chriſt 162. War againſt the Parthians.

In the beginning of his Reign, he had ſent his Colleague to make War againſt the Parthians; but Lucius Verus, a debauch'd Man, ſtaying at Antioch to take his Pleaſures, ſent his Lieutenants upon that Expedition; which proved very ſucceſsful to the Romans; the Parthians having been defeated in many Rencounters. From Chriſt 165.

Polycarpus Biſhop of Smirna, and Diſciple St. Polycarp. of St. John the Evangeliſt, ended his long Life by a glorious Martyrdom.

In like manner ſuffered Photinus Biſhop Martyrs of Lyons. of Lyons; where many of his Flock, inſtructed by him in their Faith, received the ſame Happineſs. From Chriſt 167.

Lucius Verus died as he came back fromLucius Verus's Death. Illyria, with Marcus Aurelius. After his Death, Marcus Aurelius found him better diſpos'd to receive the Apologies preſentedApologies for the Chriſtians. to him, by Meliton Biſhop of Sardis, and the Philoſopher Athenag ras, who ſo far prevailed to mitigate the Perſecution: Yet the Idolaters perſevered to ſacrifice many Chriſtians to their Hate, even at Rome, Biſhops of Rome. where Soter, Biſhop, and Succeſſor to Anicetus, ſuffered Martyrdom. From Christ 170.

The Perſecution, at length, wholly ceaſed,The Perſecution ceaſes. by the miraculous help that Aurelius received from Heaven, by the fervent Prayers of the Chriſtians, which compoſed a Legion of the Army he had brought to fight againſt the Macromans.

This Legion was called the Thunderers; The Thundering Legion. becauſe it had prevailed with Heaven to extirpate the Barbarians by a Tempeſt, that diſcharged itſelf only upon them, without falling on the Romans. From Christ 173.

Nevertheleſs Aurelius was forc'd to quit that War, in order to compoſe a CivilA Civil War. War, broke out in Syria, by the Pro-Conſul Caſſius.

Aurelius having happily concluded it, The Exploit of Marcus Aurelius. return'd to the Northern Parts, againſt the Germans, Panonians, and Sarmatians; all which he overcame with great Glory.

He died as he lived, with that ConſtancyMarcus Aurelius's Death. and Reſolution, worthy a Stoick Philoſopher, as he profeſs'd himſelf to be. From Christ 180.

His Son Commodus ſucceeded him in theCommodus's Son and Succeſſor. Empire, but not in his Vertues.

The firſt five Years of his Reign, were only remarkable for exceſſive Debaucheries. From Christ 185.

However, the Church enjoying Peace.

Eleutherius, Succeſſor to Soter Biſhop of Biſhops of Rome. Rome, died of a Natural Death. He was the firſt Biſhop of that City, who died ſo.

Many Hereticks diſturbed this outwardHereticks. Peace, by their extravagant Opinions, ſuch as were thoſe of the Adamites, Abelites, Sethites, Ophytes, and Cainites, with others more dangerous; as thoſe of Theod ſien, of Praxeus, Hermogenes, and of Artem n, Enemies to the Divinity of Jeſus Christ.

Tertullian, a Prieſt of Lyons, and Irenaeus, Tertullian. Irenaeus. Biſhop of Lyons, diſputed on the contrary, for the true Doctrine, by their Learned Works; but the firſt had the Misfortune to yield to the Errors of Montanus, and the Encratites.

The Learned Men who flouriſh'd ſince Trajan to this time, were Appian, Aelian, Learned Men. Pauſanias, Juſtin the Abreviator of Trogus Pompeius, Hiſtorians. Ptolomy, the Geographer. Diogenes Laertius, Athneus, Apuleus, Julius Pollux, Maximus of Tyre, Rhetoricians, and Philoſophers. Marullus the Poet. Among the Chriſtians Egeſipus, the Hiſtorian.

In the laſt Seven Years of Commodus, the Empire was rendred deſolate by the Plague and Famine; and Rome particularly by a horrible Fire, and by a terrible Earthquake.

This Monſter of a Prince, being not in the leaſt reclaimed by all theſe Calamities, ſtill perſevered in his moſt diſſolute Debauches, till the World being no longer able to ſuffer them, he was poyſon'd, andCommodus's Death. then ſtrangled by a Faction of his own Domeſticks. From Christ 192.

Helvius Pertinax, choſen by the ConſpiratorsPertinax his Succeſſor. to ſucceed him, was received with Joy by the Senate and People, by reaſon of his good Qualities, which recompenc'd the Meanneſs of his Birth: But the Praetorian Bands, ſuffering with Regret, the want of thoſe licentious Liberties, to which they had been accuſtomed during the former Reign, killed him within leſs thanHe is kill'd. three Months.

After that, the Murtherers retired, and fortified themſelves in their Camp, crying out, That the Empire was to be ſold: For in effect, they beſtowed it on Didius Julianus, Didius Julianus his Succeſſor. who gave them more Money than was offered them by his Competitor Sulpitius, Son-in-Law to Pertinax: So the Senate and People choſe an Emperor after this manner, who in himſelf was very debauch'd. From Christ 193.

In the mean time, three Generals of the Armies were proclaimed Emperors in threeThree other Emperors. ſeveral Provinces; Peſcenius Niger, in Syria; Albinus, in Great Brittain; Septimus Severus, in Illyria, and Panonia.

Severus being more politick than the others, came into Italy, with deſign (as he ſaid) to incite the People to Revenge the Death of Pertinax. The Senate, encouraged by his Conduct, Arraigned, and Condemned Didius Julianus, who was executed; The Death of Didius Julianus. Severus Emperor. ſo that Severus coming to Rome, was there received, and acknowledged Emperour, by the Senate and People.

The Year following he went into the East againſt Niger, who was kill'd, after The Death of Niger. he had been overcome in a Battle in Cilicia. From Christ 194.

At that time there aroſe a Diſpute touching The Diſpute about Eaſter-Day. the Day of the Celebration of Eaſter, between Victor Biſhop of Rome, and the Biſhops of Aſia: The Biſhop of Rome would have it celebrated the Sunday after the 14th of the New Moon of March. The others, to be celebrated on the 14th of that Moon, preciſely on that Day of the Week it ſhould happen: From thence they were called, the Quarto Decimans. Quarto Decimans

Tho' the Buſineſs was of no great Importance, yet the learned Church-men were ſo inflamed by the Diſpute, that reciprocal Excommunations paſt between Victor Biſhop of Rome, and the Aſian Biſhops. From Christ 197.

Tho' Severus was overcome by Niger, yet he had the good Fortune to defeat Albinus, who afterwards killed himſelf near Th Death of Albinus Lyons; the Battle between them was ſo bloody, that the River Arar thereby changed its Colour, and was ſince called Sangone, and by abbreviation Saone. From Christ 198.

The City of Lyons was of Albinus's ſide, even all the Inhabitants were Chriſtians.

Severus took that occaſion to perſecuteSeverus perſecutes the Chriſtians. St. Ireneus Martyr. the Faithful. He put to Death a great Number at Lyons, and among them their holy Biſhop Ireneus.

Severus ſpent the two laſt Years of this Age, in making War againſt the Parthians; from whom he took Babylon, Cteſiphonte, and all Meſopotamia. From Chriſt 200.

The Third Age.

SEverus in his Return from that War, came to Aegypt, where he put to DeathSeverus n Aegypt. many Chriſtians, who were conſtant in profeſſing their Faith. From Chriſt 201.

Among others, Leonidas, a Citizen ofLeonidas Martyr. Alexandria, Father to Origen, who was about ſixteen Years old; Clement of Alexandria, Clement. the famous Maſter of that renowned Diſciple, did fly from the Cruelty of thoſe Perſecutors. From Christ 203.

Tertullian writ his Apologetick, and Minutius Faelix his Octavius; two excellentMinutius Faelix. Pieces in favour of the Chriſtians, to defend them againſt the Calumnies thrown upon them.

Severus, after he had triumph'd at Rome, for his Parthian Conqueſt, paſſed over to Great Brittain, to reduce thoſe IſlandersSeverus in Great Brittain. who had revolted. From Chriſt 208.

Which he accompliſh'd in one Year's time; and after that, ſtayed there two Years, and there died of the Gout; attendedHe there dies. with an extream Grief, occaſioned by an inveterate Hatred between his twoCaracalla and Geta his Sons, and Succeſſors. Sons, Baſſianus, Sur-named Caracalla, and Getd. From Chriſt 211.

Theſe two Brothers came to Rome, by two different Ways, where they were received by the Senate, and People, to reign together.

But their Hatred increaſed ſo highly between them, that the eldeſt BrotherThe eldest kills his Brother. killed the other in his Mother Julia's Arms. From Christ 213.

Then he put to Death many great Perſons, becauſe they would not approve of his Fratricide. Among others, the famous Civilian Papinian who being ſollicited by Caracalla to defend the Murder he had committed, anſwered him boldly, That it was more eaſie to commit a Crime, than to juſtifie it.

Papinian had for his Contemporaries, Paulus, and Caius, of the ſame Profeſſion;Learned Men. Philoſtratus, Alexander, Aphroditius, and Cenſorinus, flouriſh'd at that time.

Baſſianus Antoninus Caracalla, being very much touch'd with Remorſe for this horrid Crime, and his other Cruelties, which made him to be hated at Rome, took occaſion to depart from thence, under pretence of making War againſt the Parthians. While he was there thus employed, Materianus, Governor of Rome, writ to advertize him, that there was a Conſpiracy againſt him, of which Macrinus, a Captain of the Praetorians, was chief. The Letter fell, by chance, into the Hands of Macrinus; who having peruſed them, haſtened to accompliſh his Deſign, cauſing Caracalla to be killed by a Centinel, and immediatelyCaracallas's Death the Centinel himſelf was Murchered, that the Conſpiracy might not be diſcovered; by which means he got to have the principal charge of the Army, and eaſily influenc'd them to proclaim him Emperor. From Chriſt 217.

Zepherinus Biſhop of Rome, and Succeſſor to Victor died that Year.

Macrinus made a Peace with the Parthians, Macrinus his Succeſſor. and retired to Antioch; while he ſtayed there with his Son Diadumenes, whom he had Aſſociated to the Empire, Maeſa corrupted the Army in Phaenicia with Money, and cauſed a Boy to be Proclaimed Emperor, who was her Grandſon by the Daughter ſhe had of the Emperor Caracalla. Macrinus at firſt deſpiſed that Faction which was headed only by an Old Woman and a Child; but his Leiutenants having before been defeated, The Death of Macrinus and Diadumenes. he himſelf was afterwards ſlain in a Battle with Diadumenes his Son and Colleague. So Baſſianus better known by the name of Heliogabalus, was firſt acknowledged Emperor in the Eaſt, and afterwards at Rome. Heliogabalus. From Chriſt 218.

The World endured this deteſtable Prince for the ſpace of four Years, at the end of which, the Horrors of his monſtrous Life being become inſupportable to the very Soldiers, they killed him. From His Death Chriſt 222.

His Couſin Germain, Marcus Aurelius, Alexander Severus his Succeſſor. Alexander Severus, a Prince as Virtuous as his Predeceſſor had been Vitious, was choſe in his place.

Ulpian an excellent Civilian, and the chiefeſt of the Praetorian Bands, but an inveterate Enemy to the Chriſtians, put to Death a great many for confeſſing their Faith, among whom was Caliſtus Succeſſor Biſhops of Rome. to Zepherinus Biſhop of Rome.

During the firſt Six Years of Alexander Severus, the Empire was at Peace. This Young, but excellent Prince applied himſelf to redreſs the diſorders which were introduc'd into all parts of the Empire, in the time of the former Reigns. From Ch. 228.

He accumulated to this, the Glory he acquired by his Arms in the War againſt War againſt the Perſians. the Perſians. Artaxates, or Artaxerxes, a Prince of that Nation reſigned to him his Soveraignity, after he had overcome and killed in Battle Artaban the laſt King of the Parthians, of the race of the Arſacides. The end of the Arſacides. From Chriſt 229.

In this Emperors abſence, Urbinus the Prefect of Rome, put to Death another Urbin, Biſhops of Rome. who was Biſhop and ſucceeded Caliſtus. From Chriſt 231.

The War againſt the Perſians laſted three Years, but Alexander concluded it with very great Glory and advantage to the Romans. The exploits of Alexander Severus. He ſtaid ſome time in the Eaſt to ſet in order thoſe Provinces; then he returned to Rome to reap the Honour of a Magnificent Triumph, after which he paſt over into Gaule to ſtop the revolt of the Germans. But the Soldiers not being able to ſuffer that ſeverity of Diſcipline, to which he had inured them, killed himHis Death. before he paſt over the Rhine. From Ch. 235.

Rome never injoyed a Prince more accompliſh'd in all kinds of Virtues, butHis Virtues chiefly for Juſtice, having exactly practiſed, that beſt of Maxims, which forbids to do that to another, we would not have done to our ſelves. It is believed he had learn'd it from his Mother Mammea, who had imbued him with that Moral of Chriſtianity, in which ſhe had been inſtructed by Origen.

Maximus Succeſſor to Alexander Severus, Maximus his Succeſſor. and principal Author of his Death, was as Vitious as his Predeceſſor had been Virtuous; he perſecuted the Chriſtians, of whom he put to Death a great number, among whom was Pontianus Biſhop of Rome, who ſucceeded Urbin, as alſo Anteros Succeſſor to Pontianus. From Chriſt Biſhops of Rome. 236.

The Army in Africk proclaimed for their Emperors their two Generals, the two Gordians Father and Son, but theyThe two Gordians, Father and Son Emperors. were preſently killed by Capellinus their Enemy, Governor of Mauritania: In the mean time the Senate declared Emperors two Senators, Pupienus Maximus, and Celius Balbinus, to whom to pleaſe the Soldiers, they joined the young Gordian Grandſon to one, and Son to the othe Gordian, who were killed in Africk.

Maximus quitting the deſign of making War againſt the Sarmatians, paſt into Italy Their Death and beſieged Aquilia, which held out, fo the Emperors declared by the Senate, bu the Soldiers killed him and his Son of the ſame Name, and of the very ſame humo of his Father. From Chriſt 237.

Soon after the Praetorian bands kille their two Emperors choſe by the SenatePupienus and Ballinus Emperors with the young Gordian. ſo the young Gordian remained ſole Emperor: He was carried to the War againſt the Perſians, which laſted three Years, and became glorious to the Romans, by the Conduct of Miſetheus, a Perſon of very great Prudence and Courage, who was Father-in-law to Gordian: But Philip one of the chifeſt Officers of the Army, having poiſoned Mizetheus, and perſwaded the Soldiers to kill Gordian, the traterous The Death of Gordian. Murtherer was proclaimed Emperor by the Army. He was an Arabian, tho' ſome Writers ſtile him a Chriſtian, but therePhilip his Succeſſor. was not the leaſt appearance of it, for his Cruelties and Treacheries did not at that time agree with the Rules of Chriſtianity.

This new Prince made a very advantageous Peace with Sapor King of Perſia; then he came to Rome, where he celebrated with great Magnificence, the Thouſandth The 1000 Year of Rome. Year from the Foundation of that City. From Chriſt 247.

The Goths, a People originally of Scy hia The Gochs invade the Empire. paſt the Danube, and plac'd themſelves on that ſide of the Lands of the Empire. There was ſent againſt them Decius, a Perſon of high Merit, and one of the Senators: The Army in Panonia, having proclaimed Philip their Emperor, he with his The Two Philips killed. Forces march'd againſt Decius, but being come to Verona, his own Soldiers killed him, while the Praetorian Bands did the like to his Son of the ſame Name, whom he left at Rome.

So Decius being acknowledged EmperorDecius Emperor. by the Armies, he was alſo declared with great Joy by the Senate and People. He was indued with excellent Qualities, but he was an utter Enemy to the Chriſtians, againſt whom he ſtirred up a moſt cruel The Perſecution of the Chriſtians Biſhop of Rome. Perſecution; among a great number of Martyrs he made to ſuffer, was Fabian Biſhop of Rome, Succeſſor to Antheros Before Chriſt 250.

This perſecution though it was very bloody, yet it laſted not long; for this cruel Emperor was ſlain in the War againſt The Death of Decius. the Goths in Panonia, one part of the Army being cut to pieces by the Barbarians; Gallus his Succeſſor. the other part who had not fought, proclaimed Gallus Emperor, who was their chief Commander. Corelius, Biſhop of Biſhops of Rome. Rome, Succeſſor to Fabian, Sealed by Faith the effuſion of his Blood. From Chriſt 352.

Under the Pentificat of this Cornelius, the The firſt Schiſm at Rome. firſt Schiſm broke out in the Church of Rome. Novatus a Prieſt of Carthage being come to Rome, had that Intereſt to cauſe the Novatian Prieſt to be elected Biſhop, in oppoſition to Cornelius, pretending he had been too indulgent in admitting to the Peace of the Church, thoſe who were fallen from Chriſtianity, in the time of the Perſecution.

Gallus and Volutianus his Son and ColleagueGallus and Valutianus Emperor. in the Empire, gave themſelves up to all pleaſure at Rome, while the Perſians ravaged Syria, took and plundered Antioch.

And the Goths did the like in Greece, yet the latter were moſt of them cut in pieces by the Romans, under the conduct of Aemilianus, who after this glorious exploit,Aemilianus Emperor. The Death of Gallus and Volutianus. And of Aemilianus. Valerian Emperor. was proclaimed Emperor by the victorious Army. Gallus and Volutianus left Rome, and march'd together to fight him, but before the two Armys could meet, both Father and Son were killed by their own Soldiers. Aemilianus, was afterwards overcome and ſlain in Battle by Valerian, who was then acknowledged Emperor. From Chriſt 253.

He cruelly perſecuted the Chriſtians, and among the great number, he put to Death for their Faith, was Lucius Biſhop of Biſhop of Rome. Rome, Succeſſor to Cornclius; then followed Stephanus and Sixtus the Second, and in Africk, St. Cyprian Biſhop of Carthage; St. Cyprian. there had been great diſputes in Writing between this Holy Man, and Stephanus Biſhop of Rome upon two Subjects; the firſt concerning the appeal of ſome Prieſts of Africk, addreſt to the See of Rome, by that means to avoid the correction of their own Biſhops. The other ſubject was, upon a Queſtion touching the validity of Baptiſm adminiſtered by Hereticks, St. Cyprian being for the Negative, and Stephanus for the Affirmative.

The famous Origen died in Paleſtine, The Death of Origen. where he had retired in a deep Melancholy, becauſe his Biſhop Demetrius of Alexandria had layed to his charge erronious Opinions.

The Emperor Valerian making War againſtValerian made priſoner by the Perſians. the Perſians, was overcome and took Priſoner by Sapor their King, who kept him in a ſhameful and baſe Captivity; while Galienus inſenſible of this high Diſgrace, paſt his time at Rome in all Pleaſure and Luxury, which gave occaſion to many Governors of Provinces, to aſſume the Title of Emperors, each in his The 30 Tyrants. Gallienes ki led. peculiar Government. They were Thirty in number who were called Tyrants. Gallienus was killed by the Captains of his Guards, who could no longer endure his vitious way of living. Claudius the ſecondCladius the ſecond his Succſſor. Aureolus, one of the Thirty Tyrants kill'd was put in his place, and received with Joy by the Senate for his good Qualities; he went preſently againſt Aureolus, one of the Thirty Tyrants who Governed Illyria, he overcame him, and ſlew him in Battle. From Chriſt 268.

Denys, Biſhop of Rome, and Succeſſor to Biſhop of Rome. Sixtus the Second died a Martyr.

Claudius having paſt into Greece, there defeated a great Army of the Scythians, who had made an irruption into thoſe parts. All who eſcapt that overthrow, retreated to a Mountain; Claudius encompaſt them with his Army, and ſo ſtraightly block'd them up, and kept them from all manner of Proviſions, that the Plague was got among them, from whence it infected the Roman Army, where many died; The Death of Claudius. Quintilius his Succeſſor. Aurelian Emperor. and among the reſt, the Emperor Claudius, as alſo his Brother Quintilius choſe to ſucceed him by the Army, who upon his Death, ſet up Aurelianus in his place, and their choice was approved by the Senate. From Chriſt 270.

There remained of the Thirty Tyrants only Macrian in Aſia the leſſer, and Poſthumius Macrian and Poſthumius two of the 30 Tyrants. Zenobia. in Gaule; theſe two were powerful enough to make the Emperor fear them, bur Aurelian having overcome them one after the other, marcht into Syria againſt Zenobia Queen of Palmerina, the Widow of Odenatus; ſhe had the Courage to maintain for her Sons the Title of Emperors, which her Husband had aſſumed while he Reigned. Aurelian highly eſteemed the Victory he had obtained over this brave War-like Queen; and bringingOvercome. her to Rome, bound with Chains of Gold, and enrich'd with pretious Stones, made her the nobleſt Ornament of his Triumph. From Chriſt 274.

Aurelian having accompliſh'd all theſe Affairs, moſt cruelly perſecuted the Chriſtians, The Chriſtians perſecuted. Biſhops of Rome. of whom he put to Death a great number for their Faith, and among the reſt, Faelix Biſhop of Rome Succeſſor to Denis.

Aurelian preparing to make War againſtAurelian kill'd. the Perſians, was killed by the Treachery of one of his Secretarys, whom he had threatned, and who fearing the effect of his menaces, ſeduc'd ſeveral Officers of the Army, perſuading them that the Emperor deſigned their Death.

It was very ſtrange that there happened no trouble in the Empire, during an interregnum of ſeaven Months, in all which time the Army and Senate had complemented each other about the right of Election; at laſt the Senate abſolutely refuſing to Elect, obliged the Army to name an Emperor, who was unanimouſly received, called Claudius Tacitus: He highlyClaudius Tacitus Emperor. His Death. Florian his Succeſſor. Probus Emperor. deſerved it for his great parts, but the Empire injoyed him only Seven Months; his Brother Florian who ſucceded him, Reigned but Twenty Days. From Ch. 277.

Aurelius Probus their Succeſſor, was generally approved by all the Noble Degrees of the Empire with great reaſon, being endued with exceeding rare Qualities, ſuitable to his Name.

During the five Years he Reigned, he ſuppreſt all the deſigns of thoſe who affected Tyranny in ſeveral Provinces of the Empire, and drove out of its limits all the Barbarians, who infeſted them: But the Soldiers not being able to endure that great ſeverity of Diſcipline, to which he reſtrained them, kill'd him, and put inHis Death. his place Carus, Praefect of the Praetorian Bands, who aſſociated to the Empire hisCarinus and Numerianus Emperors. Sons Carinus and Numerianus. From Christ 282.

The Perſecution being revived againſt the Chriſtians, Eutichius Biſhop of Rome, Biſhops of Rome. and Succeſſor of Faelix ſuffered Martyrdom.

Carus purſued the deſign of Probus, and obtained great advantages over them; but as he was reſolving to purſue them with more Force and Vigour, he fell ſick and The Death of Carus. died, whether of his Sickneſs, or by a Fright occaſioned by a dreadful Tempeſt of Thunder, which killed many of his Army, and wept ſo much for the death of his Father, that he was fain to be carried in a cloſe Litter: Aper his Father-in-law who tookNumerianus killed. that occaſion to kill him ſecretly, hoping by that means to attain to the Empire. He concealed this Murther for ſome days, but it being diſcovered by the nauſeous ſmell of the dead Body, the Soldiers killed the Murtherer, and proclaimed EmperorDiocleſian Emperor. one of their chiefs called Diocles, who adding ſome Letters to his Name; called himſelf Diocleſian.

This new Prince march'd preſently againſt Charinus, the Son of Carus, who being informed of what had happened in the Eaſt, took his way on that ſide to fight his Competitor. They met in Panonia, where Charinus was overcome and killed in Battle; ſo Diocleſian being Conqueror, was received Emperor by the SenateMaximinian, Hercules Aſſociates to the Empire. Maximinian Galerus and Conſtantius Chlorus. and People, and with their Conſent aſſociated to the Empire Maximinian Hercules. Four years after the two Emperors took the Title of Caeſars, Diocleſian, Maximinian Galerus, Armentarius. Maximinian took Conſtantius Chlorus, the great Grandchild of the Emperor Claudius the Second. In the terrible perſecution that Diocleſian raiſed up againſt the Chriſtians, as infinite number of the Faithful ſuffered Martyrdom, and amongſt them Caius the Succeſſor to Eutychius Biſhop of Rome. From Biſhop of Rome. Christ 296.

The four Princes Triumph'd magnificentlyThe Triumph of the Four Princes. at Rome, having victoriouſly driven out the Barbarians, each of them from that part of the Empire, where they waged War againſt them. From Christ 298.

This Age was peſtered with many Hereticks;Hereticks. among others Sabellius, an EnemySabellius. to the Holy Trinity: In like manner was Paul of Samoſatus Biſhop of Antioch. Paul of Samoſatus. Manes. Manes, who aſſerted two new Principles, ſhe one Good and the other Bad. The Fathers of the Chriſtian Church did notFathers of the Church. exactly ſet down in what Year of this Age Origen died.

Gregorius Thaumaturgius, Biſhop of Neoceſaria, Gregorius Thaumaturgius. Arnobius. Flouriſh'd at that time, as alſo Arnobius who writ againſt the Gentiles, and againſt Porphyrius, an Apoſtate to Chriſtianity, Jamblicus was his Diſciple. ThePagan Authors. moſt remarkable Hiſtorians of this Age were Herodian, who writ in Greek EightHerodian. Books of the Roman Emperors. Dion Dion Caſſian. Caſſian writ alſo in Greek in the time of Severus, a Roman Hiſtory, compriſing the ſpace of 981 Years. Julius, Capitolinus, Aelius, Lampridius, Flavius, Vopiſcus, Spartianus, Vulcatius, Gallicanus, who were almoſt all contemporary Authors of the Imperial Hiſtory.

The Fourth Age.

THe Perſecution againſt the ChriſtiansMercellinus Biſhop of Rome. ſtill encreaſing, Marcellinus Biſhop of Rome perſevering in his Sufferings, obtained a crown of Martyrdom, From Ch, 301. ſays Theodoret, againſt what ſome had Writ, that he fell into Idolatry, as he confeſt in the Councel of Sinueſſa before 300 Biſhops there preſent; but there is little likelihood, that in the time of ſo terrible a Perſecution, when the poor Chriſtians hid themſelves, that ſo many Biſhops could be aſſembled. From Chriſt 304.

By the reſigning of Diocleſian, and ofDiocleſian and Maximian reſign the Empire. Conſtantius Chlorus. Maximinian Galerus. Severus and Maximin Emperor. Maximinian Hercules, the Empire remained in the power of Maximinian Galerus; Armentarius and Conſtantius Chlorus, who divided it in that manner, that Maximinian had the Provinces of the Eaſt, and Chlorus thoſe of the Weſt. Maximinian Galerus adopted his two Nephews Caeſars, Severus and Maximin, at the very ſame time that Maxentius the ſuppoſed Son of Maximinian Hercules made himſelf Maſter of Rome, and there ſtood for Emperor; ſo that when Severus came to Beſige it, he found him ſo very ſtrong, that he was forc'd to raiſe his Siege, retreating to Ravenna, where Maxentius Beſieged him. From Ch. 306.

Theſe diſorders cauſed Maximinian Hercules to write to Diocletian, to perſuade him to reaſſume the command of the Empire; but Diocleſian anſwered him like a Philoſopher, and remained in his retired way of Life, yet Maximinian left his Retirement, and having reaſſumed the Marks and Title of Emperor, came to the Siege of Ravenna, and under pretence of a Treaty of Peace, to bring Severus out of the City, and having him in his power, he cauſed him to be Strangled; but as he intreaguedSeverus ſtrangled. with the Soldiers to bring them over to Maxentius, they deteſting his baſe proceedings, expelled him ſhamefully. He fled into Gaule to Conſtantine, Conſtantius Chlorus the Father of Conſtantine being dead in great Britain, his Son had there beenConſtantin Emperor. ſaluted Emperor by the Army, then having paſt into Gaule, he was there acknowledged with the ſame Title; his Wife Minervina was then dead, by whom he had a Son named Criſpus; he not only received Maximinian into his favour, but made him his Father-in-law, by marrying his Daughter Fauſta: But Maximinian having taken meaſures to ſeduce the Army of Conſtantine, his own Daughter to whom he had imparted his deſigns, diſcovered it to her Husband, ſo the Traytor was obliged to fly, but being followed very cloſe, he was at laſt taken in the City of Marſeilles, where he was ſtrangled either byMaximinian ſtrangled. the command of Conſtantine, or that he ſtrangled himſelf out of Deſpair. From Christ 309.

In the mean time Maxentius was Maſter of Rome and all Italy, where he exerciſed very great Tyrannies, eſpecially againſt the Biſhop of Rome. Chriſtians; he put to death Marcellus, Succeſſor to Marcellinus, but Euſebius who ſucceeded Marcellus, died of a fit of Sickneſs at the end of two Years, having held the See but two Years. From Christ 311. The 〈◊〉 agai ſ Conſtantin and Maxentius. The Viſion of the Croſs.

The Romans wearied with the Tiranny of Maxentius, ſent for Conſtantine to help them. It is ſaid that being on his way, he beheld the Viſion of a Croſs ſhining with a moſt glorious Light, that appeared to him in the Air at Noon-day, with an Inſcription that promiſt him Victory, which made him ſend for Rheticius Biſhop of Autune, he having ſeen the ſame Viſion near that City, ſo that by the care of that Holy Biſhop, Conſtantin being fully inſtructed in the truth of Chriſtianity, made publick profeſſion of it; all the Cities of Italy which he found in his way ſurrendered voluntarily. At his approach to Rome, there was a Bloody Battle between him and Maxentius, in which after a vigorous Reſiſtance, Maxentius was overcomeMaxentius's Death. Conſtantin Emperor. and ſlain; ſo that Conſtantine was received with Triumph at Rome, and with a general Joy was acknowledged Emperor throughout the Weſtern parts.

It was in this remarkable year that the Roman Indiction began, which was the The Roman Indiction. Revolution of Fifteen Years, beginning at the year of Rome 1065, the number that makes Seventy one Fifteens.

After the Death of Severus, Maximinian Galerus had created Caeſar Licinius, his oldCaeſar Licinius. Companion in Arms; a little while after Galerus died of the louſie Diſeaſe, ſo the Empire was divided between Conſtantine, who had all the Weſtern parts except Illyria and Panonia; Licinius was maſter of Greece and Thrace, and Maximin poſſeſt the Provinces of Aſia.

Licinius having eſpouſed Conſtantia the Siſter of Conſtantine, theſe two Emperors made an Edict in favour of the Chriſtians, The Death of Maximin. Maximin continuing to perſecute them, till at length he died at Tharſus of a languiſhing Diſeaſe. The Provinces under his Government fell to Licinius; then Conſtantine and Licinius condemned by an Edict the memory of Maximin as a Tyrant. From Christ 314.

Diocleſian died the Year before of a naturalDiocleſians's Death. Diſtemper, as ſome Write, or as others will have it, that he poiſoned himſelf out of deſpair, to find the Chriſtians were ſo much favoured by the two Emperors.

Melchiades Biſhop of Rome died the ſame Biſhops of Rome. Year, he had been appointed with ſome other Biſhops of Italy by Conſtantine, to examine The Donatiſts. the Schiſm of the Donatiſts in Africk, who refus'd to acknowledge Cecilian Biſhop of Carthage, becauſe he had been put in the place of Menſurius, accuſed to have delivered the Books of Holy Writ to the Idolaters, during the Perſecution.

Conſtantine employed the following ten The Exploits of Conſtantine. Years, in ſeveral Expeditions againſt the Barbarians, who attack'd the Frontier Provinces of the Empire; in all which he ſucceeded with great Glory: For he defeated them in all Rencounters, ſo that they were diſabled to make any further Attempts againſt him.

Licinius, who had only favoured the Chriſtians, in Complaiſance to Conſtantine, diſcovered at length his Averſion to them: Whereupon Conſtantine took that occaſion The Quarrel between Conſtantine and Licinius. to fall out with him. This Rupture brought them to a Battle, in which Licinius was overcome. Conſtantine pardoned him, becauſe he was his Brother-in-Law: But Licinius finding himſelf freed from this firſt Misfortune, raiſed another Army, and was again defeated, near Chalcedon. At that time Conſtantine compell'd him to reſign his part of the Empire: The Vanquiſh'd taking it for a Favour, that the Conqueror had given him his Life, ſuffering him to live at Theſſalonica.

But as he could not be ſatisfied to live in Peace, and as he ſtill endeavoured by his ſecret Practices, to ſet up his Party again, Conſtantine ordered him to be ſtrangled. The Death of Licinius From Chriſt 324.

Thus Conſtantine Reigned ſole Emperor,Conſtantine ſole Emperor acknowledg'd as well in the Eaſt, as in the Weſt.

The Empire being then at Peace, Conſtantine applied himſelf to make Juſtice and Piety flouriſh; and endeavoured to give that Peace and Quiet to the Church, ſhe had not 'till then enjoyed; having been not only turmoil'd abroad, by the Perſecutions of Idolaters, but harraſs'd at home by the Opinions of Hereticks; particularly of thoſe who were called Arrians, fromArrius the Heretick. the Name of Arrius, a Prieſt of Alexandria, an Enemy to the Divinity of Jeſus Chriſt.

To redreſs this inteſtine Diſorder of the The Council of Nice. Church, Conſtantine commanded a Council to be aſſembled, of a great Number of Biſhops, in the City of Nice, in Bythinia. From Christ 325.

There they condemned the Errors ofArrius condemned. Arrius, and conſequently made Canons of Diſcipline, and Eccleſiaſtical Polity: Particularly they ordained the Paſchal Cycle,The Paſchal Cycle, or the Golden Number. called the Golden Number, containing the Lunary Revolutions, compleated in Nineteen Years; to the end, that by that, all the Churches might regulate their Celebration of Eaſter.

This Year was fatal to the Family of Conſtantine, by the Death of Criſpus, whom The Death of Criſpus, the Son of Conſtantine. Conſtantine had by Minervina, his firſt Wife: Fauſta, his ſecond Wife, having in vain ſollicited this young Prince, to gratifie the Paſſion ſhe had for him: His refuſal, made her to accuſe him, of ſolliciting her Chaſtity. Conſtantine unadviſedly believing her, put his Son to Death; and after that, did the like to Fauſta; having diſcovered her The Death of Fauſta, his Wife. Treachery, by putting her into a Bath, which he cauſed to be heated boyling hot: And this to comfort his own Mother, Helena, afflicted to extremity, for the Death of her Grand-child.

In the mean time, Chriſtianity flouriſht,Chriſtianity receiv'd. under the Protection of this mighty Prince; inſomuch, that powerful Nations abroad, embrac'd the Truth of the Goſpel.

The Abyſſinians, by the means of Edeſius, In the Indies. and Frumentius, Brothers, whoſe Father, Meropius, a rich Merchant of Tyre, had brought them young into Abyſſinia, when they were grown up Men they preach'd the Goſpel with that ſucceſs, that they built there many ſtately Churches; which were approved of by Athenaſius, Biſhop of Alexandria, who ordained one of the Brothers, Biſhop of thoſe parts; who came from thence, to give him an Account of what they had done there, relating to the Church.

A Woman, taken in the Wars, by the In Iberia. Iberians, gave them their firſt Knowledge of the Goſpel: So that when they had embrac'd it, they addreſs'd themſelves to Conſtantine; who ſent them Preachers to perfect their Inſtruction.

He alſo ſent others into Armenia, to Tyridates, In Armenia. King of that Country, who had been called to the Faith of Chriſt by a Viſion. From Christ 328.

The two following Years were alſo very remarkable, from the Foundation of New Rome; which, from the Name of itsConſtantinople, New Rome Founder, was called Conſtantinople, upon the Boſphorus of Thrace, in the place wher was the ancient Byzantium. There he erected Buildings, as well publick as private; which were ſo numerous and magnificent, as rendred it not inferiour to ancient Rome.

He eſtabliſh'd the ſame Conſtitution of Government, with the very ſame kind of Magiſtrates as at Rome, deſigning that it ſhould be the Seat of the Empire. From Christ 330.

Conſtantia, Siſter to Conſtantine, and Widow to Licinius, had, among her Domeſticks, a Prieſt, in outward appearance a Man of Vertue, but proved to be an Arrian: Conſtantia dying, recommended him to her Brother, the Emperor. This Prieſt having inſinuated himſelf into the Emperor's The Affairs of the Arrians. Favour, perſwaded him, That Arrius had been unjuſtly condemned; and that he ought to be heard a ſecond time. Conſtantine complied, and being deceived by this Arch-Heretick, he ſent Arrius back to his Church in Alexandria.

But Athenaſius, who was then Biſhop,Athenaſius Biſhop of Alexandria. refuſing to receive him, the Enemies of Athanaſius aſſembled a Council at Tyre; where he was condemned by the Arrians, who were there very numerous; and afterwards was baniſh'd to Treves; where he was kindly received by Conſtantine, eldeſt Son to the Emperor, and by Maximus, Biſhop of that City. From Christ 336.

Silveſter Biſhop of Rome, and Succeſſor Biſhops of Rome. to Miltiades, died.

Arrius triumphing in his Re-eſtabliſhment, came to Conſtantinople; where diſpoſing himſelf to enter by Force into the Church, he died in a moſt ſhameful manner: As is related by the Eccleſiaſtical The Death of Arrius. Writers.

Conſtantine finding himſelf very much The Death of Conſtantine. weakned, by a Diſeaſe that made him to languiſh for a long time; he was baptized in the Suburbs of Nicomedia, and died a few Days after.

As Euſebius of Caeſarea reports, in his Book of the Life of this Emperor; who aſſiſted at his Baptiſm: Which ſhews the falſeneſs of what others have writ, a long time ſince: That Conſtantine had received this Sacrament at Rome, from the Hands of Silviſter; with all the Circumſtances they remark'd, as true as the pretended Donation of Rome; which they alledge Conſtantine made to this Pope, and to his Succeſſors.

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Conſtantine left behind him three Sons who, according to their Father's Teſtament, ſhared between them the Empire.

Conſtantine, the eldeſt, had the Gauls His three Sons Emperors. Spain, Germany, and the Brittannick Iſles.

Conſtance, the ſecond, had Thrace, with all the East, comprizing Aegypt.

Conſtant, the third, Italy, Illyria, Greece, and Africk.

They Reigned in Peace for three Years at the end of which, Conſtantine ſhewing that he was not content with his own ſhare ſet upon Conſtant in his own Country; their two Armies met, near Aquilia, where Conſtantine being killed, before he was The Death of Conſtantine the Second. acknowledged, the Provinces under his Rule, ſubmitted themſelves to Conſtant.

Conſtantine the ſecond, with his Brother Conſtant, making a conſtant Profeſſion of the Faith of the Council of Nice, had prevailed with Conſtance to re-eſtabliſh Athanaſius in his Biſhoprick; but he was again put out by a Council held at Antioch; the Number of the Arrians prevailing againſt the Orthodox Party.

But he being return'd to Rome, Biſhop Julius, Succeſſor to Marcus, did there Biſhops of Rome. aſſemble a Council, who aſſerted the Innocency of Athanaſius.

The Eaſtern Biſhops, who had not been at that Council, did not acquieſce to it; and therefore call'd another Council, compoſed of Biſhops of both parts of the Empire, The Council of Sardis. to aſſemble at Sardis, in the upper part of Illyr a.

Oſius, Biſhop of Cordova, was there choſe to preſide over 170 Biſhops, who were there met, as well Eaſtern as Weſtern: As the Number of the laſt was ſomewhat greater than the firſt, it was ſo decreed, that Athanaſius ſhould be re-inveſted in his Biſhoprick: But the Eaſtern Biſhops reaſſembled at Philippolis, in Thrace, and there Aſſembled at Philippolis. made Decrees contrary to thoſe of Sardis. However, Athanaſius did not fail to return to his Church: For Conſtance could not refuſe to re-eſtabliſh him, by reaſon of the preſſing Inſtances that Conſtant urg'd in his behalf. Conſtant was truly Orthodox as to his Faith, but given up to his Pleaſures, neglecting much the Care of his Affairs, it was eaſie for Magnentius, one of the chief Officers of his Army, to take away his Life, and to cauſe himſelf toConſtant killed by Magnentius the Tyra •• . be received Emperor, by the Army, in Rome it ſelf.

Conſtance having heard the News, while he was making War againſt the Perſians, made a Peace with them, and created Caeſar, his Couſin Gallus, to Govern in hisGallus Caeſar. Abſence in the Eaſt, and ſo marched Weſtward, againſt Magnentius. From Christ 350.

This War laſted two Years before the two Armies came to a deciſive Battle; at laſt it was fought near to Murza in Pannonia. Magnentius was there worſted, butMagnentius 〈◊〉 come. not ſo much as to hinder him from retreating in good Order, towards Gaul. Conſtance followed him, and wholly routed his Army near Lyons. The Vanquiſh'dKilled himſelf. kill'd himſelf out of Deſpair, after he had with his own Hands killed his Mother, and ſome of his neareſt Relations. From Christ 353.

Conſtance thereupon being acknowledg'd ſole Emperor, exercis'd his Power moſt cruelly towards his Couſin Gallus Caeſar; The Death of Gallus Caeſar. whom he put to Death upon light grounded Suſpicions; and even againſt the Orthodox Biſhops, who agreed to the Deciſions of the Council of Nice; to which Conſtance was averſe, being an Arrian: SoConſtance an Arrian. that he expelled Athanaſius from his See, and perſecuted him, even to the Hazard of his Life. From Christ 355.

They put in his place a moſt wicked Man, called Georgius, who committed a thouſand Miſchiefs in that Church.

Liberius was likewiſe expelled at the See of Rome, becauſe he had ſupported Athanaſius. Biſhops of Rome.

In the place of Liberius, they put the Deacon Faelix, upon Condition he ſhould favour the Arrians: He was ordained by three of their Biſhops.

The Perſecution againſt the Orthodox Divines was ſo ſevere, that Hoſius and Liberius Hoſius & Liberius. were forc'd to yield, by the Cruelties they ſuffered in their Exile; and ſigned to the Arrian Confeſſions, framed in the Councils held at Sirmium, in Pannonia, by the Arrian Biſhops.

By this means Liberius got leave to returnLiberius re-eſtabliſh to his Church; yet he could not be eſtabliſh'd there, but with great Violence; and Faelix oppoſed him in the ſame manner. There were many Perſons killed on both ſides; and even Faelix himſelf, accordingFaelix depoſed. to ſome Writers; yet others ſay, that he ſurviv'd his being depoſed.

The Confuſion was very great in the Church, by the infinite Number of Confeſſions of Faith, which were made in divers places, of which the moſt part of them were Arrians.

To redreſs theſe Diſorders, two Councils were aſſembled, one in the Eaſt, at Seleucia; the other in the Weſt, at Rimini. The Council of Seleucia, and of Rimini.

