The Reason of the Names.

SInce that Galen. 1. de Meth. c. 2. &c. 3. &. lib. 1 ad Thra­sybul, faith; That to undertake to know a thing, without the knowing of the explication of the Name, [Page 2] is but to labour in vain: It is my part to Discourse first of the Names of this great Panac [...], and of their first Originals, and who they were that first taught us the use of it, which I shall exactly examine.

Tobacco took the Name from the Name of that Country which is a Province in new Spain, in the We­ Indies, or the new World, about Forty foure Miles above Mexico, the Metropolis of Hispaniola. In this lay the Province Tobacco which was under subjection to the government of Iucatan, (the Spaniards after­ward called it the Province of the Blessed Victorious Virgin, because in the Year, 1519. Ferdinand Corte­sius, Founder of new Spain, won a great victory in that place) here was this Noble Plant first found, that Cures almost all Diseases, and from thence afterwards it borrowed the Name. Those of Pern call it Petum, so do almost all the people that live toward the Antartick-Pole, or Pici­elt, as Monardis holds,l.Hist. 11. 6.5. or Perebece­nuc, as Oviedus will have it (yet this is not the proper name for To­bacco, [Page 3] but is ascribed to some other Indian Plant by Authours, and it dif­fers from Tobacco, as it appears to me.

Vulgarly it is called Nicotiana, or Nicosiana, from D. Iohannes Nico­tius of Nismes, who was Counseller to Francis the second King of France, and Master of requests af­terwards, and of petitions in the Court, who first discovered this Herb to France, (as that most fa­mous Knight and Sea Admirall. Sr Francis Drake, about the Year 1586. made it known in England) for whose sake it ought to be gratefully received in Memory of him by all Men, unto whomsoever the same of this healing Plant shall be brought. This D. Nicotius, when in the Year 1560. he was sent by his King to be Embassadour in Portugal. It hap­pened on a day that he went to view a Prison, or rather a work house for such as are punished at Lisbon, where at that time the Kings Court was. There a certain Noble Dutch- Man who was the chiefest keeper of the Kings Archives, presented him [Page 4] with this Plant, as being a stranger and newly brought thither from the Island Florida; The Embassadour gladly received the Plant, and being rare and come from beyond the Seas, and which he had never seen before he takes, great care to have it planted in his Garden, for he under­stood before by hear say, of the great Vertues it had to cure Wounds and Ulcers, it having been often used with happy success.

Wherefore the Fame of this Herb spread over all Portugall, and the Spaniards, and Portugals speak much in praise of it, and it began to be cal­led the Embassadours Herb. Not long after he returning for France, preserved some of the Seed of it to Catharina de Medicis, Queen of France; Shee understanding that this Plant was excellent for curing malig­nant Ulcers and Putrified Sores, and admiring at it, as being a new Univer­sall Remedy, gave it her Name; and af­ter that, all France over, it was cal­led the Queens Herb, and Cathari­naria, and Medicea. Pares pra­fat.in Chi­rnrg. The Virgini­ans call it Vppowoc, others call it the [Page 5] great Priors Herb, because he some­times Sayling from France to Portu­gall, and being entertained at Lis­born, by D. Nicotius, had many of these Plants bestowed upon him, which he transplanted and made th: [...] to grow in their Gardens. Most In­habitants of Hispaniola, call it Cozol­ba. The Lombards call it Tornabon [...], See Petr. Martyr, Dec. 1. [...] 9. Of the new world. because it was still brought into Italy, by meanes of the Nephew of Alphan­sus, Tornabonius, Bishop of Burg. who was also Bishop there himself, but at that time Embassadour with the French King. By Schwenckfeldius, and others that spake highly of the Vertues of it, it is called the Sacred Plant; Camerarius calls it the Vul­nerary Indian Plant; others call it Piperina: but upon what reason I know not. They of Lions call it the Antarctick Bugloss, by Reneal­mus, [...]. Dodonaus a most famous Writer upon Plants, gives it the name of Henbane of Peru, but falsly, as I shall shew in its place. Cor­dus gave this name not to Tobacco, but to Strammonia. The Reverend Car­dinall of S. Cruce, when he was sent [Page 6] from Rome the Popes-Nuntio into Portugall, brought it first from thence to Rome, and therefore there they called it the Herb of S. Cruce. Some call it Sa [...]a Sancta, not with­out a Catalogue of the great praises of it, fetcht from evident experience. The Dutch's and English call it Ta­back. The Germans name it Heylig Wundkrat, Indianisch Wundtkraut, Indianissche Beinwelle. Theuet the French Cosmographer, (who was in that Expedition, which Anno. 1555. Nicolaus Durandus Villagagnonus made to Brasil) in his Book call'd Antarctick France, names it Angoul­moisine, and boasts that he was the finder, and the first man that brought this Seed into France. I know not whether he spake the truth; It seems to me to be an old Wives story. Fa­bius Columna mentions Arabian To­bacco different from ours; which we do not know. Read what the most Learned Columna hath written in his [...] of Plants that are not well known. p. 142. There are many uncertainties in the writings of the Arabians, for that Nation hath [Page 7] but a few things of its own, and com­monly the Arabian Authors have not well set things together, because they understood not rightly the Writings of the Greeks. Also the most famous Herbarist, D. Guilan­dinus, in his conjecturall synonimas of Plants, calls this Plant Onosmyos of Aegineta.

The Differences.

WE have observed three sorts of Tobacco, the greater with broad Leaves, the greater with narrow Leaves; and the smaller To­bacco.

The Temperament.

VVHat concerns the faculties of the Male Tobacco (for in this Discourse I chiefly treat of that) there is great dissention amongst learned men. Monardes holds it to be hot and dry in the second degree, and moderate in the rest; and Dale­champius holds the same. Caesalpinus faith, it is hot in the first, and dry in the third degree. Edward Done an English Writer, holds it to be hot and dry almost in the third degree. Others deny it to be hot, but say it is extream cold, because the smoke troubles the mind, and brings a man [Page 14] almost into an Extasis; and therefore they referre it to some kind of Hen­bane, as I gave notice of before. Bauhinus he sayes as much, moved thereto by its stupefying quality, and likeness of the forme that it hath with Henbane. Mercatus saith, it is ex­tream hot. Iacobus Gohorius dares not give his opinion, but puts it off to some other time. Lobelius thinks it is hot intensly in the second degree; and he answers Dodonaeus, that it bites in taste, and is hot in the mouth; yet Dodonaeus afterwards changed his opinion. I with Renealmus say, that the green leaves are hot and dry in the second degree (which tempera­ment the Sunne gives to them, as it doth to the root and stalk by its heat, and the Moon gives them their color) but when they are dried, they are hot and dry in the end of the third degree. Tobacco is acrimonious, and causeth thirst, troubles the mind, makes the head heavy, which could not be, unless some hot vapour flew up, and fill'd the brain. They do but sport, that say it is cold, for it hath all symptoms of heat.

The Time.

IT is sowed in the Island Hispaniola, as also in other hot clymates about Autumn, where almost all the year long it brings leaves, flowers and buds. It will grow with us, if conti­nual care be to help it. It is not sowed with us before the warm Spring, that is, about the Ides or Nones of April, as the weather is hot; for it is chill, and at the first fall of the leaf or cold weather it fades, wherefore it must be well fenced from cold. Noble Clusius thinks it should be sowed in August or September, because the small seed lieth very long under ground before it spring forth, and being sowed in March, or in the Spring, in August it will bring flow­ers, and now and then seed. But we find by experience, that the seed of Tobacco sowed in April, in our Countrey, springs forth more hap­pily and sooner, and the stalks are more fruitfull and longer, and the leaves are farre greater and fatt [...], than when the seed is sowed in Sep­tember. [Page 16] The Plant is gathered, when the Sunne is in the 18, 19. and 20. degree of Leo. Being once planted, when the seed comes to be ripe, it will sow it self plentifully of its own accord in many Gardens and Fields, whether it is carried by force of winds. It is sowed in the increase of the Moon, and cut when the Moon decreaseth. The seed is dedicated to Aquarius and Mars, being very hot, which quality it hath from Mars. In Winter it can hardly be kept but in pots or woodden chests, or little baskets made with osiers, and that in Panteries, and places under ground, or hot houses, or stowes, and so it may be preserved without hurt for three or four years. Cae­salpinus would also have the stalks planted, yet Basilius Beflerus Ei­stettensis saith, he tried that in his Garden, but it proved in vain.

