An enquiry into the right use and abuses of the hot, cold, and temperate baths in England ... to this is added I. an extract of Dr. Jones's treaty on Buxton-Bath ..., II. a letter from Dr. Clayton ... concerning the use of St. Mungus-Well, III. an abstract of some cures perform'd by the bath at Buxton / by Sir John Floyer, Kt. ...

Tractatus cui Titulus, An Enquiry into the right Uſe and Abuſe of Hot, Cold and Temperate Baths in England, Imprimatur.

Tho. Millington Praeſes. Cenſores. Tho. Burwell. Rich. Torleſſe. Will. Dawes. Tho. Gill. Dat. Ex Aedibus Collegii in Comitiis Cenſoriis. June 4. 1697.

AN ENQUIRY INTO THE Right USE and ABUSES OF THE Hot, Cold, and Temperate BATHS In ENGLAND.

In which

I. The ſeveral Kinds of Baths are examin'd, and their Virtues explain'd by their ſenſible Qualities.

II. The right Uſe and the Abuſes of Hot Baths are diſcover'd.

III. The proper Uſe and Abuſes of the Temperate Baths are deſcribed.

IV. Cold Bathing, as it is uſed by the Ancient and Modern Phyſicians, is recommended, and the Injuries of it in ſome Caſes are obſerved: With a particular Deſcription of the Virtues and Uſe of Buxton-Bath in Derby-ſhire; being the moſt Excellent, Temperate, and ſafe Cool Bath in England.

To this is added

I An Extract of Dr. Jones's Treaty on Buxton-Bath; with ſome Additions, and Remarks on it.

II. A Letter from Dr. Clayton of Lancaſhire, concerning the uſe of St. Mungus-Well.

III. An Abſtract of ſome Cures perform'd by the Bath at Buxton.

By Sir JOHN FLOYER, Kt. M. D.

B. V. V. Corrumpunt Corpora ſana, conſervant eadem. B. V. V.

LONDON, printed for R. Clavel, at the Peacock in St. Paul's-Church-yard, 1697.

To His Excellency, the moſt Noble Prince, WILLIAM Duke of Devonſhire, Marqueſs of Hartington, Earl of Devonſhire, and Baron Cavendiſh of Hardwick; One of the Lords Juſtices of the Realm of England during His Majeſty's abſence, Lord Steward of His Majeſty's Houſhold, Knight of the moſt Noble Order of the Garter, Lord Lieutenant of the County of Derby, and one of His Majeſties moſt Honourable Privy-Council. May it pleaſe Your Grace,

NOne of the extraordinary Rarities of the Peake ſurpriſed me with greater Admiration, than Your Grace's famous Baths at Buxton, which ſeemed to me like ſome rich Mineral conceal'd amongſt the monſtrous Hills.

This Jewel of Nature is happily beſtowed on Your Illuſtrious Family, who know beſt how to adorn ſuch natural naked Rarities, with magnificent, pleaſant, and convenient Buildings, and, by Your great Example, give incouragement to the frequenting of theſe excellent and uſeful Baths.

Where ſuch natural Baths have been wanting, great Princes, or Emperors have ſupply'd their Defect by artificial ones; by which they expreſs their Opinion of the uſefulneſs of Baths to the Publick; and by the erecting them, they deſign'd to oblige the Multitude, who deſired the uſe of them for their Pleaſure, Beauty, or curing Diſeaſes.

In the moſt flouriſhing Times of the Roman Empire, the number of Baths was infinite at Rome. The Diocleſian Baths equalled four of the greateſt Palaces in Italy. And the Antonine Baths contain'd Sixteen Hundred Seats; and by its ſpacious Building, Places for Exerciſe, Ponds, Walks, Portico's, reſembled a whole Province: And theſe Baths were adorned with Statues, noble Columns, Silver Pipes, and rich Gems.

Your Noble Family did formerly erect theſe Baths at Buxton; and what is wanting for Pleaſure and Convenience, is by all expected from Your generous Hand.

Baths were always thought worthy of the Care of Stateſmen; and Cato oppoſed the introducing the uſe of bot Baths in Rome, by which the Roman Manners might be corrupted, and their Bodies made more Effeminate: He diſcerned the Miſtake of the Grecian Doctors, who recommended Hot Baths for the helping of Digeſtion, whereas it was evident, that they ſubverted and weakned the Stomach. I hope Your Grace will imitate the Counſel of this Noble Patriot, by incouraraging this prejent Age to leave off the imprudent Uſe of Hot Baths, and to regain their ancient natural viguor, ſtrength and hardineſs by a frequent Uſe of Cold Bathing.

Your Grace's Bath at Buxton is ſo exactly temper'd by a mild Heat, that it puts the niceſt Conſtitutions in no fear of danger by the uſes of it; but the benefit of it is extraordinary, by reſtraining the preternatural quantity of Perſpiration, by ſtrengthening the Nerves and natural Heat. By theſe it is eaſie to prevent all Inflammations, Pains, Rheums, Fluxes, and Gout, and all other Efferveſcences in our Humours.

The benefit of Cold Water was anciently known to the Germans, who dipt their new-born Children into Rivers, to harden them; and the Northern People rub their frozen parts with Snow, to regain their natural Heat and Colour. But I will give Your Grace ſome Examples of Cold bathing from the Romans in the moſt flouriſhing time of their Empire; by which it will appear, that I publiſh no new Doctrine, but only deſign to revive the Ancient practice of Phyſick in uſing Cold Baths, amongſt which, Buxton is the moſt temperate and ſafe.

Antonius Muſa firſt practiſed this Cold bathing at Rome, by which he cured the Emperor Auguſtus, who being ſubject to Diſtillations, had long deſpaired of his Health, till Muſa obſerving the Hot Baths to do him injury, did try a contrary Method, and cured him by Cold bathing. After which, Suetonius relates, that Auguſtus uſed Hot Baths very rarely; but for his Nerves he uſed Sea-Water for a Bath, or the Albulae, which were the moſt temperate Baths in Italy; in Virtue and Heat moſt reſembling that at Buxton. For this miraculous Cure, Auguſtus, nobly rewarded Muſa, and placed his Statue next to Aeſculapius.

By this Succeſs on Auguſtus, Muſa was encouraged to try cold Baths in all Diſeaſes: but as it happens to all Emperical new Methods, it was improperly apply'd by him in the Winter, to young Marcellus, whom Muſa killed ſix Months after he had cured Auguſtus: and this raſh uſe of cold bathing is deſcribed by Horace, which was expoſing their Heads and Breaſts to the falling of cold Springs on them, in the ſevere Cold of Winter. But this Accident did not diſcourage this practice, but obliged the Phyſician to be more cautious, and to find out the right uſe of Cold bathing; for Horace, by the Advice of Muſa, left the hot Baths, which did injury to his inflamed Eyes, and went to the cold Baths at Cluſium and Gabii; but finding thoſe Countries too cold, he writes an Epiſtle to Vala about the cold Baths at Valie and Salernum.

Seneca afterwards practiſed Cold bathing in the Sea, and cells it his old Art; and gave himſelf the name of Pſuchrolontes, in his Epiſtle to Lucilius; and it appears that he was ſo great a lover of Cold bathing, that in the Calends of January, he leapt into a Spring near Tybur.

I could give more of the Hiſtory of cold bathing from the Roman Hiſtory; but I think it ſufficient that their greateſt Emperor, the wittieſt Poet, and their moſt admired Philoſopher, practiſed the Pſuchroluſia.

This practice of Cold bathing was certainly brought by the Romans into England; but it was known and practiſed alſo by the Germans, and from them it might come to their Neighbours. The Heathen Prieſts grounded their Worſhipping of Wells on the Virtue of Medicinal Waters, attributing their cheap and ſudden Cures to a preſent Deity. The bringing Alms and Offerings to Wells, was anciently forbid by Edgar's Canons: And Dr. Hammond mentions the Injunctions againſt worſhipping St. Edmund's Well without St. Clement's at Oxford. This Cuſtom was afterwards imitated by the Romiſh Prieſts, who dedicated the Medicinal Springs to particular Saints: So one of the Wells at Buxton is call'd St. Ann's; and by the particular Offerings, Pilgrimages, and Devotions, the Common People were deceived, and attributed all their Cures to the Merit of that Saint, and their own Devotion, which was due to the Phyſical Virtue of cold Springs, and God's Bleſſing on a Natural uſe of them

The Diſuſe of theſe Waters at Buxton I believe was owing much to the Reformation, which gave a general Averſion to the Romiſh Superſtition, with which the People being out of Humour, they refuſed the good Uſe, as well as the Superſtition of the Baths. And that Age being very ignorant in Philoſophy, they diſcerned not the natural Virtue of Cold Water, ſuch as is that at Holywell, and St. Mungus, the moſt excellent of the Coldeſt Baths, and the moſt uſed to this time.

The Civil Wars have occaſion'd the neglect of many famous Waters. But I will add this moſt particular Cauſe of their diſuſe; As the Virtues of the Waters formerly ſupported the Reputation of the Saints, ſo now the want of a proper religious Office to be uſed by the Devout at the time of bathing and drinking Waters, leaves all to a general Debauchery of Manners in ſuch publick places, and does very much leſſen the number of thoſe who would come thither, if both the Ends of Devotion and Health were ſerved by coming to thoſe places. This neglect of our Church I could not but cenſure, being no leſs injurious to the Bodies, than the Souls of good Men.

I have endeavour'd truly to repreſent to my Country the Virtues of the Bath at Buxton; and it were to be wiſhed, that the Church would propoſe ſome proper Devotions fitted to ſuch Occaſions; and we muſt depend on Your Grace's Munificence, for the Splendor and Ornaments of that place, on Your Preſence ſometimes, which will occaſion a greater Concourſe there: And I muſt humbly beg Your favourable Acceptance of what I here have writ concerning Buxton; who am,

Your Grace's moſt Faithful, humble Servant, John Floyer. Lichfield, May 1. 1697.

THE PREFACE. Concerning the Nature, Cauſes, and Effects of Perſpiration; and the Regulating of it by Baths.

BEfore I diſcourſe of particular Baths, it is very neceſſary to explain the Nature of Perſpiration, which the Hot, Cold, and Temperate Baths do moſt evidently alter, as appears by increaſing or diminiſhing the Weight of our Bodies; and this will oblige me to deſcribe the ſeveral Effects or Qualities produced by the Elements, on both the ſolid and fluid Parts of Animals, for the explaining the Changes in our Perſpiration by them; by the Fire we heat, by Water we cool, by the Air our Humours are made fluid, by the Earth, or rather the Vegetated part of it, as alſo by our Animal Food, we obtain the Conſiſtence of our Humours, or the dryneſs or ſolidity of our containing Parts. Theſe firſt Impreſſions on an Animal Body, and its Humours, I will, with the Ancients, call the firſt Qualities. The Heat and Cold, the Fluidity or Dryneſs, are perceiv'd by our Touch; and theſe produce ſeveral other Qualities in our Bodies, as they are apply'd either to the ſolid or fluid Parts; ſo Heat rareſies, and Cold compreſſes the Conſiſtence of any Blood and Spirits. And there is a third ſort of Qualities, which the old Writers mention, which depend on the ſecond Qualities, as they produce Mechanical Effects on our organiz'd Bodies; ſo Fire firſt heats, then rarefies our Humours, and thereby produces Sweat; and theſe ſeveral Qualities I will deſcribe in the following Diſcourſe, to juſtifie and fully explain theſe uſeful Notions of our Ancient Phyſicians, which they obſerved from what occurr'd to their Senſes.

1. The external Effect of Fire on our ſolid Parts, is to heat; but we bliſter or cauterize them, to cure the Putrefaction, Fluxion, Pains, Convulſions in them: But its Effects on our Humours are to cauſe a greater internal Motion in them, and by its own actual Heat and diffuſed Motion, ſo to excite the Motion of the Aerial Spirits, as to quicken the Circulation, and thereby produce many mechanical Actions; and by expanding the Air, the Humours are rarefy'd, or attenuated, as all Liquors boiled on the Fire ſwell, and are inflated by the expanſion of their included Air.

2. By the violent agitation in the Particles of Fire, and the Inflation mention'd, ſome heterogeneous Parts, like a Scum, may be ſeparated from our Humours, as it appears by boyling or digeſting of Juices.

3. Fire attenuates, expands, and reſolves the Humours, ſo as to turn our Humours into Vapour, and fit them for Perſpiration. This Effect of Fire we obſerve in diſtillation of Vegetables, which turns the Watery Liquor into a humid Vapour, condenſible into Liquor again: It diſſolves the Gums and Turpentines lodged in the Veſſels of Plants, and by the help of the Watery Vehicle, diſtils them, and melts them into the Form of an Oil; It turns the crude Tartar of Vegetables, partly into an acid Spirit, and partly calcines it into a fixt Salt; and the reſt of the Terrene Parts into Aſhes. After the ſame manner Fire will reſolve Animal Humours: Firſt, The Serous Part into Water. Secondly, The natural Armoniac Salt in the Humours into a Volatile Salt, and the Acid into a fixt Salt. The Oil is nothing but the Globuli of Fat melted, and the thin part of it diſtill'd over by the help of Water. The Earthy part is the Aſhes remaining. By this Explication it is evident that the Fire changes the natural States of the Principle by Diſtillation; but it produces no new ones, but every diſtinct Chymical Principle has its Parent both in the Animals and Vegetables which produced it; but the Difference and Virtue is from the Fire.

4. External Heat attracts to the outward Parts; for by rarefying the Humours, it diſtends the Veſſels, and opens the Pores, by expanding the included Air, and gives way to the Pulſe to preſs the Humours outwardly: So in Cupping-Glaſſes, the Preſſure of the external Air is taken off by the Heat of the Fire in them; and the ſame Heat rarefies the Air included in the Animal Pores and Juices, which produce the Tumour of the Part.

5. Heat condenſes or thickens the Animal Humours, by evaporating the Serous Vehicles.

6. It colliquates fat Liquors, which coagulate by Cold, as Jelly Broaths, all Fats, and Axungia's.

7. There is another ſort of Colliquation made by external Heat, which we call the Putrefaction of our Humours, when the natural Viſcidity is ſo far diſſolved or colliquated, as to want a ſufficient tenacity or cohaeſion of Parts, which is neceſſary to make the Bullulae Sanguineae, for retaining Aerial Spirits. Soap gives this viſcidity to Water, which makes it fit to retain the Air blown into it. We obſerve all putrid Humours to be very thin and ſanious, as it were colliquated like melted Oil.

The Effects of Cold on our Humours, are contrary to that of Heat; and therefore as Fire acts by the agitation of its Parts, and diffuſion of its Particles every way, ſo Cold, whoſe Seat is chiefly in Water, (for we naturally depend on that for extinguiſhing the common Fire, as well as all Animal Heats or Burnings) affects our Senſe of Feeling, and produces its ſeveral Effects by its leſs agitation in the Particles of Water, than there is in the Humours of a living Animal. Cold Water is heavier than our Humours, or any other fermented Liquors; that giving them a great plenty of Elaſtic Air, makes them lighter, and more eaſily agitated than Water. And the ſame Water may ſeem Cold or Hot, according to the different Degrees of Heat, or agitation of our Humours; ſo the Urine appears cold to a Perſon in a very hot Bath: Therefore I muſt attribute all the Effects of cold Water on our ſolid and fluid Parts, to its weight, preſſure, or leſſer agitation than that in our Humours.

1. Cold chills the Nerves, by compreſſing the Animal Spirits, and checking their Rarefaction, or natural aerial Expanſion; and hereby it occaſions the Skin to contract and ſhrivel, and ſtops its Pores, and hardens the Skin.

2. Cold Water compreſſes or condenſes the Conſiſtence of our Animal Juices, partly by its weight, or contact of Parts leſs agitated, and alſo by compreſſing the rarefy'd Elaſtic Air in the Bullulae Sanguinis.

3. By the ſtopping of the Pores, by the compreſſing of the Juices, the internal rarefy'd Vapours which are only Watery Globuli expanded by rarefy'd Air, are retain'd; and this may be obſerved by breathing upon a Magnifying Glaſs, on the ſide next the Object, and immediately looking through it, the Breath appears like a Congeries of large Water-Bubbles broken on the Glaſs. Theſe rarefy'd Bubbles in the Humours, and their natural hot Effluviums, produced by their Digeſtion, Motion, Circulation, or Fermentation; and if they be too much evacuated by hot Baths, they make the Body weaker, the Spirits exhauſted; but if moderately retain'd, the Spirits are more invigorated, and all the Animal Actions depending on them, Digeſtion, Circulation, Perſpiration, are well performed: And by this means Cold Water ſtrengthens the natural Heat, Spirits, and Vigor or Tone of our Bodies; and for this reaſon the Northern Nations rub their Frozen Parts with Ice, and have always harden'd their Bodies by bathing in Cold Water.

4. Cold Water by over-much compreſſing the fluid Parts of Animals may ſtop their Motion, and extinguiſh their natural Heat; but by a moderate compreſſion, the Humours may be check'd in their Motion; and if very viſcid, the Globuli may cohere, and thereby become grumous, or coagugulate; and this way Rheumatic Blood may be made by exceſſive cold Weather, which cauſes the viſcid Particles to cohere in the Pores when too much compreſſed. The good Effects of this Compreſſion are to preſerve the natural Conſiſtence and Rarefaction of our Fluids, and thereby hinder Putrifaction; but exceſſive cold makes the external Parts pale, and at laſt mortifies them with a Gangrene, by hindring the Afflux of warm Nutriment into the external Veſſels, and by congealing ſome of the Blood in its Veſſels, which putrifies there for want of Nouriſhment or Motion.

5. Cold Water repels the Circulation of Humours in wardly, and thereby it occaſions Fluxes by Urine, Stool, or Spitting: The quantity of the perſpirable Aerial Parts retained, cauſes Fevers or burning Heats. The Serous perſpirable retained, give Matter to the Diſtillations or Fluxes. Cold Countries make our Bodies pale and white; but the hotter Climes black, ſwarfey, yellow, by drawing the Humours more outwardly, and tinging the Skin with their Colour: Choler makes the Face yellow or green; the well-digeſted Blood florid; the Vitriolic Spleen Juice, gives a blackneſs to the Countenances: And by thoſe ſenſible Marks, our old Phyſicians truly judged of the preternatural State of our Humours. But our Moderns too much neglect the uſeful ſenſible Notions obſerved formerly; and thro' a Humour of Innovations, they reject all the Ancients have writ, tho' very uſeful, and as certain as our Senſes, upon which they grounded all their Obſervations.

The Operation of the Air on our ſolid Parts, is to compreſs them. We may eaſily diſcern that Effect, by taking off that Preſſure by Cupping Glaſſes, or the Air Pump; for then the ſolid Parts ſwell by the force of the Air compreſſed in our Humours, which always expands it ſelf by its Elaſticity, according as the preſſure of the Air, and its Weight are alter'd; but the great uſe of the Air is inwardly, by giving fluidity, which was formerly underſtood by the humidity of our Humours. This Effect of the Air on our Humours was not ſo well underſtood formerly; but now we allow that Air is included in all Liquors, and gives the following Alterations to the Animal Humours.

1. It being included in the empty Pores of our ſolid Meats, as well as in the Bubbles of our fluids, by the heat of the Stomach, the included Air being rarefy'd, it diſſolves and ſeparates the Particles of our ſolid Food, and agitates thoſe of the Liquors we drink. By this internal Agitation and Rarefaction of the elaſtic Particles of the Air, the Food is diſſolved, digeſted, and fermented in the Stomach, this Air becomes more elaſtic by a long Digeſtion in the Stomach, as is the Spirit of our Animal Juices in its firſt Origine, and was properly called by the Old Writers, The Natural Spirit, which helps the Digeſtion, Fluidity of Humours, and the Diſtribution of Nutriment; the more windy part is that which is too elaſtic, and goes off in the form of Wind, both upwards and downwards.

2. In the Blood this Aerial Spirit is more purify'd, the windy Parts are thrown off by perſpiration, or elſe by breathing. A violent Agitation or Rarefaction is produced in the Blood, by every Ferment which occaſions a Fever, or Defluxion of Humours. It is rarefy'd and compreſs'd, according to the Heat, Cold, or Weight of the external Air; and a violent Circulation occaſion'd by any Paſſion of the Mind, cauſes the ſame Ebullition or Efferveſcence as in Fevers.

By the Rarefaction of the Air, the Serous Humidities are exhaled by Perſpiration; and by the ſtoppage of this, either Pains, Fevers, Defluxions, or Cachexies are produc'd; the continual Flux of this Humid aerial Part, is neceſſary to prevent Putrifaction in our Humours. This is uſually called the Ventilation of them; for as the ſtoppage of the Fumes of wet Hay occaſions an actual Fire, ſo the too free Evacuations of theſe aerial Particles, over-cool our Bodies, and weaken them.

3. The greateſt Effects of the Air is in producing of Animal Spirits, which conſiſt of the purer Lympha, impregnated with a fine digeſted elaſtic Air. The Glands of the Brain prove that ſome Lympha is ſtrain'd thro' them into the Nerves; and becauſe none comes forth upon cutting the Nerves, the greateſt part of it muſt be aerial, by which I expreſs the light fluid elaſtical Mixture of Air, Water, and the light Oily Parts of the Animal Juices, produced out of our Nouriſhment by Fermentation in the Stomach, and a long Digeſtion in the Blood-Veſſels; and whilſt it remains in the circulating Maſs, it is properly call'd the Vital Spirit; but in the Nerves, the Animal, as it is the immediate Inſtrument of the Soul; and this does more immediately receive the Impreſſions of Hot and Cold in our Skins, and is variouſly affected, according to the change of Weather, and the preſſure of the Air. Theſe aerial Spirits are fit to repreſent the Agitation of the external Air in Sands; the Motion of the Oily Particles of Smells, will eaſily rarifie the aerial Spirits, and thereby violently affect the whole: This gives Tenſion and Motion to all the Muſcles, and frequently circulates into the Blood again.

Windy moiſt Air hinders Perſpiration, by altering the Tenſion of the Skin, or the Preſſure of the outward Air, and by cauſing an Ebullition in the Humours; for in Fevers the Perſpiration is very much ſtopped; and when the Blood is in a confuſed Motion, and quick Circulation, by an Inflation of the inward Membranes, the Skin is contracted.