But in both Councils, the Arrian Biſhops being far more numerous than the Orthodox, the latter being overpower'd, the Arrians prevail'd: So that the Miſchief was thereby ſo much increaſed, that, as St. Jerome teſtifies, the whole World was aſtoniſh'd to find themſelves Arrians, and ſigh'd for it. From Christ 359.

However, the Council of Selucia did one good Act, in re-eſtabliſhing St. Hillarius, St. Hillarius Biſhop of Poitiers A Council at Conſtantinople. Ulufilus Biſhop of the Goths. Biſhop of Poitiers, in his Dioceſs; from whence he had been baniſh'd for being Orthodox.

A third Council that Conſtance aſſembled at Conſtantinople, added to all thoſe general Ills, this one in particular, that Ulufilus, Biſhop of the Goths, was there infected with the Contagion of Arrianiſm, and afterwards all that Nation, by his Example.

While that Council was held, Conſtance ordered to be brought to Conſtantinople, in very great Pomp, the Bodies of St. Andrew the Apoſtle, St. Luke the Evangeliſt, and Timothy, St. Paul's Diſciple, upon a Revelation he reported to have had of the place of their Burial.

Julius Conſtantius, Brother to the Father of Great Conſtantine, had left two Sons, viz. Gallus Caeſar, whom Conſtance, as has been mentioned, had put to Death; and Julian, who having alſo been created Caeſar, Julian Caeſar. by his Couſin Conſtance, and made Governor of Gaul, behaved himſelf ſo well in that Charge, and with ſo much Glory, that having driven out, many times, the Barbarians, who made Incurſions into that Province; the Army which he commanded, raviſh'd with his greatPro laimed Emperor. Courage and Conduct, proclaim'd him Emperor Auguſtus; which he accepted, tho' he had been expreſly forbid by Conſtance, to aſſume that Title.

Conſtance had employ'd himſelf three Years in a War againſt the Perſians; over whom he had got ſo great Advantages, that they freely offered Propoſals of Peace: To which he agreed, deſiring to be freed of that Buſineſs, in order to compoſe thoſe of more Conſequence in Gaul.

But in his way thither, he was ſtopt at Antioch, by a moſt deſperate Fit of Sickneſs; which made him to be baptized; which he neglected to do, according to the Cuſtom practis'd at that time by great Perſons, eſpecially by Princes.

This Sacrament was adminiſtred to him by Euzoius, Biſhop of Antioch, an inveterateEuzoius an Arrian. Arrian, whom thoſe of that Sect had plac'd in that See, in oppoſition to Melecius, whomMelecius Orthodox. they had firſt of all ſeated there, believing he would have favoured them; in which they were miſtaken, for Melecius was Orthodox. From Chriſt 361.

Conſtance being ſomewhat recovered in his Health, purſued his Journey, but went not very far; for he was again ſtopt by his Sickneſs, at a little Town in Cilicia, whereConſtance his Death. he died, aged Forty five Years, having reigned Twenty four.

A little while after, Julian coming toJulian the Apoſtate Emperor. Conſtantinople, was there received Emperor, without any difficulty.

This was that Julian, Sur-named, The Apoſtate; becauſe he turn'd Pagan, after he had been brought up in the Chriſtian Religion.

During the firſt two Years of his Reign, he endeavoured to ruine Chriſtianity, by all the Ways he could invent. He was kill'd in a Battle againſt the Perſians, by aHis Death. Blow from Heaven, as ſome write; or, as others will have it, by an ordinary Accident of War. However, it may be ſaid of him, and of his Predeceſſor, that both being endowed with excellent Parts, 'twas great pity, that one ſhould be ſeduced by the Arrians, and the other by the Idolaters.

After the Death of Julian; the ArmyJo ian Emperor. gave the Title of Emperor to Jovian, or Jovinian, one of their principal Officers, who had all the good Qualities, yet none of thoſe ill ones of his two Predeceſſors: So there was great hopes of a proſperous Reign, had he ruled longer than eight Months, at the end of which he died. From His Death. Christ 364.

After his Death, the Army ſet up in his place, Valentinian; who immediately choſeValentinian, and Valens Emperors. his Brother, Valens, to be his Colleague. Theſe two Emperors ſharing the Management of their Affairs; Valentinian paſſed into the Weſt againſt the Germans, who had revolted; Valens ſtayed in the Eaſt, to oppoſe Procopus, a Prince of the Houſe of Conſtantine, who had took the Title of Emperor. A Battle was fought between them, near Nice; where Procopus was overcome,Procopus overcome, and killed. took Priſoner, and was afterwards beheaded. From Christ 365.

Liberius Biſhop of Rome, being dead, Biſhop of Rome. there aroſe a Schiſm, which was reckon'd to be the ſecond of that Church, between Damaſus, a Spaniard, and Urcin, or Urciſin, a Roman; each being elected by two different Factions of the Clergy and People: Which was carried on with ſo much Violence and Animoſity, that 130 Men were killed in a bloody Diſpute between the two Parties, in the very Church where they were aſſembled for that Election. From Christ 367.

Of the two Emperors, Valens was anValens, an Arrian. Arrian, and perſecuted the Orthodox. His Brother Valentinian being Orthodox, madeValentinian Orthodox. it his Buſineſs to procure the Peace and Proſperity of the Weſtern Church. He was fortunate in the War againſt many of the barbarous Nations, who invaded Germany; particularly againſt the Quades; he reduc'd them to beg Peace, by their Embaſſadors. Valentinian being extreamly offended at the wretched Mien, and miſerable Equipage of thoſe Embaſſadors, put himſelf into ſo violent a Paſſion, and exclaimed againſt his own, and the Empire's Misfortune, to be concerned with ſuch beggarly Enemies, that he broke a Vein in his Breaſt; of which he died, loſingHis Death much Blood. He was fifty Years old, and had reigned twelve Years. From Christ 375.

This News being brought to Treves, where Gratian, his eldeſt Son, then was; this young Prince was ſaluted Emperor, Auguſtus, Titles his Father had beſtowed on him, in his Life-time.

The Army in Pannonia, where the FatherGratian and Valentinian II. Emperors. died, gave the like Title to the ſecond Son, the young Valentinian. His eldeſt Brother Gratian, at firſt was diſpleaſed at it; but at length he approved of it, as well as Valens, Uncle to theſe two Princes.

The Goths had poſſeſs'd themſelves of thoſe Countries bordering on Tanais. The Huns, who came out of Scythia, as the others drove them out, and forc'd them to make their Abode elſewhere. So ſoon as they were entred into Thrace for that purpoſe, Valens went againſt them, to drive them out; but he was overcome by them The Death of Valens. in a Battle, and being purſued, was burnt in a Peaſant's Cottage, where he was retired. From Christ 378.

By his Death, Gratian finding himſelf oppreſs'd with the Weight of Affairs, diſcharg'd himſelf of half of it, by aſſociating Theodoſius to the Empire. He was SonTheodo 〈…〉 ſſoc ated to the Empire. to another Theodoſius, a Perſon of high Merit, who had rendred conſiderable Services to the Empire, under Valentinian, and Valens: The Son inheriting the good Qualities of his Father, in a ſhort time made himſelf famous, by expelling the Goths from Thrace, which they had miſerably ravaged, after their Victory over Valens. From Chriſt 379.

Macedonius, Biſhop of Conſtantinople, deniedMacedonius an Enemy to the Holy Ghost. The first Council at Conſtantinople. the Divinity of the Holy Ghoſt. Theodoſius, a very Orthodox Prince, cauſed a Council to be aſſembled at Conſtantinople; where the Fathers condemned this Hereſie, and depoſed Macedonius; in the place of whom was put Nectarius, a Perſon moſt worthy of that Dignity. In that Council they declared, That the Biſhop of the ſecond Rome, ſhould from that time be the next in Rank to the Biſhop of the firſt, and ſo by Conſequence to take place of thoſe. of Alexandria, and Antioch.

Maximus, Governour of Great Britain, The Revolt of Maximus. had cauſed himſelf there to be proclaimed by the Army; then paſt over into Gaul, made himſelf Maſter of that Province; ſurprized, defeated, and killed Gratian; The Death of Gratian who had many excellent Qualities, and no ill ones.

Conen Meriadec, a Britiſh Prince, had paſtConen Meriadec, a Britiſh King. over the Sea with Maximus; and ſetling himſelf with the Troops of his own Nation, in the Maritime part of Gaul, which was afterwards called Little Brittany, where he erected a Monarchy almoſt for twelve Ages. From Chriſt 383.

The Death of Damaſus, Biſhop of Rome, Biſhops of Rome. which hapned in that Year, did not put an end to the Schiſm of that Church: For tho' Syricius was there choſe in the place of Damaſius, Urſicinus ſtill pretended, that his Election was good. From Chriſt 384.

Maximus being Maſter of the Iſle of Britain, of Gaul, and of Spain, entred Italy with ſo great an Army, that Valentinian not being in a Condition to make Head againſt him, fled, with his Mother Juſtina, to Theſſalonica, where Theodoſius then lay.

Maximus having likewiſe reduc'd Italy, advanc'd towards Aquilia, where he ſtay'd, reſolving to wait for Theodoſius; who was marching towards him to fight him.

Theodoſius being arrived with his Army, they fought, in two Days, two bloody Battles: In the laſt of which, Maximus was wholly routed, and taken Priſoner. Theodoſius was willing to ſave his Life; but the Soldiers judging him unworthy of that Favour, killed him, againſt the Emperor's Pleaſure.

So that Valentinian was re-eſtabliſh'd inMaximus overcome, and killed. the Weſtern Empire, which he peaceably enjoyed four Years; at the end of which Arbogaſtus, a Gaul, one of his principal Commanders, diſcontented, becauſe he had taken away ſome of his Commands, cauſed him to be ſtifled in his Bed, by the The Death of Valentinian II. Grooms of his Bed-Chamber, whom he had corrupted to do it.

This Prince was but Twenty ſix Years old: His Mother, Juſtina, being an Arrian, had infected him with that Hereſie; but he renounced it after her Death.

Arbogaſtus had that great Power in the Army, that he prevailed with the SoldiersEugenus, Tyrant with Arbogaſtus to proclaim Eugenius Emperor; a Man of mean Extraction, whom Fortune had raiſed to great Commands. This was the Cauſe of another Civil War. Theodoſius ſpent two Years in making Preparations for it: And all that time the Tyrants reigned in the Weſt.

At length Theodoſius march'd againſt them; the Armies met, and fought, near to Aquilia. The Tyrants being defeated, Arbogaſtus killed himſelf; Eugenius beingArbogaſtus and Eugeneus killed. taken Priſoner, ſuffered Death by the Executioner.

Theodoſius did not long enjoy the Fruits of that great Victory; which made him ſole Maſter of the Empire: He had been for ſome time troubled with a Dropſie, his Diſeaſe increaſing at Millan, where he came after the Defeat of the Tyrants, he fell extreamly ill, and died in that City, atTheodoſius's Death the Age of Fifty, having reigned ſixteen Years.

There was but two things to be blamed in him: That he made Laws to deprive Hereticks of their Eſtates and Liberties, unleſs they would renounce their Errors. The other was. The Murthering of a great Number of Theſſalonians, to puniſh their Inſolence, who reſiſted his Power by a Sedition. Being reprehended by St. Ambroſe for that Cruelty, he expreſs'd ſo great a Repentance for it, that his Contrition, joyned with his other excellent Vertues, may ſerve for a Pattern to all Chriſtian Princes.

By his laſt Will and Teſtament, he divided the Empire between his two Sons, Arcadius, and Honorius; and accordinglyArcadius and Honorius Emperors. the eldeſt took poſſeſſion of the Eaſt, the other of the Weſt.

They were both diſturb'd at firſt with the Revolt of Rufinus, a Prefect of the Praetorian Bands, who brought an Army of Barbarians into Thrace, and of Gildon who plaid the Uſurper in Africk; but theſe Diſorders were preſently quelled by the death of the Traytors. Theodoſius held the firſt Oecumenical Council at Constantinople. In his time lived St. Austin, St: Jerome, and Claudian the Poet.

Syricius Biſhop of Rome, died after he B ſhops of Rome. had the Happineſs to ſee the end of tha Schiſm, which the Election of Urſicinu had cauſed in that Church; Syricius was the firſt who declared againſt the Marriage of the Clergy. From Chriſt 398.

The laſt Year of this Age, ſaw the riſe The Revolt of Gainas. and fall of the Revolter Gaianus, who was by extraction a Barbarian: His great Conduct and Experience in the trade of War had raiſed him to be General of Honorius his Army; the ſervices he had done for him, made him pretend to have a Church in Conſtantinople for thoſe of the Arria Sect, of which he was a favourer, which the Emperor refuſing by the perſuaſion of St. John Chriſoſtom, Biſhop of Conſtantinople. The diſdain to be refuſed, provok'd Caianus to Ravage Thrace with that Army he commanded; this Tumult was as violent, as it was ſhort liv'd, being extinguiſh'd in a little time, by the death of the Author, the Officers of the Army being Loyal to the Emperor. From Christ 400.

So at the end of that Age, both the Empires were at Peace, excepting among theHereticks. Monks who contended about different and erronious Opinions.

There were ſome who were called Originiſts, Originiſts who held falſe Opinions attributed to Origen.

Anthropomorphites were thoſe who attributedAnthropomorphytes. Priſcillianiſts. to God a Humane Figure.

Priſcillianiſts were the followers of Priſcilian a Spaniard, and a Perſon of Quality, who had received old Errors of the Gnoſticks, of the Sabellians, and the Manicheans: This Priſcillian was the firſt who was put to death by the Chriſtians for his Religion; after his Errors had been condemned by a Council held at Burdeaux, ſome Biſhops inflamed with an outragious Zeal, perſuaded the Tyrant Maximus to cut off his Head.

The Photinians, followers of Photinus, Photinians. Biſhop of Syrmium, were the worſt of all the Arrians. The Appollinariſts had forApollinariſts. their Authors the two Appollinarys, Father and Son; one a Prieſt, and the other a Reader in the Church of Laodicea, who denied the Diſtinction of Perſons in the Holy Trinity.

The Antidichomarianites, who denied theAntidichomarianites. Collyd ans. Virginity of the Mother of our Saviour.

The Collydians, on the contrary ſo called, becauſe they offered great Cakes to the Holy Virgin, in the way of Sacrifice.

The Luciferians who were only a ſort ofLuciferians. Schiſmaticks, who refuſed to Communicate with thoſe of the Communion of Milecius, Biſhop of Antioch.

The Fathers of the Church who flouriſh'dFathers of the Church. in this Age, were Macairus the Antient Monk of Aegypt; Optatus Biſhop o Mileva in Africk; Bazilius Biſhop of Caeſarea in Cappadocia; Gregory his Brother Biſhop of Niſſena; Gregory of Nazianzer Euſebius of Verceil, Ambroſius of Millan, an Martinus of Tours.

The Fifth Age.

IN the firſt Year was Born a Son to The Birth of Theodoſius. Arcadius, called Theodoſius.

The next year Died Anaſtatius Biſhop of Biſhops of Rome. Rome, and Succeſſor to Syricius.

The five following Years were fatal to the two Empires; to the Weſtern part, by the Ravaging of the Vandalls, who entered there under the Command of Godegiſil Godegiſil King of the Vandalls. their King. To the Eaſtern, by the perſecution of Eudoxa, Wife to the Emperor Arcadius, againſt St. Chryſostome Biſhop of Conſtantinople, even St. Epiphanius Biſhop of St. Epiphanes. Salamina in Ciprus, with moſt of the Eaſtern Biſhops who oppos'd him in complaiſance to the Empreſs, and depos'd him in an Aſſembly held at Constantinople, upon the reſult of which he was ſent into Exile, The Death of S . Chriſoſtome. The death of Arcadius. Theodotius the Second. where he died of the Miſerys they made him endure. From Chriſt 407.

Arcadius died at the Age of Thirty Two Years, leaving his Son Theodoſius about Seven Years Old, under the Protection of Iſdigerdes King of Perſia, who acquitted himſelf of that Charge with great care and fidelity. From Chriſt 408.

At that time flouriſh'd Auſonius a Gaule, Learned Men. Prudetius a Spaniard, Venantius Portunatus an Italian, but Biſhop of Poiters, who were as well Poets, as Chriſtians.

In the Weſt, Honorius having put to The death of Stillicon. Alaric. King of the Goths. Rome twice taken Death his Father-in-law Stilicon, accuſed to have held Intelligence with Alaric King of the Goths. That King revenged his Death with great Cruelty; for in the two following Years he twice took Rome, and laid it waſte in a moſt deſolate manner; then adding Mockery to his Cruelty, he gave the Title and Ornaments of Emperor to one Attalus, a man of obſcure Birth, andAttalus the falſe Emperor. then diveſted him of them, when he was diſguſted with him. From Christ 410.

Honorius was at Ravenna, and ſaw all theſe lamentable and ſhameful Miſeries, not being able to redreſs them, but the The death of Alaric. Aſtolfus his Succeſſor. death of Alaric gave him ſome reſpite.

Astolfus or Adolphus Succeſſor to Alaric, made a Peace with the Romans, upon conditions that Honorius ſhould conſent to Marry his Siſter Placidia with Astolfus, and that the King ſhould Reign quiet Poſſeſſor of that part of Gaule, called Narbonenſis, which Alaric had conquered. From Christ 411.

So Honorius being no longer diſturbed, by this ſo formidable power, found the means to chaſtize by his Lieutenants threeThe Ty ants p 〈…〉 ſh'd. Tyrants, who in the time of the laſt Miſerys in Italy, had took on them the Title of Emperors, viz. Conſtantine with Jovian his Son in Gaule, Maximin in Spain, and Heraclian in Italy.

But he could not hinder ſeveral Foreign Nations, to eſtabliſh themſelves powerfully in many of the principal Western Provinces which they had invaded, and was forc'd to ſuffer the Sweves in Andalouzia Sweves. Vandalls, and Allains in Spain. Burgundians in Gaule. the Vandals, and the Allains in part of Baetica, which from their name was alſo called Andalouzia; he was conſtrain'd to give the like ſuffrance to the Burgundians, who had poſted themſelves in that part of Gaule, which from their Name is ſtill call'd Burgundy. The Huns who could not poſſiblyHuns in Panonia. be driven out of Pannonia, gave the Name of Hungary to that Province.

Astolfus having broke his Peace with the Romans, was forc'd again to begit of them, by the great advantages that Cantance a Lieutenant General of Honorius had gain'd over them; but the Goths, thinking this Peace diſgraceful to them, kill'd Aſtolfus who had made it, and put in his place Kings of the Goths. Sigerie, who dying about a Year after, had Vallius to ſucceed him, who agreed with Honorius on reaſonable conditions, which pleas'd the Goths, to wit, That beſides that part of Gaule, called Narbonenſis, they ſhould have a part of the Country of Spain, which bordered on the Mediteranean. From Christ 415.

Innocentius Biſhop of Rome, Succeſſor to Biſhop of Rome. Anaſtatius died. Zozimus who ſucceeded Innocentius, held the See but Sixteen Months: After his Death there aroſe a Schiſm in that Church, between Boniface A Schiſm in the Church of Rome. and Eulalius, both choſen by a party of the Clergy and the People. From Christ 418.

The French deſcended from Cherſoneſus Cimbrike, advanc'd towards the Maine, and gave to the Country where that River paſſes the name of Franconia, which it ſtill retains.Pharamond King of the French. The death of St. Jerome. They choſe for their King Pharamond, who is recorded to have been the firſt King of that Nation. From Christ 420.

St. Jerome, a very Learned Perſon in the Holy Scripture, and the Hebrew Language, died at Bethlem, where he retired himſelf from Rome: He had been Secretar to Pope Damaſus, but being Secandalized at the Luxury of the Roman Clergy, he went over to Palestine, where he lived a long time like a Monk; he had brought over with him Paula, and his Daughter Eustochia, the beſt qualified Ladies in Rome. After he had made a great Friendſhip with Ruffinus a Prieſt of Aquilia, he broke it offRuffinus. with him when he found him to be an Origeniſt.

He writ moſt ſeverely againſt Vigilantius, Vigilantius. a Spaniſh Prieſt, who was an Enemy to the unmarried Clergy; he alſo vigorouſly oppos'd the Errors of Helvidius, whoHelvidius denied the Honour due to the Holy Virgin, Mother of our Saviour.

At this time flourriſh'd Paulus Oroſius, Paulus Oroſius. Author of the Seven Books of the Univerſal Hiſtory, from the Creation of the World to his time. The Emperor Honorius The Death of Honorius. died of a Dropſie, Aged Thirty Nine Years, having Reign'd Twenty Eight: Some time before his death, he conferred the Title of Emperor Auguſtus, on Constance his Brother-in-law, who marry'd Placidia, Widow to Aſtolfus King of the Goths. Conſtance died not long after he was Marry'd, leaving Valentinian his Son under the Tuition of his Mother Placidia, ſhe and her Son lived at Conſtantinople when Honorius died; ſo Italy being deſtitute of the Royal Preſence of the Princes,John the Tyrant. John a Prefect of the Praetorian Bands, took upon him the Title of Emperor.

Placidia having heard of it, marches with her Son to Fight the Tyrant, who was taken by ſurprize at Ravenna, by the means of ſome Officers, faithful to the Princes: He was brought Priſoner to them at Aquilia, when they there were, and where the Rebel had his Head cut off;His Death. ſo the Empire was divided between theTheodoſius the 2d. and Valentinian the 3d. Emperors. Biſhops of Rome. two Couſins, Theodoſius the Second, and Valentinian the Third: The firſt keeping his Court at Conſtantinople, and the other at Rome. From Christ 423.

Boniface Biſhop of Rome, and Succeſſor to Innocent, died in the ſame Year as Honorius the Emperor.

Count Boniface, Governour of Africk, incenſed on a falſe Accuſation, that Placidia Regent of the Weſtern Empire, deſign'd to put him out of his Government, called T •• Vandalls in Africk. Genſeric their King. The Death of St. Auguſtin. the Vandals out of Spain into Africk, of which they eaſily took Poſſeſſion under the Conduct of Genſeric their King.

St. Auguſtin, Biſhop of Hippo, in the ſame Province of Africk, died a little before the taking of that City by the Vandalls.

This Great Father of the Church oppoſed the Errors of the Manichees, though he had been infected with them in his Youth; he boldly Combated againſt the Errors ofPelagius, th Heritick. The Council of Carthage and of Mileva. Pelagius, who at that time declared himſelf an Enemy to our Saviour Chriſt. They were Condemned in two Councils held at Carthage, and at Mileva at the ſame time.

Pelagius had two Diſciples, Celeſtius and Julien; Celeſtius was wholly of the Opinion of his Maſter, Julien was not altogether of that Opinion, but acknowledged a neceſſity of the Grace of Jeſus Chriſt, for the Converſion, and intire accompliſhment of Salvation, he affirmed, that the Beginnings and Inclinations depended on the will of Man.

John Caſſian, a Monk, who had been aJohn Caſſian. Diſciple of St. John Chriſoſtome, being retired to Marſeilles, infected the Prieſts and Monks of that City, and all thereabouts, with this Error of Semipelagianiſm.

Proſperus of Aquitaine oppoſed it moſtProſperus of Aquitaine. Vigorouſly in Gaule, as his Maſter St. Auguſtin had done in Africk.

At this time flouriſh'd in Gaule, Severus Sulpitius, Author of the two Books of theLearned Men. Sacred Hiſtory. And in the Eaſt, Theodoret Biſhop of Cir, who Writ the Eccleſiaſtical Hiſtory from Conſtantine to Theodoſius the Younger.

Genſeric, King of the Vandals, took Carthage, Carthage taken. and made it the Metropolis of the Kingdom he Eſtabliſh'd in Africk.

In the ſame Year Theodoſius aſſembled a The Council of Epheſus againſt Neſtorius. Council at Epheſus, to enquire into the Opinion of Neſtorius, Biſhop of Conſtantinople, who aſſerted two Perſons in Jeſus Chriſt. This Error was condemned thereCyrillus Biſhop of Alexandria. by the Council, in which preſided Cyrillus Biſhop of Alexandria; John Biſhop of Alexandria in Thrace, pretending that that precedency belonged to him, becauſe that Epheſus depended on his Metropolis, and had drawn away ſeveral Biſhops to its Faction; among others, Theodoret Biſhop of Cir, with whom he had Aſſembled another Council in the ſame City of Epheſus, not to countenance the Errors of Neſtorius, but to demonſtrate that they had miſtaken the Forms of Proceeding. In the mean time Affairs were embroiled to that Degree, that the Emperor not being able at firſt to diſcover the Truth, impriſoned Cyrillus and Neſtorius, but at laſt being better informed of the juſtice of the Cauſe, he ſet Cyrillus at Liberty, and ſent Neſtorius The Death of Neſtorius. to utter Baniſhment, where he died Miſerably. From Christ 432.

Caeleſtin, Biſhop of Rome, died the Year Biſhops of Rome. after that Council was held: He had there his Legats, who Subſcribed to the Condemnation of Neſtorius, who had been already Condemned at Rome, in a Council which had been there Aſſembled by the ſame Caelestin.

Sixtus, the Third, his Succeſſor held the See Eight Years, during which time all was very quiet in the Church. From Chriſt 440.

But the Church was again diſturbed inEutychus the Heritick. the East by Eutychus, a Prieſt and Abbot of the Monks of Constantinople, who by an Error contrary to that of Nestorius, aſſerted but one Nature in Jeſus Chriſt; he found ſo many Adherents among the A falſe C uncil at Epheſus. Eastern Biſhops, that a great number of them being Aſſembled at Epheſus; his Error was approved of in that falſe Council, where things were carried with that Violence, that Flavian who had been madeFlavian Biſhop of Conſtantinople. Biſhop of Constantinople, in the place of Nestorius, for having oppos'd the Judgment of the Council that favoured Eutychus, ſuffer'd Martyrdom, not by the hands of the Pagans, but by thoſe of Barſumas an Abbot, and of Dioſcorus Biſhop of Alandria, and Preſident of the Aſſembly From Chriſt 449.

Theſe great Troubles were redreſt at Pulcheria Siſter to Theodoſius. the return of Pulcheria, to the Court of her Brother Theodoſius.

There had been formerly ſome Diſguſt between her, and her Siſter-in-law Eudoſia, Eudoſia his Wife. which had obliged that Empreſs to retire to Jeruſalem, where ſhe had wholly Devoted her ſelf to Piety and Charity towards the Poor.

From that time, the Eunuch Chriſapius Chriſapius. was become ſo great a Favorite to Theodoſius, that Pulcheria making that Miniſter jealous of her, was removed; but the preſſing neceſſity of Affairs obliged Theodoſius to recall her, ſhe made her Brother highly ſenſible of the ill Conduct his Favorite uſed in Governing the Empire, and of his moſt inveterate Malice to foment the Troubles of the Church; ſo the Eunuch having been puniſh'd as he deſerv'd, the Government was Re-eſtabliſh'd in its right Method: The Emperor perſwaded by his Wife and pious Siſter, reſolved to Aſſemble a Council, to Redreſs the Diviſions of the Church; but he could not execute his Reſolution, being prevented by Death, which ſeized on him that Year, in The Death of Theodoſius. the Fiftieth of his Age, and the Forty Third of his Reign.

A Prince without Vice, Pious and of an extraordinary Good Temper, but Weak and very eaſie to be Governed by thoſe who were near him. From Chriſt 450.

He dying without Iſſue, the Senate, People, and Soldiers, choſe with a common ſuffrage, Martian for their Emperor,Martian Emperor. who from a common Soldier, roſe by his Valour and great Conduct, to the higheſt Commands in the Army: Pulcheria havingPulcheria Marrys him. procur'd by her Intereſt, to raiſe him to this high Dignity, marry'd him on this Condition, as the Hiſtorians of that time have Written; That they ſhould live Chaſtly together as Brother and Siſter. From Christ 451.

A little while after, by the Authority of the two Emperors, Valentinian and Martian, a Council was Aſſembled of Six HundredThe Council of Chalcedon. and Thirty Biſhops in the City of Chalcedon.

The Errors of Eutychus were there Condemned, and their Author Baniſh'd, as alſo ſome Biſhops his Adherents; among others, Dioſcorus Biſhop of Alexandria. The Council, confirmed what had been already Decreed, by that of Conſtantinople under Theodoſius the Great, touching the Equality of Precedence, between the Biſhops of Rome and Conſtantinople, notwithſtanding the Diſpleaſure reſented by the Legats of Leo, Biſhop of Rome.

Attyla King of the Huns, was come withAttyla King of the Huns. a formidable Army, which reach'd from the Banks of Tanais, even unto the heart of Gaule, Ravaging and Deſtroying all that dared to oppoſe him. The City of Orleans refuſed to Surrender, and while he beſieged it, Aetius Prefect of the Gaules, made a League with Meroveus King of the French, Theodorick King of the Goths, and Gondicar King of the Bu gundians, againſt this common Enemy. The Confederates came to meet him before Orleans, with their united Forces; ſo ſoon as they approach'd, Attyla raiſed the Siege and retreated; they follow'd and overtook him in the Cataulaunike Plains, where they overcome him with a mighty Slaughter ofOvercome near Chalons. Men. After this great Overthrow, he retired into Illyria, where he gathered together another Army greater then his firſt; he came back into Italy, took and deſtroyed Enters into Italy. Aquilia, and after that, all the other Towns he paſt through, ſo that he might have gone even to Rome, if he had not been diſwaded from going there by Biſhop Leo, who came to meet him, and prevailed with him to March another way.

He paſt a ſecond time into Gaule, where Is again defeated in Gaule. he was once more Defeated by Toriſmond King of the Goths, and Sangiban King of the Allanes; ſo being forc'd to retire, he ſtopt in Panonia with his Huns, from whom Panonia, called Hungary. that Province was called Hungary: There as he was Celebrating his Nuptial with a Young Lady, a Daughter of the King of the Bactrians, who voluntarily had followed him, he Gorged himſelf ſo Exceſſively The Death of Attyla. with Eating and Drinking, that it choak'd him. From Chriſt 352.

The People round about Aquilia, and other neighbouring Counties of the Continent, to preſerve themſelves from the Fury of Attyla, retired to the Iſlands, at the end of the Adriatick Sea; which gave there the firſt Beginning to that wonderful City, which from the Name of Heneti, or Veneti, was called Venice; which by proceſs ofVenice. time, is become chief of a powerful Republick.

The Britiſh Iſlanders being infeſted by the frequent Incurſions of the Scots, or Picts, applied themſelves to Aetius, Prefect of the Gauls, to help them againſt their cruel Enemies.

He could not well ſupply them with Succors, having to deal with Attyla, and other Barbarians, who ravaged Gaul.

Whereupon the Britains implored the Aid of the Saxons: Who came over under the Command of Hengist, with ſo vaſt an Army, that in a little time they became Maſters of that Country; which took the Name of England.

Whether it was from the Angles, the The Saxons in Britain. chief People of the Saxons; or elſe from Hengist, by Contraction with the Word Land, which ſignifies the Earth; from The Name of England. whence was derived the Name of England.

Valentinian was an imprudent Prince, and was alſo wicked and debauch'd: He The Death of Aetius. put to Death Aetius, Prefect of the Gauls, upon falſe grounded Suſpitions of his Fidelity: And to fill up the Meaſure of his great Injuſtice, he made uſe of a cunning Stratagem, to violate the Wife of the Senator Maximus, Grand-ſon to that Maximus, who had taken the Title of Emperor, and had been overcome and killed by Theodoſius the Great.

This laſt v •• lent Act of Valentinian, coſt him his Life: For the Wife of that Senator died with extream Grief, for the irreparable Injury ſhe ſuſtained. Her Husband to Revenge himſelf, ſeduc'd the Soldiers; The Death of Valentinian III. who without making it known who did ſet them on, killed Valentinian.

So Maximus having made an IntereſtMaximus Emperor. with the Paetorian Bands, they proclaimed him Emperor; and the Senate acquieſs'd to it more willingly, becauſe, he married Eudoxia, Daughter to Theodoſius the Younger, and Widow to Valentinian. From Ch. 455.

Maximus reap'd ſmall Advantage by his Treaſon; he was ſo indiſcreet, to diſcover the Secret to his new. Wife thinking by that means to give her a full Aſſurance of his Loyal Love: But the only Effect it wrought upon her, was to make her reſolve to Revenge the Death of her firſt Husband, by that of the Second: To which end ſhe privately ſollicited Genſeric, King of the Vandals, to come into Italy. Where he arrived with that Expedition, that Maximus being not in a Condition to reſiſt him, fled from Rome to ſave himſelf in the Mountains; but he was ſtoned toMaximus killed. Death by the People, enraged againſt him for his baſe Flight. From Christ 456.

Three Days after Genſeric had entred Genſeric takes Rome. Rome, and waſted it more cruelly than the Goths had done, he had not time to ruine it utterly: For the Winter approaching, obliged him to ſet Sail for Africk, to ſecure the vaſt Riches he had plundered, and the great Number of Illuſtrious Priſoners he had taken; among whom were the Empreſs Eudoxia, with her two Daughters, Eudoxia, and Placidia.

After Genſeric was retreated, Avitus was acknowledg'd Emperor of Rome: TheAvitus Emperor. Army of the Gauls having before proclaimed him: But the Romans ſoon grew weary of him; finding his Court compoſed, not only of Gauls, but alſo of Officers and Soldiers of his Army, being the moſt part Barbarians: Finding himſelf to be very much hated for that Cauſe, he willingly reſign'd up the Empire, and retired to Auvergne, his Native Country, to live there as a private Perſon; expreſſing a great Mark of his Moderation and Temper.

Martian, a good and pious Prince, died The Death of Martian as he was deſigning to redreſs the Troubles of the Weſtern Empire.

The Senate and People of Conſtantinople, Leon Emperor. put in his place Leon, who highly deſerv'd that Sovereignty.

He took preſently a Colleague, who was endued with the ſame Qualities: He wasNajoranus. Emperor. called Majoranus, whom he ſent into the Weſt, to ſettle Affairs there in the beſt Order, after the miſerable Ruines the Barbarians had made. All which he effected; for he repaired the City of Rome, ſetled allHis Exploits. things in very good Order and Peace, in the Provinces; then paſt over into Africk, againſt Genſeric; whom he defeated in many Rencounters, beſieged in Carthage, and had, by taking that City, given Satisfaction for the Diſgrace of Rome, if Sickneſs had not ſurpriz'd him; being forc'd to raiſe the Siege, and to go back into Italy. His Death. He was there kill'd by Rycimer; who being originally a Barbarian, had been raiſed to the Dignity of Patrician, by the Emperor Leon; and in regard he commanded the Army that was come with Majoranus, it was not difficult for him to kill this good and brave Prince, and to put in his place the Senator Severus, who came along withSeverus Emperor. him into Italy. From Chriſt 461.

In the ſame Year died Leo Biſhop of Rome, Biſhop of Rome. Sur-named the Great, as well for his extraordinary good Qualities, as alſo becauſe he had done more than any of his Predeceſſors, to eſtabliſh more and more the Grandeur of his See.

The ſame Rycimer, who had killed Majoranus, The Death of Severus killed alſo his Succeſſor Severus, who was very much regretted by the Romans, becauſe he had ſpent the four Years of his Reign, in making War againſt the Barbarians.

After his Death, the Weſtern Empire was two Years without an Emperor; at length Anthemius was ſent there in thatAnthemius Emperor. Biſhops of Rome. Quality.

The ſame Year he arrived at Rome, Hillarius, Succeſſor to Leon, died there.

In the five following Years, they made moſt unfortunately a War againſt Genſeric; A War against Genſeric. which was occaſioned by the Cowardize of Baſiliſcus, Brother-in-Law to Leon, to whom that Emperor had given the Command of his Army.

The ſame Rycimer, who had killed Majoranus, and Severus, murthered alſo Anthemius; Anthemius killed. Olibrius Emperor. and Rycimer dying ſoon after, Olibrius ſucceeded Anthemius; having married Placidia, after ſhe had been ſet at Liberty, and was ſent back into Italy, by Genſeric.

A little while after, Olibrius being dead, The Death of Olibrius. Gondibar, Grand-ſon to Rycimer, and Succeſſor in his Royal Power, raiſed to the Empire Glycericus, who had a great EmployGlicerius Emperor. in the Court of the laſt Emperors.

The Emperor Leo died, leaving his Grandſon The Death of Leo. to Reign in his place, under the Tutelage of Zeno, an Iſaurian, Father of the young Prince, whoſe Mother was Ariadne, Daughter to Leon.

Some time before, there was ſent into Italy, in the Quality of Emperor, Nepos, aNepos Emperor. Perſon of high Birth: Upon his Arrival at Rome, Glicerius willingly reſigned the Empire to him, and retired to Salona, in Dalmatia, where he was Biſhop: From Chriſt 475.

Oreſtes, a Goth by Nation, and Lieutenant to Nepos, in Gaul, revolted againſt The Revolt of Oreſtes him, came into Italy, and forc'd him from thence: He retired to Salona, to Glicerius; ſo he left the Empire of the Weſt to be diſpos'd of by Oreſtes: Who there plac'd his Son Momillus, to whom he gave the Name of Romulus. The Romans, in deriſion, called him Auguſtulus: They had ſoAuguſtulus Emperor great a Diſdain and Hatred, for the Father and Son, they ſent for Odoacres, King of the Herules: He came, conquered, tookOreſtes killed. Priſoner, and put to Death Oreſtes. Then the Romans having acknowledged him for their Chief, Odoacres put Auguſtulus intoAuguſtulus in Priſon. Priſon, where he ſpent the Remainder of his Days. From Chriſt 476.

So Odoacres being Maſter of Italy, theOdoacres King of Italy. Title of Emperor was there changed to that of King; contrary to the laſt Will and Teſtament of the Emperor Leo.

The great Zeno, his Son-in-Law, hadBaſiliſcus Emperor. taken the Title of Emperor; Baſiliſcus, Brother-in-Law to Leo, aſſumed it alſo; and drove Zeno out of Conſtantinople: But for a ſhort time; for Zeno ſoon after reeſtabliſh'd himſelf there, and expelled Baſiliſcus again. From Chriſt 477.

Hunric ſucceeded his Father Genſeric, KingGenſeric dies. Hunric his Succeſſor. of the Vandals in Africk, who died that Year, having Reigned Thirty eight Years, in which time he had much embroiled the Empire.

He gave as great Diſturbance to the Church; for being a fierce Arrian, he moſt cruelly perſecuted the Orthodox: As may be read in the Hiſtory which Victor Victor of Utica. of Utica, has writ of that Perſecution.

There has been already mentioned the Eſtabliſhment of the French Monarchy, Kings of the French. under Pharamond their firſt King.

Clodion had ſucceeded him, Sur-named Le Cheveleux, from the Cuſtom he introduc'd among the Princes of that Nation, to wear long Hair. He had paſt the Rhine, and gained remarkable Victories on the other ſide of that River.

He was afterwards driven out by the Romans, and died as he was preparing to repaſs the Rhine. Meroveus, his Succeſſor, was firmly eſtabliſh'd in Gaul, by the Defeat of Attyla, and by the Death of Aetius; ſo that a part of that Country began to be called France, ſince the time of that King's Reign; from whoſe Name alſo, thoſe of the firſt Line were ſtiled Merovingians. He died, and left a vaſt Dominion to his Son Childeric.

The Adventures of this King, are Recorded in the Hiſtory of France; where may be ſeen, that after he had been Dethroned, and Re-eſtabliſh'd, he conſiderably enlarged his Kingdom, and left it in a very flouriſhing Condition to his Son Clouis. From Christ 482.

Simplitius, Biſhop of Rome, Succeſſor to Biſhops of Rome. Hillarius died. From Christ 483.

The Emperor Zeno, falling into a Fit ofZeno's Death. the Epilepſie, his Wife Ariadne cauſed him to be buried for dead, and the Vault to be cloſed up; being come out of his Fit, he died there moſt miſerably, crying out for help; but all in vain: For the Empreſs had plac'd Guards near the Tomb, to hinder any from taking him out.

Soon after Anaſtatius doubly filled hisAnaſtatius Emperor. place, in his Bed, by marrying Ariadne; and in his Throne, to which he was raiſed by the means of that Empreſs. From Chriſt 491.

Faelix, Biſhop of Rome, Succeſſor to Simplicius, Biſhops of Rome. died: He had condemned two Peters; one of which was Biſhop of Alexandria, Sur-named Mungus; the other of Antioch, called Fullon, Favourers of the Theopaſchytes, Spawns of the Sects of theTheopaſchytes. Eutychians. From Chriſt 492.

Faelix had alſo condemned Acacius, Biſhop of Conſtantinople, becauſe he had conſented out of Complaiſance to the Emperor Zeno; that thoſe two Hereticks might poſſeſs thoſe two great Sees.

Theodoric, Sur-named Veronenſis, from his taking that City, King of the Oſtrogots, or Eaſtern Goths, had rendred conſiderable Services to the Emperor Zeno; and, as a Recompence, he demanded to have his Conſent, (others ſay, Zeno invited him) to make War againſt Odoacre, King of Italy; to which he willingly complied.

So Theodoric having paſt into Italy, there The War between Odoacre, and Theodoric. was a bloody War between him and Odoacre: Both of them behaved themſelves very bravely; ſo that the Buſineſs could not be decided by Arms. At length, Theodoric being more politick, after he had beſieged Odoacre, above three Years, in Ravenna, made uſe of very indirect Ways: He propoſed an Agreement, and during the Treaty, he invited Odoacre to a Banquet, where he had him treacherouſly killed. So endedOdoacre killed by Theodoric The Kingdom of the Oſtrogots in Italy. The French Chriſtians. the Kingdom of the Herules in Italy; and then began that of the Oſtrogots, which Theodoric firmly eſtabliſhed. From Christ 493.

The French embrac'd Chriſtianity with their King Clouis, by the Miniſtry of St. Remy, Biſhop of Reims: Some time before, Clouis had put out of Gaul, all who remained of the Romans; ſo that there was none of them left. From Chriſt 496.

Gelaſius, Biſhop of Rome, Succeſſor to Biſhops of Rome. Faelix, died.

Gelaſius was to be commended, that he made a juſt Collection of the Canonical Books of Scripture, and to have ſet down as Apocriphal, many that paſt before for Canonical. From Chriſt 498.

Anaſtatius the Second, his Succeſſor, having held the See but two Years, there aroſe a Schiſm between Symachus, and Laurentius, both choſe by different Factions of the Clergy and People. This Diviſion cauſed many Diſorders, and alſo Murders, which continued to the End of this Age. From Christ 500.

The Sixth Age.

AT the Beginning of the Sixth Age, the Eaſt afforded nothing remarkable for Hiſtory. From Christ 501.

But in the Weſt, Theodoric expelled out of Pannonia, the Bulgarians, who had made an Incurſion there. From Christ 505.