The Place.

IT loves a fat and pleasant soyl, the Bed to be plain, smooth, black, well dressed; it loves not sandy nor clay ground, nor doth it delight in gravel; wherefore it is no small charge, if every other year it be dunged with Oxe dung; some fift ashes very fine and mingle them, but that comes forth very slowly, and makes it long before it come to per­fection. It wonderfully desires water, and therefore it must be watered, especially in such dayes as are very fair when there fals no rain.

Let the Lands upon which you sow it be long, and about three foot broad, that by the furrows between he may pass on both sides, that must pull or cut off the superfluous leaves, (for otherwise these will suck to themselves the force and nutriment of the greater leaves) dig the earth with your finger, or a little stick, and make a hole in it, and put into it ten or twelve grains, and put a piece of Oxe dung both at the botom and top [Page 18] of them. Do not put fewer seeds into one hole, for they are so small, that they would be choaked and lost. It hates cold exceedingly (as I told you;) and therefore you must raise a wall with clay or stone upon the North side of it, that it may lie open to the S [...]uth Sunne, that so in Winter it may receive some warmth, for then it must be [...]enced and covered with mats and straw.

The Preparation of the Leaves.

IT may at first be sowed in an open field, and when it is grown forth to the height of the leaves or tender branches of Col [...]worts, it may be transplanted, and be set apart in the f [...]resaid long bed [...], three foot broad, and they must be planted in that or­der, that every plant may stand three or four foot off from another, least when the plants grow big, the greater leaves should touch and hurt one the other, and this would prove to be very great damage. B [...]t when they are growne so great that the flowers begin to peep forth, presently [Page 19] before the flowers open themselves, you shall cut away all the young shoots and tops, with all the small twigs on the sides, and the lesser leaves that use to grow between the rest. For Tobacco must not bring flowers or seeds, if you intend to preserve the force of it entire. More­over at the lower end of the stalk of it there are commonly two leaves found (the Spaniards call them Bascher [...]s) which take away the pleasant taste of Tobacco, if they be mingled with the others. You shall therefore be sure to cut off these with the rest that are superfluous, and do not use them in any use with the rest (for they tast ill, and do not smell well) and leave but ten or twelve g [...]eat leaves upon the stalk commonly, when the foresaid smal­leaves with the shoots on the top, and the two lowest, and such as are to be rejected, are cut off But have an esp [...]cial care that the Tobacco you desire to sell into these Ger­mane Countreys, England, or France, you suffer it not to runne to flower, for all the forces of [Page 20] it will be lost when it flowers.

Moreover you shall mingle and bruise together the foresaid smaller leaves cut off with the small sprouts and buds of the flowers, (utterly rejecting those two greater leaves at the bottom called Boscheros, as being good for nothing, and unprofitable) and having pressed forth the juice, you shall boyl it in the best sweet strong Spanish Malago wine (others adde to it Dants Ale, and you shall skim it well, and when it is well pu­rified, you shall put in good store of salt, that the juyce may be as salt as Sea water, then cast in a good quan­tity of Anni-seed, and Ginger beaten into very small pouder, and let it boyl one hour longer, then let it stand, that the dregs may settle to the bottom, and pour off all that is clear.

You must keep this juyce thus boyled (the Spanis [...] call it Caldo) in a vessel close stopt, that the forces may be kept within, untill such time as the greater leaves, which you lef [...] upon the stalk (for in these resides all the strength of the plant) are grown [Page 21] full ripe, which when they are come to, you shall presently cut them off next to the stalk; and you shall se [...] the foresaid juyce or Caldo upon the fire, and boyl it almost (yet it must not boyl, for should it boyl, the strength of it would flie away to no­thing) and you must dip all the said leaves in that juyce severally. But if it be too troublesome to dip all the leaves in one by one, you must spread a woollen cloth on the ground upon a floor, or in a barn, or place where the wind hath no power, though it be in the open air; and upon this y on shall lay a row of leaves, as close as to touch one the other, and upon this rank of leaves you shall lay another rank of leaves in the same order, yet not wet in the foresaid juyce; and taking into your hands a great water­ing vessel, which you must dip into the said juyce or Caldo, you shall water by sprinkling all the foresaid leaves, and those being watered, you shall lay upon them a third and fourth rank, and so forward a fifth rank, and upon that a sixth of new leaves, sprinkling all the rows with the fore­said [Page 22] Ewer, or with a brush, still ob­serving the same order, untill such time as the leaves thus disposed in or­der, rise to be a foot and half high. Then you must cover the leaves, yet hot with the liquor, newly sprinkled upon them, with other woollen clothes, that all the rows of the leaves may hold their former [...]eat and lie to ferment. But if that heat or fermentation cannot be procured by those woollen clothes covering the leaves, you may lay Horse dung upon those clothes, to raise the heat, to cherish the leaves, and make them stand in a constant fermentation. But that they may not grow over hot, you must often look upon the leaves, untill they change colour And if by the heat they begin to look any whit red, and to appear so (which may be seen, if the leaves be held against the light) it is time to uncover the leaves, and to take the coverings a­way; for being too much heated, they would grow black, which is a sign of burning, and of corruption, and there must be principal care taken that that befall not, for [Page 23] this is the chiefest thing to be ob­ [...]erved.

Tobacco being thus warmed and fermented, the foresaid leaves must be hanged up with small packthreds, thrusting the needle through the greater nerve of the leaves, that is on the backside, and so they must be hanged up in a windy place, but not very high, where the Sunne shines; for by the Sunnes heat all their forces would vanish. When the wind hath dried them enough, they must be bound in bundles, binding them with cords as hard as you can, so that each bundle must be as great about in the cir­cumference of it, as a great Spa­nish Daller; but above all, take care that th [...]y be most closely bound together. The leaves of Tobacco thus prepared, must be diligently and closely pack'd in ves­sels, thrusting them in as much as you can. And by this prepa­ring and preserving of Tobacco, it will have excellent force and ver­tue.

[Page 24]Note (in Spanish or Malago wine) This way of preparation is of later time, and invented by the Spaniards for the use of themselves and strangers. For it is proba­ble that the Indians, that are the Inhabitants (untill such time as wine was brought unto them from other parts beyond the Seas) used wine of Dates, or of Coccos, or some other liquour, (not to say piss, which is reported of them to their disgrace) to prepare this juyce or Cal­do: also the use of Aniseeds is from the Spaniard.

To stand constantly to fer­ment) we say Broyen, This signi­fies a moderate heat, next to strong heat, yet [...]ot come so farre as to burne, but onely to foster and fer­ment. Such a heat Depilatories bring to the parts, and Birds to their egges, when they sit to hatch their young. The Aegyptians pro­duce such a heat in their Ovens, when they by Art hatch abun­dance of Hen Egges, as Bellonius observes.

[Page 25] Some despise the use of T [...]bacco that grows with us, yet Experience teach­eth us that our green Leaves will cure Wounds, Vlcers, and other Diseases, sooner and more certainly, than the dried Leaves brought from the Indies; It is cr [...]dible that those dried Leaves coming so farre, have lost great part of their strength oft-times. Others there are that maintain that our Tobacco Leaves dried and prepared after the Indian manner, are more effectuall here, than the Indian Tobbacco, be­cause that our Leaves be they what they will, agree better with our temper, and we can have the choice of the fresh Leaves better than of those that are brought to us from other parts, where­of the greatest part is to be suspected, as being most frequently Sophisticated, (Agrippa lib. de Vaintate Scient. c. 84) saith, Adulterated, or such as are to be rejected, or are Suffocated in the Ship in the Passage, or Sobbed in the water, or corrupted, with age, or not gathered in fit time and place, whereby there may be danger. The same Author saith well, it is folly to fetch out of India what we have plenty [Page 26] at home, not being contented with our own Land or Sea, prefering Forrain Commodities before those of our own Country, things costly before those that are cheap, and things hard to come by, before such as are easie, desiring to fetch them from the Worlds end, &c. At this day in Zeland there is a Mer­chant that soweth yearly about five Acres of ground with Tobacco Seed with great cost, and the Plants that grow he dresseth after the Indian man­ner, he drieth and prepareth the Leaves as the Indians do, and he sels them [...] ­very where, which hitherto hath brought him [...] small profit. And now almost ten years, the use of this To­bacco hath so prevailed here, that men do not much care for Virginy To­bacco, or what comes from other Coun­tries.

