Dissect. I.

WHen wee assent, affirme, yield, grant, vote, confirme, confesse, ad­mit, allow, or approve of a thing, &c. wee [...]re wont to Nod or bend our head forward. Galen ascribes this motion to the Head, where he saith, Flexio fit annuendo: which Vesalius expounding sayes, He meanes of [...]hat motion whereby wee bend or incline our Head forward in assent or approbati­on. [Page 48] The naturall reason of which moti­on in these senses is, an approving which is made by the Imagination seeing o [...] hearing somewhat done or said which accordeth very well, and this power re­maineth in the Braine or forepart of the Head wherein the Cell and Seate of the Imagination is, when any of these thing give it contentment, suddenly it moveth the same, and after it all the Muscles o [...] the Body, especially of the Head the chiefe Sphere of its activity, and so ma­ny times we allow of witty sayings [...] actions, by bowing downe, or Nod­ding of the Head. The Muscles appoint­ed in a Right motion of the Head to exhi­bit the yielding flexibility of the will, an [...] the upper portion onely of the pain of Muscles, commonly called mastei [...]dean or the mamillary paire, because in­serted into the Dug-like processe of th [...] Temples, arising with a double origi­nall, distinguished with a certaine cavi­ty, whereof one begins at the top of th [...] Sternon, the other proceedes from th [...] higher part of the Clavicula where it i [...] joyned to the Sternon; Seated in th [...] forepart of the Necke under the squa [...] [Page 49] Muscle of the Cheekes: For when this part of the aforesaid Muscle enjoyes the action alone, the Head it selfe onely by the first fibres which are infixed into the first and second vert [...]bre, is moved to assent. Which portion, insooth, hath sometimes a peculiar and cleere circum­scription or delineation which answers in proportion to those small Muscles which are behind: for since the signifi­cations that are performed by the Head alone, are very short and light, and the Head being heavy, by reason of its weight is easily depressed or let downe [...]o the anterior parts, two such small Muscles were sufficient for this action. If [...]ny man would make triall to find after what manner this significant motion of [...]he Head is done, having got a fresh hu­ [...]ane carkasse, the other parts besides [...]he ligaments of the vertebres being [...]aken away, driving the Head foreward [...]nd backward with his hands, He shall [...]asily perceive it to move first by it selfe, [...]nd shall thence conjecture the small Muscles inserted straight into the Head, [...] be the chiefe autho [...]s of the motion. Note that wheras this just flexion of as­sent [Page 50] is caused by the Heads urging and impelling the second vertebre by the benefit of the ligament of the Tooth, the Muscles on each side working together: So if the Right Muscle only be contract­ed, the Head drawne by oblique fibres, obliquely assents Leftward: the Left Muscle onely working, the Head assents for­ward, but to the Right Hand; which you may see represented in the raines of a Horse. But nothing can better shew you how to conceive of the office and functi­on of these Muscles, than if you should put a garter athwart about the hinder part of the Head, bringing it from above the ears on each side-down to the breast; for if you afterwards draw both the end [...] of the garter together, the Head wil give a just Nod of assent: but if you pull the ends by turns one after another, you wil [...] cause Collaterall Nods, such as wee us [...] when the partyes to whom we make th [...] signe are on one side of us. Now fin [...] these Small Muscles, commonly account­ed the upper portion of the mastoidean [...] Mammillary paire (though their prope [...] circumscription seeme to give them th [...] Delineations of a Distinct paire) affor [...] [Page 51] the Dug-like process of indulgency, expressed by assenting Nods, giving them a proper name from the affection and significati­on of the mind they help to exhibit, they may be called Parannuens, the assent­ing, or yeelding paire, or the muscles of Approbation. When the Head in assent­ing is more manifestly bent forward, and compell'd to Nod, then the whole Ma­stoidean paires work together, the lower portion of those Muscles being most active in the fuller Declaration of the mind which appeare under the Oesopha­gus, a paire seen before the carcasse is excoriated in leane, and old men, and men living, being those which in an­tique Coines were observed with so great diligence by the Ancients; the profoundnesse of this paire yielding a signature of a deeper assent, and might for Distinction be called par affirmans, the affirming paire, or the Muscles of Concession.

Dissect. II.

WHen we would bow low, as in assenting with reverence, or [Page 52] to adore, worship, or profess a submissive respect, the whole Neck with the Head is inclined and lowly bent forward, in which large expression of the Head and Neck, after the second vert [...]bre the third is moved, then the fourth and all the rest, the lower the vertebre is so much the obscurer motion it obtaines, and the last the shortest. This motion is per­formed by the Benders of the Neck, which are two paire, the first paire com­monly called Longus, lying under the Oesophagus, is long, arising with a sharp and fleshie beginning from the Body of the fift vertebre of the Thorax, on the fore part where it is joyned to the Rib; this ascending upwards, is annexed col­laterally to all the Bodies of the Vert [...] ­bres, even to the first of the Neck where both the Muscles touch one another, and with an acute and nervous tendon it ends in the processe of the first vertebre, which is the standart or proportion to the body of the other Vertebres, that the Neck might be bent. The second paire of Benders commonly called Tri­angulate hath a fleshy and large original from the first and upper Rib of the Tho­rax, [Page 53] afterwards maintaining its course towards the Face, it grows narrow, and is terminated with oblique fibres, in the transverse processes of all the vertebres of the Neck where they look inward; for, these muscles working together, bow the Neck right forward, and so consequent­ly the Head. The first long Muscles which so appeare active in these Decla­rations of the Mind might by our scope of Denomination be called Par reveren­tiale, the Reverentiall paire; The other commonly called Triangulare, for di­stinction, Par adorans, the Muscle of Worship or Adoration, or the Muscles of the yoke of submissive obedience; and that well grounded upon the naturall Philosophy of Gesture; The bowing down of the Neck with the Head, natu­rally implying a professed submission, even to the taking up of the yoke of obedience. This motion may be also collaterall, when either of the paires work alone, for then they incline the Neck and Head forward towards the side of the contracted Muscle.

Dissect. III.

