JANUAE CLAVIS: OR, Lilly's SYNTAX EXPLAINED, Its Elegancy from good Authors clea­red; its Fundamentals compared with the ACCIDENCE, and the Rules thereof more fitted to the Capacity of CHILDREN.

[...]. Plut.
Nisi Grammatices fundamenta fideliter jeceris, quicquid Superstruxeris, corruet, Quint.
Latinae Linguae docendae rationem à vulgari aliam esse lubens agnoseo, Voss.
—Inutilis olim
Nè videar vixisse,
Hor.
Nihil quidquam tam probè aut providè dici potest, quod non vellicare malignitas possit, Lips.

By JONATHAN BANKS.

London, Printed for the Author, and are to be Sold by Benjamin Clarke in George-Yard in Lumbard-Street, Anno Dom. 1679.

THE PREFACE.

IN School-Didactics, there are three grand things considered, Grammar, Exercise and Authors: Whereof the first is an Introduction to the last, and the second an Imitation of it, according to the Precepts of the first. And, as there is no­thing more necessary (not only to a perfect knowledge of the Tongues, but of all Learning in general) than Grammar: so there hath been scarce any thing in most Centuries and Countrys more variously pursu'd than it. Neither is it a thing so contemptible, but that Persons of Worth and Grandeur have been employed there­in; Witness the Aegyptian Philadelphus, (for Learning the Glory of that Nation) who blushed not to Write his [...]. And the Heroick Prince Charlemain, (truly so Styl'd, for the Foundation of the Western Empire) who wrote a Grammar for his own Subjects. And though our Nation, before the Happy Conjunction of the Two Roses, had few or none dextrous in this Art; as if the Pens of the Learned had been sufficiently employ'd, to Write Characters of the Blood, which was effus'd [Page] in that quarrel. Yet afterwards whole Squadrons (not to mention the Compilers of our Royal Grammar) appeared in the world, as Inveterate Champions against that Ignorance, which the middle Clerici adeò litera­rum care [...]ant, ut caeteris stuporiesset, qui Gram­maticam didicisset, Math. Paris. Ages had ador'd. To enume­rate which, I shall forbear, and proceed to give the Reasons inducing me to this Attempt, which are these.

1. The English-Tongue in its natural Idiom, is so far different from that of the Latin, in comparison of most Modern Languages, (which seem to be the products of its Corruption,) that it had need (in case of Particles or Signs) to have some subsidiary, to further a Progress therein. And though the Accidence be an English Introduction, and (as by the Learned Dr. Colet design'd) may serve as such to the Grammar: Yet will a Subsidiary thereto be not unnecessary. Which supplying its de­fects with apposite Particles, and clearing some Obscurities, may, without Incon­venience to the Royal Grammar or it, both Explain their Rules, and adapt them to the Elegancy and Idiom of Signs. As a de­monstration of which necessity, we have Mr. Walker's Treatise of Particles, (a Tract which acquir'd him that Fame in the [Page] World which his Merit may justly chal­lenge,) and the late exquisite Dictionary of Ingenious Mr. Coles, (which both for ap­posite Phrases, and Idiomatical Elegancies, seems to have put a Ne plus ultra) which al­so by their acceptance abroad, do evidence (as See Brin­sl [...]y's po­sing of Parts, and Danes's Grammar. Mr. Brinsly and Mr. Danes of old, and of late Mr. Wase) the utility redounding from the use and knowledge of Particles: But all without reference to the publick Institution established.

And if the Grammar Impos'd by Au­thority (to obey which, Duty com­mands us) be still to be taught: 'Tis our Province to facilitate our Dida­ctics, and to apply and conform them to those enjoyn'd by Law. For suppose a Boy can make good Latin by these Particles, by the assistance of Mr. Walker's, and Mr. Coles's Tract, and knows not to what Rule in his Accidence or Grammar they do belong (which, as it was not proper, by their Books, he cannot) then he must either be at a loss, or neglect his Grammar: Which is here remedied.

2. A ranking of the Rules in the Ac­cidence, and Grammar together, the better to understand them both; and that by way of Comparison è regione, may be a good mean to facilitate a Progress. Which like­wise [Page] is the use of most of our Grammari­ans in the Modern Tongues, comparing that which is to be Learn'd, with that which is already understood. That great Regu­lator of School-Polity, Comenius in his Idio­matical Precepts of Elegancy doth use it: And Mr. Hill (in his Preface to Schrevelius's Lexicon) passes an Encomium on it. Not to speak of Mr. Lewis, who makes it his grand and fundamental Principle.

3. A placing of Rules for plain Latin first, and then Rules for Elegancy (ac­cording to the Pattern of Nature) will expedite a proficiency; the contrary to which creates confusion.

4. In handling of Government, first Rules ought to be given, and then Ex­ceptions; because the first coming fre­quently should be first instill'd: according to the direction of the fam'd Stagirite, [...]

5. Genesis is more easie than Analysis. A Boy will sooner understand his Rules by making Latin, than by parsing. The Preface to the Royal Grammar enjoyns this. And Mr. Clark is of the same Opi­nion.* Prefa [...]e to Duoe Gram. Which thing may easily be effect­ed by Syncrisis, even in those which have lost their knowledge in the Latin Tongue. To which may be added, a great faci­lity [Page] of Construing Latin into English: All which are here endeavoured to be performed. The better to understand this proposed method, I shall offer these fol­lowing particulars.

The Accidence and Grammar (after the giving of the general Rule for a Sign) are compared with Particles; and that Rule by Rule, and Figure by Figure: Unless there remain a major number of Figures or Rules, to which the other Column wants parallels, and only hath blanks.

The Rules, Haec variam habent con­structionem, &c. are explain'd by adding the Verbs (excepted from the Rules not mention'd in the Grammar, or however not explain'd therein,) whose variety is shewn, and whose difficulties are cleared by contracted Sentences out of the Classics. Though to all other Rules English Ex­amples are subjoyn'd, to be translated, by beginners, as an Exercise. In this Case Grammarians have been of divers Opini­ons; Radmus puts his Examples without Rules, and Comenius puts them before his Rules.

Conjunctions, Prepositions, (governing both Cases) Interjections, and Rules for Verbs of different significations, are plac'd after those for words wanting proper [Page] Signs, because they do not aptly fall in with the other.

Rules for the Case of the Relative in spe­cie, Gerundia sive Gerundivae, &c. Eidem Ver­bo, &c. Participia regunt Casus, &c. are omit­ted, because those for the Relative (mentio­ned in the Accidence) are comprehended under At si Nominativus, &c. And the rest are of a second Consideration, and by Con­sequence, not necessary; since all their dif­ficulties may be unravell'd by Particles, or Signs. The like omission is made of Rules, when Participles become Nouns, Adverbs Prepositions, and those for Modal Govern­ment, (for which last, when understood, see farther Oxford Grammar, and Mr. Walker's Particles) as being not altoge­ther necessary for beginners.

The two Exceptions in the first Supine, See Dux Grammat. p. 243. At hoc Supinum, &c. and Ponitur absolutè cum Verbo est, &c. are rejected, as two grand Errors. No Rules of the Anomalous Syntax are explain'd, but four, which serv'd to be parallels to those of the like Significa­tion in the Accidence.

An, See lib 2 de Em. Stru. is, where the Exception doth but rarely occur, according to the caution of the Critical [...]inacer. And (Note) without an, † signifies Variation of the precedent Government.

An, See lib. 2. de Em. Stru. denotes Reference, or Explana­tion. The rest are obvious.

If any object, that the use of this Book may obstruct that of the Royal Grammar: I answer, that both it's end, (as is al­ready shewn) and it's Method (which on­ly expresses so much of the Rules, as where­by they may be understood) do sufficient­ly evidence the contrary.

To conclude, after the understanding these Praecognita, (propos'd as an Essay) the Accidence and Grammar, to consult Mr. Coles's Dictionary, (that excellent Epi­tome of the Roman Eloquence) Mr. Walker's Phrases, Despauter (publish'd at Roan by Jesuit Behourt) Vossius de Arte Grammaticâ, Scioppius, Comenius's Elegant Grammar and Atrium, and the elaborate Grammar of Oxford, will be the best way, to avoid the Scylla's of Barbarism, and to obtain the Haven of polite Literature.

General Directions for making Latin.

Substantives have
  • Number by the English.
  • Case by a Sign or Particle, or with­out a Sign.
  • Gender by the Signification or Termi­nation in Latin.
  • Declension by the Latin.
Adject. have
  • Number, Case and Gender. By the Substantive follow­ing: Except they be Par­ticiples, or govern a Genit.
  • Declension by the Latin.
    See fur­ther in the Book it self, Mr. Coles's No­lens Volens and Dr. Busby's In­troduction.
Verbs have
  • Voice, Mood, and Tense by the English.
  • Number and Person by the Nom. Case.
  • Conjugation by the Latin.

JANƲAE CLAVIS, OR, LILLY'S SYNTAX, &c.

SYntax is that part of Grammar, which joyneth the Parts of Speech accor­ding to Rules.

In Syntax there are two Parts
Concord, and Government.

There are three Concords, the first be­tween the Nominative Case and the Verb; the second between the Substantive and the Adjective; and the third between the Antecedent and the Relative.

The First Concord.