Clouis had married Clotilda, Niece to The Exploits of Theodoric. Gondibald, King of the Burgundians. This King had put to Death three of his Brothers, one of whom was Father to Clotilda; which occaſioned a War between Clouis and Gondebald; in which the latter conquered the greateſt part of Burgundy, only Savoy, and Provence, remained to Gondemar, Son to Gondebald. From Christ 506.

Clouis added to this Conqueſt; all thatClouis's Exploits. the Wiſigots poſſeſs'd in Gaul; after he had vanquiſh'd, and killed their King Alaric, in a Battle fought near Poitiers; and after that, having overcome Amalaric, the Son of Alari , near Bourdeaux; the Vanquiſh'd fled for Refuge to Theodoric, King of Italy, who was his Grand-father, by the Mother's ſide. And by his help, Amalaric recovered almoſt all he had loſt in Gaul. From Chriſt 509.

This unfortunate Succeſs, with ſome others that attended Clouis, towards the end of his Life, reduc'd him to an extream Melancholly, and ſo very much indiſpoſed him, that he died in his middle Age.His Death. From Christ 511.

According to his laſt Will, his fourHis Four Sons. Sons divided his Dominions among them, and each of them had the Titles of King of the French.

Symachus Biſhop of Rome; Succeſſor to Biſhop of Rome. Anaſtatius the Second died. From Christ 514.

Anaſtatius, Emperor of the Eaſt, had applauded and congratulated the ConqueſtsAnaſtatius Emperor. of Clouis, by a ſolemn Embaſſy, and ſent him the Conſulary Ornaments, with a rich Crown which Clouis conſecrated to the Church of St. Peter's at Rome.

While Anaſtatius reigned, he favoured the Eutychians. He was afraid of Thunder, and built him a round Houſe, to ſecure himſelf from it; but all in vain: For in a violent Storm of Thunder, and Lightning,His Death. he was found dead in his Bed-Chamber, at the Age of 88 Years. From Christ 518.

Juſtin, his Succeſſor, who from a veryJuſtin his Succeſſor low Birth, having been a common Soldier, roſe to the higheſt Command in the Army, and in the Empire. He redreſs'd thoſe Diſorders had been a long time in the Church, by a Schiſm between the Weſtern, and the Eaſtern Churches, occaſioned by Acatius; who notwithſtanding the Excommunications of Faelix, Biſhop of Rome, had diſcourſed with the two Peters, Mungus, and Foulon, Biſhops of Alexandria, and Antioch, who favoured the Theophaſticks.

Hormiſdas, Biſhop of Rome, and Succeſſor Biſhop of Rome. to Symachus, died.

John, who ſucceeded Hormiſdas, was ſent by King Theodoric, in an Embaſſy to the Emperor Juſtin; upon whoſe Head he ſet the Imperial Crown: The firſt that ever was Crowned by the Roman Pontiff.

For which, at his Return, Theodoric under pretence that he had not faithfully acquitted himſelf of his Commiſſion, put him in Priſon, where he died of extream Want. From Chriſt 526.

Theodoric, upon falſe Suſpicions, had putSimmachus and Boetius. to Death Symachus, with his Son-in-Law Boetius, who were qualified for Conſuls, and were Perſons of high Merit: Theodoric being one Day at Table, imagined he ſaw the Head of Symachus, inſtead of the Head of a great Fiſh, ſerved up before him; which put him into ſo great a Fright, that he fell into a violent Fever, of which he died; leaving his Dominions to Athalaric, The Death of Theodoric. Son of his Daughter Amalazuntha, Widow of Euthairc.

Aurelius Caſſidorus, a very Learned, and Orthodox Perſon was Secretary to Theod ric, tho' that Prince was an Arrian, yetCaſſiodorus. The Tripartite Hiſtory. Caſſidorus, after the Death of his Maſter, retired from the World, and compiled many excellent Works, among others the Tripartite Hiſtory taken from that of Euſebius, Socrates, and Zozimenus, adding to it what happened ſince the laſt, even to his Time.

The good and pious Emperor Juſtin dying, had his Nephew Juſtinian for his Succeſſor; The Death of Juſtin. Juſtinian his Succeſſor. who in the beginning of his Reign cauſed to be collected, and put in order the Roman Laws.

Among the Civilians, who labouredTribonien the Civil Lawyer. three Years about them, the famous Trebonianus, was particularly taken Notice of.

This great Work conſiſted of fifty digeſted Books, or Pandects; the four firſt of Inſtitutes, and thoſe which contained the New, or Authentick Conſtitutions. From Chriſt 530.

Faelix the fourth Biſhop of Rome, who Biſhops of Rome. ſucceeded John, died this Year; and had for his Succeſſor Boniface, who kept not the See above eleven Months.

Belliſarius went, by Order of Juſtinian Belliſarius in Africk. his Maſter, to make War againſt the Vandals in Africk; having ruined their Forces in the Field, he beſieged and took Carthage, The end of the Kings of the Vandals in Africk. in which was King Gilimer, and ſo put an end to the Kingdom of the Vandals in Africk, which had laſted Ninety five Years, under four Kings, ſince Genſeric. From Christ 534.

John the Second, Biſhop of Rome, had Biſhops of Rome. ſucceeded Boniface, and Agapetus was Succeſſor to John: Agapetus died in a Voyage to Conſtantinople, where Theodatus, King of the Oſtrogoths, in Italy, had ſent him to excuſe the Murder, that this Theodatus the Uſurper, had committed upon Amalazunta, and her Son Athalaric, who were allied to Juſtinian.

Vitige having ſucceeded Theodatus, Juſtinian ſent Belliſarius againſt him. This great Captain met with the like good Fortune in Italy, as he had in Africk: He made himſelf Maſter of Rome, and took Vitige, whom he brought to Conſtantinople to Juſtinian. From Chriſt 540.

During this War, there hapned a very great Scandal in the Church of Rome: Silverius A Schiſm of Silverius, and Vigilius. had ſucceeded Agapetus; the Deacon Vigilius bad promis'd Theodora, the Wife of Juſtinian, who was an Eutychian, to favour thoſe of that Party, if ſhe would put him in the place of Silverius; which was effected by the means of Belliſarius, who executing the Commands of the Empreſs, turned out Silverius; who died in Baniſhment at the end of two Years, and put Vigilius in his place. From Chriſt 542.

This ſame Year was remarkable by aboliſhing the Conſulates of the Roman Empire.The aboliſhing the Conſulates. It was believed, that Juſtinian did it by the Advice of Trebonianus; who was enraged for having been diſappointed of that Dignity to which he had aſpired.

Hildebauld had been ſet up by the Oſtrogoths Kings of the Oſtrogoths. of Italy, in the place of Vitiges. Then Hildebauld being killed by the Great Perſons of that Nation, they choſe Totyla for their King; who was very worthy of their Choice, as well by his Birth, as by his perſonal Qualities.

Belliſarius had been recalled from Italy by Juſtinian, to go and make War againſt the Perſians; but was again ſent back into Italy to oppoſe T tyla; where Belliſarius Totyla. finding he had not ſufficient Forces to maintain a War with Honour againſt that King, prevailed with Juſtinian to recal him a ſecond time, in order to ſend him againſt the Perſians, who had broke the Peace that Belliſarius had made with them, in the Name of Juſtinian.

So Totyla regained almoſt all that Belliſarius His Exploits had conquered of the Oſtrogoths in Italy, and particularly Rome; all which was done in the ſpace of eight Years. From Christ 550.

In this term of time, hapned the Death of St. Benedict, the famous Inſtitutor of the St. Benedict. Monks in the Weſt. And at that time, Silverius Biſhop of Rome died of the Miſeries he ſuffered in his Exile.

In that ſpace alſo, Vigilius, who uſurp'dVigilius ſent to Conſtantinople. the Sea of Rome, during the Life of Silverius, was ſent for to Conſtantinople, by the Emperor Juſtinian, to anſwer an Accuſation of many heinous Crimes alledged againſt him.

The Hiſtorians differ about the manner how the Emperor received him; yet they all agree, in obſerving the inconſtant variation of the Conduct of Vigilius towards the Emperor; who was then Orthodox, and towards the Empreſs Theodora, Wife to Juſtivian, who was an Eutychian.

The Eaſtern Church being in great Trouble, occaſioned by this Hereſie, Juſtinian ordered a Council to be aſſembled A Council at Conſtantinople. at Conſtantinople, of more than One hundred and ſixty Biſhops.

Vigilius, who was in that City, oppoſed the holding of the Council; but at laſt he was compelled to conſent to it, by the Emperour's Authority. From Christ 553.

The principal Deſign of aſſembling that Council, was to condemn Eutychianiſm, and its Conſequences: But it ſerved only to condemn what was called, The Three The three Chapters condemned. Chapters; againſt which the Emperor did paſſionately proteſt: Which were Propoſitions pretended to favour Neſtorianiſm, and were attributed to three famous Biſhops of the laſt Age viz. Theodorus of Mopſueſta, Theod •• t of Cyr, and Ibas of Edeſſa; tho' in the Council of Macedonia they had been acquitted of all Suſpicion of Hereſie, after a ſtrict Examination of thoſe Propoſitions.

As for V gilius, who was at Conſtantinople, he refuſed to repreſent the Council, becauſe Eutychius, Biſhop of Conſtantinople, had declared, that he would not give place to him; or elſe, that there ſhould be an equality between them.

Vigilius being come to Conſtantinople out The Inconſtancy of Vigilius. of Complaiſance to the Emperor, had condemned the Three Propoſitions; but being very angry with the Council, he retracted his Condemnation, ſending a Declaration of it to the Council. The Emperor offended at this ill Conduct of his, ſent him to Baniſhment; where he remained but a ſhort time, being ſoon after recalled upon his Submiſſion to the Emperor's Will, in approving the Council, and by condemning the Three Chapters.He approved the three Chapters. From Chriſt 554.

By this means he had leave to return to Rome; but before he could arrive there, he died in Sicily. His Death.

Before that time, the Emperor had named for that See, Pelagius, a Deacon; yet gave Liberty to the Romans, to receive for their Biſhop, him, of the two they ſhould like beſt.

By Virtue of this Nomination, and without any other Formality, Pelagius ſtood forHis Succeſſor. Biſhop: Which diſpleaſed the Romans ſo much, that upon his coming to Rome, he found not one Biſhop to Conſecrate him; ſo that this Ceremony was performed by one Andrew, a Prieſt of Oſtia. From Chriſt 555.

Two Years were expir'd, when Narſes, Narſes in Italy. the Eunuch, who had a very Couragious Spirit, and highly experienc'd in the Art of War, went into Italy, againſt Attyla; whom he overcame, and killed in Battle. He became Maſter of Rome, and of many other Citys; in the four following The end of the Kingdom of the Oſtrogoths. Years, he compleated the intire ruine of the Oſtrogoths in Italy, having defeated and killed in Battle Teia, Succeſſor to Totyla. From Chriſt 559.

In the mean time Belliſarius made WarBelliſarius ſent againſt the Perſians. very ſucceſsfully againſt the Perſians, which he ended at laſt by a Peace he made with them to the Glory and Advantage of the Romans.

About the end of this Year died Pelagius, Biſhop of Rome. He was very much Biſhops of Rome. diſguſted by the Romans, both for the manner of his entring upon the Epiſcopate, for his approving the Council of Conſtantinople, and for Condemning the three Chapters, which made the Biſhops of Millan, and Ravenna, to ſeparate from his Communion, and Aſſembled themſelves in A Council at Aquileia. a Council at Aquileia, with the Biſhops of their Provinces, where they declared againſt the laſt Council of Conſtantinople.

The four Sons of Clouis, as has been mentioned, ſhared their Fathers Kingdom.

Clodomir, one of them, was ſlain in a Battle againſt the Burgundians, and his Children were kill'd by their Uncles Clotaire and Childebert, and the Succeſſors to Thierry were extinct in Theobald, who died without Iſſue, ſo that Childebert alſo, leaving no Children, all the French Monarchy devolved to Clotaire, the only remaining Son of Clouis. From Chriſt 560.

He enjoyed this Soveraign power but two Years, after his death, his four SonsFrench Kings. divided again the Monarchy: Childebert was King of Paris, Gontran of Orleans, Chilperic of Soiſſons, and Sigebert of Mets, or Auſtratia. From Chriſt 562.

The Great Captain Belliſarius, died in The Death of Belliſarius. diſgrace with his Prince, and by that means, fell into ſo great Poverty, that Hiſtory obſerves it, as a very extraordinary Example of the inſtability of humane Affairs; though there are ſome Writers, who not only doubt of what has been remark'd of him, but ſay on the contrary, that he died in the greateſt height of Glory and Riches, cheriſh'd by Juſtinian as he deſerved, for the great ſervices he had rendered to the Emperor, and Empire. Others ſay, it was John the Exconſul, who carried on the Wars in Africa after Beliſarius, who was depriv'd of all his Dignities, and reduc'd to Beggary by Juſtinian.

Juſtinian died, he had done things worthy The Death of Juſtinian. of Eternal Memory, but he eclipſed the Glory of them, having ſhowed himſelf too Paſſionate in Buſineſs of very little importance concerning Religion; yet by his Obſtinacy, he diſturbed the Peace of the Church, and was at laſt infected with Eutychian Errors. From Chriſt 565.

Juſtin, the ſecond of that Name, SonJuſtin the II. his Succeſſor. to the Siſter of Juſtinian, ſucceeded him in the Empire. A vicious Prince, and very cruel to one Justin, his near Kinſman, whom he put to death out of Envy, ſugjeſted againſt him, becauſe of the Reputation he acquired by his excellent Qualities.

He was ungrateful to Narſes, whom he treated ignominouſly, after the great Services this brave Eunuch had rendered to The Hiſtory of Marſes. The Lombards in Italy. the Empire, which occaſioned conſiderable Diſorders; for Narſes incenſt by his ill uſage, called the Lombards into Italy.

Neither Be iſarius nor Narſes, are to be thought to have been Eunuchs, according to the common Acceptation of the Word, but rather Lord Chamberlains to the Emperor; Eunuchs being one who looks afther the Chambers of a Prince.

Theſe People, originally from Scythia, had planted themſelves in the Northern part of Germany, from whence invited by Narſes, they were brought into Italy, by Albovin or Alboinus their King, who eaſily became Maſters of Friouli, having taken Aquileia, and afterwards Pavia, and Millan, with all that part of Italy, which from the Name of this People, is ſtill called Lombardy.

In the mean time, Narſes being dead, the Emperor ſent Longinus into Italy with the Title of Exarke; he and his Succeſſors The Exark •• e of Ravenna Biſhop of Rome. in that Command, made their uſual reſidence at Revenna, a Neighbouring City to the Lombards, with deſign to oppoſe them, John the Third Biſhop of Rome, and Succeſſor to Pelagius died. From Christ 572.

Albouin, King of the Lombards, havingAlbouin King of the Lombards at a great Feaſt, made his Wife Roſamunda, drink out of a Cup made of the Scull of her Father; this cruelty ſo incenſed her, that ſhe cauſed her Husband to be kill'd. From Christ 574.

The Lombards put in his place Clophis or Clephes, who died within a Year; the People The Duke of Lombardy. being wearied with the Kingly Government, choſe Thirty Dukes, to whom the Adminiſtration of the Kingdom was committed. From Chriſt 575. Biſhop of Rome.

Benedict, or Bonoſus, Succeſſor to John the Third died. From Chriſt 577.

Juſtin by his Debaucherys, fell into aJuſtin the ſecond's Death. Tiberius the ſecond Emperor. great weakneſs of Body and Mind, and at length died: Tiberius who had Governed, during the infirmity of Juſtin, ſucceeded him at his Death with a general applauſe as his great Qualities deſerv'd, being reproved by his Wife for being too liberal to the Poor; he reply'd, God would repay him, and ſoon after found a vaſt Treaſure, which had been hid by Narſes the Eunuch.

In the four Years of his Reign, the Exarks maintained a War in Italy againſt the Lombards, while Mauritius, the Lieutenant of Tiberius, made War againſt the Perſians, with great Glory and Advantage; ſo that this brave chief, not only obtain'd the Honour of a Triumph, but alſo to marry the Daughter of his Maſter, and to be His Death. Mauritius his Succeſſor. deſign'd his Succeſſor in the Empire; at length Tiberius being dead, Mauritius took his place with the applauſe of the Senate and People. From Chriſt 583.

Lenigildus, King of the Wiſigoths, ſubmitted Kings of the Wiſigoths in Spain. himſelf with all that the Sweve were poſſeſt of, viz. Luſitania, and ſome other parts more Northern of that Country, where ſix or Seven Sweviſh King The end of the Sweviſh Kings in Spain. had Reigned ſucceſſively for the ſpace of a Hundred and Seventy Years.

The Lombards took away the Government Kings of the Lombards. of their States, from their Thirty Dukes, and re-eſtabliſh'd their Monarchy, by ſetting Antaris, rather Autharus on the Throne, the Son of Cleophis, or Clephes, who had been their King.

Under this Antaris, or Autarus, his Subjects who till that time were Idolaters,They become Christians. embrac'd Chriſtianity. But by great misfortune, they who Catechized them, being Arrians, infected them with their Errors.

On the contrary, the Wiſigoths in Spain of Arrians, became Catholicks with their King Ricaredus, the Son and Succeſſor to Lewigildus, Hermenigildus; the Eldeſt, had before made profeſſion of the Catholick Faith, by the perſwaſion of his Wife, a French Princeſs, which cauſed a great difference between this Prince and his Father, who was extreamly bigotted to Arrianiſm, ſo that at laſt they came to an open War, wherein Hermenigildus being taken Priſoner, his Father cauſed him to be beheaded.

Pelagius the ſecond, Biſhop of Rome, Biſhop of Rome. Succeſſor to Benedict, died of the Plague, which deſolated Italy. From Chriſt 598.

Antaris, or Autharus, King of the Lombards Kings of the Lombards. being dead, they gave to Theodolinda his Queen Dowager, the power to name a Succeſſor for her Bed, and for the Throne: She choſe Aigulphus, to whom, as well as to all the Kingdom, ſhe procured the greateſt Happineſs, perſwading them to become Catholicks. In the ſixBecome Catholicks. Years that followed this Converſion, Aigulphus or Egilolphus, enlarged his Kingdom by the conqueſt of Perouſia, Spoletta, Beneventum and Cortona.

Of the four Sons of Clotaire, Charibert Kings of the French King of Paris, dying without iſſue Male, Sigibert King of Metz, and Chilperic King of Soiſſons, quarrelled about the Succeſſion. Sigibert having overcome Chilperick in Battle, took Paris, but he was killed ſoon after by the Intriegues of Fredegonda, whom Chilperic had eſpouzed in the place of Audery his lawful Wife; ſo Chilpric became Maſter of Paris, yet but for a ſhort time: For Frediganda cauſed him to be killed by Landry de la Tour, her Gallant, to preventLandry de la Tour. the Effects of the Kings juſt diſpleaſure, who had diſcovered the Intreagues of Fredigunda and Landry. Chilperic had put to death Meroveus and Clovis, whom he had by his Wife Audery; ſo Clotaire the ſecond, whom he had byFredegunda. Fredegunda, ſucceeded him.

On the other ſide, Gontrian King of Orleans, dying without Children, let by his laſt Teſtament, his Dominions to his other Nephew Childebart, King of Auſtraſia, who by what was left him, becoming very powerful, made a reſolution to revenge the death of his Father on Fredegunda, but he was overcome in Battle by her, who was there preſent, holding in her Arms the Young. Clotaire.

Childebert, being deeply perplex'd, and, aſham'd to have been overcome by a Woman, fell ſick and died, leaving two Sons, Theodobert King of Auſtraſia, and Thierry King of Burgundia both of them underBrunehault. the care of Bruneh ult their Grandmother, the Widow of Sigebert, King of Auſtraſia.

So all the French Monarky being Govern'd by two Women, one as wicked as the other, it was not long before they fell out.

Fredegunda was the more Fortunate; for ſhe had always great Succeſs in War againſt Brunehault, ſo that ſhe left her Son Clotaire in quiet Poſſeſſion of the Kingdoms of Paris and Soiſſons. This Woman though ſhe was guilty of many Crimes, yet died a natural Death.

Aigulphus King of the Lombards, had made Peace with the Exark in Italy; the Emperor Mauritius, alſo concluded a Peace with Coſroes, the Son, Succeſſor and Murtherer of his Father Hormiſdas; and in France, Brunehauld loſt her credit with her two Grandſons. The three Kings lived in great Amity, ſo that there was aA General Peace. General Peace at the end of this Century. From Christ 600.

The learned Men, who lived at that The Learned Men. Jornandes time, were Jornandes a Gothiſh Biſhop, who Writ the Hiſtory of the Wars between his Nation and the Romans. Agathyas, Agathyas. a Grecian, Writ the Hiſtory of Juſtin, and of Juſtinian, with the Exploits of Belliſarius and Narſes.

Count Marcellinus compoſed the AnnalsMarcellinus. from the death of Valens, to the 20th Year of Juſtinian. Evagrius, the EccleſiaſticalEvagrius Hiſtory from the time where Zozomenus ended to the 12th. year of Mauritius. Gregory Gregory of Tours. Biſhop of Tours, the Hiſtory of the French, from the beginning of their Monarky, to the end of this Age.

The Seventh Age.

THe Sclavonians, a people of Scythia, The Sclavonians. paſt the Danube, and and poſſeſt ſeveral Provinces of the Empire, from whence they were expelled by an Army which the Emperor Mauritius ſent againſt them; but this victorious Army having Mutined, proclaim'd Phocas Emperor, onePhocas Emperor. of their chief Leaders: This Rebel marched preſently to Conſtantinople, and made himſelf Maſter of it, where he ſeized on The Death of Mauritius. the Emperor Mauritius, and cut off his Head. From Christ 603.

After he had done the ſame to his Children before their Fathers Eyes, which he endured with a Reſignation and Patience, moſt like a Chriſtian: He was Prince worthy of high eſteem for his great Qualitys, had he not diſhonour'd them by his extream Avarice, of which he gave a moſt cruel Example, upon an occaſion where he ſuffered a great number of Priſoners, taken by the Sclavonians to be ſlaughtered, rather then he would ranſome them at a Crown a head, the Sclavonians offering to releaſe them for that price.

Gregory, Biſhop of Rome, called the Great,Gregory the Great, Biſhop of Rome. Succeſſor to Pelagius the ſecond, died.

Among his Works, there are ſomethings very curious; others tainted with Superſtition, which began to be introduc'd into the Church. It is alſo markt of him, that he refuſed to explain the Maximes of Chriſtianity; he is likewiſe much blamed for the flattering ways he uſed to Phocas, who was rather look'd on as a Tyrant, then a lawful Emperor. From Christ 604.

The Native Britans had been Chriſtians for three or four Centurys; but the Engliſh The affairs of England Saxons, who had been Maſters of that Iſland, for a Hundred and Fifty Years, were Pagans: They had divided their Conqueſts into ſeveral Monarkys; Ethelbert, King Ethelbert turn d Chriſtian. King of Mercia, which was the greateſt of thoſe Kingdoms, by the perſwaſion of Birtha his Wife, a French Princeſs, was very willing to embrace Chriſtianity; upon which, Gregory ſent him Auguſtin theAuguſtin the Monk ſent into England. Monk, with ſome others, who Baptized him, and introduced as much, as they could poſſibly, the Ceremonies of Rome into that Church, which the Ancient Brittiſh Biſhops fiercly oppoſed. From Chriſt 605.

Sabinianus, Biſhop of Rome, and Succeſſor Biſhop of Rome. to Gregory, was remarkable for nothing, but for his hatred he expreſt againſt the Memory of his Predeceſſor, and for his moſt ſordid Avarice: There was a Years interval between his Death, and the Election of Boniface the Third; and ten Months from the Death of that Boniface, and the chooſing of Boniface the Fourth. From Christ 607.

In the time of Gregory, John, called the Younger, Biſhop of Conſtantinople, had aſſumedThe Title of univerſal Biſhop. the Title of Univerſal Biſhop. Gregory had reprehended him for it, in very ſharp Terms; alledging, that this haughty Title could not be uſurp'd by any one, but the Forerunner of Antichriſt: In the mean time, the two Bonifaces, who ſucceeded Gregory, addreſs'd themſelves to Phocas, to obtain that Title; to which he complied, on Condition, that they ſhould acknowledge him lawful Emperor. So that the Roman Pontificate may be ſaid to have obtain'd the Title of Head of the Church, not from St. Peter, but from the Emperor Phocas.

The Tyrannick Government of this Uſurper,Phocas killed. provok'd at laſt the Grandees of the Empire to kill him. The Conſpirators ſet up in his place, Heraclius one of theHeraclius chiefeſt among them. From Christ 610.

Theodebert, King of Auſtraſia, ſcandaliz'd at the moſt diſſolute Life of his Grandmother Kings of the French Brunehauld, baniſh'd her his Court: She being retired to the Court of her other Grandſon Thierry, King of Burgundy, perſwaded him, that Theodebert was not the Son of Childebert, which made a War between the two Brothers, where Theodebert was killed: Not long after, Brunehauld diſguſted by Thierry, poyſon'd him, and ſet up for King, one of his Baſtards: But The Death of Brunehault. the Nobility of the two Kingdoms of Auſtraſia, and Burgundy, not being able longer to ſuffer this moſt wicked Woman, delivered her up to Clotaire; who puniſh'd her as her moſt heinous Crimes deſerved: So all the Royal Members of the French Monarchy were re-united, under one Chief, Clotair the Second. From Christ 614.

John the Exarch was ſlain by the People, enraged againſt him, for laying too The affairs of Italy. heavy Taxes on them.

Eleutherius, who was choſe in his place, abuſing the Peoples Favours, declared himſelf King of Italy. He enjoyed that Royalty but a very ſhort time; for he was ſoon after killed by thoſe who had choſen him.

Deodatus, Biſhop of Rome, and Succeſſor Biſhop of Rome. to Boniface the Fourth, died, and had for his Succeſſor Boniface the Fifth.

The eight following Years were ſpent A War againſt the Perſians. by Heraclius, in making War againſt Coſroes King of Perſia, who had ſeized on a part of Aſia the Leſſer, and of all Syria: Heraclius drove him from thence, and purſued him even beyond Euphrates, having gained many Advantages over him in all Rencounters. From Chriſt 625.

Boniface the Fifth, Biſhop of Rome, being Biſhop f Rome. dead, Honarius ſucceeded him. From Christ 626.

Coſroes having choſe his younger Son Kings of Perſia. for his Succeſſor, was, for that Reaſon, killed by his eldeſt Son Siro s; who by that means aſcended the Throne, and preſently concluded a Peace with Heraclius; reſtoring to him, among other Condititions, a piece of the Wood of the Croſs,A piece of the Croſs. on which it was ſaid, our Saviour was crucified: Heraclius believing it, carried it back to Jeruſalem, from whence Coſroes had brought it. From Chriſt 628.

Anaſtatius, Biſhop of Antioch, framed the Hereſie of the Monothelites, which wasMonothelites. a Sequel of Eutychianiſm.

Mahomet died: He had begun to publiſhMahomet. his Errors in the twelfth Year of this Age, in Ziden, a City of Arabia Faelix, his Native Country; where his Doctrine being not at all reliſh'd, he was conſtrained to fly to Meccha; where he was well receiv'd: From the Time of his Flight, which hapned in the Two and twentieth Year of this Century, they took their Aera, or Epoche, which they call Elgeir; that is The Egira of the Mahum tans. to ſay, the Flight; which is termed Egira by Corruption. From Christ 631.

In the ſpace of nine Years after his Retreat, he ſeduc'd all Arabia, and a part of Perſia.

After his Death, his Father-in-Law, Abubeker, Abubeker. C •• im conquered the reſt of the Country; with Iſdigerdes, Son of Siroes, who murthered his Father.

With the Death of Iſdigerdes, ended the Dinaſty of the Kings of Perſia, originally of that Country.

The remainder of Perſia having been conquered by Abubeker, who was then made Caliph of the Mahometans; which Dignity empower'd him with an abſolute Authority over them, as well Spiritual as Temporal. From Chriſt 632.

Omar, Succeſſor to Abubeker, and Sonin-LawOmar Succeſſor to Abubeker. His Conqueſts. to Mahomet, conquered in ſix Years from Heraclius, Meſopotamia, Syria, with Paleſtine, Aegypt, and all the Coaſts of Africk, which at preſent is called Barbary. From Christ 638.

Pope Honorius died. It appeared by hisHonorius a Monothelite. Writings, that he approved the Errors of the Monothelites. From Chriſt 639.

The See of Rome had in a ſhort time Popes of Rome. theſe three Popes, Severinus, John the 4th, and Theodorus. From Chriſt 641.

Heraclius died. He was infected with The Death of Heraclius. Monothelitiſm, by the three Patriarchs, of the three great Sees, in the East, Sergius of Conſtantinople, Cyrus of Alexandria, and Anaſtatius of Antioch.

Conſtantine the Third ſucceeded his FatherConſtantine the III. Emperor. Heraclius. This new Prince was poyſon'd at the end of four Months, by his Step-Mother Martina, the Widow of Heraclius; who, by that means, plac'd on the Throne, her Son Heracleon, whom ſhe had by Heraclius: But the Senate, and People, ſoon after expelled this Woman; and having cut off the Noſe and Ears of her Son Heracleon, ſet on the Imperial Throne, Conſtant, the Second Son to Conſtantine theConſtantine the II. Emperor Third, and Grand-ſon to Heraclius. From Christ 642.

Dagobert ſucceeded his Father-Clotaire, the Second; and Aripert, to whom his Father Kings of France. had given Aquitain, being dead without Iſſue, his Brother Dagobert was King of The Abby of St. Denis. all France. He founded the famous Abbey of St. Denis, near Paris. From Christ 644.

In his Life-time he gave Auſtraſia to his eldeſt Son Sigibert; when he died, he left the reſt of his Kingdom to Cl uis the Second, his younger Son. Both of the Kings being very young, their Perſons, and their Kingdoms, were governed by the Majors of their Courts; and fromMajors of their Palaces. thence, thoſe who poſſeſs'd this high Charge, and Command, began to aſſume a Sovereign Authority in France, which was continued by their Succeſſors. From Christ 649.

Pope Theodorus died. He had condemned a Type, or Form of Confeſſion of thePopes. Faith of the Monothelites, framed by Pyrrhus, Patriarch of Conſtantinople, and other Patriarchs of Conſtantinople had maintain'd it, under the Emperor Conſtant.

Theodorus had condemned this Type in a Council at Rome, where the Condemnation had been ſigned, with Ink mix'd with Wine of the Euchariſt.

Martinus, Succeſſor to Theodorus, did alſo condemn this Type; and for that very The Type of the Monothelites. Cauſe, the Exarch, Calliopas, ſent him Priſoner to Conſtantinople, to Conſtant; who baniſh'd him into the Taurick Cherſoneſe; where, at five Years end, he died of extream Want. From Chriſt 654.

In the mean time the Mahometan Arabs, who began to be called Saracens, made The Saracens. Their Conqueſts. The Coloſs of Rhodes broke in pieces. themſelves Maſters of Syria, of the Iſle of Rhodes, and of part of Sicily. At Rhodes they broke in pieces the famous Coloſſus, fallen down about a thouſand Years before. They ſold it in ſeveral Pieces to a Jew, who was forc'd to employ Nine hundred Camels to carry them away.

After the taking of Rhodes, the Saracens Conſtantinople beſieged by the Saracens. beſieged Conſtantinople; but were repuls'd, tho' they gained a Naval Victory, where there was ſo much Blood ſpilt, that the Sea was coloured with it.

The Exarch Calliopas, ordered Eugenius Popes. to be ſent to Rome, in the place of the baniſh'd Martinus; after whoſe Death Eugenius poſſeſs'd the Chair again ſix Months; Vitallianus was his Succeſſor. From Chriſt 655.

Haly, one of the Sons-in-Law of Mahomet, Haly Caliph. after he had for ſome time diſputed the Dignity of Caliph of the Saracens, with one Mahuvias, at laſt he willingly gave place to him. From Chriſt 660.

Conſtant forc'd his Brother Theodoſius to be a Deacon in the Church; and after that, he cruelly put him to Death. The great Remorſe he had after it, made him to leave Conſtantinople. He paſt into Sicily, and from thence to Rome; where the PopeConſtant comes to Rome. with all his Clergy, went out to meet him. The Romans expreſs'd exceeding great Joy, to ſee an Emperor there, when they had been deprived a long time of that Honour: But their Joy was ſoon turn'd to Sorrow; for Conſtant plundered them with as much Barbarity, as ever the Goths and Vandals had done.

Clouis the Second, had left for his Succeſſor, Kings of France. Clotaire the Third, King of Neuſtria, or the Weſtern part of France; who alſo became King of the Eaſterns, or Auſtraſia, by the Death of Sigebert, who left no Sons.

Clotaire the Third, had for his Succeſſor, his Son Childeric, and he his Son Thyerry. From Chriſt 667.

Conſtant died in Sicily: His Son Conſtantine The Death of Conſtant. Conſtantine IV. called Pogonat. Mizizius the Uſurper the Fourth, called Pogonat, or the Bearded Prince, being come to Conſtantinople, did overcome and kill Mizizius, who had uſurp'd the Imperial Throne in the abſence of the Emperor: So Conſtantine was acknowledg'd Emperor by the Senate and People.

Adeodatus ſucceeded Vitalian in the SeePopes. of Rome. From Chriſt 669.

The Saracens, who poſſeſs'd Syracuſa in The Saracens repuls'd before Conſtantinople. Sicily, twice beſieged Conſtantinople in one Year, and were as oft repuls'd, with very great loſs of their Army and Ships. From Chriſt 672.

Adeodatus had for his Succeſſor Domnus, Popes. and after him Agathon; all three were ſo inconſiderable, that Hiſtory only names them, without any Remarks; excepting the laſt, who obtained of Conſtantine, to be exempt from paying a certain Sum, which the Emperors required of the Popes, and to have leave to be Conſecrated. From Chriſt 678.

Conſtantine called a Council at Conſtantinople, againſt the Monothelites, where their A Council at Conſtantinople. Errors were condemned. All thoſe Biſhops and Prieſts who were infected with it, were depoſed, and the Memory of the Dead, who had aſſerted them, were Anathematized; among the reſt, that of Pope Honorius. From Chriſt 680.

Agathon had to ſucceed him, Leo the 2d. There were two Things of him not unworthyPopes. to be obſerved; one, That he forbid to take, from that time, Money, as his Predeceſſors had uſed, for the Pallium, which they ſent to Arch-Biſhops.

The other, He put an end to the Schiſm, which had been, a long time, between the Church of Rome, and that of Ravenna.

He had obtained of the Emperor, That the Arch-Biſhops of Ravenna, ſhould from that time, be always Conſecrated at Rome.

Benedict the Second, prevailed alſo with Conſtantine, That the Popes ſhould, from that time, be Conſecrated, without waiting for the Emperor's Permiſſion. From Christ 684.

Conſtantine died this Year, and Juſtinian Juſtinian II. the Second, his Son, ſucceeded him. From Chriſt 685.

John the Fifth, Conon, and Sergius ſucceeded,Popes. one after the other, in the ſpace of leſs than Two Years. From Christ 687.

Abdelemech the Caliph, took poſſeſſionAbdelmelech Caliph of Armenia, and ravaged the Oriental Provinces of the Empire. From Christ 693.

Leontius uſurp'd the Throne, and expell'd Juſtinian; and after he had cut off his Noſe, baniſh'd him into the Taurick Cherſoneſe. From Christ 694.

The Army that Leontius ſent into Africk againſt the Saracens, revolted, and proclaimed for Emperor, one of their Chiefs, named, Tiberius Abſimarus; who beingAbſimarus depoſes Leontius. come to Conſtantinople, depoſed Leontius, and plac'd himſelf in the Throne, having cut off his Noſe, as he had done to Juſtinian.

Cracus, Duke of the Sarmatians, orCracovia founded. Polanders, founded Cracovia. From Christ 398.

In France ſucceeded to Thierry, one after Kings of France. the other, his Sons, Childebert the Second, and Clouis the Third. From Chriſt 700.

The Eighth Age.

JOHN the Sixth, ſucceeded Sergius inPopes. the See of Rome.

Juſtinian eſcap'd out of Priſon, and beingJuſtinian re-eſtabliſh'd. ſupplied with the Forces of the Avarians, and Bulgarians, took Conſtantinople, put himſelf again in poſſeſſion of the Empire, cut off the Heads of Leontius, andLeontius and Abſimares beheaded. Abſimares, and impriſoned all thoſe who abetted to depoſe him; and by degrees he treated them all in the ſame manner, as they had ſerved him; that is, he cauſed their Noſes to be cut off. From Christ 704.

Aripert, King of the Lombards, gave to Pope John the Seventh, Succeſſor to John Popes. the Sixth, the Alps.

Juſtinian aſſembled at Conſtantinople, the A Council in Trullo. Council, called, In Trullo, from one of the Halls in the Imperial Palace, where it was held. The Greeks called that Council the Sixth; becauſe they did nothing, but only confirmed the Condemnation that had been before made againſt the Monothelites. From Chriſt 707.

Pope Zizinnius ſucceeded John the Seventh,Popes. and Conſtantine ſucceeded him. From Christ 708.

Juſtinian, under pretence he had been ill treated in his Exile, by the Inhabitants of the Taurica Cherſoneſus, took a moſt cruel Revenge of them; which made them to revolt againſt him, under the ConductPhilippicus Emperor. of Patricius Philippicus, their Governour; who found means to kill Juſtinian, and toJuſtinian killed. ſet up himſelf in his place. From Christ 713.

A little while after, Philippicus had hisAnaſtatius Artemius Emperor. Eyes put out by his Secretary, Anaſtatius Artemius, who thus raiſed himſelf to the Imperial Throne.

Roderic King of the Wiſigoths in Spain, The end of the Kings of the Wiſigoths in Spain. having raviſh'd the Wife of Count Julian, Governour of thoſe Places this King poſſeſt on the Coaſts of Africk: The injur'd Husband being enraged, to revenge himſelf, brought the Saracens into Spain; of which they became Maſters in a ſhort time, having overcome and killed Roderic in Battle. From Christ 714.

Theodoſius Treaſurer of the Army, whichTheodoſius III. Emperor. Anaſtatius ſent to Rhodes, againſt the Saracens, is proclaimed Emperor by that Army; with which the new Prince being come to Conſtantinople, he ſeized upon Anaſtatius, cauſed him to be ſhaved, and to be ſhut up in a Cloyſter; and ſo Theodoſius the Third, poſſeſs'd himſelf of the Empire. From Christ 715.

But the Army that made War in Armenia, Leo II. Emperor. proclaimed. Emperor, Leo Iſauricus, their General; who vanquiſh'd Theodoſius in a Battle: Upon which this Theodoſius diveſting himſelf of the Empire, was made a Prieſt, and Leo was acknowledg'd Emperor by the Senate, and People, of Conſtantinople.

In the two following Years, the Saracens The Saracens defeated before Conſtantinople. twice attack'd Conſtantinople: But Leo forc'd them to retire back the firſt time, and at the ſecond he totally routed their Army. From Christ 718.

The Saracens being poſſeſs'd of Rhodes, and the greateſt part of Sicily, in that very ſame Year, likewiſe, made themſelves Maſters of Sardinin. It was credibly reported, that the Body of St. Auguſtine was The Relicks of St. Auguſtine. buried in that Iſland; it having been brought thither from Africk. Luitprand, King of the Lombards, bought it at a great Price of the Saracens. From Christ 720.

In France, Dagobert the Second, had ſucceeded his Father Childebert; and the Succeſſor to Dagobert, was one Daniel, who was Kings of France. called Chi peric; to whom ſucceeded Thierry de Chelles. Under the Name of theſe Fantoms of Kings, Charles, Surnamed Martel, Charles Martel. had the Sovereign Adminiſtration of the Kingdom, with the Title of Prince, or Duke of the French: He was Baſtard-Son to Pepin, who had been Maior of the Palace, under the Kings, Predeceſſors to thoſe before named.

Gregory the Second having ſucceededPopes. Pope Conſtantine, excommunicates, and declares Leo to have forfeited his Right to the Empire, becauſe this Emperor hadA Quarrel about Images made a Law againſt Worſhipping of Images, which was introduc'd into the Greek Church.

In conſequence of the Pope's Excommunication, Luitprand King of the Lombards, being in League with Gregory, ſeized on the Exarchat of Ravenna; the Exarch, and almoſt all the Emperor's Officers, having been killed in that War. The King of Lombardy, and the Pope, divided between them the conquered Towns. From Christ 729.

A great Number of the Saracens of Spain, The Saracens defeated near Tours, in a Battle. having paſt into France, under the Command of Abderacmanus, or Abderamus, Charles Martel defeated them near Tourſin; a Battle where Abderamus was killed, with more than Three hundred thouſand of his Soldiers. From Christ 430.

The Quarrel about Images depending Gregory the Third Succeſſor to Gregory thePopes. Second, continued to maintain their Worſhip, againſt the Emperor Leo.

After the Death of Thierry, Titular King The Affairs of France. Th •• p o ts of Charles Martel. of France, there were ſix or ſeven Years of an Interregnum: Charles Martel, in the mean time, poſſeſs'd of the whole Sovereign Power, and Authority, forced Eude, Duke of Aquitain, with his Sons, and Succeſſors, Hunaut, and Hatton, to pay him Homage: He drove out the Saracens from Provence, and the Lower Langu do , and purſued his Conqueſts againſt them into the midſt of Spain.

In that Country, Pelagius, as he ſaid, was deſcended from the ancient Kings of the W ſigoths, and had ſet up himſelf againſt the Saracens, in the Mountains of Aſturia; as likewiſe did his Son Favila, who left his ſmall Dominions to Alphonſo his Brother-in-Law, who found means to aggrandize himſelf, by the Advantages Charles Martel had gained over the Saracens. From Chriſt 740.

The Emperor Leo died: His Memory The Death of Leo. has been as much calumniated by the Image-Worſhippers, as it was revered by the contrary Party. The Hiſtorians of his time, applaud him for many Virtues, and ſay, he was a Religious Obſerver of the ſix firſt Councils.

Conſtantine the Fifth, Sur-named Capronimus, Conſtantine Capronimus ſucceeds Leo. Popes. his Son, ſucceeded him. From Chriſt 741.

Gregory the Third died; he was fallen out with Luytprand, K. of the Lombards, who had beſieged him at Rome, and had taken him there; had it not been by the Interceſſion of Charles Martel, whoſe Help the Pope implored; and at the ſame time ſent him the Keys of the Sepulcher of St. Peter, with the Title of Patrician. Gregory had to ſucceed him, Zachari s.

In that time lived John Damaſcene, and Beda. The Death of Charles Martel. H •• •• ree Sons.

Charles Martel died: He was ſo powerful, that he left his Three Sons, Ca 〈…〉 an P pin, and Grypho, Maſters of the Kingdom of France. From Chriſt 742.