WHen we lightly dislike, refuse, denie, or resent a thing, we use a cast-up backward Nod of our Head, a motion diametrically opposite to the forward motion of assent; and this sig­nification of the mind is performed by the extension of the Head according to Gal [...]n, Extensio fit abnuendo. Vesalius ta­king upon him to expound Galens meaning in these words, saies, they are meant of that motion of Deniall wherein we reflect or recline our Head after that manner as the Thracians and most of your Cretans even at this day seeme Ab­nuere, that is, to refuse, and denie; for when they refuse or denie, they move their Heads straight backward, and lift and cast it up, not as we refuse and denie, who drive the head about in a circum­duction. Here Divine Vesalius (as Fallo­pius his superstitious Admirer often cals him) the Anatomique Argus, who never took a nap in Dissection, appeares guil­ty of a drowzie Nod of Cavillation, in making so blind a Comment upon so [Page 55] cleare a Text. But indeed, the luck of his divine wit hereabouts fail'd him and proved mortall, which hath caused such great Digladiations among Anatomists, as to divide them into Sects, one part endeavouring to maintaine his Cavill against Galen in point of articulate mo­tion, according to his provinciall garbe of refusing and deniall: The other strongly repulsing the Calumny. But as to the signification of the affection of the mind exhibited by this gesture, none have minded it so far as to under­take a vindication; which since it is not only a mistake of the mind of the noble Pergamite, but comes overthwart to endanger the principles of our uni­versall and naturall Language of the Head, I am engaged (saving the reve­rence due to so great an Anatomist) to make head against him, and to say, Ve­salius non vidit omnia. To which pur­pose, an inference from his own words in that place will serve; For, Vesalius speaking of those anterior Muscles that officiate in the motion of Assent, saies, they are altogether contrary to the first foure paire of Muscles placed in the hin­der [Page 56] seat of the Neck; neither can any thing so exactly shew the function of the posterior Muscles, as those Muscles of Assent, for they have the same motion forward, as the other have backward. Being their motions, then, are Diame­trically opposite, so are their significa­tions: for if we use, as we do, the flexi­on of the Head to shew our assent, and that properly according to the univer­sall inten [...]on of Nature; the contra­ry motion to that, must as naturally imply dislike, or dissent, or resentment. And if we Nod from us when we bid one go, Nodding to us is a gesture of in­vitation, and calls and bids them come unto us; the first significations being made by the co-operation of the same Muscles of assent, as likewise the Nod of Command, Direction, and Demonstra­tion are; the second, by them he grants to have an Analogicall contrariety of situa [...]ion and motion unto the other; which from thence might be called Musculi imperantes, Dirigentes, Demon­strantes, and Repellentes, the inviting or repelling Muscles. And if Galen had said, Flexio fit repellendo, extensio fit advo­cando, [Page 57] or invitando, this would have pleas'd Vesaliu [...], who seemes to me in this matter guilty of that fault, which Fallopius grown wiser, and leaving off Jurare in verba magistri, is bold to ac­cuse him of, that is, He rather carps at Galens words than his meaning; and here he seemes to quarrell at the signifi­cation of the word Abnuendo, as if Galen had improperly used that word with restriction to a Nationall garb of speak­ing by the Head; whereas extensio fit ab [...]uend [...], according to Galens true mean­ing hath an undoubted reference to the universall and naturall way of deniall or dislike, which all Nations of the world agree in, being as common to other Nations, and so to Vesalius his Coun­trymen, as to the Thracian and Cretans: And he might have as well expounded Flexio fit Annuendo, to have been a Thra­cian or Cretane property. So that Galens extensio fit Abnuendo (even in the natu­rall universality of its signification) may be rationally maintained. Now the instruments of this extension ac­cording to Spigelius, whose description (to avoid the confusion and contra­diction [Page 58] I find among other Anatomists) I here follow, are foure paire, common­ly called the extenders of the Head, whereof the first paire, known by the name of Par triangulare, Scalenum, and so called from their figure, and by some Splenium for the resemblance it hath to the Spleene, affording thence a signa­ture for a Splenetique motion of dislike, ari­sing with a twofold beginning, one pro­ceeds from the tops of the fift, fourth, third, second, and first vertebre of the Breast: The other from the five Snigs of the lower vertebres of the Neck, and with somewhat oblique fibres are inserted into the midst of the occipitium which is between the eares. The second paire of these Extenders, subject to the other, is known by the name of Trigeminum, or Compositum, because endued with a three­fold origination, that it seemes to b [...] compounded of three Muscles; the first has an acu [...]e beginning, proceeding from the tranverse processe of the fourth and fifth vertebre of the Breast, and is inserted into the midst of the hinder part of the Head, therein seeming to have a signature to accommodate a [Page 59] sharpe crossenesse of dislike, which ri­sing from under the Spleene, and ascend­ing to the Breast, and from thence to the Head, hath therein made an impres­sion of resentment; the other ariseth from the Snig of the seventh Vertebre of the Neck, and grows into one with the other before its insertion; the third coming out from the transverse proces­ses of the first and second vertebres of the Breast, is strongly fastened into the hinder part of the Head. The third paire commonly called Recti majores, The right Majors, doth presently occur un­der these; and proceed from the top of the second vertebre of the Neck, and are inserted into the hinder part of the Head. The fourth paire called Recti minores, seated under the greater, arising from the knob of the first vertebre of the Neck, which holds Analogy with the Snigs of the other vertebres of the Back, and end in the middle occiput under the ends of the Recti majores. By the help of all these Muscles (whose Dualities, mul­tiplicities of principles, and divisions inserted into the Head are not without some signature of disagreement, and dis­like) [Page 60] if one paire of them work together in Consort, the Head is extended straight backward, to disallow, or deny; I [...] one of them work alone, we refuse and d [...]ny somewhat obliquely, which oblique aversenesse answers in the proportion of contraries, the forward collaterall Nod of assent, and indulgency. And it is ob­servable, that the long and great Muscles are alwaies first moved in this motion of Refusing, and Deniall, but where the Head is extended after a manner to an acute angle, the Right relieve the other, for, the long Muscles cannot performe that action, but it is ever done by the smaller Muscles; which we will there­fore call Musculos Abnuentes, the Refu­sing, and Denying Muscles. But before I end this Section, I must crave leave to smile by way of observation at a great Anatomist, whom I find running away with an errour instead of a conceited verity, and one of the sworn Vassals to his judgment, strongly following the Heu and Cry after him; Who having absurdly robbed Galens universall Abnu [...] of a Muscle, or part of a Muscle, under pretence of a Thracian, or Cretan [Page 61] Recusant, to enrich his Country Abnuo, hath by his envious robbery committed a contempt against the Sanction of Na­ture, who intending the Head to be the Ballance of the Soule, wherein the Cell of Judgment, seated in the midst, as the Tongue of the Beame, to keep the Head in aequilibrio, untill the Judgment mo­ved it to incline, or rise, hath to that end (for Counter-ballance▪) planted many Muscles behind to counterpoise the inclination the Head hath, by reason of its weight, to propend or weigh down in too easie assents; by reason wherof man is equally disposed in respect of the Organ, according as he sees good, either to approve, or dislike. To speak plainer, Vesalius taking the fourth part of the Muscles Trigemini, which Fallo­pius makes an exact and distinct Muscle, which the Will useth lightly to dissent or refuse by Nodding backward, Vesa­lius joines this in commission with the Muscle commonly called Superior ob­lique, and makes it serve to Denie by a circumduction of the Head, from whom Fallopius justly dissents, with Argu­ments well grounded upon the Philo­sophy [Page 62] of voluntary or arbitrary moti­on, and its important significations; discovering wi [...]hall the occasion of this Vesaliar ▪ D [...]c [...]pti [...]n. Against which ab­horred Solecisme of Vesalius, Fallopius argues after this manner. If, saith he, the Head cannot be moved round, unlesse after the moving of the first Vertebre, which is obvolved about the Tooth of the second, it will be necessary that it should be first moved by this Muscle, and upon its moving, the Head also should be turned: but this cannot be done; Therefore it doth follow, that it is not the Instrument of moving the Head round. For let us look to its rising and insertion [which indeed is the rule to discover the course of a Muscles Moti­on] if the Vertebre is to be turned round, the rising or originall of it will be in the occipitium, and the insertion in the transverse processe of the said Ver­tebre. Now let this Muscle act, if in the meane season the Head may be moved, it cannot act, because there is need of the rest of that very part from whence it ariseth if it must draw: If therefore it be granted that the Head may rest, the [Page 63] Muscle working, the Vertebre will be led about, but upon that motion the Head also is wheeled round; therefore it will happen that the Head together and at the same time may be moved and rest. But let us grant the Head to be moved when this Muscle acts [Deniall.] Now the quaere is, whether it must be moved with a contrary, or the same mo­tion? If it may be moved with a contrary, a concourse without doubt will [...]nsue, and so the Head will not be moved upon the motion of the Vertebre; because the Vertebre would be agitated to the Right Hand, and the Head to the Left, by con­trary motion, whereby they would con­cur and meet together. But let it be the same motion, that both are carried to the Right Hand; I aske again (saith he) which shall have the precedency in mo­tion, the Head, or the Vertebre? 'Tis likely it will be answered, the Vertebre should precede, because that is moved per se, but the Head by accident upon its moving: But the principle or begin­ing of moving comes from the Head, because the Muscle ariseth from thence, which draws it, therefore it will follow, [Page 64] that the vertebre is moved by the Head; and not the Head by the vertebre, which is against his owne opinion. Yet some may answer, that the Head is driven round by this Muscle, begining at the vertebre and ending in the Occiput: but if this were granted, it would follow, that this Muscle should move the Head per se, and not by the motion of the vertebre, and in its pro­per Article, which Article according to Vesalius is unfit for circular motion. Wherfore if we should grant this Muscle to serve for the circular motion of Denial, [and not the extensive] some of these discommodityes will necessa [...]ily follow; which are destructive to that true, nay most true opinion of the Head in orbe by accident.