Rule 1.Accidence.Grammar.
A Verb agreeth with his Nominative Case in Number and Person: As, God made the World.A Verb Personal, &cVerbum Personale co­haeret, &c.
That word which answers to the Questi­on Who? or What? made by the Verb, shall be the Nominative Case to the Verb.When you have found out the Verb, &c. 
[Page 2]The Nominative Case always naturally comes before the Verb.And the Nominative Case shall in making, &c. 
Except. 1. When a Question is asked: As, Lovest thou?Except a Question be asked, &c. 
2. When the Verb is of the Imperative mood: As, Read thou.Likewise if the Verb be of the Impe­rat. mood &c 
3. When Nor, Nei­ther, It, or There, go before the Verb: As There liveth the Master.And some­times when this Sign It, &c. 
4. When the Nomi­native supplies the place of the English Particle, IF: As, Had he lived, I had died, i. e. if he had lived.  
Then the Nomina­tive Case is placed after the Verb, or after the Sign of the Mood, or Tense.And then the Nomi­native Case is set after the Verb, &c. 
See Mr. Walker's Art of Teaching, &c.
The Nominative Case is often understood in the first, second, or third person in the La­tin Tongue▪ when it belongs to Men, or Wo­men. Unless it be ex­pressed		 1. Nomi­nativus pri­mae, &c. 2. In ver­bis quorum, &c.
[Page 3]in the first or second person, for Em­phasis sake.  
Rule 2. Two, or more Nomi­native Cases Singular ha­ving a Conjunction Co­pulative between them, will have a Verb Plural, which Verb Plural shall agree with the Nomina­tive Case of the most worthy person: As, I and thou do learn.Many Nom. Cases Singu­lar, &c. ut supra.Copulatum per Conjun­ctionem, &c. ut supra.
The first person is more worthy than the second, and the second more worthy than the third.Where Note, that the first person, &c.In Figurâ Dignior au­tem est primae persona, &c.
A Verb being placed between two Nom. Cases of different Numbers, may agree with either of them indifferently: so that they be both of one person: As, the Con­tentions of Christians are a joy to the Turks.When a Verb cometh between two Nom. Cases, &c.Verbum in­ter duos No­minativos di­versorum, &c
The Nominative Case may be 1. a whole Sen­tence. 2. a member of a Sentence. 3. an Infini­tive1. Here Note also, that the Infinitive Mood, &c.1. Non sem­pervox casu­alis, &c. 2. Aliquando
[Page 4] Mood. 4. an Ad­verb with a Gen. Case. 5. a Relative, and yet still it is counted a Sub­stantive in Latin.2. Where there cometh no Nomina­tive Case be­tween the Relative, &cOratio, ut &c. 3. Aliquando Adverbium cum Genitiv. 4. Quoties nullus Nomi­nativus, &c.
A Verb
There are no such Verbs pro­perly, as Imperso­nals, Vul­garly so called. See Oxs. Gramm. Ed. 2.
Impersonal hath no Nom. Case be­fore it: As, it grieveth me.		A Verb Impersonal hath no, &c.Impersona­lia praecoden­tem, &c.
A Noun of multitude of the Singular Number, will have in Latin some­times a Verb Plural. Nomen mul­titudinis, &c
The Adjective agre­eth with the
The Sub­stant. an­swers to the Que­stion Who? or What? made by the Adject.
Substant. in Case, Gender, and Number: As, a good Man.		1. The Ad­jective, whe­ther it be, Noun, &c. 2. But when possession is, signified, &c. 3. When you have an Ad­jective, &c.1. Adjecti­vum cum Substantivo, &c. 2. Ad eun­dem modum participia, &c. 3. Meus, tuus, suus, &c.
An Adjective in Con­cord is Noun, Pronoun, or Participle.  
Note 1. When the English word part
This is taken from the Idiom of the Greek, where [...] is un­derstood.
is the Substantive; the Ad­jective in Latin, is usu­ally put in the Neuter Gender: As, part of the Wallet.		  
[Page 5] Note 2.
Negotium is under­stood ac­cording to the Latin; or [...], or [...] accor­ding to the Greek.
If Thing be a Substantive; there needs no Latin be made for Thing: But turn the Adjective (to which it is joyned) into the Neuter Gender, and it becomes a Substantive: As, I did this thing.		  
The Adjective al­ways goeth before the Substantive in English: As, a Fair Woman.  
1. Except Substan­tives to Participles, which always come before: As, a King loving; a­bout to love; loved; or to be loved.  
2. When the Ad­jective governs a Case; or when it passeth its signification to another word following it: As, a Boy desirous of Play.  
Two or more Substan­tives Singular having a Conjunct. Copulative coming between them, will have an Adjective Plural, which Adjective Plural shall agree withMany Sub­stantives, Singular having, &c.In Figurâ Copulatum per Conjun­ctionem Et, &c.
[Page 6]the Substantive of the most worthy Gender in the Latin Tongue.  
Linater and Alva­rez deny the Femin. to be more worthy than the Neuter.
In thing a that have Life, the Masculine is more worthy than the Feminine, and the Fe­minine more worthy than the Neuter.		Where note that the Masculine Gender, &c.In Figurâ Dignius eti­am est Mas­culinum ge­nus, &c.
But in things not having Life, the Neu­ter Gender is the most worthy; though the Sub­stantive be of the Mascu­line or Feminine Gender.But in things not apt, to have, &c.In Figurâ, At eum Sub­stantiva res inanimatas, &c.
Here the Genit. Case of the Pri­mitive is included in the Pos­sessive.
Sometimes the Ad­jective or Relative (in Concord) being in­cluded in a Possessive; do answer to the Primi­tive.		 1. Aliquan­do Relati­vum, &c. 2. Haec Pos­s [...]ssiva Meus, &c.
I have objoyned no Exam­ples, be­cause of their irre­gularity.
A whole Sentence may be the Substantive to the Adjective, and the Antecedent to the Relative.		1. Sometimes the Relative hath, &c. 2. But if the Relative be refer'd, &c1. Aliquan­do oratio sup­plet, &c. 2. Nec uni [...] von solum, &c.
In giving an Ans. to a Quest. the Ans. in La­tin must be given in the same Case of a Noun; and in the same TenseWhen a Question is asked, &c.Interroga­tivum, & ejus Reddi [...]ivum, &c,
[Page 7]of a Verb that the Que­stion was demanded in: As, who gave you this Book? My Master: That is, my Master gave me it.  
The Answer shall al­ways agree with the Question: If that be supplied in the Answer, which was express'd in the Question: As, In what is there no satis­faction? In the vanity of the World.1. Except a Question be asked by cu­jus, cuja, cu­jum. 2. Or by a word that may govern, &c.1. Fallit haec Regula; quoties in­terrogatio fit, &c. 2. Aut per dictionem va­riae, &c.
Observe, that, [Who?] commonly finds out the Substantive; and [What?] finds out the Verb, or Adjective.3. Or except I must an­swer by one, &c.Fallit de­ni (que) cùm per Possessiva, &c.
See Fax Nova Prin­ted 1666.
Mr. Jasz-Berenyi, con­sidering the difficulty of this part of Syntax, calls it the 4th. Concord.		  

The third Concord.

 Accidence.Grammar.
Rule 1. The Rela­tive agreeth with his Antecedent in Gender, Number, and Person: As, the man is dead who brought me hither.The Rela­tive agreeth with, &c.Relativum cum Antece­dente, &c.
[Page 8]The Antecedent is a word that goeth before the Relative, and is re­hearsed again of the Re­lative.The An­tecedent is a word, &c. 
The Relative and the Antecedent differ no­thing from the Substan­tive and the Adjective in Concord, but only in Person, in which they do not agree.  
The Antecedent an­swers to the Question Who? or What? made by the Relative: As, in the last Example.When you have a Rela­tive ask, &c. 
Rule 2. If a Relative come between two Sub­stantives, (called Antece­dents) though of different Numbers or Genders, it may indifferently agree with either the former, or the latter: as, the City which is called Paris.When a Relative cometh be­tween two Substantives &c.Relativum inter duo An­tecedentia diversorum generum, &c.
See Dr. Busbies In­trod. p. 42.
Observe, that in ask­ing a Question, the Re­lative needs not, [Who] or [What;] but it self is to be made an Interro­gative.		  

Government.

ALl Mr. Danes's Grammar. Substantives are governed (or directed in Case) by the word going before them, on which they do depend according to the Sign of a Case; or they are governed of the word going before them, without a Sign.

 Accidence.Grammar.
But Relatives, Indefi­nites, Interrogatives, and Partitives (whose Sub­stantives in Latin are of­ten understood) being expressed by [Which] [Whom] [What;] in Latin, by qui, quae, &c. Whether uter; how great, how much quan­tus: How many quo­tus: How little quan­tillus.But when there cometh a Nomina­tive Case be­tween the Relative, &c.At si No­minativus, &c.

These, or their Substantives (if expressed) are governed of the Word following them, as if it went before them; unless they be the Nomina­tive Case to the Verb: as what dost thou read?

Signs of Cases.

THe Particles, or Signs in English, by which a Substantive is properly governed (or directed in Case) are [O [...].] [To, [For,] [By,] [In,] [At,] [On.] [From.] [Than] and [With.]

[A,] [An,] or [The] are no distinct proper Signs of C [...]ses; because they are common to all Cases, and do sometimes come between the proper Sign, and its Case: As from the School.