External Cold hinders Tranſpiration in weak Bodies, where the Fermentation is low; but it helps it in the ſtrong, as all the Northern People experience, who are more lightſome; and their Bodies weigh leſs in cold Froſty Weather, by reaſon of a more plentiful Perſpiration; and that the Change of Air from Hot to Cold in the Summer, hinders Perſpiration about lb. j. and this produces Fevers and Diſtillations, when we change our Clothes too ſoon: This Perſpirabile retained, makes the Spirits uneaſie, till it is evacuated again by Urine, Stool, or Sweat within three days.

We experience, that in our Bodies being heated, cool Air ſtops Perſpiration; yet it is as certain that an exceſs of Cold heats ſtrong Bodies, and makes them really lighter.

I have deſcribed the Effects of Fire, Water, and Air in our Bodies, becauſe they very much alter the Perſpiration; and it is plain, that the Element of Earth taken in our Food, ſupplies part of the Perſpirabile, and alters the Excretion of it, according to its different Qualities.

From the time of our eating we perſpire unequally, that is, about lb. j. in the firſt five Hours, and from five to twelve lb. iij. and from twelve to ſixteen but lb. ſs. By this Obſervation of Sanctorius, 'tis evident, that our daily Food muſt ſupply the Matter tranſpired; that till there has been a full Digeſtion in the Stomach, and a Sanguification of it by Circulation, no conſiderable quantity perſpires. And from this Obſervation it is eaſie to make a Rule for our Hot bathing and Exerciſe, That the Body will perſpire more by them, after five Hours, which time the Meat is digeſting in the Stomach; and that Cold bathing twelve Hours after Meat cannot ſtop Perſpiration much, or occaſion any Fever or Defluxion by ſhutting up the Pores, the Perſpiration being finiſh'd.

The liquid part of our Diet is the greateſt and heavieſt, and the ſolid lighteſt, being more filled with Air; and ſo it is in our Excrements; in the ſpace of one Night we perſpire inſenſibly forty Ounces or more. The quantity of Urine is about ſixteen Ounces; and the hard Excrement but four Ounces.

The quality of the Meat alters Perſpiration; copious and crude Meats, as Melons, Cucumbers, Muſhrooms, make the Body heavier; and all the vaporous and thin or fermented, lighter.

Thin Meats perſpire about forty Ounces, as Mutton does; but the thicker, as Swines Fleſh, eighteen Ounces, and in the ſpace of a Night.

Faſting perſpires as much; which ſhews, that in good and convenient feeding, we perſpire the eighteen Ounces from our antiquated Humours, and about twenty two from our new Diet.

The Flatus in our Diet is, as Sanctorius affirms, rude quoddam perſpirabile: and there are two parts of Perſpiration, the one is flatulent aerial, the groſſer part is ſerous; but ſweating is altogether unnatural, unleſs we eat or drink more than is neceſſary.

The preſervation of our Health requires, that we ſhould add as much to our weight as we daily loſe, and that we ſhould return every Morning to the ſame weight again.

By weighing before and after ſenſible Evacuation in a Morning, we find that if our Diet amounts to lb. viij. in a Day, lb. v. paſſes off inſenſibly; and that exceeds all the other ſenſible Evacuations.

We then account our ſelves moſt healthful, when we perſpire every Day alike; and Sanctorius aſſures us, that we ſhould live to extreme old Age, if our Bodies in the four Changes of the Year were preſerved of an equal weight; but in the begining of Autumn the weight of the Body increaſes, and that makes a Ferment for Winter Tertians; and from the Autumn Equinox till the Winter Solſtice, we perſpire leſs lb. j. every day; and then we begin to perſpire more till the Spring Equinox; and he obſerves that in the Summer our Bodies weigh leſs by lb. iij.

In the hot Air of Summer, our Bodies are of leſs Strength; therefore in Summer it is neceſſary to concenter our Strength and Spirits by Cold bathing: And there is not any more certain way to preſerve our ſelves from this dangerous inequality of weight, than by theſe kind of Cold Baths, which by frequent uſe make the Skin leſs ſubject to the ſenſe of Cold, and conſequently to an unnatural Contraction, to ſtop Perſpiration, when we ſuddenly find the Air to change from Hot to Cold; or to ſpend too much of our Strength, when it changes from Cold to Hot.

That cold Water renders the Skin callous, or, as Pliny calls it, carneous, is apparent by the Skins of Fiſhermen, who can indure all the Extremities of Weather, the thickneſs of the Skin making it uncapable of different Tenſions: But all the tenderneſs we keep our ſelves in, makes the Skin more ſenſible of Air, and more ſubject to contract or relaxe, and thereby tranſpires inequally.

The Cauſes which ſtop Perſpiration are,

1. After eating, the Circulation goes more inwardly, and the Stomach and Guts are more tinged with Blood, they growing more warm by their fermenting Contents, may occaſion the Humours to flow thither; and their Contraction upon the Meat may ſtop the circulating Humours there; and for this reaſon eating in the Morning, in the time of the greateſt Perſpiration, is improper, till after twelve Hours, when it is over. Abſtinence hinders Perſpiration.

2. All Evacuations by vomiting, purging, venery, ſtop Perſpiration, by turning the Circulation from the Habit of the Body, and may be improper when Perſpiration is neceſſary.

3. Water-drinking hinders it; and cool, viſcid, acid, mucilaginous, ſtyptic Diet is neither eaſily digeſted, nor perſpired.

4. The Paſſions of Fear and Sadneſs, by ſtopping the Circulation hinders our Tranſpiration; and therefore Hypondriacks cannot be cured, till their Bodies are made tranſpirable by temperate Baths, and humid Diet.

5. The pituitous Cacochymia, the ſerous, tartareous, or flatulent Conſtitution, and old Men, and all in whom there is a weak Heat, perſpire leaſt.

6. Cold Air and Water, toſſing in Bed, Wax, Oil, Fat, outwardly hinder Perſpiration, and ruine malignant Ulcers.

The Inconveniences which attend the ſtoppage of Perſpiration are Pains, Fevers, Windineſs, Laſſitude, Tumours, Gangrenes, Eryſipela's, Sciatica's, Fluxes by Urine or Stool, and the Body is heavier.

The Cauſes of too great a Perſpiration will cure the Stoppage of it; and are as follow.

1. All hot, vinoſe, acrid, aromatic, ſalt Taſtes in Diet, the actual Heat of Tobacco, do injury to the Head and Spirits, which requite Cool things; that Heat over-digeſts the Humours in the Stomach, and occaſions a quicker Circulation, and febrile Rarefaction of the Blood, whereby it produces great Defluxions of Serum; it depreſſes a preternatural Heat on the ſolid Parts and Spirits, if the Conſtitution be hot, choleric, ſalt, viſcid, or putrefactive; and Tobacco can be only proper for the Cold Conſtitutions, as the ſerous, mucilaginous, and windy. I have often obſerved Smoaking the Cauſe of Conſumptions, and Scurvy, and Defluxions.

Hippocrates tells us, that the frequent uſe of hot things, makes the Mind effeminate, the Nerves weak, the Spirits torpid, and occaſions Haemorrhages and Deliquium's of the Spirits. This ſeems to me an occaſion of the Vapours in Men and Women, which come by the uſe of too hot Liquors and Diet, with high Sawces. Many drink Tea, Coffee, and actually warm Liquors, which put us to continual Sweats, and evaporate the Spirits; but Pliny obſerves, that no Animal drinks hot Liquors beſides Mankind.

2. Hot Baths promote Perſpiration, and ſo does hot Air: The warming of Beds, and the ſitting by the Fire, and keeping in the Air of a warm Houſe, diſpoſes us to ſweat; which being, as Sanctorius ſays, an unnatural Evacuation, they weaken the Spirits, and the Stomach, fill the Head with Vapours, occaſion Defluxions, ſoftneſs, and flaccidity of the Fleſh.

Many hot Clothes, and wearing Flannel, promote Perſpiration too much, and beget a Laſſitude, which proceeds from leſs Strength, as as well as more Weight in our Muſeles.

3. The violent Exerciſe of the Mind evacuates the aerial inſenſible Perſpirabile; but that of the Body evacuates the ſerous Perſpirabile, and that diminiſhes the Strength. Eating too much, makes Heat, and violent Exerciſe, always make the Perſpiration viſible; but the inviſible is only natural and healthful, and that which follows a perfect Digeſtion.

Too much Exerciſe kills more than too little, becauſe of the Accident of ſtopping the Pores unwarily by cold Air.

Going into cold Water after violent Exerciſe, Sanctorius condemns as dangerous; for by Exerciſe the Humours are much rarefy'd; and by ſudden Cold the heated Humours immediately coagulate; and for this reaſon we muſt not Exerciſe before cold bathing, tho' the Antients preſcribe it, and practiſed it. And the Ingenious Dr. Clayton of Wakefield, (to whom for his Obſervations on St. Mungus Well, I am very much obliged) gives me an account in a Second Letter, that the Americans make ſweating-Ovens on the ſide of the Banks of their Rivers, which they heat as we do our Ovens, and when cooled again, they put the Patient to ſweat in them for Fevers; and in the height of his Sweat, he runs into the River, and dives over Head; and theſe Ovens the Docter has ſeen in Virginia and Maryland.

This Practice being againſt the Reaſon of our Philoſophy, and the Inclination of our tender Patient, it will not ſo readily prevail, tho' Experience ſtands on its ſide; neither would I recommend a Practice very hazardous, to which nothing ſhould perſuade me, till I am ſatisfy'd of ſome extraordinary Advantage by it, in curing ſome deſperate Diſtemper.

The Paſſion of Anger, Joy, as well as Exerciſe, inlarge the Circulation outwardly, and thereby propel the Perſpirabile outwardly; and they alſo inlarge the Expanſion of the Animal Spirits in the Cutis, to open the Pores thereof; ſo a Net, by only holding it gently, opens its Maſhes, but by ſtretching of it, they cloſe more.

4. All hot Conſtitutions and Cacochymia's, ſuch as the Scorbutic, the Choleric, the Salt ſtates of Humours, perſpire too much, their Bloods are like a Jelly, and the Habit of the Body dry and thin.

In hot Countries, and the hotteſt Seaſon, and Youth, theſe Conſtitutions ſuffer moſt; the Perſpirabile is more acrid in theſe Conſtitutions, and in Summer; and if this be retained, it produces Malignant Fevers in Summer; for Perſpiration hindered, produces a Putrefaction; and nothing hinders that more than a large Ventilation; for Gangreens are cured, and all Tumours, by reſtoring Perſpiration: But all theſe Conſtitutions are fitteſt for cold Baths, and receive Injury by hot Baths.

In Sleep we perſpire about lb. iij. but in Watching about 20 Ounces; the Body will fully perſpire by being ten Hours in Bed; and we find our ſelves more lightſom in the Morning, becauſe our Bodies are really more light, by the loſs of the weight mention'd.

The way to know what Perſpiration is natural, is thus; if after a larger Supper we find by weighing in the Morning fifty Ounces to have perſpired in twelve Hours time; and if we obſerve our weight in the Morning when we eat nothing at Night, and that be twenty Ounces, we muſt endeavour by the uſe of the ſeveral Cauſes which promote or hinder our Perſpiration, to reduce it to come near the middle, betwixt fifty and twenty Ounces, viz. thirty five Ounces: And this will preſerve our Health to a Hundred Years, as Sanctorius affirms; who alſo aſſures us, That that Health is moſt ſtable, which alters little in Perſpiration.

If by the hot Regimen I have mention'd, as Brandy, Spirits, ſtrong Wines, ſmoaking Tobacco, ſtrong Ale, hot Baths, wearing Flannel and many Clothes, keeping in the Houſe, warming of Beds, ſitting by great Fires, drinking continually of Tea and Coffee, want of due Exerciſe of the Body, by too much ſtudy or Paſſion of the Mind, by Marrying too young, or by too much Venery, which injures the Eyes, Digeſtion and Perſpiration to a fourth part, and breeds Wind and Crudities, heats the Blood, and weakens the Nerves; for all the Effeminacy, Niceneſs, and Weakneſs of Spirits is produced in the Hyſterical and Hypochondriacal: I hope my Counmen will pardon my Freedom of Correcting theſe Vices or Errors, when I ſhew them the only Remedies to prevent or cure theſe Diſorders in their Bodies and Minds, which is by hardening their Bodies in the experienc'd cold Baths, firſt at Buxton, for the moſt tender, and old infirm Perſons; and afterwards at Holywell, or St. Mungus-Well; and the drinking of the Mineral Waters in Summer, will prepare their Stomachs for frequent drinking cold Water at other times, by which all hot Conſtitutions will receive more benefit, than by Tea, Coffee, Brandy, Spirits, or ſtrong Liquors and hot Baths.

Tacitus gives us the reaſon why the German Children injoyed the Strength of their Parents. Ser a Juvenum Venus, eoque ienxhauſt a pubertas. Dominum ac Servum nullis educationis deliciis dignoſcas.

A Languor Laſſitude, and more weight, are Signs of immoderate Coition; old Men are made colder by it by the loſs of Spirits, and heavier; but young Men hotter and lighter.

I do not perſuade my Reader to change thoſe Errors of living, without having firſt done ſo my ſelf; for by leaving off ſtrong Liquors, and all hot Diet, Teas, Coffee, &c. and by Water-drinking, and bathing at Buxton, I have procured to my ſelf better Health, and more Hardineſs, than I have enjoy'd for many Years before. And by the long uſe of this cold Regimen, I believe we may reduce our Bodies to an equal Perſpiration; if we often weigh our ſelves in the time of cold bathing every Morning, we ſhall find the moſt natural and healthful Degree of Perſpiration; and we need not fear the ſtopping of our Pores ſuddenly by cold Water, for that for the preſent will ſtrengthen our Natural Heat, and cauſe a more plentiful Perſpiration: And by Sanctorius's Scales he found the Body to weigh leſs after bathing in cold Water: And that part of the Perſpirabile which paſſed too much by the Skin, is either hindred from being bred in the Body, or elſe paſſes by Urine; for the more the Perſpiration is promoted, the leſs are the ſenſible Evacuations, and è contra.

The Inconveniences and Signs of the Perſpiration too much, an languor of the Spirits, flaccidity of the Fleſh, the quick Senſe of cold Air, and Shivering with it, and a coldneſs of the external Parts: The aerial Perſpirabile retained, diſpoſes to Anger and Joy, but the ſerous to Fear and Sadneſs. All the hot Regimen and hot Baths have preceeded the profuſe Perſpiration. It is Sanctorius's Aſſertion, that thoſe who perſpire too much thro' the Paſſions of the Mind, are hardly brought to a due Perſpiration: for too much Motion of the Mind hurts more than that of the Body.

I have more fully reckoned up the Cauſes and Signs of the ſtopt or profuſe Perſpiration, that by the uſe of the hot or cold Baths, we might regulate all Exceſſes, and by different Baths, make the Rules of Sanctorius practicable, in maintaining an equal juſt weight of our Bodies, and that the Addition by Diet, and Subſtraction by inviſible Perſpiration, may be proportionable and healthful.

That I might farther incourage the uſe of Cold bathing, I will give an account from Jones, of what he writ concerning Buxton-Baths; and from the reſt of our Engliſh Writers, which mention that and other cold Baths.

Hollingſhead, concerning Baths, commends Buxton-Baths, and ſays, St. Vincent's Well at Briſtol, and Holywell, have the ſame Virtue.

He mentions King's-Newnam near Coventry, and calls the Water Aluminous, and that he found it to taſte like Alum, but not unpleaſant in drinking. There are three Wells, the biggeſt riſeth out of a Hill, and from thence the Water is carry'd to divers parts of the Realm to be drank: It cures the Palſie, dimneſs of Sight, dulneſs of Hearing, the Cholic and Stone, old Sores, green Wounds: It Petrifies by gathering about Oak or Aſh Sticks, fine Sand. At firſt Entrance it is cold, but after a while it warmeth, giving an indifferent Heat; no Man hath ſuſtained Injury by the ſame: The Virtue thereof was found 1579. And the Fame of this Water in Hollingſhead's time, equalled that of Bathe.

Speed's Geography mentions theſe Wells, which he ſays are Sovereign againſt Impoſthumes, Stone, green Wounds, Ulcers,; and he ſays it Petrifies.

Cambden deſcribes the Newnam Springs, near the River Avon in Warwickſhire, as Fountains ſtrained thro' a Vein of Alum; and that the Water carrieth both the Taſte and Colour of Milk; and that it was reported to cure the Stone, and procureth Urine abundantly, and cures green Wounds. With Salt it looſeth, and with Sugar it bindeth. And from theſe Experiments we have the hint of uſing Sal Mirabile, and Polychreſtum, to increaſe the purgative Faculty of our Waters.

Speed mentions Buxton-Wells, and ſaith, out of the Rock at Buxton, within the compaſs of eight Yards, nine Springs riſe, eight of them warm, but the ninth very cold; theſe run from under a fair ſquare Building of Free-ſtone, and about ſixty Paces off receive another hot Spring, from a Well incloſed with four flat Stones, called St. Ann's-Well: Near unto which, another Cold Spring bubbles up. The Report goes amongſt the by-dwellers, that great Cures have been done by theſe Waters; but daily Experience ſheweth, that they are good for the Stomach, and Sinews, and very pleaſant to bathe the Body in it.

Hollingſhead mentions St. Neots, fifty Miles from Cambridge, where there are two Springs, the one freſh, the other ſalt: This is good for Scabs, Leproſie; and the other for Dimneſs of Sight; and theſe were very famous, and found out 1579.

The Lord Bacon mentions the deficiency of imitating artificially the natural Baths, by diſſolving the Salts, Sulphurs, Vitriol, in common Water. I believe we may try to imitate them; and the quantity of the Minerals muſt give a ſimilitude of Taſte to the natural Waters; the Heat muſt proceed, as in the Earth, from actual Fire: And the Quantities of the Contents deſcribed by thoſe who have evaporated the Mineral Waters, ſhew us alſo what quantity of the aforeſaid Minerals we ſhould diſſolve.

Dr. Lyſter obſerved ℥ ij. of Salt in lb. viij. of a Salt Spring-Water. And Pliny ſays, Sextarius ſalis cum quatuor aquae ſextariis, ſalſiſſimi maris vim & naturam implet. And this may be the proportion of common Salt in Salt Baths.

In England we do not yet uſe the Copper-Waters, as the Ancients did, to drink; and we want alſo the uſe of the Salt Baths, which are very much commended by Pliny; and divers other bituminous Waters and Baths. In this Enquiry we have not yet equalled the Ancients, nor in our accounts of Cold Baths.

Pliny mentions the Albulae near Rome, which healed Wounds, Egelidae hae, ſed Cutiliae in Sabinis gelidiſſimae, actu quodam corpora invadunt, ut prope morſus videri poſſit, aptiſſimae ſtomacho, nervis, univerſo corpori.

He mentions the Spiariae Ficis, Conceptus mulieribus repraeſentat, item in Arcadia flumen elatum; and that the Fountain Linus hinders Abortion. And the like Virtue we may attribute to St. Winifred's-Well, and other cold Springs, which ſtop all Fluxes out of the Body.

Vitruvius deſcribes the Nature of many Springs and Fountains; and obſerves, that there were hot Springs without any taſte of Minerals, and that Heat was from actual Fire, maintain'd by a bituminous or mineral Earth. We obſerve the Water in ſome Springs ſo rarefy'd or inflated, as to be thrown up as it were by a Wind. He imputes the Coldneſs to Salt Petre diſſolved in Water, and their petrifying Waters are coldeſt. He obſerves the cold nitrous purging Waters at Cutiliae, which diminiſh the Tumors of the Strumae. He obſerves the Virtues of the ſulphureous Waters, to help the Nerves, the aluminous the Paralytic: But that all Mineral Waters, inconſtant Diet, affect the Nerves and Limbs, by an Inflation, & nervi Inflatione turgentes contrahuntur, & ita aut nervicos, aut podagricos efficiunt homines.

Pliny and Vitruvius mention the Taſtes of Waters; that the River Hemera in Sicily, divides it ſelf into two Parts; and that near Aetna is exceeding ſweet; and the other part, by running thro' a Salt-Mine, very ſalt: And others uncti oleo erumpunt, as the River Lyparis in Cilicia: Theſe Bitumens they uſed inſtead of Oil, for Lights; and they had the Conſiſtence of either Oil, Tar, Pitch; and they mention one Bitumen of the ſmell of a Citron at Carthage. Many miraculous things are related by Pliny of Waters, as their inebriating Quality, and poyſonous, and the changing the Colour of the Hair of Animals. And Vitruvius mentions the ſmell of Metals in their melting; Gold has little ſmell, or more ſweet; Silver is a little ſulphureous; Lead, Braſs, Iron, more foetid. He mentions the bitter or ingrate Taſte of Copper; and that the other Taſtes of Metals were evident by the Water, to which they give a Tincture by ſtanding.

I deſire leave to recommend the following Baths to the Conſideration of our Country Practiſers, the Virtues of which are the ſame as the other Cold Baths have; but the Specific Virtue depends on the Mineral.

At Willowbridge in Stafford-ſhire, there is a bituminous Water, of a pleaſant Oily Taſte, ſomewhat bitteriſh: It is the ſmootheſt Water I ever taſted or felt. It ſeems proper as a bituminous Cold Bath outwardly and inwardly.

The bituminous Baths are uſeful for the Itch, Leproſie, Tetters, outward Ulcers; it diſcuſſes, and is good for Pains, Gout, dulneſs of Sight, heals Wounds, ſmooths the Skin, helps Lameneſs and Contraction of Sinews, by its Oilineſs. Inwardly it cures Coughs, Aſthma's, Hoarſeneſs, Stone, Gravel, ſharpneſs of Water, Gripes, Dyſentery, by its Oilineſs: And by its diſcuſſing warming Quality, it opens Obſtructions of the Liver, Womb; and eaſes inward Pains, Tumours, King's-Evil.

I diſtill'd a clear Oil out of the Water; and, in ſhort, I do recommend this Water, as one of the beſt bituminous Baths I believe in England.

At Godſall in Stafford-ſhire, there is a cold Sulphur-water, formerly famous for Leproſie; and this I may recommend for a Cold Sulphureous Bath, and may be uſed as a Sulphur Medicine.

There are divers Salt Springs in our Country; and theſe, if mild, may be uſed both inwardly and outwardly.

There is an exceeding cold Spring in Sutton-Park, called Routhen Well, which the Country uſe for Cold bathing in the Itch; and it may ſerve the uſes of Cold bathing very well. Small Cottages were built there. The Taſte of it is ſmooth and Oily.