The Vertues:

Tobacco, an Anti­dote to poyson.THe Spaniards have learned that Tobacco is an enemy to the most deadly Poyson that the Cannibals were wont to dip their Arrows and Darts in. It happened that some [Page 27] Cannibals Sailed in their boats to S^t Iohns Port, to shoot all the Indians and Spaniards they could find and kill them with their Arrows, when they were Arrived they wounded some In­dians and Spaniards, and some they killed. These wanting Sublimate (which they were wont to strew up­on their Wounds in such Cases) they were taught by an Indian to annoynt their Wounds with the juyce of To­bacco pressed forth, and to lay a bruised Lease upon them: The pains presently ceased, and all those Symptoms which use to attend such Wounds, the Poyson was quickly conquered, and the Wounds were cured.

It chiefly opposeth Hellebore;Against Helebore. the King of Spain would needs try this, and commanded a Huntsman to wound a Dog in the throat, to strew Hellebore into it, and after that to put in plenty of the juyce of Tobacco, and lay on the bruised Leaves; this was done presently, and the experi­ment was made, the Wound being bound up, in a very short time the Dog was recovered, which made them [Page 28] all to wonder at it.

A History.I shall here adde what Aedigius Everhardus, reports concerning his Panacaea; It fell out that at Antwerp one gave a Gentle Womans Cat that was somewhat fierce Poyson to drink; The Cat run madding up and down, trying but in vain to vomit up the Venome. The Gentle Woman thought of a way how to wrap up a Leafe to Tobacco bruised in butter, and to thrust that down the Cats throat, this was done, and the Cat soon cast up the Poyson and es­caped.

It staies hunger and thirst.It is worth observing what the most Learned Monardes Writes, that the Indians do stop hunger and thirst by the use of Tobacco in this fashion. They burn some shels of shell Fish of the Rivers, and then break them like Lime, they take as much Tobac­co Leaves as of this Lime, and they chew them untill they come into one Lump, & of this they make Trochesks greater than Peas, and they dry them in the shade, and keep them for their use, when they journey in de­sart places where they cannot easily [Page 29] come by Meat or drink, they put one of these Pellets betwixt their lips and lower teeth, and they suck it, and they swallow down the moisture that comes from it instead of meat and drink, when that is spent they take another. This way they will live without Meat or Drink for three or four daies, and be never weary or lose any strength; for by continuall chewing of these Pellets they draw Flegmatique Humours from their Brains, which their stomach digests into nutriment for want of better food.See Strabo lib. 15. & Cael. Rho­digin. li [...]. 24. c. 21. Pliny, l. 7. c. 2. Reports that at the furthest part of the Indies Eastward, toward the Fountaine of Ganges, there are men called Astomi, that want mouths, and live only by the Aire, and sweet smels they draw in by their Nostrils; they have nei­ther Meat nor Drink, but they live only by the sweet and fragrant sents of Roots, Flowers, and wilde Ap­ples: which could not be unless they were truly nourished: for life and nourishment are almost all one. Io­hannes Alexandrinus opening that place of Hippocrates sexto Epidemio­rum, [Page 30] saith,Laert. 1.9 de vit & morib. Phi­los. that Democritus the Ab­derite a Philosopher (when the Feasts of Ceres was nigh, being requ [...]sted that he would not pollute his house) lived onely with the vapour and sent of Ho­ney for four daies. This is the opini­on of some men, from whom he re­lates it, but others say it was done by the smell of new bread hot from the Oven, Oribasius, 1. Aphor. Com. 12. mentions the same thing, saying, The Philosopher relates that one Man lived forty daies by the sent of Honey. But h [...]re is a most notable mistake to put 40 for 4.Valleriol. lib. 2. l [...]cor. commuu. Cae [...]ius l. 24. cap. 21. but by the figures it might be quickly overslipt. Also we read in the Book that hath that Title, who ever was the Authour, that Aristotle lived for sometime on­ly by the smell of an Apple. Some there are that dip hot bread in good Wine and apply it to the Nostrils of sick people; and if we apply it like­wise to the Temples and sides, it will very much restore strength.Ferror l.9. Meth. Also Conciliator Aponensis reports that he used to restore his life, when he was dying, with Safron and Cas [...]oreum bruised and mingled together with [Page 31] Wine, and that he gave that compo­sition to old people, and it did them as much good by smelling to it, as by drinking it. But these are no won­ders, for as by Meat and Drink, whatsoever of the solid substance is wasted, is repaired again, so by Ayre and smoke is regain'd what is spent of aeriall, and moist substance. If therefore Ayre and smoake only, (which is nothing else than a thin sub­stance and aeriall quality) do nou­rish, (as Galen teacheth elegantly, l. 1. de Sanitat. tuend. c. 2.) much more will an Odoriferous quality per­form this,Whether the smoke of Tobac­co can nourish. when it is mixed with a quality that is friendly to nature. Al­so Mathi [...]lus after Theophrastus re­ports that the Scythians will be con­tent with Licoris only for ten or twenty daies, and desire no other Meat or drink.

Object. 1. Truly for the Nega­tive part very ma [...]y Arguments may be brought, as that of Aristotle, 2. de Ani­ma, c. 3. Where he saith, that touch­ing is the sense of Nutriment, as if he had said, that al [...]ment, as it is t [...]st­ed, is the Object of touching, for tasting [Page 32] is a kinde of touching, wherefore smoke being not to be touched cannot nou­rish.

Object. 2. Again, Nothing can give nourishment to a body, unless it first concocted in the Stomach, Liver, and Spleen (as Galen saith, 1. de tem­per. c. 1.)

Object 3. The same is the matter of Nutrition and Generation of the same, (Galen 1. de sem c. 16.) where­fore Man being not Born of Smoke, can­not be fed by smoke. Many more Argu­ments may be urged.

Answ. We answer that smoke may be understood two waies. First, Formally, and then it is an insensible quality different from the first qua­lities, yet resulting from the actions of them. Secondly, Materially, that is for the substance it is inherent in, and that is Tobacco here. Now this is hot and dry, to be considered of for its heat and thin substance: I say then that an Aromaticall sweet smell doth refresh the forces, and streng­theneth the brain, heart and stomach, for it is a most welcome quality to these parts, and therefore it preserves [Page 33] their temperament and substance; and the vitall and animall sprits are renew­ed and made most fit for natures ope­rations, by a smoke joyned with a sweet sent, and sucked in with that Aromaticall Vapour.

Apposition and Fasting together,Another question. must go before Nutrition, and this fume seems to be to thin and simpler than that we can imagine it can glew and fasten any where:Arg. 1. therefore it cannot be said to be the matter of nourishment.

Secondly, Water cannot nourish 2 at all, (4. de usu part. and 3. acut. Com. 17.) Therefore smoke that is more thin and unmixed cannot nou­rish, and Galen saith 10 Me [...]h 2.9. That the Liver receives no profit by the Ayre that is drawn in, and of things we Eat and Drink, the Liver hath less profit than the stomach; yet it receiveth some benefit as it is manifest;Confir­mation. and that reason is confirmed by Ga­len's Doctrine, 3. de usu. part. c. 1. and often elsewhere, when he faith, That the common, and greatest, and first way of nourishment is by the Mouth, and from thence the food [Page 34] is carried to the Stomach, as to the common Store-house for all the parts, and set in the middle of the living Creature, where being once concocted it penetrateth to the liver to be turn­ed into Blood, whereby all the parts are fed; but this smoke is not suckt in by the liver to be concocted into Blood theref [...]re it cannot nourish.