Rule 1.Accidence.Grammar.
Of
So is ('s) See Nolens Vo­lens, p. 9.
After a Noun Substantive, or a Noun Adjective, or an Ad­verb: As, desirous of play.		  
1. After a Noun Sub­stantive: As, the voice of a King.When two Substantives come toge­ther, &c.Quum duo Substantiva, &c.
Note,] The Genitive after a Substantive sig­nifying Possession, may be changed into an Ad­jective Possessive, which Adjective (both in Eng­lish and Latin) is made of that Substantive, and shall agree with the Sub­stantive coming after, in Case, Number and Gen­der: As, my Master's Proinde hic Geniti­vus saepissi­me, &c.
[Page 11] Servant, for the Ser­vant of my Master.  
See Mr. Walkers's Particles p. 233. Printed, 1662. And Mr. Coles's Dictionary
The like Variati­on may be used after Substantives, signifying the matter of which a thing is made, by a ma­terial Adjective: As, the Staff of Gold, or a Golden Staff.		  
2. After Adjectives signifying Desire, Skill, or Knowledge, Re­membrance, Carefulness, Mindfulness, Fearfulness, and things contrary to them: As, Covetous of Money.Adjectives, that signify desire, &c.Adjectiv [...] quae desideri­um, &c.
Note,] [Of] Is a Sign of a Genitive, in [mei,] [tui,] [sui,] [nostr.] & [vestr [...];] and in [nost­rûm] & [vestrûm:] as, the love of me. Some of us.1. These Genitive Cases of the Primitives, &c. 2. These Gen. Cases, nostrûm, &c.1. Mei, tui, &c. 2. Nostrûm, & vestrûm, &c.
The first is after Sub­stantives, and the other after Adjectives.  
3. After English Ad­jectives made in Latin by Verbal Nouns, Ad­jectives in Ax: As, bold of wit, audax ingenii. Adjectiva Verbalia in ax, &c.
[Page 12]4. After Nouns In­terrogatives Nouns of Number, and after all Adjectives, Partitives: as, none of the Boyes.Nouns, Par­tives and certain In­terrogatives &c.Nomina Partitiva, aut Partitivé posita, &c.
5. After Nouns of the Comparative, and Su­perlative degree: as, Varro the most Learned Grammarian of the Ro­mans.Nouns of the Compa­rative and Superlative degree, be­ing, &c.1. Compa­rativa & Su­perlativa ac­cepta Parti­tivé, &c. 2. Compara­tivum autem ad duo, &c.
Note,] These Geni­tives after Interroga­tives, Partitives, Compa­ratives, and Superlatives, may be varied by these Prepositions, [à,] [è,] [ex,] with an Abl. or with the Preposition [in­ter,] and with an Accus. 1. Ʋsur­panturautem cum his Prae­positionibus, &c. 2. Accipi. untur autem Partivé, &c.
6. After Participles: as, loving of a Book; greedy of Wine.Participles, when they be changed into Nouns, &c.Participio­rum voces, cum fiunt no­mina, &c.
Sometimes [of] comes after Adverbs of quan­tity, time and place; and when it doth so, it is a Sign of a Genitive: as, in what part of the Earth.Adverbs of quantity, time, &c.Quaedam Adverbia lo­ci, &c.
[Page 13] Exceptions. 1. Excep. [Of] Before words signifying the praise or dispraise of any thing, is a Sign of an Ablat. or a Genitive: As, a man of a great Prudence.Words im­porting in­duement of any quality, &c.Laus, & Vituperium rei, &c.
2. Excep. [Of] After Adjectives, signifying Fulness or Plenty, Emp­tiness or Want, is a Sign of an Ablative, or a Ge­native: as, full of Riches.Adjectives signifying Fulness, &c.Adjectiva, quae ad copi­am, &c.
3. Except. [Of] After the English Adjectives, Worthy, Unworthy, made by Dignus, Indig­nus; after the Latin Ad­jectives Viduus, and Or­bus; and after Opus and Usus, is a Sign of an Ab­lative: as, Worthy of Honour.1. These Ad­jectives Dig­nus, Indig­nus, &c. 2. Opus and Usus when they be, &c.1. Dignus, Indignus, &c 2. Opus, & Ʋsus, &c.
Note,]
So after Adjectives of Joy or Pride.
Sometimes the Latin Adjectives Dignus, and Indignus have a▪ Genitive; but this is mostly in Poets, and a Grecism, which rarely happens.		 Horum non­nulla inter­dum, &c.
[Page 14]4. Excep. [Of] After Verbal Nouns ending in Bilis;after Participles of the Preterperfect Tense, and Participles of the Future in Dus, is a Sign of a Dative: as, to be lamented of me.Likewise Nouns Ad­jectives in Bilis, and Participials in Dus.1. Verba­lia in bilis, &c. 2. Quorum Participia frequentius, &c. 3. Quamvis in his Ʋsita­tior est Dati­us. 4. Exosus, & perosus eti­am cum dan­di casu, &c.
Note,] That this Da­tive, may be changed into an Ablative with the Prepositions [à,] [ab,] [de.]  
Rule 2. [Of] After a Verb, is made by one of these Prepositions, [à,] [ab,] [è,] [ex] (expressed, or understood) or by [de,] if it may be turned into [concerning] foyned to an Ablative Case: as, he is beloved of all men.  
[Page 15]1. After Verbs Pa­sives: as, I am hated of thee.A Verb Pas­sive will have after him an Abla­tive, &c.1. Passivis ad­ditur Abla­tivus agenti [...]. &c.
Note,] This Ablative Case after Passives, may be turned into a Dative. And when it is so, it is a Grecism.—Some­times a Da­tive of the doer.2.—In­terdum Da­tivus. 3. Caeteri Casus manent &c.
2. After Verbs of re­ceiving, or distance: as, London is far distant from Athens.Verbs that betoken Re­ceiving, &c.Quaedam accipiendi, & distandi, &c.
3. After Verbs of loading or unloading, fil­ling, depriving or easing: as, I shall ease thee of this weight.Verbs of filling, load­ing, &c.Verba—implendi onerandi, &c.
4. After the Verb Mereor, to deserve, be­ing foyned with the words, well, better, best; or badly, worser, worst: as, Aristotle deserved well of Alexander. Mereor, cum Adverbiis bene, &c.
5. After Verbs Im­personals of the Passive voice: as, it was studied of him.A Verb Im­personal of the Passive voice, &c.Verbum Im­personale Passivae vo [...]is, &c.
Note, [Of,] After Pas­sives,  
[Page 16]and Impersonals, may be varied by the Sign, [By.]  
The Preposition after Impersonal Passives, is not always expressed; but sometimes under­stood.Yet many times the Case is not expressed, &cQui quidem Casus, &c.
Impersonals derived from Regular Personals, do govern the Cases of the Verbs, of which they are derived.Verbs Im­personals of the Passive Voice, being formed, &c. 
6. After Neuter Pas­sives having a Passive Signification in English, with an Active Termi­nation, and a Passive Preterperfect Tense in Latin: as, I am Beaten of the Master. Vapulo, ve­neo, liceo, exulo, fio, &c.
Exceptions. 1. Except. [Of] After the Verb [Sum,] when Possession is signified, is a Sign of a Genitive: as, the Duty of a young Man.This Verb Sum, when it betokeneth &c.Sum Geni­tivum postu­lat, &c.
Note,] This Genitive after Sum, is changed into a Nominative, when the Adjectives, mine,Except, that these Pro­nouns, Meus &c:1. Excipi­untur hi No­minativi, Meum, &c.
[Page 17] thine, his, hers, ours, yours; or when these Phrases, the part of a man, or a mans part; the part of a beast, or a beastly part, are expres­sed. And these Nomi­natives, are made of these Possessive Pronouns, meus, tuus, &c. And those Phrases rendered by humanum belluinum. Which two last do agree with the Substantive Of­ficium for the most part ellipted. 2. At hi [...] subintelligi videtur Offi­ [...]ium, &c.
Note,]
See Far. Eng. Rud. p. 21.
The former Substantive is to be re­peated after the Verb: As, Pecus est Pecus Jo­hannis.		  
2. Except. [Of] After Verbs of accusing, con­demning, admonishing and absolving, is a Sign of a Genitive, or of an Ablative with a Prepo­sition: as, Cicero ac­cused Catiline of Rebel­lion.Verbs of accusing, &cVerba accu­sandi, &c.
Note,] That always these words, the same, whether, neither, both, 1. Ʋtitur hic Genitivus aliquando in
[Page 18] another, and Nouns of the Superlative degree, are changed, (after these Verbs of accusing, &c.) Or made by the Ablat: Case, with the Preposi­tion [de,] or without it: as, thou accused me of Folly. in Ablatin­um, &c. 2. Ʋter­que, nullus, alter, &c.
3. Except. [Of] After these Verbs it repenteth, it irketh, it shameth, it wearieth, it pitieth, be­ing made by the Latin Impersonals paenitet, pi­get, pudet; taedet, mise­ret, miserescit, is a Sign of a Genitive: as, it pitieth me of thy mis­fortune.Some besides the Accusa­tive will have also a Gen.His Imper­sonalibus subjicitur Ac­cusativ [...]s cum Geniti [...]
3. Rule, [Of] Coming after a Substantive or Adjective, and before the English of the Participle of the present Tense, is a Sign of the Gerund in di: as, desirous of loving.1. When the English of the Infini­tive Mood, &c. 2. And the same Ge­rund in di, &c.Gerundia in di pendent &c.

See Mr. Coles's Dict. To, or For, before a Noun.