We have many Chalybeate Waters very uſeful, at Lichfield, Poleſworth, Bromage, and Blurton; and thoſe who would try the utmoſt of Cold bathings, muſt begin with Buxton, then go to Holywell, and at laſt try Willowbridge-Bath, which will Oil and lubricate the Skin; and by this we imitate the Cuſtom of the Romans and Grecians, who uſed to anoint with Oil after bathing.

THE Touch-ſtone of Medicines; diſcovering the Virtures of Vegetables, Minerals, and Animals, by their Taſtes and Smells. In two Volumes.

The Preternatural State of Animal Humours deſcribed by their ſenſible Qualities, which depend on the different Degrees of their Fermentation, and the Cure of each particular Cacochymia is performed, by Medicines of a peculiar Specific Taſte, deſcribed. To this Treatiſe are added two Appendixes. Firſt, About the Nature of Fevers, and Cure by particular Taſtes. Second, Concerning the Efferveſcence and Ebullition of the ſeveral Cacochymia's on which all Inflammations, Tumours, Pains, and Fluxes of Humours depend, eſpecially thoſe in the Gout and Aſtma, and the particular Taſtes of the Medicines curing Ebullitions are deſcribed.

By Sir John Floyer, of the City of Lichfield, Knight. M. D. of Queen's-College, Oxford.

An Inquiry into the right Ʋſe and Abuſe of the Hot, the Cold, and Temperate Baths in England.

CHAP. 1. In which the Nature of Baths and their ſeveral Species are examined, and explained by their ſenſible Qualities.

THE Occaſion of my Inquiry into the Nature of Baths, was ſome Obſervations I formerly made at Bathe, about 3 Years ſince, and what I thought obſervable in a late Viſit I made to Buxton's Bath in Derbyſhire.

I found theſe two Baths of different Uſe in curing Diſeaſes; and I obſerved great Irregularity in the Uſe of both of them.

I obſerved that many Perſons came to the hot Baths at Bathe, without any good Advice; or they who came with it, indiſcreetly and imprudently managed their Bathing (by uſing of it without due Evacuation, or continuing of it too long) that they went from thence worſe than they came; ſome having inflam'd their Blood, and thicken'd its Serum, ſo as to renew their Rheumatic Pains: Others died of Fevers, Conſumptions, Convulſions, Bleeding, Impoſthumes, not long after. I frequently reflected on what is alſo obſerved by the Ancient Writers of the particular Injuries done by Bathing; that healthful Perſons receive much Prejudice by hot Baths, which colliquate the Humours, and occaſion Fevers, and Defluxions of Humours, Pains, Inflammations, Obſtructions.

Theſe Inſtances may convince all conſidering Perſons, that we ought not to uſe hot Baths for Pleaſure, eſpecially where there is a fulneſs of Humours, and a hot Conſtitution; and ſince the following Accidents frequently happen upon Bathing, they will certainly overbalance all the Pleaſure of it. Theſe Inconveniencies come by hot Baths, Thirſt and Fevers, by raiſing the natural Fermentation or Rarefaction of our Humours into a putrify'd State, making them viſcid and ſalt. Hence come the Pains and Rheums occaſioned by hot Baths, and the Inclinations to much Sweating, and profuſe Haemorrhages. Many Diſeaſes of the Brain are produc'd by hot Baths; as, Apoplexies, Sleepineſs, Vertigo, Convulſions, Aſthma's, Debility of the Sight, Swooning, a general Laſſitude, and a Dejection of the Appetite, and Torpor of the Mind, and Effeminacy of the Fleſh. Hot Bathing binds the Body, ſwells the Belly, if many Obſtructions and inflammatory Cholicks be there; and makes the Stomach weak, by diverting the Circulation of Humours to the Habit of the Body, and often occaſions Vomitings, and Coughs, Hickup, and many other Inconveniences I ſhall hereafter mention.

My Journey to Buxton-Well this laſt Year diſcovered to me a Bath very diferent from that at Bathe, it being a very temperate Bath, prod ucing no Sweating after it, but rather a Coldneſs; and upon a due Conſideration I found the Bath very uſeful in many Caſes, in which that of Bathe did Injury; as in Conſumptions, hot Scorbutick Pains, and all Defluxions of Humours, and Bleedings, and all the hot inordinate Flatulencies of the Animal Spirits in Hyſteric and Hypocondriac Caſes. And theſe I found uſed by the Northern Countries, chiefly for Pleaſure, without any Method or Preparation, or Regularity of Diet; and as the Baths at Bathe are commended like a Medicine of ſome eminent Quack, for all Diſeaſes, tho' they require a contrary Remedy to cure them; ſo theſe in the Opinion of the Northern People, cure all their Diſeaſes, whether depending upon a hot or cold Cauſe.

By the Obſervation of the different Nature of the two mentioned Baths, as well as the Contrariety of the Diſeaſes incident to Animal Humours, I did believe that ſome ſhort Treatiſe would be uſeful, which explain'd the Nature of the ſeveral kinds of Baths, and directed in what particular Caſe each might be uſeful, ſo that Phyſicians might not ſend Perſons to improper Baths; nor they incur great Hazard of their Healths by an indiſcreet Choice, or Uſe of a Diſagreeing Bath.

I always believ'd our Senſes were ſufficiently acute to diſcern what was uſeful both to a diſeas'd as well as a healthful Body: For by them, we, as well as the Brutes do examine both our Medicine and Diet.

We perceive that all Odours ſhew the hot Temper of our Medicines and Meats; That the cooler emit no Odour conſiderable.

The Taſte more evidently diſcovers the Virtue of all Liquids.

The Aſtringent Taſte diſcovers a Cooling, Condenſating, Repelling, Obſtructing Quality.

The Acid attenuates, incides without Heat, and opens and repels.

The Acrid heats, attracts, diſcuſſes.

Bitters cleanſe, open, attenuate thick Humours, without manifeſt Heat.

Watery Taſtes cool; thicken, obſtruct, mortifie, or ſtupifie.

Salt Taſtes dry without great Coldneſs or Heat, aſtringe; they preſerve from Putrefaction.

Sweet Taſtes concoct; mollifie, rarifie, or ferment.

Oily Taſtes moiſten; mollifie and eaſe Pain.

By the Experiments on particular Taſtes, and the obſervable Modes of our Taſtes, old Phyſicians, Galen, Aegineta, Orobaſius, Aetius, as is evident by their Diſcourſe upon the Taſtes of Medicines, diſcovered the ſeveral Temperaments of Medicines, and the Effects of them; and by theſe Taſtes they moſt particularly examin'd the Virtues of all Medicinal Waters and Baths. By them the moſt barbarous Nations, the Aſiatic, African, European, and other Nations found out the Virtue and Uſe of their Baths, naturally produc'd in each Country, before any great Knowledge was got in Chymiſtry, Phyſick, or any general Philoſophy.

There was no other Phyſick for many Years than Bathing, Exerciſe, and Diet at Rome. They believed Bathing to empty all Superfluities; and that Bathing cured all Diſeaſes depending on an ill Diet, and external Cauſes, by evacuating the Fumoſum and Humidum, which ought to paſs by Tranſpiration. It corrects the Heat of our Humours, and diſcuſſes the Salt Putrid Humours, producing cutaneous Effects; as, the Scab and Leproſie.

We have many Senſes to help in our Enquiry into the Nature of Bath Waters: The Touch inform us of thoſe that are hotter than the natural Heat of our Humours; which are the hot Baths, the Heat of whoſe Water ſeems to me moſt probably to depend on ſome Neighbouring ſubterraneal Fire (as Baccius has moſt probably conjectur'd by the burning Hill near the Neighbouring Baye;) And he deſcribes Places in the Field, called Sulphuraria, where the Water really boyls as in a Caldron; And he imputes the different Degrees of Heat in the Bath Waters to their being nearer to the Chymnies or Channels of Fire, when they are very hot; and that the tepid Waters are more remote from them; and he affirms that ſome Waters are ſo hot at Puteoli, that they can depend on nothing leſs than actual Fire for their Scalding Heat; becauſe they burn, and bliſter, and excoriate as ſcalding hot Water does: And Baccius further obſerves, in quibuſdam locis ignis & aqua cum fervore emergunt.

The Neighbourhood of Veſuvius and Aetna to the hot Baths in Italy and Sicily give a ſufficient Demonſtration of the Cauſe of the Heat of them; and by Parity of Reaſon we may gueſs that the ſame Cauſe gives the like Heat to Baths of colder Climates, tho' the Actual Fires are not ſo evident there.

There are in thoſe Countries Sudatory Caves, where there is a violent actual Heat; and in ſome Places the Noiſe of boiling Waters; all which prove the Neighbourhood of Actual Fire, which has ſufficiently manifeſted it ſelf by frequent Eruptions, which burnt to Aſhes the moſt Celebrated Buildings of thoſe Baths.

The fervid Baths in the firſt Degree are intolerable by their Exceſs of Heat excoriating.

The ſecond Degree of hot Baths are very hot, yet fit for Baths, which are either more diſtant from the actual Fire, or made more mild by the Mixture of the cooler Minerals; as, Nitre, Alom or cool Springs. Theſe have very good or bad Effects, according as they are applied to divers Conſtitutions and Diſeaſes which I will deſcribe in the following Chapter.

The hotteſt Bath we have, is the long Bath at Bathe; and the King and Queen's Bath; and the Croſs Bath is more mild, but much too hot for a temperate Bath, the Effects of which will be deſcrib'd in the next Chapter, to heat and dry, and not moiſten.

The ſecond Degree of Baths which our Senſe of Feeling diſcovers is the temperate Baths, which are near the natural Temper of our Humours; and theſe may be uſeful for the Preſervation of our Healths, as well as our Pleaſure, and the curing of ſome cutaneous Diſeaſes; ſuch are the Baths of warm Water, which mollifie, diſcuſs, concoct, ſtrengthen, and warm.

Theſe are good in Ephemera's, Thirſt, Laſſitude and Itch.

The third Degree of Baths, of which our Senſe of Feeling informs us, is the cold Baths, which chill our Humours, ſtop the Pores, and ſtrengthen our Limbs and Spirits.

The fourth does not only diſcover the Heat and Coldneſs of Water, but alſo the Roughneſs or Drineſs and the Softneſs of Waters.

That all theſe kind of Bathings are very uſeful, the Experience of all Ages teſtifies; and they always applied them to different States of our Humours: For if we be too hot, our Reaſon, as well as Experience, preſcribes cold Bathing in Ephemera's and exceſſive Heats; But if our Bodies be chill, and pained, we uſe hot Baths; and for Pleaſure, cleanſing the Skin, and Preſervation of Health, the moſt temperate Baths.

The other Senſes which inform us of the Medicinal Nature of the Minerals diſſolv'd in the Fountain Waters, are our Taſte, and Smell and Sight.

Fountain Water as ſuch, only lubricates, cools, and mollifies; but the purging and altering Quality depends on the ſeveral Minerals diſſolv'd in Fountain Waters. Theſe Mineral Waters we artificially imitate, by diſſolving ſeveral prepar'd Minerals in them; and by the Taſte of the natural Mineral Waters, we may be beſt directed to the neareſt Proportion and Mixture of our Artificial Baths in Imitation of the Natural. There is ſcarce any two Mineral Waters which have exactly the ſame Mixture of Minerals, as we may obſerve by their Variety of Taſtes and Virtues.

Our Taſte ſhews us that all Mineral Waters dry: For they evidently dry the Tongue and ſhrivel the Skin: Tho' moſt Baths have compounded Taſtes, yet ſome one is moſt predominant; and by that I will diſtinguiſh the ſeveral ſorts of Mineral Waters and Baths.

1. The ſulphureous foetid or ſtinking Baths: Sulphur is diſſolv'd in theſe Baths, which is like the Soot of a Chimney, or Fuliginous Vapours from the inward inflamed Parts of the Earth. Metals burned, ſend forth the Steam of Sulphur; and that is knownby its Putor, and the Taſte of Sulphur, is evident in many Baths.

The Sulphureous Baths are generally hot; but there are many Sulphureous Waters evidently cold and ſtinking; for which reaſon we believe the actual Heat depends not on the Sulphur alone.

Theſe Sulphureous Baths agree with the cold Cacochymia's, and cold ſolid Parts; but are injurious to all hot Conſtitutions, Fevers and Defluxions of Humours; in which we preſcribe to abſtain from Wine, Venery, the Sun and Baths.

It was obſerv'd by Aetius, that ſulphureous and bituminous Baths very much offend the Head if it be pumped with them.

The ſulphureous Waters may be imitated by boyling Hepar Sulphuris, or Sulphur Flower in ſome Lixivium; or a Mixture of Sulphur and Filings of Iron moiſtened with Water till they grow warm; or by boyling the Pyrites in Water; the Quantity of the Water muſt be ſo much as to give it a Taſte like o the Sulphur Waters.

2. Bituminous Baths.

Bituminous Waters are known by their acutus Nidor (for the Smell of Bitumen is foetid) by this their Acrimony and Bitterneſs, they diſcuſs and heat; but they mollifie more than the ſulphureous Baths; becauſe Bitumens have an Oily Viſcidity in them.

All Places that burn in the Earth, have either a Bitumen or Sulphur in them.

Bituminous Waters that have only the Nidor of Bitumen in them, may ſafely be drank to heal, dry and mollifie; they heal Ulcers, cicatrize Wounds; but they fill the Head, cauſe Sleep, and hurt the Senſes and Eyes.

Theſe may be artificially imitated by boyling the Piſſaſphaltus Stone in hot Water, ſuch as is got in Shropſhire, out of the Coal-Pits near Bentall; or the Matter of the Tar-Wells, may be mix'd in Baths; or Ointments for mollifying and diſcuſſing, and the Pitch made of thoſe Stones in Emplaſters. No Bituminous Waters are yet eminent with us in England; tho' I have been inform'd, that an Oil like Turpentine has been diſtilled from Willow-Bridge Water in Staffordſhire, which has been much commended for external Maladies.

It may be conſider'd how far Barbados Tar, or the common Petrolaeum may be uſed for mollifying and diſcuſſing Baths, by boyling them in Water to make a Bath like the Hydrolaeum.

I have heard of a Bituminous Mud in Lancaſhire, and in other Places, which would ſupply the Illutamentum uſed by the old Romans in External Parts.

Dr. Plot examined the Water in Willow-Bridge Park, Hiſtory of Staffordſh. which gives an Oily Taſte to the Glaſſes long uſed; and that upon Diſtillation, the Oil runs over upon the leaſt Heat before the Water, of a bright yellow Colour; and this muſt be of a Balſamick Quality inwardly, and have the Effects of a cold Bituminous Bath outwardly: And if this Water were heated by boyling in a Furnace it muſt have the Virtue of a hot Bituminous Bath.

Carduan believes Bitumen to contain Sulphur and Niter; 'tis certain there is an Oily Part and an Acid in it.

Speed mentions a Well at Itchford in a private Man's Yard, whereon floated a thick Bituminous Scum, not yet ſufficiently experimented.

3. Arſenic Acrid Waters, which burn, dry, abſterge and depilate; they erode the Gums, hurt the Stomach, looſe the Teeth, deſtroy the Horns and Hoofs of Beaſts: Such is the Nature of Arſenic it ſelf, which burns, eats, breeds cruſts, like actual Fire.

Baccius commends the Waters mixed with Sandaracha, if much diluted, for cleanſing the Breaſt from purulent Matter, and helps the Suſpirious, and ſhort breathed.

We imitate theſe Waters by a Mixture of Arſenic and Calx viva, boyled for a depilatory Medicine.

All Acrid Waters corrode, penetrate, putrifie, and abſterge. Pliny mentions a Fountain in Germany, on the Sea-coaſt, of ſweet Water, which occaſioned the Teeth to fall; Stomace Medici vocabant, & Sceleterbe ea mala. Theſe Putrefactions in the Humours were occaſioned by that Fountain, which muſt depend on ſome ſuch Mineral as Arſenie; and the Herb Britannica was it that curedit, which was not Scurvy-graſs; but by the Deſcription, ſome kind of Docke.

4. Salt Lixivial Baths from Aſhes, as the Calces of Stones; eſpecially Lime, Marble or Metals burnt.

Where there are Natural Fires in the Earth, there theſe may be obſerved to be diſſolved in the Neighbouring Waters; and theſe have the Virtue of Lime-Water, together with a Vitriolic Tincture from the calcin'd Metals.

Theſe Baths have the Virtues of a Lixivium, being inwardly Diuretic, and externally drying in Hydropical Tumours and Ulcers, and may be imitated by a Lixivium of Vegetables, or Lime-Water.

5. Salſo acid Baths.

Baths of Sea-Water are moſt in Uſe; which taſte bitteriſh and ſalt, with a Dryneſs and Acrimony, by which it abſterges and dries all Ulcers, Scabs, ſcal'd Heads, Itching and Leproſie, Corns, Tumours and Pains of the Limbs. It kills all Inſects, Lice, Worms; and we bathe in it for the Cure of the Hydrophobia: Theſe alſo prevent all Putrefaction in Gangrenes and putrid Ulcers, or venomous Bites. Theſe ſalt Waters dry the Hands, and make them rough; and for that Reaſon are good for Over-Fatneſs, and prevent Cachexies and Dropſies.

The ſalt Waters do not only dry and aſtringe; but heat, diſcuſs, abſterge and cleanſe.

They cure too great a Plethora of Nutriment, or Hydropical Serous Tumours, according to the old Rule, Sale, Sole, & Siti curatur Hydropiſis.

Salt-Waters are good for all Inflammations in Baths, as the Gutta Roſacea, the Heat of the Feet, Inflammations of the Stones.

It diſcuſſes the Inflation of the Womb, and is excellent in the Cure of the Tympany.

If the ſalt Waters be boyl'd and pump'd, they cure all Catarrhal Effects, Deafneſs, Stupors, Tinglings, Pains of the Head, Spaſms, Reſolution of the Nerves. Optimum eſt in aquâ marinâ aſſiduè natare, was Aetius's Advice for the loſs of Smell.

It helps the Dimneſs of the Eyes; being warm'd, it is proper for Clyſters in Cholicks, Sciatica and Cholera; and in the Mola Ʋteri, let Women ſwim in ſalt Water, or apply the Steam of it in which Ʋterines are boyl'd.

The Spuma Matris uſed for Warts and other Diſeaſes, is only the Sea-Salt naturally coagulating on the Rocks.

Pliny obſerves the Saltneſs of Rains; and that in Autumn they are moſt ſalt; but leaſt in Winter.

Inwardly, Salt binds in Diet, by drying; but being us'd more plentifully in Medicine, it purges, by pricking the Inteſtines; and a large Quantity of it vomits: It purges by Ʋrine, as all Salts do; and is very uſeful in Clyſters. In Diet it promotes the Flux of the Saliva; and thereby, as well as by promoting Fermentation, it helps Digeſtion. The Sea-Salt which is diſſolv'd in the Bath-Waters, naturally excites Appetite, cleanſes away all hot Humours from the Liver, Spleen, Womb, Kidneys and Bladder, and maybe uſefully drunk all Summer in Nephritic Caſes, for the Ardor of Ʋrine.

They are uſually preſcrib'd from lb. j. to lb. iij. and ſo they help the Dyſentery, kill Worms, cure the Putrefaction of the Mouth and Gums: They alſo cure the Flatulencies and the Pituitous, and Serous Cacochymia's in the Cachexies and Dropſies.

They cure the Arthritic and Gouty, being uſed in Baths, and drank; and very much ſtrengthen the Limbs, and preſerve from the Cholic. They ſtop the Gonorrhaea, and Fluor albus.

Salt-Waters are much commended for the Aſthma, and they cure the Inflations of the Womb, bring out the Mola, or Dead Child. They help the Hypocondriac Inflations, cure the Humidity of the Eyes, the Oedemata of the Limbs, and all their Pains.

All Salſo-acid Medicines by their cleanſing Faculties are proper for all the Cacochymia's, whether hot or cold: For Salt neither heats or cools much; but preſerves the preſent State of whatſoever Liquor it is mix'd with; but ſalt Waters are not without ſome Inconveniencies: For the Sea-Water offends the Stomach, by its Acrimony: Wormwood much helps the Sea-ſickneſs. The Sea-Water much offends the Eyes. Salt Liquors purge, and ſalt things fill the Head, and diſpoſe to the Scab, corrupt the Blood, breed a Dyſentery, or Conſumption and Scurvy, as is manifeſt in Mariners; but Navigation is commended for ſome Diſeaſes; as, Conſumptions, Haemorrhages, Leproſies, Dropſies, Apoplexies, a cold windy Stomach, old Pains of the Head; and theſe it may cure by cauſing Vomiting. Sailing into Aegypt was preſcrib'd, not for it ſelf, but the Length of the Journey.

We may eaſily imitate theſe Waters by diſſolving Salt in hot Water to a demi-Taſte: For Baths, or Drinking the Sea-water will yield the beſt ſalt Bath; and the next to the Sea-water, is the Steam of the boyling Salt at the Wiches, which cures many Pains and Humours.

There is a great Saltneſs both in the Bath-waters at Bathe and Buxton. The Degree of Saltneſs in both of them ſeems much alike. If there be any diffetence, I think Buxton more ſalt than the other.

Tho' Dr. Liſter found not ℈ ij. in two Gallons of the Water, yet if I were to make an artificial ſalt Bath, ℥ ij. of common Salt or Sal Armoniac, ſeems not too much; and the Uſe of theſe ſeems very profitable. The Waters of Apani are ſo ſalt, as out of them they make common Salt.

The ſalt Springs contain from a 4th to a 9th of Salt; and the Sea, as Pliny affirms, is one Part of Salt to four of Water. He commends Sea-water in the Quartan. He commends the Thallaſſomeli for purging pleaſantly, which is made of equal Parts of Rain and Sea-water and Hony-botled.

Aetius commends ſwimming in the Sea-water for the Elephantiaſis, and for the Itch, twice in a Day, before Dinner and Supper.

6. Salt Nitrous Waters.

They taſte ſalt, bitteriſh, and earthynauſeous; by which they become Purgative and Diuretic, as all Salts be; and thereby cleanſe away Gravel in all Nephritic Caſes.

Theſe are proper inwardly for all the hot Cacochymia's, to carry off the ſharp ſalt Choleric Humours, without Gripes or raiſing any Efferveſcencies, to occacaſion new Defluxions in the Gout, Aſthma's, Coughs, Inflammations.