Dissect. IIII.

WHen we would mock, deride, con­temne, disdaine, threaten or re­buke, we use an ironicall motitati­on or wagging Nod by the flexion and reflection of our Head in turnes in a quick succession, both which motions, [Page 65] peculiar to the Head, are done in se­quence by the Muscles of Assent and De­niall making as 'twere a mixt motion, and that emphatical and proper enough, for an ironie, where the first action im­ports approbation, and the second com­ing in the interim and immediately up­on the nick of it before it is fully done, by a contradictory motion compounds it into an ironie. Like unto this, is that motion of assent in old men, from whence the Adage came, Omnia omnibus annuit, touching the paraliticall indul­gency of old men, who are not by the complection of Age so free, but they instantly recall their graunts, for in them this Nu [...]us and Renutus signify no­thing, while that which is by transfer­ring downwards, alwayes succeedes that which is done upwards, and the down­ward motion againe received of the up­ward, the motion is made double and compounded, while the Head inter­changeably changeth place, which trem­bling is a voluntary motion depraved by [...]eason of an equall fight between the moving faculty, and the gravity of the moveable part, arising from the imbecil­lity [Page 66] of the moving Function, which Galen approves. Now of voluntary motion which is undergone, not according to Nature, there is one forme which is called Tremor, which he proves againe, saying, motion in those who will not move a member, we call involuntary, but in them affected with trembling, the mo­tion comes not but from the command of the will; but is said depraved and not according to Nature, although it depend upon the empire of the will, for it wants that convenient motion in­tended by the institution of the will: for although it be altogether excited ab im­petu, yet the motion perisheth, by reason of the imbecillity of the faculty. There are some found who deny the Impetus can possibly be separated from the Tre­mor, because they somtimes see the whole Head to tremble and to be shaken, no will or disposition to move concurring therewith: But they seeme not to know, that to keep any part erect, the cōmand­ment of the Will is required; because muscles in this, scarce otherwise then in o­ther functions, are strained; & therefore [...] you rest a trembling Head upon a cushi­on, [Page 67] you shall soon stay the trembling, [...]nd free it from that motitation. And [...]ence it is that we know this motion of [...]he Head is voluntary.

Dissect. V.

WWen we reject, refuse, or shew an extraordinary dislike, we use to [...]urne away our Head. This is the acti­ [...]n Vesalius would have so proper and [...]eculiar to his Countrymen in point of [...]efusall and deniall; Which indeed is like naturall and common to all Nati­ [...]ns, that of Extension, which Galen [...]peaks of, and this of Circumaction being [...]oth significant to shew averseness of the Mind, unlesse you, as Vesalius seemes to [...]o, will imagine this way of rejection [...]nd deniall by the Circumduction or turn­ [...]ng away of the Head to be the more [...]mphaticall of the two, by reason of the obliquity of the Gesture. Yet in the other Naturall way of R [...]fusall or Deniall by the Extension of the Head, [...]lthough it is done so straight back­wards, the same Muscles when one of [...] paire work alone have a power to [Page 68] effect some obliquity, which they of­ten put in practice upon this occasion. The Instruments of this oblique moti­on of Refusall and Deniall are the two paire of circumagent Muscles, common­ly called the Oblique Superior and In­ferior, from their situation, both of them lying under the Right Extenders, to which they are correspondent in substance and forme, exhibiting there­by a signature of some vicinity and likenesse in the substance of their signi­fications. The upper paire from the middle of the Occipitium arising neer [...] the outer side of the Recti majores ob­liquely descending, is transversly inser­ted into the top of the transverse pro­cesse of the first Vertebre of the Neck. The inferior paire derived from the Spine of the second Vertebre of the Neck ascends obliquely, and is inserted with the former into the transverse pro­cesse of the first Vertebre. These when they are contracted drive round circu­larly towards the Spine backward the first Vertebre upon the second, whence it comes to passe that the Head consist­ing thereupon, is together circularly [Page 69] moved. But because these are some­what small, the two first extending [...]aire, when one of them acts, doth [...]ssist the motion; and it seemes there is [...]reat community and reciprocall enter­ [...]ourses of relation between the Right [...]xtenders and the Oblique Superior, for [...]ccording to some, when the Oblique [...]uperior, that is the whole paire, doth [...]ork together, their Office is to help [...]he Head straight backward to act a [...]ght Refusall or Deniall. Well, since the [...]bliquity of these Muscles, their ob­ [...]que descension and ass [...]nsion, trans­ [...]rie insertion into transverse processes [...]o all speak allegorically by their cor­ [...]spondency of signature a serviceable [...] for the oblique expression of a [...]ejecting mind, turning away by a Refu­ [...]ng gesture, they might be called [...]usculi Rejectionis, the Muscles of Re­ [...]ction, Improbation, or Disallowance, or [...] Recusants: But most properly, Mus­ [...]li Renuentes; for whereas Abnuo, and [...]enuo, are both words significant to [...]port a Refusing or Denying by Nod­ [...]ng of the Head; Whereas Galen saies, [...]ciensio fit abnuendo, I would say Cir­cumactio, [Page 70] or rather, Semi-circumactio [...] Renuendo, which would not only serve for a Distinction, but if Critiques woul [...] give me leave to expresse my [...]antsie in this matter, which is a little out of thei [...] reach, it would prove as proper to ex­presse this Refusall or Dislike perform [...] by a backward semicircumduction, as [...] does to signifie that Refusall or Dislike i [...] exhibited by a straight backward extensi [...] of the Head. Wherefore to adapt [...] new Nomenclature to the ancie [...] modell; whereas in that, these Muscle are called Obliquus superior, and Obli [...]quus inferior; according to our Doctrin [...] and scope of Denomination, they [...] passe by the name of Re [...]uens superior, an [...] Renuens inferior, the superior and inferi [...]or Muscles of Dislike, or the upper an [...] the lower Recusants. ¶ That this Actio [...] of the Recusant Muscles should not [...] undertaken without understanding [...] judgment, we have a hint, in that [...] motion is so proper to the Head, that [...] Neck is destitute thereof; for, this mo [...]tion, wherein the Head is driven [...] rolls as a wheele upon an Axeltree, [...] a circular motion (though the [...] [Page 71] is no exact circular motion in the Head but semi-circular only, for we cannot [...]urne our Head in orbe, that is quite round) may be done the Neck quiescent, if you strive to look by turnes to the Right Hand and to the Left by a cir­cumversion of your Head; for after what manner soever you order the po­sture of your Neck, this semi-circum­action of the Head is commodiously performed. For when men bend their Neck and the Head inclined therewith, as She [...]pe-biters in their shamefull feare, and rust [...]ck bashfulnesse are wont to do; Or if the Neck be extended, as in Refu­sall and Dislike it usually is, and in feare, and jealousie, and dread, which makes a man circumspect, and to weare his Beard (as the Spanish Proverb saies) upon one shoulder; Or if the Neck be Loftily ex­tended, as in proud men, who look aside upon men, as they say, over one shoul­der; Or whether the Neck be bent down laterally to one shoulder, as in [...]anguishing of the Mind; in all these we may easily maintaine the gyre or cir­cumaction of the Head: which ability of motion was ordered to the Head out [Page 72] of an obsequious regard to the eye, for that which is behind cannot otherwise bee seene by the eye, un­lesse the conversion of the Head relieved the Defect, and when we need more then this Capitall Semi-circumvolution, the thighes helpe to turne the Body round. So that the mind is every way fitted with Muscles for circumspection and wary heede. So that the same Mus­cles which before were called the Recu­sants, might in reference to these affecti­ons of the mind, be called Musculi Ti­moris, Pudoris Rusticani, Contemptus. The Muscles of Feare, Rustique Bashfulnesse, and Contempt, or amici circumspectionis, the Friends of Circum [...]pection.