For the other side.But Hippocrates may be produced for the other part, lib. de Aliment, where he saith, that an Aery smoke drawn in by the throat may nourish, his Words are, The beginning of nou­rishment are, the Ayre, Nostrils, Mouth, Throat, Lungs, and Breath­ing, &c.

N [...]t [...]To un [...]y this knot, observe, first, That a man bei [...]g in continuall mo­tion, and consisting of a double mat­ter, namely Earthy, and Watry, which forms the solid and fleshy parts, and of an Aery and fiery, which forms the Spirits, another principle of life; Hence it is that he wants a double matter to re­paire the decayed and dissipated sub­stance of them both; Namely, Meat and Drink to restore Earthy and Wa­try [Page 35] part consumed, but Fire and Wa­ter to make up the spirituall part, as Galen doth plainly teach, 1. de s [...] ­nit, c. 2.

The second Note is, That though 2 Hippocrates doth say, (lib. de Ali­ment, now cited) That the Spirits are no [...]rished, yet they are not tru­ly nourished, since they are not the true and living parts of the body, nor have they any naturall faculty to nourish them, whereby they may change Aeriall matter like them­selves, into their own substance, but they are perpetually bred fresh, by the most powerfull force of the heart and strong heat, tempering the thin vapours of blood with the Ayre that is drawn to it. But Hippocrates saith they are fed, because the life is per­ceived to be very much recreated and refreshed, when the proper instru­ment is refreshed, and again, when the Spir [...]ts are decayed, the life de­prived of its proper instrument de­caies also. Wherefore the Spirit is bred, not of its own faculty, but from that which is inserted into all the principall parts; and they are bred [Page 36] the same way almost as the Chylus is made in the stomach, and blood in the Liver; yet not so as if the Spirits as well as they, were the matter of nutriment, for they are so thin and subtill, that they can stick and joyn to no part.

Answer.These things being first laid down it will be easie to answer the contrary Arguments.

1 To the first I answer, That the Ayre's not joyning needs not trouble us, nor the unfitness of it to nourish. For we do not think that the Ayre doth nourish the solid and fleshy parts really; but being so mingled as I said, and concocted by the strong heat of the heart, I maintan it doth goe into the substance of the Spi­rits.

2 To the second the answer is easie. For though the water alone be unfit for nourishment, yet mingled with o­ther things that nourish, we find it gains a nourishing condition.

I answer to the Confirmation,Answer to the Con­firmation. That it is true that Meats and Drinks can indeed be converted into nourish­ment, no where but in the stomach [Page 37] and liver, but I deny that the Ayre wants those Transmutations. But to return whence I digressed;

Thomas Hariot in his description of Virginy, The e­steem of Tobacco amongst the Barba­ [...]i [...]. reports that Tobacco is so much esteemed amongst the bar­barous people, that they are perswa­ded [...] gods take delight [...] also, wherefore they kindle sacred fires, and instead of Sacrafice they cast this in in powder, and when they sail, they will cast the powder of it into the Ayre, and Water. They observe the same custome) saith the same Au­thour) making strange mimicall apish gestures (sometimes stamping the earth with their feet, sometimes leap­ing, sometimes rejoycing, clapping their hands, and lifting them up on high, sometimes looking towards Heaven, and speaking incongruous words) if at any time they escape any great danger.

I cannot let that pass, that you shall hardly meet any one of these Barbarians who hath not hanging about his neck a small bundle of To­bacco, with pipes made of Palme tree Leaves, and who also taking with his [Page 38] companions, doth not draw the smoke of it as through a tunnel, by his mouth and Nostrils, untill he be almost in an exstasie.

There are some of them who to take away weariness,It takes a­way wea­riness. and to be re­freshed in their labours, make use of this smoke, [...]nd we found saith Monardes, that by their example, our servants and the Moors that came into the West-Indies from other parts, would do the same, for being weary by much le [...]ping and dancing, they draw it in by their Mouth and Nostrils. And the same thing be [...]als them as doth the Indians, for they lye as if they were dead for three or foure houres; after this they are lusty and are better able to endure labour than they were before. And they take such delight in it, that they will now and than go out of mens sight to take it in pleasure, though they be not tired. Sometimes they grow so mad by it, that they will kill their Masters, who are carefull to burn their To­bacco, that they may take from them the occasion of this idle pleasure. What need more words, I saw saith [Page 39] Monardes, our servants and the Moors, who were not suffered to be drunk with Wine, to make them­selves drunk with this smoke, where­in they take no small delight, and they boast that it takes all wearinesse from them, and that they suf­fer no hurt nor damage by taking of it.

Referre to this what Alexander ab Alexandr [...], The Scy­thians will be strang­ly drunk with smoke. Max. T [...]ri­Serm. 11. [...]lso the Thracians, See Pon [...] ­ponius, Me­la l. 2. Soli­nus ▪ c. 5. The Ba­bilonians, Herodotus l. 1. near the end. The Indi­an Priests. l. 3. c. 11. hath left to Posterity, that the Scythians when they desire to be drunk, and abstain from Wine, that they may not break the custome, they cast bundles of Herbs into the fire, and suck in the smoke, and so become as drunk as if they had dranke Wine. So it is a tradition concerning the Thracians that at their banquets they go about their fires, casting the seeds of Herbs into the fire, and the fume of that will make them like those that are drunk, and they besotted as if they drank Wine, even like those that tasted the juyce of Nepenthes, who supposed sorrow to be removed by it. Also the Babilonians would make themselves so drunk by burning [Page 40] fruits of Trees, and drinking in the smoke, that they would sing and dance.

After the same example the Indian Priests which they call Bulgiti, being in consultation concerning the event of any business, were wont to drink the smoke of Tobacco, to make them­selves mad, and to enquire of the Divel concerning any business; For the Indians were not accustomed to make warre, or to undertake any business of consequence, but they would first enquire of the Devill what should be the successe of it, who an­swered them by the Mouths of those lying Prophets made drunk with the smoke of Tobacco: The Priest be­ing consulted with, did burn the dry Leaves of Tobacco, and he drew the smoke into his mouth by a cane or tunnel, as now a daies our Country Men do too much (the more the pitty) being made so drunk with the smoke, untill he fell fast asleep, being deprived of all his Senses, and being rapt into a certain extasie; he fell down upon the ground, where he lay, most part of the day or night [Page 41] not able to move;The won­derfull craft of the devil a­mongst the Indians. when his drunk­enness was over, he told them, he had conferred with the Devil, and as he thought, so he delivered his mind; Whether they should wage warre, or not, or undertake a journey, and so he gave answers for all things they asked him of; yet so doubtfull, that let the event be what it would, he could easily perswade the ignorant multitude, that he fore-told it; and thus he miserably deluded these bar­barous people.

Also the Indian Physicians made drunk with this smoke,The cu­stome of the Indian Physicians and having lost their senses, would relate a thou­sand things concerning the counsel of the gods, and then they three or four times rubbed the sick Patients body with their hands. In the mean time they held a bone in their mouth, which the simple women afterwards kept as a relique. Being demanded concerning a disease, they answered all things to be well; if it fell out otherwise, they had their excuse ready, the disease was mortal: and it was a capital crime for them to neg­lect their ordinary customes. Thus [Page 42] the enemy of mankind was wont to deceive the Gentiles.

Iohannes Metellus. It prepares a Ca [...]a [...]re in a cold matter.In some places the same men were both their Physicians, and their Priests.

But since the Effects of Tobacco are found to be so excellent, I shall discourse of them more particu­larly.

In Distillations, where a cold mat­ter is the cause, make a Fumigation of the dry leaves of Tobacco. The Syrup of it is excellent, for this will wonderfully stay Defluxions of Rheum. The leaves chewed or brui­sed in the palate, do the same. These melt the flegme that is in the head, and dry up the cels where the Rheum lieth, by drawing forth the moisture from the foremost ventricles of the brain, by that part which is common­ly called the Tunnel. I know not whether there can be a more happy or more certain Remedy found out for this purpose.