There is a Roughneſs in all the Waters at Epſom and North-hall, and other Engliſh Purging Waters, which will curdle Milk; and this therefore cools all our rarify'd Humours; and they ſtrengthen the Stomach and Viſcera by it, and the Gums.

Nitre diſſolv'd in cold Water makes it colder and fitter for the cold Immerſion; and by the Solution we muſt imitate Nitrous Baths to cleanſe the Skin. The Ancients us'd to rich it with Nitre in their Baths.

Niter, Aſhes and Bitumens make the Waters of a bitter Taſte.

We obſerve a Bitterneſs in Aſhes and Soot, and all burnt things. Sweet becomes bitter by Heat; and the Blood does bileſcere, or become bitter, when over-heated.

In every Gallon of Water there is ſix Drachms, or eight or ten of the Sediment, which is compounded of a ſtony Matter, and common Salt, and Nitre Calcarium.

In Feveriſh and Choleric Heats theſe VVaters are moſt agreeable, and in all Defluxions on the Head, or Breaſt, and Hydropical Tumours with a Hectick, and the Schirrus of the Viſcera. They are proper in all Inflammations; Stone, Scabs, Tettars, hot Cholicks, and all hot Pains; Scorbutie Rheumatiſms, Nephritic Pains, Heat of Ʋrine or Suppreſſion, Jaundies; In Diſtempers of the Head; as, Mania, Melancholia, Head-Aches, Vertigo, in the Itch and Binding of the Body.

Theſe Nitrous Purging Waters have a mix'd Salt of Nitre and common Salt, by which they purge.

The artificial bitter Salt of Epſom VVaters is bitter, and hath a remarkable Pungency. ʒ j. diſſolv'd in lb j. of VVater, imitates the Taſte of the natural Water. It is uſually preſcrib'd ʒ ſs. to ℥ j. diſſolv'd in lb iiij. of any Liquour.

This Water is proper for Vomiting and Heat in the Stomach, dejected Appetite, Cholicks at the Stomach, Heart-Burning, Hypocondriac and Hyſterical Inflations, Worms.

This is injurious in Fevers, Green-ſickneſs, Paralyticks, Women with Child, the Hydropical, where the native Heat is decay'd, and in all violent Evacuations and Haemorrhages; as the Cholera Morbus, Suppreſſion of Urine from a great Stone or Ulcer.

7. The Acid Waters.

Theſe taſte cool, and ſowre or ſharp, by which they cool, penetrate, abſterge, excite Appetite, cleanſe the Kidneys; they make lean, and keep long incorrupt; and they reſemble Vinegar in Virtue, and kill Worms, and reſiſt Putrefaction.

The Acid ſeems to be from Sulphur, and may be joyn'd with Nitre, Salt, Copper or Steel.

We find the German Spaw-Waters to taſte ſharply Acid, as if it were ſulphurated, which none of our chalybeated Waters do.

VVe imitate this ſort of VVaters by Gas Sulphuris, whether for outward or inward Uſe, putting ſo much into Fountain-VVater as to make it tart.

Vitruvius commends Acid Waters for curing the Stone. VVe by Experience find, that Vinegar diſſolves Egg-Shells, Lead, Copperas, Margarites, and burnt Flints; and this explains the diſſolving Virtue of Acids in ſoft Stones. Outwardly we uſe Fomentations of Vinegar for the Gout.

8. The Styptic VVaters, as ſuch, do ſtrengthen the Viſcera; and the Ancients call'd them hard or rough VVaters, and believ'd them to be from Alom; but our Moderns call it a Nitrum Calcarium; and ſuch is the Nature of our Well-Waters, and all our Bath-Waters have a Roughneſs.

There are theſe ſeveral ſorts of rough Waters.

1. Petrifying Waters which are called Gypſeae, which contain a Gypſum or Lapis Calcarius; as the Albulae in Italy.

Mineral Stones have an earthy, drying ſtopping Faculty. They look whitiſh, and have a thick Sediment after Evaporation: They ſtop Sweat, contract the Skin, and all the Veſſels and Pores, and ſtop Diarrhaea's and Diabetes's; but are not commonly wholeſome: For Gypſum it ſelf has a drying choaking Faculty, coagulating Humours, ſtopping the Urine and Breath, and produces Swelling in the Throat; but they cure Ulcers.

Cool Waters from Marble are compounded for curing Sterility in thoſe Women who miſcarry through Laxity of the Uterus, and a hot and moiſt Fluxion.

Dr. Liſter obſerved in 60 lb. of a petrefying Water ℥ ij ſs. of the Lapis Calcarius, and ʒ j. of Salt.

2. The Aluminous Waters cool and aſtringe without Acrimony. The Aluminous Taſte ſtrengthens the ſolid Parts. by its Stypticity, and ſtop all Evacuations of Humours.

All Aſtringents are of an earthy Nature, cool.

In Baths theſe are proper for the Itch, Leproſie, Ulcers, Apthae, Ulcerate Gums, and Tonſillae, Haemorrhoides, Herpes, Ʋlcers of the Wombs.

They ſtop all Haemorrhages of the Lungs, Womb, Abortion, too much Sweating, and Varices, and Vomitings.

But theſe hurt the Breaſt, as all Aſtringents do, both in drinking and bathing, particularly in Aſthma's and Peripneumonia's; they injure the Voice, and thoſe that be very thin.

Aluminous Waters curdle Milk by their Stypticity, and ſo they may alter, fix, precipitate, or curdle the Humours of Animals. They will not bear Soap, but fix on the Salt, and ſeparate the Oil from it, by which they find they will fix all the Animal Volatile Salts; and the Spirit of Urine turns Alom-Waters milky. By theſe Experiments we know Alom-Waters, and demonſtrate their Virtues.

3. The Vitriolic Calybeate, which are Aſtringent with an Acerbity.

Theſe by their Stypticity ſtrengthen the Viſcera, and are therefore good in Fluxes, Spitting of Blood, Cholera, Whites and red Diabetes, Abortion, Nocturnal Pollutions, Obſtructions of the Spleen, Liver, Cholic, Hestic Fevers and Quartans. They cure Vomitings, Stoppage in the Kidneys, Womb and Bladder.

They cure the Hydrophobia; for which let them drink through a Cloth, that they may not ſee the Water: They are alſo proper for Scabs, Ulcers, Conſumptions; and cure all the hot Cacochymiae, the choleric, ſalt, viſcid, muriatic, vitriolic, and putrefactive State of our Humours; but they are injurious ſometimes in Fluxes of Humours, in Coughs, Aſthma's, Gouts, Schirrhus's, and Fevers.

Theſe Chalybeates are moſt ſpecifically proper for the Stomach and Spleen.

Theſe have a mix'd Quality, and operate according to the Virtue of the prevailing Quality of the Mixture: For the Chalybeate heats and opens, tho' the Waters cool.

Theſe we imitate by putting ʒ j. of Vitriolum Martis to two Quarts of Water or ℥ j. of Dr. Willis's Steel infus'd into a Pint of Water, thus;

℞. Chalibis Willis ℥ j. fiat Infuſio frigida per triduum, in aq. lactis lb. j. colaturae, capiat coch. j. in hauſtu aquae quolibet mane per menſem unum vel alterum in Aeſtate.

The Water in which Gold is quenched, leaves ſome Impreſſion from the Heat of the Fire, but no Metallic Vitriolic Taſte; neither does Silver heated and quench'd.

The Chalybeate Waters are from the Pyrites, and are good Eye-Medicines, being Acrid and Styptic in Taſte.

Raddle, Bole, Lapis Haem̄atitis, Smirum, Schiſtos, have ſomething of the Iron Tincture: Lapis Haematitis gives a dry cooling ſtyptic Quality to Water: Lapis Schiſtos is found in Iron Mines.

All Waters that look red, or tincture the Earth with a Ruſt, have another.

Other Waters incide, and are Diuretic, abſterſive, and differ according to the Metals amongſt which they grow.

Marle makes Water ſtyptic, and makes Cyder into which it is thrown of a Vitriolic Taſte. Marle-Waters bind much.

Our ſalt Springs are obſerv'd by Dr. Liſter to turn with Galls.

4. The Copper Waters have an Acrimony with an Acerbity, as other Waters have.

Copper Waters are the Atramentoſae call'd ſo by the Ancient Writers, Omnis Atramentoſa aqua tenet Aeris naturam.

They are very ſtyptic and hot, or acrid; They dry, thicken and contract, and are unfit for drinking; They corrode the Stomach, and purge by their Acrimony.

Calcitis is the Stone; Calcanthum is the Ruſt of it.

Theſe Waters aſtringe leſs than the Iron; but have a Virtue of Healing and drying, and cleanſing by their Acrimony. Outwardly they cleanſe the Leaproſie, diſcuſs Oedematous Tumours, ſtop Bleeding both by the coſtic and ſtyptic Quality; and by the ſame they cure the Scab and ſcald Head.

Aetius recommends Copper-Waters for the Mouth, the Tonſils, Ʋvula and Eyes, when ulcerated: They are alſo uſeful for the Diſeaſes of the Breaſt, Senſes, Sterility, dejected Appetite, Fluor albus, Scab, Aſthma, Ulcers, Dropſie, Apthae, Flatus,

Chryſocolla grows in Copper-Mines, and partakes of that Mineral; as, Lapis Armenius and Lazuli do.

By theſe the Waters may be impregnate: Chryſocolla may be wholly diſſolved in Water, and give a hot drying abſterſive Quality to them, ſometimes offenſive to the Stomach.

The Factitious Borax is made from Nitre and Ʋrine, agitated in a Copper Mortar. And this is the Factitious Chryſocolla. Dioſcorides.

Chryſocolla is the Ruſt of Copper and Gold, as the other is of Lead, Aerugo of Copper, and Ferrugo of Iron.

We may imitate Copper Waters by putting ſome ſort of the Vitriol to them in ſuch a Quantity as may give the Taſtes of the Natural Waters impregnated with Copper, which is about ʒ j. or ʒ ij. to every Gallon of hot Water.

Punice found in any Waters is a Sign of a Copper Mineral.

All purging Waters have either Nitre, or Salt, or Sulphur, or Copper or Bitumen in them, and moſt a Mixture of them, and are proper for different Cacochymia's.

Cardan commends Copper Waters for the Atra bilis, if they have a Mixture of Gold, and are moderately hot, as Viterbium.

In Italy and the Piperinae in Germany theſe purge, that Humour; theſe clear the Senſes, conduce to Cheerfulneſs and long Life.

Dr. Grew affirms, that Spirit of Nitre affus'd to the Calamy-Stone, and both put into Water, give a very acerb and very bitter Taſte like the Chryſtals of Silver,

That the Taſte of Copper is bitter, ingrate, Vitruvius affirms.

5. Lead-Waters are very cooling: For Water agitated in a Lead-Mortar, and any Ointment in the ſame manner, becomes more cooling.

Theſe Waters dry Ulcers, the Leproſie and Cancers, and the Piles, and are proper for all thoſe Caſes in which we uſe Lead-Medicines; but they are eſteem'd injurious to the Breaſt, the Nerves, Stomach and Inteſtines, which they oppreſs, and ſeem heavy, and they are ſaid to weaken the Joynts.

Saccharum Saturni diſſolv'd, may imitate theſe Waters, about ℥ j. to every Gallon; but the Taſte muſt determine the Quality, till we have exactly adjuſted the Strength of the Artificial and the Natural Waters by the Similitude of Taſte.

The Water at Holy-well is believed to come from the Lead-Mines, and to receive its extraordinary Coldneſs from thence; by which it becomes a famous cold Bath in many Diſeaſes.

6. Quick-ſilver Waters.

Such have been obſerv'd in Spain at the River Minium, where the Waters are hot and ſulphureous, with a native Minium. Theſe Waters are impregnate with Sulphur and the noxious Vapours of Quick-ſilver. The factitious Cinnabar may probably imitate the native; becauſe they both contain Sulphur and Quick-ſilver; and either may be boyl'd in Water to ſupply theſe natural Baths. Theſe are uſed for Scabs and all Ulcers, and will do whatſoever Sulphur and Quick-ſilver can effect: But theſe Waters are deſcrib'd as acrid, by Baccius, who recommends them for the Itch Leproſie and pocky Ulcers.

7. Antimonial Waters. Thoſe are reckoned amongſt the Steel Waters, ſtyptic and aſtringent; and muſt be alſo accounted ſulphureous.

How far the Decoctions of Antimony, or the Preparations of it may imitate the Natural, may be eaſily try'd.

Pliny recommends Antimony for a Medicine for the Eyes.

8. Waters are mentioned by Baccius impregnated by the Minerals of Gold and Silver. Thoſe we cannot expect in our Country, where we can only quench Pieces of thoſe Metals in ſaline Water, to which they only give an Impreſſion from the Heat of the Fire, and probably rarifie the Air contain'd in fair Water; but they give no metallic or vitriolic Taſte to the Water, as I have try'd by taſting the VVater; But the Metals muſt be purely refin'd; but the natural Waters muſt have a Vitriol, by which they are eſteem'd uſeful to the Splenetic and heal Ulcers.

9. Tin certainly impregnates ſome of our Waters in England; but I have not any Account of their eminent Virtue, which muſt have the Medicinal Virtue of that Metal.

VVe cannot but admire the great VViſdom as well as Kindneſs of Providence in preparing ſo many Mineral Medicines for the Uſe of the Diſeaſed Part of Mankind. The great Creator only, knows the infinite Variety of Diſeaſes, Conſtitutions, and the great Neceſſities of Mineral as well as Vegetable Medicines. Them he has prepar'd in as great a Variety as the Diſeaſes and Conſtitutions themſelves.

For which I need no other Inſtance to prove my Aſſertion than the Variety of the Baths and Mineral Waters I have mentioned; which are ſo eminently impregnated with Variety of Minerals, Salts, Vitriols, Sulphurs, Stones, &c. which evidently prove a diſtinct Nature of every one of thoſe Waters; and to apply theſe, the great and wiſe Architect has requir'd no more of Mankind but to uſe his Senſes to diſcover by their Impreſſion how each Mineral Water affects their Taſtes, Smells, and alters their Bodies upon Man's external Experiments made of them.

By theſe means our Reaſon, and Senſe, and Experience directs us to a right Uſe of theſe Waters; therefore nothing can be more irrational, as well as prejudicial to Mankind, than to uſe any one Bath, as the narrow-Soul'd Phyſicians do for all ſorts of Diſeaſes.

Nature ſeems ſo concern'd to unlock the Myſteries of her Chymiſtry, that by the Colours of ſome Waters we may diſcover their Contents, as well as by their Taſtes.

Okre makes the Mineral Waters yellowiſh, Sandaracha, Stybium, Mehuteria, Molibdena, livid and raddle, reddiſh Nitre, clear Gypſum, whitiſh, the Sediment after Diſtillation. The Curious of this Age have taſted and obſerved their Colour, and Quantity, and made many Experiments with them to obſerve their Virtues; but ſince there are ſo great a Variety of Mineral Taſtes mixed in Bath Water, and many of them ſo volatile, as to evaporate upon Diſtillation, I cannot confide in theſe Experiments as certain Trials to diſcover the Contents of Mineral Waters; But in the curious Taſting of them by a Palate Experience and internal Preparations; for that Senſe takes the Object in a perfect State; but after Evaporation, all the Volatile Mineral Particles exhale; ſo that by that Means it is impoſſible to diſcover the true Contents of Mineral Waters, which have ſo great a Variety of Taſtes, and Virtues, that ſcarce any Two have the ſame Mixture of Minerals in them.

By the Microſcope we have in this Age attempted to improve the Knowledge of the Ingredients of Mineral Waters, by obſerving the Figures of the Chryſtallizing Salts: And this Method may ſucceed well enough where there is only Salts diſſolv'd in a Mineral Water, and that but of one ſort; but ſince moſt Waters have other Minerals beſides Salts, and frequently a Variety of Salts; ſuch as the Microſcopical Obſervations want a Name for; and therefore call it Sal ſui generis.

For this Reaſon I ſhould never truſt the Microſcope for giving a full and ſatisfactory Account of any Waters, without an Appeal to our Senſes of Taſte, Smell, Feeling, and many practical Experiments, both inwardly and outwardly. All the Advantage by Microſcopes is, to confirm our other Senſes, and help them to diſcover the Figures of the Mineral Salts which affect the Taſte.

CHAP. II. Concerning the right Uſe and Abuſes of the hot Baths.

HOT Baths both by being drunk or uſed outwardly, heat the Humours, and raiſe the Pulſe, and quicken the Circulation, Agitation of the Blood, and its Compreſſion by the Pulſe, the Heat expands the Aerial Spirits contain'd in the Humours, which is the immediate Inſtrument of Digeſtion, Fermentation, and the Feveriſh Ebullition of the Animal Humours to produce the ſeveral kinds of Defluxions.

I call thoſe hot Baths which have very hot Water, and ſome Tincture from the Sulphur or Bitumen.

The VVaters at Bath have not only a conſiderable actual Heat, by which they produce their Effects; but they have a Saltneſs to cleanſe, as well as a Roughneſs, to ſtrengthen. The Sulphur in them, has alſo particular Effects by its diſcuſſing Faetor: And I remember the Croſs-Bath Pump-Water taſtes evidently Vitriolic.

The Roughneſs in the Water depends on the Nitrum Calcarium. The Saltneſs on common Salt, which is in double Proportion to the Nitre. The Lapis Calcarius is double in proportion to the Salts; but the other evaporates by boyling.

From all theſe ſenſible Qualities, we may deduce very eaſily all the Effects of the hot Baths at Bathe, as well as the Injuries they do when they are uſed improperly.

1. The Actual Heat makes theſe Baths agreeable to all Conſtitutions that are Pituitous, Serous, Cold, Flatulent, or have any Acerbity in their Stomachs, or Gachexies in their Bodies, or are very cold fat Conſtitutions. To all theſe Diſeaſes of the fluid Parts the hot Baths are contrary, and effectually alter them.

2. In an Obeſity, or too full a Habit, we evacuate the Succus Nutricius by ſweating in theſe Baths.

3. Theſe hot Baths by rarifying the Humours and relaxing the Parts, open all the Obſtructions in the Blood-Veſſels or Nerves, diſſolving the ſcirrhous, ſerous, oedematous and flatulent Tumours and the Obſtruction of the Chyle-Veſſels in the Tumours of the Abdomen.

The Reflux of the Blood is promoted by theſe hot Baths, at the latter end of all Inflammations, of any inward or out Part, in the Varices and Haemorrhoides.

4. The Secretion of Humours thro' their Glands is promoted by hot Baths.

Firſt, In the Jaundice.

Secondly, In Hypocondriac Obſtructions of the Spleen.

Thirdly, In the cooler Scrophulae not inflamed.

Fourthly, In the Secretion of the Animal Spirits through the Brain in Stupidity, their Expanſion through the Nerves in the Palſie and Rickets,

Fifthly, Theſe hot Baths cure the Suppreſſion of the Excrementitious Humours by agitating the aerial Spirits in them, as well as by opening the Pores by their actual Heat.

1. In a Suppreſſion of Urine. 2. Want of Stools by Purging, if drank to two or three Quarts: to which uſually common Salt formerly or of late Sal Polychreſtum, Sal Mirabile Glauberi, Sal Catharct Epſom are added. 3. The Stoppage of Tranſpiration is immediately help'd by theſe hot Baths, and the Pains and Fevers depending on it if uſed in the Beginning. 4. The Suppreſſion of the Menſes. 5. The Retaining of a Mola. 6. The Suppreſſion of the Haemorrhoides. 7. The Tumours of the Limbs and Anaſarca are diſcuſs'd by Sweat.

Sixthly, Hot Baths promote the Motion of the Animal Spirits through the Nerves and their due Expanſion.

1. In Palſies, Apoplexies, Lethargies, towards the latter End. 2. In Blindneſs, or Gutta Serena, after due Evacuations. 3. In Deafneſs, being pump'd on the Ear. 4. In Loſs of Speech, and Taſte, and Smell. 5. In the want of Appetite. 6. In Venere languida. 7. In Difficulty of ſwallowing.

Seventhly, Hot Baths relieve all Pains depending on the cold Cacochymia's, or external Accidents; as Wounds, Bruiſes, Fractures.

1. Old Head-Aches. 2. Pains at the Stomach. 3. Cholicks. 4. Tooth Aches, Ear-Ach. 5. Strangury, from the Gravel, and the Pain of the Stone. 6. Joynt-Pains; as, the Sciatica, Rheumatiſm, and old Gouts in cold Conſtitutions.

In all theſe Pains it eaſes very much, if no Fever nor Inflammation attend them, if the Fluxion of Humours be over, and the Body well cleanſed by bleeding and purging.

Eighthly, There is a deterſive Faculty in the Bath-Waters from the Salt and Sulphur, by which they are alſo Diuretic; and by their Stypticity they heal all Ulcers.

As,

1. A Varica and Pthyſis. 2. A Dyſentery and Teneſmus. 3. Ulcers of the Eyes, Ears, Stomach, Mouth, Womb, Arms, Gums. 4. Ulcers of the Viſcera, Liver, Spleen, Kidneys, Lungs, Ulcers of the Glands in the King's Evil. 5. Gonorrhaea, or Ulcers of the Proſtatae, Elephantiaſis. 6. The Itch and ſpots in the Skin.

Ninethly, Hot Baths cauſe a Revulſion of Humours, and ſo ſtop the Evacuations.

1. By Vomiting. 2. Diarrhaea's and Fluxes after ſtrong Purges. 3. The Fluor Albus. 4. Incontinence of Urine thro' Weakneſs.

Hot Baths turn the Circulation outwardly into the Skin; And in Poiſons theſe Baths by rarifying the Humours and opening the Pores, occaſion the Circulation to be enlarg'd more outwardly.

Tenthly, Hot Baths diſcuſs the Humours in the Pores of the Skin, as in the Itch, Leproſie, and are good in the Uſe of the Pſylothra.

Eleventhly, Hot Baths may be uſed in a depauperate ſtate of the Spirits, depending on pituitous, ſerous, flatulent Cacochymia's, and in all Flatulencies of the Womb after Miſcarriages.

Purging is proper for old Diſeaſes affecting the Head, Nerves, and Joynts. The Top of the Head muſt be pump'd in Cepha •… a Hemicrania, Memory loſt, Melancholy, Lethargy, Stupor, Deafneſs, Blindneſs. Let it be done in the Morning, and it is uſually preſcrib'd at Midnight for 20 Days, but in Spaſms, Palſies, Trembling of the Head and Hands, Pump the Neck and ſpinal Marrows.