Dissect. VI.

LIght Displeasure makes us shake our Head, and casts it into a short Ague of Distaste; which gesture we also use when we Dissallow, chide, forbid, rebuke, condemne, doubt, lament, condole, repent, &c. which action is nothing els but a sloe and definite trembling, and an effect a­rising from the same cause that trem­bling and horror doe, namely from the retyring of the Spirits but in a lesse de­gree. [Page 73] The muscles by whose operation this important motion is produced are the oblique Muscles of Dislike, moving re­procally by short turnes, and so dupli­fying the single motion of oblique Dis­allowance, into a redoubled and more ample circle of Distaste. ¶The quick suc­cession of the same oblique Muscles of one side working alone, and their fel­lowes on the other side taking it by turnes to maintaine the rotation, ac­complisheth (also) that motion of th [...] enraged and frantick fury of the mind which wheeles and swings about the Head in the voluntary and giddy vertigo of Phrensie or Bacchanalian fury. And be­cause some latter Anatomists have gone about to take away this act of circumver­sion from the Head, if you desire to see [...]his motion, having gotten a Humane Carkasse, endeavour to remove all the [...]arts which are laid over the Head and Neck (the ligaments onely left) then [...]ut that part of the skull which is cove­ [...]ed with haire with a saw in orbe, and [...]raw out the Braine with a portion of [...]he Spinall marrow, afterwards bid a­ [...]other to comprehend the skull on both [Page 74] sides with his Hands, and to hold firme the first and second vertebre, that while you shake the Head you may try whe­ther it may be moved after this manner to the sides and in orbe; insooth this motion although in it selfe somewhat obscure, and is tryed in a dead Body, which is not onely destitute of naturall heate, but hath also by reason of cold the ligaments almost contracted, yet it is not so smal, that it may not answer these small Muscles which cause it, and which have no other office than to accommo­date the significations of this motion.

Dissect. VII.

IN Supplication, tendernesse of love and humility; servile respect, flattery, reve­rence, and obsequious regard, &c. [...] moderate bowing the head to one side is ofte [...] used, the better to move others to co [...] ­passion, by that languishing posture [...] the Head. This oblique motion is of [...] second kind of motions, and of the [...] differences wherein an oblique motio [...] may be done, this may be truely call oblique; which motion is peculiar [...] private to the Neck, according to V [...]salius [Page 75] who challengeth this as a peculiar: for, the Head obtaines no peculiar mo­tion of laterall inclination, but is carri­ed to the side by the benefit of the Neck onely, and by a secondary motion: for, the Neck unmov'd, and rigid, we have no power granted us to bring the Head [...]ny way towards this or that Scapula, [...]ntill the Necke be turned thither. The [...]ntimations of the mind that are exhi­ [...]ited by this laterall motion of the Neck, have no peculiar Muscles assign'd [...]nto their action, there being not par­ [...]cular and private Muscles allow'd to very motion of the mind energetically [...]orking out its signification by the mo­ [...]on of the Head: for, this oblique mo­ [...]on is perform'd when one of the Flex­ [...]s and Extensors of the Neck work to­ [...]ther. Eustachius sees nothing to hinder yet he will not affirme it rashly) that [...] significations of the mind may be [...] exhibited, when two Muscles of [...] same side, yet of diyers yoakes or [...]njugations, to wit the forward and [...] hindermost from the Head inserted [...]o the transverse processe of the first [...] work together, for, the Detri­ment [Page 76] of moving which necessary fol­lowed the security of the Article of the Head, is sufficiently recompensed by Na­ture with the multitude, magnitude, & various situation of Muscles. So that [...] the Flexors and Extensors of one side [...] contracted together, the Head following the motion of the Neck, is driven to the Right or left Hand, wherein they ob­teine their situation, and according [...] these worke more or lesse by reason [...] their fibres, this straight obliquity [...] more emphaticall. And although the [...] being no proper Muscles assign'd to [...] action, the Muscles that cause it [...] no peculiar Denomination; yet we ma [...] call that Flexor and Extensor when the appeare working together, (especial [...] upon the same Right side) [...] Supplicationis or Adulationis, the [...] of Supplication or adulation, or the [...] flatterers: ¶ In extraordina [...] languishment of the Spirits, and in [...] or wantonnesse of the mind, [...] Head usually is seen to fall to the Rig [...] Shoulder. But why this Caput [...] or mollitiei, this head of languishment effeminacy, should alwayes sinke to [...] [Page 77] Right shoulder, is a subtilty worth the Scanning. Baldus thinkes that in these maladyes of the mind, the Neck and Head may incline more to the Right hand than to the Left, because the Mus­cles on the Left side are more easily re­solv'd than those of the Right, as being [...]esse nourished; for that it is more cold [...]nd weaker than the Right: which hap­pens because it is lesse moved and exer­cized. Now sin [...]e they who are drenched [...]n these maladyes of the mind, cannot [...]ncline their Heads backward nor for­ [...]ard in regard of the vertebras, and those [...]rong Muscles implanted in the processe [...]f the Iugall-bone and Breast, it remains [...]erefore, since their Muscles are laxe, [...]edounding with overmuch moysture, [...]ey should, as men drowzie, let their [...]ead fall to the Right or Left shoulder; [...] withall, their Heades abounding [...]ith exerementitious humours, cannot [...] susteined, but are so inclined, and [...]rchance rather to the Right Hand [...] the Left for the aforesaid reason. [...]nd indeed they may well be suppo­ [...]d [...] to have the Ligaments of the Left [...] more slacke and remisse, which [Page 78] notes out much softnesse and superflu­ous moysture predominant in the Left-side, by which, when the Muscles and Ligaments of that side are loosened, the Head by its weight is bent to the oppo­site side, as it happens sometimes the Cheeks to be drawn awry to one side, when there is a resolution of the Nerves and Ligaments of the other side.