Artabaſades, Brother-in-Law to Conſtantine, Artabaſades Revolt puniſh'd. cauſed himſelf to be proclaimed Emperor, at Conſtantinople; where re-aſſuming his Authority, he ſeized on the Uſurper, and ordered his Eyes to be put out.

Hildebrand, Grand-Son to Luytprand, King Kings of the Lombards of the Lombards, was by them depoſed, and Rachis ſet up in his place. From Chriſt 743.

This Prince compil'd a Supplement to the Laws of that Nation: He made himſelf a Monk; upon which the Lombards ſubſtituted Aiſtulphus.

Carloman turning alſo a Monk, the ſolePepin ſole Monarch of France. Power of the French Monarchy devolved to Pepin: Grypho being ſo inconſiderable, that they made no Account of him. From Chriſt 750.

At length Pepin was ſolemnly declaredHe is declared King. King, by an Aſſembly of the principal of that Nation. After the Death of his Father, he had given the Title of King to Childeric, who was ſaid to be of the Blood Royal.

This wretched Fantom was ſhaved, and put into a Monaſtery. From Chriſt 752.

Pope Zacharias died: He had conſentedPope to all that was done in France: He was neither a skilful Geographer, nor a learned Theologian: For as to the firſt, he excommunicated a Biſhop, for aſſerting, there were Antipodes. And for the ſecond, he held the Opinion of the Jews, in what related to the eating of clean or unclean Meat.

Conſtantine cauſed a Council to be heldT •• Council cond mned Images. at Conſtantinople, where the Worſhip of Images was condemned. From Christ 754.

Alſtulphus, King of the Lombards, having taken Ravenna, Pope Stephen the Second came into France, to implore Help of Pepin.

This King going into Italy, forc'd thePepin in Italy. King of the Lombards to reſtore what he had taken. From Christ 756.

Hunau't, Duke of Aquitain, being turned Monk, and Giafre his Son refuſing to pay Homage to Pepin, this Prince compelled him to do his Duty.

Pope Paul had ſucceeded his BrotherPopes. Stephen the Second; Paul being dead, Toto Duke of Nepeſinum, ſet up by Force, in that See, his Brother Conſtantine. At the ſame time, an oppoſite Faction choſe one Philip: And a Third Faction, Stephen, the Third of that Name; whoſe Faction being the ſtrongeſt, prevailed, and ſent Philip back to the Monaſtry, whence he was taken, and cauſed the Eyes of Conſtantine to be put out. There be thoſe alſo who write, that he was burnt by the Prieſts of a Synod, where he had been depoſed. From Chriſt 768.

Pepin died, leaving Neuſtria to Charles, 〈◊〉 Death 〈◊〉 P pin. his eldeſt Son; and Auſtraſia to his younger Son Carloman. From Chriſt 769.

Carloman having lived but two Years after his Father, all the French Monarchy deſcended to Charlemain, ſo called for his high Merit, and great Actions. From Chriſt 771.

After Stephen the Third, Adrian wasPopes. Pope; who being at Difference with Dedier King of the Lombards, Succeſſor to Aiſtulphus, this King diveſted him of the greateſt part of the Exarchat of Ravenna: The Pope had recourſe to Charlemain, who paſt into Italy, and in the ſpace of two Years, having had great Succeſs over Dedier, at laſt took him in Pavia; which put an end to the Kingdom of the Lombards, after it had laſted above Two hundred Years. Dedier died in France, where he was ſent Priſoner. From Christ 774.

Charlemain being victorious, made himſelfCharlemain King of Italy. to be Crowned King of Italy, by the Arch-Biſhop of Millan, in a little Town called Monza; where was kept the IronThe Iron Crown. Crown of the ancient Kings of Lombardy.

The Emperor Conſtantine died, leaving The Death of Conſtantine. his Memory to be deteſted by the Image-Worſhippers, and to be honoured by thoſe who oppoſed that Worſhip.

His Son, and Succeſſor, Leo the Fourth,Leo IV. his Son, and Succeſſor. followed his Father's Opinion in that Point. From Chriſt 775.

Adalgize, the Son of Dedier, having byAdalgize the Son of Dedyer, drivec ou of Italy, by Charlemain. the Aſſiſtance of the Emperor Leo, regain'd part of Lombardy, Charlemain returned thither, drove out Adalgize, and recovered all he had taken. From Chriſt 776.

Charlemain made his firſt Expedition againſt His first War againſt the Saxons. the Saxons; which was attended with his uſual good Succeſs.

In an Aſſembly held by him at Paderburn, he was importun'd to paſs into Spain Againſt the Saracens in Spain. againſt the Saracens, by Adala, one of their Kings, who was at Difference with the other Kings of that Country. From Chriſt 777.

Charlemain went thither, where he conquered all the Country that lies along the Pyreneans, from one Sea to the other; containing Navarre, Arragon, and Catalonia; yet he received a Check in his return, at the Paſs of Roncevaux, in the Pyreneans; where he loſt, among others, his Nephew,Orlando killed. the famous Orlando.

The Saxons having been often beaten,Vindikind Duke of the Saxons. and as often reduc'd, at laſt ſubmitted themſelves, embracing Chriſtianity with their brave Duke Vindikind.

The Emperor Leo the Fourth died, in The Death of Leo IV. high Eſteem with thoſe who were againſt Worſhipping of Images; and, on the contrary, as much condemned by thoſe who favoured it.

His Son, and Succeſſor, Conſtantine the Sixth, called Porphyrogenitus, being not aboveConſtantine VI. Irene his Mother. Nine Years old, was left under the Tutelage of his Mother Irene. From Christ 780.

She called together a Council at Nice, The Second Council at Nice for Images. to eſtabliſh the Worſhip of Images, which was done by a Concert between the Eaſtern Biſhops of Irene's Party, and the Legates of Pope Adrian. From Chriſt 787.

Charlemain cauſed a Council to be aſſembled The Council at Franckfort againſt Images. at Franckfort, on the Main, where he was preſent with Three hundred Biſhops, from all parts of the Weſt; who condemned the Worſhip of Images: Nor did Pope Adrian, whoſe Legates were there, oppoſe this Condemnation. From Chriſt 794.

This Pope died, having ſate in the PapalPopes. Chair Twenty four Years: In all which time, he managed himſelf ſo dextrouſly between the two great Powers of Chriſtendom, that he was equally eſteemed by both, tho' their Intereſts and Sentiments were very different, eſpecially in what related to Images. Pope Leo III. his Succeſſor, demanded, and obtained of Charlemain, to be confirmed in his Election. From Christ 796.

Conſtantine being grown up a Man, Irene, Irene's Cruelty to her Son. his Mother, finding ſhe could no longer ſupport her Authority in the Government, in a Rage, put out her Son's Eyes. Heaven was ſo highly incens'd at this horrid Cruelty, that for Seventeen Days Conſtantinople was deprived of the Light of the Sun. From Chriſt 797.

Pope. Leo having been put in Priſon by his Predeceſſor's Kindred, who accuſed him of many Crimes, the Commiſſaries of Charlemain releas'd him: He then came into France, to juſtifie himſelf before Charlemain, The King ſent him back to Rome, where he alſo went himſelf, in the laſt Year of this Century, to be fully informed of that Affair. The Pope clear'd himſelf by his Oath, which the King made him take. This being done, the Romans proclaimedCharlemain Emperor. King Charlemain, Emperor; the Pope, with the chief of the City, payed him Homage on their Knees. From Chriſt 800.

The Ninth Age.

THE Senate and People of Conſtantinople, wearied with the ill Government of a very perverſe, unnatural, Woman,Irene expelled. Nicephorus Emperor. The Treaty between him and Charlemain. expelled Irene, and plac'd on the Imperial Throne, Nicephorus, one of the chief Officers of the Court.

Charlemain treated with Nicephorus, about the Rights and Laws of the Empire. The two Emperors agreed to divide the Titles and Priviledges of their Empires; ſo that Charles, and his Succeſſors, ſhould have the Weſtern Parts, as Nicephorus, and his Succeſſors, the Eaſtern, From Chriſt 803.

The Seven following Years were peaceable in the Weſt; on the contrary, in the Eaſt, the Caliph Aaron waged War ſo ſucceſsfully,A diſadvantageous Peace with the Caliph. th 〈…〉 e forc'd Nicephorus to demand a Peace, diſgraceful to him, and the Empire: For by the Articles, he was obliged to pay a Tribute to the Caliph, and particularly for his Head, and for the HeadNicephorus killed. Michael Curopalatus, Emperor, and made himſelf a Monk of his Son Stauratius. From Chriſt 810.

Nicephorus was killed in a Battle againſt the Bulgarians; his Son Stauratius being dangerouſly wounded, fled to Conſtantinople: But he was there compelled to reſign the Empire to Michael Curopalatus; who enjoyed it but two Years; for in an extream Fit of Melancholly, occaſioned by his being overcome by the Bulgarians, he turned Monk, and Leo the Fifth, an Armenian, Leo V: Emperor. made Emperor of the Eaſt in his place. From Christ 813.

The Emperor Charlemain died in the The Death of Charlemain. Seventy Second Year of his Age, and the Forty Eighth of his Reign in France, and the Fourteenth of his Emperialſhip: A Prince endued with all the greateſt Qualities could be deſir'd in a Monarch, except his Incontinence: He was greatly learn'd; he had for his Tutor, the famous The Univerſity of Paris founded. Grimbaud founded Oxford and Cambridge. Kings of England. Alcuin, an Engliſh-man; who, 'tis ſaid, was the firſt Founder of the Univerſity of Paris; as alſo, that Grimbaud, his Diſciple, went over into England, and laid the Foundations of the Univerſities of Oxford and Cambridge. From Chriſt 814.

England was become one ſole Monarchy, under King Egbart; Edgar, his Succeſſor, reigned at that time: It was he who ſent for Grimbaud, upo •• e Occaſion before-mentioned.

Of three lawful Sons that Charlemain The Three Sons of Charlemain. had, Charles, the eldeſt, died without Iſſue.

Pepin, who died before his Father, had left his Son Bernard, to ſucceed him in the Kingdom of Italy. Louis the Debonair, Emperor and King of France.

Louis, Sur-named, The Debonair, enjoyed all the reſt, with the Title of Emperor, and King of France.

Pope Leo the Third, had for his Succeſſor,Popes. Stephen the Fourth, who did not wait to be confirmed by Louis, but came preſently into France, and Crowned Louis at Rheims; This Pope died, and had Paſcall for his Succeſſor. From Chriſt 817.

Bernard King of Italy, attempted to dethrone his Uncle Lewis; but this young Prince being abondoned by all his adherents, came and threw himſelf at his Unkles feet, but this Louis ſo Debonair, and Clement, to all others, was not at all ſo to his Nephew, for he moſt cruelly cauſed his Eyes to be put out, of which he ſoon after died. From Christ 818. The Death of Bernard King of Italy. Michael Balbus, Emperor.

At Conſtantinople Michael Balbus, a great perſon in the Court but of obfcure Parentage, convicted of Treaſon, for which he was condemned to dye; found means to eſcape out of Priſon, and to kill the Emperor Leo, and to ſet himſelf on his Throne.

Paſcall died, he had acquitted himſelfPopes. by his Oath of the Accuſation made againſt him, to have put to death two Noble Romans, Friends to the French, to whom this Pope was an Enemy. Eugenius the ſecond Succeeded him, and to this laſt Valentine, who dying at the end of fourty daies, Gregory the Fourth was Elected in his place. From Chriſt 826.

The Saracens of Spain had reconquered all that Charlemaine had took from them, except Catalonia: The Naverroiſe abandoned by the French, choſe for their King Eneco, or Inigo Ariſta, who was alſo choſeInigo Ariſto King of Navarre, and Arragon. King by thoſe of Arragon

Michael Balbus, Emperor of the Eaſt, died, after he had lived ſuch a Life, that witneſſed he had neither Conſcience, nor Religion: Theophylus his Son and SueceſſorTheophylus Emperor of the East. had Qualities, far different from thoſe of his Father. From Chriſt 828.

The Emperor Louis by his firſt Marriage had Three Sons, Lothaire, Pepin and Louis; he gave to each of them a part of his Dominions, with the Title of King.

Italy to Lothaire, whom he had alſo Aſſociated to the Empire. Aquitain to Pepin, and Bavaria to Louis. The three Brothers diſpleaſed that their Father had alſo given Burgundy, with the Title of King, to his Fourth Son Charles, whom he had of Judith his ſecond Wife; They conſpired againſtThey Conſpire againſt their Father. the good King and his Queen, and put them up in a Convent; then Degraded Louis of the Empire in a Council held at Compeign; But within a year after heThen Re-eſtabliſhed. was Re-eſtabliſht by the Grandees of the Kingdom. From Chriſt 834.

Pepin King of Aquitain dyed, leaving aPepin the younger King of Aquitaine. Son of the ſame name, from whom his Grandfather, took away a part of his Dominions to beſtow them on his beloved Son Charles, Louis the Debonaire died,Louis le Debonaire Dyes. he had that Surname beauſe of his ſweet Diſpoſition and obliging Nature, which was thought to have been too great, becauſe it degenerated into an Eaſineſs, and Softneſs, unbecoming a King.

After his Death, his Sons made a bloody War againſt one another; Lonhair who had the Title of Emperor, Joyned with his Nephew Pepin King of Aquitain, againſt Louis King of Bavaria, and Charles King of Neuſtria. The two Parties came near to Fountaney in Burgundy, and found ſuch a bloody Battle, that never were ſo many French ſlain in one day; for there was killed a Hundred thouſand Men on both ſides, ſo that the Armies being equally diſabled, they were forc'd to make Peace. From Chriſt 841.

The three Brothers, concluding a Treaty without making the leaſt mention of Pepin, agreed that Charles ſhould haveThe Empire divided between the Three Brothers. Neuſtria or the Weſtern France, Louis the Eaſtern with Bavaria, and all that lay beyond the Rhine; from thence it had the Sirname of Germany: Lothaire with the Title of Emperor had Italy, France, Gaul, Narboneſe and Auſtraſia: This laſt Country was called Lotherne, or the Kingdom of The Name of Lorraine. Lothaire by Contraction or Corruption, it was afterward called Lorraine. From Chriſt 834.

Gregory the Fourth died, he had AbettedPopes. the Revolt of the Sons of Lewis againſt their Father; his Succeſſor Pope Sergius did not wait for the Emperors Confirmation, but the Emperor reſented that Affront as became him, and took thoſe Meaſures, that the like ſhould not happen again; ſo that From Chriſt 844.

Leo the Fourth, who ſucceeded Sergius, durſt not offer to Execute the Papal Authority without the Emperors Confirmation. From Chriſt 847.

The Normans began to infeſt the Seas, The Normans. and to Ravage the Coaſts of France.

The French Brittains re-eſtabliſht their The Re-eſtabliſhment of the Kingdom of Brittany. little Monarchy, diſturbed by the Conqueſts Charle ain had made of their Country, Neomenes Prince of the Blood of their Antient Kings, reſumed the Quality of his Anceſtors. From Christ 849.

The Saracens ravaged Italy, even to the The Saracens in Italy. Gates of Rome, where they Plundered and Burnt the Suburbs.

Ramire Son of Alphonſo the Chaſte King of Leon, obtained a great Victory over the Saracens in Spain; and by that made himſelf Maſter of a part of Caſtile the Old.

King Charles of Neuſtria got to himſelfCharles recovers Aquitan. Aquitain from Pepin his Nephew, whom he ſhut up in a Priſon: Where he ended his Life. From Christ 852.

After Leo the Fourth, there be thoſe who place in the See of Rome, a Woman named Joan, who held it two years: Pop Joan Others ſay there could be no other than Benet the Third, who immediately ſucceeded Leo. From Christ 855.

The Emperor Lothaire made himſelf a The Emperor Lothaire. made himſelf a Monk. Monk in the Abbey of Prom in Lorrain, where he died a little after. He had divided his Dominions among his three Sons; giving to Lewis the eldeſt Italy, with the Title of Emperor Lorrain or Auſtraſia toLewis 2d. Emperor. Lothaire, Burgundy and Provence to Charles. To Bennet the Third, ſucceedd Nicholas a ſtrong vigorous Man, and very much inclined to Agrandize the See of Rome. From Christ 858.

Charles King of Neuſtria, gave Holland The Earledoms of Holland and Flanders. with the Title of Earldom to Thierry, from whom are deſcended the Earls of that Country: As alſo thoſe of Flanders from Baldwin, to whom the ſame Charles gave that County, under the like Title. This Baldwin had ſtole away one of the Daughters of Charles, and had Married her againſt her Fathers conſent. The Pope excomunicated the Lorrain Biſhops, who had Divorced their King Lothaire from his Wife Thidberga: The Biſhops on their part Excomunicated the Pope, and the King Married annother Wife called Valdrada. The Pope having likewiſe ExcommunicatedPopes. Photius, Patriark of Conſtantinople, was alſo Excomunicated by him; the principle cauſe of the Quarrel was, that Photius did A Quarrel between the Pope and the Biſhops of Lorrain. not at all acknowledge the Superiority Nicholaus pretended over all the other Biſhops: The apparent cauſe was the Depoſing Ignatius by Bardas Unkle to the young Emperor Michael Porphirogenitus Son to Theophilus; Bardas having put Photius in the place of Ignatius, Nicholaus took the part of the Depoſed; the buſineſs remained thus, Baſilius of Macedonia whom Michael had raiſed to the Empire, from one he had made uſe of to tame his Horſes, and drive his Chariots, having ungratefully killed Michael, and by that means placing himſelf on the Imperial Throne, immediately depoſed Photius. From Chriſt 866.

Pope Nich las died, he had principally employed himſelf to aggrandize the Papal See; and took no Notice of an eſſential A Diſpute between Paſchaſius and Bertram, touching the Euchariſt. Affairs of France. Diſpute between Paſchaſius Ratbert, Abbot of Corbia, and Bertram his Monk, concerning the Euchariſt. Adrian the Second ſucceeded Nicholas.

Lothaire, and Charles being dead, Charles King of Neuſtria ſeized on their Dominions; giving part of Lorrain to his Brother Lewis the Germanick, but nothing at all to the Emperor Lewis, Brother to the two deceaſed Kings. From Christ 869.

The Emperor Bazilius ordered a CouncilThe Eighth General Council. to be held at Cinſtantinople, which was called the Eighth General Council. The Pope's Legates were there, and prevail'd to have Photius depoſed, and to have Ignatius re-eſtabliſh'd. In this Emperor's time The Ruſſians turned Chriſtians. the Ruſſians were converted to Chriſtianity. Adrian the Second died three Years after this Council was held. From Chriſt 872.

Lewis the Second, Emperor, died: Charles King of France, his Uncle, arrived at Rome, before his Brother Lewis the Germanick, and was there Crowned Emperor by John the Eighth, Succeſſor to Adrian the Second, to the great Regret of Lewis the Germanick; who died, leaving three Sons, Carloman, Charles, and Lewis, who ſhared among them their Father's Dominions, compriſing all Germany, and that part of Auſtraſia that borders upon it. From Chriſt 876.

The Emperor Charles, the Second, called The Death of the Emperor Charles the Bald. the Bald, died, poyſon'd by his Phyſitian, a Jew.

Lambert Count of Spoletto, and Albert Marqueſs of Tuſcany, put Pope John in Priſon; from whence being eſcap'd, he fled into France, where in a Council held at Troye, he crowned Lewis le Begue the Third,Lewis le Begue Emperor. Emperor, who died about a Year and a half after. He left two Sons, Lewis, and Carloman, whom he had by a Wife of low Extraction, whom his Father had forc'd him to repudiate. From Chriſt 880.

Tortulus, a Lord of Brittany, having married a Kinſwoman of Charles the Bald, from which Marriage came Ingelger, who was Father to Foulques Rufus, the firſt Count of Anjou.

Carloman King of Bavaria, being dead The Death of Carloman. without lawful Iſſue, Lewis and Charles divided his Dominions.

Five Princes at that time ſhared theFrench Princes. French Empire: Lewis and Charles, Sons of Lewis the Germanick, in Germany; in Neuſtria, Lewis and Carloman, the Sons of Lewis le Begue; and in Burgu dy, and in Provence, Boſon, who had married the Siſter of Charles the Bald.

Of theſe five Princes, Charles le Gras havingCharles le Gras Emperor, the Third of that Name. made himſelf Maſter of Rouse, was Crowned Emperor by the Pope.

King Lewis died in Germany; the Emperor Charles inherited his Dominions: Lewis, one of the Kings of Neuſtria, being The Death of the two Kings, Lewis's. alſo dead, Carloman, his Brother, remained the ſole King of that Province. From Chriſt 882.

He Reigned but two Years, at the end of which dying, the whole Monarchy was re-united in the Perſon of Charles theCharles le Gras ſole Emperor of France. Third, Emperor, called the Fat; tho' there was another Poſthumus Son of Lewis le Begue, named Charles; but ſo very young, that he was not in the leaſt capable to Reign.

Pope Adrian the Second died, and hadPopes. to ſucceed him, Stephen the Fifth. From Chriſt 885.

Paris beſieged, by the Normans, for two The Siege of Paris, by the Normans. Years, was raiſed, not by Force of Arms, but by a large Sum, which Charles le Gras ſent them. From Chriſt 887.

Baſilius, Emperor of the Eaſt, died, andLeo V. Emperor. left for his Succeſſor, his Son Leo the Fifth, Sur-nam'd the Philoſopher, whoſe Diligence in the Government of the Empire, is very much applauded. From Chriſt 888.

The Emperor, Charles le Gras, died ſoCharles le Gras ſtarved to Death. forſaken, and abandoned by all, that he had not Bread to eat.

There remained but two Princes of allArnold King of Germany the Line of Charlemain; Arnold, Baſtard of Carloman, who was acknowledg'd King of all the French poſſeſt beyond the Rhine; that is to ſay, of all Germany: The Second was Charles called the Simple, the Poſthumus Son of Lewis de Begue: Neuſtria belonged to him by Right; but Eudes, theEudes King of Neuſtria. Son of Robert the Strong, Count of Anjou, was, by the Neuſtrians, preferred before him.

Two other Princes, who were of the Collateral Line of Charlemain, ſhared between them what was on this ſide of the Rhine; that is, Raoul had the two Burgundies; Raoul King of Burgundy and Boſon, before-mentioned, poſſeſs'd all from Lyons, to the Mediterranean, which was called the Kingdom of Arles. From Chriſt 889.

In Italy, Guy Duke of Spoleto, and Berenger Guy Emperor of Germany. Berenger King of Italy. Duke of Friuli, made an Agreement, That Guy ſhould have the Title of Emperor, with the Kingdom of France; and Berenger, Italy: But Guy finding his place in France poſſeſs'd by another, returned into Italy, and drove out Berenger. Theſe two Princes were alſo of the Collateral Line of Charlemain, by the Wives. From Chriſt 890.

Arnoldus came to Rome, and was thereArnold and Lambert Emperors. crowned Emperor, by Pope Formoſus, Succeſſor to Stephen the Fifth; tho' Lambert, the Son of Guy, had took the ſame Title, with that of King of Italy. From Chriſt 896.

Pope Formoſus being dead, his MemoryPopes. was condemned by his Succeſſor Stephen the Sixth, with that Barbarity and Diſgrace, Formoſus condemned. that his Body was taken out of his Tomb, and thrown into the River Tyber. Theodorus, Succeſſor to Stephen, being dead within a year, his Succeſſor John the Ninth, re-eſtabliſh'd the Memory of Formoſus, but he diſannulled the Inſtallment of Arnold, Crowned by Formoſus, and confirmed the Title of Emperor to Lambert. From Chriſt 897.

Charles, called the Simple, had been Charles the Simple, King of France. brought into England by his Mother Avoiza, Daughter to Edward King of England. Eudes, who had been made King, being dead, the Neuſtrians recall'd Charles, and acknowledged him their King. From Christ 898.

Arnold, King of Germany and of Lorraine, dyed, leaving two Sons; Lewis his Legitimate Lewis, King of Germany and Lorrain. Son, and Zwendipold his Natural Son: the latter dying ſoon after, Lewis became Maſter of all his Fathers Dominions, under the Guardianſhip of Otho Duke of Saxony, or Hatto, Archbiſhop of Ments, as others ſay; and Leopold, Duke of Bavaria, in his time the Hungarians moſt miſerably afflicted the Empire, after they had beaten the Emperor in a Battel, that laſted three days one after another. From Chriſt 900.

The Tenth Age.

LEWIS King of Arles, having made Lewis, K. of Arles, made b ing by Berenger the ſecond Emperor. two Expeditions into Italy, againſt Berenger the Second, who had there taken the Title of Emperor, was unfortunate in both of them. From Christ 901.

In the firſt, he was ſhamefully Expelled; in the ſecond, he loſt his Eyes by the Command of Berenger, who immediately cauſed himſelf to be Crowned by the Pope; ſo there were two who aſſumed the Title of Emperor in Italy. From Berenger and Lambert. Popes. Christ 902.

John the Ninth being dead, Benedict the Fourth held the See for two Years; and after him, Leo the Fifth, who was Depoſed about the end of forty Days, by Christophilus; and this latter turned out at the end of ſeven Months, by Sergius, aſſiſted by the Famous Marozia, Wife to Guy Mar zia. Marquis of Tuſcany. From Christ 906.

Rollo, Duke of the Normans, made himſelf Rollo, Duke of Normandy. Maſter of the Country; which from the Name of that Nation, is ſtill called Normandy. Charles the Simple, not being able to hinder him of it, yielded it to him with the Title of Dukedom, and gave him his Daughter Gizell i Marriage. From Chriſt 909.

The Famous Abby of Cluny was foundedThe Abbey of Cluny. near Maconois, by William the Merciful, Lord of that Country, Count of Auvergne, and Duke of Aquitain. From Christ 910.

Sergius, infamous for his Debauch'd LifePopes. with Marozia; being dead, Anaſtatius the Third ſucceeded him: many Crowned Heads dyed that Year. From Christ 911.

The Firſt King of Burgundy, to whom ſucceeded Racul the Second, his Son. In Italy, the Emperor Lambert left Berenger the Second, to poſſeſs that Title. Lewis in Germany, the laſt Sovereign in that Kingdom, of the Male-Line of Charlemain, left only two Daughters; the firſt Marryed to Conrade, Duke of Franconia; the ſecond to Henry, called L'Oiſeteur, Duke of Saxony.

At Conſtantinople, Leo the Fifth, termed Alexander, Emperor of the Eaſt. the Philoſopher, being dead; Alexander his Brother ſucceeded him in the Empire, and Reigned but one Year; after whoſe Death, Conſtantine the Seventh, Son to Leo, Constantine VII. was ſet on the Throne. From Chriſt 912.

Under the Guardianſhip, firſt of his Mother Zoe, and then of Nicephorus Lacapenus, Nicephorus Lacapenus. who aſſumed the Title of Emperor, and put Zoe into a Convent.

Anaſtatius the Third, with Lando hisPopes. Succeſſor, being dead in leſs than a Year, John the Tenth was made Pope. From Christ 913.

In Germany, Conrade Duke of Franconia, by the conſent of other Princes, took the Title of King, and in a Year after, Dying; Conrad, King of Germany. Henry Loiſeleur his Succeſſor. Henry, called Loiſeleur Duke of Saxe, aſſumed the ſame Title by the Suffrage of the Princes. From Chriſt 918.

Robert, Brother to the dead King Eudes, took the Title of King of France, in oppoſition to Charles the Simple. From Christ 920.

Then Robert having been kill'd in Battel, Raoul Duke of Burgundy, took hisKings of France. place, ſeized on the Perſon of Charles, and kept him Priſoner. From Chriſt 923.

Berenger, Duke of Friouli, who wore the Title of Emperor in Italy, being dead, no Perſon was ſtyled Emperor in the Weſt, till the year Nine hundred ſixty two. From Chriſt 925.

The Italians invited Raoul King of Burgundy to be their King; not long after, they expell'd him, and choſe in his place Hughes, who was Son to the Daughter of young Lothaire, King of Lorrain.

Theodora, Mother to Marozia, had made John the Tenth Pope; but Marozia putPopes. him to Death in Priſon, and poiſon'd his two Succeſſors, Leo the Sixth, and Stephen the Seventh, to place in that See a Son of hers, whom ſhe had by Pope Sergius: According to ſome Writers, this young Man, was call'd Octavian, before he was Pope;The change of the Names of Popes. and having changed his Name to that of John, from thence came the Cuſtom of his Succeſſors to alter their Names. From Chriſt 930.

Hughes, King of Italy, Marryed Marozia, his half Siſter, who was both the Widow of Guy, and of Alberies, Marquis of Tuſcany: by that means, Hughes firmlyKings of Italy, of Burgun y, and of Arles. eſtabliſh'd himſelf in the Kingdom of Italy, having alſo made a Treaty with Raoul, King of Burgundy, by which Raoul yielded up to him his Pretenſions over Italy; and Hughes Reſigned to Raoul his Right to the Kingdoms of Arles. From Chriſt 931:

John the Eleventh, infamous for his Debaucheries, Dyed and had for his Succeſſor, Leo the Seventh. From Christ 935.Popes.

After the Death of Raoul, King of France, the Nobility recall'd out of England, Lewis the Fourth, Son of Charles the 〈◊〉 D' Out 〈…〉 ſcing of France. Simple; whoſe Mother having fled thither with him, at the time of his Father's Miſfortunes; for that cauſe Lewis had the Sur-name of Outremer. From Chriſt 936.

He had Marry'd a Daug •• er of Otho King of Germany, who had ſucceeded Henry Loyzeleur his Father: the two Kings having adjuſted the Difference they had at Otho, King of Germany. firſt, about Lorrain: Otho mad a reconciliation between Lewis his Son-in-Law, and the chief Nobility of France, who were diſguſted with him: Among thoſe great Perſons was Hughes the great Count of Paris, Son to King Robert; Hughes had Hughes the Great. Marry'd a Siſter of the Queen, who was Daughter to King Otho. From Chriſt 942.

To Stephen the Eighth, ſucceeded Martin the Third; and Agapetus the Second,Popes. was his Succeſſor. From Chriſt 946.

To Rollo, Duke of Normandy, ſucceededDukes of Normandy. William, who dying, left his Son Richard very young: upon which, Lewis formed a Deſign to moleſt Normandy, but was prevented by the chief of the Nobility of the Kingdom, and particularly by Hughes, Count of Paris. From Chriſt 950.

The Italians expell'd their King Hughes, Kings of Italy. and retained his Son Lothaire; who, ſoon after dying, Berenger the Third, Count of Juree, was acknowledged King of Italy.

Adelais, a Beautiful Princeſs, Daughter to Lothaire, refuſing to Marry the Son of Berenger, eſpouſed Otho King of Germany; The Affairs of Germany. upon which, Luidolph, Son to Otho by a former Queen, grew diſcontented, which occaſioned a War between the Father and the Son, for three Years.

Agapetus the Second, dyed, and had for his Succeſſor John the Twelfth, a worthyPopes. Grandſon of the famous Marozia.

Lewis King of France, dyed, leavingKings of France. two Sons, Lothaire and Charles, very young. From Chriſt 955.

Romanus poyſoned his Father Conſtantine, Romanus, Emperor of the Eaſt. and poſſeſt the Empire of the East: this moſt deteſtable Parricide dyed of his Debaucheries. From Chriſt 960.

The Army in Aſia proclaimed Emperor, Nicephorus and Phocas. their General Nicephorus Phocas. From Chriſt 963.

Who during the Six years of his Reign, regained with great Glory from the Saracens, Cicilia, Antioch, with a part of Syria, and the Iſle of Cyprus: He was kill'd by a Conſpiracy of the Nobility, who put in his place John Zimiſcus, chief of theJohn Zimiſcus. Conſpirators. From Chriſt 969.

Otho, King of Germany, paſſed into Italy Emperor of the Eaſt. againſt the Emperor Berenger, overcame him in Battel, took him Priſoner, and ſent him into Germany, where he died: Otho the ſecond Emperor. the Conqueror being Maſter of Italy, cauſed himſelf to be Crowned at Rome, by Pope John; but ſo ſoon as Otho was gonePopes. from Rome, the Pope made that City revolt againſt him, which obliged Otho to return there; where, in a Council he Aſſembled, John was Depoſed, having been Convicted of all ſorts of enormous Crimes, and Leo the Eighth elected in his place. Otho having again left Rome, John the Pope returned, and there committed horrible Exceſſes; at laſt he was kill'd, taken in the Act with a Marryed Woman: the Romans having alſo expel'd Pope Leo, plac'd Bennet the Fifth in the Chair: Otho, who was gone back into Germany, returns upon his occaſion, Re-eſtabliſh'd Leo, and carryed Bennet into Germany: Leo being dead, John the Thirteenth was made Pope, and confirm'd by Otho: the Romans offended that the Pope waited to be Confirmed, put him in Priſon; but Otho puniſh'd them very ſeverely for their Inſolence, and Re-eſtabliſh'd John in the Papal See.

Otho the Firſt died, having acquired the Title of Great, by his mighty Deeds. His Son Otho the Second, ſucceeded him. From Chriſt 973.

In the remaining ſpace of time, Rome had theſe following Popes: After the Death of John the Thirteenth, Domnus; three Months after, Bennet the Sixth; aPopes. year after, Boniface the Seventh; he was Depoſed by a Council, and fled to Conſtantinople. From Chriſt 975.

Bennet the Seventh, Son of Alberic, Count of Tuſculum, was plac'd in the Chair, with the conſent of Otho.

John Zimiſcus, Emperor of Conſtantinople, had great Succeſs in the War againſtBaſilius and Conſtantin, Emperors of the Eaſt. the Saracens: After his Death, were plac'd on the Throne the two Sons of Romanus, Baſilius and Conſtantin. From Chriſt 977.

Otho the Second, Emperor, and King of The Death of. Otho the Second. Kings of France. Germany dyed. From Chriſt 982.

Lewis the Fifth, Son of Lothaire, ſucceeded his Father in the Kingdom of France: Lewis had juſtly the Surname of the Idle Prince; he Reigned but Sixteen Months,Lewis the Fifth depoſed. and was Depoſed by the States General convened at Noyon, who plac'd on the Throne Hughes, ſurnamed Capet, the SonHugh Capet, King of France. of Hughes, Count of Paris; contrary to the Rights and Pretenſions of Charles Duke of Lorrain, Brother to their Deceas'd King Lothaire: The French refuſing Charles, becauſeCharles Duke of Lorrain excluded he had acknowledged the Soveraignty of the Emperor Otho, by paying him him Homage for Lorrain. From Christ 987.

Charles uſed his utmoſt Endeavours againſt Hughes; but all to no purpoſe, and moſt unhappily in the end: For beingDied in Priſon. Popes. betrayed by Ancelin, Biſhop of Laon, he fell into the Hands of Hughes, who ſhut him up in a Tower at Orleans, where he died at three Years end.

He left two Sons, Otho, and Lewis; the firſt died in Lorrain, without Iſſue; and Hiſtory makes no mention of the other, but only of his Name. From Chriſt 994.

To Pope John the Sixteenth, ſucceededOtho III. Emperor. John the Seventeenth.

Otho the Third, Emperor, and King of Germany, Son, and Succeſſor to Otho the the Second, came into Italy, and depoſed Pope John the Seventeenth, by reaſonPopes. of his wicked debauched Life, and put Bruno in his place, who was of the Houſe of Saxe, and Kinſman to the Emperor.

This Pope took the Name of Gregory the Fifth.

The Romans expelled him the See, ſo ſoon as Otho was returned into Germany; but the Emperor coming back to Rome, Popes. re-eſtabliſh'd. Gregory, and depoſed John, the new Pope, who was in the place of Gregory. From Christ 998.

The latter being dead, Otho ordered Gebert for his Succeſſor, who had been Tutor to this Emperor, and alſo to Robert, Son to Hugh Capet, King of France. From Christ 999.

Boleſlaus, Duke of the Polanders, receivedPoland made a Kingdom. the Title of King from the Emperor Otho. From Christ 1000.

The Eleventh Age.

STEPHEN, Duke of Hungary, had King of Hungary. the ſame Title of King, but held it from the Pope. From Christ 1001.

Otho the Third died in Italy, as it was thought, by Poyſon.

Henry, called Le Boiteux, Duke of Bavaria, was elected Emperor by the German H nry II. Emperor. Princes. From Christ 1002.

Silveſter the Second died with the ReputationPopes. of a Magician, by reaſon of his profound Learning.

John the Eighteenth, his Succeſſor; deprived the People of Rome, of the Power they had, to give their Voices for the Election of Popes. From Christ 1003.

John the Nineteenth, his Succeſſor, excommunicatedRobert King of France excommunicated. Robert King of France, becauſe he had married one of his Kinſwomen of the Fourth Degree.

This ſtrange Thing came from the exceeding great Superſtition of thoſe Times, that the King's own Subjects, and even Domeſtick Servants, durſt not approach his Perſon, by reaſon of the Excommunication: So that he was forced to go to Rome, in order to be abſolved by the Pope. From Chriſt 1006.

There is another Example of the prevailingThe Force of Superſtition. Power of Superſtition, in thoſe Times of Darkneſs: Guy, Viſcount of Limoge, having impriſon'd a Biſhop, his Subject, was obliged to go to Rome to anſwer the Matter of Fact: He was there condemned to be drawn by two wild Horſes; and the Sentence had been executed, but that the Biſhop, his Adverſary, had generouſly ſaved him.

The Chriſtians had driven out the Saracens from Caſtile: The Princes of thatCaſtile a Kingdom. Country had only the Title of Counts; but Sanches, who was King of Navarre, took the Title of King of Caſtile, by marrying the Heireſs.

Their Son Ferdinand, joyned to it the Kingdom of Leon, having married the Heireſs of that County.

John the Nineteenth being dead, hadPopes. to ſucceed him, Bennet the Eighth; who ordained, That none from that Time Emperors confirmed by the Pope. ſhould aſſume the Title of Emperor, but with the Conſent of the Pope: So Henry of Bavaria, in Submiſſion to that Decree, came to Rome to be Crowned, by the Hands of that Pope. From Christ 1014.

This Emperor Henry died, he had the Surname of Boiſteux, becauſe he was lame; and of Chaſte, having lived with his Wife Cunigundo, without Carnal Knowledge, by an Agreement between them.

The Princes of Germany elected in hisConrad II. Emperor. place, Conrad the Second, Duke of Franconia. From Chriſt 1024.

The Polanders took Cazimir out of theCazimir, a Monk of Cluny, King of Poland. Monaſtry of Cluny, where he had made himſelf a Monk, and had taken the Order of Deacon, they made him their King, by reaſon there was no other Prince living of the Blood Royal.

To Bennet the Eighth, ſucceeded John Popes. the Twentieth, who Crowned the Emperor Conrad, coming to Rome for that purpoſe. From Chriſt 1027.

Conſtantine Reigned ſole Emperor of the Eaſt, by the Death of his Brother Baſilius, which hapned ſome Years before: Conſtantine dying this Year, in his place Romanus Romanus the Third, Emperor of the East. Argyrophilus, his Son-in-Law ſucceeded him in the Empire. From Christ. 1029.

Robert King of France, a wiſe and brave Kings of France. Prince, died: He had re-united to the Crown, the Dutchy of Burgundy; which returned to him by the Death of his Uncle Henry; the County of Burgundy remaining to Otho William, Son to the Wife of Henry, by another Husband, Nephew to Berenger, formerly King of Italy, and Emperor.

Henry, Son, and Succeſſor, to King Robert, gave the Dutchy of Burgundy to his Brother Robert. From Christ 1033.

Raoul the Third, and laſt King of Burgundy, dying without Iſſue, left, by his Teſtament, his Dominions, to the Emperor The Kingdom of Aries 〈◊〉 to the Empire. Conrad, his Brother-in-Law, who married his younger Siſter: By which Act he wrong'd his eldeſt Siſter, Wife to Eud s, Count of Champaign.

Zoe, Wife to Romanus Argirophylus, cauſed him to be killed, and married her Gallant, Michael of Payhlagonia; and by her Intereſt,Michael of Paphlagonia. plac'd the Second Husband on the Throne, at Conſtantinople. From Christ 1034.

At this time, Humbert was Count of Maurienna: From him are deſcended the Counts, and Dukes of Savoy. Others derive their Extraction from the Houſe of Saxe, viz. from Lewis the Blind, King of that Country, Son to B ſon, and Son-in-Law to Charles the Bald.

Bennet the Ninth had ſucceeded John theP 〈…〉 Twentieth. The Romans, ſcandalized at his debauch'd Life, expelled him from that See; and choſe John Biſhop of Salina, under the Name of Silveſter the Third: A Perſon of as wicked a Life as the other; who was alſo for that very reaſon depoſed, and Bennet reſtored; who, to avoid to be T 〈…〉 Rome. too narrowly obſerved in his Debauches retired into the Country, after he had ſold his Papacy for the Sum of Fifteen hundred Pounds, in Gold, to a Prieſt, named Gratian, who took the Name of Gregory the Sixth.

In a ſhort time after, theſe two depoſed Popes came back to Rome So that there were three Popes ſitting together; Bennet the Ninth, at St. John de Lateran; Gregory the Sixth, at St. Peter's; and Silveſter the Third, at St. Maria Major. From Christ 1045.

Henry the Third, Son, and Succeſſor to Conrad the Second, came to Rome to redreſs this Scandal; where, in a Synod, he cauſed the three Popes to be depoſed; and Sugger, Biſhop of Bamberg, was elected in their place, under the Name of Clement the Second. From Chriſt 1046.

The Emperor Henry confirmed the Principality of la Pouille, to Humphry, and Drogon, Norman Princes of la Pouille. two Brothers, and Normans by Birth, who had conquered it from the Saracens.

The Emperor being returned into Germany, Bennet, who was depoſed, cauſed Clement to be poyſon'd, and re-ſeated himſelf in the Chair: But the Romans not beingPopes. able to endure his moſt leud Life, addreſs'd themſelves to the Emperor, to give them a Pope: He ſent them Bappo Biſhop of Frizingen, who was called Damaſus the Second. He was poyſon'd in the ſame manner as Clement, his Predeceſſor. Then Bennet again enjoyed the Papacy for ſix Months; but then was forc'd to give place to Bruno Biſhop of Toul, Son to the Count of Hapsburg, who was ſent by the Emperor, and took the Name of Leo the Ninth. From Christ 1049.

Michael, the Paphlagonian, had confined his Wife Zoe to a Monaſtry.

This Emperor being dead, his NephewMichael Colophates, Emperor of the East. Michael Colophates, rūled the Empire, only four Months: For the People depoſed him, and ſet on the Throne Theodora, Siſter to Zoe; but the latter leaving her Monaſtry,Theodora. Zoe. Conſtantine. Monomacus. re-aſſumed the Empire, and gave it to her Third Husband, Conſtantine the Ninth, called Monomacus.

At that time Guy was Count of Grenoble; The Dauphins of Viennois. Berengarius Arch-Deacon of Angers. from whom are deſcended the Dauphines of Viennois.