This Pumping only agrees with cold Diſeaſes and cold Conſtitutions; but for the hot Head no bituminous or ſulphureous Waters do well; but the Aluminous and Fountain or cold Waters.

The End of the Spring and Beginning of Summer in the beſt time for Bathing in hot Baths; becauſe the Summer following continues the Pores open. Autumn Bathing occaſions the Pores to be ſo open towards Winter, as to render all Perſons ſubject to the Changes of Weather, and makes them ſenſible of Cold all Winter. And this let my Country-Men conſider, who are uſed to the contrary.

Bath-Waters are beſt drank when moſt free from Rain; but the beſt time is in May: For the Waters heat, and cauſe Tranſpiration.

Hot Bathing and drinking Waters is improper for hot Weather.

The Injuries done by the hot Baths are,

1. The Vehemency of Heat in the Baths are over dry, heats body, and thickens their Humours: Therefore they are unfit for Children, and delicate tender Perſons, whoſe Fleſh is eaſily diſſolv'd by exceſſive Heat, which alſo over-drys and decays old Men, diſſipating their languid Spirits; and all thin languid Perſons are much decay'd by them; and the thin Hypocondriac are over-dry'd by their Heat, and made ſubject to Ephemera's, Fluxes and hectic Fevers.

2. Hot Baths are injurious to choleric Conſtitutions, by exciting intermitting Fevers and Ephemera's.

3. This ſort are injurious to all viſcid Conſtitutions of Humours, which produce Rheumatiſms, Inflammations and Pains during the Efferveſcence of Humours, and the Defluxions.

4. The Saltneſs of Blood is encreas'd by hot Bathing, which raiſes the Digeſtion of Humours, and promotes a violent Circulation of them.

But the drinking the Bath Waters is not injurious to theſe Conſtitutions; becauſe they cleanſe away the Choler, dilute the Viſcidity, and waſh away the Saltneſs of Humours.

6. The Putrefaction of Humours is promoted by hot Baths. For this Reaſon we condemn ſuch Baths in Fevers intermitting and malignant, in the Hydrophobia, and Poyſons and Pox. Some Minerals are diſſolv'd in that Water, convenient for the Itch, Leproſie, ſcald Head, ſuch as Salt and Nitre which kill Worms and Lice that are the Effects of Putrefaction.

7. In a general Leanneſs tho'they ſpend the Succus nutritius; yet they open the obſtructed Pores, and reſtore the Circulation to a Paralytic Member in an Atrophy of it.

In very great Fulneſs of Humours, hot Bathing occaſions the Breach of a Vein, by rarifying the Aerial Spirits in the Blood.

If Thirſt be troubleſome, Bathing encreaſes it, and Drinking allays it.

8. The Defluxion of all Humours is promoted by hot Baths, which colliquate or rather rarifie the Aerial Spirits in our Humours, and open the Glands through which they may flow. And for this reaſon we forbid hot Baths duing all Defluxions in Catarrhs, Gout, Aſthma's or Pains; Inflammation and Cephalic Diſeaſes depending on a Defluxion, Ephemera, or intermitting Fevers, and in all ſorts of Inflammatious and hot Pains, with Fevers, as, Eryſipelas, Phlegmons, Cholicks, Head-ach, Strangury, Stone, Gout, Rheumatiſm, Quinſie, Parotis, Inflammations of the Piles, Inteſtines, Stomach, Liver, Spleen, Kidneys, Phrenitis, Opthalmy, Inflammations of the Lungs, Pleura, Breaſts of Women, Teſticles of Men, and all running Ulcers ſucceeding them. All Ulcers and Inflammations receive Prejudice in the Beginning by hot Baths, and alſo by drinking the Waters very hot; but in the Declination, the Bath diſcuſſes the Inflammation and cleanſes the Ulcers; but all neceſſary Evacuations ought to precede.

Hot Baths ripen all inward Impoſthumes in the Lungs, Liver, Spleen, Kidneys, Womb, Inteſtines, Bladder. Theſe Baths are injurious in all Putrefactions; as, Fevers, eſpecially Hectics, Apoplexies, Phrenſies, Carbuncles, Cancers.

Hot Baths excite Venereal Pains, as all Fevers do, and make all Coughs and Catarrhs worſe; for which we better preſcribe cool Diet, Air and cool Drinks, which better agree with them.

9. In all Haemorrhages theſe hot Baths are miſchievous; as in that by the Noſe, Womb, Anus, Vomiting, or piſſing Blood, and Coughing it up, or in the Hepatic Flux.

10. Theſe Baths are injurious in Fluxes of Humours out of the Body as Diabetes, Gonorrhaeas, Abortions and too much ſweating.

11. They are miſchievous in Evacuations of the Semen into the Cavity of the Body, as in Aſcites, Dropſie of the Thorax, Hydrocephalon; they promote the greater Flux of the Rheum into the Cavities.

12. The great Expanſion of Spirits producing Watching, uſual to old Men, and ſalt Conſtitutions are made worſe by Bathing.

13. The great Exploſion of the Spirits in Convulſions is much irritated by the Heat of Bathing; as in Epilepſies, Hyſteric Paſſions, and other Convulſions, Palpitations, Singultus, Coughs, Sneeſing.

14. The irregular Motions of the Spirits in the Brain is promoted by hot Baths. In the Melancholia, Mania, Hydrophobia.

15. The Flatuoſity of the Spirits is too much rarified by hot Baths, in Vertigoes, Aſthma's, Tympanites, Incubus, and Hyſteric Tumours.

Sulphur Baths, and the Bituminous offend hot Spirits by their ſtrong Smell, and ſo occaſion Fluxes.

Hot Bath-Waters cool by Accident, by opening the Pores, for evaporating of the Heat; or if they purge, or be very Diuretic, and have a Tincture from Lead, Nitre, Alom.

Hot Baths after Meat occaſion Rigors, Horrors, Fevers; and after Bathing we muſt not eat till all Diſorders are over, and then the Stomach will not be diſorder'd, nor the Head fill'd. Sleep after Bathing, and Abſtinence digeſts and evacuates Humours, and compoſes the Diſorders of Bathing.

Vini potus à Balneo tanquam venenum habendum, was the Obſervation of the old Phyſicians. A Horror at the Beginning of Bathing, which may be produc'd either by the hot or cold Baths, by the Conſtriction of the Pores, or Fulneſs of Humours, ſhews the Profitableneſs of that Bathing.

Thoſe that have Fevers, Pains, Fluxes, or any great Evacuations are not fit for hot Baths; and we muſt take care of the Injuries of Weather after Bathing.

We are more ſecure in Night-Bathing, when after the Exerciſe of the Day, we bathe, and ſup after Bathing: And the Gentlemen who go to Bath for Pleaſure may practiſe this.

The Time of continuing in the Bath, is an Hour, or according to ſtrength; and after 7 Hours, the ancient Preſcription was to return to the ſame. Young Men may bathe oftener than old Men; who are too dry; Once in a Day, or every other Day is enough for them.

The ſalt, nitrous, ſulphureous, aluminous Baths purge, by which they cure Obſtructions and Dropſies; and the Drinking the Water is neceſſary for 14 Days before Bathing.

CHAP. III. Of Temperate Baths.

THE more temperate Baths have only a mild Heat, like that of our Bodies, and are therefore leſs beneficial for cold Diſeaſes, and leſs injurious to the Healthful, who uſe them chiefly to waſh their Skins, to temper the natural Heat, to take off Wearineſs, and ſtrengthen the Limbs; but theſe Baths are frequently preſcrib'd by the Ancient Phyſicians for Preſervation of Health after Exerciſe, in an empty Stomach; and after a Stool in full ſtrength; and they ought not to ſweat after them; but they were dryed and anointed, and eat after the Diſturbance of the Bath was over; and a regular Diet was uſed for ſome time after Bathing, avoiding Repletion of Meat or Drink, too much • leep, Watching, great Exerciſe, Paſſions, Injuries of the Weather; after Exceſs and Venery, they avoided Bathing, and after Bathing avoid Wine, which offends the Head.

But theſe Baths have many Phyſical Uſes, beſides Cleanlineſs, and Beauty, and Pleaſure, and are obſerv'd to be uſeful in the following Caſes.

Tepid Baths moiſten and warm; if more tepid, they cool and moiſten; if more hot, they heat, and moiſten leſs.

Temperate Baths are proper for Children who are moiſt and hot; but all Minerals dry them too much.

Waſh the Infants after long Sleep, when moſt empty, and rub them.

This cures their Coughs, ſtuffing in their Heads, their Scurf and Itching, and breeding Teeth.

In the breeding Teeth the Ancients bathed when the Fever remitted, and preſcribed Water-drinking to the Nurſe.

Bathing Infants does Injury to their Ruptures.

Since old Age is cold and dry, by hot Baths we relieve them, which by their temperate Heat warm and moiſten; and Wine is allowed them after Bathing, and then Sleep. Ut lavit, ſumpſit que cibum det membra ſopori.

Temperate Baths cure all hot Intemperies, and are proper for all the hot Cacochymia's, the bilious, viſcid, vitriolic, corroſive ſtate of Blood, eſpecially if Nitre, Alom and Steel be diſſolv'd in them, and are uſually preſcrib'd for the Choleric and thin Hypocondriac at the End of the Spring; but all hot Baths injure thoſe Conſtitutions.

A Plethora without a Fever is help'd by Bathing frequently and long in theſe temperate Baths; and much Exerciſe is to be uſed before Bathing as well as Friction; and after Bathing anoint with hot Oil in theſe full Bodies.

Dry Conſtitutions may bathe after eating, and that will feed them: They may bathe again after 4 Hours, and be fed with Aſ • es Milk, and anointed with cool Oils before they be cloathed. The Ancients uſed this Method to cure the dry Intemperies, and preſcribed a convenient Diet, and Friction; and they cured a hot Intemperies, if joyn'd with a dry, by Water-drinking.

By Baths of temperate Heat we cure Ephemera's, which depend on Heat, Laſſitude, or Cold; but if a Catarrh attend them, that is not convenient till the Declination.

In a Diary of many Days, after three Days, bathe, if no ſign of Crudity remains.

Hectick Fevers require temperate and cooling Baths; and unleſs the Head be put into cold Water, bathing does them no good.

Baths are injurious in Fevers, if there be Pains, or Inflammations in any part, or the Fever be putrid. Sometimes in the Declination, after the concoction of Humours, they may promote Sweat. In theſe acute Diſeaſes Rhaſis condemns them. Nunquam vidi Balnea in aliqua diſpoſitione febricitantibus eſſe utilia.

Theſe Baths are uſeful in Hemicrania's, and all other Pains; as that of the Spleen; and is very proper in the Declination of Inflammations, as in a Phrenetic, if that Diſeaſe has laſted long, and the Body be thin; and the ſame Bath agrees with the Lethargy in the Declination.

Theſe are proper in Melancholic caſes, in the declination, where they are to be moiſten'd, or nouriſh'd.

In young Men and Lovers they help the Melancholy.

After fourteen days the Pleuritic may uſe it.

After the Inflammation and Pain of the Gout is over, and ſometimes in the vigour of the Fit, when Watching, and Pain are exceſſive: But the uſe of much bathing relaxes the Parts, and excites a new Flux in all Pains and Inflammations, and Rheumatiſms, by opening the Pores, and heating the Humours.

Temperate Baths help the paſſing both Urine and Stool, even in Fevers. In the Cholera they are good in the declination, and for Diarrhaea's.

Dyſenteries, Inflammations from Crudities, the Jaundice, and the Stone, the ſuppreſſion of the Menſes, and Strangury from a hot Cauſe.

They are proper for all Priapiſms, and Inflations of the Womb, and that dryneſs of it which cauſes Sterility.

It facilitates the birth for them that have hard Labour, by relaxing and mollifying.

It brings away a dead Child, and Mola, and falſe Impregnation; eſpecially a Bath of temperate Salt-Water.

For Poyſon from Cantharides, we uſe a Bath of Hydrolaeum.

It cures all the Diſeaſes of the Skin, Itching, which Opium gives.

It helps Ulcers, Scabs, Bruiſes, Strains, Pimples, wounded Nerves, after the Flux is over, and all Heats of the Viſcera, and ſeveral Parts, by exhaling the fuliginous Vapours thro' the Pores.

Bathing cures Watching, and cauſes Sleep.

Emaciate Limbs muſt not ſweat, but be pumped, or wet with the Water.

Theſe Baths help weakneſs of Digeſtion, weak Memory, Sadneſs, Apoplexies, Palſies, and Tremblings after the Flux is over. It cures the Scurvy, and corroded Gums.

In ſhort, theſe Baths open and diſcuſs by their heat; they promote the digeſtion of the Stomach, the diſtributing of the Nouriſhment, the circulation and digeſtion of Humours, the ſecretion of the excretory Juices, and diſcuſs all Infirmities out of the Pores of the Skin.

Bitter detergent Baths.

We may make theſe Baths of Marine-Water, and impregnate them with Bean or Lupin-Flower, which is bitteriſh; or with Fenugreek, to cleanſe the Skin, and bitter Almonds.

Briony-Root, or the Bulb of Narciſſus, are uſed for bitter deterging Baths; and Bran is uſeful to cleanſe as well as Soap.

Anodyne Mucilaginous Baths are made of the Decoctions of Althaea, Mallows, Mercury, Linſeed, Fenugreekſeed, Fleaban, Violets, Bran, Thiſtles, Chickweed, Duck-meat; to which may be added Narcoticks, Cynogloſs, Poppy-heads, Henbane, Solanum.

Nutritive Milky Baths.

A Bath of Milk and Water twice in a Day, or elſe the Decoction of Sheeps-Head, or Capon-Broath, is proper for the Conſumptive. Or elſe a Decoction of Barley, and ſweet-Almonds in Water; to which may be added the Cold Seeds; or the Decoction may be made of the whole Gourd, to cool and moiſten.

For the Leproſie a Bath of Blood is commended.

Wine Baths.

Theſe heat, ſtrengthen, dry, eaſe Pains, diſcuſs Swellings, ſtrengthen the relaxed Parts, cleanſe Ulcers, heal Wounds.

As the Wine inwardly hurts the Brain, Nerves, and Joynts; ſo it makes amends to theſe Parts outwardly: And we experience the Bath of Muſte to be more uſeful to the Joynts, by its fermenting heat; and the fervor of the Wine heats, opens, diſcuſſes, comforts the Limbs, and removes Pains, and is profitable to Oedematous Swellings and Inflations.

Oil Baths may be plac'd under this Title, uſeful in Convulſions, Pains, Suppreſſion of Urine; the fifth part of the Oil being heated, and added to the reſt; and this us'd in a Tetarus twice in a Day; but a long Stay in a Bath of Oil, does much ſpend the Spirits, as Aegineta obſerves.

Baths of Hydrolaeum moiſten the dry and weary Members, eaſe Pains, Headach, and Wounds, with Convulſions, Colic, Pains, difficulty of Urine, Wounds of the Nerves, and hard Labour.

The Croſs-Bath at Bathe ought to be kept of a more temperate Heat than it is uſually manag'd, that it might have the Benefit above-mention'd; but it appear'd to me of a Heat above that Temper; and is made very hot, to anſwer the Effects of the hot Baths, by letting in hot Water thro' Pipes from other Baths: For which reaſon it becomes very injurious in all the Caſes I have mention'd, and particularly to Plethoric hot Conſtitutions, and Hyſterical Women.

I have ſometimes obſerv'd it moderate; but generally it is abus'd, ſo that it cannot anſwer the Deſign of a temperate Bath, fitted for healthful Perſons, or the Diſeaſes mention'd.

I could not but obſerve another great Abſurdity practis'd there, which is the drinking the Water very hot from the Pump, to have more of the Mineral-Virtue thereby; for that Gas of the Mineral too much affects the Head, and cauſes Sweats, and is injurious to the Hyſterical, Aſthmatic, and all hot Conſtitutions.

Healthful Men may bathe according to Cuſtom in moderate Baths.

Trallianus tells us, that bathing after Meat does thin Bodies more good than Morning-bathing, if the Bath be of a moderate heat; ſuch as that of Aqua-Dulcis.

Studying and Sleeping much is very injurious in the uſe of Baths.

Bathing till the Parts begin to ſwell, nouriſhes them; but longer continu'd it waſtes them.

The Injuries done by the Temperate Baths are the ſame as by Hot Baths, but in a lower Degree; for if the Body be not prepared, Baths produce Fluxes of Humours, eſpecially if there be any inward Inflammation, they are miſchievous, or if there be a Plethoric Body, they may occaſion an Aſthma, Apoplexy, Vertigo, Convulſions, Pleuriſie, Peripneumonia.

If any inward Part be infirm, as the Lungs, Heart, Stomach, Liver, or any diſpoſition to the Gout, or any other Flux, theſe Baths colliquate the Humours, and open the Glands or Pores to receive the Flux: It is like applying Fomentations before Evacuatives; theſe weaken the Spirits by Evaporation, and fill the Head, occaſion the Epilepſie, Vertigo, and other Convulſions.

Theſe Baths ripen all Impoſtumes, and are therefore dangerous in Obſtructions of the Liver, Conſumptions, weak Kidneys; and they promote all unnatural Evacuations, as Haemorrhages, Whites, Gonorrhaea's.

In the time of the Plague they occaſion the Infection to be more eaſily taken, and prepare the Humours to receive any other Infection.

Hyſteric Women ought to abſtain from bathing, which fills the Head.

The Aſthmatic receive much prejudice by bathing; it ripens the Tubercula in the Lungs.

CHAP. IV. Of Cold-bathing; the Benefits and Injuries of it: To which is adjoyn'd an account of the Bath at Buxton in Derbyſhire.

THE uſe of Cold bathing is very Ancient; for Pliny relates that Carmis, a Maſſilian Phyſician, condemned the Cuſtom of Hot bathing, and perſuaded the Romans to bathe in Cold Water; in the midſt of the Winter, Months during the greateſt Cold, he dipt the ſick in the Lakes of Water. Videbamus ſenes conſulares in oſtentationem uſque rigentes.

This Cold Demerſion was uſed in Auguſtus's time, by Antonius Myſa, and his Brother Euphorbius, to aſtringe the Pores, to unite the Heat, and to ſtrengthen the Limbs; and Galen was ſo much of their Opinion, that he thought the Hot Baths were only preparatory to Cold bathing; and on that, the greateſt Benefit depended.

Bathing in Rivers, and the Sea, was moſt Ancient for Exerciſe, Pleaſure, and curing Diſeaſes.

A place for ſwimming in Cold Water was provided for in the Roman Baths, and was more Ancient than they.

The manner of the Romans was to conclude their Hot Bathing with the Cold Water; which ſhews the good Opinion they had of Cold Immerſion.

Galen's Method of Bathing was thus; firſt they exercis'd in a Morning; then they enter'd the Laconicum, where the Air was warm or hot by the Steams of the Water, or Fire; and there the Pores are open'd, and they ſweat; the tenſity of the Skin relaxes, and the Humours more rarify'd to paſs the Sudatory Glands, thro' which the Pulſe being raiſed by the heat, or the leſs preſſure of the external humid Air, propels the attenuated Serum.

From the Laconicum they deſcend into the Lavacrum, or into hot Water, where they ſweat as much as they pleaſe: And from thence they came to the Cold Water, that what was overheated by exerciſe or bathing, might there be cooled, and the Strength confirm'd by thickening the Skin, that the innate Heat might not tranſpire too much, and thereby make the Body cold; for Cold bathing conſtringes the Pores, and hardens the Body, as hot Iron is cool'd and harden'd by cold Water. By theſe it is evident, that they invented the Hot Baths to prepare weak Bodies for the Cold. From the Cold Bath they went into the Tepidarium or Apodyterium, where the Air was tepid, and they were rubb'd from Sweat; and anointed. Afterwards Meat and Drink, and Sleep were preſcrib'd.

It was the Cuſtom of the Germans to carry the new-born Child to a River, there to dip it in the Water, to ſtrengthen the Body, and to try their natural Vigour; for if it were very weak, it often dy'd; for which reaſon Galen condemns this Cuſtom as barbarous and dangerous. This Cuſtom he ſays is more fit for Beaſts, to procure them a hard Skin, inſenſible of Cold; and he believes it not neceſſary for Men to have a thick and hard Skin; for according to Hippocrates's Obſervation, a rare thin Skin is neceſſary for thoſe who tranſpire out many hot Vapours and Fumes; for if they be retain'd, the Body ſuffers by them: And a thick Skin is uſeful againſt the Injuries of the Weather: Both Exceſſes are to be avoided; the Skin is not to be thicken'd ſo far as to hinder tranſpiration; or to be kept ſo rare, that by all Accidents of Weather it may be much affected.

Virgil takes notice of the Cuſtom of bathing Children in cold Water, in theſe Verſes;

Durum à ſtirpe genus natos ad flumina primum, Deferimus, ſaevoque gelu duramus & undis.

This is the Method Galen gives for Cold bathing, for the preſervation of Health in Perſons fully grown, for ſtrengthening the Limbs, and thickening the Skin againſt the Injuries of Cold, he adviſes this Method in the beginning of it, in the hotteſt time of the Year, in the middle of the Day, and in fair Weather, when the Water is not perfectly Cold, but Tepid, and the Perſon be faſting and empty, then he muſt uſe this Bath, having firſt exercis'd, to excite a natural Heat, to reſiſt the Coldneſs of the Water: And after Exerciſe, and Friction, let him demergere into Cold Water. The Demerſion ought to be ſudden, and not gradual, to prevent a Horror.

The Perſon who muſt be us'd to Cold Water, ought to be in the midſt of the fourth Seven Years, in perfect Health, and to be well rubb'd with Linnen, and after well rubb'd with Oil. The firſt time the Water muſt be Tepid, not very Cold; but the ſecond time he may uſe it very Cold; and at his going out let him be rubbed with Oil till he is very hot. Continue this Three or Four Days; then after an Interval, if he approves of a Second, but not a Third bathing for the ſame time.

They ſtay a moderate time in the Water who come out well-colour'd after Friction; but if they be leſs warm, and pale colour'd, they have ſtaid in too long, which muſt be avoided.

After Clothing, let the Perſon reſt an Hour at leaſt, and then eat more than he drinks; for after this Cold Immerſion, the Appetite increaſes, the Thirſt abates, they concoct better, their Muſcles are ſtronger, and the Skin is more hard and denſe.