1. Rule,Accidence.Grammar.
[To, or For] After a Substantive, Adjective, Verb, or Adverb, are Signs of a Dative Case: as, good for me.  
1. After a Substan­tive: as, a Father to thee. Est etiam ubi in Da­vum, &c.
2. After Adjectives, signifying profit, or dis­profit, likeness or un­likeness, pleasure, or sub­mission: as, pleasant to all.Adjectives that betoken profit, &c.Adjectiva quibus com­modum, &c.
3. After Opus, when it is Adjectively put for [necessary:] as, necessary for the house. Opus autem Adjectivè, &c.
4. After Substantives compounded with [con:] as, a Chamber-fellow to him. Huc refe­runtur No­mina ex Con, &c.
5. After these Ad­jectives, common, strange free, made in Latin by communis, alienus, im­munis: as, death is com­mon to all men. Communis, alienus, &c.
[Page 20] Note, [To] Is some­time made by [ad] after instar, and after natus, commodus, incommo­dus, utilis, inutilis, vehe­mens, and aptus, with an Accus. as, born to Glo­ry. But this is very rare, and a Grecism. 1. Hic ap­ponitur in­terdum Pr [...] ­positio, ad. 2. Natus commodus, incommodus, &c.
6, After Interroga­tives, Distributives, Par­titives, and Nouns of Number: as, second to none. In alio vero sensu Dativ.
7. After Adjectives of difference or contra­riety: as, contrary to him. Nonunquam etiam Dativ.
8. After Verbs put acquisitively: as, I did it for thee.All manner of Verbs put acquisitive­ly, &c.Omnia Ver­ba acquisi­tive posita, &c.
9. After Verbs of profit, or disprofit: as, all things answered to my mind.To this Rule, do also belong Verbs be­tokening to profit, &c.Imprimis, Verba signi­ficantia com­m [...]dum, &c.
10. After Verbs of giving or restoring: as, I give this Book to thee.To give or restore.Verba dan­di, &c.
[Page 21]11. After Verbs of promising, or paying: as, I paid a Shilling to him.To Promise, or to Pay.Verba pro­mitendi, ac solvendi, &c.
12. After Verbs of Shewing: as, I shewed my mind to my Lord.To Shew.Verba nun­ciandi, &c.
13. After Verbs of Trusting: as, thou tru­sted to him.To Trust.Verba [...]iden­di, &c.
14. After Verbs of Threatning: as, he Threatned Death to the Citizens.To Threaten &c.Verba mi­nandi, &c.
15. After the Verb [Sum] with all its Com­pounds (Possum only excepted:) as, thou art awanting to thy self.Also Sum with its Compounds except Pos­sum.Sum cum Compositis, praeter Pos­sum, &c.
16. After Verbs Com­pounded with the Ad­verbs benè, and malè: as, I have done well for thee.Also Verbs Compound­ed with be­ne, and male. 
17. After many Neu­ters, and Passives Com­pounded with the Pre­positions, prae, ad, con, sub, ante, post, ob, in, and inter: as, conducit laudi, it availeth to thy praise.Finally certain Verbs Compound­ed with pre, ad, &c.Dativum postulant Verba compo­sita, &c.
[Page 22]18. After the Verb [Suppetit:] as, Money abounds to the Rich­man. Huic con­fine est suppe­tit.
19. After Verbs Im­personals: as, it is law­ful for me.Certain Im­persoanls re­quire a Dat.In Dativum feruntur haec Impersonalià &c.
20. After the Parti­ciples, or Participal Nouns, exosus, and pe­rosus: as, hateful to me. Exosus, pe­rosus etiam cum d [...]ndi, &c.
21. Note, Gellius hath exosus in the Significa­tion of the present Tense. And this often happens in Participles of Verbs Deponents; Yet in that sense, because they have no Proper Sign in English, they do govern an Accusative.  
22. After Adverbs which do come of Nouns: as, he spoke like his Fa­ther.Certain Ad­verbs will have a Dat. &c.Quaedam Dativum ad­mittunt; &c.
Note,] Though these Adverbs which are de­rived from Nouns have no Sign; Yet will have the Cases of their Nouns.  
[Page 23] Exceptions. 1. Except. [To] after attinet, pertinet, spectat; and after Verbs of moti­on, applying, inviting, exhorting, calling, pro­voking, speaking to, or adding: Expressed by loquor; hortor, invito, provoco, voco, addo; and words of the like signification: As also after words signifying fitness, readiness, for­wardness, or inclinable­ness, it is made by [ad] with an Accusative Case: as, prone to Lust.  
1. After attinet, per­tinet, and spectat: as, it appertaineth to (or unto) me. His vero attinet, &c.
Note, So sometimes, after confero, and con­duco.  
2. After Verbs of motion, and before many Appellatives, and names of great places: as, he went to Troy.Nouns Ap­pellatives, or names of great places, &c.Nomina Ap­pellativè, & Nomina ma­jorum, &c.
Note, The Prepositi­on [ad,] is often under­stood after Verbs of mo­tion.  
[Page 24]3. After Verbs of mo­tion, when they come before the proper name of a place.To a place, if the place, &c.Verbis Sig­nificantibus motum ad, &c.
4. After Verbs of mo­tion, when they come be­ [...]ore [rus,] and [domus:] as Peter went to his house.Likewise confero me Domum, &cAd hunc modum uti­mur rus, & domus.
Note] The Preposition [ad,] is usually ellipted in these two last Rules.  
2. Except. [For] Sig­nifying the Cause, and coming after an Ad­jective, or a Verb, is a Sign of an Ablative Case: as, I Swounded for fear.  
1. After an Adjective, as, Pale for Anger. Adjectiv [...] regunt Abla­tivum, &c.
Note, [For,] here may be varied by, [with.]  
2. After a Verb: as, he grew dumb for admi­ration.All Verbs require an Ablative, &c.Quodvis Verbum, &c.
[Page 25]3. Exc. [For] After Verbs of Price, is Sign of an Ablative: as, I sold it for a Shilling.The Word of Price, &c.1. Quibus­libet Verbis subjicitur, &c 2. Vili, Pau­lo, &c. 3. Sin ad­dantur, & [...],
1. Note, [For,] is sometime understood in the word of Price, and and yet it is made in the Ablative, as if, [For] were expressed.  
2. Note, [For] com­ing after, the English Adjectives, so much, how much, as much, more, less, how much soever, (being put with­out Substantives) is a Sign of a Genitive: as, he bought it for less.Except these Genitive Cases when they be put, &c.Excipiuntur hi Genitivi, &c.
But if these Adjecti­ves be joyned with Sub­stantives they are put in the Ablative Case.  
3 Note, Sometime [Carius dearer,] [Vilius cheaper,] [Melius bet­ter,] [Pejus worse,] [...]are us'd in the word of Price.Saving that after Verbs of Price. 
[For,] otherwise is a Preposition.  
[Page 26]2. Rule, [To] After a Verb. and before ano­ther Verb, is Sign of the Infinitive Mood Active: as, I desire to read.Also when two Verbs, &c.1. Quibus­dam tum Verbis, &c. 2. Ponuntur interdum fi­guratè, &c. 3. Poeticé Infinitivus modus, &c.
Note. Sometime, [To] is [...]llipted, and yet the latter Verb is the Infi­nitive Mood.  
Exceptions. 1. Except. [To] After a Substantive of time, place or desire; or after any Substantive, which doth not signify a matter of which a thing is made; and after Adjectives go­verning a Genit. Case, is made by the Gerund in [di:] as, desirous to play.1. When the English of the Infini­tive, &c. 2. And the same Gerund in di, &c.Gerundia in di, &c.
Note, This Gerund among the Poets is of­ten turn'd into the Infi­nitive mood.  
2. Except.
To. and For (the use of ano­ther) are Signs of a Dat. accor­ding to [...]r. Wase.
[To] or [For] After Substantives of things material, or the matter (of which a		1. The Eng­lish of the In­finitive mood com­ingGerundia in dum pen­dent ab his Praepositi­tionibus,
[Page 27]a thing is made,) as Silver; after these Ad­jectives; slow, ready, strong, good, fit, apt; after Verbs of exhorting, as hortor; of prevailing, as vale, of belonging or appertaining to; as specto, pertineo, attineo; of perswading, [...]s moneo, suadeo; of alluring, as allicio; of inciting, as voco, invito, provoco.after a Reason, &c. 2. The Ge­rund in dum is used after one of these Prepositions &c.in­ter,
[How,] before [To,] af­ter I know, or I know not, &c. Is very Ele­gant. [For] be­fore [To,] is often re­dundant.
&c.
Then [To,] or [For] are made by a Gerund in [dum,] with the Pre­positions [ad, ob, inter, ante, or propter:] as, slow to learn.  
Except. [To] coming after the English Par­ticle [About,] is made by the Participle of the Future in Rus: as, about to read.  
Note,] So, in [like to,] [ready to.]  
4. Except. [To] com­ing after a Verb, and sometime after a Par­ticiple of the preter Tense, betokening Mo­tion, with the Cause of  
[Page 28]that motion, is made by the first Supine: as, I went to see her.The first Supine hath his Active signification, &c.Prius Su­pinum Activè Significat, &c.
1. Note, The first Supine may be changed into a Gerund in di, with ergô, gratiâ, or causâ. Or
Vide Phrases Wint. p. 396.
if it have an Accu­sative after it, it may be made by a Gerundive Adjective (as they call it,) and causâ, or gratiâ.		  
2. Note, [To] After a Gerund in dum, when necessity is signified, may be made by the Sub­junctive mood, and ut.  
3. Rule, [To be] coming after a Verb and before another Verb, is a Sign, that the latter Verb be put in the In­finitive Mood Passive: as, I desire to be loosed.In the Ety­mogy. 1. Also when two Verbs come together &c. 2. These Adjectives, [dignus, in­dignus, and contentus,] may, &c.1. Quibus­dam tum Verbis, &c. 2. Ponuntur interdum fi­guratè, &c.
[Page 29] Exceptions. 1. Except. [To be] After an Adjective, may be made by the latter Supine: as, slow to be taught.The latter Supine hath his Passive, &c.Posterius Su­pinum Pas­sive signifi­cat, &c.
Note,] [To be] coming after the English Adjective [meet;] both it, and that Adjective, are made by a Participle of the Future in dus.  
2. Note, This latter Supine, is also often va­ried by the Infinitive mood, which is a Gre­cism. For the Greeks having no Supines, do render them, by the In­finitive mood.And the same Supine may also, &c. 
2. Except. [To be] After a Substantive, or the
Mr. Danes saith, that no Gram­marian be­fore Pris­cian, di­vided the Pronouns into De­monstra­tives, &c.
Relative [which] (made in Latin by qui,) or after the Verb Sum, is made either by a Participle of the Future in dus, or an Adjective Verbal in bilis: as, he is to be commended.		  