Dissect. VIII.

PRide, Arrogance, Ambition, Insolency, Insultation, Confidence, Disdaine, Mag­nificency, Magnamity, and the odious vani­ty of Bragging and boasting, beare up the Head aloft, by reason of which garbe, such who use it are properly called Cer­vicosi, that is, Elate ▪ and arrogant; which action is performed when all th [...] hinder Muscles of the Neck and Head and that confused Chaos and heape o [...] Muscles in the Back, which are like Labyrinth of many waies, work to [...]gether; for then by drawing the [...] straight backward, they extend it an [...] keep it erect as a Mast of a Ship is [...] Cords, which posture is Tonique, an [...] [Page 79] hath these significations when it is mo­derately so held without any vehemen­cy; and we might call this action of the Muscles, the Combination, or Conspiracy of Pride and Arrogance: or the Bragga­dochios plot. ¶ But in fierce audacity, when we would affront, defie, upbraid, and with an execration expresse cruell anger, we augment the tension of the Muscles, and confirme our Head to a Chamelion-like inflexibility, setting withall our face (with the veines retched out) against others. Anatomists call this, a­mong the five figures of the motion of Muscles, according to Galen, Extreme figure; where there is an immoderate contention, wherein the parts are vehe­mently stretched out, and wherein the Muscles of both kinds work together, and sometimes beyond their strength; but chiefly when we compell a Member to persist longer in that tension, for we cannot long endure the great stresse of the Nervous fibres. But this Tonicall fi­gure may be more or lesse intense ac­cording to the pleasure of the mover. This rigid forme of fierce audacity, looks like a Crampe or Crick in the Neck, [Page 80] and makes the Muscles to remaine so stretched out, that the Head and Neck seeme indeed immoveable, but yet in truth the Muscles are moved in conser­vation of the contracted Muscles, such being the nature of successive motions (as Laurentius speaks) that they are no lesse done while they are so kept, than when they were first begun: We may call this generall concurrence of the Muscles, when they are thus perceived to act with perseverance, Tetanum oppo­sitionis, the Rack of opposition, or the voluntary Crick of stiffenecked Cruelty. But this case of Tonique motion, being absolutely the greatest mystery that re­lates to Voluntary motion, deserves a better enquirie. First, This Action is of the same kind with Contraction, that is, they agree in the Genus of the Acti­on, but specifically differ: Yet Galen doth not expresse what Species of motion it is of. So that this Action is not a change of place, but only an Action with im­mobility. Galen calls that Action of the Muscle without locall motion, motum Tonicum, which perchance with him was all one as to reteine the part in that [Page 81] place from whence it would recede, unlesse it were deteyned by the Action of the Muscle: for, all immobility (as He proves) is not caused by the priva­tion of Action: for, a part that is su­steyned and held firme in one posture that it stirs not, could not be done, un­lesse they did Act; for else it would be altered, or fall by the weight of the Bo­dy. Whence it doth follow, that all immobility doth not depend upon the privation of Action, but upon some Action of the Muscle: But the Action of a Muscle is motion, for, the Action of a part is defined by Galen an Active motion, but rest is contrary to moti­on. Galen takes this for a hard and di­fficult question; yet he hath many kinds of this motion from experience and sence; as that of a bird hanging in the Ayre, and of one swimming against a streame with equall strength, the mo­ving faculty raising it up equall to the weight of its body depressing, and the strength of the swimmer equally con­tending and striving against the force of the streame. Serpillon imagines this to be an action mixed of tension, and [Page 82] contraction, which Fontanus his Antago­nist will not endure to heare of. Galen in a most smooth and admirable mode­sty of stile goes over the Rocks and depths of this mystery: It is possible (saith he) to find some motion, all the Muscles that are ordered for it ceasing from their Action; and to find a quies­cency many Muscles working: For, all motion is not caused by the operation of Muscles, nor all immobility by their rest. Now, whether or no shall we say that they do act and are stretched, but are not moved? And if we feare to say so, we must likewise say that they do not act; for 'tis absurd to confesse they do work according to their innate and most proper Action, and to deny them to be moved; But they appeare not to be moved; yet because the Mus­cles act, therefore we say they are mo­ved: but because the whole Member whereof they are a part, nor they them­selves apart, do appeare to move; there­fore for this cause again, we do: not con­fesse they move; where therefore shall a man find a Solution for this doubt. From the name Tonique, as some have [Page 83] done? which comes of [...] id est fir­mo. Fontanus has a good mind to help Galen out in this difficultie, but endea­vours it with little successe: This only he gathers from the Doctrine of Galen, that Action without motion of the Mus­cle, is called a Tonique motion; Action with motion, Contraction; motion without Action born of the Contracted part, Extension; the Decidency of the Muscle, a motion from the weight of the part and Muscle. But seeing of the causes of Tonique motion Galen hath written little, Fontanus is at a stand, per­chance thinking it would be an impu­dent Design to attempt any thing in that kind after so great a light of Phy­sick, yet he puts the Quaere, whence this Tonique motion should come▪ and he ventures to conclude, from the motrice faculty commanded, as all other voluntary actions; for, the nearest cause of this motion (as he conceives) is the Animal faculty which moves the Mus­cles, and it is the part of that to susteine the Members whose part it is to move them; wherein, after his great flourish, he hath made no more progresse than [Page 84] the very words of Galen led him to; whom we find concluding, that this Species of Action, whether you call it Tonique, or by another name it matters not much, this is true: That in this Tonique motion, the Muscles are not idle, but act by the Commandement of the Will. From this Tonique motion Tau­rellus took his Lepid Paradox (as he was wont to call it,) In omni motu est quies, & in ipsa quiete motus. The Muscles most active in this expression of the mind are the two paire of the Extenders of the Neck, the first whereof commonly cal­led Transversarium, ariseth from the transverse processes of the six upper Vertebres of the Breast, are fastened on the outside into all the transverse pro­cesses of the Vertebres of the Neck. The second paire commonly called Spi­natum, occupies the whole hinder part of the Neck: This takes many Beginnings out of the roots of the Spines of the seven upper Vertebres of the Breast, and is strongly implanted into the whole lo­wer part of the Spine of the second Vertebre. These two, when they work together, first extend the Neck, and [Page 85] afterward the Head. The first paire might from those workings of the Mind they help to exhibit be called par arro­gans, the Arrogant paire or the Muscles of Disdainfull Confidence. The other paire of Extenders commonly called Spinatum, for Distinction might assume the name of par insultans, the Insulting or Bragging paire or the Muscles of In­solent Pride, and fierce Audacity.