Theſe Baths unite the Heat, turn the fuliginous Vapours into Sweat, excite the Expulſion of the Excrements, and looſen the Body: It cures Laſſitude if uſed by intervals, and the Heat occaſion'd by travelling in the Sun; the Caninum appetitum ex immodicâ tranſpiratione.

Thus far Galen has inſtructed us in the uſe of Cold Baths.

Hippocrates gives us this Aphoriſm concerning Baths.

A Salt Bath heats and dries; a Hot Bath extenuates the Perſon that is faſting, but heats and moiſtens him that has eat: And Cold Baths effect the contrary. By which Aphoriſm we perceive he knew the Virtue of Cold bathing, that it warmed and hindred the extenuation of our Body when empty, by cloſing the Pores, and reſtraining the evaporation of our Aerial Spirits; but the Cold Baths cool and dry them that have eaten: It cools by checking the Fermentation of the Humours, and their rarefaction: It dries by repelling the nutritious Humours from the Skin, as Hot Baths are ſaid to plump it up by relaxing it, and rarefying the Humours contain'd in the Veſſels of it.

From Hippocrates's Aphoriſms about the uſe of Cold Water in Fomentations, we may learn the Benefits and Injuries of Cold Water; for Fomentations are bathing particular Parts only.

This is the uſe of Cold Things, or Water; we muſt apply them to the place that bleeds, or about them; and they may be uſed to extinguiſh the ardor and burning of Inflammations, which have a Sanguine Colour at the firſt, but if the Inflammation have continu'd long, it cauſes a livid Colour: It alſo helps an Eryſipela not ulcerated, but is very dangerous to them that be ulcerated. He alſo recommends Cold Water to foment the hot Tumours, and Pains of the Gout, or Joynts, which are without Ulcers, and for Convulſions. In theſe he preſcribes the affuſion of much Cold Water, which mitigates the Pain, and extenuates the Part; and a moderate Stupor allays the Pain.

By theſe Aphoriſms we are plainly taught, that the Cold Baths may be profitable for all Haemorrhages, Inflammations, Eryſipela's, Pains, Gout, Convulſions; and he deals thus Ingenuouſly in giving an account of the Injuries of cold Fomentations: And the ſame are of cold Baths.

Cold is injurious to Ulcers, for that hinders the Evacuation of their Sores, and the Nutrition of the Part. It thickens the Skin by contracting the Parts.

Cold hinders pain'd Parts from Suppurating, by checking the Flux of Blood to it. It produces Livors or Blackneſs in the Parts if too long continu'd, by ſtopping the Circulation of the Blood, and Tranſpiration of Vapours. It occaſions Febrile Rigors, from the Irritation of the Nerves, by hot Vapours retain'd in the Body. It occaſions Cramps from the ſame Cauſe; and the Stoppage of the Circulation thro' the Muſcles.

All theſe Inconveniences happen in Cold Bathing, which I will give an Account of.

Aetius mentions the famous Albulae, quae ſapore ſubſalſe & tactu lactei teporis. He ſays they were Aluminous, Sulphureous, and that by their Nitrous Salt they cleanſe Ulcers; and that they were drank the firſt day three Hemina's, viz. thirty Ounces; the ſecond Five Hemina's; the third Six Hemina's, to purge and cleanſe: They promote Sweat and Urine, ſtop Bleeding, ſtrengthen the Parts, ſtop all Fluxes of Women and Men, heal the Ulcers of the Bladder and Kidneys, prevent Abortions, Fluxes of the Belly, Laxity of the Stomach, Vomiting; they excite Appetite, cure all hot Intemperies, an ill Habit of the Body, and Dropſie, diſcuſs Flatus, and cure Cholicks.

Gallen mentions the Injuries of the Albulae, that one by Stoppage of the Skin fell into a Fever by the uſe of them: And tho' they be eminently petrifying Waters in their own Springs, yet they produce no ſuch Effect in the Bodies of Men.

Aetius commends Cold Baths for curing all Diſeaſes depending on Defluxions of Humours, eſpecially if they have any Medicamental Taſte, viz. from the Minerals (of Lead, Iron, Alum, Nitre; for theſe are all of them the Cool Baths, as Bitumen, Sulphur, and Salt make the Hot Baths.) He commends the Albulae to be drank, as very profitable againſt all Defluxions.

Caelius Aurelianus commends Cold bathing in all Fluxes of Blood in the Aſthma, and acquaints us with Aſclepiades's Opinion, that Water-drinking and the Pſeuchroluſia were neceſſary for the preſervation of our Health.

Thus far I thought neceſſary to tranſcribe from the Antient Writers, to ſhew their Opinion and uſe of Cold bathing; and from hence I ſuppoſe our Engliſh Phyſicians did formerly direct the uſe of the Cold Immerſion in England. Such I muſt call the bathing in St. Winifred, St. Mungus, and Buxton Baths, by which many particular Diſeaſes are cur'd, or the Health preſerv'd: But the Niceneſs and Effeminacy of this Age, has much neglected their Uſe; and the reaſon of this may be the abſurd Advice given to Patients, to frequent the Baths at Bathe for all Diſeaſes; and the uſe of them will render all Perſons more Effeminate: But I hope all prudent Men will in time conſider the diſingenuity of that Advice, and endeavour by the uſe of the Cold Bath, to render their Bodies ſtrong, and their Skins leſs ſubject to the changes of Weather. It is the Hot Countries which want Hot Baths, to evaporate the extreme Hot Particles of their Blood; but in our Northern Climes, we muſt cloſe our Pores, preſerve our native Heat, and, if we will live long, and healthful, we muſt render our Skins denſe and cloſe, by Cold Water, that the ſudden and frequent Changes of the Air may not give us ſo many intermitting Fevers, and ſo many Defluxions of Humours, which render the Engliſh People unhealthful; nor upon all Occaſions let the Air affect the Spirits of Hyſteric and Hypochondriacal Perſons.

Cold Baths in England may be diſtinguiſh'd into Two Degrees;

Firſt, The extreme Cold, ſuch as that at St. Winifrid's-Well, and the other at St. Mungus-Well, in York-ſhire, near Knaresborough. The Experience of our Countrymen has approv'd of theſe Baths, as very uſeful in the Rickets, and many other Diſeaſes, which depend on Tranſpiration in too great a meaſure; and the High Fermentation, the quick Circulation or Digeſtion of Humours, or the frequent Defluxions or Evacuations of them thro' the Glands.

The Second Degree of the Cold Baths is the Bath at Buxton, for that being one of a Milky Tepor at the firſt feeling, and by being long felt, renders the Body more cold and ſhivering; and by this chilling of the Body I may eaſily infer, that tho' it has an actual Heat, and boyls up with Bubbles, as the Baths do at Bathe, yet it has not a Heat equal to the Rarefaction and natural Warmth of our Humours; and for this reaſon I cannot but reckon it as one of the Cold Baths: And a moſt excellent Contrivance Providence has ſhewn in it, by giving it ſo much Heat as to hinder the ſudden or violent Conſtriction of our Pores, ſo as to occaſion Fevers or Defluxions, and to indue it with ſuch Ingredients of Salt and Nitre, or Alum, as to cool, ſtrengthen, cleanſe the ſolid Parts, and cloſe up the natural Heat of our Humours, by conſtriction of the Pores.

The Effects of theſe two kinds of Cold Baths may very probably be gueſſed at, becauſe theſe Baths have contrary Qualities and Effects to the Hot Baths, and therefore it is very juſt to aſſert, that where the Hot Baths diſagree with our Patients, the Cold ones will be proper.

According to this Rule I will deſcribe the Vertues both of the extreme Cold, and the Tepid Bath at Buxton; they all have the ſame Effects, but Buxton is more mild and ſafe, becauſe of its actual Tepor.

Children, Women, and old Men faint in the Hot Baths; but the Cold ones agree with every Age and Time; but the Coldeſt Baths agree beſt with young Perſons in perfect Health, whom they make more robuſt; but they muſt be brought to the uſe of them by degrees; and the beſt time to uſe them is in the Summer, not in the Winter.

The uſe of the Bath at Buxton being very ſafe, it is fitteſt for all infirm Perſons to uſe firſt, before they try the colder kinds; for by the uſe of this, they may be ſafely and by degrees uſed to Cold bathing. And this is proper for Autumn-Bathing, to cloſe the Pores againſt Winter, and after the uſe of the Hot Baths.

The Conſtitutions or Cacochymia's in which the Cold Baths are moſt agreeable, are the Cacochymia's which are Hot, as the Choleric, which may be very much cooled, and altered by drinking of Cold Water, eſpecially the Water of St. Ann's Well at Buxton, for that will cleanſe away all the Choleric Sediments from the Stomach, Guts, Liver, and Blood; and by bathing long, check the Pulſe and high digeſtion of the Blood; for that does not occaſion any Sweat after bathing, but we ſtay in the Bath till we are very chill, and then go to a warm Bed, and lie there without ſweating, till we become dry and warm again.

Hot Baths make the Pulſe vehement, great, quicker, and by this the Humours are more attenuated, the Aerial Bullulae in the Blood agitated, rarify'd, and by compreſſion propell'd thro' the Glands of the Skin, becauſe the Preſſure of the external Air is much leſſen'd by the Humidity and Heat of the Bath.

But in all the Cold Baths the contrary happens; the Pulſe becomes ſlow, ſmall, rare, languid; the Bullulae in the Blood are more compreſs'd, and the external ſolid Parts ſhrink, and are conſtring'd, and all Evacuations are ſtopped.

Becauſe of theſe Effects I infer, that the uſe of Buxton Baths externally and internally, are proper for all the Hot Intemperies of the ſolid Parts, and all the Hot Cacochymia's, viz. the Choleric, the Salt, the Viſcid, the Muriatic or Corroſive, the Vitriolic or Melancholic and Putrid State of Animal Humours.

But as the temperate hot Baths cool by opening the Pores, and evaporating the Hot rarify'd Humours, or Aerial Bullulae, ſo the Tepid Baths, or moderate Cool Baths, a little ſtop the Pores, and for ſome time after the uſe of Cold Baths of that temper, we obſerve Perſons to be warmer ſenſibly to themſelves, as I have heard them to complain, from their Obſervation of their own Temper.

But as the hotter Baths at Bathe do wonderfully inflame all Perſons, and thicken their Serum; ſo on the contrary the coldeſt Baths produce a full Stoppage of the Pores, and occaſion a Redneſs in the Skin; and after they are put to Bed, great Sweats, Fluxes of Urine, and Stools; ſo that the uſe of the coldeſt Baths put all Perſons into an Ephemera, and that occaſions the Defluxions by Stool, Urine, and Sweat obſerv'd after cold bathing.

We ought nicely to diſtinguiſh between the permanent Effects of the Hot and Cold Baths, upon the fluid Parts of Animals, viz. the Blood and Spirits, and the Alteration which the uſe of them gives, by a ſudden Evacuation, or ſtoppage of Tranſpiration; for the permanent Effects of the Hot Bath is the Volatilization of the Oily and Acid parts of the Blood, and the raiſing the Digeſtion of our Humours, as well as more invigorating the Pulſe and Circulation, and rarefying the Aerial Bullulae or Spirits in an Animal, tho' for the preſent they evacuate ſome hot Particles, and by accident cool us, as is evident by uſing Hot Baths in Feveriſh Diſpoſitions, Defluxions of Humours; and we obſerve all Hot Conſtitutions to complain of their Heat; ſo that Cold Baths, they heat by Accident, by ſtopping the Hot Humours from tranſpiring; but cool and ſtop the Agitation of the Aerial Particles; and they agree with Fevers, Hecticks, and all Hot Conſtitutions depending on the over-digeſtion of Humours.

The Reaſon of the Heat following Cold Baths, may be given from the hot rarify'd Particles being ſtraitned from evaporating, which act like a Ferment in the Blood; or elſe may be explained by the Changes in Water upon its freezing; for the Vertuoſi inform us, that by applying of Salt and Ice for freezing of it, it firſt ſubſides, and afterwards riſes again in the Bottle in which it is froze; and this Effect probably depends on the Air included in the Water.

That Cold bathing cools the Humours appears by the following Inſtances, in which Galen experienc'd it.

In a very hot burning Fever Galen adviſes as ſoon as the Signs of Concoction appear, if the Strength be ſtrong, and a young Perſon, boldly to give him cold Water to drink; and if he be corpulent, and the Seaſon hot and dry, to put him into cold Water, which he ſays may be done without Injury; and thereby he will univerſally Sweat, and ſome Perſons will have bilious Stools: But if the Fever be mild, and the Strength weak, and there appear ſigns of Concoction, he adviſes the temperate hot Baths, and Wine: And concludes that of Fevers, as Fevers, Cold Water is the Remedy, unleſs there be a Putredo, an Obſtruction of the Pores, a Fulneſs or Debility of Strength, or Stomach, or ſome Tumour in any Part.

He preſcribes all bathing for Fevers in the Declination, not in the Beginning.

He gives the Cold Water to drink, as much as the Patient pleaſes, in all continent Fevers, by which all Sweat, Vomiting, or Looſeneſs was produced; and this was the general practice in Continent Fevers, by bleeding, drinking Water, and Cold bathing. But in Laſſitudes, heat upon Travels, Pimples, and Tranſpiration ſtopt, bathing in temperate warm Water was us'd.

In Hectics Galen affirms that the temperate Bath does no good, but the Cold, to which the hot Water only prepares them; and this he confidently preſcribes, if there be no putrid Fever, or Inflammation of the Lungs; but he condemns the drinking Cold Water in Fevers, as injurious to Hectics.

The manner of bathing Hectics was thus; Let him be carry'd in a Sheet by Four Men, and dipt twice or thrice in the hot Water, and after let him be dipt in the cold once; then put him into other Linen, and dry him, and remove him to Bed; let him ſtay but little in the cold Water, and be dipt but once, and anointed with Oil.

All the Ancient Writers commend bathing in Cold Water for the Hydrophobia; and hence comes our Cuſtom of Dipping Perſons bit by Mad-Dogs in the Sea-Water.

Not only the frequent throwing of Perſons into the Water may cure the odd Fancy againſt Liquids, but the Coldneſs may prevent the Fever attending that Venom; and as Salt outwardly is uſed to the Bites, ſo that Water may check the putrefaction of our Humours by that Poyſon. In this Diſeaſe the Water at Buxton may profitably be drank and bathed in for one Month's time, till the Change of the Moon is over; for this Water is ſalt and ſtyptic; by both which Qualities it may be uſeful.

That the Water at Buxton is profitable for the Salt Cacochymia, is evident by the cure of the Itch; and Wiſeman commends the ſwimming in Rivers for ſcabby Soldiers; the ſaltneſs cleanſes the Skin from its putrid Ferment; and the ſtypticity heals its Ulcerations.

It is alſo obſerv'd, that the drinking of St. Ann's Water is uſeful for the Scurvy by its cleanſing ſalt Quality; and it heals the putrid Gums.

Theſe Salt-Waters at Buxton are uſeful in the Morphew, Scald-head, Tetters, and all other Diſeaſes depending on external putrid Ferment; they may eaſe the Pains in the Venereal Diſeaſes, for all hot Baths irritate them.

Theſe Buxton Baths are uſeful alſo for the Leproſie, after general Evacuations.

The drinking the Water, becauſe of its evident Saltneſs, is good againſt the Worms.

The experiencing this Bath, and the two colder at St. Winifred, and St. Mungus, is not irrational; for the Cancerous Humour, whoſe Putrefaction they may probably more effectually check than any other Method yet known; for if theſe Cold Baths can check Putrefaction, they muſt be uſed as well as a cool Diet, againſt this State. In a Putrefaction the viſcidity of the Blood is deſtroy'd, and the Conſiſtence of the Blood is made fluid, becauſe the natural viſcidity of the Cake being diſſolv'd, the Liquor thereof cannot be made into Bullulae, to contain the Aerial Spirits, and that gives the great languor in all putrid ſtates of Blood, as the Scurvy and Malignant Fever; we commonly obſerve, that a viſcid Liquor, ſuch as Soap and Water, or new Beer, may be eaſily raiſed into Bladders or Bubbles, by mixing Air in it; but in ſtale Liquors the Conſiſtence wants a Viſcidity to retain the Air in Bubbles: And all Gangrenes, Cancers, and very putrid Ulcers, have a thin Sanies; we obſerve a Rheumatiſm Blood in the Cancerous; but that is only the Chyle coagulated by the Vitriolic Blood; not withſtanding that the Cake of the Blood often appears then putrid. And ſince the Hot Baths increaſe all Putrefactions, the Cold ones may probably do the contrary.

Plato was cur'd of a Fever by an Aegyptian Prieſt, who order'd him a Bath of Sea-Water, as Diogenes Laertius affirms.

Cold Water is us'd in Kent for the cure of the Quartane, as ſome of that Country have informed me, ſtanding in it before the Fit.

A Bath of Tepid Water is uſeful for the cure of Ephemera's; and the Bath at Buxton is uſed by them that frequent it, the ſame Night they come thither, to cure their laſſitude, heat, and thirſt: I may therefore commend this Water in Ephemera's, to cool in their Declination, and to be drank in the beginning.

This Water at Buxton is uſeful in too great an Obeſity, or Tumour of the Viſcera; by its ſaltneſs it cleanſes by Urine; and its ſtypticity externally ſhrinks the Fleſh.

The drinking thoſe Buxton Waters may be uſeful in many Obſtructions of the Viſcera, as Jaundice, Obſtructions of the Meſentery, Spleen, Kidneys, by reaſon of their Saltneſs; but their Stypticity makes them fitter for all Fluxes of Humours, in which old Authors moſt commend them: And ſince the Hot Baths do that Effect of Deobſtructon ſufficiently, we may leave Obſtructions to their cure.

Aetius de ſeminis profluvio recommends bathing or ſwimming for that Infirmity, and affirms that the Cold Water cures all Diſeaſes depending on Defluxion of Humours, eſpecially if they have any Phyſical Quality, as the Albulae in Italy, which being drank, are profitable to all Defluxions; and thoſe he deſcribes as Sapore ſubſalſae, & tactu lactei teporis; and there was a Mixture of Allum in them, as the old Writers gueſſed, by their ſtypticity, by which they aſtringe all the ſolid Parts both outwardly and inwardly; and that renders them leſs ſubject to Defluxions.

The Effects, Heat, and Taſte of the Waters at Buxton being ſo like the Albulae, I cannot but compare them with one another; and by Analogy to them, explain the Virtues of Buxton Waters.

When they are drank, they muſt by their Humidity dilute the viſcid Humours, by their ſaltneſs they cleanſe away the precipitated Salts, or Sediment of our Blood, by Urine; and by their ſtypticity they ſtop the rarefaction of the Bullulae in the Blood, and the violent agitation of the Aerial Spirits incloſed in them. I compare Blood to other fermenting Liquors, which have large Aerial Bullulae contain'd in them after a demi-fermentation, which gives the briskneſs and pungency to ſuch Liquors.

By the Taſte we obſerve theſe Effects of the Buxton Waters on both the fluid Parts, viz. the Blood and Spirits; and the ſolid Parts, or hollow Pipes, which contain the other; and we do from thence rationally infer, that they are uſeful in the following Defluxions; and Experience has confirmed the ſame, in theſe following Species of Defluxions.

1. The Flux of Blood by the Noſe, Anus, Uterus, Vomiting, Spitting, Urine, and in the Hepatic Fluxes and Dyſentery, and all Haemorrhages.

2. In the preternatural Evacuations of the Nutritious Humours by Vomiting, Looſneſs, Diabetes, Plyaliſmus, Gonorrhaea, Fluor albus, Abortion, weeping of the Eyes; in all theſe Buxton Waters are convenient; and in all incontinence of Urine, and in all Catarrhs and Aſthma's, theſe Bath-Waters of Buxton may ſafely be drank and bathed in; and they moſt particularly ſtop too much Sweating by their ſtypticity and coolneſs: They both thicken the Humours in the Glands, and conſtringe the Excretory Veſſels in the Skin; and inwardly they, like other cool Diet, thicken or check the rarefy'd Humours and Air; for if Fluids be a Congeries of Bubbles, with Air included, the Matter we expire and tranſpire, (which the old Authors call another ſort of Reſpiration) is ſome of thoſe Globuli or Bullulae, which are the Integrant Parts of Fluids; and the Air being rarefy'd by Motion and Heat, make the Bullulae too light for the gravitation of the other Parts, and more fit to be forc'd out of the Animal Liquor, both by the Pulſe, and Gravitation of the other Globuli, to which the Rarefaction of the external Warmth contributes, by weakening the Preſſure on the Fluids in Animals.

That Aluminous Baths condenſe the Skin, is evident by the tanning of Leather; the Skin is frequently condens'd by the Blaſt of cooler Air, which occaſions its Conſtriction by a ſort of a Convulſion we call a Horror; by both theſe ways externally we may condenſe the Skin, and conſtringe the Pores by bathing in Buxton Waters.

The denſity of Skin is known by its pale Colour, hardneſs, and its Pores appearing as the Skin does in Winter, like a Gooſe-Skin: They are difficultly heated by Exerciſe, and ſweat little, and have no great Colour after it in the Skin. If this Conſtriction be too much, we muſt cure it by Hot Baths, anointing with Dill-Oil, or that with Horſe-Radiſh, with a ſoft Friction.

In Dropſies the uſe of Salt Water outwardly, and inwardly, ſuch as that at Buxton, may do very well; and by the Saltneſs, to cleanſe by Urine; and by the ſtypticity to ſtrengthen, or heal the Lymphaticks, in the Aſcites and Anaſarca.

In the cure of the Motion of the Animal Spirits, the Cold Baths have theſe Advantages.

1. In Palſies they ſtop the Pores, and accidentally occaſion an Ebullition in the Humours; that is, firſt by a ſubſidence of the Aerial Bullulae, and after that by a kind of Spring natural to the Air, a Reſtitution or Expanſion again to their Natural Vigour, Motion, and Extenſion, by which a Diſtenſion is made in the Nerves, and an Ephemera in the Blood; and by theſe means a De-obſtruction is made in the Nerves in Paralytic Perſons; and this has been ſufficiently experienc'd in the Palſie and Rickets.

As to the Palſie, I heard a Relation of a Cure done by my Ingenious Friend Dr. Barnard, upon Dr. Gold's Son-in-Law, who told me a Story, the Particulars of which I cannot well recollect, more than that a young Boy being Paralytic, with the loſs of Speech, by a few times being put to the Cold Bath, recover'd his Motion and Speech, when he had try'd all other Hot Methods, and the Hot Baths, without any Succeſs. This was related to me by Dr. Gold himſelf at Bathe.