Note,
To, or For, are made by several Prepositi­ons: See their Idi­om in Treat. of Particles, p 314. an [...]. 106.
[To be] may be made by esse, or the		  
[Page 30] Subjunctive Mood of Sum; if it come before a Substantive, or a Par­ticiple of the Future in dus, or before a Prepo­sition with its Case.  
[By.] Rule, [By] Signify­ing the Instrumental Cause, manner, or
See Mr. Coles Dictionary
Con­dition,
* So Dr. Hammond in Pract. Catech. p. 46.
coming after a Substantive, Adjective, or an Adverb, is a Sign of an Ablative Case: as, she is fairer by much.		  
[...]. After an Substan­tive: as, a better man by a great deal.1. A Verb Passive, &c. 2. Verbs of comparing, &c.1. Passivis additur, &c. 2. Forma, vel modus, &c.
Note. [By] after many Verbs, is varied by [Of.]  
2. After the Ad­jectives of the Compa­rative, and the Super­lative degree: as, more glorious by much.Nouns of the Compa­rative de­gree: hav­ing By, &c.1. Adscis­cunt & alte­rum, &c. 2. Tanto, quanto, &c.
4. After Adverbs of Diversity or Difference: as, otherwise by far. Adverbia diversitatis, &c.
[Page 31]5. After Adverbs of the Comparative, or the Superlative degree: as, he was wounded more easily by much. Adverbia comparativi, & Superla­tivi, &c.
Exceptions. 1. Except. [By] Be­fore a Substantive, and after a Verb Passive, or a Participle Passive, is sometimes made by a Dative: as, he is seen of none.A Verb Passive will have after him some­times a Dat.Passivis ad­ditur—in­terdum Da­tivus.
Note,] Herein, it may be varied in English, by the Sign, [Of,] But [By,] after Passives, is idioma­tically made by, [par,] with an Accusative.  
2. Except, [By,] Be­fore the English of the Participle of the present Tense, is made by the Gerund in [do] with one of these Prepositions, [à,] [ab] [è,] or [ex] ex­pressed, or understood: as, the Romans won by yielding.Also the English of the Parti­ciple of the Present Tense, &c.1. Gerun­dia in do pendent, &c. 2. Ponun­tur & abs (que) &c.
[Page 32][
See Mr. Coles's Dict.
From.] Rule, [From] After an Adjective, or a Verb, is a Sign of an Ablat. or it is made by the same Case with one of these Prepositions, [à,] [ab,] [è,] or [ex:] as, he went from me.		  
1. After Nouns,
It is rarely used after Part. and Inter­rog. and when it is so; it is forc'd.
Par­titives, Interrogatives, and Nouns of Number: as, the first from Adam.		 Numeralia in alio sensu Ablativum, &c.
2. After the Adjecti­ves, strange, free: as, free from vice. —Alie­nus, immu­nis &c.
3. Before a word of time, order, age, or no­ting original, or term of Action; and after Ad­jectives of difference or diversity: as, different from me. Nomina di­versitatis Ablativum, &c.
4. After the words▪ born, descended sprung▪ created, it is made by natus, &c. as, discended from the Conquerour. Natus, prog­natus, &c.
Note, 1. Here [From,] may be varied, by [Of,] as, it may be mostly after Verbs.
[Page 33] Note, 2. All these Ab­latives are governed of a Preposition ellipted.  
5. After Verbs of re­receiving, distance, car­rying away, differing, de­livering, sending, fetch­ing, saving, keeping, hearing, and after Verbs having [away] joyned to them: as, God de­livered thee from thy Immortal Enemy.Verbs that betoken re­ceiving, or distance, &c.Quaedam accipiendi, &c.
6. After Verbs of motion, and before the proper name of a Place: as, Peter went to An­tioch.From a place. &c.Verbis sig­nificantibus motum à loco &c.
7. And [from] before the English words, Coun­trey, and home, made by rus, and domus: as, John went from home.Domus, and Rus likewise be used.Adeundem modum usur­pantur Do­mus & Rus.
Note, The Preposi­tion by which the Sign [From] is rendered in Latin, is often omitted before Proper names of Places, and before Rus, and Domus.  
[Page 34] Exceptions. 1. Except. [From] After Verbs of taking away, is a Sign of a Dative: as, Paul took away a girdle from me.And this Ablative af­ter Verbs of taking away may be, &c.Vertitur hie Ablativus aliquando in Dativum.
2. Except. [From] Before the English of the Participle of the Present Tense, is made by the Gerund in do, with the Prepositions [à] [ab,] [è] [ex,] expressed or understood: as, he was hindered from running.And the same Ge­rund in do is used, &c.1. Ponuntur & abs (que) Prae­positione. 2. Gerundia in do pen­dent, &c.
Rule, [In,] [At,] and [On,]  
[In,]
See Mr. Coles's Dict. [...]
[At,] and [On,] Before Substan­tives of value, time, or occasion, before words of Place, Meat, or Food, Mu­sical-Instruments, and before the Substantives [will] or [pleasure,] [term] or [condition;] are Signs of an Ablative Case: as, in no place.		  
1. [In,] or [At,] Be­fore the proper names of Places: as, at or in London.Nouns Ap­pellatives, &c.Nomina Ap­pellativa, &c.
[Page 35] Note, The Preposi­tion, [In,] governing an Ablative, is here under­stood, which is some­time expressed for more emphasis, or elegancy.Sometimes the Preposi­tion In, &c.1. Praepo­sitio subau­dita, &c. 2. In, cum significatur, &c.
2. [In,] or [At,] Sig­nifying Time: as, in, or at that Time.Nouns that betoken part of, &c.Quae Sig­nificant par­tem, &c.
Note, But these Signs are not often express'd in this sense.  
Exceptions. 1. Except. [In,] or [At,] After Verbs of
And after consulo pendo, & facio.
Esteeming, are Signs of a Genitive: as, he va­lued thee at nothing.		Verbs that betoken to esteem, or regard, &c.1. Verba aestimandi, &c. 2. Flocci, nauci, &c. 3. Singu­laria. sunt ista, &c.
But the Verb, Aestimo will have a Genitive, or an Ablative: as, I esteem thee much. Aestimo vel Genitivum, &c.
2. Except. [In,] or [At,] Before proper names of Places, of the first or second Declensi­on, and Singular Num­ber, are Signs of the Ge­nitive: as, born at Rome.In a Place, or at a Place, &c.Omne Ver­bum admit­tit Geniti­vum, &c.
[Page 36] Note, But if the Proper name want the Singular, it is put in the Ablative: as, bred up at Athens.  
3. Except. So [In,]
* See Mr. Lewis's Essay, p. 27.
or [At,] before home, ground, war, or war­fare, are made by a Ge­nitive: as, Crassus is at the War.		And these Nouns, hu­mi, domi, &c.1. Hi Ge­nitivi, humi, &c. 2. Domi non alios se­cum, &c.
Note, But if an Ad­jective be joyned to these words, they are put in the Ablative: as, Cras­sus was slain in the Par­thian war.  
4. Except. [In,] or [At,] Before the Pro­per name of a place of the third Declension, and Plural Number; are Signs
See Syst. Gram.
of an Ablative: as, Cicero lived at Ty­bur.		But if the Place be of the third, &cVerum si proprium loc [...] nomen, &c.
5. Except. [In,] or [At,] Before the Eng­lish of the Participle of Present Tense, is made by the Gerund in do: as, glorious in Fight­ing.Also the English of the Parti­ciple of the Present Tense, &c.1. Ponun­tur, & abs (que) &c. 2. Gerun­dia in do, &c.
[Page 37][
In my Opinion, [Than,] ought to be only u­sed after the Com­parative degree, and [Then] in other Senses: Let the Learned judge. See Mr. Butlers Eng Gram and Mr. Walker's Part. Prin­ted 1662.
Than.] Rule, [Than,] After Nouns and Adverbs of the Com­parative degree in the same Sentence, is made by quàm, or it is a Sign of the Ablative Case: as, more Victorious than Alexander, more Elo­quent than Tully, and more Fortunate than Caesar.		Nouns of the Compa­rative de­gree having than, &c.1. Compa­rativa cum exponuntur perquam, &c. 2. Adverbia Comparativi, & Superla­tivi, &c.
Note 1. Where quàm is used, the word fol­lowing must be the same Case with the word, that goes before quàm. But, if neither the Ablative, nor quàm [...]e expressed, then mensurâ, or nu­mero are ellipted, if the word following be the Genitive Case.  
Note, 2. But [Than] after the Adject. [more,] made in Latin by [plus,] is found with a Nomi­native, Genitive, Accusa­tive, and an Ablative: as, there were more than twenty men. Plus Nomi­nativo, &c.
[Page 38]But this is not to be imitated.  
[Prae,]
See Mr. Coles's Nolens Volens.
is thought to be ellipted or un­derstood before the Ab­lative, for the Sign, [Than.]		  
[With.] Rule, [With,] Signifying the Cause, Manner, or Instrument, is a Sign of an Ablative, when it follows an Adjective, or a Verb: as, my Father went from hence with sorrow.  
1. After Adjectives Signifying the Cause: as, great with pride. Adjectiva regunt Abla­tivum Signi­ficantem, &c.
Note, Here, [With,] may be varied by the Sign, [For.]  
2. After the Ad­jectives, endued, taken, content: as, content with slavery.These Ad­jectives Praeditus, &c.Praeditus, captus, con­tentus.
3 After Verbs of aboun­ding, filling, or loading: as, John abounds with Riches.Verbs of Plenty, fil­ling, &c.Verba abun­dandi im­plendi, &c.
[Page 39]4. After any Verb Signifying the Instru­ment, or manner: as, he was slain with a Sword.1. All Verbs require an Ablative, &c 2. Afficio, prosequor, &c.1. Quodvis Verbum, &c. 2. Prosequor afficio, &c.
Exceptions. 1. Except. [With,] after the Verbs of com­paring or equalling; meeting with, being angry, mingling, and contending, is a Sign of a Dative: as, I met with my Brother.1. To Com­pare. 2. To be An­gry with. 3. Certain Adverbs will have a Da­tive, &c.1. Verba comparand, &c. 2. Verba irascendi, &c. 3. Quaedam Dativum ad­mittunt No­minum.
Note, [With,] after aequo or adaequo, may be varied by the Sign, [To.]  
Most of these Datives (except in Verbs of com­paring) be Grecisms, and generally Poetical.  
2. Except. [With,] coming before the En­glish of the Participle of the Present Tense, is a Sign of the Gerund in do: as, hot with run­ning.When the English of the Partici­ple of the Present, &c.1. Gerundia in do, &c▪ 2. Ponun­tur absque Praepositione, &c.
[Page 40]3. Except. [With,] Signifying [Soc [...]ty,] is made by [ [...]um.] [...] ­ly if [...] Particle, [toge­ther,] [...]me after i [...] Dig­nifying [from,] i [...] made by, [à:] signifying [at,] is made by, [apud.] Ablativo modi actio­ [...]is, &c.