Berengarius, Arch-Deacon of the Church of Angers, profeſs'd the Doctrine touching the Euchariſt; affirming, That the Body and Blood of Chriſt, was in the Bread and Wine, not naturally, or ſubſtantially, but ſacramentally: Which in the Ninth Age had been ſupported by Ratrum, and other learned Men of that Time, againſt Paſchaſius.

He was a Man of that great Learning, that coming to Rome, the Pope roſe up to meet him, ſaying, He admired his Wit, and Parts:

Berengarius was condemned in a Council held at Verceil, by the Authority of Pope Leo; being firſt. oppoſed by Lanfrank Arch-Biſhop of Canterbury, and Guitmund Arch-Biſhop of Averſa. From Christ 1050.

This Pope being dead, the Emperor putPopes. in his place, Guebard, Biſhop of Aichſtat, the Son of a Bavarian Count, who took the Name of Victor the Second.

Conſtantine Monomachus being dead, Theodora remounts the Throne; but the Eunuchs of the Court again dethroned her, and elected in her place Michael the Sixth, Surnamed Stratioticus.

In the three Years that Victor was Pope, he twice condemned Berengarius: Firſt, in a Council held at Florence, where the Pope was in perſon: The Second time, in a Council held at Tours, by Hildebrand, his Legate.

Berengarius made his Perſonal Appearance before this laſt Council, where he was condemned; yet he preſerved himſelf from the Penalties, declaring, he believed as the Church believed, concerning the Euchariſt.

Henry the Third, called the Black Prince, dying, left a Son of the ſame Name, not above Seven Years old: For which reaſon he was under the Guardianſhip of the Empreſs Agnes, his Mother.

Stephen the Tenth, from a Monk of Mintcaſſin, was made Pope; who took occaſion, by reaſon of the Nonage of that Emperor, not to demand to be Confirmed. This Pope being dead, the Counts of Tuſculum plac'd Bennet the Tenth, their Kinſman, in the Papal Chair: But the Cardinals, who began to aſſume to themſelves the Right of chuſing Popes, havingThe power of the Cardinals. had no Voices in the Election of Benet, aſſembled themſelves in a Council at Florence, where Benet was depoſed; and Gerrard, Biſhop of that City, ſeated in his place, by the Name of Nicolaus the Second. From Chriſt 1059.

He aſſembled a Council at St. John de Lateran, where Berengarius appeared, andBerengarius r treats. pronounc'd his Retraction, compoſed by Cardinal Humbert; importing, That the Body of Chriſt is ſenſibly in the Euchariſt, chewed and broken with the Teeth of the Communicants: This was done by the compulſion of Pope Nicholas the Second.

In the ſame Council marryed Prieſts, who were called Nicolaits, were condemned, in imitation of the Decrees of ſeveral preceding Popes.

At Conſtantinople, Michael Stratiocus was conſined to a Monaſtery by Iſaac Comnenus, who was proclaimed Emperor; and twoConſtantin Ducas, the Tenth of that Name. years after, voluntarily reſigned up the Empire to Conſtantin the Tenth, ſurnamed Ducas. From Chriſt 1061.

After the Death of Nicolas the Second, a Council Aſſembled at Baſle, by the Emperor Henry the Fourth, choſe for Pope Cadclus, Biſhop of Parma, under the namePopes. of Honorius the Second: On the other ſide, the Cardinals elected at Rome, Anſelmus, Biſhop of Luca, by the name of Alexander the Second; who, after many bloody Skirmiſhes, at laſt prevailed, and was acknowledged for Pope by a Council aſſembled at Mantuc, by the Authority of the Emperor. From Chriſt 1065.

William the Baſtard, Duke of Normandy, William the Conqueror, King of Enland. made himſelf Maſter of England, and had the Surname of Conqueror: He was Son of Robert Duke of Normandy, who without any regard to the Right of William Count of Arles, his lawful Son, had left his Dutchy at his Death, to his Baſtard Son William. From Chriſt 1066.

At Conſtantinople, Eudoxia the Widdow of Constantin Ducas, marrying Romanus theRamanus IV. Emperor of the Eaſt. Fourth, ſurnamed Diogenes cauſed him to be choſen Emperor. This new Prince was taken Priſoner by the Soldan of Egypt; who, after having rudely treated him, at laſt reſtored him his Liberty without Ranſom; but being returned to Constantïnople, his Eyes were put out by Michael Ducas, Michael Ducas, Emperor of the Eaſt the ſeventh of that Name, who aſcended the Throne of his Father Conſtantin.

After the Death of Pope Alexander the Second, the famous Hildebrand was made Pope, under the name of Gregory thePopes. Sixth: He was Native of Sienna, and had been a Monk at Cluny: He enjoy'd the Eſtate of the Counteſs Matilda, Princeſs Ma 〈…〉 a. Counteſs and Princeſs of Tuſcany. A Quarr l b twe n the Pope and the Emperor. of Tuſcany, in poſſeſſion of a part of Liguria, which ſhe inherited of her Father the Marquis Bonifacius. From Christ 1072.

This was the firſt occaſion of the Quarrel between the Pope and the Emperor Henry the Fourth; the ſecond cauſe, was, the Right the Emperor claimed, to inveſt Biſhops by the Croſier and the Ring: the Emperor on his ſide, Aſſembled the Eſtates of the Empire, who declared Gregory a falſe Pope; on the other part, Gregory excommunicated the Emperor, and allThe Emperor Excommunicated. thoſe of his Party. From Christ 1023.

This Sentence had corrupted all Germany; ſo that in an Aſſembly of the Princes, and other Members of the Empire held at Oppenheim, it was reſolved, That Henry ſhould not be acknowledged Emperor, till he was reconciled to the Pope; He humbled himſelf to the Pope. ſo Henry was obliged to go upon this occaſion, into Italy, where he humbled himſelf before the Pope, in a very ſurpriſing manner: But the Reception and Treatment he received from the Pope, ſeemed ſo very inſolent to the Germans, as alſo to the Italians, that they all returned to the Obedience of Henry, who by that means, eaſily deſtroyed the Faction of Rodolphus, Rodolphus overcome by Henry. to whom the Pope had given the Title of Emperor. From Chriſt 1077.

Henry having thus Re-eſtabliſh'd himſelf, caus'd Gregory to be Depoſed in a Council held at Brixen in Bavaria; and put Gilbert Archbiſhop of Ravenna, in his place, under the Name of Clement the Third. From Chriſt 1078.

At Conſtantinople, Michael Ducas the Seventh, was put into a Monaſtry by Nicephorus Botoniates, the Third of that Name:Nicephorus Botoniates the Third. this Nicephorus was treated in the very ſame manner, by Alexius Comnenes. From Chriſt 1080.

Henry paſs'd into Italy, Beſieged Rome; Henry Beſieges Rome. but the Pope, during the two Years the Siege laſted, made a League with Robert Guichard, a Norman Prince de la Pouille, who The Pope deliver d by Robert Guiccard. raiſed the Siege, and reinveſted the Pope. From Chriſt 1083.

After Guichard was gone back, Henry entred Rome, and there cauſed himſelf toHenry in Rome. be Crowned by Clement the Second, who was acknowledged Pope, by a Synod held in that City. From Christ 1084.

A Year after, Gregory the Seventh diedGregory die 〈…〉 at Salerna, highly revered by thoſe of his Party, and as much blamed by thoſe of the oppoſite Party.

Gregory's Faction gave him no Succeſſor, till a Year after his Death, then was elected Victor the Third; call'd before, Dedier, Popes. an Abbot of M ntcaſſin, Son to the Duke de Benevent. He held the See but a Year: his Succeſſor was Otho, a Monk of Cluny, who took the Name of Urban the Second: Nevertheleſs, Clement the Third maintained his Authority all the time in Rome.

Bruno of Cologne, a Chanoine of Reims, The Order of the Carthuſians. inſtituted the Order of the Carthuſians. From Chriſt 1088.

The Emperor. Henry came into Italy, and there ſupporting Clement; Urban not finding himſelf ſafe, went into France, having great aſſurance of a kind Reception from 〈1 line〉 the greateſt of the Nobility of that Kingdom: He there held that famous Council The Council of Clermont. of Clermont, in which were reſolved theſe important Decrees. From Chriſt 1095.

Firſt, the Decree againſt the MarriageMarriages forbidden to the Clergy. of the Clergy, was renewed and confirmed.

Philip King of France, was Excommunicated,Philip, King of France, excommunicated. for having taken the Wife of Foulkes Rechin, Count of Anjou.

The Right to beſtow Eccleſiaſtical Livings, taken away from all Princes, and ſecular Powers.

In conſequence of which, the Emperor Henry was Excommunicated, as well as for other Cauſes, which have been before recited.

Laſtly, Upon the Remonſtrances of Peter the Hermit, they were reſolved on the firſt Croiſade, againſt the Saracens, to recover The firſt Croiſade. the Holy-Land.

Alphonſo, King of Caſtille, was ſupplyed with Forces againſt the Saracens, by many French Lords. Henry of Lorain, oneHenry of Lorrain, King of Portugal. of them marrying a Daughter of Alphonſo; by that Match had Portugal, and with it the Title of King.

The Army of the Croizaders, in which was Prince Conrade, ſerving the Pope againſt his Father, brought Urban to Rome, Urban eſtabliſh'd at Rome. where he eſtabliſh'd him, and turn'd out Clement.

Urban dying within the ſame Year he was re-eſtabliſh'd, his Succeſſor Paſchal Paſchall the Second. the Second, appeared on the day he was Conſecrated with the marks of Royalty, covered with a Purple Robe, with ſeven Seals hanging to an Embroidered Belt.

The Croiſaders arrived by ſeveral ways The Croiſaders exploits. to Constantinople, committing every where horrible Outrages; they paſs'd the Boſphorus with Forces the Emperor Alexis gave them; taking many Places in Aſia the leſſer, and in Syria: They arrived in Paleſtine, beſieged Jeruſalem; took it, and Jeruſalem taken. choſe for their King, the famous Godfrey Godfrey of Bouillon choſen King. of Bovillon, preferring him before many Princes, who were in the Army; among others, Conrade, Son to the Emperor Henry; Hughes, Brother to Philip King of France; and Robert, Brother to William Rufus, King of England.

This new King had but Twenty thouſand Men left, of more then Three hundred thouſand, who liſted themſelves in this Expedition of the Croiſade; yet with theſe Twenty thouſand Men, defeated The Soldan of Egypt defeated. Five hundred thouſand, which the Soldan of Egypt had brought againſt him, deſigning to retake Jeruſalem. From Christ 1100.

The Twelfth Age.

THere was a ſecond Croiſade more numerous, The ſecond Croyſade proved unfortunate. but leſs fortunate than the firſt. From Christ 1101.

For there was a great number killed in the leſſer Aſia, where they fell into the Ambuſcades of the Saracens, by the Fraud of the Old Emperor Alexus, with whom the chief of the Croiſaders were at Difference. From Chriſt 1102.

The Emperor Henry died at Liege, in a moſt lamentable condition; to which, his Son Henry the Fifth, had reduc'd him;Henry the Fifth Emperor. having before, compelled him to reſign the Empire. From Christ 1106.

Philip King of France, died alſo, after he had lived long in Luxury with Bertrade; Kings of France. whom he ſtill retained, notwithſtanding two Excommunications; and was at laſt reconciled to the Pope, who gave him leave to enjoy her as his lawful Wife. From Chriſt 1108.

Pope Paſchal, in a Council held at Troy, The Council of Tr y. in Champagne, renewed all; his Predeceſſor had order in that of Clermont, againſt the A Quarrel between the Pope Emperor. prētended Inveſtitures by the Emperors. Henry the Fifth, had diſſembled with the Pope, in order to ſettle himſelf more firmly in the Empire. But when he found himſelf powerful enough to aſſert his Right, he paſs'd into Italy, made himſelf Maſter of Rome, and concluded a Treaty with Paſchal, very advantagious to the Emperors. From Christ 1110.

But, after Henry was returned to Germany, the Pope retracted, tho' he had ſwore to the Treaty, and upon it received the Sacrament with the Emperor. From Chriſt 1112.

Henry was not then in a condition to ſhew his Reſentment for that high Affront, by reaſon of great Diſturbances the Pope Troubles in Germany. had fomented in Germany; which cauſed much Blood to be ſhed in the five Years theſe Troubles laſted.

The Emperor at length, having ſurmounted them all, went a ſecond time into Italy, to diſannul the Deed of Gift, made The Death of the Counteſs Matilda. by the Counteſs Matilda, which ſhe bequeathed to the See of Rome after her Death. From Chriſt 1117.

At Constantinople, the Old Emperor Alexus, had reſigned the Empire to his Son Calo John, being very much troubled atCalo John Emperor of the Eaſt. the ill Succeſs he had, for oppoſing the Croiſaders; having repented he had invited them, at length he died with very great Grief. From Christ 1118.

Henry paſſed a third time into Italy, to reduce Gelaſius the Second, who had ſucceeded Paſchal upon the point of the Inveſtitures. The new Pope fled into France. In the interim, the Emperor plac'd in thePopes. See of Rome, Maurice Bourdin, Archbiſhop of Bracara, in Portugal, under the Name of Gregory the Eigth. Gelaſius dying in France, the Cardinals, who had followed him, choſe in his place, Guy Archbiſhop of Vienna, under the Name of Calixtus the Second; He was Brother to the Count of Burgundy, and Couſin to the Emperor.

This Pope held a Council at Rheims, in The Council at Rheims. which was renewed and confirmed all that had been Decreed in that of Clermont, upon the matter of the Inveſtitures, and marrying of Prieſts.

Calixtus returned into Italy with an Army; he Conquer'd, and took in Battel the Anti-Pope Bourdin, and had alſo thatPopes. good fortune to ſettle Affairs in Germany, in ſuch a manner, that the Emperor Henry, in an Aſſembly of the Empire held at Wormes, renounced the Right of Inveſtitures. From Chriſt 1122.

Calixtus being dead, there was a great Diviſion in the Election between Celeſtinus and Honorius the Second; but the laſt carryed it: thoſe of his Faction being the greateſt Perſons in Rome.

After the Death of the Emperor Henry the Fifth; his Siſters Son, Frederick Duke of Swabia, with Conrade, diſputed the Empire againſt Lothaire, the ſecond DukeLothaire, the ſecond Emperor. of Saxe; but the latter prevailed at laſt. From Chriſt 1125.

William Rufus, Son to the Conqueror, Kings of England. had given his Daughter, Adelais to Stephen, Count of Boulogue, who in her Right was King of England: Stephen and his Queen Adelais, dying without Iſſue, Robert the Second, Son of the Conqueror, had his Eyes put out by his younger Brother Henry, who aſſumed the Crown of England.

Under this King, and Lewis le Gros, King The first War between the French and the Engliſh. Kings of Arrgon. of France, the Son and Succeſſor to Philip, began the firſt War between the French and Engliſh.

Alphonſo, King of Arragon, having been killed by the Moores, his Brother Ramire was taken out of a Monaſtery, and made King in his place.

At that time lived one John of Eſtampes, who had been a Soldier under Charlemaine; He was called Johannes de Temporibus; becauſeJohn D' Eſtampes, very Aged. Amideus, Count of Savoy. of his extraordinary long Life.

Amedeus, Count of Maurienna, received the Title of Count of Savoy, from the Emperor.

Hugh de Paganis, firſt inſtituted the Military Order of the of the Knights, TemplarsThe Order of the Knight Templars. in the City of Jeruſalem. From Chriſt 1127.

Honorius the Second, being dead this Year, Innocent the Second was put in his place: while this new Pope made WarP 〈…〉 with Roger, Prince of Apulia of Calabria and Sicily; The Romans in his abſence, choſe an Antipope, called Anacletus; ſo that Innocent was forc'd to fly into France. where he was acknowledged lawful Pope The Council of Eſtampes. St. Bernard. in the Council of Eſtampes, by the means of St. Bernard; who alſo afterwards perſuaded Victor the Fourth, to reſign the Chair to Innocent; who for that purpoſe, was brought back into Italy by the Emperor Lothair; ſo that Schiſm ceaſed. From Christ 1132.

To Lewis the Sixth, Sur-named Le Groſs, ſucceeded his Eldeſt Son Lewis the Seventh, called Le Jeuſne; beſides whom, he had Kings of France. Robert Count of Dreux, Peter Lord of Courtnay, and Philip Arch-Deacon of Paris; who reſigned the Biſhoprick to Peter Lombard, the famous Doctor, and Author of the Book of Sentences, where Divinity is treated of by Queſtions; which MethodLearned M n. was introduc'd by John Roſſelin, and Peter Abeillard, two Natives of Bretagne.

Some time before, Robert Abbot of Moleſme, had inſtituted the Order of Cisteaux, The Order of Ciſteux. which took its Name from the Principal Abbey of that Order, which became more Illuſtrious by St. Bernard, Abbot of Clerveaux. From Chriſt 1130.

Baldwin of Flanders, Succeſſor to Godfrey in the Kingdom of Jeruſalem, being Kings of Jeruſalem. dead; the Daughter of Baldwin, who had marryed Foulques of Anjou, gave the Kingdom to her Husband.

Lothaire being dead, Conrad the Third,Conrade, the Third Emperor. Duke of Swabia, was choſe Emperor in his place.

Pope Innocent the Second, having been taken in the War he made againſt Roger, was ſet at liberty by that Prince, on condition, that Roger ſhould have the Title of Apulia and Sicily, which he and his Succeſſors were to hold, paying Fealty to the See of Rome. From Chriſt 1143.

To Innocent the Second, ſucceeded Caeleſtin, and Lucius, both named Seconds: Then, Eugenius the Third, a Diſciple and 〈◊〉 . Monk of the Order of St. Bernard; The Romans not willing to acknowledge him for their Temporal Soveraign, no more than his three Predeceſſors had done; He went into France, where he held a Council A Council at Chartres. at Chartres, in which was inſtituted a new Croyſade, which proved moſt unfortunate to the Latin Chriſtians, who moſt of them periſh'd in the way, by the treachery of Manuel Comnenes, Son and Succeſſor to Calo, John Emperor of Conſtantinople. From Chriſt 1147.

The Emperor Conrade, who commanded The Emperor Conrade's Army loſt. And Lewis King of France. the Land-Army, eſcaping with much difficulty. From Chriſt 1149.

Lewis, King of France, going by Sea, avoided the Treachery of the Greeks; but the Malice of the Eaſtern Latins, whoſe Vices were moſt enormous, cauſed his Army to periſh at the Siege of Damas; ſo the Emperor, and the King, having done nothing, but ſuffered great Loſſes, returned home; the King by the way, fell into the hands of the Greeks; whom, as they were carrying him Priſoner, the brave Rogor, King of Sicily, reſcued him from them. From Christ 1150.

Anaſtatius the Fourth, Succeſſor to Eugenius the Third, did nothing remarkablePopes. in the fifteen Months of his Papacy. Adrian the Fourth, his Succeſſor, Crowned Frederic Barbaroſſa, who had been choſe Emperor in the place of Conrad his Uncle, who died two Years before. From Chriſt 1155.

The Pope and the new Emperor fell out immediately, on the ſame occaſions as their Predeceſſors; which gave Birth to the Factions of the Guelphs and the Gibelins; The Guelphs, and the Gibelins. by which, Italy and Germany were ruined: The Gu lphs of the Party of the Pope, and the Gibelins of the Emperors: which Quarrel grew more hot betweenPopes. the Emperor, and Alexander the Third, Succeſſor to Adrian. The Emperor ſupportingAnti-popes. three Antipopes, viz. Victor, Paſchal, and Calixtus, againſt Alexander. From Chriſt 1159.

At length, the Pope agreed with theAn Agreement b tween the Emp ror and the Pope. Emperor at Venice, where they met; Hiſtorians have writ diverſly of the Treatment Alexander uſed to Frederic; but it is very certain, the Agreement was moſt advantagious to the Pope. From Christ 1164.

The Inſtitution of the Military Order of Th Order of the Knights Hoſpita 〈…〉 . the Knights, Hoſpitalers of St. John of Jeruſalem, was ſome Years after that of the Templars; then after that of the Hoſpitalers, was inſtituted the Teutonick Order. T Teutonick Or 〈…〉 . From Christ 1177.

Henry the Second, King of England, SonHenry •• S cond, King of England. of Jeffery, Count of Anjou, had marryed Eleanor Dutcheſs of Aquitaine, and Counleſs of Poitou, repudiated by Lewis the Seventh, King of France; ſo Henry became very powerful; he was Excommunicated by Pope Alexander, upon the occaſion of the Death of Thomas a Becket, ArchbiſhopThomas a Becket, Archbiſhop of Canterbury. Kings of France. of Canterbury.

The two Kings, Lewis and Henry, made War ſeveral times; at laſt a Peace was concluded, which held till the Death of Lewis, who had for his Succeſſor, Philip the Second: It was at his Coronation, that the Peers of France were twelve in T rlve Pe rs of France. Alexis the Second Emp r r of the Eaſt. Andronicus his S cceſſor: number.

Manuel Emperor of the Eaſt died, left his Son Alexus the Second, then a very Child; He was ſtrangled at two yearsend, by Andronicus his Kinſman, who by that means made himſelf Emperor; He Reigned but two years, for the People killed him; and put in his place Iſaac the Second, called Iſacius Angelus. From Iſaac the Second, his Succeſſor. Saladin takes Jeruſalem. Chriſt 1184.

Saladin, Sultan of Egypt, took Jeruſalem from Guy, King of Luſignan, Eighty eight Years after the Croyzaders had taken it, under the Conduct of Godfrey of Bovilton. From Chriſt 1187.

After the Death of Alexander the Third, which fell out in the year Eleven hundred eighty one; Lucius the Third, Urban Popes the Third, Gregory the Eighth, and Clement the Third, held ſucceſſively the See of Rome. From Chriſt 1190.

The Emperor Frederic had been took The Death of the Emperor Frederic. Priſoner, and generouſly releaſed by Saladin, in a Voyage that Emperor made to the Levant; after Jeruſalem had been taken, he went there again, and was drowned as he was Bathing in the River Orontes, near to Antioch.

Henry the Sixth, his Son, was choſe EmperorHenry the Sixth, his Succeſſor. in his place. It is not found, that Frederick was taken by Saladin, but that he fought with good ſucceſs, and that he had ruin'd the Saracens and Turks, had he liv'd longer. From Christ 1192.

The Voyage of Philip King of France, The King of France and England fact one. and of Richard King of England, was not more Fortunate: They took only Acre, or Ptolemais; but falling out among themſelves, each retired to his Kingdom; theſe two Kings had already made War one againſt the other, and had put a ſtop to it, upon the Deſign of the Croizade; but after their return, they again revived it more furiouſly than before. From Chriſt 1197.

Henry the Sixth dying, left by his Wife. The Emperor Henry the Sixt 's Death. Conſtantia, Daughter, and ſole Heireſs of William King of Sicily; Frederic, a Child too young to Rule the Empire. The Princes were divided in the Election; one Party choſe Philip, the Brother of Henry; Philip and Otho diſpute the Empire. Popes. the other Otho Duke of Saxe; this latter prevailed, being ſupported by Innocent the Third, Succeſſor to Caeliſtin the Third.

Richard, called Caeur de Lyon, being dead; the Succeſſion of England, with his other Kings of England. Dominions, belonging to Arthur Duke of Bretany, Son to Jefery, the ſecond Son of Henry the Second; but John, who was but the third Son, uſurp'd it, to the prejudice of his Nephew Arthur. From Chriſt 1200.

THE Thirteenth Age.

ABout the end of the foregoing Age, the Croyzade had been publiſh'd; at The Croyzade. the beginning of this Century, the Croyzaders met at Conſtantinople: Iſaac the Angel, had his Eyes put out by his Brother Alexis, who by that means uſurp'd the Empire. The young Alexis, Son of Iſaac, Emperors of Conſtantinople. ſtop'd the Croyzaders, and perſuaded them to employ their Arms to depoſe the Uſurper, which they did; and re-eſtabliſh'd the Father and Son: But theſe two Princes not having ſatisfied the Croyzaders, they ſet up the Grecians: Alexis Ducas, ſurnamed Murzuffle took occaſion in this confuſion, to kill the young Alexis; but he The Croyzaders take Conſtantinople. himſelf was taken, and kill'd in Conſtantinople, by the Croyzaders, who made themſelves Maſters of the City, after ſixty days Siege. From Christ 1204.

By the Agreement of the Army, twelve of their Chiefs having the power to electBaudwin, Emperor of Conſtantinople. an Emperor, the choice fell upon Baudwin, Count of Flanders. They alſo choſe for Patriarch, Thomas Moroſini, a Venetian.

Alexis, a Prince of the Blood of Comnenes, Alexis, Emperor of Trebizonda. retired to Trebizonda, upon the Euxine Sea in Aſia; and there having gathered together the Remnant of the Grecians, he was by them acknowledged Emperor.

The Schiſm of the Weſtern Empire ceas'd,Otho the Fourth, ſole Emperor of the Weſt. by the death of Philip: Otho the Fourth, remaining ſole Emperor. From Chriſt 1208.

From the precedent Age, Peter Valdo of Lyons, abandoning his Wealth, had preached againſt the Corruption of the Clergy, chiefly againſt that of Rome; they called his Diſciples Vaudois, the poor Beggars of The Vaudois. Lyms; they held the Doctrine of Berengarius, in what relates to the Euchariſt; as alſo Peter de Brus, and Henry his Companion, who were followed by an infinite number of Diſciples at the beginning of this Age, and were called Albegois, becauſe The Albegois. their Doctrine had been firſt of all received in the Dioceſs of Albi; from whence it was ſpread all over Languedoc. From Chriſt 1209.

The Pope excommunicated them, and publiſh'd a Croyzade againſt them: Five hundred thouſand Croyzaders, under the The Croyzaders oppoſe them. Simon, Grant of Montfort. command of Simon Count of Monfort, made a horrible Slaughter of thoſe poor People.

Peter, King of Arragon, there loſt his Life, with the Army he had brought to their Aſſiſtance, in favour of his Couſin Raymond Berenger, Count of Tholouze, who had embrac'd their Doctrine. From Chriſt 1213.

Pope Innocent had Crowned the Emperor Otho at Rome; but the old Quarrel about the Inveſtitures being revived between them, the Pope raiſed up Enemies in all Parts againſt Otho, and abetted the PartyFrederic the Second, againſt Otho. of young Frederic, Son of the Emperor Henry the Sixth, againſt Otho.

Philip the Second, called Auguſtus, King A War between Otho and Philip King of France. of France, entered into that Party againſt Otho; becauſe that Emperor was Allyed to John King of England, an Enemy to Philip: which occaſioned the War between Otho and Philip; in which was fought the Battel of Bovines in Flanders; where Otho The Battel of Bovines. being overcome, ſav'd himſelf by Flight, leaving to Philip, among other Priſoners, Ferrand, Brother to Sanchez, King of P rtugal, Son-in-law to Baldwin, Emperor of Conſtantinople.

The Pope quarrelled with King John of A Quarrel between the Pope and the King of England. England, upon the occaſion of the Election of an Archbiſhop of Canterbury; the King having named one, contrary to the pretenſion of the Pope, who ſaid, the Nomination belonged to him; whereupon the Pope excommunicated King John, and interdicted all his Kingdom, and gave it to the King of France; the King laid the Storm, by humbling himſelf to the Pope, and declared himſelf his Vaſſal, with an obligation to pay him a Thouſand Marks every year, beſides the Peter-pence.

The Barons of England incenſed at this Treaty, ſo diſhonourable to the Nation, abandoned King John, and having call'd over Lewis, the Son of Philip King of France, Lewis the Son of Philip. King of France crowned King of England. Henry III King of England. they acknowledged him for their King, and Crowned him at Weſtminſter; but their Anger was appeaſed by the Death of King John: So they ſent back Lewis, and reſtored the Crown to Henry the Third, Son to King John, who had the Surname of Sans Terre, becauſe he died diveſted of his Kingdom.

Innocent held a Council at Latran, where was concerted the greateſt Number of Biſhops, The Council of Latran. had been ſeen. What related to the Euchariſt, they there determined, Tranſubſtantiation as a Point of Faith; andTranſubſtantiation. that they ſhould keep the Hoſt in their Box, and to carry it with Solemnity to the Sick, with ringing a little Bell. Then followed the Neceſſity of Auricular Confeſſion: There they eſtabliſh'd the SovereigntyAuricular Confeſſion. The Sovereignty of the Pope. of the Pope, above all Degrees of Perſons, over Emperors, Kings, and other Powers, to deprive them of their Dominions, and to diſpoſe of them as the Pope ſhall think beſt. From Chriſt 1215.

After this manner had he uſed King John of England; and yet with better Effect againſt Raymond Count of •• olouze, whoſe Dominions he had really transferred to Simon Count of Montfort, becauſe Raymond had favoured the Albigenſes.

Honorius the Third, Succeſſor to Innocent, approved of the four Orders of Mendicants; The four Orders of Mendicants. that is to fay, the Preachers, or Dominicans, the Franciſcans, the Auguſtines, and the Carmelites.. From Chriſt 1216.

Otho being dead, Frederic the Second remainedFrederick the Second, Emperor of the East. ſole Emperor in the Weſt.

Raymond, Count of Tholouze, re-eſtabliſh'd himſelf in his Dominions, after theRaymond Count of Tholouze recovers his Dominions. Emperors of Conſtantinople. Death of Simon de Montford, who was killed at the Siege of Tholouze. From Chriſt 1218.

To Baldwin, Emperor of Conſtantinople, ſucceeded Henry his Brother; and to him ſucceeded his Son-in-Law, Peter de Courtnay, Count of Auxerre; who going to take poſſeſſion of that Empire, was ſtopt in Theſſaly, by Alexis-Comnenes; notwithſtanding the ſafe Conduct he had given him, Peter was killed, at the end of three or four Years Impriſonment, by the Command of this perfidious Grecian Prince. From Christ 1222.

During the time of Peter's Impriſonment, Jolante, his Wife governed at Conſtantinople, like a brave, and wiſe Heroin. Philip Count of Nemours, their eldeſt Son refuſed the Empire, and reſigned it to his younger Brother Robert.

Philip the Second, King of France, call'd Kings of France. Auguſtus, for his very great Qualities, died: He was alſo called the Conqueror, having taken away from the Engliſh, the greateſt part of what they poſſeſs'd in France.

Lewis the Eighth, his Son, and Succeſſor, had took away from the Engliſh, Rochel, and Avignon from the Albigenſes. From Christ 1226.

He Reigned but three Years; Lewis the Ninth, his eldeſt Son, ſucceeded him. Of the three younger Sons, Robert had the County of Artois; Alphonſo, Poictou; and Charles that of Arjou: The two laſt taken from the Engliſh. From Chriſt 1227.

To Honorias the Third, ſucceeded Gregory Popes. A Quarrel between Gregory and Frederick. the Ninth; who fell out with the Emperor Frederick the Second, becauſe he had taken away from one of the Pope's Nephews, all that the Emperor Philip had beſtowed on him in Italy. In the mean time, Frederick having married Jole, the Daughter of John de Bregna, King of Jeruſalem, paſt into the Levant, and regained Jeruſalem, after he had made an honourable Truce with the Sultan for ten Years; while the Pope took Naples in his Abſence: But the Emperor, at his Return, retook it, without any great trouble. From Christ 1230.

In the eleven following Years, Italy and Germany were in continual Troubles, occaſioned by the Quarrel between the Emperor and the Pope.

The Emperor being Excommunicated,The Iſſue of the Quarrel. his Son Henry revolted againſt him; upon which his Father overcame him in a great Battle, and paſt into Italy, where he reduc'd to his Obedience thoſe Cities the Pope had made to revolt: He beſieged Rome, and had like to have taken it; yet he took ſeveral Cardinals flying from thence.

Pope Gregory died of extream Grief for his ill Succeſs: Under his Papacy were publiſh'd the Pontifical Ordinances, called the Decretals; as in the former Age Gratian had compiled the Decrees, under the Authority of Alexander the Third. In the Emperor Frederick's time, began the two implacable Factions of the Guelfs, and Gibellines. From Christ 1241.

Celeſtine the Fourth having enjoyed thePopes. See of Rome but eighteen Days, the Chair was vacant for the ſpace of twenty Months, at the end of which was choſe Innocent the Fourth; who went into France to act more powerfully againſt the Emperor Frederic.

The Pope aſſembled a Council at Lyons, The Council of Lyons. Cardinals in purple. where the Cardinals were cloathed in Purple, by Virtue of a Decree of that Council.

Frederick having been a little while excommunicated, had forfeited his Right to the Empire; which the Pope offered to Robert, Brother to the King of France; but the good King refuſed it, offering on his part a Mediation, to reconcile the Quarrel. The Pope not regarding the King's Offer, combined with a Party of the German Princes, who choſe for their Emperor,Henry Lantgrave of Turinge Henry Lantgrave of Turing; who ſoon after dying, they elected William Count of Holland. Emperor. William Count of Holland. From Chriſt 1246.

King Lewis beng engaged in the Croyſade, went into Aegypt againſt the Sultan; there he took Damietta, and defeated the Mamulecks, in two great Battles; but in the third, this good King's Army was wholly routed, and himſelf taken Priſoner, with the chief of his Nobility: He was ſet at Liberty, paying a Ranſome of Four hundred thouſand Livres: He went into Paleſtine, and at laſt returned back to France, ſix Years after he had left it. From Chriſt 1254.

Frederick the Second being dead, Conrad Conrad the Fourth Emperor. the Fourth was choſen Emperor by a Party of the German Princes: But finding himſelf ſtrong enough to maintain his Right in Germany, he retired into his Kingdom of Naples; where he was poyſon'd by his Brother Manfred, a Baſtard of Frederick the Second.

Alexander the Fourth, ſucceeded Innocent Popes. the Fourth. From Chriſt 1255.

William, Count of Holland, having been killed in a War againſt the Frizons, one Party of the Princes choſe for their Emperor Alphonſo King of Caſtile: Another PartyAlphonſo King of Caſtile, and Richard Duke of Cornwal Emperor . Richard Duke of Cornwal, Brother to Henry King of England: Richard was crowned at Aix la Chapelle: Alphonſo never came into Germany. From Chriſt 1257.

The Hiſtory of this Age makes mention of a Prince in the Levant, whoſe Dominion was among the Mountains of Armenia; The Antient of the Mountains. from whence he was called the Antient of the Mountains: and had likewiſe the name of Prince of the Arſacides, or Aſſaſſins, who by promiſing an imaginary Paradice, perſuaded all his Subjects to kill whom he pleaſed.

Robert of Sorbonne, from the name of a The Coll dge of Sorbonne. Village near Paris, where he was Born, founded the famous Colledge, which ſtill bears his Name in that great City.

Alexander the Fourth died, and had for his Succeſſor Urban the Fourth, Son of aPopes. Shoemaker in Troyes, in Campagne; this Pope inſtituted that ſuperſtitious Ceremony of carrying the Hoſt in publick Proceſſion and cauſing it to be ador'd.

Baldwin, Emperor of Conſtantinople, being The Latins drove out of Conſtantinople. abſent from that City, Michael Paleologus drove out the Latins, who had ruled the Empire for the ſpace of Fifty ſeven Years.

Urban the Fourth died; he had transferr'd to Charles of Anjou, Brother to KingPopes. Lewis of France, the Right of the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily, which the Baſtard Manfred had uſurp'd o're Conradin, Son to the Emperor Conrade. From Chriſt 1264.

Clement the Fourth, a Frenchman, like his Predeceſſor, continuing to ſupportCharles of Anjou, King of Naples and Sicily. Charles; put himſelf in poſſeſſion of the Kingdom of Naples and Sicily: after he had defeated in Battel the young Conradin, who being afterwards with his Couſin Frederick, Duke of Auſtriche, fallen intoContradin and Frederic beheaded. Manfred killed. the hands of Charles, he cauſed them publickly to be Beheaded; the Baſtard Manfred having been before killed in a Battel Charles had won againſt him. From Chriſt 1268.

King Lewis of France, made a ſecond A Croyzade. Croyzade, with Edward, Son to Henry King of England; Prince Edward taking the way to Paleſtine, and the King the way to Africk, where he took Carthage, which was then conſiderable only for its Name; after that, he beſieged Tunis, and dyed at The Death of Saint Lewis. that Siege of the Plague, which infected his Army. From Christ 1270.

Philip the Third, called le Hardi, hisPhilip the Third, King of France. eldeſt Son ſucceeded him; Robert the youngeſt of his Sons, Count of Clermont, was chief of the Branch of Bourbon. St. Sons and Brothers of St. Lewis. Lewis had three Brothers, Robert Count of Artois, who was chief of one Branch, and Charles Count of Anjou, King of Naples, made another Branch: Alphonſo, Count of Poitou, left no Iſſue by his Wife, Daughter and Heireſs to Raymond, Count of Tholouze. From Chriſt 1271.

After the Death of Clement the Fourth,Popes. the See of Rome was vacant for two or three years; about the end of which, the Arch-Deacon of Liege was elected, under the Name of Gregory the Tenth. From Chriſt 1273.

The Emperor Richard being dead the Princes of Germany having no regard for Alphonſo, King of Caſtille, choſe for Emperor Rodolphus, Count of Hapsburg, a littleRodolphus, Emperor. Signory in the County of Berne: Gregory confirmed this Election, in a Council held at Lyons, where Alphonſo reſigned by Proxy A Council at Lyons. his pretenſions to the Empire. From Chriſt 1274.

Michael Paleologus being in Perſon at thatMichael Paleologus, Emperor of the Eaſt. Council, where having acknowledged the Authority of the Pope, he was there declared, and confirmed Emperor of the Eaſt.

In the ſame year, died Gregory the Tenth; he had three Succeſſors in a very ſhort time, Innocent the Fifth, Adrian the Fifth,Popes. and John the One and twentieth; who all held the See but a few days: After the Death of the laſt was choſen Nicholas the Third, of the Houſe of Urſini. From Christ 1276.

Otochaire, King of Bohemia, to whomOtochaire King of Bohemia, overcome by Rodolphus. Rodolphus had been an Officer, refuſing to obey the Emperor, was forc'd to ſubmit. From Christ 1277.

Having been overcome in a Battel by Rodolphus, who took from him the Marquiſate of Austria, which Rodolphus gave The Surname of Auſtria. to his Son Albert; he and his Succeſſors taking the ſurname of Auſtria. From Christ 1278.

To Nicholaus the Third, ſucceeded Martin the Fifth, who being a Frenchman, Popes. heard with great regret, the news of the horrible Maſſacre, which the Sicilians committed on the French, at the hour of Veſpers Sicilian Veſpers. Peter, King of Arragon ſeized Sicily. on Eaſter-day: Whereupon, Peter King of Arragon, ſeized on Sicily, to which he pretended a Right by his Wife Conſtantia, Daughter to the Baſtard Manfred. From Chriſt 1282.

Martin the Fifth, and Charles of Anjou, The Death of Pops and the Kings of France and Naples. King of Naples, died with Grief, for what hapned in Sicily: And, King Philip of France alſo died, highly troubled at the loſs of a great Army, he had ſent to ſeize Arragon, upon the Interdiction the Pope had laid on that Kingdom, becauſe King Peter (as has been mentioned) had by treachery made himſelf Maſter of Sicily. From Chriſt 1285.

Charles the Second, called le Boiteux, orTheir Succeſſors. the lame Prince, ſucceeded his Father in the Kingdom of Naples: Philip the Fourth, called le Bel, ſucceeeded his Father in France.

To Martin the Fifth, ſucceeded Honorius the Fourth, who dying about the endPopes. of two years, had for his Succeſſor, a Cordelier, called Nicolaus the Fourth. From Chriſt 1287.

The Croyzade, this Pope had cauſed to be preach'd up, had very little effect. The Sultan took Acre, the only City that remained to the Latins in Paleſtine.

After the Death of Nicolaus the Fourth, the Chair was vacant fifteen Months: At length, the Cardinals choſe a devout Hermit, called Peter Moron, who took the Name of Celeſtin the Fifth. From Chriſt 1294.

This good Man being highly diſguſtedCeleſtin reſigns the papacy. at the Grandure attended the Papacy, was eaſily perſuaded to Reſign to the Cardinal of Cajeta, who took the Name of Boniface Boniface the Eighth. the Eighth. This Pope kept his Predeceſſor Celeſtin under Confinement; where The Celeſtin Monks. he ſpent the remainder of his days, with thoſe Monks he had formerly inſtituted; who from his Papal Name, were called Celeſtins From Chriſt 1295.

The Emperor Rodolphus died in the year 1291. He was ſo overperſuaded, that the Voyages his Predeceſſors made into Italy, had been unfortunate to them, which diverted him from going there, and likewiſe made him neglect to keep up his Authority in thoſe Parts; ſo that he made Sale of the Franchiſes of the Towns of Severa Rep blick in Italy, Piſa, Piſtoya, Genoa, Luca, Sienna, and Florence; which became ſo many Republicks: The Popes alſo did not let ſlip that opportunity, to eſtabliſh themſelves more firmly in their Temporal Soveraignties.

Adolphus of Naſſau, elected in the placeAdolphus of Naſſau, Emperor. of Rodolphus, Reigned with very little good Fortune, being Depoſed at the end of four years, or as others ſay, ſix years and ſome months, by a Party of the German Albert of Auſtria, E peror. Princes, who ſet up Albertus, M rqueſs of Auſtria, Son to R 〈…〉 s: The War between theſe two Competitors ended in a Battel, where Adolphus was overcome, and killed by Albert, with his own Hand. From Christ 1298.

Pope Boniface concludes this Century, The Inſtitution of the Jubilee. with the Celebration of a Jubilee, which he inſtituted to be Celebrated every hundred years. From Chriſt 1300.

He ſuborn'd a certain Perſon, by thruſting a hollow Cane into a hole in the Wall of Celeſtin, his Predeceſſors Chamber, to mutter theſe words to the Pope as he lay in Bed: Celeſtin, if thou wilt be happy, reſign the Pontificate.

THE Fourteenth Age.

THe Pope and King Philip le Bell fell A Quarre between Boniface and Philip le Bel. out, upon occaſion of the Popes pretended Right of Sovereignty over all Kingdoms. This Quarrel laſted till the Death of Boniface, which befell him by the means of William de Nogaret, a French Captain, and Seiarra Colonna, an Italian Exile, ſent by King Philip into Italy, to ſeize on the Pope; which they performed, and kill'd him in Priſon. From Chriſt 1303.

Benet the Eleventh, of the Order of the Dominicans, being his Succeſſor, diſannul'dPopes. all that Boniface had acted againſt King Philip.

Benet having held the See no more than eight Months, it was vacant eleven Months; at the end of which, the King made Bertram of Goot, Archbiſhop of Bourdeaux, to be choſen under the Name of Clement the Fifth.