As to the Rickets, I have annexed the Letter of Dr. Clayton, concerning the Virtues of St. Mungus-Well, near Knaresborough in York-ſhire; and it ſeems to me that an Ephemera occaſion'd by Hot bathing, does the ſame thing as a preter-natural Heat, or an Ephemera from an Annual or long uſe of Hot Medicines, which are Nervine. The cure of the Rickets and Palſie both by cold bathing, ſhews the Rickets to be a Species of the Palſie in Children, whilſt they are increaſing, which makes the Bodies unequally nouriſh'd, the Pulſe of the Arteries being very deficient in the Paralytic Parts, and the Humours unequally circulated, the Head is too big for the Proportion in Embryo's, becauſe the Bones are made before the Muſcles; and the Muſcular Fleſh does not ſo well increaſe in any Bodies, as in thoſe that have due Spirits, to give a Stop to the Circulation of the Blood in the Muſcles, which probably is the Cauſe of their Motion; and the Muſcular Parts by Motion, Friction, Cold bathing, grow robuſt, plump, and of a due proportion to the reſt of the Body; and for the increaſe of the Muſcular Fleſh and Strength, Cold Bathing is uſed at St. Mungus-Well.

In the want of Appetite, the drinking St. Ann's Well at Buxton may be uſeful both by the Saltneſs to ſtimulate and cleanſe, and the ſtypticity to ſtrengthen the Stomach.

The effect of the coldeſt Baths may be try'd in the Gutta Serena, Syncope's, Deafneſs, in the loſs of Smell and Taſte, in Weakneſs of Erection, or Venere languidâ, in the Weakneſs of Swallowing; for if the Cold Baths can cure an univerſal Palſie, why may they not cure the Palſies of particular Parts, which I have mention'd?

In the want of Sleep, the Bullulae of the Serous Humours which fill the Nerves, are too much expanded, and this cauſes the Vigiliae: This elaſticity of Spirits is abated by the humidity, coolneſs, and ſtypticity of Buxton-Waters, both drank, and us'd for Baths; and for this reaſon we bathe in them going to Bed.

2. Pains depending on Inflammations, and Viſcidity of Humours may be corrected or prevented by theſe Baths, as hot Head-Aches, Gouts, Scorbutic Rheumatiſms, Pain at the Stomach, Cholic, Tooth Ach, Strangury, Stone, Quinſie, Inflammations of the Mouth, Ʋvula, Tonſils, Gums, Glands about the Ears, Stomach, Inteſtines, Anus, and Haemorrhoids, Liver, Spleen, Kidneys, Phrenitis, or the Inflammations of the Spirits; Inflammations of the Eyes, Lungs, Pleura, Breaſt, Stones, Muſcles, of which all the former Inflammations are only Species's, which are diſtinguiſh'd by the Effects the Inflammation cauſes in each Part, the drinking and bathing in theſe Water, at Buxton, being the chief Remedy to prevent them, but not to cure them, unleſs in particular Circumſtances.

As to the Ulcers inwardly and outwardly, the Bath at Buxton being drank cleanſes and heals, a Vomica, Phthiſis, Empyema, Dyſentery, Teneſmus, Ulcers of the Eyes, Kidneys, Bladder, Anus, Viſcera, Spleen, Liver, Glands, in the King's-Evil, the Ulcers of the Mouth, Throat, Noſe, Ears, Gums, Stomach, proſtatae in a Gonorrhaea.

3. The Third Species of Fluxes is that through the Nerves, and the Glands they ariſe from, as the Epilepſie, Hyſteric Paſſion, Chorea St. Viti, Convulſion of Children, Palpitation of the Heart, Singultus, Coughing, Sneezing, Priapiſmus; in all theſe Caſes the Coldneſs and Stypticity of the Water both drank and bathed in, as that at Buxton, may do good by cooling the Humours, and ſtrengthening the Glands; and in theſe Caſes the Hot Baths do Injury, and for that reaſon the Cold Baths muſt be moſt agreeable.

4. The Motion of the Animal Spirits in the Brain, is beſt reliev'd by the coldeſt Baths, which conſiderably overcome the Animal Spirits, when too much rarify'd, by thinking, or Paſſion, or Fevers in the Maniac or Phrenctic Perſons.

In Melancholicks the Vitriolick Water near Buxton may be moſt agreeable to drink, and the Bath to uſe outwardly for cooling the Humours, and ſtrengthening the Spirits, by conſtringing the Pores.

In this Bath we ought to bath for the Furor uterinus, and all kinds of Deliriums, to abate the exceeding Rarefaction and Motion of the Aerial Spirits included in the Bullulae, in the Nerves, and Blood.

5. The Animal Spirits produce the Flatuoſity in the Nerves, when too much rarefy'd; and this Rarefaction is check'd, by drinking and bathing at Buxton, in the Vertigo, Tympanites, for which we ought to bathe in Sea-Water, as the Ancients preſcribe.

6. This Cold bathing is much commended in the Aſthma; and in that Diſeaſe I and divers others have obſerved it uſeful. And I met with a Lady at Buxton, who had uſed that Bath for ſome Years, for an Aſthma, and found benefit by it; and I find Caelius Aurelianus has much commended the Pſeucroluſia for the Aſthma. And this is agreeable to my Notion, that it depends on an Ephemera, as a Symptom in the Nerves. But I cannot commend this Bath in cold Flatulencies, as that of the Ʋterus, and particular Parts: But for all Flatulencies depending on the Hot Cacochymia's, as the Choleric, Salt, Vitriolic, putrid, it ſeems very profitable, by cooling the Rarefaction of the Aerial Bullulae, both outwardly and inwardly uſed. Thoſe that be of a hot, bilious, and dry Conſtitution, have their Halitus, which paſs by Tranſpiration leſs humid, but more acrid, and fumoſe, as as Orabaſius calls them, and that renders them more ſubject to Ephemera's and Defluxions; and for thoſe Hot and Dry Conſtitutions Water-drinking is abſolutely neceſſary; for all fermented Liquors agitate and rarefie the Bullulae in the Humour, and cauſe Defluxions thro' the Glands.

7. Drinking Water in the Morning cools the Blood, prevents Defluxions, and waſhes off the bilious and ſalt Recrements by Urine.

Drinking Water after Dinner cools the Digeſtion, and ſtops the high Fermentation and Windineſs in the Stomach.

Drinking it at Night ſtops the Fever produced by the mixture of the Chyle and Blood, as it happens in Hectical People.

The Waters at St. Winifred's-Well, and St. Mungus, I never heard were proper to be drank, becauſe of their exceſſive Coldneſs: But the Bath-Water at Buxton may be drank to two, three, or four Pints, without occaſioning any Vomiting; but it will cauſe vomiting if it be drank haſtily, becauſe of its Warmth and Saltneſs.

The Injuries by cold Baths are the following; but I muſt except the Bath-Water at Buxton, becauſe of its natural Tepor, from them.

Very Cold Water may do as much Injury as Hot Baths, tho' it ſtrengthens and collects the natural Heat in ſtrong healthful Bodies. It may extinguiſh the innate Heat, (that is, the natural Tepor ariſing from the Motion, and Mixture of our Humours) in Perſons that are weak, infirm, or very old.

Cold bathing is injurious to Infants and Boys; for Galen obſerves, that it hinders their increaſe, and is not allow'd by him till 25 Years of Age; or the middle of the fourth ſeven Years. From this Obſervation I believe our Engliſh Phyſicians learnt the advantage of Cold bathing the Rickety Children, to hinder the growth of the diſtorted Part, and ſtrengthen the Muſcles.

It agrees not with thin, lean, tender Perſons; and thoſe of a Cold Conſtitution, or that have ſome of the Cold Cacochymia's, as the Pituitous, the Serous, Cold, Windy, or Acerb Humours; and thoſe who have not uſed it, muſt be brought to it by degrees, and not in the Winter-time.

Since Cold Baths aſtringe and ſtop Fluxes, as Cold Diet, Cold Air, and cool Liquors do, they cannot be convenient in any Obſtructions of the Secretion of the Animal Humours, and therefore improper for all Tumours of the Viſcera, as Jaundice, Tumour of the Spleen, Kernels, and inward Inflammations: And Caelius Aurelianus diſlikes it in Lethargies, becauſe it ſtops the Paſſages. And he alſo condemns it in a Pthyſis; and by Analogy it is eaſie to gueſs that Cold-Water-Baths ſtop more the ſuppreſſion of Water, but may occaſion at firſt a great Flux, by ſtopping Tranſpiration, and exerting an Ebullition in the Blood.

It may help in the binding of the Body by the ſame Accident, turning the Circulation inwardly; for as Hot Baths are uſed for Revulſion, as turning the Circulation more into the Habit of the Body; ſo the Cold act contrarily to them; in other Evacuations ſuppreſſed, as the Menſes, Haemorrhoids, Mola, Lothing, they are injurious; and in an Aſcites they ſeem injurious, except the Water be ſalt.

In the beginning of Fevers, or Defluxions of Humours, or violent Pains, they are dangerous; but in the Declination, or to prevent them, very uſeful; as in Pains of the Head, and a Phrenitis, Stone, Strangury, Gout, Rheumatiſm.

In a Tertian Cold Water is eſteem'd dangerous; and it's known to be very offenſive in all Ulcers.

It may produce cold Pains; but cures the hot ones, or thoſe depending on the hot Cacochymia's, after due evacuation; but it ſeems improper in the Cholic-Pains, and in all in ward Ulcers, cold bathing is improper, tho' the drinking the Water is uſeful.

Cold bathing is much condemn'd in the Epilepſie, or Convulſions, by occaſioning a Flux of the Serum into the Nerves; but in many hot Inflations, it is evidently uſeful, tho' they be Nervous Effects, as in a Priapiſm, Aſthma, Tympany, Mania, Melancholy, Vertigo, Incubus, and Hyſterical Fits.

The Preparation for the Bath is to be by due evacuation of the Humours abounding in quantity, or purging, or altering their ill quality, to avoid the great Ebullition or Heat occaſion'd by Cold Baths at firſt.

We may vomit with St. Ann's-Well at Buxton, by drinking the Water haſtily, to two or three Quarts; and this is uſeful in the Gout, Sciatica, Obſtructions of the Meſentery, Spleen, Liver, Dropſie, Inflations, Aſthma, Melancholy, Epilepſie, Hydrophobia; in all theſe Caſes Vomiting is by experience found profitable; and this may ſafely be done by that Water at Buxton.

Purging may be recommended in other full Bodies, by diſſolving ℥ ſs or ℥ j. of the Epſom Salt, or Sal Mirabilis, in the Water of St. Ann's-Well, which is of it ſelf a little laxative.

Aetius orders that we ſhould obſerve an exact Diet in cold bathing; and it is ſafeſt when empty, for then it cannot occaſion ſo great a Flux upon any infirm Part. He adviſes it not to be uſed after Venery, great Laſſitude, nor on a full Stomach; not after Vomiting, Purging, or any Weakneſs of Spirit, or natural Heat; and that the Perſon be twenty five Years Old, and be uſed to it by degrees; and at firſt not to abſolutely Cold Water, but that which is Tepid: And by parity of Reaſon I may recommend Buxton Bath as the beſt Preparative to Cold bathing.

He adviſes the Friction with Linnen, the Rubbing with Oil, and after that Exerciſe: Then to leap into the Cold Bath; and when he came forth, they rubbed the Body again with Oil, till the Skin was warm, and then gave them Meat.

The Ancients anointed with Oil after Rubbing, to mollifie the Skin, and take away its Tenſion and Dryneſs, they ſtopt Sweats by it; and for that end uſed Styptic Oils, as Oleum Omphaceum.

By Oils they defended the Skin from the Injury of the ambient Air; and for the ſame end it is probable the Indians paint the Skin.

I believe ſome Practice of this kind may be uſeful in dry and tender Bodies.

Thoſe who are extenuated by a long Diſeaſe, were only waſh'd in the hot Bath, and went immediately into the Cold Water, and after were anointed; and thoſe that were tired with a Journey, they anointed before and after bathing.

If Sweating be deſign'd, no Oil was uſed either before or after bathing.

We may imitate the Ancient bathing by putting our Patients firſt into a warm Bath, in a Tub of hot Water, in a warm Chamber, thence into a hot Bed, to Sweat and Sleep; and when he has returned to his natural Temper, we may put them into a Cold Bath, or a Tepid one; and after rubbing him with Oil or Butter, or uſe him to ſwimming in cold Water, or at the going out of the hot Bath, Perſons are to be ſprinkled with Tepid Water, if the Cold be offenſive.

My Ingenious Friend Dr. Baynard will in ſome time give us his Experience about Cold bathing, and how he prepares his Cold Baths artificially from Pump-Water, Nitre, or Pond-Water, with Sal Armoniack, and Nitre.

He uſes this Cold bathing to cure Hectick Fevers, Itch, Convulſions, Weakneſs or Tremor of the Limbs, Rickets, Palſies, Rheumatiſms; but diſſuades this Cold bathing in Epilepſies and Haemiplagia's.

The particular uſe of this bathing he gave me in Writing three Years ſince, which occaſion'd my Curioſity of reading Galen, and the old Writers on that Subject; and I cannot but believe that we had the practice of Cold bathing from the Romans, when they govern'd here, as well as the method of uſing the Hot Baths.

All that has been writ on that Subject is by the Greeks, and Romans long ſince; only the Religious Men in our Kingdom have preſerv'd the Practice of bathing at Holywell, and St. Mungus, and gave the credit of curing to the Saint's Merits, which may probably be accounted for by the natural Effects of Cold-Water.

I was once inform'd of an old Catholick, who ſtaying too long in St. Winifred's Water, died there, the extremity of the Cold extinguiſhing the natural Heat: Therefore theſe Cold Baths are only fit for Summer, and young Perſons.

The old Writers believ'd that Cold Water gave Foecundity to Women; and this is much aſcrib'd to Holywell, and for that cauſe may be frequented in hot Conſtitutions, and Hyſterical Women; and it will ſtop all Evacuations that are injurious to the Womb.

This Water I have no particular knowledge of as yet, for its Cures, but I find it moſt uſed for Devotion, and Pleaſure, by young Perſons, who have told me, that it had no effect on them, more than to make them very lightſome, and that they never ſweat after it, nor catched cold.

The time of ſtaying in theſe, is according to our eaſie bearing the coldneſs of the Water; and it is very proper to dip over Head divers times, in the uſe of theſe Baths.

We have yet a greater Prejudice to Cold Baths than to the Hot, becauſe they occaſion Cramps, Febrile Rigors.

Cold is found to be an Enemy to the Teeth, Nerves, Spinal Marrow, and Brain; and the old Aphoriſm runs thus, Nix & glacies pectori inimica, tuſſes movnct, & ſanguinem, & diſtillationes: We commonly are ſenſible of the Injuries of Cold Air, when we are hot; and the ſudden change of the Air affects us with Diſtillation; the ſame we fear from Cold Water, and therefore we believe it dangerous, and not ſo ſafe as the Hot Baths. But to this I may anſwer, that we uſe the Cold Baths only in Summer; that for preſervation of Health the robuſt Perſons only uſe them: And the Servants near Holywell and Buxton, make it a part of their Agreement with their Maſters, that they may have leave to go to thoſe Waters every Year for their Health. But in the hotter Conſtitutions which occaſion Diſeaſes, as the Choleric, Scorbutic, Vitriolic, Salt, and Putrid; theſe want the extream Coldneſs, to reduce the exceſs of Heat, Fermentation, Digeſtion, or Motion of the Globuli, call it as you pleaſe, to their natural Temper; and Experience has ſufficiently ſatisfy'd us, that Holywell, St. Mungus, and Buxton-Waters, are not only innocent, but alſo very uſeful, for the Cure of many Diſeaſes.

Aetius commends the ſwimming in Sea-Water Cold twice before, Dinner and Supper, for the Itch and Leproſie.

We may make our ſelves artificial Cold Baths of Pump-Water in the Summer; and the Perſon that uſes them muſt be prepared by bleeding and purging, as the Diſeaſe and Conſtitution requires. In the Morning it muſt be uſed, being empty, and dip over Head in the Water, in which he muſt continue up to the Neck, from two or three Minutes to half an Hour, as the Patient can bear it; and then be dryed, and put to a warm Bed, with a Flannel Shirt on, and there ſleep. This Immerſion may be repeated thrice or oftener; and the firſt time ſit in the Tub but two or three Minutes, and longer afterwards; and convenient Medicines may be given, as well as a ſuitable Diet to the Diſeaſe; that is, the cooleſt Diet is moſt agreeable to Cold bathing, which is uſed for the Hot Diſeaſes, as Hectick Fevers with Phrenitis, and all Rheumatic Bloods. And for more particular Directions, it is neceſſary to conſult a Phyſician, who has found out by Experience the beſt Method of Cold bathing. I never yet heard of any who has made any ſucceſsful Tryals of it, but Dr. Baynard in Surrey-Street in the Strand; to whoſe Management I would recommend thoſe who want the benefit of a Cold Bath.

A Letter from Dr. Clayton, concerning the Virtues of St. Mungus. Well, near Knaresborough in Yorkſhire. SIR,

ST. Mungus Well abounds with very little of a Mineral, unleſs it be ſomething of a Nitrous Salt, and a little Vitriol, which render it particularly Cold, wherein chiefly conſiſts its Virtue.

Therefore the Operations that it has on the Body, is to make the Pores of the Body contract and cloſe, ſo as to keep in that natural Heat which ſhould ſtrengthen and invigorate the Body, and ſo particularly ſtrengthens the Nerves: For you muſt know, as there are many Thouſand Pores we conſtantly tranſpire thereat, ſo that they are as ſo many Chimneys to the Body, thro' which the Heat of the Body conſtantly paſſes, and which is called, (becauſe theſe Fumes that ſo paſs are inſenſible,) Inſenſible Tranſpiration. And tho' this Tranſpiration be inſenſible, yet in a Day's time it is ſo conſiderable, that at all the Pores of the Body we tranſpire very nigh twice as much as we void either by Stool or Ʋrine, or even both; for a Man that eats and drinks in twenty four Hours forty Ounces of Meat and Drink, voids not by Stool and Ʋrine paſt fifteen Ounces; the other twenty five Ounces paſs by this inſenſible Tranſpiration. Therefore this being ſo conſiderable, when theſe are too open, it muſt needs enfeeble and waſte the Body as well as a conſtant purging, and a too great evacuation any other way. Therefore the bathing in theſe Cold Waters makes the Pores contract themſelves; particularly it alſo cleanſes them of that foul Sweat that clogs them, and renders them unapt for the Performance of the Duty they are deſign'd for, which is to contract or dilate themſelves proportionably to the external Heat or Cold; and if they be defective either way, too remiſs, or too rigid, proportionably various Diſtempers happen: As when too remiſs in Children, the Rickets, generally in the Extremities a Waſting; ſo their Legs and Arms grow lean and emaciate; but that part of the Body that is next the Heart, which is the Fountain of Heat, is ſupply'd with Heat ſufficient, and therefore that part of the Body continues pretty plump; but generally the Head, that is fortify'd with a Scull, and not liable to this preternatural Tranſpiration, grows extraordinary big in ſuch Children.

Fools and heavy-ſpirited People are little liable to this Diſtemper; but the witty Children, whoſe Spirits are the moſt refin'd and ſubtle, are the apteſt thus to a preternatural Tranſpiration.

This bathing likewiſe upon the ſame account is good for ſome Hectical thin People, whoſe Diſtemper is owing to the ſame Cauſe.

But there is a Hectical Diſtemper that is owing to the contrary Cauſe, the too rigidneſs of the Nerves, that keeps in the Heat too much. And this is the Cauſe of many Fevers; and therefore as bathing in theſe Cold Waters is good for the Rickets, ſo is Sweating extraordinary good in ſuch Fevers; for as the one contracts the Pores, the other dilates them.

Therefore the Diſtempers it is good for is particularly the Rickets above all others; as likewiſe Hectical Perſons, of a flaccid ſoft Fleſh; and for ſome windy Pains in Perſons likewiſe of a flaccid Fleſh, and the like.

The manner of bathing is only as we do commonly in a River. Children they ſwill and dip them, and ſo frighten and ſtir up the Spirits, by a particular Agony the more. Often pop them over the Head, and carry them to a Bed, or the like, to ſweat gently after it, that ſo the Pores may be brought to the due Tone of opening and contracting, as they ought to do; and therefore they do the ſame three or four Days, that the Dilation and Contraction may be the more perfect.

I am Your moſt aſſured Friend, and humble Servant, Clayton.

An Extract of what is uſeful from Dr. Jones's Treatiſe of Buxton-Bath; writ 1571; with ſome Additions and Remarks upon it.

THis Bath is in the high Peake in Derby-ſhire, 10 Miles from Chatſworth, 16 Miles from Mancheſter, 16 from Cheſterfield, 20 from Derby, 30 from Weſtcheſter, 30 from Lichfield, and 20 from Stafford.

It is obſerved that no Baths have a healthful Air about them, becauſe theſe Baths, viz. Buxton and Bathe, are ſituated very low, in a Valley, betwixt two Hills; and the Country near Buxton ſtanding ſo very high, frequent Rains are obſerved to fall there: But in the Summer it is frequented by many Perſons of Quality, for Hawking; the Moors thereabouts being very large like a Wilderneſs; the Poots are ſo plentiful there in their Seaſons, that a Perſon of Quality killed twelve Brace in a Day for one Week he ſtaid there laſt Summer.

This Country being in the Winter unpaſſable, becauſe of its Snow, is frequented only for the Bath's ſake in the Summer time, and out of Curioſity by others, to admire the Wonders of that Place; amongſt which that Bath is much eſteem'd as one, by all its Northern Neighbours, who viſit it once in a Year.

The Wells have the Name of the Town, and that of ſome Saxon or Dane. It bath for many Years paſt been frequented for the Health of Thouſands, for bathing, as well as it is now in theſe our Days: For between Burgh and it, there is a High-way forced over the Moors, all paved, of ſuch Antiquity as none can expreſs, called Bath-gate.

More came out of a Superſtition they had in the Well, than for any aſſurance they had in the Property, Quality, or Temperature of the Bath; for of it, and the uſe thereof, they were ignorant.

And to this Day the Common People frequent it for Pleaſure, now they have diſuſed any Devotion to St. Ann, by whoſe Name one of the Wells is called.