Dissect. IX.

THey who like not a thing that has happened for which there is no remedy but patience, or they who are taken tardy and in the fact, and can no otherwise defend themselves but by a tacite confession; they who flatter, admire, are bashfull, feare, doubt, deny, or are illeberall, or would frame an excuse, are wont to shrink the Head and contracted Neck between the Sh [...]ulders. There are divers Muscles that concur to the expediting this shrugging, and Chamelion-like expres­sion. The most active (for indeed the action outwardly performed seemes to suggest so much) is that Muscle of the [Page 86] shoulder-blade, from its office com­monly called Levator, or the Lifter; the Muscles of this Conjugation even before Dissection being obvious and easie to be perceived in all men, especially in Wrastlers; arising from the first, third, fourth, and fift transverse processe of the Vertebre of the Neck, as 'twere in foure separated beginnings, is inserted into the higher angle of the Scapula, moving the Scapula forward and to the sides of the Neck; and because the shoulder is joyned to the Scapula, by accident it lifts that up also. Lycas a­mong the Ancients was of opinion, that the Head was drawn down to the shoul­der by this Muscle. But Galen (who thinks it is better to say this Muscle was formed for the Shoulders sake, ra­ther than the Heads,) saies, this alone was design'd to draw back the whole Shoulders to the Head; Wherefore if we should take away this also from the Shoulders, they would be altogether destitute of such a motion: But it has such a motion, as is evident to all men; therefore it is the Muscle that causeth this motion; if there be any other (as [Page 87] no other there is) this is necessary, and this doth witnesse its operation in the Shoulders, that a Nerve coming unto it from the Braine, if it be Cut, the same motion of the Shoulders and not of the Head is resolved, of which Nerve Lycas was ignorant as He objects; and in his Anatomicall Administrations he teach­eth a way to discerne the motion of this Muscle, which is a generall rule, to draw the Muscle to its Head according to the Na­ture and positure of its fibres [...] Oribasius also will have this Muscle to draw the Shoulders to the Head, and takes the course to prove it, in placing its origi­nall in the Bone of the occiput, and the insertion in the angle of the Scapula. But after what manner soever the moti­on be done, whether by the Heads draw­ing up the Shoulders, or the Shoulders drawing down the Head, or both; this Muscle Levator is most active and evi­dent in the motion, when it appeares to move the Shoulders upward to re­ceive in the shrinking Head, and makes this Dive-dopper, or Dobchick of the Mind most significantly Emphaticall. This motion and signification of the [Page 88] Mind may be thought to be a little furthered by the aid of a portion of that Muscle called by Galen Trapezius, from a Geometricall figure; to wit, that por­tion, which contracted, works the Sca­pula upwards, which is according as it may chance to be moved; for, this action of the Head may not be so ex­actly punctuall, as to the Garbe, in all men, by reason of the personall propri­eties of men. This Muscle is more com­monly known by the name of Cucullaris; which Laurentius compares to a Maids Coife or Kercher, Columbus likens it to a Clout the Women of Cremona weare up­on their shoulders; and Vesalius thinks that Franciscans, and the rest of the Or­ders of Monks borrowed the shape of their Hoods from this Muscle; which being fashioned round like a Hood, that is a little Cell for the Head, it seemes to have a signature of absconsion, which it seemes to offer the Head, which seemes then ashamed to shew it selfe, by helping the Shoulders to rise, which then are most properly Scapul [...] a scandendo palum, from climbing up the prop of the Neck. The originall also of this Muscle being neere [Page 89] under the Cell of the Braine wherein the Memory resides (which is now afflicted) & going transversly towards the Eares, which do now male audire; may in an allegoricall supposition be thought im­mediately affected, and to present it self in part as a Monke and Tacite Con­fessor of the living Monastery of Mount Cephalon, and of the Order of Nature. And indeed such impressions has a me­lancholly apprehension of such matters made sometimes in the Head of a Hy­pocondriacall Nichodemus, that they have caused him to shrowd his Head in a Hood, and turne Monke and a Recluse from the conversation of men. Another Muscle that assists in this Action, is that which is commonly called Serratus mi­nor, from the fashion of a Saw which it resembles, for, this with its upper Fibres alone, when they are contracted, may seeme to cooperate to the signi­fications of this gesture; and the sig­nature of that Muscle seemes, either to insinuate the doubtfull conflict of those thoughts which draw a man in this case by a various vicissitude, now into one frame of excuse, and then into another, [Page 90] before they can resolve what is best for their turne (so that their thoughts seem, as Festus saith, Serra pugnare, that is, successively to move forward and to re­cede; and indeed this outward gesture if it chance to be repeated, doth not very much differ from the posture of those who work in a pit with a two-handed Saw:) Or else as Placiades observed, this signature of a Saw may signify Male­diction, or as he calls it evill speaking, by reason of the row of Teeth which seeme to intimate some Mordacity, of which the Party labouring being very sensible by reason of that hated stridor that is so offensive to the Eares of those who are hit in the teeth with things w^ch it is too late to remedy; that it may be the Mind thereby now put into a sowre horror, such as a Saw causeth in the Body when it falleth into knots, bethinks it selfe what instrument it hath in readinesse in the Body (which indeed hath the Signatures of all things,) to fit its pur­pose in such an intricate nick of irreso­lution; and not being able soone enough to resolve the Doubt she is in, the Mind seemes by using this two-handed-saw [Page 91] Muscle at last resolved, that there is no way but to saw the knot a­sunder, and to breake through with Head and Shoulders. This Muscle ly­ing wholy under the pectorall Muscle (as it is commonly called from its situa­tion) drawes the other into consort, and it may be thought to assist when the Fibres of the first of its three Heads worke alone; for then they raise the Shoulders a little upwards. The Muscle also Del [...]oides so called from the figure of the Greeke letter Δ and the Humerall Triangle, (in the midst whereof the Ancients made their Fontanellos which are now better made between this and the Muscle Biceps) concurres a little to the Significations of this Gesture. For there is a neere relation betweene the Muscles of the Scapula, the Shoulder, and the Arme or Cubit; and their motions are Cozen-germans, for as the Scapula is moved per se, and the arme together by accident, and the Scapula by accident of the Brachiall Muscles, which while they draw the Arme by a certaine kind of Consequution they lead the Scapula which is annexed unto it together with [Page 92] it. This Muscle having divers Beginings of different situations, one whereof a­riseth from the Anchor formed Processe by reason thereof they have divers Fi­bres. Now when all these Heads of the Muscles worke together, the Shoulder is lifted Straight upwards to advance these significations of the mind, and the co-heaving of this Muscle may seeme as if it strove to bring this active consultati­on of the Muscles to an issue, as to cast anchor upon this resolution, That there is no other Defence or Evasion but to bend their power to subhumerate and beare the burden imposed upon them through the errours of the Head. At last the broadest Muscle which with the fellow of its Conjugation co­ver [...] the whole Backe, having in a man­ner remain'd as a Neuter in this Action, unle [...] the highest of its Fibres had faint­ly assented to the propositions of the Attollents, begins to declare by a con­trary motion; for, this Muscle, from a homely use which it somtimes is put to, being called Aniscalp [...]r or Anitersor, an office we could not perform without it, perceiving it was likely to prove but a [Page 93] soule Businesse, by the action of it more humble Fibres begins to work down­wards and draw the Shoulders backe which were advanced forward to joyne [...]n suffrage with the Pectorall Adductor. And but that we know there is no part or Muscle that thinkes its worst em­ployment dishonourable, we might (fol­lowing the unhappy hint of these Alle­gories) imagine that this Muscle by some instinct was moved to joyne in the appeale to the Heart, so to prevent the worst of that imployment it might pos­sibly be put unto, having perchance when mens hearts have fail'd them and sunke lower, bin formerly commanded to make good its Nickname, given it by some Barbar Dissector, no Chirurgion, but a Groome of the stoole to Anato­my. Thus have we now upon the best hints we could meet with raised, with much liberty of conceit, unexpected Allegories from the instruments of this Action. But the Name which refers to the significations of the Mind exhibited by that Action, must be given to the Muscle most predominant and demon­stratively acting therein; which is the [Page 94] Muscle commonly call'd the Levator of the Scapula. This Action being one of the first I set upon to unridle, being thought by some that nothing of cer­tainely or probability could be said un­to it, and objected to mee as an Action not possibly to be made tractable to the scope of my Designe; At my first en­trance into this Enquiry I found this Muscle in Dr. Rheades Anatomy of the Muscles styled the Muscle of patience, which I confesse at first sight I tooke but to intimate the Corporall virtue of a Porter, and not much better than that Patience which the Spaniards call Asini­num onus; and seeing it expos'd naked without any glosse of interpretation out of his owne conceite nor any other authority, it passed with me for a Dull notion and little to my purpose; when considering the Action wherein this Muscle sirnam'd the Lifter was usually seen in those that like not a thing that has happend, for which there is no re­medy but Patience, I saw it might pro­perly stand with the intention of the mind, if it were named Musculus Patien­tiae the Muscle of Sufferance, or Patience [Page 95] per force; and having thus imposed a name upon it answerable to the signifi­cation it often helps to exhibite, Behold I soon saw I was imprudently fallen into the error of the Anabaptisticall Nomen­clators, for, perusing Spigelius, and turn­ing to that place where he describes the Levator of the Scapula, I plainly saw I was forestalled, and that Spigelius wa [...] before in the Conceit, which prevention by so ingenious an Anatomist pleased me better than if I had so named it first, thinking ever after a little the better of my Fansie, because as they say, good wits jumpe. For thus Spigelius to the purpose: This Muscle I am wont by way of sport to call Musculum Patientiae, the Muscle of Patience, and he adds his Reason, which is grounded upon the same signification of the Mind exhibited by the gesture caused by the operation of the Muscle. Because when we beare a thing ill, which has happened by chance crosse to our Will, we are wont by the help of this Muscle to raise the Scapula with the Shoudlers, ingeminating the bitter name of Patience. So that it may be Doctor Rhead might meane as much as [Page 96] Spigelius, from whom (or some other) he perchance borrowed this name of the Levator, although his silence in the Rea­son scarce signified what he meant ther­by. But this Muscle serves to work the Shoulders to many other significations of the Mind; for, they who would shew that they have pitty and compassion of ones misery, or are ignorant of the matter they are asked of, make use of the same Muscle. Niggards also in the acti­on of their illiberality and Deniall use the same Muscle; the gesture resulting from thence being made by Aristotle a Cha­racter of their cold property; which expression is seen in its pure naturality in Boyes, for when they are loth to part with any thing, they use to contract their Shoulders, and reduce them to their Neck and Head, as if they were carried into themselves, as doubting to be dissipated and offended in their sub­stance, if they should be compelled to give any thing away which was in their possession; from which most Emphati­call operation of this Muscle to th [...] signification of the Mind, the Musc [...] might be properly called Muscul [...] [Page 97] illiberalis, the Illiberall, Negative, or the Niggard Muscle. So much shal suffice as to the Denominations of this Muscle which is principall in the Action▪ which th [...] Mind enters visibly in the Head and Shoulders; as for the other Muscles which are but Accessories, they are like to retaine their old names, unlesse some charitable Myotomist be pleased to take pitty of their private Condition, and think good to bestow the other signifi­cations of this Action as nominall fa­vors severally upon them.