Also to strengthen the memory the smoke is excellent taken by the No­strils,For the memory. for it is properly belonging to the brain, and it is easily conveyed [Page 43] into the cels of it, and it cleanseth that from all filth (for the brain is the Metropolis of flegme, as Hippo­crates teacheth us in his book con­cerning the Kernels) it must be ta­ken three hours before meat, for so it doth more conveniently discuss and cleanse the peccant humours. I do not write this for their sake,Note. who by their daily miscarriage abuse them­selves, and spend good time in To­bacco-shops, and make of their brain (which is the most noble seat of the mind, and the store-house of all knowledge and learning) a chimney, and a common shore, and disgrace a Medicament that is otherwise very good, and make themselves nothing but blowers of coles and ashes. A famous Practitioner at Leyden D.History 1. Hen­ricus Flor [...]ntius, sometimes related unto me, that Dr. Pauvius, a most experienced and excellent Anatomist of his time, had once a subject for his Anatomical practice, whose smelling was quite lost, and there was not any thing left to be seen of the Processus Mammillares: And this he conjectu­red, by good Arguments, to have [Page 44] happened by reason of the parties immoderate drinking of Tobacco. About thirty years since (or before) that smoaking Tobacco through the nose hath been suspected and spoken against, as if the continual and over-using of it did fill the brain with all vapours, and last of all did corrupt it. Let us hear what the most learned Dr. Iustus Rapheiengius, who deser­ved exceeding much amongst Scho­lars, writ sometimes unto me. His 2 words were these, I remember (saith he) that Dr. Pauvi [...]s, in his first A­natomical practices, dissected a strong young man, and otherwise very sound, whose brain was totally filled with black vapours like to soot. D. Pau­vius inquiring into the cause of that accident, and referring it to Mania, or some other disease of the head; they answered that were acquainted with that young man, that the man was never sick, nor had he the fal­ling sicknesse, but was so given to drink Tobacco continually, that the pipe was seldom out of his mouth, and he was alwayes drawing in that fuliginous vapour; whereupon D. Pau­vius [Page 45] did co [...]jecture upon good grounds, that heap of soot and smoke was con­tracted in the cavities of his brain by that means.

I could alledge many more exam­ples of this kind, but for brevity sake I passe them over. Let these and the like dangerous effects teach thee, that lovest this smoke to avoid them, if thou lovest the truth, and take heed least that sweet Memory, which is the [...]other of the Muses, and Gods delight, do turn her eyes from thee, and thou be deprived of that divine closet and lights, which are an incom­parable treasure, as being unworthy to possess them.

But young men especially must take great care how they suck in this smoke,The smoke of Tobac­co is very hurtful for young mens bo­dies. for the custome and too much use of it, brings their brains out of order, and makes them to be over-hot, so that they lose their good temper, and are beyond the bounds of their health, and that sa­cred anchor is loft irrecoverably. For the nourishment of young men re­quires a gentle moisture, to strengthen them, and to make th [...]ir bodies grow [Page 46] to their just perfection.Especially for the Cholerick Especially for those that are cholerick, whose brains cannot endure excess of heat, for the native heat would be oppres­sed by the accidental heat. See Ga­len his Comment, in lib. de vict. salub.

Also this smoke doth veheme [...]tly move the stomack to nauseat,It will cause vo­mit. and to vomit, (as daily experience teacheth u [...]) namely by cleaving to the inward parts, and so offending the pec [...]liar juices contain'd in the stomack, and the Mesentary, it destroyes their or­dinary operations. For in thrusting forth the matter from the stomack it cannot be, but also something must be cast out, wherein the force of na­ture resides; and also, becau [...]e when nature is doing her office, she sends the nourishment into the habit of the body, as to the circumference, but all disturbing and purgative things draw the juyces and spirits to the cen­ter. Wherefore nature is wonder­fully tired with these contrary moti­ons, for she can endure nothing less than two contrary motions at the same time. Wherefore it is a most [Page 47] bitter enemy to the stomacks of very many men,Therefore it is an e­nemy to the sto­mack. especially if they use to take it presently after Supper or Din­ner. And in this respect it is mischie­vous to the bodies of all sound men, according to Hippocrates his Rule. 2. Aphoris. 37. It is troublesom to purge those that are in good health. For frequent use of purging Medicaments will soon make a man old; for the forces are broken by the resolving of the solid parts, by an Hypercatharsis of all nutrimental juyce. Also Cels [...] in the beginning of his Book affirms, That Aliments only are fit for sound bodies, and Physick for those that are sick ▪ But grant,It alters the body. that it purge not (which yet is most certain, as I shall shew elswhere) yet it alters the bo­dy, which can never be done in young and strong bodies without great hurt. Moreover it drinks up the moisture, and augments the heat of a perfect constitution, as the fire and Sunne do sensibly heat such things as are exposed to them.

Let us hearken to the e [...]ample of Plato, 2. de legibus, In the begin­ning [Page 48] (saith he) I confirm it by a Law, that children untill th [...]y come to be eighteen yeer old, shall be whol­ly ignorant of the use of wine, and we must admonish them, that we ought not to adde fire to fire, into the body and the soul, untill they become men, and begin to undergoe labour; for we must take heed that young men be not furious in their habit of body, then let them learne to be moderate in drinking wine, un­till they come to be thirty yeares old.

If then Plato forbad young men to drink wine, because by its heat it fils their brains with vapours, and with many hot fumes, and over-heats their bodies, and not only hurts the body, but doth exceedingly hurt the soul by the use of it, as Galen saith, 1. Sanitat.tuend. Wine must not be given to young men, because it makes them prone to anger and to lust, and makes the rational part of the soul dull and out of temper; and doth not the smoke of Tobacco do this farre more? Wine is hot and moist, To­bacco is hotter than wine, and that [Page 49] excess is the cause of its strong smell, and corroding taste: moreover in place of moisture of the Wine, the heat of it is joyned with driness. He that hath only tasted of natural Philosophy, may easily perceive from hence, that it is a thing full of danger for Colerick Constituti­ons, and disposeth them to burning Feavers, Hecticks, and Frensies, and brings them into unseasonable Melan­choly: For the unnatural heat, con­quering the natural heat of the body, destroyes and wastes that, as I said, and by the same means ingenders a Melancholy distemper, by the con­tinual use of it. Hence it is, that the dry and hot choler is afterwards in­flamed; but this is done by degrees, and insensibly in the younger age and also by reason of the frequent drink­ing in of Beer, (for our Tobacco­nists use to do so) and this hinders that the alteration cannot be so sud­dainly made. Galen de sanitat [...]tuend. saith, That the best manners, proceed from the best temperament. And he writ a whole Book for that end, that he might prove the affections of the [Page 50] mind, to follow the temperament of the body. Which thing, though it be principally to be understood of that Original temperament which we received from our Parents: Yet as that is changed either naturally by age, or accidentally by sucking to much smoak of Tobacco, or some o­ther external meanes, so a great change of the affections and inclinati­ons of the mind useth to go along with it; and as heat and acrimony grow and dwell in the blood, so rash­ness and fury do in the soul.

The Blood being now made thick and congealed, the mind grows stupid and sad; and in some men this is too apparent, though others do prudently dissemble and cover it. Wherefore I cannot see how that o­vermuch drawing of smoak of To­baceo to the brain and nostrils can be done, but it must overthrow the perfect state of mens bodies and minds, the proportions of the cold elements being subdued, and promo­ted unto heat; being spoile [...]d of their former condition, and that not only in these smoaky Companions, but [Page 51] in their Posterity also; since the na­ture and constitutions of the Parents are naturally passed over unto the Children: and withall, the affecti­ons of the mind that depend upon them. For saith the learned Fer­nelius, L. 2. de siguis. With what Disease soever the Father is troubled when he begets the Child, the same Disease passeth to the Child. And Galen writes thus:Lib de cau. sis Morbor. The Father gives the form, nature and essence to the Ghild. When therefore the Humours of the body have contracted this sharp heat and driness, by the too much smoaking of Tobacco, the Father gets a Son like himself; but such an one as wants natural moysture, which should prolong his life, and should dispose him to ingenuous, pleasant and sociable manners. Let Avicenna speak, Fen. 1. p.c. It is in the power of Art to hinder that corruption shall not breed in us, and that natural moisture shall continue longer, that it be [...]ot soon dissolved by drying and burning causes, and that every body may be made to hold out so long as it possibly may do by its natural temperament. And [Page 52] he shews afterwards in few words, by what helps Art can perform this; namely, by a three fold Caution laid down by Art. One in a due Administration of Meats and Drinks, in the quantity, quality, substance; manner, order, and measure and time of them: Not neglecting in the mean while, the occasion of the place, which is another Caution to take heed of Corruption. The third is in forbidding and forbearing those things, which since they can natu­rally hurt life, they do in a short time dissolve the radical moisture, and so they cut off life in a mo­ment. Such are watchings, cares, griefs; also the use of things that vehemently heat and dry, whence of necessity at length (for want of convenient food) the natural heat is extinguished, and the native moi­sture: And so we die by wasting and consuming away. Galen de Tabe, saith,What is Tabes. that Tabes is a Consumption of a living body, by reason of dri­ness.

By these things mentioned, it is easie to collect, that the smoak of [Page 53] Tobacco shortneth mens daies. For being that our native heat is like to a flame, which continually feeds up­on natural moisture, as a Lamp lighted, drinks up the Oyl by its heat; it follows necessarily, that for want of food, life must needs fly away quickly, when the pro­per subject of life is dissipated and consumed: for with that moisture, the imbred heat fails also, and death succeeds.

You understand therefore (that are Tobacconists) that the sooty fumes of Tobacco, wherein you are wallowing (as it were) in the deepest mire, are of great force to shorten your daies. Galen speak­ing of opeing Medicaments, asserts, that by the frequent use of them, the solid parts of the body are dried,1. de Me­dic fimp. facul. and that the blood grows gross and clotted, which being bur­ned in the Reines, breed the stone. The same thing may be truly main­tained concerning Tobacco, which many use too frequently, and more then any do use those kind of open­ing Medicaments; for this is more [Page 54] hot and dry then they are, and therefore is more forcible to hurt sound and well tempered bodies. Take warning therefore you that love Tobacco, that you do not ex­ceed in using too much of it, and enslave your selves to this fuligi­nous smoak, by hunting after it, and making a god of it. The goods of the body,Forgetting God for smoak. are beauty, strength, and sound health. The most grave Author Plutarch, com­mending the last as the best of all, affirmed most gravely and learned­ly,Commen­dation of health. That health is the most divine, and the most excellent property of the body, and a most precious thing. There is nothing in this world bet­ter; nothhing more to be desired, and nothing can be found to be more pleasant. Without thi [...] (as Hippocrates saith) there is no plea­sure or fruit of any other things. This is it, which in this life fils all perfection: Without this no man could ever be said to be happy: This farre exceeds the greatest Ho­nours, Treasures, and Riches.lib. 1▪ ep. 2. Whence that of Horace is a [Page 55] Sentence [...]emarkable.

Cicero, who was both the Father and Prince of the Latin Tongue,The way to preserve health. seems to me, in L. 2. officiorum, to set down before all others most excellently, the generall reason of preserving health. Health (saith he) is preserved by knowing a mans own body, and observing those things that do a man good or harm; and by moderate diet of all sorts; and in cloathing to defend the body; and in refrain [...]ng pleasures, &c. What could be said more divinely, or more fully, or more eloquently by any man, I cannot perceive; for the universal method of maintaining health, is contained in it very ele­gantly. It is a most worthy Sentence, [Page 56] and fit to be ingraved in the mind of those who are studious of their health. Let us use such things where­by nature is helped and refreshed: Let us beware of such things that we find do us hurt, and that by Na­tures direction.Cic. lib 2. de Sence. Which (as Cato said) is the most excellent Leader for our life, declaring by many signs, what things she desires, what she ab­horres: And to resist Nature, is no­thing else, then to do like the Gyants, and to fight against God. This con­tinence should be observed in all our food, cloathing, and abstaining from pleasures. Continence makes the body cheerfull, healthfull, and firm: And abstaining from pleasures doth the same. For as Plato writes, Plea­sure is the bait of mischief. In Philoeb. de summ [...] bon [...]. Since then, they that fume Tobacco, take so much delight and pleasure in it (if that can be called a pleasure) it is a wonder how much they re­joyce, not thinking in the mean time that Nature is debilitated, and they are unmindfull of that Verse of Ovid.

Socrates was wont to perswade men to avoid those Meats and Drinks that would allure men to an appetite,Pl [...]t lib. de [...]uend. val. beyond what would serve to quench their thirst, and stay their hunger; because these things, by their delight, did more entangle us, and bring great mischiefs upon us. For it is a true saying, ‘—Pleasure that's bought with pain, doth us no good.Horat. 1. [...]p. 12.’

And is it not a filthy thing, and ut­terly to be detested, that man who is a most prudent creature, should be ensnared by the wanton enticements of this smoak of Tobacco, so that neglecting the precepts of the Art of health coveting this sordid fume, he should, wholly devote his health to it? To be deprived of his sto­mach? To consume by wasting his radical moisture? To be tormented with Feavers, and to be vexed with [Page 58] many other Infirmities? Are not these brave rewards for taking his pleasure? I think with Galen, that it were better (if any man have brains in his head) to die a thousand times, then to lead such a life. And if it be so (as I profess it is so) to what end is it for a man to devote himself to these damnable smoaks, and to force nature to destroy and murther her self? Are these things the properties of men, are they not rather of Beasts? Pliny writes the the truth:lib. 27. c. 3. All creatures that live, know what is good for them, only man doth not. And Senec [...] is in the right: This is one of ehe causes of our mis­fortunes, Epist. 39. that we live by Examples, and are not guided by Reason, but fol­low Custom; and if but few do a thing, we will not imitate them. When ma­many begin to do a thing (as if that were more honest) we willingly follow them, and the Error of the multitude is held to be right by us. And else­where; They cannot abstain from Pleasures, Ep. 32. that are grown to be a Custom; and in this they are the more miserable, that they proceed so farre, [Page 59] as to make things superfluous to be ne­cessary. Wherefore they serve their pleasures, and do not enjoy them; and they love their miseries, which is the greatest misery of all. Then is un­happiness come to the height, when filthiness, not only delights, but plea­s [...]th us; and there remains no place for remedy, when vices are grown to be our manners. But all our Admoni­tions are in vain.

To draw to a Conclusion; I deny not, but that for cold and moist bodies where the brain is large, and where the parts are feeble, by reason of [...]oo much moisture, and where there is a­boundance of fleg [...] joyned with it, or where that juyce offends the brain [Page 60] with a shaking cold: (The signs whereof are paleness, and no veins to be seen; where the hair stands straight, firm, and are yellow; where they cannot endure cold, and where the temper of the whole body is cold and stiffe; where drowsiness and sleepiness are, and the Mouth, No­strils, and Eyes, are full of moisture.) this fumigation may be good to em­pty that sink of naughty and cor­rupt matter, and to shut it out. Yet I cannot think it safe at all, to take this smoak even in this respect, but with Cautions and Considerati­on; and the chiefe is, that it be taken for necessity, and not for lust and in­temperance: Let there be sparing and modertaion used. But first purge the head with sneezing, with the powder of Tobacco (as I shall say in another place.)

I think the most convenient way is, to make the Pipes you suck it through, very long, such as the In­dians use, whereby they draw the smoak from a great distance: And I remember, that many were wont to use the like, for the smoak will [Page 61] come cooler, and be taken with more pleasure; nor will it reek forth with so foul and sharp fume. Also, since that the brain is enter-woven with very narrow small Veins, it will not willingly entertain those gross va­pours that penetrate with difficulty, but only such that are thin and hot.

The Persians, and the Turks also, cut Lingum Aloes small, and mingle it with Tobacco, for Diseases of the Head, and so through a long Pipe, made of Lattone (which they put into cold water, that the smoak may come the cooler to the brain) they draw forth the smoak. Some adde some drops of Oyl of Anniseed, I have seen others mingle Cloves with it, and some again adde other things that evacuate the cold and moist humours of the Head and of the Breast.