Cambden obſerves, that at the Riſe of the River Wye, there were Nine Springs of Hot Water, called at preſent Buxton-Well, which he ſays were found by Experience good for the Stomach, the Nerves, and the whole Body; and the moſt Honourable George Earl of Shrewsbury had lately adorn'd them with Buildings; and they began to be frequented by great Numbers of the Nobility and Gentry: About which time the Heroic and Unfortunate Princeſs, Mary Queen of Scots, took her farewel of Buxton, in theſe Verſes, Buxtona quae calidae celebrabere nomine lymphae, Forte mihi poſthac non adeunda, val • . And from this Queen, the Pillar in Pool's-Hole, which is near Buxton, may have its Name.

That theſe Baths were anciently known to the Romans, the Roman Cauſey, call'd Bath-gate, which continues Seven Miles to the Village Burgh, evidently ſhews; and from them we learned the uſe of bathing.

But the Prieſts of the following Age did not underſtand how the great Effects of that Bath could be produced by ſo Tepid a Water; that according to the Humour of the Age, it was attributed to the Merit of St. Ann, to whom the Sick made a religious Viſit.

The Bath at Buxton has a fiery Heat evident to the Senſe; but it is in a moderate Degree, or Tepor rather than Heat.

It contains no ſign of Brimſtone; but it boils up with Bubbles, as at Bathe; ſo that its Heat comes from ſome actual Fire: There is the ſame depreſſion of the Earth into a deep Valley at Buxton, which appears at Bathe; and that Contrivance was probably neceſſary, to come nearer to the Central Fire, for the boyling of the Water.

Buxton-Bath hath not the Fourth part of the Heat as the Baths at Bathe, nor the Minerals that be there; viz. the Sulphur.

Buxton-Water is much like as if a Quart of boiling Water were mixed with a Gallon of cold Water: But Bath-Water is as if to a Gallon of ſeething Water a Quart of cold Water were put; by reaſon whereof it attracteth and diſſolveth more ſpeedily, but Buxton more ſweetly, and more temperately, not bringing ſo many grievous Accidents as Bath does. This operates effectually, tho' not ſo ſpeedily as Bath Waters do; but for many Infirmities more commodiouſly, by reſtraining all unnatural Evacuations, and ſtrengthening the feeble Members, aſſiſting the Animal, Vital, and Natural Faculties, diſperſing Opilations, and qualifying Griefs.

There was no neceſſity of Sulphur in Buxton-Water, nor no great Heat, becauſe Buxton-Waters were deſign'd by Nature for a Cold Bath, and that the moſt moderate and ſafe; for which End it was prepared with a lacteal Tepor, to prevent any fear of a ſudden ſtoppage of Pores, and to be leſs offenſive to the niceſt Conſtitutions.

The Well-Springs are ſituate in a Valley hard by a running Brook, and run into it, where you may perceive the Hot Water on the one ſide of the River, and the Cold on the other, which hinders the River of freezing in coldeſt Weather, for a quarter of a Mile; which is an Argument of the Power of the Heat of thoſe Springs, or elſe of the Saltneſs of them.

There be five or 6 other Springs not ſo good as that firſt mention'd. If the Mineral Men bored to find the Cold Springs, and turn them away, the Springs would be more excellent.

This depends on the common Vulgar Error, that theſe Baths were deſign'd for Hot Baths; and that there can be no good Effects from cold Temperate Baths; and upon this Prejudice there have been divers Enquiries made, to find out the cold Springs, and divert them from the hotter; but we may thank God, who has not permitted the Miſtakes of Men to injure his Bleſſings.

I deſignedly enquired of all the old People I could meet with in Buxton, about the Heat of the Bath-Water, who aſſured me, that it has been the ſame many Years paſt; which I may confirm by the Writing of Dr. Jones, who led the People into this Miſtake, who would have it made more hot, that more cold Infirmities might be cured by it; but this is unreaſonable that Cold Baths ſhould be made fit for Cold Diſeaſes, nor the Hot Baths for the Hot. Let proper Baths rather be choſen for every particular Diſeaſe; Cold for the Hot, as thoſe at Buxton; and the Hot for the Cold, as thoſe at Bathe.

Seeing God hath beſtowed on us theſe Baths for our great Benefit, if ſo be there be nothing that can more readily take away Diſtempers, (as Galen ſaith, de uſu partium) of Heat and Cold, or evacuateth by the Pores the ſuperfluous Humours, than a Dulce or pleaſant Bath of warm Water, or that maintaineth Health more; for whereas it is by Nature moiſt, and moderately Hot; by its humidity it humecteth, it dryeth, heateth, all cooled or congealed Humours; it ſtrengtheneth the looſed by inſenſible Tranſpiration; it diſcuſſes and mundifies the Skin; all which is proved by daily Experience.

I find the Taſte of St. Ann's Well-Water and Buxton-Bath to be the ſame as to Heat and Minerals. It is evidently of a Milky Tepor, very Salt and Rank, which the Ancients called Aluminous; but I will tranſlate Dr. Liſter concerning them, who gives the Ingredients of theſe Waters, and ſays out of 32 th. of both Fountains boyl'd to dryneſs, he had ſcarce two 3 of Salt, without any Flakes of Stone, tho' he obſerv'd in the boyling the Braſs Veſſel to be infected with the Powder of an Aſh-colour'd Stone. The Salt coagulated into Chryſtal of Common Salt; amongſt which were ſome Cryſtal of a Lapis Calcarius.

This Spring at Buxton runs plentifully; and the Bath may be empty'd in a Quarter of an Hour, and is immediately fill'd again in the ſpace of an Hour, or leſs.

This Bath is contain'd in a Room built over it, the Air of which is very warm; and a Fume riſes from it like boyling Water.

The Water does not feel very Tepid upon our firſt Immerſion into it; but after ſome time, you may find it warmer; and in ſome particular parts of the Bath more warm to your Feet; and it fumes moſt in the Winter.

Their ſtay in this Bath is an Hour or more, till every one feels themſelves very cool; and then they are wiped, and put to a warm Bed, to lie half an Hour, and ſleep; but no Body ſweats with it, nor catches cold, tho' they go in naked: But I think the Men ought to uſe Drawers, and the Women Shifts of Linnen or Flannel. But Cuſtom hath taught the Sexes to have ſeparate times of bathing.

The Bath-Water is ſo clear, that we may ſee to the Bottom, tho' the Water be uſually up to the Neck.

It is convenient to dip the Head all over in theſe Tepid Baths, or lay a wet Cloth on it; for it cools the Head much, and checks the ariſing of Fumes.

The Times of bathing are Morning and Night; faſting in the Morning, and after Supper.

They uſually ſwim and walk about in the Bath; for it is impoſſible to ſtand ſtill without chilling too much.

The Well of which we drink is St. Ann's Well; and of that ſome drink two, three, or four Pints, which may cauſe Vomiting if drank haſtily; but I and ſome others drank it without any great offence, except its ſtypticity and ſaltneſs, or Tepor, make it nauſeous to ſome.

I could not find any Vitriolic Taſte in the Waters, but can fairly give an Account of their Virtues from their cooling effects on our Bodies; for they are made cooler by the uſe of it; and the actual Heat has not any conſiderable Effect on us; for by that we are neither heated, nor ſweat; therefore no more Heat was neceſſary, but to prevent the inconveniences of too ſudden a coldneſs by the Water.

The Saltneſs of the Water cleanſes, and has an effect as well as all Salt Baths have, as a Diuretic, &c. Vide the account of Salt-Baths.

The ſtypticity of the Water helps the Coldneſs to ſtop the Pores, to ſtrengthen the ſolid Parts, and ſtop Fluxes; ſo that from the moderate coolneſs, the ſaltneſs, and ſtypticity, I may give a fair account of the Virtues of this Water.

Buxton Water, by reaſon that it rarifies the Parts, it provokes Tranſpiration, and wipeth away the Filth of the Skin; and it alſo confirmeth, joyneth, conſolidateth the looſened, ſevered, and weakned Parts, qualifying the Over-Heated Members, drying ſuch as be over moiſt; therefore good for all Diſeaſes as come of over-much contrary heat, and for ſuch as come of overmuch Moiſture; for all Cholerick and Salt Humours.

If theſe be the Effects of Buxton-Baths, they are the ſame as in all Cold bathing at St. Winifred's, and St. Mungus's; for they ſtrengthen, and cool, and conſtringe the ſolid Parts, and cure the hot Cacochymia's of our Blood; for which reaſon I may eſteem Buxton one of the moſt temperate and ſafe Cool Baths in Europe, as Experience has confirm'd it.

The Diſeaſes it cures are Rickets, Inflammations, Fevers, and Rheums; Headaches, weak Sinews, old Scabs, Ʋlcers, Cramps, Numneſs, Itchings, Ring-Worms, Impoſtumes.

Theſe Wells help Women, who by reaſon of over-moiſture be unapt to Conceive. Alſo all ſuch as have their Whites too abundant: Alſo weak Men that be unfruitful: Likewiſe for all that have a Priapiſmus, and that be parboyl'd in Venus's Gulph; all theſe it cools, cleanſes, and ſtrengthens by its coldneſs and ſtypticity.

It beautifies the Skin, and cleanſes it.

It is profitable for thoſe that have the Conſumption of the Lungs. It cools them, and ſtirs all Evacuations, or Looſeneſs, Haemorrhages.

It cureth Apoplexies, Palſies, Tremblings, Vertigo, King's-Evil, Redneſs of the Face, St. Anthony's-Fire, Melancholy, Hypochondriack Winds, Jaundice, Dropſie, Pains in the Breaſt and Stomach, the Scurvy and Night Pains, Rheumatiſm, Sciatica, Gout, Stone, Ʋlcers, Cancers, Schirrhus, Cholic, Hyſteric Paſſions, Catarrhs, Aſthma's, Leproſie, Dyſentery.

It is beneficial to all ſuch as vomit Blood, as hath been well proved.

It is very good for the Inflammation of the Liver, and excellent for over-much Heat, and ſtopping of the Veins, and for ſuch as have burning Ʋrine, or Teneſmus.

In ſtoppeth a Gonorrhaea, Haemorrhoids, Piles, Menſes.

It ſtoppeth Vomitting, Hickup.

It openeth Obſtructions of the Milt and Liver.

It is good for the Short winded.

It ſtops the Fluxes of the Milt and Liver.

It cureth the Green-ſickneſs perfectly.

It cureth the Morphews, and defends from the Stone. And,

It preſerveth the Health in a good State.

By this Catalogue of Diſeaſes we may ſee how great and numerous the good Effects of this Bath are in all the hot Cacochymia's, in all hot Defluxions, Pains, Evacuations; ſo that it equals the Bath Waters in the Virtues and good Effects, but has no ill Effects on any Perſon, becauſe of that exact Temper of its Heat, which wants but little of the Natural Tepor in Animal Humours.

As to that long Diſcourſe about Diet and Exerciſe, in Jones, I think them not neceſſary, nor fit to be printed, becauſe there is nothing new in them, but what occurs in Galen, Aetius, Avicenna, and many more, Jones quotes; by which we may be convinced he was as well read, and of as good Judgment, as any of that Age.

He recommends both Dinner at Eleven a-clock, and Supper about Five; and that the Perſons who come from the Southern Parts be well cloathed, becauſe it is a much colder Air, but very pure; and that good Fires do well; and he ſays you may uſe a more plentiful Diet at Buxton than at Bathe: And I ſee no reaſon to alter our ordinary Diet at theſe Baths; for as we uſe more cooling Diet in hot Bodies and Baths, ſo in the cooler Baths we muſt uſe a more heating Diet; and that is an ordinary Diet of Fleſh-Meats, and moderate Drinks. In the Morning after bathing drink either St. Ann's-Well, or 2 Quarts of the Vitriolic Chalybeate Water lately found out there: And Water-drinking does not only cool and ſtrengthen the inward Viſcera, but hinders the breeding of hot Fumes, Vapours, or Spirits in the Body, which could not ſafely be ſtopt in the Body; and both together ſeem to me powerfully to alter the hot Cacochymia's in Animals.

At Dinner eat of your accuſtom'd Diet: Herbs, Fruits, Legumens, Milk-Meats, and Salt Meats are uſually condemn'd at Baths, being at all times but indifferent Food. But if the Diet muſt be Phyſical, it muſt be ordered as the Strength, Cuſtom, Diſeaſe, and the Nature of the Bath requires. And ſince the Bath cools, and the Diſeaſes be hot, the Diet here may be made as for all hot Cacochymia's; more cold and moiſt, if the Diſeaſe require it: And the weak and thin are to be more plentifully nonriſhed, and the Quality of the Diet contrary to the hot State of Humours; but in healthful Perſons the ordinary Diet is moſt convenient in theſe Baths.

Bath-Waters ſeem improper with Meats, becauſe Diuretic.

In the uſe of thoſe Baths, we muſt avoid all Exceſs, Laſſitude by great Exerciſe, and Retention of Excrements, or Evacuations too much, by Venery, Stools, Sweats.

The Ancient Writers preſcribe Exerciſe before theſe Cold Baths; and Perſons commonly bathe as ſoon as they come thither. The deſign of the Exerciſe was to excite a greater Heat, to conflict with the cold Water; but cannot be neceſſary here, becauſe the Bath is Tepid.

Jones orders to tarry two or three Days before you enter the Bath; and truly this time might be well ſpent in Vomiting with St. Ann's Well-Water, for thoſe it is convenient: And after purging with Epſom Salt, or Sal Mirabile, diſſolving ℥ ſs or ℥ j. in two Quarts of that Water.

The time of bathing Jones orders to be in the Morning and Evening, but after your Exerciſe and Purging, and altogether before Meat, in the Summer Seaſon, between the beginning of May, and the latter End of September.

In the Bath you may tarry two or three Hours if you pleaſe, and the Body be fit for it, and the Diſeaſe require it.

But I think the Time is to be diſcerned by every Perſon's own Senſe; for when they are very much chill, they ought to go forth.

After you come forth, your Clothes well air'd (in the next Room) your Bodies well dry'd, and eſpecially your Head, they may go to Bed, and Sweat, with two Bladders of Water apply'd to them hot.

This Practice is diſus'd; for it is not rational to Sweat when we come to cloſe our Pores, and cool our Humours; but we go to Bed only to keep our ſelves warm.

The Diet, Exerciſe, Friction, Purging, Bleeding, mention'd in Jones, are no more than common Rules writ by Galen and others.

He adviſes to continue at Buxton Fourteen, Twenty, or Forty Days; the common practice is a Week.

All the Exerciſe neceſſary is what is uſual at any other time for our Healths; he who when he is very hot, would go into the Water to chill him; that is, to create hot Fumes, and ſtop the Pores; and will certainly produce a Fever or Defluxions.

He propoſes a Regiſter of the Patient's Name, Diſeaſe, Country, coming and going thence, paying for it according to the Quality of the Perſon, ſome to the Poor, and the reſt to the Book-keeper.

An Abſtract of ſome Cures performed by Buxton-Bath; taken from Divers Certificates and Letters ſent to me by Mr. White, the Keeper of that Bath.

IN the Gout the Virtues of this Water have been well experienc'd; and were ſucceſsfully tryed by Caleb Pott, Schoolmaſter of Audlem in the County of Cheſter, who came thither on his Crutches, and went away very well, and teſtify'd this under his hand, 1689.

I met with an old Divine there laſt Year, who conſtantly frequents that Bath every Summer, and acknowledged to me, that he had received great Benefit by that Bath againſt the Gout.

I met with a Perſon who had been there for a Scorbutic Rheumatiſm, and he aſſured me, that after general Evacuations, his Pains immediately ceaſed by frequent bathing.

Mr. Stephen Kaye, Rector of Marton in Lincoln-ſhire, who uſed the Baths four Years ſucceſſively, was cured of the Gravel in the Kidneys, which tortur'd him for ſeveral Years: And alſo of the Gout, to which he was ſubject. Of this he gave his Teſtimony in writing.

This Bath hath had good ſucceſs in Lameneſs, and Pains of the Limbs, as appears to me by a Certificate under the Hand of Edmund Horncaſtle, of Clarbrough, in the County of Nottingham, who by the uſe of this Bath recover'd of his Lameneſs and Pains, and went away without his Crutches.

The Statute of 43 Eliz. provided for the paſſing of cripled or ſick Perſons to Buxton as well as Bathe; which is a ſufficient Teſtimony of its being eminent for curing Lameneſs in thoſe Days.

Mr. White the Bath-keeper gave me many Inſtances of Cures done on the Scurvy, Leproſie, Dropſie, Lameneſs, Pains, Gravel, Stone; and in the Gravel it had great Effect on Robert Downs, Bath-keeper there; and another Perſon from Hull. And he farther gave me an Account of a young Woman from Ʋttoxeter, who long languiſhed under a Conſumption, and was there cured.

It is very uſeful in Diſtillations and Aſthma's, by which I believe I received much Benefit; the Pſeuchroluſia is no leſs beneficial than the Hydropoſia. And here we drink the ſame kind of Water we bathe in, as they do at Bathe. And we alter the Humours by drinking, which helps the Effects of the Bath-Water externally.

Mrs. Tripp of Weſton-Ʋnderwood, in the County of Bucks, was cured of a high Scurvy, and of a Conſumptive Cough, Ann. Dom. 1689.

Mr. Fauler of South-Wells in Nottingham-ſhire, 1691. was cured of a Rheumatiſm mixt with the Dropſie and Scurvy.

Thomas Redford of South-Wingfield, in the County of Derby, was cured of an Univerſal Leproſie, 1696. And, Elizabeth Cruchbow of the ſame Town, was alſo cured of the ſame.

Joſiah Stocke of Sheffield in York-ſhire, was cured of an Ague about thirty Weeks ſtanding.

This Water did not curdle Milk, as I try'd by boiling; nor did it much precipitate White with Spirit of Harts-Horn; but it turn'd a little.

A brief Deſcription of divers rare and admirable Cures (from Lidia Morewood) and the ſame perfectly effected by the Virtue of Buxton-Bath.

MRs. Elizabeth Dorley in Yorkſhire, was by Sickneſs and Pains almoſt depriv'd of the uſe of her Body for Five Years; and by the Application of this Bath, in one Week ſhe regain'd her Strength ſo much, that ſhe could walk abroad, and within Sixteen or Seventeen Days, ſhe perfectly regain'd her Health and Strength of Body.

One Manforth of York-ſhire was brought by three Men, who in one Week regain'd his Strength ſo much, that he could walk abroad, and by a continued Application of the ſame, he perfectly recover'd.

Mr. Bateman's Son of Youlgreave, who had loſt the uſe both of his Speech and Limbs, was perfectly cured by this ſame Bath.

A Stationer's Daughter of Nottingham, which had her Body wholly overſpread with Scurf and Scales, regain'd a pure and free Fleſh by this Bath.

Mr. Gill, near Ragby in York-ſhire, was ſeized with a Tumour in one ſide, which the Phyſicians and Surgeons failing to cure, he came to this Bath, and thereby receiv'd an abſolute and perfect Cure.

Dr. Wheatly near Barnſley having for ſeveral Years frequented this Bath, but having this laſt Summer omitted the ſame, acknowledged a decay of his Health thro' his omiſſion; which within the ſame Year gave an Exit to his Life.

Several People, which being Strangers to me, I cannot expreſs their Names; but I can aſſuredly teſtifie, that many who have had Red Spots within their Fleſh, wholly defacing their Body, were taken away by this Bath.

And very many lame and impotent People, which have come hither, ſome by the help of Crutches, others born by Men and Horſes, have regain'd their Strength, and the uſe of their Limbs, by the ſame Bath.

Theſe were truly penn'd by Thomas Biſhop, Schoolmaſter in Buxton, from me Lidia Morewood.

A Boy having his Hands and Feet overſpread with an obdurate ſcaly Matter, regain'd a pure, ſoft, and free Fleſh by this Bath. Atteſted by Lidia Goodwin of Buxton.

Mr. Low of Arraſlee in Derby-ſhire, having very dangerouſly hazarded his Life by exceſſive drinking, with other Companions, which died thereupon, continu'd in this Bath for Twelve Hours, and from the ſame receiv'd a Cure. By Roger Goodwin of Buxton.

Sarah Middleton of Buxton having a Lameneſs in one Knee, ſo that for half a Year ſhe was ſupported with Crutches, was by this Bath perfectly cured.

A certain Man which came from Nottingham, went by Crutches; in one Months time by this Bath regain'd his full Strength. By Sarah Middleton of Buxton.

Mrs. Hill from York was ſo lame that ſhe went by Crutches; in one Weeks time regain'd her full Strength and uſe of Limbs, by this Bath.

A Gentleman from York having a Relapſe of a cold Palſey, in two Weeks time was cured by this Bath.

A certain poor Man near Warrington in Lancaſhire, having many Sores and Runnings upon his Body, in two Weeks time receiv'd a perfect Cure from this Bath.

Ralph Saxon of Buxton, having ſeveral Sores and Runnings of his Body, was cured by this Bath.

Mr. Jackson, a Miniſter of the Goſpel, having left a Place of conſiderable Value, came and ſerv'd at this mean Place of Buxton, in expectation of the benefit of this Bath; and receiv'd a perfect Cure for the Stone from the ſameBy Anthony Cleaton Sen. of Buxton..

Theſe are all impartial Accounts, as teſtify'd by Cornelius White. 23 Jan. 1696.

New Improvements at Buxton-Baths, Anno Domini 1695 and 1696, by Cornelius White, an Attorney of his Majeſty's Court of Kings-Bench at Weſtminſter, and one of the Society of Clement's-Inn, London; preſent Tenent to the Premiſſes, under his Grace William Duke of Devonſhire.

BY taking off ſome of the cold Springs from the hot, the antient Bath repaired and paved, and new one made, for the better conveniency of the poor and impotent; And a Sough about 200 Yards in length, to drain both, for the cleanſing thereof every Day; with more private Apartments for Lodgings, new Stables, new Gardens, new Bowling-Green, and ſeveral Green Walks; a cold Mineral Spaw now diſcover'd within 200 Yards of the warm Spaws, the warm Springs being ſeparate, and about 40 Yards diſtant from the Bath, approved of by the moſt eminent Phyſicians. About the middle of the Sough a Ciſtern of of Lead was found two Yards ſquare, and one Foot deep, being four Yards within the Earth, ſupported by ſeveral Oaken Planks: Something higher, in the ſame Sough, was found a place ſeven Yards wide, and twenty Yards long, being ſmooth and even on both ſides and at the bottom, two Yards deep in the Earth, and made of Stone.

FINIS.