At his Coronation performed at Lyons, in the preſencc of King Philip, John Duke of Bretany was killed by the tall of a Wall, as the Duke was leading the Popes Mule by the Bridle. Charles, Count of Valois Brother to the King, was maim'd; and the Pope having his Miter ſtruck off, loſt a Jaſper of a great price. He tranſlated the Papal See to the City of Avignon in France, where it continued 70 years. From Christ 1304.

The Emperor Albert having been kill'd by the Sons of the Emperor Adolphus; King Philip had a deſign to have his Brother Charles, Count of Valois, to be elected; but the Pope fearing by that means, that France would become too powerful, prevented the Deſign, perſuading the Electors,Henry the •• venth, Emperor. to give the Empire to Henry the Seventh, Count of Luxemberg. From Christ 1308.

Charles le Boiſteux, King of Naples, had Kings of Hungary nd Naples. marryed his Son Charles, called Martel, with the Daughter and Heireſs of Stephen, King of Hungary; Martel dying, leaving a Son, named Corobert, who repreſenting his Father, had all the right to ſucceed him in the Kingdom of Naples; however, his Uncle Robert carryed it before him. From Christ 1309.

The Knights, Hoſpitalers of St. John of T •• Hoſp 〈…〉 Rhodes. Jeruſalem took the Iſle of Rhodes, and there eſtabliſh'd the principal Seat of their Order. From Chriſt 1310.

At the Council held at Vienna by Clement, the order of the Templers, was Aboliſh'd. The Hoſpitallers had ſome part The Templers aboliſh'd, with the Beguars, and the Beguins. of their Lands; yet King Philip had the greateſt ſhare. They raced out alſo, in the ſame Council, the Beguars, and the Beguins, a ſort of Fryars and Nuns, accuſed for very great Diſorders in their Life, and of Errors in their Faith. From Christ 1310.

The Emperor Henry the Seventh, going The Emperor Henry the Seventh poyſo 'd in the Sacrument. into Italy, to re-eſtabliſh the Rights of the Empire, died there, as 'tis believed, poyſoned by one Bernadine, a Predicant Fryar, as he gave him the Sacrament. From Chriſt 1313.

Pope Clement, and King Philip died, both at the ſame time. The Pope and the King ſummon'd at the first Day, by the Great Maſter of the Templers Lewis Hutin King of France.

The Great Maſter of the Templers, at the Hour of his Execution, ſummoned both the Pope, and the King, to appear before the Tribunal of God. The Pope died in forty Days, and the King within a Year. From Chriſt 1314.

Lewis the Tenth, called Hutin, or the Contentious, reigned but two Years; during which time the See of Rome was vacant. At length the Cardinals having impower'd James of Oſſa, Son to a Shooemaker Pope John the 22th. of Cahors, who was of their College, to name a Pope, he choſe himſelf, under the Name of John the Two and twentieth. From Chriſt 1316.

The Electors divided the Empire amongA Schiſm in the Empire. themſelves; one part for King Lewis Duke of Bavaria, the other for Frederick Duke of Auſtria, Son to the Emperor Albert. The Pope declared himſelf againſt Lewis; who oppoſing the Pope, favoured the Cordeliers, whom the Pope perſecuted: He writ againſt them, and they againſt him; particularly William Okam, an Engliſhman, and very learned, and of that Order, protected by the Emperor Lewis. From Chriſt 1322.

In France a Poſthumus Son of Lewis, named Kings of France. John, having not lived above ſix Weeks, Philip the Fifth, called Le Long, Brother to Lewis, ſucceeded him, againſt the Deſigns of ſome who would have maintained the pretended Right of Jean, Daughter to the deceaſed King, by the ſame Right of the Salick Law. Charles the Fourth, called Le Bel, ſucceeded his Brother Philip; and to Charles, Philip the Sixth, called of Valois, Couſin German to the three laſt Kings, maugre the Pretenſions of Edward the Third King of England, who ſaid, he had more Right, becauſe he was Son to Izabella, Daughter to Philip le Bel.

The Emperor had ſet up an Anti-pope,Anti-pope. a Cordelier, under the Name of Nicholas the Fifth, in oppoſition to Pope John: But thePopes. unfortunate Nicholas being fallen into the Hands of John, was ſhut up in a Priſon, where he died miſerably. Not very long after, Pope John being dead, they put in his place Bennet the Twelfth, a Gaſcoign. From Christ 1334.

At Conſtantinople Michael Paleologus had Emperors of Conſtantinople. for his Succeſſor, his Son Andronicus; and to this, a Grandſon of the ſame Name: Who dying, left his Sons, very young, under the Tuition of John Cantacuſenes: This John behaved himſelf ſo well in his Truſt, and with ſo great Authority, that he acquired the Title of Emperor. From Christ 1338.

To Bennet the Twelfth, ſucceeded Clement Popes. the Sixth, of Lymouſin. From Christ 1342.

The War, which laſted for ſome time, between the Engliſh and the French, proved fatal to the latter in this Year; King Philip having loſt the Battle near Creſſy, in Picardy, The Battle of Creſſy. againſt King Edward, who took Calais, after a Year's Siege. From Chriſt 1346.

Lewis of Bavaria was called Emperor, for ſome time; part of the Princes of Germany did not acknowledge him: He being dead, they all, at laſt, unanimouſlyCharles the Fourth, Emperor. agreed in the Election of Charles the Fourth, of the Houſe of Luxemburg, King of Bohomia. From Chriſt 1347.

A dreadful Plague broke out in Cathaia, A great Plague. and ſpread it ſelf in Perſia, Meſopotamia, Syria, and in Aſia Minor: Europe was infeſted with it, even to the moſt Weſtern parts, and cauſed very ſtrange Deſolations through all places.

Clement the Sixth died: He reduc'd thePopes. Jubilee of a Hundred, to Fifty Years. Innocent the Sixth, his Countryman, ſucceeded him. Chriſt From 1352.

The People of Conſtantinople, compelledEmperors of the East. John Cantacuſenes, to reſign the Empire to John Paleologus, Son to Andronicus the Second. From Christ 1354.

John King of France, who ſucceeded his The Battle of Poitiers. Father Philip, loſt the Battle at Poitiers, and there became Priſoner to Edward Prince of Wales, Son to Edward King of England. From Chriſt 1556.

Charles Son to King John, governed the Kingdom with great Prudence, during his Father's Impriſonment. Then followed Affair betwe n France & England. the Treaty of Brittany, in conſequence of which, King John returned to France, upon his Parole; but having not that Intereſt to oblige the Nobility of his Kingdom, to conſent to the Demands of the Engliſh, he went over into England, according to his Parole, and moſt ſuitable to that juſt e rue Maxim fo France . Maxim he often repeated, That if Truth and Faith were baniſh'd from the Dwellings of the rest of Mankind, yet they ought to be found in the Hearts and Tongues of Princes. He died in England.

He had inſtituted, or re-eſtabliſh'd the Order of the Star, much about the TimeThe Order of the St •• , and •• e Garter. that King Edward inſtituted that of the Garter.

John left four Sons; Charles the Fifth, called the Wiſe, was his Succeſſor: He was the firſt who had the Title of Dauphine The first Dauphine of France. according to the Treaty made with Humbert, Dauphine of Vienna; by which he reſigned up his Dominions to King John.

The other Sons of this King, were Lewis The Second Houſe of Anjou. Duke of Anjou, chief of the Second Royal Houſe of that Name.

Philip, called the Hardy, Duke of Burgundy, The Second Houſe of Burgundy a Stock alſo of the Second Royal Houſe of that Name; and John Duke of Berry, who left no Branch.

The Dutchy of Brittany had been diſputed A Quarrel for the Dutchy of Brittany. a long time, between Charles of Blois, who pretended to it by Jane his Wife, Daughter of Guy, Brother to Duke John the Third, who died without Children; and John Earl of Montford, who boaſted to have the moſt Right, as he was the neareſt Male.

The Battle of Auray, that Charles loſt, The Battle of Auray. where he was killed upon the place, decided the Difference in favour of John; who entred into the full and quiet poſſeſſion of the Dutchy, and had the Surname of Conquerour, and Victorious.

The French and the Engliſh had taken Parties in this long War; the firſt for Charles, near Kinſman to King Philip the Sixth, and the ſecond for John.

Theſe two Nations were alſo concerned The Civil War in Caſtile. in a Difference between Don Pedro, called the Cruel, and Don Henry his Baſtard Brother, about the Kingdom of Caſtile: At laſt, after various Succeſſes on both ſides, the War was decided by a Battle, where Don Pedro was defeated and killed by Don Henry: So that this Henry being aſſiſted by the French, under the Command of the brave, and famous Betrand of Gueſclin, Bertrand of Gueſlin. a Gentleman of Brittany, remained King of Caſtile. From Chriſt 1369.

This great and fortunate Captain Bertrand, had brought for this Expedition, Troops of disbanded Soldiers; who, paſſing through the County, forc'd Pope Urban Popes. the Fifth to pay a Ranſome: Which made him reſolve to return to Rome, that he might not any more be expoſed to the like Affronts; but after he had made a Journey there, he returned into France, where he died. From Chriſt 371.

David Bruce, King of the Scots, dyingRobert Stuart King of Scots. without Children, Robert Stuart is acknowledged King of the Scots, in right of his Wife, Siſter to King David.

By the Council of St. Bridget of Swede, and of St. Catherine of Sienna, according to the Revelations they pretended from Heaven, Gregory the Eleventh, Succeſſor to Urban the Fifth, returned to Rome, where The Pope returned to Rome. after fourteen Months he died, repenting to have believed thoſe Revelations againſt the Light of his own Underſtanding. From Chriſt 1377.

The Cardinals compell'd by the Romans to chuſe an Italian Pope, elected the Arch-Biſhop of Paris, under the Name of Urban the Sixth; but the Cardinals being at liberty, retired to Fundi, in the Kingdom of Naples, where they made a Second Election, of a Cardinal of Geneva, under the Name of Clement the Seventh; ſo that Urban reſiding at Rome, and Clement atA Schiſm. Avignion, Chriſtendom was divided between the two Popes: France, Caſtile, Scotland, and Naples, acknowledged Clement: The reſt of Italy, with England, declared for Urban: The States of the Kingdom of Arragon, remained Neuters. From Christ 1379.

The Emperor Charles the Fourth died: The Death of Charles the Fourth, Emperor. He had been Crowned at Rome, by the Legates of that Pope, who then reſided at Avignion: But this Ceremony was performed with that Diſgrace, that they obliged him to leave Rome, the ſame Day he was Crowned; which he did. However, he was to be praiſed for making the Golden The Golden Bull. Wencelaus Emperor. Bull, in which was regulated all that relates to the Election of an Emperor. He had for his Succeſſor, his Son Wencelaus, King of Bohemia.

Charles the Fifth, King of France, died; Kings of France. and his eldeſt Son, Charles the Sixth, ſucceeded him. From Chriſt 1380.

While the Tartars, and the Turks, diſputed A Sophy King of Perſia. for the Kingdom of Perſia, a certain Sophy declaring, he was deſcended from Haly, Son-in-Law to Mahomet, made himſelf Maſter of it; whoſe Poſterity Reigns there to this time.

The Flemins revolting againſt their Count of Flanders, the young King Charles took his part, and defeated the Rebels at The Battle of Roesbeck. Roesbeck in Flanders, where Philip of Arteville, their chief Commander, was killed. From Chriſt 1382.

John Paleologus had been depoſed from Emperors of Conſtantinople. the Empire of Conſtantinople, by his Son Andronicus; but was a while after re-inveſted: After whoſe Death, Manuel, his Second Son, ſucceeded him.

The Turks were grown very conſiderable ſince the beginning of this Age, being ſo powerfully eſtabliſh'd in Bithynia, and in other neighbouring Countries of the leſſer Aſia, under Ottoman their firſt Sultan,The Sultans of the Turks. and afterwards under his Succeſſors, Orcan and Solyman.

Amurath the Son of Solyman, who reigned at this time, paſt into Europe, and made his Conqueſts in the Country of Bulgaria, along the Danube. From Chriſt 1384.

Jane Queen of Naples had ſucceeded Kings of Naples. her Father Robert, and had no Children by her four Husbands: She had a Siſter married to her Couſin Charles of Durus, who had no Children; but Jane being diſpleas'd with her Brother-in-Law, adopted Lewis Duke of Anjou, and to him reſigned the Right of her Kingdom. From Chriſt 1385.

Charles, called the Wicked, King of The horrid Death of Charles King of Navar. Navar, died in a moſt deplorable manner: For the Surgeon, who wrapt him, and ſewed him up in Linnen dipt in ſtrong Spirits, which having took fire by careleſneſs, burnt him. From Chriſt 1387.

Urban the Sixth being dead, the Roman Popes. Cardinals put in his place Boniface the Ninth, Clement ſtill keeping his See at Avignion.

After his Death, the Cardinals choſe for his Succeſſor, a Spaniard, of the Houſe ofThe Continuation of Schiſm. Luna, who took the Name of Benoit the Thirteenth. The Schiſm thus continuing, the Chriſtian Princes to no purpoſe endeavoured to put an end to it. From Christ 1394.

In the laſt Year of this Age, the ElectorsWencelaus depoſed. Henry of Brunſwic Emperor, then Rupert Count Palatine. depoſed Wencelaus, judging him unworthy of the Empire, becauſe of his ill Qualities. They put Henry of Brunſwick in his place; who having been killed in the ſame Year, they then made choice of Rupert, Count Palatine of the Rhine. From Christ 1400.

The Fifteenth Age.

ABout the end of the former Century, John Count of Nevers, attended with a great Number of the French Nobility, march'd to the Relief of Hungary, againſt Bajazet Emperor of the Turks. The Chriſtian The Battle of Nicopolis. Army had been beaten at the Battle of Nicopolis.

John was taken Priſoner, with the famous Boucicaut, with many French Gentlemen. John and Boucicaut were releas'd.

The Turks attack'd Conſtantinople in theBajazet attack'd Conſtantinople. beginning of this Age.

The Emperor Manuel having applied himſelf to King Charles for Succors, he ſent him ſome under the Command of the ſame Boucicaut, who relieved Conſtantinople; which obliged Manuel to come into France, to thank the King, and to beg of him freſh Supplies. From Chriſt 1401.

During the time that Manuel was inTamberlain Cham of the Tartars. Bajazet overcome, and kept Priſoner. France, Tamberlain the Cham of the Tartars, over-run the Eaſtern parts, with a moſt formidable Army.

He overcame, and took Bajazet Priſoner, and treated him with that ſcorn, that the moſt miſerable Prince daſh'd out his Brains againſt the Bars of the Iron Cage, in which he was ſhut up like a wild Beaſt. From Christ 1402.

At Rome, Boniface the Ninth being dead,Popes. Innocent the Seventh ſucceeded him; and after him, Gregory the Twelfth, a Venetian of the Houſe of Cornaro, upon Condition that he ſhould reſign, if Bennet the Thirteeenth, who always lived at Avignion, A Continuation of Schiſm. would doe the like: They both of them met to concert the Bus'neſs at Sazona; but as they took their Journey to meet there, every one on a ſudden did quit their Faction; Gregory retired to Sienna; Bennet into Catalonia, his Native Country.

The greateſt part of the Cardinals having abandoned them, aſſembled in Council at Piſa, where Gregory and Bennet were The Council of Piſa. depoſed, and a Cordelier, called Peter Phylargus, choſen in their places, under the Name of Alexander the Fifth, who diedThree Popes. about ten Months after.

The Cardinals who had followed him to Bologna, elected Balthazar Coſſa, who took the Name of John the Twenty third. From Chriſt 1410.

There was alſo a Schiſm in the Empire, between Sigiſmund, Brother to Wenceſlaus Sigiſmund Emperor. depoſed, and Joſſe Marqueſs of Moravia, his Kinſman; but by the ſudden Death of Joſſe, Sigiſmund was acknowledged Emperor by all the Princes. From Chriſt 1411.

This Prince ordered a Council to be A Council at Conſtance. held in the City of Conſtance, where they reſolved on Five remarkable Things:

1. They burn'd as Hereticks, John Hus, John Hus, and Jerome of Prague, burnt. though he came there under a ſafe Conduct of the Emperor; they treated in the ſame manner, Jerome oſ Prague, a Diſciple of John Hus.

2. They aboliſh'd the Uſe of the Cup,The Cup taken away from the Sacrament. in the Sacrament of the Euchariſt.

3. They declared a Council ſuperior to the Pope.

4. In Conſequence to that, they depoſedThree Popes depoſed. the three Popes, of whom John was there preſent.

5. They elected Martin the Fifth, of the Houſe of Colonna, after he had promis'd on his Oath, to keep the Decrees of the Council. From Christ 1417.

Of the three depoſed Popes, John, and Gregory ſubmitted to the Sentence of the Council.

Bennet perſiſted even 'till Death, tho' he had but two Cardinals with him; whom he commanded, when he was dying, to elect a Succeſſor; which they did, naming a Chanoine of Barcellona, who took the Name of Clement the Eighth: But at length he depoſed himſelf, and was in exchange made Arch-Biſhop of Majorca. From Christ 1422.

In France, King Charles had before loſt a The Battle Agincourt. Battle near Agincourt, in Piccardy: Henry the Fifth, who won it, became very powerful in France; the more, becauſe there hapned very great Troubles by a madneſs King Charles fell into, upon the Death of his Brother Lewis Duke of Orleans, whom his Couſin John, Duke of Burgundy, had cauſed to be Aſſaſſinated at Paris. By the Death of the ſame John, kill'd at Montereau in Brye, by the Servants of Charles Dauphin, in the preſence of that Prince. Laſtly, by the hatred of Queen Izabella of Bavaria, againſt her Son the Dauphin, which grew ſo violent, that ſhe joined in a Faction with Philip Duke of Burgundy, whoſe Intereſts prevailed with the States General, to deprive the Dauphin of his Right to the Succeſſion of the Crown, and to acknowledge for the Heir of King Charles, Henry King of England his Son-in-Law, who married Katharine his Daughter.

The famous Captain John Ziſca, a Bohemian, John Ziſca, a famous Captain. died, after he had vindicated the Liberty, and the Evangelick Religion of his Country-men againſt Wenſ laus, and Sigiſmond, Kings of that Country: o'er whom, he gained many Battels, even after he had loſt both his Eyes in that War. From Chriſt 1425.

It was reſolved in the Council of Constance, that another ſhould be held ſeven years after. Pope Martin was averſe toPopes. it; but about the end of his Papacy, being importuned to call one, he ſummoned it at Pi a. But the Pope ſo ordered Affairs in that manner, that this Council had no effect. A little before his Death, he appointed another at Baſle, and his The Council of Baſle. Succeſſor Eugenius the Fourth, ſent his Legats to cauſe it to be opened. From Chriſt 1431.

After ſeveral years of great Confuſion in France, King Charles the Seventh, reeſtabliſh'd himſelf, by forcing out the Engliſh; ſo that there remained in their Poſſeſſion nothing but the City of Calais.

This great Revolution was begun, and advanc'd by a certain young Wench, called the Maid of Orleans, who pretended, The Maid of Orleans. ſhe was inſpired from Heaven, to employ her ſelf to reinthrone King Charles.

The Emperor Sigiſmond being dead, hisAlbert the ſecond Emperor. Son-in-Law Albert the Second, ſucceeded him in the Empire, and in the Kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia. From Christ 1438.

The Pope Eugenius fell out with the Council of Baſle, and ſignified to them, That it ſhould be removed to Ferrara. In effect, a Council was called there, where The Council of Ferrara. he was in Perſon with John Paleologus, Emperor of Conſtantinople, who had brought with him many Grecian Biſhops; then they went from thence to Florence, where the Greeks made an Agreement with the Latins, on many Articles of Belief; in which till that time, they had differed.

In the mean time, the Council of Baſle not at all fearing the Fulminations of Eugenius, A •• hiſm. proceeded legally againſt him, depoſed him, and elected in his place Amideus, Duke of Savoy, under the Name ofFoelix th Fifth Antipope. Foelix the Fifth: This Prince had reſigned his Dukedom to his Son, Duke Lewis, and was retired to the delitious Hermitage of Repaille, on the Lake of Geneva.

At laſt, Peace being made between the French and the Engliſh: Lewis the Dauphin, to diſcharge the Kingdom of the Soldiers, who ruined it, brought a great Army out of the Empire: Four thouſand A remarkable Action of the Switzers. Switzers were ſo bold, to oppoſe his Paſlage; they ſold their Lives at a dear rate, but they were all kill'd but one; who being return'd to his Canton, loſt his Head as a baſe Deſerter. From Christ 1444.

The young Ladiſlaus, King of Hungary, broke very raſhly the Peace he had ſwore to the Turks. It was believed, that the Misfortune of the Battel of Varne was a The Battel of Varn juſt puniſhment for the breaking his Oath. He was there overcome, and killed by Amurat the Second, Sultan of the Turks.

Nicolaus the Fifth, Succeſſor to Eugenius the Fourth, ſaw an end of the Schiſm, by the free Reſignation of Faelix, who remained Cardinal and Legat of his own Country, and the adjacent Places: The Council of Baſle having no more power, broke up; ſo that Nicolaus was acknowledged Pope without any Diſpute. From Chriſt 1449.

Mahomet the Second of that Name, EmperorMahomet the Second, takes Conſtantinople. of the Turks, took Constantinople from Conſtantin the Eleventh Paleologus, the laſt Chriſtian Emperor of that City. It was taken by Aſſault; and the Confuſion was ſo very great, that Conſtantin endeavouring to ſave himſelf, was ſtifled at a Gate of the City, by the multitude of flying People. From Christ 1453.

Alphonſo Borgia, a Spaniard, under thePopes. Name of Calixtus the Third, ſucceeded Pope Nicholas the Fifth. From Christ 1455.

He acted nothing remarkable.

Pius the Second his Succeſſor, made himſelf more Eminent, for his great Learning, and extraordinary Zeal againſt the Turks. His Name was Aeneas Silvius Picolomini, a Citizen of Sienna. From Chriſt 1458.

Since Henry the Third, King of England, Affairs of England. three Edwards had Reigned, ſucceſſively from Father to Son: Edward the Third, had Edward Prince of Wales, who died before his Father; leaving his Son Richard the Second, who Reigned after the Death of his Grandfather: Richard was Dethroned by Henry the Fourth, Son of Henry Duke of Lancaſter, youngeſt Son to Edward the Third. Lyonel, Duke of Clarence, being the next to Edward Prince of Wales. Lyonel had a Daughter, who was marryed to the Duke of York: From Henry the Fourth, came Henry the Fifth, who had been received in France to ſucceed Charles the Sixth, in right of his Wife Catharine, The Quarrel between the Houſe of York and Lancaſter. Daughter to Charles. From that Marriage, came Henry the Sixth, who was Crowned, being a Child, King of France, in the Church of St. Denis. Not long after Edward the Fourth, Duke of York, deſcended from Lyonel Duke of Clarence, ſecond Son to Edward the Third, dethroned, and put to death Henry the Sixth, and ſet up himſelf in his place. From Chriſt 1460.

Charles the Seventh, King of France, ſuffered himſelf to die of Hunger, for fear of being poyſoned, having Conquered his Affairs of France. Kingdom from the Engliſh. He might have been called Fortunate, if he had had another Father, another Mother, and another Son. This Son was Lewis the Eleventh, who ſucceeded his Father, whom he had very ill treated. From Chriſt 1461.

After the Death of Tamberlain, who had conquered the Perſians; Huſſan Caſſan, poſſeſs'd himſelf of that Kingdom; he ſucceededSophys Kings of Perſia. the Hermit Sophy, from whence came the Sophyes, who have Reigned in Perſia to this time. From Christ 1463.

Pius the Second, died: No private Perſon ever laboured more than Aeneas Silvius, to reſtrain the Authority of the Popes, within the limits of their antientPopes: Cannons; yet no Pope ever took more pains to extend the Papal Power beyond all bounds: He obtained of Lewis the Eleventh, to aboliſh the pragmatick Sanction, which were Rules extracted fromThe pragmatick Sanction. what had been reſolved in the Council of Conſtance, and Baſle, to curb the exorbitant Authority of the Popes. Theſe Rules had been received in France, where they were in form and force as Laws.

The Emperor, Albert the Second, died; leaving his Empreſs big with Child: She Kings of Hungary and Bohemia. was delivered of a Son, called Ladiſlaus, who ſucceeded his Father in the Kingdoms of Hungary and Bohemia.

Frederic the Third, Couſin to Albert, andFrederic the Third, Emperor. of the ſame Houſe of Austria, was Succeſſor to the Empire.

The young King Ladiſlaus, dying before he was marryed; the Hungarians choſe for their King, Mathias Corvin, SonMathias Corvin, King of Hungary. of John Huniades, a great Captain, who had made himſelf famous in the War againſt the Turks.

The Bohemians for their part, choſe forGeorge Polebrac, King of Bohemia. their King, George Polebrac, one of the Grandees of their Country: This King being of the Evangelick Faith, protected thoſe of that Religion, in his Kingdom.

Paul the Second, called Barbaro, Avenetian ſucceeded Pius the Second. Then toPopes. Paul ſucceeded a Cordelier, named Riara, who was ſtiled Sixtus the Fourth.

Charles, the laſt Duke of Burgundy, hadCharles the laſt, Duke of Burgundy, defeated by the Switzers. continually waged War with Lewis King of France. He had conquered Lorraine of Rayner, who had Right to the Kingdom of Naples, and was Duke of Anjou: He endeavoured to ſubject the Switzars, which Deſign proved fatal to him; for they overcame him twice in their Country, where he went to attack them, at Granzona, and at Morat, and the third time near to Nancy, which he Beſieged, making War againſt Rayner, King of Naples, and Duke of Lorraine: Charles having beenHis Death. killed in this laſt Battel. From Christ 1477.Mary, Daughter and Heireſs, married to Maximillian of Auſtria.

His Daughter, and Heireſs Maria, marryed Maximilian, Son to Frederic the Third, Emperor. By this Marriage, ſhe brought to the Houſe of Auſtria, the Sovereignty of the ſeventeen Provinces in the Low-Countries, with the County of Burgundy; the Dutchy having been reunited to the Crown of France, by King Lewis the Eleventh.

There was another Heireſs, who had The Right of the Kingdom of Cyprus. brought the Right of the Kingdom of Cyprus to the Houſe of Savoy; She was Charlotta, the only Daughter to John the Second of Luſignan, King of Cyprus: By marrying Lewis Duke of Savoy, who having In the Houſe of Savoy. no Children, ſhe bequeath'd her Kingdom by Teſtament: But James her Baſtard-Brother, having took poſſeſſion of Cyprus, Catharina Cornaro his Widdow, To the Venetians. transferr'd to the Venetians, the Right ſhe pretended to that Kingdom; of which, the Venetians put themſelves into a preſent Poſſeſſion.

The Houſe of the Medices having for ſometime ſwayed the Government of Florence; ſeveral Conſpirators of other A Conſpiracy againſt the Medices. great Families of that City, ſupported by the Pope, ſet upon the two Brothers Julian and Laurence, in a Church, at the time of Maſs; where Julian was killed; Laurence having ſaved Himſelf, did ſtir up the People againſt the Conſpirators; ſome of them were hanged up in the heat. Among others, Salviati, Archbiſhop of Piſa. From Chriſt 1478.

The Pope employ'd his Arms, Spiritual and Temporal, againſt the Florentines; but they maintained the War with Forces the King of France ſent them, under the Command of Philip de Comines, whoſe Name isPhilip Comines. famous for his curious and judicious Memoirs. After the Death of Edward the Fourth, King of England, his Son Edward the Fifth, tho' a Child, was preſently after Affairs of England. kill'd with Richard his Brother, by Richard their Uncle, who uſurpd' the Crown. From Chriſt 1483.

Lewis the Eleventh, King of France, died; a Prince who had Reigned with Of France. more abſolute Power, than any of his Predeceſſors: for which reaſon, ſome write, that he inveſted the Kings with more Regal Authority; others, that he had exalted them beyond all ſenſe and reaſon: His great Qualities were attended with as many ill ones, as Cruelty, Injuſtice, and Hypocriſy; and about the end of his Reign, he fell into very great imbecility, by his fear of Death. His only Son Charles the Eighth, very young, ſucceeded him.

John Cibo, a Genoueſe, under the NamePopes. of Innocent the Eighth, ſucceeded Sixtus the Fourth.

Henry the Seventh made himſelf King of England, having overcome and killed in Battel Richard the Third. Henry was of Affairs of England. the Houſe of Lancaſter, by his Mothers ſide: He united the two Houſes, York and Lancaſter, who were Enemies, by marrying Mary of York, Daughter to Edward the Fourth, and Siſter to Edward the Fifth. From Christ 1485.

Ferdinand, King of Arragon, and hisGranada taken from the Saracens. Wife Izabella, Queen of Caſtille, took Granada from Boadilla, the laſt King of the Saracens, in Spain. From Chriſt 1492.

A little while after, Chriſtopher Colombus, Chriſtopher Columbus. a Genoueſe, found out the new World with great Succeſs, and infinite Advantage to Ferdinand and Izabella. From Chriſt 1494.

King Charles went into Italy, where allCharles the Eighth in Italy. the Cities received him as Conqueror; ſo he entered Rome, where Alexander the Sixth, Succeſſor to Innocent the Eighth, either could not, or durſt not oppoſe him: from thence he march'd to the Kingdom of Naples, and made himſelf Maſter of it with incredible facility. His Deſign was, to carry on the War even to Conſtantinople; to which end, he had delivered from the hands of the Pope, Zizim Brother to Bajazet the Second, to make uſe of him againſt Bajazet; but the Deſign miſcarried by the Death of Zizim, but chiefly by the League the Pope, the Venetians, and Lodowike Sforza, Duke of Millan, made againſt the King, to fight him as he came back. The Battel was fought The Battel of Fornova. near Fornova, a Village near to Piacenza. where the King wholly routed them, tho' they were ſix times more in number than thoſe of his Army: but the French loſt the Kingdom of Naples in as ſhort a time, as they had Conquered it; that there remained to them nothing more than a filthy The Neopolitan Diſeaſe. Diſeaſe, which cannot modeſtly be named.

Two Years after, Charles being dead, Lewis Duke of Orleans, firſt Prince of the Blood, ſucceeded him. The new King broke off his Marriage with Jeane, the Daughter of Lewis the Eleventh, and Siſter Affairs of France. to the laſt King, marrying his Widow Ann, Dutcheſs of Britany. In a ſhort time, he march'd into Italy, and retook the Dutchy of Millan, from that Traytor and Uſurper Lodowike Sforza, whom he ſent Priſoner into France, where he died. From Christ 1500.

THE Sixteenth Age.

THE King having made that ConqueſtFrederic, King of Napl s, dyed a Priſoner in France. in his own Perſon, regained alſo the Kingdom of Naples by his Lieutenant Generals, who took King Frederic: Lewis treated him very honourably, even to his Death; which hapned in France, where he was kept a Priſoner with great reſpect. From Chriſt 1501.

Alexander the Sixth, died of PoyſonPopes. he drank by a miſtake of his Servants, having prepared it for the Cardinal Cornetto. This Pope had great Qualities, and among them very ill ones; the ſame as his Sons, eſpecially the Eldeſt, Caeſar Borgia. From Chriſt 1503.

Pius the Third Picolomini, Nephew to Benet the Second, having held the See but twenty days, Julius the Second, was choſe in his place. From Christ 1504.

Ferdinand, King of Arragon, retakes the The King of Arragon retakes the Kingdom of Naples. Kingdom of Naples from the French, by his General Gonzalvo: the Spaniards called him the great Captain. From Christ 1505.

The Genoueſes, who had ſubmitted to The Genoueſes puniſh'd for their Revolt, by K. Lewis. King Lewis, did Revolt; but King Lewis ſeverely puniſh'd them for it. From Chriſt 1507.

King Lewis marched into Italy, to preſerve the Millaneſe: He gained the Battel, The Battel of Gyra D' Adda. called Gyra D'Adda, from the Venetians, and others confederated againſt him. From Chriſt 1509.

Three years after, the French obtained The Battel of Ravenna. another Victory at Ravenna, over the Popes Army, in League with the Venetians. This Battel, fought on Eaſter-Day, proved diſmal to the Conquerors; their General Gaſton du Foy, Duke of Nemours, was killed, The Duke of Nemours killed. Nephew to the King, as he was too hotly perſuing thoſe who fled. From Christ 1512.

By his Death, the French Army disbanded themſelves; which occaſioned the loſs of all had been got in Italy. The Reeſtabliſhment of Maximillian Sforza in theMaximillian Sforza, Duke of Millan. The Council of Piſa and Millan, come to nothing. Dutchy of Millan, and the Diſſolution of the Council, which the King had cauſed to be Aſſembled at Piſa, and was from thence transferred to Millan, in oppoſition to the Pope. Theſe Aſſemblies proved at laſt to be of no effect.

Benhemet, an Arabian, reputed a Saint, perſuaded the Inhabitants of Fez and Morocco, The Kingdoms of Fez and Morocco. that he was of the Line of Mahomet; upon which, they received him for King of thoſe two Kingdoms. From Chriſt 1513.

Julius the Second, finding himſelf ſtrong enough to fall violently on the French, by reaſon of the ill Succeſs of their Affairs in Italy, was prevented in his Deſign, by Death. His Succeſſor was Leo the Tenth,Popes. of the Houſe of Medices; a young Perſon, about Thirty ſix years old; who had more Moderation, than his old Predeceſſors had for King Lewis: for ſo ſoon as he was made Pope, he reconciled his See to France. King Lewis had marryed Ann Dutcheſs of Britany, Dowager to Charles his Predeceſſor: She had four Sons by her firſt Husband; but they died before their Father: She had but two Daughters by the ſecond.

After her Death, Lewis married Mary, The Affairs of France and England. the Daughter of Henry the Seventh, King of England, and Siſter to Henry the Eighth, who then ſucceeded his Father. From Christ 1514.

Lewis lived but one year after his late Kings of France. Marriage. A Prince who had no very ill Qualities, but many excellent ones: which acquired him the name of Father of his People. He leaving no Sons, Francis Duke of Angoleſme ſucceeded him, being next Prince of the Blood: King Lewis made him marry Claudia his eldeſt Daughter. He had by his firſt Wiſe, Ann of Britany. From Chriſt 1515.

The new King preſently march'd, to The Battel of Marrignan. Conquer the Dutchy of Millan, which ſucceeded happily to him, having defeated a great Army of Switzers, near to Marignan.

Tho' this great Succeſs did not pleaſe the Pope, yet he came to Bolognia, where he conferred with the King.The Agreement between the Pope and the King. There he made the Concordate concerning the Proviſion of the great Benifices of the Kingdom, upon condition, that the King ſhould name them, and the Pope ſhould have a years Revenue out of each Benefice.

Selim, Emperor of the Turks, had conquered Egypt, and all that depended on The Conqueſts of Sultan Selim. that Empire of the Mamalukes, or Sultans of Egypt. This formidable Enemy threatned Italy, which made the Pope to publiſh a Croiſade againſt him: They, to whom the Pope had given Commiſſion to preach it up, and to collect Money for Indulgencies, which were diſtributed to thoſe who would contribute to the Expence of that Expedition, behaved rhemſelves ſo very inſolently in that Employment, eſpeciallyMartin Luther. in Germany, that Martin Luther of the Order of the Augustins, ſupported by Frederic Duke of Saxony, took upon him to preach againſt this enormous Abuſe. From Christ 1516.

Maximillian had ſucceeded in the Empire to Frederic the Third. Philip, the Son of Maximillian, had marryed Jane, Daughter of Ferdinand, King of Arragon, and of Izabella, Queen of Caſtille. Philip dying before his Father, left two Sons, Charles and Ferdinand. This Year Charles wasCharles V. Emperor. elected Emperor, after the Death of Maximilian, his Grand-father. From Christ 1519.

The French loſt Millain, with their other The French driven out of Italy. Conqueſts in Italy: It is ſaid, that Pope Leo died with extream Joy of it.

His Succeſſor was Adrian the Sixth, bornPopes. at Utrech, who had been Tutor to the Emperour Charles the Fifth. From Christ 1522.

Solyman the Second, Emperor of theRhodes taken by Solyman, from the Knights-Hoſpitallers They go to Malta. Popes. Turks, took Rhodes from the Knights-Hoſpitallers: After they had wandred about for ſome time, the Emperor Charles gave them the Iſle of Malta, where they ſtill reſide. From Christ 1523.

Julian de Medices, under the Name of Clement the Seventh, ſucceeded Adrian.

King Francis having paſt a ſecond time K. Francis taken Prisoner before Pavia. into Italy, was taken Priſoner before Pavia, by the Generals of the Emperor Charles the Fifth. From Chriſt 1525.

After a Year's Impriſonment, this KingHe is ſet at Liberty. was ſet at liberty on ſuch Conditions as the States of his Kingdom would not allow of. From Chriſt 1526.

The Pope having left the Emperor'sRome plunder'd. Party, the Imperial Army commanded by the Duke of Bourbon, took, and plunder'd Rome.

This Duke had quitted France, upon The Duke of Bourbon killed. ſome kind of Diſcontent: He was killed as he entred Rome, ſome few paces from the Breach.

The Pope being made a Priſoner in theThe Pope made a Priſoner, eſcap'd. Caſtle of St. Angelo, was kept there for ſix Months; from whence he eſcap'd, and was reconciled to the Emperor: Who gave his Natural Daughter in Marriage to The Medices are Sovereigns of Florence. Andrea Doria, a Genoueſe. the chief of the Houſe of the Medices, of which was the Pope: So the Medices became Sovereigns of Tuſcany.

Andrea Doria behaved himſelf better towards Genoa, his Country: For having abandoned the King of France's Service, in which he had been a long time engaged, offered himſelf to the Emperor, upon Condition, that the Liberty of his Country ſhould be preſerved. From Christ 1530.

The Peace made between the Emperor, A Peace between the Emperor, and the King. The Siege of Vienna raiſed. and the King of France, forced Solyman to raiſe the Siege of Vienna.

The Separation of England from the Church of Rome, occaſioned by the Divorce of Henry the Eighth, and his Queen Catherine of Arragon.

John Calvin was called to Geneva, toJohn Calvin at Geneva. make a Reformation of Religion. From Christ 153 .

The Emperor Charles the Fifth paſſedCharles V. in Barbary. over into Barbary, took Tunis, and there re-eſtabliſh'd Mul y Haſſan, who had been depoſed by the famous Corſair, Barbaroſſa.

In his Return from that Expedition, the Emperor loſt a great part of his Ships and Galleys in a Storm.

He was alſo as unfortunate in an Enterprize He came t Provence, and retired with great loſs of his Soldiers. againſt France: He came into Provence, without acting any thing there, he was conſtrained to retire with the loſs of the greateſt part of his vaſt Army.

A Peace being made, he paſt through A Peace with France. France, in order to quell the Rebellion of Gaunt. From Chriſt 1541.

But having not perform'd what he promis'dA War broke out again. to the King of France, when he paſt through his Country, the War broke out again between them. From Chriſt 1543.

Then followed the Battle of Ceriſolles, The Battle of Ceriſolles. won by the French, under the Conduct of the Duke D'Anguien, Francis of Bourbon, over the Imperialiſts.

Then a Peace was concluded betweenA Peace. the two Potentates, each of them being at the Head of a powerful Army, upon the Frontiers of the Low Countries. From Chriſt 1545.

Edward the Sixth ſucceeded his Father Kings of England. Henry the Eighth, King of England.

Francis King of France died alſo, and his Kings of France. Son Henry ſucceeded him.

To Clement the Seventh ſucceeded Paul Popes. the Third, who appointed a Council to aſſemble at Mantua, then at Vicenza, and at laſt at Trent, without having effected The Council of Trent. any conſiderable Bus'neſs. This Pope gave the Dutchy of Parma, and Plaizance, to Lodowick Farneſe, one of his Sons. From Chriſt 1549.

The Cardinal d' Monte, under the Name of Julius the Third, ſucceeded Paul the Third.

The Emperor had weakned the Proteſtant The Battle at the paſs of the Elb. Princes of Germany, by defeating their Army at the paſſage of the Elb.

Then they had recourſe to King Henry, A War between the Emperor, and the King. Metz, Toul, and Verdun, taken by the King. who in his March to Germany, ſeized on Metz, Toul, and Verdun. The Emperor having afterwards beſieged Metz, was forc'd to raiſe the Siege, by the wiſe and couragious Defence of the Duke of Guize. From Chriſt 1553.

The young King Edward of England being dead, his Siſter Mary was acknowledg'd The Siege of Metz raiſed. Affairs of England. Queen: After that, ſhe beheaded her Couſin the Lady Jane Grey, with her Husband the Lord Dudley. From Chriſt 1554.

The Emperor Charles reſigned his Hereditary Of the Empire, and of Spain. Dominions to his Son Philip, and Ferdinand King of the Romans, younger Brother to Charles, was acknowledg'd Emperor.

Julius the Third died, and Twenty onePopes. Days after, his Succeſſor Marcellus; Paul the Fourth, of the Houſe of Caraffa, in the Kingdom of Naples, was choſe Pope. From Chriſt 1557.

The War being inflamed between the The Battle of St. Quintin. Kings of France and Spain, Philip, in Perſon, won the Battle of St. Quintin, of the French, where the Conſtable, and many other Lords of Quality, were made Priſoners.

The Duke of Guize, in ſome manner, The taking of Calais. repaired this Loſs, in taking of Calais; upon which Mary Queen of England died with Grief. She had ſucceeded her Brother Affairs of England. Edward the Sixth, and having married her near Kinſman, Philip King of Spain, ſhe was engaged in this War. From Christ 1558.

Elizabeth, Daughter to Henry the Eighth, by Anne of Bullen, ſucceeded her Siſter Queen Mary.

A Peace was made between Henry and A Peace between France & Spain. Philip, by the Marriage of Elizabeth, with Philip, and that of Margaret, Siſter to Henry, with the Duke of Savoy.

In a Turnament held at Paris, in Honour of theſe Nuptials, the King Tilting againſt the Count of Montgomery, was wounded in the Eye, by a Splinter of the Count's Lance; of which he died in a few Days.

He had put to Death a great Number of Hugonets; among others, he condemned Ann du Bourg, a Counſellor of the Parliament The Death of Bourg. of Paris, and ſwore, that he would ſee him executed; but his unexpected Death prevented him. Yet ſome Days after, Du Bourg ſuffered Death with great Reſolution, in the Preſence of the young King, the Queen-Mother, and all the Court.

Paul the Fourth had for his Succeſſor,Popes Pius the Fourth, of the Houſe of the Medices, or of the Med qui s of Mil ai .

The Conſpiracy of Amboiſe was then The Conſpiracy of Amboiſe. made againſt the Duke of Guize, and the Cardinal of Lorrain, to take away the King from their Cuſtody, by the Grandees of the Kingdom, who profeſſed the Reformed Religion; pretending, that thoſe two Princes kept the King as Priſoner. From Christ 1560.