Words having no Proper Sign.

Rule,Accidence.Grammar.
Every Substant. com­ing without the Signs, [Of,] [To,] [For,] [By,]
So Su­per.
[In,] [At,] [On,] [From,] [Than,] or [With;] or with these general Signs▪ [A,] [An,] or [The,] after Nouns, Verbs, Ge­runds, Supines, Parti­ciples, or Adverbs, shall be the Accusative Case: as, I love the Master.		And that casual word, which com­eth next after the Verb, &c 
And also after these Prepositions,  
Farnab. Syst Gram
Ad, penes, adver­sus, cis, circa, circiter, extra.		  
Ultra, post, praeter, propter, prope, ponè, secundum.  
[Page 41] Per, Circum, circa, contra, juxta, inter, ob, infra.  
Erga, apud, ante, se­cus, trans, supra, ver­sus, & intra.  
1. In Relatives, which (as is above said) do always go before the word, which governs them: as, what Book do you read?But when there cometh a Nominat. Case between the Relative, &c. as aboveAt fi No­minativus, &c. as above.
The two opposite Rul [...] in the Gram. and Accid. are men­tioned af­ter in the Exceptions
2. After Adjectives signifying the measure of length, breadth, or thickness of any thing: as, a Tree a foot thick.		  
2. After Verbs tran­sitives: as, death con­quers all men.Verbs tran­sitives, &c.Verba tran­sitiva, &c.
3. After Verbs Neu­ters, as, I have slept a long sleep.Also Verbs Neuters may have, &c.1. Quin etiam Verba, &c. 2. Sunt quae figuratè, &c. 3. Sed praeeo, &c.
Note,]
S [...] Ox [...]. Gram. p. 129. Ed. 1.
This Accus. is often changed into an Ablative, which i [...] go­verned of a Preposition.		 Hunc Ac­cusativum mutant, &c.
[Page 42]4. After Verbs of [asking,] [teaching,] [arraying,] and [be­seeching:] as, I ask thee this Question.Verbs of asking, &c.Verba ro­gandi, &c.
Note,]
That is the Accus. of the Per­son.
One of these Accus. Cases after Verbs of [asking,] may be changed into an Ablat. wi [...]h, [à,] or [ab,]		 Rogandi Verba inter­dum, &c.
But then they vary their sig­nification.
As also Verbs of [arraying,] change their Accus. into an Ablative or a Dative.		 Vestiendi Verba, &c.
Note,]
See Mr. Wase's Gram.
[Induor,] [mendor,] [poscor,] [doc [...]or,] [rogor,] will have an Accus. without a Sign: as, Anaxgoras taught strange things.		  
5. After the Verb [valeo,] signifying, I am worth, or, I am esteemed at so much: as, the Book is not worth that Money. Valeo etiam interdum cum Accusa­tivo, &c.
Note,] sometimes a Genitive is set after [va­leo:] But then it is go­verned of an Accusative ellipter.  
[Page 43]6. After these Imper­sonals, [delectat,] [de­cet,] [juvat,] [ [...]portet,] with the Compounds of [juvat,] and [decer:] as, it delighteth a Delphin, to hear Musick.1. Some will have an Ac­cusative Case: as [d [...] ­lectat,] &c. 2. But if he hath nei­ther of these words, &c.Haec Imper­sonalia: accu­sandi casum, &c.
7. After the Imper­sonals. [paenitet,] [tae det] [miseret,] [mise­rescit,] [pudet,] [piget:] as, it irketh a raw Scho­lar of his Book.Some be­sides the Ac­cusative will &c.1. Illis Im­personalibus subjicitur Accusativus, &c. 2. N [...]nnul­la Imperso­nalia remi­nalia remi­grant, &c.
Note, That a Genit. for the most part is joy­ned to this Accusative.  
8. After Gerunds, and Supines: as, God loving mankind, sent his Son to redeem us.Gerunds and Supines will have, &cGerundia sive Gerun­divae voces & Supina, &c.
9. After Participles: as, thou art ready to love thy destruction.Participles govern such Cases, &c.Participia regunt casus, &c.
So after [Exosus,] hating, [perosus,] hat­ing, [pertaesus,] wearyThese Par­ticipial voices, pero­sus, exosus, pertesus, &c.Exosus, pe­rosus, perte­sus, activè significant, &c.
[Page 44]10. After Adverbs of [shewing.] or [upbraid­ing,] [en,] or [ecce:] as, behold him, [en illum] 1. En, & ecce Adver­bia demon­strandi, &c. 2. En, & [...]ece expro­brantis aec.
Note
See Mr. Lewis's Essay Printed 1674 p. 22.
That [ecce] is judged a Verb defective, and so is [en,] too, and sometimes, when they betoken demonstration, or shewing they may have a Nominative, as well as an Accusative by a Grecism.		  
Note,] That these Adverbs be all Datives, [Tempori,] [luci,] [ve­speri, are judged Abla­tives,
Ox [...]. Gram. p. 146,
and then they are resolved by [in,] or [by.]		These Da­tives be used adverbially, tempori, &c.Sunt & hi Dativi Ad­verbiales, &c
11. After the Ad­verb [cedo,] (though it be by some called a Verb defective:) as, chuse what man thou wilt. Cedo flagi­tantis exhi­beri, &c.
12. After Adverbs derived from Preposi­tions: as, nearer the City.Certain Ad­verbs will have an Ac­cusative, &c.Sunt quae accusandi casum, &c.
[Page 45] Exceptions. 1. Except▪ One Sub­stantive after another, without any Sign be­longing to the same; the Substantive coming after, shall be the same Case with the Substan­tive going before by ap­position: as, I being a a Scholar do learn.But if they belong both to one thing, they, &c.Excipiun­tur quae in eodem casu, &c.
See Mr. Walkers' [...] Particles p. 58.
[Being] doth some­times come between two Substantives, and the former of those Sub­stantives, having a Verb agreeing with it, is a mark o [...] Apposition.		  
2. Except. A Sub­stantive joyned with a Participle, and having no Verb depending on it, is made by the Abla­tive Case absolute: as, The Master threatning, the Scholars are quiet.A Noun or a Pro­noun Sub­stantive, joyned, &c.Quibus li­bet Verbis additur, &c.
The
See M [...]. Lewis's Essay.
Ablative Case (by some) is said, pro­perly to be governed of nothing.		  
[Page 46]3. Except. The word coming without any Sign after Adjectives of measure in [length,] [breadth,] or [thickness,] may be, either an Abla­tive, or an Accusative: as, a well, three yards deep.The measure of length, breadth, &c.1. Magni­tudinis men­sura, &c. 2. Inter­dum & in Ablativo.
Note] Sometime it is put in the Genitive; but then it is a Grecism, or an ellipted Latinism. But this happens care­ly, and ought not to be imitated. Interdum etiam in Ge­nitivo.
4. Except. The word coming without any Sign, signifying the space between places, may be either the Accusative, or the Ablative, as, Lon­don is twenty Miles distant.Nouns that betoken space, &c.Spatium lo­ci in Accusa­tivo, &c.
5. Except. The word coming without any Sign, signifying part of time, may be the Abla­tive▪ as, no man is wise every day.Nouns that betoken part of time, &c.Quae signi­ficant par­tem, &c.
Sometime, it is an Accusative, but very rarely.  
[Page 47]The Preposition, [per] in the Accusative, and [sub] in the Ablative, seem to be ellipted. Quanquam hic ellipsis, &c.
6. Except. The word coming without any Sign, signifying continu­ance of time, without ceasing, or intermission, is the Accusative, or the Ablative: as, he lived fifty years.But Nouns that betoken continual term, &c.Quae autem durationem, &c.
7. Except. The word coming without any Sign, after certain Ad­verbs of quantity, time, and place, and after [in­star,] is the Genitive: as, he is no where to be found.Adverbs of quantity, &c.1. Quaedam Adverbia lo­ci, &c. 2. Instar, aequipara­tionem, &c.
Note, 1. Words of quantity, time, or place, having not the Signs, [A,] [An,] or [The,] are Adverbs; otherwise they are Substantives.  
Note, 2. There is a great elegancy in these Adverbs, to which the English-Tongue is a stranger▪  
[Page 48]8. Except. [Ergô] for [causâ,] or [gratiâ,] sig­nifying the sake or cause, will have a Genitive: as, for his sake, ejus ergô.  
Note, That as [To] is sometime ellipted after the English of [In­star;] so is [For] before [Ergô.]  
9. Except. The word coming without any Sign after Verbs Sub­stantives; sum, forem, fio, existo; most Pas­sives, and Verbs of ge­sture, which is the Nominat. Case if there be a Nomin. Case befo [...]e them: as, God is good.1. Sum, fo­rem, fio, &c. 2. Also Verbs that betoken bo­dlly, &c. 3. And ge­nerally, when the word, &c.1. Verba Substantiva, &c. 2. Deni (que) omuia fere, &c.
Note, But if any of those Verbs have an Ac­cusative before them; then the word without a Sign, shall be the Ac­cusative: as, I judge him to be a good man. And this is mediate Ap­position.And like­wise in the Accusative Case: as, non decet, &c▪1. Infini­tum quoque utrinque, &c. 2. Quam­vis in his po­stremis Ex­emplis, &c.
[Page 49]10. Except. The word coming without any Sign after the Verbs [to dispatch,] or [to be busie
Vide Treatise of Part. p. 249.
about,] [to pity] or [to take pitty on,] is the Ge­nitive: as, I pitty his condition, misereor sta­tus sui.		Satago, mi­sereor, mise­resco, re­quire, &c.Satago, mi­sereor, &c.
But misereor, and miseresco, sometimes govern a Dative; but very seldom, and not to be imitated. At misereor & miseresco rariùs, &c.
11. Except. The word coming without any Sign after [interest, and refert,] shall be the Geni­tive. Put in, [me,] [thee,] [him,] [her,] [us,] [you] [whom,] it is made by, [meâ▪] [tuâ] [suâ,] [nostrâ,] [vestrâ,] [cujâ,] which are Abla­tives Feminine: as, it concerneth my life.Interest, re­fert &c.1. Haec tria Impersona­lia interest. 2. Adjici­untur & illi Genitivi, &c.
12. Except. The word coming without any Sign after Reminiscor, obliviscor, recordor, me­mini, shall be the Accu­sative or Genitive: as, I remember thy kind­ness.Reminis­cor, oblivis­cor, &c.Reminiscor, obliuiscor, &c
[Page 50]13. Except. The word coming without any Sign after [Potior,] and Verbs of want▪ is an Ablative, or a Genitive: as, I want money.1. Egeo, or indigeo, tui vel te. 2. Verbs of scarceness, &c. 3. Potior urbis, potior, voto.1. Verb [...] abundandi & his diver­sa, &c: 2. Ex qui­bus, quaedam nonunquam, &c. 3. Potior, aut Gen. aut Ablat.
14. Except. The word coming without any Sign after fungor, feuor, utor, nitor, sto, (to a­bide) vescor, victito, and vivo for victito, is an Ablative: as, I use vir­tue.Likewise Cotor, &c.Fungor, fru [...]r, & utor &c.
15. Except. The word
The ap­posite Rules in the Acci­dence and Grammar, are men­tion'd un­der To, and Fo [...], p. 20. &c.
coming without a Sign, to which any thing is gotten, as the end, ob­ject, or subject; after Verbs signifying (juvo, adjuvo, laedo, offendo, governing an Accus. being excepted) profit, disprofit, giving, resto­ring, promising, pay­ing, commending, shew­ing, trusting or believing, obeying or serving, re­sisting,		  
[Page 51] threatning, par­doning; after Studeo,
Suadere alium Tert a Grecism, and not to be imita­ted.
suadeo, faveo, parco, placeo, adulor, dominor, respondeo, indulgeo, me­deor, sum, (with his Compounds) libet, va­cat, dolet, (taken Imper­sonally;) and after most Verbs, Neuters and Pas­sives, (except those men­tioned, p. 67.) Com­pounded
† Ex prae­eo, praece­do, prae­vinco, praeverto, or praever­tor, ge­verning an Accus.
with the Pre­positions, [prae,] [ad,] [con,] [sub,] [ante,] [post,] [ob,] [in,] and [inter,] is a Dative: as it profiteth me nothing.		  
Note, Studeo [to en­deavour,] hath an Accus. as, Studer rem ad arma deduci, Caes. signifying, to care for, a Genitive: as, non tui Studet, Cic.  
Note, Many of these Prepositions, [A] [ab,] [abs,] [abs (que)] [cum,] [coram,] [de,] [è] [ex] [prae,] [pro,] [sine,] are used without a pro­per Sign; and they all govern an Ablative, wich, or without a Sign.  
[Page 52] Conjunctions. Rule Conjunctions Copu­latives, Disjunctives, and [quàm,] [nisi,] [praeter­quam,] [an,] do govern like Cases in Nouns, and like Moods and Tenses in Verbs: as, John and Peter did play and learn toge­ther.1. Conjun­ctions Co­pulatives, Disjuncti­ves, and these &c. 2. Conjun­ctions Co­pulatives, Disjuncti­ves most, &c.1. Conjuncti­ones Copula­tivae, & Dis­junctivae, cum &c. 2. Conjuncti­ones Copula­tivae, & Dis­junctivae ali­quoties, &c.
Exceptions. 1. Except. When the government is different, they couple divers Cases, in Nouns.And some­time they be put between, &c.Excepto si casualis, &c.
2. When Verbs have the same Mood, and yet different Tenses in the same Mood.And some­time divers, &c.Aliquoties autem simi­les, &c.
Prepositions. A Verb, Compound­ed with a Preposition, hath often the Case of the Preposition, with which it is Compound­ed.A Verb Compound, sometimes requireth, &cPraeposit i [...] in Compositi­one, &c.
[Page 53]The Prepositions [à,] [ab,] [abs,] [ad,] [ [...]um,] [de,] [è,] [ex,] [in,] and [con,] are sometime repeaced after a Verb Compounded with one of them. Verba Com­posita cum, a, ab, &c.
[In,] signifying bare­ly, [in,] governs an Ab­lative; but signifying [into,] [towards,] [for,] [against,] or [amongst,] it governs an Accusative.Sometimes this Prepo­sition [In,] &c.1. In pro ergo, &c. 2. Idem cum Accusativo, &c. 3. In, cùm significatur, &c.
[Sub,] [under,] governs an Ablative; but [Sub,] [about,] [to,] [a little before,] [a little after,] requires an Accusative. 1. Sub pro ad, &c. 2. Alias Ab­lativum, ad­mittit.
[Super] [beyond] [a­bove,] [at,] hath an Ac­cusative; but [Super,] [in,] [of,] or [concern­ing,] an Ablative. 1. Super pro ultra, &c. 2. Super pro de, &c.
[Subter,] [under,] [clam▪] and [procu [...] ▪] have either an Accusa­tive, or an Ablative. Subter uno Significatu, &c.
[Page 54] [Tenus,] governs an Ablative; but in words signifying two (by na­ture) or wanting the Singular, it hath a Ge­nitive.In the Ety­mology. Where Note, that if the casual word joyned with Tenus, &c.1. Tenus gaudet Ab­lativo, &c. 2. At Ge­nitivo tan­tum, &c.
Prepositions are usu­ally understood, especi­ally when we may un­derstand the Sense with­out them.  
Prepositions, when they want their Cases, are Adverbs.In the Ety­mology. 1. Note, also that the voices, &c. 2. Also the voices of, &cPraepositi­ons cùm ca­sum amittunt &c.
Interjections. Interjections, have usu­ally no Case. Interjecti­ones non rar [...] absolute, &c.
But the Interjection [O,] governs a Nomina­tive, an Accusative and a Vocative.Certain In­terjections, require a Nominat.O exclamen­tis, &c.
Heu, and
Sic V [...] ­ssi [...]s in [...]ynt. & [...] at. p 9 [...]
Proh (or Pro,) govern an Accusa­tive, and a Nominat.		1. Certain an Accusat. 2. And the same Proh, 3. Certain a Vocative.Heu, & Prô nu [...]e Nomi­nativo, &c.
[Page 55] Hei, and vae govern a Dative: as, woe is me! bei mihi.Certain a Dative: as, hei mihi.Hei, & vae Dativa apponuntur.
Ohe, (signifying O) governs a Vocative; but ah, vah; and hem (sig­nifying the same) go­vern a Nominative, or an Accusative: as, vah, Stultitiam.  