What Instruments the barbarous people use,What Pipes the barbarous People use. or rather Pipes or Trunks (whereof I shall set down divers Figures at the end of this Discourse concerning Tobacco) of which Monardus speaks Lib. 3. simpl. Medic. And I cannot use any mans [Page 62] words better then his own, which the most learned Clusius hath interpre­ted to us, and by which the courteous Reader may best understand it▪ ‘There are brought (saith he) from new Spain, some Trunks made of the inward part of Canes or Reeds, and smeered with some kind of gum, which I think is mingled with the juyce of Tobacco, for it trieth the head: If I am not mistaken, they annoint the Cane with that; and as it is glutinous, it sticks fast, and is of a black colour. But when it grows hard, it will hold no longer. The Trunk is lighted at that that end where it is smeered with the Gum, or Pitch; and the other end is put into the mouth, and the smoak is received [...] and this draws all flegme and cor­rupt humours out of the Breast. This they are wont to use when they are oppressed with short breath, and are ready to be choaked.’ Clusius addes to the same Chapter, ‘That in the year 1585 Wing ande­cow (which is now called Vir­giny) being discovered to the Eng­lish [Page 63] (to their Captain Richard Grenfield, and is a Province of the new world, and is thirty six degrees from the Aequator toward the North Pole) they found that the Inhabitans did frequenly use some Pipes made of Clay, to draw forth the fume of Tobacco leaves set on fire; which grew amongst them in great quantity, or rather to drink it down, to preserve their health. The English returning from thence, brought the like Pipes with them, to drink the smoak of Tobacco; and since that time, the use of drinking Tobacco hath so much prevailed all England over, especially amongst the Courtiers, that they [...] have caused many such like Pipes to be made to drink To­bacco with.’ These are Clusius words concerning the English. Let me adde that great part of the Low-Countries, Germany, France, Italy, Turkie, Arabia, Persia, and many of the Inhabitants of the whole earth▪ (if not the greatest part) are taken with the scent of this smoak, that they do preferre this stinking and filthy [Page 64] smell, before the most pleasant per­fumes that are in the world. But chiefly this [...]umigation is of great esteem with with us in the Low Countries, and the Merchandize of Tobacco prepa­red, is not the least among other Trafique, and the Merchants make a huge gain by it, if they have but any good fortune. It is a very speedy way, and a vast profit to the Mer­chants of Holland and Zealand, who bring Tobacco prepared and dried from the Indies, and send it forth to other Countries, be they never so wide off from them, for they gain by it extraordinarily. How many thousands of men may be found in that most flourishing and mighty Ci­ty for trafique Amsterdam (to say nothing of Rotterdam, and other Cities in this Province) who at first being but of a small meanes, for the most part, by selling Tobacco, have sustained themselves in their poverty, and also abundantly provided for their Families for food and rayment, and other necessaries, and have gained something more for themselves; and there are some that have heaped up [Page 65] great wealth by it. Yet I do not de­fend them, who under a specious and faire pretence to gain food and some small matter, by keeping To­bacco shops, (as also others that keep Wine Taverns, tap-houses and the like) do in the mean time increase their estates by keeping Whores and Bawds which they live by. But that the Curious Reader may see how mightily this Merchandise of Tobacco encreaseth amongst the Dutch. I say undoubtedly that this may be fore­seen and foretold by it, and it must be confessed, maugre all opposition, that the most illustrious and most mighty States of Holland, by a small and very tolerable tribute to be paid, imposed by them upon Tobocco, (which I understand was lately done by them) may collect above thirty thousand franks yearly at their plea­sure, by the only custome upon Tobac­co for the publick treasure, from the Merchants that are carefull to bring it from the Indies unto us.

But to return again from whence we digressed. I said that this sume can draw forth wat [...]y and cold hu­mours [Page 66] from the head; yet Hippocra­tes his Doctrine seems to be against this,An Ob­jection. 5. Apharism. 28. Sweet Aroma­ticall smells will provoke the terms, and the same would be often good for other matters, did they not cause the head to ake. The ne­gative part. Where he teacheth, Ga­len subscribing in his commentary, that the whole body being duly sum­ed, will send forth by the Matrix in all cold and moyst dispositions, were it not that we are affraid of that hea­viness of the head, which proceeds from these fumes. Since then for a Flegmatique matter lying in the head, those things are not requisite, which load and fill the head, but rather those things that send ease and ligh­ten it, fumigations that are made of things, that fill the head, as Galen himself teacheth, cannot be good to be used in such a disposition of the brain, nor yet in any other.

The affir­mative part.But there are many most grave Authours for the other part, who exercise their practise with great praise, and teach and highly commend fumigations in such, or the like acci­dents, and to these men not only daily [Page 67] experience, but also most strong rea­son subscribes. For to cut and con­sume a cold and moyst humours col­lected in the brain,Reason. no fitter Remedies than those can be found, which have power to strengthen, attenuate, and dry the brain, and it is certain that the sume of Tobacco hath such a fa­culty. For it heats, cuts, attenuates, opens and resolves: Therefore this smoke drawn in by the Mouth and Nose to dry and heat the cold and moyst excrements of the brain, may be proper and usefull.

To answer the former argument that is against it,Note. observe that it is very necessary to consider, for the use of this remedy, what the temper of the brain is as I said, and what the humour is that abounds in it, for if it be hot it will be much filled and burdned with the smoke of Tobacco, and the cause of this event lyeth in the heat of the part, (for heat natu­rally attracts heat) and also in the largness of the passages of a hot head, whereby it easily admits the Vapours that ascend: but if the braine be o­ver cold and moyst, and then heap [Page 68] up such excrements, it will not be filled with this fume, but will rather be re­freshed and dried, unless perhaps by reason of so great naturall weakness, or weakness contracted by a disease, it can admit no vapours without pain and heaviness.

Answer to the oppo­site argu­ment.These things premised, I answer to the contrary Argument, that Hip­pocrates in the quoted Aphorism, must be understood concerning those, who have a brain that is very hot and moist and weake withall, and that easily is offended with pain and heaviness. For a cold and moist brain filled with cold and moist Excrements, a hot and drying fume (such as is the smoke of Tobacco,) is most convenient, espe­cially drawn in by a Pipe the way I mentioned before. Yet I think they ought to abstain from it, whose heads are not only weak, but are also of a delicate nature, and are easily disturb­ep and pain'd not only with fumes but with the most temperate smels.

Here follows another question,Another question whether the smoke if Tobac­co swal­lowed into the sto­mach can bring forth su­fluous moisture of the Brain. The affir­mative part. namely whether the fume of Tobacco swallowed into the Stomach (which custome I find to be in continuall use [Page 69] with many men, but chiefly amongst our Sea men) can draw and purge superfluous humours out of the head and brain?

Reasons are very forcible for the affirmative part. The first is taken out of the 7. Aphorisme, 30. of Hip­pocrates who say thus; Whosoever they be that in a diarrhaea void frothy excrements by stool, those excrements flow from the head, and from thence it is inferred that humours may be drawn from the head to the stomach by the faculties of purging medicaments, be­ing derived by the tunnel. The second is taken from Actuarius, M [...]sues, and other approved Authours [...], who commend Agarick to purge flegma­tique humours contain'd in the head and the brest, which they would never have done, if the head and brest could not be vacuated by the belly.

The Argument for the Negative part is,For the negative part. because according to Aristo 1. Sect. Probl. Quest. 42. When medicaments come to the belly, and are resolved, they are presently car­ried to the Veins by the same way that the meat is, and when they can­not [Page 70] be concocted, but remain con­querours, they slip back again, and carry with them those things that stay by them,How purging is made. and that is called purg­ing. And from the stomach to the brain or brest, there are no passages found whereby a purging medicament can passe to allure the humours to it: Therefore the humour that is con­tain'd in the brain or thorax, cannot be drawn forth by the fume of To­bacco, as by a purgative medicament, which opinion also of Aristotle the most Learned Fernelius, 3. Meth. c 7. seems to defend.