In an Aſſembly held at Fountainbleau, it was there reſolved to call a National Council; to prevent which, the Pope again declared for that of Trent, begun by Paul the The Council of Trent. Third, continued by Julius the Third, and broke off under both Popes.

In the mean time, the States of France aſſembled Affairs of France. at Orleans, where the Prince of Conde was made Priſoner, and had been put to Death, but for the ſudden Death of the young King Francis the Second.

Charles the Ninth, his Brother, being yet a Child, ſucceeded him, under the Tuition, and Regency, of his Mother Catherine de Medices. From Christ 1561.

The Conference held at Poiſſy, between The Conference at Poiſſy. the Doctors of both Religions, had no good effect.

The Affairs of France being much embroil'd on the Account of Religion, the Guizes being Maſters of the King's Perſon, the Queen-Mother writ to the Prince of Conde, to come and ſet him at liberty. This was the true Cauſe of the firſt taking up of Arms, by thoſe of the Reformed Religion in France. From Chriſt 1562.

The Siege of Roan followed, which held out for them: Anthony of Bourbon, who was The Death of Anthony King of Navar. The Battle of Dreux. King of Navar, by the Right of his Wife Jane d'Albert, was there killed.

Soon after a Battle was fought near Dreux, between the two Armies of both Parties: The King's Army commanded by the Conſtable of Momor ncy; and that of the Hugonets by Lewis Prince of Conde, who was there taken Priſoner, as was likewiſe the Conſtable, tho' at the laſt the King's proved victorious.

Not long before, ſome Conditions had been agreed on, advantageous enough to the Hugonets, which were granted by a Decree called the Edict of January, and were again confirmed this Year, by a Peace made after the Death of the Duke of The Duke of Guize killed by Poltrot. Guize, killed by Poltrot, a Hugonet Gentleman, while the Duke beſieged Orleans. From Chriſt 1563.

Pius the Fourth put an end to the CouncilPopes. of Trent: This Pope being dead this Year, Pius the Fifth, a Dominican ſucceeded him. From Chriſt 1564.

Maximilian the Second ſucceeded in the Empire, to his Father Ferdinand the Firſt. From Chriſt 1565.

Solyman the Second had taken Rhodes, from the Knights-Hoſpitallers, yet he could not drive them out of Malta, his Commanders having been forc'd to raiſe the Siege of that Iſland. This Sultan died at the The Death of Solyman. Siege of Sigeth, in Hungary. From Chriſt 1566.

The Peace being broke in France, the The Battle at St. Denis Battle followed at St. Denis, near Paris, where the Conſtable of Momorency was wounded, and died. From Christ 1567.

The Prince of Conde, who commanded the contrary Party, acquired much Honour, on that occaſion. From Christ 1568.

A little while after, the Peace being again The Battle of Jarna, here the Prince of Conde was kill'd. broke, there was a Battle fought near Jarna, in Xaintonge: The Prince of Conde, who was there taken Priſoner, was killed in cold Blood, by a Captain of the Duke of Anjou's Guards. From Chriſt 1569.

The Admiral De Coligni, by the Prince's Death, became chief of the Hugonet Party; beſieged Poitiers, raiſed the Siege, and loſt the Battle near to Monconture, againſt the The Battle of Monconture. Duke of Anjou. From Chriſt 1570.

Selim took the Iſle of Cyprus, which obliged the Pope to make a League between the King of Spain, and the Venetians, againſt the Turks.

Then followed the Battle of Lepanto, in which the Turkiſh Fleet was routed by the The Battle of Lepanto. Chriſtians, commanded by Don John of Auſtria, Natural Son to the Emperor Charles the Fifth. From Chriſt 1571.

The principal Perſons of the Religion, were invited to Paris, under pretence of Celebrating the Nuptials of Henry King of The M ſſacre of Paris Navar, with Margaret, Siſter to the King: Jane Queen of Navar, Mother to the Bridegroom, was there poiſoned, and the Admiral wounded, and afterwards killed, with a great Number of the Nobility, and above Ten thouſand Perſons, in the very City of Paris, on St. Bartholomew's Day. From Chriſt 1572.

The Duke of Anjou having, after that, The Siege of Rochel raiſed. The Duke of Anjou King of Poland. beſieged Rochel, was forc'd to retire, without taking it, to go and receive the Polonian Embaſſadors, who came to bring him the News of his being elected King of that Country. From Chriſt 1573.

While he was there, his Brother Charles The Death of Charle IX the Ninth died, ſtifled with the Blood that iſſued from all parts of his Body.

Amurath the Third, ſucceeded his Father; Emperors of the Turks, and Germany. and Rodolphus the Second, ſucceeded his Father Maximilian the Second. From Chriſt 1576.

King Henry the Third being returnedHenry III King of France. from Poland, was compelled by the States, aſſembled at Blois, to become chief of the League, that the Catholicks had made againſt the Hugonets. From Christ 1577.

Philip the Second, King of Spain, ſeizedPhilip II. ſeizes Portugal. The Death of Sebaſtian King of Portugal. on Portugal, after the Death of their King, Don Sebaſtian, ſuppoſed to be killed in Africk, where he went to make War, in favour of a Mooriſh King, who diſputed the Kingdoms of Fez and Morocco, with another.

Henry the Third, of France, inſtitutedThe Order of the Holy Ghost. the Order of the Holy Ghoſt. From Chriſt 1582.

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Pope Gregory the Thirteenth reformed The Kalendar reform'd. The Death of the Duke of Alenſon the Kalendar.

The Duke of Alenſon, Brother to the King of France, died deprived of the Government of the Low Countries, to which he had been invited by thoſe People; but he loſt his Intereſt, by his ill Conduct. From Chriſt 1584.

Sixtus the Fifth, a Cordelier, of low Birth, but of great Courage, Excommunicated A B ll againſt the King of Navar, & Prence of Conde. Henry King of Navar, with his Couſin, Henry Prince of Conde, having declared them to be fallen from the Right of Succeſſion to the Crown of France. From Chriſt 1585.

Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots, after a The Death of the Queen of Scots. long Impriſonment, was Beheaded, by the Sentence of Judges appointed by Q. Elizabeth. From Chriſt 1587.

The Spaniſh Fleet, called, The Invincible The Spaniſh Armada. Armada, was three Years preparing, with great Labour and Coſt.

It conſiſted of One hundred and thirty Sail, with Twenty thouſand Soldiers on Board; ſet out by Philip the Second, to invade England, was part of it deſtroyed by Sir Francis Drake's Fireſhips; and the other part loſt and diſpers'd in a great Storm: So that amazing Terrour of Europe vaniſhed. From Christ 1588.

France being in a very great Conſuſion, the King, at length, made an Agreement with the King of Navar, to oppoſe the League: But having both together The Death of Henry III. beſieged Paris, the King was ſtabb'd in his Bed-Chamber, at St. Clou, by James Clement, a Jacobine Fryar. From Christ 1589.

Henry the Fourth, King of Navar, theHenry IV. King of France The Combat of Arques, and the Battle of Yuri. next Prince of the Blood, ſucceeded him, with very much difficulty, at his firſt coming to the Crown: But he ſoon gave great Reputation and Vigour to his Affairs, by the Combat of Arques, and the Battle of Yuri, which he won. From Chriſt 1590.

To Sixtus the Fifth, ſucceeded Urban thePopes. Seventh, Gregory the Fourteenth, and Innocent the Ninth; who all held the See of Rome no longer than a Year. After them, came Clement the Eighth, a Florentine. From Christ 1591.

The Duke of Pa •• a had made the King, The Duke of Parma. not long before, to raiſe the Siege of Paris; he forc'd him again to raiſe that of Orleans: But the Duke was wounded, paſſing the River of Sein, at Caudebec, and was never well cured of his Wound; being return'd to his Government of theHB Death. Low Countries, he ſoon after died. From Chriſt 1592.

King Henry the Fourth having made Profeſſion of the Roman Catholick Religion, was received into Paris, and in like mannerHenry IV. a Roman Catholick. was acknowledg'd by all the Kingdom. From Christ 1593.

John Chaſtel, a Scholar of the Jeſuites,John Chaſtel wounded K. Henry The Jeſuits baniſh'd. The Pope abſolves the King of France. wounded the King in the Mouth; whereupon the Jeſuites were baniſh'd France. From Chriſt 1594.

The King received Abſolution of the Pope, and ſo was acknowledg'd for King by all the Princes and States of Chriſtendom. From Chriſt 1595.

He declared a War againſt Spain, which A War between France & Spain. proved very unfortunate to France.

The Spaniards ſurprized Calais, Cambray, and Amiens.

King Henry re-took the laſt.

Cambray remained in the Hands of the Spaniards.

Calais was reſtored by the Peace; which The Edict of Nants. was treated and concluded at Vervins, by the Miniſters of the two Kings, and the Pope's Legates. From Chriſt 1598.

The King made an Edict, called that of Nants; becauſe he ſigned it in that City, The Edict of Nants. to revive the Union between his Subjects, that were divided by their diverſity of Religions.

King Philip the Second died of the lowſie Kings of Spain. Diſeaſe.

He had put to Death his Son, Don Carlos, upon Suſpicion that he favoured the poor Proteſtants of the Low Countries, who had thrown off their Allegiance to King Philip, becauſe he deſigned to introduce the Inquiſition.

Nor were they any longer able to endure the barbarous Cruelties of the Duke D' Alva.

Philip the Third, ſucceeded his Father. From Christ 1600.

THE Seventeenth Age.

HENRY the Fourth, King of France, The Marriage of Henry with Maria de Medices. being Divorc'd from Margaret, Siſter to the three laſt Kings, marryed Mary de Medices, Neice to the great Duke of Tuſcany. In the firſt year of this Age, ſhe was brought to bed of a Dauphin, who was ſince called Lewis the Thirteenth. From Chriſt 1601.

King Henry and the Duke of Savoy, were The Affairs of France and Savoy. entered into a War for the Marquiſate of Saluces. A Peace was made upon conditions, with an exchange of Breſſe, and ſome other Lands given up to the King, for the Marquiſate.

The Mareſchal Duke of Biron, convicted The Death of Byron. of Treaſon, was beheaded. From Christ 1602.

Charles Emanuel, Duke of Savoy, attempted to take Geneva by ſcaling of it, The ſcaling of Geneva. which Deſign concluded to his Diſgrace.

Elizabeth, Queen of England, being dead, in the Seventy one year of her Age, The Death of Queen Elizabeth. having Reigned forty five Years; moſt couragiouſly aſſerted the Proteſtant Religion, which her Brother, Edward the Sixth, had reformed. She was as highly qualified for War, as for Peace: She deſerved the favour of Fortune, by her great Care, and wiſe Conduct, in Governing. The Engliſh received for their KingJames K. of England. James the Sixth, King of Scotland, the firſt King of that Name in England. From Chriſt 1603.

The Arch-Duke Albert and Clara Eugenia, Oſtend taken. at length took Oſtend, after more than three years Siege.

Paul the Fifth of the Borgheſe Family,Popes. ſucceeded Clement the Eighth. From Chriſt 1605.

At London was diſcovered the Powder The Gunpowder Treaſon at London. A Quarrel between the Pope and the Venetians. Plot, to blow up King James, and his Parliament. From Chriſt 1606.

The Quarrel between the Pope and the Venetians, was chiefly made up by the Mediation of King Henry.

A Truce for many years between the Arch-Dukes and the United Provinces of A peace with States of Holland. the Low Countries. From Christ 1609.

King Henry the Fourth, preparing to make a great War, was killed by Ravaillac. The Death of Henry IV. Lewis the Thirteenth, his Son, about the Age of nine or ten years, ſucceeded him, under the Regency of his MotherLewis the Thirteenth, King. Maria de Medices. From Chriſt 1610.

Count Maurice, aſſiſted by the French in Count Maurice took Juliers. July, Beſieged the City of Juliers; and in September following, took it by Surrender.

Philip the Third, King of Spain, madePhilip King of Spain takes Alrach. himſelf Maſter of Alrach, a ſtrong Caſtle, built by the Moors, upon the ſtreight of Gibralter. He commanded all the Moors to depart Spain within three days, under pain of Death, having confiſcated all their Eſtates, but what Money and Goods they could carry along with them: And that year Nine hundred thouſand was expelled, and in the following years not a few.

Certain Miniſters in Holland, offered to Remonſtrant Miniſters, and contra Remonſtrants. the States a Remonſtrance, wherein they declared their opinion, concerning Predeſtination; for which reaſon they were called Remonſtrants, and their Oppoſites contra Remonſtrants.

The Muſcovite endeavouring to raiſe The Muſcovite beaten by the Po es. The Muſcovites burn Vilna. the Siege of Smolensko, is beaten by the Polanders. The Muſcovites in revenge, burn Vilna, where 4700 Houſes were laid in Aſhes.

The Sophy of Perſia having defeated the Turks near Babylon, ſends an Ambaſſador to The Sophy of Perſia makes a League with the Emperor. The Arch-Duke of Auſtria made King of Bohemia. the Emperor Rudolphus, and confirms a League between them.

Mathias, Arch-Duke of Auſtria, and King of Hungary, was made King of Bohemia.

A Conference between ſix Remonſtrants at the Hague, before the States General, yet they could not agree about the Points in Controverſy.

The King of Denmark declares War againſt Su den, Beſieges C lmar on the 2d. of May, and takes it on the 29th. putting The King of Denmark declares War againſt the Sw de. all to the Sword, but thoſe who eſcap'd into the Caſtle.

Smolensko was taken by the Poles: two years after, the Muſcovites not only recovered that place, but ſeveral other Cities of Lithuania.

Prince Henry created Prince of Wales. Prince Henry created prince of Wales. From Christ 1610.

Chriſtiem, Elector of Saxony, died of an Apoplexy, and his Brother John George ſucceeded him. The Elector of Saxony's death The King of Sweden's death.

Charles King of Sweden, ſinks under the loſs of Colmar, and died; his Son Guſtavus ſucceeded him. From Chriſt 1611.

Mathias, King of Hungary and Bohemia, Mathias married to Anna Arch-Dutcheſs of Auſtria. marryed with Anna, Arch-Dutcheſs of Auſtria.

Margaret Queen of Spain, Wife to Philip the Third, died in the 27th year of her Age. The Queen of Spains death.

Frederic the Fifth, Count Palatine of the Rhyne, married with Elizabeth, Daughter to James the Firſt, King of England. Frederic the Fifth, married with the princeſs Elizabeth.

John George, the Son of John George, Duke of Saxony, was born.

Rudolphus the Emperor, having Reigned almoſt 35 years, and having lived 59, The Emperor Rodolphus death Mathias King of Hungary, Emperor. died; after whoſe death, Mathias, King of Hungary and Bohemia, was choſen. From Chriſt 1612.

The Danes in the beginning of this year, 1613. invaded Swedeland: On the other ſide, the Swedes fell into Norway, and did the Danes much damage: However, the The intermarriages of Lewls XIII. with Anna of Auſtria, and of Philip prince of Spain, with Elizabeth, Siſter to Lewis XIII. Danes took Elsburg, and Gotzberg by ſurrender; but going to make a further Progreſs, the King of Denmark's Army was ſo oppreſs'd with the Plague and Famine, that the Swedes recovered moſt of their Loſſes.

Great Rejoycings and publick Carouzels were at Paris, for the intermarriages of Lewis the Thirteenth, with Anna of Auſtria, Daughter of Philip the Third, King of Spain: And of Philip, Prince of Spain, with Elizabeth, Siſter to Lewis the Thirteenth.Holland makes a League with Achmet. The Death of prince Henry. A peace between Sweden and Denmark.

The States of Holland make a League with Achmet, Emperor of the Turks, by his Ambaſſador he ſent to the Hague.

Henry Prince of Wales, the eldeſt Son of James the Firſt, King of Great Britain, died in the Eighteenth year of his Age. From Chriſt 1612.

A Peace between Sweden and Denmark; and Colmar reſtored to the Swedes.

Gabriel Bathor, Prince of Tranſilvania, The prince of Tranſilvania beaten by Bethlem Gabor. beaten by Bethlem Gabor, aſſiſted by the Turks, was killed by his own Subjects. From Chriſt 1613.

The Prince of Conde, with ſome other Princes joining with him, took Arms againſt The prince of Conde oppoſes the Queen Regent, but is made friends by 〈…〉 m of M 〈…〉 . the Queen Regent of France, in order to put her from the Adminiſtration of the Government, pretending, that the Mareſchal d' Ancre was too great in Authority with her; but the Queen pacifyed them with Money.

William Wolfang, Prince of Neuburg, Sonin-Law The Princ of Newburg turn Papiſt. to the Duke of Bavaria, abdicated the Reformed Religion, and embraced the Romiſh.

The States of Holland made an Edict, to The Edict of Holland refuſed by the Contra-Remonſtrants reconcile the Remonſtrants, and Contra-Remonſtrants; to which the Remonſtrants obey'd, but moſt of the Contra-Remonſtrants refuſed to ſubmit to it.

Frederic the Fifth, having compleatedFrederic the Fifth, returns to his Electorate. Frederic Henry born. his Marriage with the Princeſs Elizabeth, Daughter of the King of England, returned to his Electorate. From Chriſt 1613.

Frederic Henry, Son of Frederic the Fifth, and of Elizabeth, was born. From Christ 1614.

Muſcovie, long waſted by the Poles andFedrowitz choſe Great Duke of Muſcovy Lewis th Thirteenth married o Burdeau Swedes; the Nobility made choice of Fedrowitz for their great Duke.

Lewis the Thirteenth, going to marry Adna Maria Mauritia at Burdeaux, invites the Prince of Conde to go along with him, becauſe it would be pernicious to the King and Kingdom.

The States of France, according to the Promiſe which the Queen Regent had made to the Prince of Conde, are ſummoned, and met at Paris, where it was unanimouſly reſolved, that the King under no pretence, could be put to death by his Subjects. Whether the Power of the King was immediately ſubject to God? Whether he might be excommunicated by the Pope, or diſpoſſeſſed of his Crown, by reaſon of the Diſſent of the Clergy? And the third Order was left undetermined.

The Jews by reaſon of their uſurious The Jews expelled Wormes. Exactions, were expelled the City of Wormes, by the Populacy, to the Will of the Senate, and their Synagogue pull'd down.

The Prince of Conde defeated at St. Maxents, The Prince of Conde beaten. by the King's Forces. From Christ 1615.

A Peace concluded between the Spaniard A Peace between the Spaniard and the Duke of Savoy. and the Duke of Savoy.

Fluſhing, the Brill, with the Fort of Rammekens, which were made Pledges to Queen Elizabeth, reſtored by King James the Firſt, for Thirty three hundred thouſand Florins.

The Prince of Conde having made his Peace with the King, and living ſecure at Paris, upon the King's Word, is unexpectedly committed to Priſon, and there detained above three years: upon which, the Mareſchal D'Ancre his Palace, was plundered by the Populacy.

The Turks beaten at Sea by the Spaniards The Turks beaten at Sea and at Land. in the Mediterranean, by the Coſſacks in the Lake Maeotis, and at Land in Aſia by the Perſians; where, partly by the Sword, and by the Peſtilence, they loſt above Forty thouſand Men. From Christ 1616.

Lewis the Thirteenth, by the Advice of the Count de Luynes, cauſed the Mareſchal D' Ancre, who there bore the greateſt The Mareſchal D' Ancre pu to Death at Courts. ſway to be put to Death; which was done by Vitry, Captain of the Guards, at the entrance into the Court; after which, being preſently buryed in the next Church, his Body was, the day after, taken up again, and drawn by the Rabble thro' the Streets of Paris. His Widow, under pretence of being a Witch, and addicted to the Jewiſh Ceremonies, was condemned to death by the Parliament of Paris.

Achmet, the Emperor of the Turks, being dead, Muſtapha was ſet up in his place: but being found unfit to Govern,Achmet died, and Oſman made Emperor of the Turks. was the next year dethroned: And Oſman, the Son of Achmet, about eleven years of Age, was made Emperor.

This being the hundredth Year from the Reformation, firſt begun by Luther, was kept as a year of Jubilee, by the Proteſtants The Lutheran Jubilee. all over Germany; and ſome days were ſpent in publick Thankſgivings. This was firſt done in Saxony; and after that, in the Palatine, and Brandenburgh Electorates, and in other places.

The Tartars provok'd by the frequent Incurſions of the Coſſacks, invade Podolia; burnt four Cities with four hundred Villages, and carryed away a vaſt number of People and Cattel.

Prince Charles created Prince of Wales: prince Charles prince of Wales. With the Differences about Religion, that turmoil'd Holland; a political Controverſy intermix'd it ſelf, who ſhould have the Supream Adminiſtration of the Government: Whether the ſeveral Orders of each Province, in their ſeveral Juriſdictions, or the States General over all the Provinces? The States General thereto, aſſerted this Authority to themſelves, and propoſed the calling of a National Synod at Dort; Holland, Overyſell and Utrecht, only aſſenting: and Prince Maurice, to obtain prince Maurice takes upon him the Adminiſtration of Holland. the conſent of thoſe three Provinces, removed the Magiſtrates of Nimegen, and Utrecht, from their Places; as alſo, in moſt other Cities of Holland, and placed in their rooms, ſuch as he thought moſt addicted to his Party. Moreover, he impriſoned John ab Olden Barnevelt, Advocate of Holland. Rumold Hogerbet, Syndic of Leyden, Hugo Grotius, Syndic of Rotterdam, and Giles Ledemberg, Secretary of Utrecht. And now all Obſtacles being removed, a National Synod was held at Dort, whither reſorted Engliſh, Palatine, Switzers, with other Divines; and there the Opinion of the Remonſtrants was condemned: but they refuſed to ſtand to the judgment of that Synod. And thence aroſe a new Schiſm among the Proteſtants.

A dreadful Comet began to appear; theA dreadful Comet. Tail of which was above ſixty four degrees in length.

Queen Ann of England died. From Christ Queen Ann died. 1618.

The City of Pleurs in Rhaetia, ruined by the fall of a Mountain tumbling upon it, when 1500 people were buryed in the Ruines.

The Deſtruction of the Spaniſh Army The Spaniſh Army deſtroy d by the Venetians. ſent againſt the Venetians.

Tumults in Bohemia, by reaſon that ſome of the Evangelick Nobility were offended, that their Grievances were ſlighted by the Emperor's Counſellors; upon An Inſurrection in Bohemia. which, they entered the Council Chamber, and threw three of the Counſellors out of a Window, thirty yards high, into the Caſtle-Yard; by which fall, however none of them got any harm.

At Venice was diſcovered a Conſpiracy of certain Ruffians, who propoſed to themſelves, A Conſpiracy at Venice diſcovered. to break into the Senate-Houſe, kill the Senators, burn the Arſenal, throw down the Bridges, and to lay waſte the whole City: but moſt of them were taken, and all who did not make their eſcapes, were puniſh'd according to their Deſerts.

In this year, died Cardinal Peronne. The Death of Cardinal Peronne.

A great Fight between the Turks and the Perſians, where the Turks loſt Fourty thouſand Men, and the Perſians Nine thouſand: But, tho' the Perſians got the Victory, A Fight between the Turks and the perſians. yet having loſt ſo many Men, they offered the Turks Peace, with an Anual Tribute of Silk, which the Turks willingly accepted. From Chriſt 1618.

John Barenevelt, condemned to deathBarnevelt's death. by the States General under pretence, that he had diſturbed the Peace, and Order of the Republick: but on the Scaffold, he publickly proteſted, that he died for defending the Liberty of his Country.

Hogerbet and Grotius were condemned to perpetual impriſonment; but Grotius made his Eſcape about a year after, and fled to Paris, where he printed his Apology, for thoſe who preſided over Holland, in the year 1618. a Work very worthy to be read.

In March, Mathias the Emperor died; The Emperor Mathias's death. in whoſe room ſometime after, was elected Ferdinand the Second his Son, King of Bohemia.

Sir Walter Rawleigh Beheaded.

The Adminiſtrators of the Kingdom of Bohemia, upon the Abdication of Ferdinand, Frederic Elector Palatine, Crowned at prague. made choice of Frederic, the Elector Palatin, for their King, who was Crowned at Prague.

A new Order of Knighthood, inſtituted at Vienna, by certain Catholick Princes, asA new Order of Knighthood. the Duke of Nevers, Prince Radzeville, the Duke of Saxon Lawenburgh, and others, who took an Oath to proſecute all Infidels, and to defend the Catholick Religion; having for their Badges a Croſs, with the Effigies of the Holy Virgin, which they wore on their Cloaks.

Bucquoy having utterly defeated Mansfeild, did over-run Bohemia.

Prince Charles of Spain, Crowned King The prince of Spain, King of portugal. of Portugal.

The Prince of Conde releaſed from his The Prince of Conde releaſed. Impriſonment, returned to Paris, and: was congratulated by the Peers, and Princes of Franee.

Ann, Queen of England, died. From Queen Anns Death. ARebellion againſt the Emperor. Chriſt 1619.

The Bohemians, Austrians, and Hungarians, rebel againſt the Emperor.

A great Battle fought between the Imperialiſts, and Frederic the Palatins Army, The palatin's Army beaten by the Imperialiſts. where the Impe •• liſts proved Victors; Frederic fled, and the next year took Refuge in Holland, where he ſpent the remainder of his days with his Queen and Children: ſo Bohemia with the adjoining Provinces, returned to the Obedience of the Emperor.

Spinola with a numerous Army, enteredSpinola entered the Palatinate the Palatinate, and in a ſhort time, took many Towns.

The Civil War againſt the Proteſtants, The Civil War in France. began in France. The Inhabitants of Bearn refuſing to obey the King's Edict; by which, they were commanded to quit all Eccleſiaſtical Livings, and to reſtore them to the Popiſh Biſhops; for the King going thither, conſtrained them to yield Obedience, and gave the Cities, which the Proteſtants held to be kept by the Catholicks.

The Polanders with an Army of Ninety The Polanders beaten by the Turks. thouſand Men, invading Walachia, were all cut off by the Turks, except a few, who made their eſcape; and the great Chancellor of the Crowns Head, was carried to Conſtantinople.

Sigiſmund the Third, King of Poland, The King of Poland wounded. wounded by a Ruffian; who being taken, was torn with Horſes, his Members burnt, and his Aſhes thrown into the Air.

Guſtavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, marriedGuſtavus marriage with the Daughter of Brandenburgh. with Mary Elenora, the Daughter of John Sigiſmund, Elector of Brandenburgh. From Christ 1620.

Frederic the Elector Palatine was proſcribed by the Emperor.

A West-India Company firſt erected by A Weſt-India Company erected by the States of Holland. the United Provinces; to which the States granted the ſame Priviledges as to the East-India Society.

A General Aſſembly of the Proteſtants from all parts of France, held at Rochel, The Hugonots rebel, and are beaten by the King of France. where they reſolved to take up Arms in their own Defence, againſt the Religion which their Enemies profeſs'd. Whereupon the King undertook an Expedition againſt them. At which time, Mornay du Pleſſis delivered up Saumurs to him, of his own accord. Afterwards the King beſieged the City of St. Angelo, and forc'd it to a Surrender; and then took above ſixty other Towns in Xantoign and Gaſcony, part by force, part by fear; but he could not get Montauban, which he beſieged in Autumne, where the Duke of Mayenne was killed by a Musket-Shot in the Head: which News coming to Paris, the RabbleCharenton burnt. incenſed with Fury, ran to Charenton, and ſ t the Proteſtant Church on fire, which was reduced to Aſhes.

Guſtavus, King of Sweden, took Riga, King of Sweden takes Riga. the Metropolis of Livonia.

The Truce for twelve years, between Philip of Spain, and the States General, being expired, the Arch-Duke Albert deſired earneſtly to have it expired, but the States abſolutely refuſed it.

Paul the Fifth, departed this Life in the Sixty ninth year of his Age; and Gregory Popes. the Fifteenth, was choſen in his place.

Philip the Third; departed this Life in The Death of Philip the Third. the Forty third year of his Age; his Son Philip the Fourth, ſucceeded him.

Albert, Arch-Duke of Auſtria, Governour The Death of the Arch-Duke of Auſtria. of the Low-Countries, died in July; and in September following, died Cardinal Bellarmine. From Christ 1621. The Death of Cardinal Bellarmin.

Heydelbergh for ſome time, beſieged by Tilly the Imperial General, was at length by him taken by Storm, and given up to the plunder of the Soldiers, who exerciſedHeydelbergh taken by Storm. all manner of Cruelties upon the Inhabitants; the Library, which wa ſtored with moſt choice and excellent B 〈…〉 s, was removed, part of them to Munick, and part to Rome.

A Peace concluded in France, with the Proteſtants at Montpellier, but not laſting.

Chriſtian, Duke of Brunſwick, invaded The Duke of Brunſwick took Weſtphalia. Westphalia, and carried away a vaſt Treaſure out of the Cathedral of Paderburne, with the image of St. Liberius, their Patron, all of maſſy Silver.

Oſman, the Son of Ac 〈…〉 et, EmperorOſman ſtrangled, and Muſtapha Emperor. of the Turks, was ſtrangled, and Muſtapha advanced in his room, whom Oſman before had impriſoned. From Christ 1622.

Maximillian, Duke of Bavaria, was created Elector of the Empire, in the room of the Palatine Frederic, and the Dignity granted to his Heirs. Frederic with his Heirs, being removed from that Title, for making War againſt the Emperor.

King James entered into a War for King James made Wa with the Emperor about the Palatinate the recovery of the Palatinate.

Frankendale having been a long time beſieged, ſurrendred to the Spaniards. Spinola, who a little before had taken Breda from the Hollanders, was forced to riſe from before Bergen ap Zome, upon Mansfeild's march to its Relief.

Gregory the Fifteenth died, and Urban the Eighth, a Florentine, elected to ſucceed.Popes.

Charles, the Son of James the Firſt,Charles I. takes a Voyage into Spain thro' France. King of Great Britain, Prince of Wales, travel 〈…〉 hro' France into Spain, and arriving ſafe at Madrid, on the 17th of March, and ſtaying there till the 9th of September, returned to London on the 16th of October. From Christ 1622.

Peace between his Holineſs and the A peace between the Pope and the King of Spain. King of Spain; upon condition of Reſtoring the Valtolin to his Holineſs. Chriſtian Duke of Brunſwick defeated by Tilly, and ſeveral great Perſons taken priſoners.

Muſtapha Emperor of the Turks, whoMuſtapha reſigned up the Empire of the Turks. Amurath made Emperor. was the laſt year in the room of his Nephew Oſman, freely Abdicated the Empire, and Reſign'd it to Amurath the Brother of Oſman, a Youth of 16 years of Age. Others ſay, that having Reign'd a Year after the Death of Oſman, he was ſhut up in Priſon. 1623.

Armandus Pleſſy Richelieu, firſt Biſhop of Cardinal de Richelieu his Adminiſtration. Luſſon, then made a Cardinal, obtained the Supream Adminiſtration of France, under Lewis the XIII, who gave up all things to his Management: In which Office, ſome things he did Honourably for his Reputation, other things tyrannically, and cruelly.

The Jeſuits, with other Popiſh Orders, The Jeſuits baniſht England. who upon the Marriage of Charles the Firſt, with Henrietta Maria, the French King's Siſter, crowded into England, within a ſhort time after are commanded to depart the Kingdom.

On the other ſide, the Proteſtant Miniſters The Proteſtant Mininiſters and their Religion proſcribed by the mperor. are proſcribed out of Auſtria, Bohemia, and Moravia, by the Emperor's Edict, and all the Exerciſe of the Reformed Religion forbidden within his Territories.

The Tartars deſigning an Irruption into Poland, with fourty thouſand Men, were The Tartars over-thrown by the Poles. ſtoutly repulſed, and received a very great Overthrow.

Marc Antonio de Dominis Archbiſhop of The Archb. of Spalato chang'd his Religion. Spalato, came into England, and pretended to change his Religion, was kindly entertain'd by King James the Firſt. But he not thinking the Preferment the King gave him ſufficient, return'd this Year to Rome, where he made his Recantation; but notwithſtanding that he was clapt up in the the Caſtle of St. Angelo, where he died this Year, and his Body being burnt for his Apoſtacy, his Aſhes were thrown into the River Tibers

A terrible Battle was fought between The Turks beaten by the Tartars. the Turks, and the Tartars, where the Turks were overthrown, with an extraordinary ſlaughter.

Urban the Eighth, with the uſual Proceſſion The Year of Jubilee. opened the Sacred Gate, in St. Peter's Church, and began the Year of Jubilee 1624.

James the Firſt, King of Great Britain, The Death of King James the First. departed this Life, the 66. year of his Age; to whom ſucceeded Charles the Firſt his Son.

Maurice, Prince of Orange, Governour The Death of Maurice prince of Orange of the United Provinces, died in the 58. year of his Age: to whom ſucceeded in the Government his Brother Frederic Henry, by the Election of the States.

A great Plague in London, whereof died A gr 〈…〉 plag •• in London. thirty thouſand four hundred and ſeventeen.

Guſtavus Adolphus King of Sweden, came The King of Sweden took Riga, with a Fleet to Riga, and made himſelf Maſter of ſeveral Cities of Livonia, poſſeſs'd by the Polanders.

Breda, which Prince Maurice had won by a Stratagem from the Spaniards, is by them again recovered.

A War between the Emperor, and theBreda retaken by the Spaniards. King of Denmark, with various Succeſs.

A Confederacy between the King of England, Sweden, and Denmark, with the A War between the Emperour, and the K. of Denmark. States General of the United Provinces for fifteen years, to carry on the War againſt the King of Spain; againſt whom alſo the King of England declared War by Sea and Land. A Confeder. againſt Spain. Charles the 1. Married.

Charles the Firſt of England, married to Henrietta Maria, Daughter to Henry the Fourth King of France.

The Bores in Auſtria took up Arms, in order The Bores in Auſtria take up Arms. to recover the free Exerciſe of their Religion taken from them: And made themſelves Maſter of ſome Places by force of Arms: But the next year were ſubdued, and ſeverely puniſht.

The Perſians gave a total defeat to the The Perſians defeated by the Turks. The Danes beaten by the Imperialiſts. Turks near Babylon, ſo that very few eſcapt.

The King of Denmark defeated in a great Battle by the Imperialiſts, wherein all his Foot was cut off, and loſt the greateſt part of his Cavalry.

The King of Sweden made an Expedition The K. of Sweden's Expedition into Pruſſia. into Pruſſia, and landing at Pillaw, made himſelf Maſter of Braunsberg, Traunsburg, Marienberg; and reduc'd all the neighbouring Country under his Subjection. From Chriſt 1625.

The Emperor by an Edict commanded The Emperor baniſht all the Proteſtants out of Germany. all the Inhabitants of the Kingdom of Bohemia, not excepting any Degree, that refuſed to embrace the Catholick Religion, to depart the Kingdom in a certain time.

A moſt terrible Earthquake ſhook all An Earthquake at Apulia. Apulia, and ſwallowed up whole Towns, Villages, Caſtles, Woods, together with about twenty thouſand People.

The Engliſh called by the Rochellers to aſſiſt The Engliſh aſſist the Rochellers. them, landed in the Iſle of Ree, under the Command of the Duke of Buckingham, who was expell'd from thence, with a great Slaughter.

The King of France cloſely beſieged Rochelle The King of France beſieged Rechel, and ſtopt up the Arbour. and made a great Mount of vaſt Stones in the Sea, to hinder Relief from coming to the City.

Frederic Henry Prince of Orange, General for the Hollanders, compelled Groll to ſurrender. The prince of, Orange takes Groll

The Imperialiſts purſuing the Daniſh Army, poſſeſt themſelves of the greateſt part of Holſatia, and Jutland. From Chriſt 1626.

Rochelle preſt by Famine, was compell'dRochelle ſurrendred to the French. to ſurrender to the King of France, after above 12 thouſand Men had been ſtarv'd to death; all the Walls and places of Defence being demoliſht.

The King of Sweden granted free Liberty The K. of Sweden, admits the proteſtants Liberty. to the German Exiles, who fled for Religion, or were compell'd from their Calamities of War, to live with all Security, and the free Exerciſe of their Religion in his Kingdom. The Death of Sir Francis Bacon.

Sir Francis Bacon, Viſcount of St. Albans died.

The King of Denmark poſſeſt himſelf of the Iſland of Uſdom, the Fortreſs of Phinmund, and Wolgaſt; but was beaten out again by the Imperialiſts, under the Duke of Fredland.

The Cham of Tartary, being expelled his The Cham of Tartary recovered his Kingdom. Kindom by his Brother, aſſiſted by the Turks; to revenge his loſs, by the help of the Coſſaks, defeated his Brother in Battle, and recover'd his Kingdom.

The Admiral of the Dutch Fleet, met with The Dutch Admiral took the Spaniſh West India Fleet. Prince of Orange takes Boisleduc. the Spaniſh Weſt India Fleet, and took it, to the value of three hundred Tuns of Gold. From Chriſt 1628.

The Prince of Orange, having taken before Boiſleduc at the beginning of May, took it by ſurrender in September following.

A Peace concluded at Lubeck, between A Peace between the Emperor and the Danes. the Emperor, and the King of Denmark, upon equal Conditions.

The Duke of Buckingham baſely murdered by Felton, a diſcontented Officer. The Duke of Buckingham kill'd

Rochelle ſurrendered, and called Borgo Maria.

The King of Sweden relieved Stralſond, Rochelle ſurrendred. diſengaged himſelf from his Poliſh troubles, made ſure of the Daae, and prepared for a War with the Emperor. From Chriſt 1629.

Guſtuvus Adolphus enter'd Pomerania Guſtavus took Stetin. made himſelf Maſter of Stetin, and ſeveral other Places, and fill'd all Germany with the terrour of his Arms.

The Duke of Savoy deny'd the French to The Duke of Savoy denied the French paſſage thro his territory. Magdeburg taken by Tilly. paſs thro his Country; upon which Cardinal Richelieu made himſelf Maſter of Pignerol, and of the Marquiſate of Saluc s.

A Peace concluded with France. Magdeburg ſtormed by Tilly, the Imperial General, plunder'd and burnt; ſo that of ſo great a City very few Houſes were left ſtanding entire.

Guſtavus Adolphus having made a LeagueGuſtavus his great Succeſs in Germany with the Elector of Saxony, in September vanquiſht the Imperialiſts in a great Battle. From that time all things ſucceeded with him to his deſire: ſo that he made himſelf Maſter of ſeveral Cities, and Provinces of the German Empire.

King Charles the Firſt his ſecond SonCharles the Second born. born, at whoſe Birth a Remarkable Star appear'd at Noon-day. From Chriſt 1630.

The King of England made a Peace withEngland made a peace with Spain. Troubles in France. Spain, which was proclaim'd.

The Court of France in great confuſion while the Queen Mother went about to ſhut up the King, her Eldeſt Son, in a Monaſtery, and to ſet up her Youngeſt Son in his Room: for which the King having his Liberty, the Queen made her eſcape to Antwerp, and the Duke of Orleans flies into Burgundy and Lorain, throwing all the Blame upon Richelieu.

The Princeſs Mary born, eldeſt Daughter The Princeſs Mary. born. to King Charles the Firſt.

The famous School at Amsterdam erected; in which the firſt Profeſſors were, John Voſſius and Jaſper Barlaeus.

Maeſtrick, after a Siege of two monthsMaeſtrick taken by the prince of Orange and two weeks, ſurrendred to the Prince of Orange.

A great Battel at Lutzen, was fought between the Swedes and the Imperialiſts, Battel of Lutzen, where Guſtavus was killed. where the Swedes got the Victory; but the King Guſtavus was there killed. To whom Chriſtina his Daughter, an Infant, ſucceeded. In the mean time, during her Minority,Chriſtina his Daughter ſucceeded. the Nobles of the Kingdom took upon them the Adminiſtration of Affairs.

Sigiſmund the Third, King of Poland, Death of the K. of Poland. died; to whom ſucceeded his eldeſt Son, Uladiſlaus the Fourth.

The King of France made himſelf Maſter of Nancy, the Metropolis of Lorrain. From Christ 1632.Death of the Governeſs of the Low Countries.

Izabella Clara Eugenia, Daughter to Philip the Third, King of Spain, and Governeſs of the Low Countries departed this Life.

Frederic the Elector Palatin, who reigned Death of the Elector Palatin. K. Charles I. crowned in Scotland. James D. of York born but a ſhort time King of Bohemia, died at Mayence.

King Charles the Firſt crowned in Scotland.

The Third Son of King Charles the Firſt, born Octeb r the Thirteenth, and baptized James, afterwards created Duke

The Diſpute began of England's Right to the Soveraignty of the Britiſh Seas, and defended by the learned Selden, againſt Hugo Grotius.

The Prince of Orange beſieged and took 〈◊〉 of Orange took Rhynebergh. Rhynebergh. From Chriſt 1633.

Wallestin, Duke of Fridland, and General of the Imperial Army, ſtabb'd at Egra, by the Emperor's command; being diſcovered to have a Deſign to join with theWalleſtein killed at Egra. Swedes, and to have made himſelf Maſter of the Kingdom of Bohemia.

Ferdinand the Cardinal, Brother to theFerdinand Governour of the Netherlands. King of Spain, took upon him the Government of the Low Countries.

The Cardinal Infanta, joins with the King of Hungary, and fights the Battel ofSwedes beaten by Cardinal Infanta. of Norlinghen, where the Swedes were utterly defeated. From Chriſt 1634.

The King of France declared War againſt the King of Spain, becauſe he detained The Fr nch declared War agſt. Spain. in Priſon the Elector of Treves, whom he had taken into his Protection.

The Fortreſs of Skinken Skonce, whichSkinken Skonce taken by the Spaniards, & retaken by the P. of Orange. is as it were, the Key of Holland, taken by the Spaniards; but in a little time after, beſieged by the Prince of Orange, was took about the beginning of the following Spring.

This year and the next, a dreadful Peſtilence raged in Holland, and in the Neighbouring The plague in Holland. places, which ſwept away a world of people.

The Imperialiſts with Eighty thouſand The Imperialiſts invade France. Men under the Duke of Lorrain, and other Imperial Commanders, threaten to invade France, and to encamp about Maſieres, and Rambervillers; but being oppoſed by the French, in conjunction with Saxon Weymar, are forced to return, without acting any thing conſiderable.

A Battel between the Turks and the Perſians, The Perſians beaten by the Turks. wherein Ninety thouſand of the Turks, and Twenty thouſand of the Perſians, fell; yet the Turks being more numerous, became Victors.

The Princeſs Elizabeth born, ſecond The princeſs Elizabeth born. Daughter to King Charles the Firſt. From Chriſt 1635.

A Peace renewed between the Emperor The Elector of Saxony d ſ rted the Swedes and the Elector of Saxony, at Prague; ſo the Elector deſerted the Swedes, and the reſt of the Confederate Princes.

About this time the Tartars, who haraſſed The Tartats Conq •• re Chyna. the Chyneſes with continual Wars, entering into Chyna, with numerous Forces, within the ſpace of twenty years, quite ſubdued thoſe people, and became their Maſters.