Rules for more Elegant Latin, ac­cording to the Accidence and Grammar.

Rule, 1.Accidence.Grammar.
THe Conjunction, That, may be made by, [quod,] or [ut,] and the Verb put into the Subjunctive Mood, a­greeing with its Nomi­native Case.When the English that, may be, &c.Resolvi po­test hic mo­dus, &c.
But it may be more elegantly cast away, by turning that which was the Nominative into the Accusative, and the Sub­junctiveBut if Sum be the Infi­tive Mood, &c.1. Verba Infi­niti modi, &c 2 Quamvis in his postre­mis, &c
[Page 56] Mood into the Infinitive: as, I am glad that thou art safe.  
Rule, 2. The English word, [to Have,] which may be made by [habeo,] with a Nominative Case, may be more elegantly made by [Est,] in the Singular, and [Sunt,] in the Plural; and then the Nomina­tive is turned into the Dative, and the Accu­sative into the Nomina­tive: as, I have a Son. est mihi filius.This Verb sum, es, fui, may, &c.Est pro ha­beo, &c.
Rule, 3. The Nominative, or Accusative, after sum, do, verto, (to impute) expedio, and some others, is elegantly changed in­to the Dative of the
Farnab. Syst. Gram
Person: as, Death is an enemy to wicked men.		1. Also when Sum hath after him a Nominat. &c. 2. And not only Sum, &c1. Sum cum multis, &c.
Note, Often, tibi, si­bi, and mihi, are added to those Verbs, though there be another Dative. Est ubi hic Dativus, ti­bi, &c.
[Page 57] Rule, 4. These English Parti­cles, whilst, when, if, though, after that, be­fore a Nominative Case, may be left out, and the Nominative Case be tur­ned into the Ablative, and the Verb into a Par­ticiple agreeing with the same: as, if Caesar overcome, Caesarevincene.And it may be resolved by, &c.Quibuslibet Verbis addi­tur Ablati­vus absolutè, &c.
Note, The Particle, being, often comes be­fore the Participle, and is understood in the La­tin.  
Rule, 5. Nouns Adjectives signi­fying manner, or pro­priety, and Verbs Neu­ters, and Passives, be­tokening Sickness, or defect in the body, may have an Accusative, or an Ablative: as, wounded in Body; sacius corpus or corpore. 1. Verbis quibusdam additur, &c. In Figurâ per Synecdo­chen omnia, &c.
Note, But Verbs of vexing, fretting, or di­sturbing, may have a Quaedam tamen effe­runtur, &c.
[Page 58] Genitive: as, the Master is vexed in [...]ind.  
This is an ellipsis.
Sec Oxf. Gramm. Note, that in citing that Book, I alwayes mean the first Edi­tion, ex­cept p. 3.
  
Rule, 6. Must, or Ought, is used only in the Present Tense, and may be made by debeo: but it is ele­gantly made by oportet, with an Accusative, or by the Gerund in dum; and the Nominative (to debeo) turned into the Dative, and the word following (debeo,) which is the Infinitive Mood, is made by the Gerund in dum: as, I must go.And when you have this English must, &c.Cùm signi▪ ficatur neces­sitas, &c.
Note, Here the Verb, Est, is set Impersonally with the Gerund in dum.  
Rule, 7. Gerunds, if they have an Accusat. after them, are changed into Parti­ciples of the Future in Dus. The Gerund in di into the Genitive, the Gerund in do into the Dative or Ablative, and Vertuntur Gerundi [...] vo­ces, &c.
[Page 59]the Gerund in dum*
They may be so used in either Number.
into the Accusative, and agree with the Substan­tive following after them: as, desirous of getting gain.		  
1. Note, These Ge­rundives, differ from Adjectives and Parti­ciples, because they ex­press not the manner of the Substantive.  
2. Note, A Gerund in di, may elegantly have a Genitive Plural joyned to it. Interdum non invenustè &c.
Rule. 8. A Verb Impersonal Passive, is elegantly put for all Persons Active.When a deed is signified to be, &c.Verbum Im­personale Passivae vocis pro singulis, &c.
Rule, 9. Adjectives of likeness in guilt, and Adjectives of faithfulness (instead of a Dative) may have clegantly a Genitive: as, faithful to thee. Quaedam ex his quae simi­litudinem significant, &c.
[Page 60] Note, 1. That the Genitive Case of a Sub­stantive after another, is often put (as it were) absolute; the Substan­tive which governs it, being ellipted: as, Ter. Byrrhiam hujus, [ser­v [...]m] being ellipted. Ponitur in­terdum Ge­nitivus tan▪ tum, &c.
Note, 2. This is a Grecism, and answers to Mr. Camdens Rule, in his Greek Grammar, Ponitur interdum Geni­tivus, &c.  
The English Pronouns [Mine,] [thine,] [his,] [her,] [ours,] [yours,] do signifie Possession, when they have a Sub­stantive coming after them, and are made by [meus,] [tuus,] &c. as, my Book, liber meus.  
But in Classic Au­thors they are used promiscu­ously.
Strictly [mei,] [tui,] [sui,] [nostri,] & [vestri.] should be used, when Pas­sion is signified; and [meus,] [tuus,] &c. when Possession is signi­fied.		  
Nostrûm, and Vest­ [...]ûm (of us, of you) are  
[Page 61]to be used after Distri­butives, Partitives, Com­paratives, and Superla­tives; and nostri, and vestri otherwise.  
The Rules for them in the Accidence and Grammar, are menti­oned before. 1. Sui & suus recipro­ca sunt, &c. 2 Aut an­nexa per co­pulam.
[Him] [his] [hers] are made in Latin by sui, and suus, when they relate to a Substan­tive before the Verb; but by ejus, when they relate to a Substantive after the Verb.  
This is to avoid am­biguity (which the La­tin Tongue abhors;) otherwise we may ren­der them promiscuously, when there is no danger of being mistaken.  
Ipse and Idem, figu­ratively, are of all Per­sons. 1. Ipse ex, &c. 2▪ Et No­minibus pa­riter, &c. 3. Idem, etiam omni­bus, &c.
[Page 62]We express one next us, by hic; one at a little distance, by iste; and one a great distance, by ille. Haec De­monstrativa, hic, ille iste, &c.
We use ille in Com­mendation; but iste is used in Contempt. Ille▪ tum usurpatur, &c.
Ille, is generally re­ferred to the first Sub­stantive, and more re­mote; but hic is refer­red to the latter and nearer. Hic, & ille, cum ad duo ante posita referuntur, &c.