Note therefore for the resolving of this difficulty, that the more corpulent substance of this fume doth not pass from the stomach to purge the brain, but stayeth in it, or sticks in the Intestins, and from thence it draws forth those humours that are a­greeing to it, which may be proved 1 many waies. First, because medicaments applyed outwardly, as to the Navel, & therefore called Navel-medicaments, to the palme of the hand, or to the soles of the feet, and sometimes applyed to the Nostrils will purge the [Page 71] body, and yet they cannot proceed so far as to purge the humours. Se­condly,2 Because we often observe that medicaments and pils are voided almost whole, after purgation, which could not be if they passed all the bo­dy over, to draw unto them such hu­mours as are familiar to them. Third­ly,3 Serapiows argument proves the same, for saith he, if a medicament should pass to a humour, that is farre off from it, it would joyn lovingly with it, and would never draw forth that it delights in the society of; as the Loadstone joyned to the Iron, doth not draw the iron to some o­ther place, but detains and holds it there. Wherefore we must confesse that some thin fumie substance doth rise from the stomach, by the veins and other secret passages, not only to the brain, but also is diffused, we cannot say how, to all parts of the body.

Hence it is clear,Aristotles reason confu [...]ed. that Aristotle said not right, that purgatives pass all the body over, and so draw the peccant humour, as taken captive into the sto­mach.

[Page 72] The que­stion deci­ded.Those things being thus observed we answer to the difficulty, that pur­gatives do not pass through the body to attract humours that agree with them, but they stay in the stomach, and by their force and Vertue they draw them unto them from all parts of the body by waies, that though they are unknown to us, yet they are not unknown to nature.

Another question whether the Brain can be dried, o­ther parts of the bo­dy remain­ing in me­dioerity. The ne­gative part.Here riseth another question, Namely, whether to much Drinking of Tobacco in a Pipe, can dry the brain, and yet leave the other parts of the body in a good temper?

For the Negatiue part, the Argu­ment is this; Because the great or small quantity of the humour of the whole body, follows the tempera­ment contracted from the first gene­ration. Since therefore the tempe­rament belongs to the whole living Creature, and not to one part alone, the humour cannot be dried up in the brain nor in any other part of the bo­dy, but it must also be dried up in the whole body.

Now that the temperament must be ascribed to the whole body, and [Page 73] not to one part only, is proved from the 1. and 3. Books of Hippocrates Epidem. From the grayness of the eyes, sharpness of the voyce, and black haire, you may conclude that the temperament of the whole body is either hot or cold; as if one part could not be hot or cold, but the whole body must be so also.

But Galen is for the contrary part,The con­trary part. 2. de temper. c. ult. where he proves by many arguments, that it is not necessary tha [...] all the parts of the body should follow the temper of the whole. For though in a tempe­rate body and very well constituted an equall temper may be found over all the body, but in others that are dif­ferent from this exquisite temper and just dispensation, it cannot be Uni­versally true; for a man may have a large brest and full of haire, and therefore like a Lion have a most hot heart, and be exceeding bold; yet it follows not that all [...]his body over must be so hot. So we find daily (to pass by other examples) that ma­ny men have hot livers, and yet cold brains, and the contrary in others, [Page 74] that it is no wonder that if one man who hath the rest of his veins of his body swelling forth, have the veins of his head and brain after a sort dried up. For Galen addes that this may be done, and that the excess of Intem­perance in one part, may be the cause of the contrary excess in the rest, and make them weak, or the strength of one part may be answered by the strength or weakeness of another.

To answer the contrary argument; when Hippocrates collects from the colour of the eye or sharpness of the voice,Answer to the argu­ment con­trary. what is the temperament of the whole body, this may be taken, as if he did search for the same things in the equall temperament of the whole bo­dy, whereof he finds some tokens in the parts; or he may be understood thus, when other signs in the whole body concurre to signifie the same. For example, if there be signs of heat in the whole body, and a great voyce and large brest be joyned with them, it is evident by these signs that the whole body is hot: which must also be understoode concerning the com­plexion of the brain, and other parts, [Page 75] [...]hat must be compared with the tem­perament of the rest. I say that such who for many years and by much ta­king of it are used to this smoke in their mouth and nostrills, to those it doth less harm, For custome is nature acquired, as Galen saith, 2.Custome, what? de motu musc. and 2 de tempament, or it is 1 an acquired habit, by many actions concerning one thing used for a long 2 time; and this habit by custome is made agreeable to nature. Whence divine Hippocrates, 2. Aphorism. 50. speaks thus. Those things that we are accustomed to, though they be worse; yet they do us less harm, than those that we are not used to, and therefore we must use what we are wonted to. This is a most true axiome and cannot be contradicted; For all things that are accustomed, as they are so, are less hurtfull than things we are not won­ted to: for by custome things that are worse are made familiar to nature, and therefore are not dangerous. For what nature is acquainted with, is wont to be harmless. Custome is of such consequence, that from that in preserving of health or curing of [Page 76] diseases we may have great indication, and not much less than we can from nature, as both Hippocrates and Ga­len intimate in many places. For since nature alwaies delights in what it is used to, (as Galen saith, 8. Me­thod.) it is certain that every one ought to keep his custome: for from custome as well as from nature and age, great conclusions may be made. Since then Hippocrates and Galen af­firme that we must hold to what we are wonted to; what a great danger would it be to leave off this custome which is confirmed by so many years, as this is to smoke Tobacco, in a Pipe at the Mouth and Nostrils, and to change this to a contrary way, espe­cially if it be done suddenly or imme­diately, as I am perswaded all men can easily perceive? Whence Celsus also speaks, l. 1. c. 3. He is in danger who both once, and he that twice eats in a day contrary to his usuall custome? Again, sudden ease from violent la­bour, and sudden labour from great ease cannot be safe. When therefore any man thinks to leave off this drink­ing of Tobacco for a time, he must [Page 77] not rashly nor suddenly change this custome, for it is almost as strong as nature. Therefore they who use to smoke it, easily bear it, and they that are not used to it cannot so well away with it. Custome makes not only healthfull things to be usefull for us, but also it makes those things healthfull, which were they not accustomed to us, would be the most dangerous. For it is of such force that it overcomes the malig­nity of any thing taken, and which is more to be wondred at, the very violence and virulency of poy­sons is conquered by it, and it spoils them of their malignity; so I read of a maid that was fed with Wolfs-bane, and in time by de­grees shee used it for her nourish­ment, Galen, 3. simpl. c. 18. speaks of an old woman of Athens, Avicen. 6. 4. tr. i.c.1. who be­ginning from a small quantity of Hemlock, proceeding by degrees learned to feed on it in great quanti­ty and found no harm by it. We read also of a certain Maiden at Col­len, Caliu [...] l. 11.c.13. who when she was but three years old would catch the Spiders [Page 78] creeping upon the walls and eat them, and being delighted with that kind of diet grew exceedingly; Mithridates King of Pontus tak­ing poyson daily,Plini. [...].25. c.2. made it so fami­liar to him, that when he would have poysoned himselfe, that he might not fall into Pompeys hands,Martiall, . 5. 17. he drank deadly poyson without a­ny harme. ‘Oft Mithridates eating Poyson got, That the most cruell Poysons hurt him not.’ Sleydan, lib. 9. Writes, that Pope Clement the 7. being old, died of a great pain of his stomach, having changed his diet by the advice of Cur­tiu [...] his Physician. What should I say much of a thing confirmed of daily examples. We see that they who use to purg often have need of stronger phy­sick than what they used to take be­fore: for those that are usual wil hardly move them. So if one often take Cly­sters, the belly will hardly be moved, no [...] yet yield to other remedies, as it befell the Duke of Albanie, who could not go to stool without a Clyster, for [Page 79] nature had forgot her self,Heurn. in meth. ad prax. l.3. c. 17. and de­pended wholly upon Physick. He that will read more concerning custome, let him read what Theophrastus l 9. c. 18. concerning the History of Plants, hath writ­ten of Thraciae and Eudemi­us Chius.