The Imperialiſts received a great overthrow The Imperialiſts routed by th Swedes near Wiſtock in Germany, being routed from their Camp, with the loſs of all their Baggage and Canon, by General Bannier, General of the Swedes.

In Tranſilvania, Stephen the Brother, and Peter, the Son of Bethlem Gabor, endeavoured to make themſelves Maſters of that Principality, with the Aſſiſtance of the Turks, but were defeated by Ragotsky, aſſiſted by the Emperor.

Ferdinand, King of Hungary, electedFerdinand K. of the Romans. Breda took by the prince of Orange from the Spaniards King of the Romans. From Christ 1636.

The Prince of Orange, after a Siege of about three months, recovers Breda from the Spaniards.

The Liturgy firſt read at Edinburgh, occaſioned a great Tumult.

Bernard, Duke of Saxon Weymar, having a long time beſieged Briſac, a ſtrong City upon the Rhyne, compelled it at length to ſurrender for want of Proviſion; yet the Duke of Lorrain and Lamboy, both attempted to relieve it. From Chriſt 1637.

The Count Pallatin aſſiſted by the Engliſh, raiſed Forces, and poſſeſs'd himſelf of Meppen in Westphalia, but was defeated by Count Hatfieild, and his Brother, Prince Rupert, taken Priſoner.

Maria de Medicis, Queen Mother, arrived Queen Mother of France arrived in England. in England.

The French beſieged St. Omers, but all in vain: But the Duke of Longeville defeated the Duke of Lorrain in Burgundy; and at the ſame time, the Prince of Conde was repulſed from the Siege of Fontatabie.

A Sea-Fight in the Downes, between the Dutch and the Spaniards, where Trump, the A Sea Fight between the Dutch & the Spaniard. Dutch Admiral, tho' inferior in number to the Enemy, did beat the Spaniſh Fleet; of which he burnt one part, and took others, ſo that very few returned back into Spain.

Ferdinand the Second, Emperor, died of a The Death of Ferdinand II. Dropſy; in whoſe room not long after, was elected his Son Ferdinand the Third.

General Bannier defeated the Imperialiſts The Swediſh General d feated the Imperialiſts. Another Sea Fight between the Dutch and the Spaniard near Kemnitz in Saxony, and perſued Furſtemberg into Bohemia.

Another Sea-Fight between the Dutch and the Spaniards ſide, wherein of 50 Sail on the Spaniards ſide, not twenty eſcap'd.

The King of England Armed againſt the Scots, by Sea and Land, and ſent over for the Lord Deputy of Ireland.

The Turks take Babylon, after they had cut off 40 thouſand of the Perſian Horſe. From Chriſt 1639.

Amūrath, the Emperor of the Turks, The death of Amurath. Ibrahim ſucceeded. Civil Diſſentions in Scotland. The Imp rialiſts defeated. died in the 23d. year of his Age, to whom Ibrahim the Firſt his Brother, ſucceeded.

Civil Diſſentions firſt began in Scotland, occaſioned by the Scots refuſing to admit the Liturgy of England.

General Bannier obtained a great Victory over the Imperialiſts, near Homburg in Haſſia.

A terrible Earthquake felt over all the An Earthquake in Flanders. Low Countries, and parts adjoining.

A Parliament began in England, and diſſolved, and ſeveral of the Members impriſoned.

Charles the Firſt, his fourth Son born;Henry Duke of Gloceſter born. baptized Henry, and created Duke of Gloceſter.

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King Charles ſets up his Standard at York 〈…〉 in England.

The long Parliament began in November.

The Earl of Stafford impeach'd of High-Treaſon; The Earl of Stafford's and Arch-Biſhop Laud's mp ach n. of High-Treaſon. Ferdinand Cardinal Infanta, died. and the Arch-Biſhop Laud impeach'd of High-Treaſon: after which, the Biſhops Votes in Parliament taken away. From Chriſt 1640.

Ferdinand, the Cardinal Infanta of Spain, and Governour of the Low Countries, died at Bruſſels.

The Duke of Soiſſons, aſſiſted by the Imperialiſts, and relying on the Friendſhip of the Duke of Bouillon, who was then poſſeſs'd of S dan, threatned to break into France: The King bends all his Forces The Duke of Soiſſons kill d. againſt them, ſo that after a dubious Fight, wherein Soiſſons was ſlain, the Attemp was given over. Princeſs Mary 〈…〉 the P. of Orange.

The Princeſs Mary, Daughter to Charles the Firſt, was married to William of Naſſaw, Prince of Orange, at Whitehall.

The Earl of Strafford beheaded; and the The Earl of Stafford beheaded. Iriſh Rebellion broke out, where were twenty thouſand Perſons barbarouſly murdered. The Iriſh Rebellion broke out. K. Charles l ft London and went to York.

King Charles the Firſt left the City of London, and went to York. From Christ 1641.

Maria de Medicis, Queen Dowager of Henry the Fourth, King of France; and Mother of Lewis the Thirteenth, died at The death of Maria de Medicis, Queen Dowager of France. Collogn in great poverty.

Not long after, Cardinal Richlieu died at Paris in the ſixty ſixth year of his Age.

Saxon Waymer and Eberſtein, gave Lamboy, Lamboy defeated by Saxon Weymar, and Eberſtein. Tortenſon did beat the Imperialiſts, and took Lipſeich. the Imperial General, a total Defeat.

Tortenſon, the Swediſh General, gave the Imperialiſts another Defeat near Leipſich, and after that took Leipſich by ſurrender.

The French proſper in Catalonia, defeated the Spaniards, and took Coſibre, but are beaten by the Spaniards near Cotelet in Picardy, and loſt La Baſſe on the confines of Artois.

Sir John Hotham denied King Charles the Firſt his Entrance into Hull. The Earl Civil Wars in England. of Eſſex made General of the Parliaments Forces, while the King did ſet up his Standard at Nottingham.

Edge-Hill Fight, where the Earl of Lindſey, the King's General, was ſlain.

The Queen of England left Holland, and Landed at Burlington in Yorkſhire. From Chriſt 1642.

Lewis the Thirteenth, King of France, The Death of Lewis XIII. K. of France. departed this Life, leaving Lewis the Fourteenth, to ſucceed him, an Infant of five years of Age. During whoſe Minority, Ann of Auſtria is appointed Queen Regent, while Cardinal Julio Mazarini, an Italian, obtained the ſame power at Court, which Richlieu had before.

The Prince of Conde won the famous The Battel of Rocroy. A War between the Duke of Parma and the Pope. Battel of Rocroy.

A War between the Duke of Parma and the Pope, who was beaten by the Florentines.

Cheapſide-Croſs demoliſh'd, and the ſolemn Leage and Covenant taken by theThe ſolemn L ague and Covenant by the Parliament. Parliament.

The City of Gloceſter beſieged by the King; and the Siege raiſed by the Earl of Eſſex. After which, hapned the firſt Newberry Fight, where were ſlain on the The Civil War of England. King's ſide, the Earls of Carnarvan and Sunderland, with the Lord Faulkland.

The Queen of England delivered at Oxford, of the Lady Catharine, who died ſoon after.

The Scots came into England to aſſiſt the Parliament. From Chriſt 1643.

The Emperor's Ambaſſadors, as alſo the Ambaſſadors from Spain, France, Swedeland, Holland, and others met at Munster in Weſtphalia, to treat of Peace.

Urban the Eighth, departed this life in the 77th year of his Age, after he had heldPopes. the Pontificate 21 years. In whoſe place was elected Baptista Pamphilio, in his 70th year, who gave himſelf the Name of Innocent the Tenth.

The French after a long fatigous Siege, The French took Graveling. took Graveling.

Chriſtina, Queen of Sweden, took the Government of the Kingdom into her The Queen of Sweden Reigned. own hands.

The Queen began her Journey from Oxford to the Weſt, took her leave of the King of Abbington.

The Queen brought to bed of the Princeſs The Princeſs Henrietta born Henrietta at Exeter.

Marſton-Moor Fight between the King and Parliament, where Cromwell firſt made himſelf known. After which, happened Civil War of England. the ſecond Fight at Newberry, both unſucceſsful to the King.

Arch-Biſhop Laud Beheaded. Archbiſhop Laud beheaded.

The Queen arrived at Brest in Britany.

Sir Thomas Fairfax made General by the Parliament, and received his CommiſſionCivil War. from the Houſe of Commons.

The Treaty at Uxbridge, for a Reconciliation between the King and Parliament, broke up without effect. From Chriſt 1644.

The Emperor ſinding his Forces very much diminiſhing, raiſe a newd Army, and The Imperialistt beaten by the Swedes Ordered, publick Supplications to the Virgin Mary, whoſe Image he had redeemed out of the hands of the Swedes: But notwithſtanding all this, meeting Fortſtenſon, the Swediſh General, near Janowitz in Bohemia, he ſuffered ſo great an overthrow, that Vienna ſeemed to be in great Danger.

In the mean time, General Wrangel, as The Swediſh General defeated the Daniſh General. terribly oppreſſed the Danes, and deprived them of ſeveral Towns, after he had utterly defeated Buckwald the Daniſh General. Beſides theſe Succeſſes, the Swedes aſſiſted by the French at Allerſheim, obtained another great Victory over the Imperialiſts, and drove the Bavarians beyond the Rhyne.

In this year was fought the fatal Battel Civil War of England of Naſeby, near Leiceſter: After which, Fairfax carried all before him for the Parliament. From Chriſt 1645.

In the Low Countries, the French took Mardyke, Winnoxberg, Courtray, Dunkirk, with other places, but not long after loſt all again.

King Charles the Firſt, left Oxford in Diſguiſe, and went to the Scotiſh Army, who carried him to Newcaſtle; and there upon the payment of two hundred thouſand pounds, delivered his Majeſty up to the Parliament, who ordered the King to be brought under Cuſtody to Holmby-Houſe.

The Great Seal of England broken, and defaced.

Prince of Orange, aged 63 years, died The Death of the P. of Orange. of a Feaver; to whom his Son William ſucceeded as well in his Principality, as in his Dignity; according to the Conceffion of the States, made in the year 1631. From Christ 1646.Leopold, Arch Duke of Auſtria made Governour of Flanders.

Leopold William, Arch-Duke of Auſtria, made Governour of the Low Countries, by the King of Spain.

The Neopolitan Populacy, headed by Thomaſo Maſinello, a poor Fiſherman, made a great Inſurrection in that City, but were The Death of Mazinello. quelled at length, and their Leader killed in a Monaſtery.

Fairfax marched with his Army thro' the City of London; and ſoon after, the Forts and Outworks were ſlighted.

The Parliament voted no further Addreſſes to be made to the King.

King Charles eſcap'd from Hampton-Court, into the Iſle of Wight, but was kept Priſoner by Collonel Hammond in Carisbrook-Castle. From Chriſt 1647.

A Peace concluded between the Emperor on one ſide, and the Kings of France and Sweden on the other alſo between the King of Spain, and the States of Holland.

Lewis, the Son of Frederic the Palatin, was reſtored to the lower Palatin, and made the eighth Elector of the Empire. The upper Palatinate continued in the poſſeſſion of the Duke of Bavaria.

Chriſtian the Fifth, King of Denmark, departed K. Charles a priſoner in the Iſle of Wight. this Life, to whom his Son, Frederic the Fifth, before that Biſhop of Breme ſucceeded.

Uladiſlaus, King of Poland, died; to The Death of the K. of Denmark. whom his Brother Cazimir ſucceeded; whoſe Reign was extreamly ſhaken by the The Death of the K. of Poland. Philip IV. married Maria Anna of Spain. Seditions of the Coſſacks.

On the other ſide, Philip the Fourth, of Spain, married with Maria Anna of Auſtria.

The Treaty between King Charles the Firſt, and the long Parliament, broke off; and the King brought Priſoner to St. James's; ſentenced to death by that bold The Death of King Charles the Firſt. D. Hamilton. the E. of Holland and Lord Capel beheaded. Traytor Bradſh w, and moſt barbarouſly Murthered before his own Pallace.

King Charles the Second, began his Reign from that day.

Duke Hamilton, the Earl of Holland, and the Lord Capel, beheaded in the Palace-Yard before Weſtminſter-Hall.

The Kingly Office, voted unneceſſary and troubleſom.

King Charles the Second, proclaimed in K. Charles proclaim'd in Scotland. Civil War in France. Scotland. From Chriſt 1648.

A great Diſcord ariſing between the King of France, and the Parliament of Paris, by reaſon of Cardinal Mazarine's Government. Paris beſieged by the King; but in a little time after theſe Troubles were compos'd, tho but for a ſhort time, and Paris ſuſtain'd the loſs of a ſecond ſiege.

The Venetians burnt the Turks Fleet. The Venetians beat the Turks in a Sea fight.

In the Port of Foggia, ſeventy two Gallies, eighteen Men of War, ſixty Ships of Burthen, and ſix thouſand Men, with a Baſha ſlain. The Chriſtians loſing but ninety Men killed, and forty wounded.

Cromwell made General of the Parliament's Army, marched into Scotland. From Christ 1649.

Towards the end of July, William Prince of Orange attempted to make himſelf Maſter of Amſterdam by Surpriſe, but fail'd of Succeſs: Not long after he died of the The death of the Pr. of Orange Small-pox, and his Son William Henry was born eight days after his Deceaſe.

Deſcartes, the Founder of a new kind ofDeſcartes death. Philoſophy, died at Stockholm, in Swedland.

The Princes of Conde, and Conti, with The princes of Conti, &c. made priſoners. the Duke of Longueville, committed to the Caſtle of Bois de Vincennes, by the Queen Mother, and Cardinal Mazarin.

The Spaniards ſold the Dutchy of Pontremoly, Pontremoli ſold to the Duke of Florence. to the Duke of Florence, for a hundred thouſand Crowns. From Chriſt 1650.

The Earl of Montroſs defeated, took priſoner, and brought to Edingburgh, and The Earl of Montroſs beheaded. there beheaded.

The Scots routed by Cromwell at Dunbar.

Charles the Second Crowned at Skone in Scotland.

The Pope ordained a Jubilee. The Pope's Jubilee. Ferd. the III. married the princeſs. Elionora: Popes.

Ferdinand the Third, Emperor of Germany, married the Princeſs Elionora, of the Houſe of Mantua, at Newſtadt. From Chriſt 1651.

Innocent the Third, endeavouring to break the Peace concluded at Oſnabrug, becauſe there was too much Liberty granted to the Proteſtants, died in the Attempt.

Maximillian, Elector of Bavaria, departed The death of the Elector of Bavaria. Conde, &c. ſet at Liberty: Cardinal Mazarin le . France this Life in the 88 year of his Age.

In France, by the Decree of the Parliament of Paris, the three Princes of the Blood, Conde, Conti, with the Duke of Longueville, were ſet at liberty; and Cardinal Mazarin within fifteen days to depart the Kingdom. In the mean time Lewis the XIV. entring on the fourteenth year of his Age, was declar'd Major.

An Aſſembly of the States of Holland at the Hague, did conſult about confirming their Union, and preſerving their Form of Government for the future, the Prince of Orange being dead.

Charles the Second marched into England Charles the II. enter'd Engl. with an Army. with an Army of Scots, and came as far as Worceſter, and was there defeated by Cromwell: But made his Eſcape, and in a ſhort time after got ſafe into France.

The King of Poland did overthrow the The King of Poland defeated the Tartars. Coſſacks and Tartars, in a great Battle, that continued for three days. There were killed twenty thouſand, and amongſt them a Greek Patriarch, ſent on purpoſe from Conſtantinople, to animate the Coſſacks in that Battle.

Troubles in France, by reaſon of Cardinal Mazarin's Return into the Kingdom. But Mazarin having the young King, andMazarin recalled to France. the Queen Mother on his ſide, prevailed. From Christ 1652.

A fight in the Downes, between the Sea Fight between the Engliſh & Dutch. Engliſh and the Dutch. Another great fight alſo between the Dutch and the Engliſh, neare to the Iſle of Wight and Portland, where the Dutch were beaten.

In a moſt ſolemn Aſſembly at Ratisbone, Terdin. the Fourth Crowned King of the Romons. C omwell m de Prot 〈…〉 . Ferdinand the Fourth, Son of Ferdinand the Third, was Choſen and Crowned King of the Romans.

The Speaker, and moſt of the Members of Parliament, ſurrendered up the Power to Cromwell, who took upon him the Title of Protector. The D k o Lorrain ad pri 〈…〉 Th. K. of Fr •• ce Cr •• ned.

Charles Duke of Lorraine, was kept a priſoner in the Caſtle of Antwerp.

L wis the XIV. King of France, entering upon the ſeventeenth year of his Age, was moſt ſolemnly Crowned at Rheims.

In Sweden, Queen Chriſtina reſign'd up Qu. Chriſtina reſiged up her Crown. her Kingdom to Charles Guſtavus, her Nephew, who enter'd Upſalia, and was there Crowned.

The Queen after this changed her Religion; She turned Papiſt. left her Country, and ſpent the remainder of her days at Rome.

The Great Duke of Muſcovy invaded The Duke of Muſcovy took Smolensko. Poland, and took the City of Smolensko. But the King of Poland, having got a conſiderable Army of Coſſacks, took that City from the Ruſſians, and drove them out of his Kingdom. From Christ 1654.

Peace concluded with the Hollanders; A peace with Holland, and Pen's Expedition to the West Indies. and a Fleet under the Command of Sir William Penn, ſent by Cromwell to the Weſt Indies.

Don Pantaleon Sa, Brother to the Portugal Embaſſador, beheaded on Towerhill.

In Sweden, the Chancellor Oxenſterne, a The death of the Chancel. of Sweden. Popes. Perſon of great Wiſdom, and famous for his Adminiſtration, died aged 71. years.

At Rome, in the place of Innocent the X. Fabius Chigi, by the College of Cardinals, was choſe Pope, under the Name of Alexander the VII.

The Duke of Savoy, being incenſed by The perſecution in Piedmont the Jeſuits againſt thoſe of Piedmont, by reaſon of their diſſenting from the Romiſh Religion, ſpared neither Sex nor Age, but ſlaughtered ſeven thouſand of them.

The Engliſh Fleet took the Iſland of Jamaica The Engl. took Jemaica. from the Spaniards.

The Learned Dr. Uſher, Archbiſhop of The death of Doctor Uſher, & of Gaſſendus. Cracovia taken by Swedes. Armach, and Primate of Ireland, died: As alſo Peter Gaſſendus, a famous Philoſopher at Paris. From Chriſt 1655.

A great Battle was fought between the the Polanders and the Swedes, where the Swedes being Victors, took Cracovia, and Thorne.

John IV. King of Portugal died, and left The death of the K. of Portugal. his Kingdom not well ſettled to his Eldeſt Son, an Infant.

A terrible Peſtilence raged in Holland, Aplaguo in Holland. and in the Neighbouring Provinces, which ſwept away thouſands of People.

At Dreſden, John George, the famous Elector The death of the Elector of Saxony. of Saxony, Prince of the Empire died, and left his Eldeſt Son his Succeſſor John George.

Sindercomb, one of Cromwell's Life-guard, being ſentenced to die, for plotting his Death, poyſon'd himſelf in the Tower of of London. From Chriſt 1656.

Ragotsky, Prince of Tranſilvania, fell into Poland, by an Agreement made with the King of Sweden, but was beaten back by the Poliſh Generals.

The French King made a League with A League between the French & Cromwell Mardike delivered up to the Engliſh. Cromwell, upon which Mardike having been taken by the French, was ſurrendred up to the Engliſh.

The Danes declared War againſt Sweden, upon which the King of Sweden left Poland to oppoſe the Danes.

The King of Sweden, having marchedCopenhagen beſieged by the Swedes. his Army over the Ice, poſſeſt himſelf of the Iſland of Fuenen, and beſieged Copenhagen.

The Emperor Ferdinand the III. died, inThe death of the Emperor. the 48th. year of his Age, after he had reigned about eighteen years. From Christ 1657.

Dunkirk taken by the Engliſh.

The Great Uſurper Cromwell died of a The death of Cromwell. Malignant Feaver, at Whitehall.

His Son Richard was proclaimed Protector. From Chriſt 1658.

The Dutch in the Eaſt Indies beat the Portugals, and turned them out of Ceylon.

The Pyrenean Peace was concluded: And The Marriage of Lewis the XIV. Civil War in England: the King of Spain's Eldeſt Daughter was married to Lewis the XIV. King of France. Richard Cromwell's Party deſerting him, he conſented to diſſolve his Parliament; after which he himſelf was lay'd aſide. Lambert advanced with his Forces againſt Sir George Booth, and routed him. He turn'd out the Rump Parliament; but General Monk ſignified his Diſlike of the Army's Proceedings, and advanced out of Scotland into England, and declared for a Free Parliament. The Secluded Members were reſtored, and Long Parliament diſſolved, and another called at Weſtminſter. From Chriſt 1659. A peace between Sweden, and Poland, and with the Danes.

A Peace was ſolemnly concluded between the Swedes, and the Polcnians: And at the ſame time a Peace was made between the Danes and the Swedes.

In France, after the Pyrenean Peace was made, the Royal Bride Maria Tereſa, Daughter to the King of Spain, was received in in very great State.

The New Parliament met, and voted theK. Charles the II. arriv •• in England. Return of King Charles the Second: He was accordingly Proclaimed, and landed in England, and made his publick Entry thro London. General Monk, created Duke of Albemarle, and made Knight of the Garter.

The Princeſs of Orange came into England, 〈◊〉 de •• h of th Pr •• Orange And Duke of Glouceſter. but died ſoon after.

Henry Duke of Glouceſter died.

Cardinal Mazarin removed by Death.

This year was concluded the famous Peace of Oliva, between the Emperor, the Swedes, the Polanders, and the Elector of Brandenburg. From Christ 1660.

The Dolphin of France was born upon Th Dolphin of France b rn K. Charles II. crown'd Q 〈…〉 of Bohemia came to England. All Saints Day, and Chriſtned Lewis.

The Magnificent Cavalcade of King Charles the Second from the Tower of London to his Palace at Whitehall; the next day after he was Crowned at Weſtminſter.

Elizabeth Queen of Bohemia came into England.

The Marqueſs of Argile beheaded at Edinburg. Argile beheaded.

James Duke of Ormond, made Lord Leiftenant of Ireland.

The Queen of Bohemia died. From Christ Qu. of Boh mia 〈…〉 . 1661.

Dun 〈…〉 ſold to the Fren •• King, for five unki k . . mi •• ions of Ficrius.

The Duke of Crequi, the French Embaiſador affronted at Rome, by the Corſi, for which the King of France demanded Satiſfaction, and had it.

King Charles the Second, and Donna Catharina Charles II. married to the Infanta of Portugal. Infanta of Portugal married at Portſmouth.

The Emperor celebrated his Nuptials with Margaretta of Spain. The Emperor married to Margaretta of Spain.

The Vaudois moſt cruelly perſecuted for their Religion in Savoy, relieved by the Hollanders.

The French made themſelves Maſters of The French took Gigery. Gigery, upon the coaſt of Africk; but were beaten again by the Barbarians.

The Turks deſtroy'd Hungary, and Moravia; Newhauſel ſurrendred to the Turks. and after a long Siege took Newhauſel by ſurrender. From Christ 1663.

Count Serini deſtroy'd the Bridge of Eſſek, but in the midſt of his Victory, a Peace on a ſudden was concluded with the Turks, which very much incens'd the Hungarians. From Chriſt 1664.

The Edict againſt the Janſeniſts by the Parliament of Paris, confirmed by the King: But the Infallibility of the Pope, and his Authority over Councels, the Sorboniſts would not allow.

Philip the Fourth King of Spain died; The death of the King of Spain. and his Son, an Infant of four years old, ſucceeded him, by the Name of Charles the Second; upon which, the King of France lay'd claim to the Spaniſh Netherlands, which occaſioned a bloody War.

The King of England, upon refuſal of Satisfaction demanded for ſeveral Injuries, declared War againſt the Dutch.

A Sea fight between the Engliſh and the The K. of England declared a War against the Dutch. Dutch, where the Dutch loſt ſeveral Men of War, and Admiral Opdam with his Ship was blown up, where ſix thouſand of the Dutch were kill'd; and two thouſand brought priſoners to Colcheſter.

A great Plague in London, of which A plague in London. there died ſeventy thouſand five hundred; upon which the Court, and the Parliament removed to Oxford, and the Terms were kept there.

The Arabs, with a great Inſurrection took Mecca; at which time a falſe Prophet coming from Smirna, deluded the Jews with a vain Expectation of their Meſſias, but being put in priſon, he turned Mahumetan. From Christ 1665.

Alphonſo, King of Portugal, married Mary The King of Portugals Marriage with the Dutcheſs of Aumale. Francis Dutcheſs of Aumale, of the Houſe Savoy.

This year, on the ſecond of September, began the great Fire of London, which burnt in the ſpace of four days the greateſt part of that City.

A terrible Engagement between the The Fire of London. Dutch and the Engliſh, under the Command of Prince Rupert, and the Duke of Albemarle, which prov'd doubtful for 3 days; but at laſt the Dutch were chaſed by the Engliſh. However not long after, the ſame Admirals obtain'd undoubted Victory againſt all the Dutch Fleet, which they purſued into their Harbours.

The Parliament made an Act for the Rebuilding of London, which was paſt by the King. From Christ 1666.

The King of France invaded Flanders, Flanders invaded by the French becauſe the Spaniard deny'd him his Claim of Succeſſion by right of Devolution, as they called it, and the Spaniard not being prepared for War, loſt many Cities.

A War declared againſt the King of Denmark.

A Peace concluded at Breda, between the Engliſh and Dutch; whereby the differences betwixt the French and Engliſh were likewiſe terminated.

Pope Alexander the Seventh died, andPopes. Julio Roſpiglioſi, having taken the Name of Clement the Ninth, ſucceeded.

A Peace concluded between Spain, and Portugal, by the Mediation of the Earl of Sandwich, the King of England's Extraordinary Embaſſador. From Chriſt 1667.

The French made themſelves Maſters of The French took Burgundy. The Dauphin of France Baptized. all Burgundy.

The Dauphin of France was ſolemnly Baptized, by the Name of Lewis of All Saints.

The Pope begged of the French King, that the Obeliske ſet up in Diſgrace againſt the Corſi, who affronted the French Embaſſador in the year 1664. might be taken down.

A Peace was concluded, by which Burgundy was to be reſtored to the Spaniards: but the French were left in poſſeſſion of what they had in the Spaniſh Netherlands.

Mareſhal Turene, who had formerly been Mareſchall Turene turned Papiſt. a Patron to the Hugonots in France, turned Papist in his old Age.

Peter, Brother to King Alphonſo, with the Pope's Diſpenſation, married his Brother's Wife, his Brother ſtill living: And Governing the Kingdom, took upon him the Title of Regent. A triple Leagu between the Engliſh, Swedes, and Dutch Cazimir King of Poland reſigned up his Crown. Canea taken by the Turks.

A triple League between the Engliſh, Swedes, and Dutch, to inforce the obſervance of the Pyrenean and Aix la Chapelle Treaties.

John Caſimir, King of Poland reſign'd his Crown, and went into France, where he lived a Retired Life. From Christ 1671.

Canea, in the Iſland of Cadia, which the the Venetians with a great loſs of Men and Money for three years bravely defended, ſurrendered at laſt upon Articles to the Turks: The Venetians ſtill retaining in the ſame Iſland; Sucla, Spyndlonga, Carabuza, with the leſſer Iſlands of Tyna and Cerygo, not far from thence.

At Rome died Pope Clement the Ninth:Pope death In Sicily, Mount Etna ſhook with an Earthquake, and caſt forth flames, and ſtreams of Sulphur.

Henrietta Maria, Queen Mother of England, The death of the Queen Mother of England. and Daughter to Henry the IV. died at Columbe near Paris.

Alphonſo, the Depoſed King of Portugal, was convey'd to the Iſland Tercera.

In Poland, Michael Wiſnowisky, an IlluſtriousWinowisky 〈…〉 King of Poland. Prince of the Kingdom, was choſen King.

The Prince of Tuſcany came to London, The Prince of Tuſcany arrived at London The prince of Denmark came to England The Duke of Albemarle's death. viſited Oxford and Cambridge, and departed for Holland.

Prince George arrived in England.

The Duke of Albemarle died.

The Counts of Serini, Nadast, Frangipany, and others were accuſed for conſpiring againſt the Emperor, for which they were impriſoned, and beheaded.

The Duke of Crequi, by the King of Three German Counts beheaded. The French took Lorrain. France his Command, no War having been proclaim'd, took the Dutchy of Lorain, and reduced it to a French Province: The pretence was that the Duke of Lorain, contrary to the Pyrenean Articles, had bred up Souldiers.

The Triple League between the King of The death of the Dutcheſs of Orleans. England, Sweden, and Holland, concluded in the year 1668. this year broken by the King of England: About which time the Dutcheſs of Orleans ſtruck up the Dover Treaty with France; and a little while after ſhe died at St. Clou in France.

Frederick the Third, King of Denmark, The death of the K. of Denmark. departed this Life, to whom ſucceeded Chriſtian the Fifth.

In Ruſſia, the notorious Rebel Stephen Razin, occaſioned great Troubles, and took the City of Aſtracan. Popes.

In Italy, Cardinal A nilio Altieri, was made Pope, and aſſumed the Name of Clement the Tenth.

The Duke of Florence died, leaving his The death of the Duke of Florence. Son Cozmo to ſucceed him, who had travelled thro' many Countries in Europe.

The Prince of Orange arrived at White-Hall. T •• . of Orange arrived at London. From Christ 1670.

Charles the Second, King of England, ſent the Order of the Garter to John George the Second, Elector of Saxony.

Ann, Dutcheſs of York, died, and was The death of the Dutcheſs of York. interred in Henry the Seventh's Chappel.

Collonel Blood, in the habit of a Parſon, made an attempt to carry away the Crown out of the Tower of London.

Sir Robert Holmes, the Engliſh Admiral, fell upon the Dutch Smirna Fleet.

The Pope acknowledged the King of Portugal a free Prince, and honoured him with a Nuntio. From Christ 1671.

The King of England declared War againſt Holland.

A terrible Engagement between the Engliſh and Dutch Fleets, at Southwold-Bay, where the Engliſh being ſurprized by De Ruyter; after a ſharp Diſpute, the Dutch Fleet gave way, and retreated; where was unfortunately loſt the Earl of Sandwich, Vice-Admiral of England.

The King of France invaded Holland, and in the ſpace of one Month, took three Provinces, Amſterdam being in very great danger.

Two Brothers, Ruart van Putten, and The death of De Wit and his Brother. Penſionary De Witt, killed by the multitude.

The Prince of Orange reſtored to the Dignities of his Anceſtors, was declared The prince of Orange made Capt. General of the States Armies. Captain General of the States Armies.

The King of England ſtop'd all Payments of Money out of his Exchequer.

John Cazimir, King of Poland, having The Exchequer ſhut up. The death of Cazimir K. of P lan . left his Kingdom, lived a retired life in France, where he died.

Charles Duke of Richmond, died at Elſynore, in Denmark, where he was his Majeſty's extraordinary Ambaſſador. From Chriſt 1672. The death 〈◊〉 . of 〈…〉 mond.

The Emperor made a League with the Spaniard, Hollander, and other Princes, againſt the King of France, and ſent away The Emperor clared War againſt France. Maſtrick taken by the French The death of the K. of Poland. the French Ambaſſador from Vienna.

The King of France took Maſtriek, and after that ſubdued ten Cities in Alſatia.

King Michael died in Poland; but the next day, the Poles under the Conduct of John Sobiesky, gave the Turks a great overthrow, who by that Victory gained ſo much the favour of the Poliſh Nobility, that they choſe him King the year enſuing.

The Spaniards declared War againſt the French, and the French againſt the Spaniards: The King of France finding ſo many Enemies confederated againſt him, did quit his Conqueſts in Holland.

A firſt, ſecond, and third Engagement, between the Dutch and the Engliſh Fleets, under the command of Prince Rupert.

In the laſt of which, Sir Edward Spragg was loſt; in the ſecond, the Engliſh forced the Dutch to ſhelter themſelves among their Flatts and Shoals.

The Dutcheſs of Modena arrived in England, and was married to the Duke of York.

A Peace concluded between the King A peace between England and Holland. of England and the States General. From Christ 1670.

The French Ambaſſador commanded to depart Ratisbone, becauſe the French were declared publick Enemies of the Empire.

The Battel of Senſheim in the lower Palatinate, T •• Battle of Senſheim. between the Saxons joined with the Imperialiſts, againſt the French, where Mareſchal Turenne got the better of them.

The Battel of Seneff, where the Prince The Battel of Seneffe. of Orange remained Maſter of the Field.

Meſſina in Sicily, revolted from the Spaniards, Meſſina ſubmitted to France. and ſubmitted to the K. of France, who ſent the Count de Vivonne for their The Danes made a League with the Spaniard and Hollander. Governour.

The King of Denmark made a League with the Emperor, the Spaniard, and the Hollander, while the Swedes inclined to the French; and by the inſtigation of the French Ambaſſador fell into Brandenburgh, which enforced the Elector to obſerve theSobietsky King of Poland. Peace made with France.

John Sobyetzsky elected K. of Poland, with great applauſe of the Nobility and People.

King Charles having been pleaſed to accept The Freedom of London preſented to K. Charles. of the Freedom of the City of London, the Lord Mayor and Court of Aldermen, humbly preſented his Majeſty with the Copy of the Freedom, in a Box of Maſſy Gold, ſet with Diamonds. From Chriſt 1674. The death of Mareſchal Turenne,

Mareſchal Tarenne killed by a Canonſhot, and the French forced to retire out of Alſatia.

The Duke of Crequy defeated by the Confederates, under the command of the Duke of Zell, did fly to Treves, and defendedTreves taken. the Town for a ſhort time; but at length the City was taken by the Victors, and the D. of Crequy made a Priſoner.

Nimmegen appointed the place of Treaty,Nimmegen the place of Treaty. for a Peace between the Potentates at variance, where Charles II. King of England, interpoſed as Mediator. From Chriſt 1675.

A Marriage ſolemnized at St. James's, The prince of Orange married to Lady Mary. between the P. of Orange and the Lady Mary.

Stetin in Pomerania, after a long Siege, ſurrendred upon honourabe terms to the Elector of Brandenburgh. Stetin taken by the Elector of Brandenburgh. G •• nt ſarr ndred to the French.

The City of Ghent ſurrendred to the King of France.

Phillipsburgh beſieged by the Imperialiſts, was taken by compoſition.

Admiral De Ruyter, engaging with th French in the Mediterranean, received his deaths Wound, and died in the Bed of Honour, The denth of Admiral de Ruyter. in the ſeventy year of his Age.

The Danes in conjunction with the Hollanders, did beat the Swediſh Fleet, conſiſting of 40 Men of War; and then landing in Schonen, took ſeveral Towns from the Swedes: But in the midſt of their Victories, near Helmſtade, were defeated by the Swedes with a great loſs. And after that, they loſt a ſecond Battel to the Swedes, near the City of Lunden, where, after a bloody Fight, above 9000 Men were killed on both ſides.

A Battel between the Prince of Orange Cambray and St. Omers taken by the French and the Duke of Orleans, at Mount Caſſel. After which, Cambray and St. Omers were taken by the French.

Cardinal Benedict Odeſcalchi, was choſe Pope, in the room of Clement X. who diedPopes. in the 87th year of his Age. He aſſumed the name of Innocent XI. And it was ſaid, that Donna Olimpia, a cunning Woman, and powerful in the Court of Rome, prepared the way for him to that Dignity. From Chriſt 1676.

The Swedes did again defeat the Danes in a terrible Conflict, near Landſcroone. On the other ſide, the Danes overcame the Swedes in a Sea-Fight, and took ſeveral of their Men of War.

A Peace concluded at N meghen, betweenLuxemburgh quitted the Siege of Mons. the French and the Dutch.

The Prince of Orange forced the Duke of Luxemburgh to quit the Siege of Mons.

Dr. Oats made the firſt diſcovery of the Popiſh Plot; upon which, Sir Edmundsbury The death of St. Edmundsbury Godfrey. Coleman hang'd. Meſſina ſubmitted to the Spaniard. The peace between France & Spain. Godfrey was murthered; and one Coleman, who called himſelf the Duke of York's Secretary was executed at Tyburne, as were afterwards ſeveral others.

Meſſina in Sicily, wearyed with the French Government, ſubmitted it ſelf to the Spaniſh Monarchy. From Chriſt 1678.

The Peace between France and Spain, concluded at Nimeghen, proclaimed in both Kingdoms.

A moſt grievous Perſecution of the Hugonet's in France.

The King of Spain married the Daughter The K. of Spain married the D. of Orleans Daughter. of the Duke of Orleans, which diſpleaſed the Emperor.

A great diſorder in England, by reaſon of ſeveral Perſons, who did ſecond Dr. Oats in the further diſcovery of the Popiſh The D. of York ſent into Flanders, and after into Scotland. Plot, while the lower Houſe of Parliament uſed all their endeavours to diſinherit the Duke of York, for being a Papiſt. Upon which, the Duke was ſent out of the way, firſt into Flanders, then into Scotland. From Chriſt 1679.

The Elector Palatin built a new Church at Fredericksberg, which was dedicated to Concord, and conſecrated by a Lutheran Doctor, with whom were joined a Roman Catholick Prieſt, and a Calviniſt Miniſter.

The King of France by ſundry Acts of Hoſtility committed in Alſatia, the Palatinate, and in the Biſhoprick of Treves, diſturbed the Peace concluded but the year before.

The Duke of Mantua ſold the ſtrongCaſal old to the French. Lord Stafford beheaded. Town of Caſal to the French.

The Lord Stafford being found guilty of High Treaſon by his Peers, was Beheaded upon Tower-Hill.

Charles, Count Palatine of the Rhyne, and Prince Elector was created Knight of the Garter, and inſtalled at Windſor.

The Parliament ſate at Oxford, but was on a ſudden diſſolved. The death of Don John of Auſtria.

Don John of Auſtria departed this life. From Christ 1680.

A Diet held at Francfort on the Mayne, where the Articles of the Treaty at Nimegen in Controverſy, were argued with the King of France, who made ſlight of that Treaty, and had offered ſeveral Injuries to the Princes bordering upon the Rhyne: for contrary to his Faith given, he ſeizedStraſburgh took by the French. on Strasburgh, and cauſed the Cathedral to be conſecrated a-new by the Biſhop of Furstemberg, for the uſe of the Roman Catholicks.

The Hugonots by reaſon of their being The Hugonots came 〈◊〉 England. ſo cruelly perſecuted, did fly out of France, into England and Holland.

The Hungarians were promis'd their freedom, with the reſtitution of their Liberties, by the Emperor: But the free Exerciſe of their Religion being denied them, by the perſuaſions of the Jeſuites, thoſe promiſes came to nothing.

The Pope was angry with the King of France, for aſſuming the Collation of Eccleſiaſtical Benefices; upon which, the Gallican Clergy being aſſembled, gave their Opinions for the King.

A Peace between the Emperor of Morocco A peace between the Emperor of Morocco and the King of England. and the King of England, for four years.

An Ambaſſador from Muſcovy, arrived in England: And in the ſame year alſo, came another Embaſſy from the King of F z, and Morocco, and a Peace was concluded with the M •• rs. The death of Thomas Thynne, 〈◊〉

Count Conningsmark cauſed Thomas Thynn, Eſq to be baſely murthered, Conningsmark was acquitted, but his Accomplices were Hang'd. From Chriſt 1681.

In the Diet of Francfort, the Affair of the Reunions, unjuſtly challeng'd by the King of France, began to be diſputed with the French Ambaſſadors; but becauſe the French Ambaſſadors refuſed to treat with the Germans in the Latin Tongue, according to cuſtom, but perſiſted to give in their Memorials in the French Language; the Diet broke up reinfecta.

The King of Denmark, Elector of Brandenburg, and the Biſhops of Cologne and Munſter, en er into a mutual League, which many, interpreted to be done in favour of the King of France.

The King of France ordered the Walls of the City King of France took the City of Orange. The Gallican Decree againſt the Pope. of Orange to be pull'd down, and took the Principality from the lawful poſſeſſor the Prince of Orange.

The Gal •• an Clergy aſſembl'd at Paris, decree, in oppoſition to the Court of Rome, that the Pope had no power to abſolve Subjects from their Oath of Fidelity to their Sovereign; that a univerſal Council was above the Pope; that the Popes Authority was limited by the Canons of the Church; and that the Pope was not infallible.

The Great Duke of Muſcovy being removed by The Death of the great Duke of Muſcovy. Count Teckley ſubmitted to the Turks. Four Bantam Ambaſſadors. poyſon, after many Tumults and Slaughters, his two Sons agreed to divide the Empire between em.

Count Teckly did put himſelf under the protection of the Turks, and poſſeſſed himſelf of Caſſ via, 〈◊〉 , and the Fort of Villeck.

Four Bantam Ambaſſadors arrived at London, and two of them Knighted by King Charles.

The Morocco Ambaſſador entertain'd at Oxford.

Prince Rupert, Prince Palatine of the Rhine, died of a Fever and Plurify, in the ſixty third year of his Age. From Chriſt 1682.

〈◊〉 beſieged by the T rks, and the Siege raiſed The death of prince Rupert. Vienna beſie ed by the Turks. by the King of Poland, in conjunction with the Duke of Lorrain. At the ſame time, the King of Poland and the Duke of Lorrain, purſued the flying nemy, and defeated them on a bloody Battel near Ba can; after which, follow'd the ſurrender of Gra

Becauſe the Spania d rejected the Demand of the French, the King of France fell upon Oudenard, andOudenard and Dixmude took by the French. P. George of Denmark married to the Lady Ann. Dixmude, and took them.

Prince George of Denmark arrived at Whitehall, and was marryed to the Lady Ann, the younger Daughter of the Duke of York.

Judgment given againſt the ancient Charter of the City of London, in the King's Bench Court. From Chriſt. 1683.

The Emperor, King of Poland, and the Republic of Venice, enter into a League againſt the Turks.

A Truce for twenty years between the Emperor, the States of the Empire, and the King of France, conſented to by the Emperor, provided it ſhould be no way prejudicial to the Treaties of Weſtphalia and Nimeghen. A Truce alſo concluded for the ſame Term, between the States General and the French King, contrary to the Advice of the Spaniard, Swede, and others.

The French Bomb the flouriſhing City of Genoa. The French Bomb Genoa.

The Tyde ran ſtrong againſt all that had ſtood up for the ancient Liberties of England, and all the Corporations, Cities, and Towns in the Kingdom, were forced to ſurrender their Charters, and accept of new ones from the Court. The death of King Charles II.

Charles II. died at Whitehall, as it was ſaid, of an Apoplexy; and the ſame day, James Duke of York, was proclaimed King in his room.

FINIS.