An Explanation of some Rules in the Grammar, wherein there remains some difficulty, either through variation of Government; or because the Verbs cannot be known without enumeration, and so consequently their Regimen can­not be sufficiently cleared. And first of,

Ex his quaedam efferuntur etiam cum Accusativo.

Juvo, adjuvo, So lae­dere naves Lucretius laedo and offendo do belong to this Rule, and govern an Accusative Case: As, nè pe­dem in lapidem offendas, Matth. 4. Bez. Quendam offendebat, Cic. vide Farn. Systema Grammaticum, p. 63. and Angl. Rud. p. 22. No other Verbs properly depend on this Rule; and conduco, studeo, incumbo, and confero (put as examples in the Grammar,) in a strict sense are not of the same signification with these above-mentioned.

Interdum additur Ablativus cum Praepositione.
Aliquando Accusativus cum Praepositione ad.

In these two Rules the Preposition is used for Emphasis, mostly in Orators, rarely or never in Poets, who rather use a Dative instead of both. In proper names, [cum,] in this sense betokens a kind of Society. But Examples of either, do but rarely occurr. However a beginner ought not to imitate them.

[Page 64]Haec variam habent constructionem.

According to this Rule, some Verbs govern an Accusative, and some a Dative, which are here enumerated and explained.

Impertio, to bestow, or give to, governs a Da­tive; as, huic rei aliquid temporis impertias, Cic. But Impertio. to greet with a Salutation, an Ac­cusative; as, impertit Parmenonem, Ter. Dono, to give, hath a Dative; as, cui donat, Hor. But Dono, to reward, an Accusative; as, quem dona­vit honore, Virg. Insterno, to cover, an Accusative; as, tabulis instravit, Virg. But insterno, to spread upon, a Dative; as, terrae insternitur, Statius. Aspergo, signifying only to sprinkle or wet, Or Fi­guratively hath either a Dative with an Accusative; as, dignitati labem aspersit, Cic. or an Accusative with an Ab­lative; as, maculis vitam aspergebas, Id. And some­times an Accusative alone; as, aspergere cunctos, Hor. Consulo, to give Councel or to provide for, a Dative; as, infido consuluisse, Ovid. But Consulo, to ask Councel, an Accusative; as, consulit exta, Virg. Ae qui, boni (que) consulo, to take in good part, is an Elegancy. See Oxs. Gram. p. 120. Metuo, timeo, and formido, to be afraid or fearful for anothers safety, have a Da­tive, or an Ablative with a Preposition; as metuit tibi, Plaut. Pro aliquibus Cels. De republic â timeo, Cic. But, when they betoken a fear for a mans self, they have an Accusative; as, formidat acu­men, Hor. Deum timeamus, Paulin. Episcop.

Dicimus, Tempero, Moderor, &c.

The meaning of this Rule is, that these Verbs do govern different Cases according to different [Page 65] Significations, as followeth. Tempero tibi, i. e. modum im­pone; tem­pero te, i. e. rego te. Tempero, to mo­derate, govern or restrain, an Accusative; as, tem­perat iras, Virg. But, to spare, a Dative; as, cae­dibus sibi temperat, Liv. Cic. Moderor, to regulate or govern, is used indifferently, either with an Ac­cusative or Dative; as, moderatur Orationi, Cic. Refero, to relate, return or render, a Dative; as, retulit mihi, Ovid. But, to resemble, to refer, and (sometimes) to relate, an Accusative; as, ensem vaginae referre, Sil. So referre ad senatum, i. e. pro­ponere. Scribo, in Prose, with an Accusative and a Preposition; but in the Poets it hath a Dative: as, nil mihi rescribas, Ovid. So [mitto] [Do,] with a Dative, when I give thee for thy own use; but [do,] with an Accusative, when I give thee any thing for the use of another: as, dare cuipiam, Plaut. Dare literas ad aliquem, Cic.

At ex his quaedam, &c.

[Accedo▪] to come near, to be added, a Dative, or an Accusative: as, accesserit oras, Virg. Accedit Deo ad similitudinem, Cic. Accedere dicuntur, quae tanquam appendices sunt contractus emptionis, Var. In nominibus propriis oppidorum aut pagorum Ac­cusativum saepius habet, nul â praecedente praeposi­tione, Gouldm. in Verb.

Ausculto, to obey, a Dative: as, ausculta paucis, Ter. But, to behold, or hear, an Accusative: as, ludos auscultavi, Non. Constat, to be certain or mani­fest, an Accusative, with inter; or an Ablative with de: as, constat inter omnes, Cic. Constat hâc de re, Quintil. or a Dative: as, non constat ei color, Liv. Constant campis, Plin. Convenit, to agree or accord, a Dative or Ablative with de or cum; or an Accusative, with in, ad, inter; and (sometime) [Page 66] an Accusative without a Preposition: as, de hoc pa­rum convenit, Quint. Aliam aetatem aliud factum convenit, Plau [...]. But constat, and convenit, being most an end us'd as Impersonals, belong to the Rule, in Dativum feruntur, &c. Certo, dis­sideo, and pugno, according to the Greek Idiom, govern a Dative, according to the Latin, an Ab­lative with a Preposition ellipted or expressed: as, bello de re aliqu â certat, Liv. Tibi certet Amyntas, Virg. But certo, to aim at, an Accusative: as certat aliquid, Hor.

Pauca ex his mutant Dativum, &c.

The meaning of this Rule is, that certain Verbs Compounded with these Prepositions prae, ad, con, sub, ante, post, ob in and inter, do change their Dative into another Case: which Verbs I shall enumerate, to falsify that great ostentation of Lilly's grand Adversary, who tells the World, that such Verbs cannot be found in rerum natur â.

These following Verbs have no proper Sign in English, unless it be comprehended in the Latin.

Antecedo, antecello, anteo, and antesto, signify­ing to excel or surpass; and antevenio, to excel, come before, prevent, have either an Accusative or a Dative; but when prevention is signifyed, mostly an Accusative: as, Metelli exercitum ante­venit, Sal. Tempori anteveni, Plaut. Conscendo, to ascend, to mount, an Accusative: as, equum con­scendere, Liv. Inscendo, to climb, an Accusative: as, Inscendere currum, Plaut. Insilio, to leap upon, an Accusative or a Dative: as, defessos, tauros insilire, Suet. Interdico, to forbid, hath a Dative, and an Ablative, or a Dative, and an Accusative, or a Dative alone: as, interdico tibi dom [...] me â, Liv. [Page 67] cui nemo interdicere possit, Cic. interdicere vestigiis, Plin. It is seldom read with an Accusative and an Ablative. Despauter denies, it to have an Accusa­tive; for, saith he,

Omne dat activum, tolle [interdicere,] quartum:

Hoc Verbum sextum pro quarto soepius optat.

I suppose he meaneth an Accusative of the Person; for otherwise it hath one; as, faeminis usum pur­purae interdixit, Liv. Insum, plac'd in the Royal Grammar as an example of this R [...]le, cannot pro­perly be so. Obruo, to overwhelm, to cover, an Accusative: as, nox terram obruit umbris, Lucret.

Praesto and praecelio, to excel, have a Dative or an Accusative: as, magnum praestet Achillem, Virg. alicui praecellere, Tac. Hem vir viro quid praestet, Ter. But praesto, to perform or make good, an Accusa­tive: as, principem praest [...]re, Suet. Jusjurandum praestare, Psin. Jun. Spem suam praestare Deis, Lucan. Hence praestare al [...]quem, to be surety for a man.

Having run through all the difficulties and va­riations of the Syntax, I will add a word concer­ning Government, and so conclude.

Government will easily be understood, if we consider. [1] Whether there be an Acquisition (to or for) after the Verb. [2.] Whether, if there be none, there be no Object or Subject of the motion of the Verb; for in both these Cases▪ the Sub­stantive must be the Dative. [3.] Wh [...]ther there be not a Synthysis of those Substantives, which [...] influenc'd by the Verb; for if that be not rega [...] ­ed, it will make the direct subsequent Go [...] ­ment be mistaken. And [4.] to observe which [...] ­stantive belongs to the person, and which to [...] thing; for the stress of the Government [...] all [Page 68] obliques lyes mostly in the Personal Substantive. And the greatest clashing herein, is generally be­tween the Dative and the Accusative. A great reason of variation in Government, is Idiom, and that is twofold; either of the Verb alone, or ac­cording to the structure of the Sentence; and both these are againe twofold, either according to the Idiom of the Latin, or according to that of the Greek. Ex. Gr. Facere See Com. El. Gr. jacturam, dare damnum, and not vice versâ: Both of which have a Transient Substantive and in the same Case, and yet their Idiom differs. So, nil pudet capiti non posse pericula cano Pellere, Pers. Vobis decet, Ter. Magno bellare parenti, Stat. By an imitation of the Greek, for à cano capite, vos decet, magno parente. Moreover some Verbs formerly governed such Cases [...], as we now dare not use them in: as, nimis me indulgeo, Ter. Indulgent patientiam flagello, Mart. Which Verb, if so us'd now, would be little less than Treason against the old King of Grammarians, Priscian.

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FINIS.

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