Dissect. X.

IN profuse Laughter the motions that appeare in the Face are very remark­able, there being not any particle of the Face that is moveable, but it is moved by common or its particular Muscles which lye under the skin of the Face, whose actions introduce so notable a change and alteration in the Counte­nance, whence it is, that man onely laughes; because he hath a Countenance furnished with Muscles to declare what is signified thereby. In other Creatures the Face, or Muzzell rather, is dull and heavy, and seemes to sleepe in an unmoveable habit: Not but that other Creatures are stirred up after their man­ner [Page 105] to expresse some signes of exultati­on and Delight, which supply the place of laughter: but because they doe not, as we doe, change the Countenance, they are not said to laugh. Erronious there­fore is their Conceit to whom it seemes that Laughter is a certaine common re­traction of the parts towards the princi­ple of the Soule, wherein that conceiv­ed joy doth flourish: for they will have them to be contracted and coadunited in that part, wherefore the Muscles of the Face, Throat & the midriffe is drawn back to the heart. which is absur'd, be­cause the same Species almost of motion is effected in griefe, which verily ought not to be done, for griefe rather repells, and withall we see that the impe [...]us is rather done ab in [...]rinseco foras, from the Center to the Circumference: For ma­ny times laughter being begun in those inward parts, it is restrained, and as it were cut off in the midst, nor is unfold­ed or revealed in the Face. So that the motion of laughter begun within in the middle venter, the terminus ad quem is the extreme part of the Face, where it terminates, because that part is the [Page 106] emunctuary of the senses, by which our mind doth both receive in and utter the affections, since by that part it doth perceive, and in that part the Sensories are instructed; wherefore to it the whole sense, and more over our whole mind doth conspire. Hence therefore pro­ceedes the Equable Emission and inten­sion of Sense in the Face, as it were ex­tant and coming forth. Hence the Aire is breath'd out thick and short. Hence the Midriffe is contracted and the Mus­cles of the face, because the equable Emis­sion with the alacrity of Sense reaching up to the Sence of the Face, cannot be done without the retraction of those Muscles. In this Dance of the Muscles performed by excessive Laughter upon the Theater of mirth, the Countenance, the Mouth seemes to lead the Chorus; For, Laughter is a motion arising chief­ly out of the Contraction of the Mus­cles of the Lips, in which motion of the Mouth, called Laughter, the parts a­bout the Mouth seem bounded out with certaine lines called Rictus, whence Ri­sus. And this contraction of the Muscles of the Lips, is occasion'd by reason of [Page 107] the consent they have with the Nerves of the Braine drawn back to their origi­nall; and with the Diphragma, the grand Muscle of this and all other passions which is altogether almost nervous and musculous. And because the Lips are Muscles of themselves in respect of their instrumentall relation to speech, their engagement in this passion renders them unserviceable for the framing of words; for, the formes & matter of words both are then intercepted; the first by the streighning of the Gorge & Lips, w^ch will not admit of any articulation especially labiall: & the latter by the Interjections breaking off the voyce at the Larinx. Hence it is we heare men say they could not speake for laughing; nor indeede can we eate in the violence of this passion, the impediment proceeding from this Diduction of the Lips which were gi­ven us to eate and drinke withall; yet the Mouth is more shut than open, that is it is Dehiscent, yet scarce Dehiscent in­to a Casme, yet the Lips are so distend­ed and contracted that they discover the Teeth. The Lower-Iaw after a manner inclines inward. And as about the [Page 108] Nostrills and the Region of the Chin, or forepart of the Jawes, a Certaine con­cave of a circular line encompasseth the contracted and wrinkled Cheekes: So the convexity thereof boundeth out the hinder part of both the Jawes on both sides, where a certaine hillock lifts up it selfe; which figure of the mouth and cheekes, together with the wrinkles which appeare in the Face of him that laughes, is called Gelasinus. The Nostrils are opener, crooked, hooked, wrinkled and crisped, especially in Derision. The Eyelids in a mediocrity shut. The Eye is somewhat recondit betweene its Or­bite, which a certaine corrugation about its outward angle. The Eares indeed are generally conceived to be immoveble in man alone, which yet are moved in some, and appeare to shake and to bee moved; but this motion is not of the Auricles alone per se, but because they somewhat adhere and are conjoyn'd to the Jaw or lower Mandible, which is chiefly by its appointed Muscles mo­ved in laughter: yet in such as have a faculty as some have in their Eares, as having the auricular muscles bigger than ordinary, this motion may be more e­vident. [Page 109] The forehead seemes exporrect and unfolded, And all these Muscles on the right side are more active, whence the motions on that side are most nota­ble and apparent; insomuch as the Mouth and the Face it selfe is depraved and distorted, especially in Derision. But this genuine figure of true laughter is somewhat various, according to the various Constitution of the substance of particular persons, in the parts of their face; that as to the individualls, it is almost unutterable, for you shall see in some, in the Chin and in the Cheekes certaine concavities then caused like those in the Hands and other mem­bers; in some a pleasant p [...] or Dimple which is called the Navell of Venus, and the Muscle commonly called Buccinator in which it appeares, might be thence called Musculus Gel [...]sini, or umbilici Ve­neris, the pleasant Muscle of Loves pret­ty Dimple; this in some is a rifi, in others a wrinkle; which are occasioned in these parts of the face of those that laugh, be­cause in some perchance the parts of their Face by reason of their unequall contexture or constitution, are not e­qually [Page 110] contracted, nor swell, for in laughter the Face swells: for, the whole Countenance is powred out and spread with the Spirits that then swell the Muscles, there being a great concourse of Spirits and bloud unto the Face, which bear a reat [...]gstroke in the Action: So that the Muscles of the Face are fill­ed with Spirits after the same manner as a certaine member directy opposite unto it which importunately sometimes lookes us in the Face, which being fill­ed with Spirits growes stiff and is exten­ded, yet although the analogy be very faire, there is no contraction in that part, but onely a great extension and that according to all its Dimensions; which happens by reason of the Spungy and very loose flesh which is not so much in the Face; and withall that Part is very free and at liberty: whereas the Muscles of the Face on both sides and e­very where adhere most firmely to the bone and skin, that when they cannot be extended every way according to all their Dimensions, there are contracted. Now this figure that compriseth the al­terations of every part in the face follows [Page 111] as an effect and consequence of the mov­ings of the Muscles that are proper to the parts, or which being Common have by their conformation a Sympa­theticall dependency one upon another. But this is not all: for, that which is most remarkable and worthy observati­on is, that this moving of the parts of the Face although very great, is done & undone on a sudden, and almost in a moment; that is, a mans Face forthwith falls into the posture of laughing, and while in that posture he laughes, he in­continently leaves off the motion; which as it suddenly comes, so it goes; when a man ceaseth from laughter although it be at the highest pitch and scrued up to the very Eela of mirth, it vanisheth a­way, and needes no time of interpositi­on to abate by degrees, to take out the tracts of the operations of so many and divers engaged Muscles, which inconti­nently cease from their labour, for as soone as the Conceite and jest is at an end, the laughter being naturall, the mouth and parts of the face returne to their former situation, the motion be­ing now over; of which sudden begin­ing [Page 112] and ending of so many concurring motions the Cause may be supposed, the subtiltie of the Spirits in their mo­tion, when they ascend to the face: But what kind of moving of the Muscles this should be is somewhat difficult to conjecture, although it is so manifest and evident in appearance. 'Tis true, we can conjecture a Muscle to move or to be moved, for we know a Muscle hath moved its appointed moveable, when contracted, it appeares shorter and harder; especially if it have a bon [...] under it, as all the Muscles of the Face have. But here all the parts of the Face, except that perchance of the Forehead, seeme to be contracted together; and the whole face, according to the con­stitution of its substance, to grow stiff and hard; wherefore it seemes most probable, that all the Muscles of the face are moved together at once, yet the controversie is somewhat intricate, & they that are for the Negative allege, that the same thing cannot be moved by contrary motions at the same time, as for example; Some Muscles move the Lower-Iaw downwards, and so open [Page 113] the mouth; others by moving the Iaw upwards close it; others move it out­wards, others inward; others draw it to one side and drive it round; where­fore all of them seeme not to Move at once. To which is answer'd, that things moving in Contraria, in the same move­able, if they be of equall virtue, they either doe nothing, or if they doe, the moveable is distracted: but if they be of unequall power and strength, the weaker gives way to the motion of the stronger; yet the prevailing Mover in the conflict or contention obtaines not the same vigour, or as much as if it had not contended at all and had moved without opposition; for if all Mate­riall Agents (as the learned know) in Doing Suffer also, and after some man­ner abate of the Degree of their virtue; [...]ow much more will it happen when one hath an adversary, although weak­er, yet openly, endeavouring against him? Wherfore it may be suppos'd it doth not move so perfectly as it would, [...]f it were not hinder'd by its Adversa­ry. The way to discover the manner of moving in this Conglobation of Muscles [Page 114] in laughter is, to consider what Muscles of parts of the Face are effectivè more or fewer, thicker or smaller; for, ma­ny moving together are not stronger than fewer if they be all equally quali­fied, and the great and thick are stron­ger than the small and slender, as may be made manifest by speciall example.

As first, the Muscles that move the lower-Jaw drawing it upwards to close the Mouth, are more and thick, and therefore stronger than those that lead it downwards to open the Mouth; as is well known out of the Anatomy of those Muscles. Now, because in Laugh­ter the Mouth is neither too much closed, nor yet gapes; the Muscles that serve to shut and open the Mouth are mo­ved together; the Mouth not being ex­actly shut, although the Muscles are more intense which are appointed to shut it; but withall is somewhat open­ed, by reason of the repugnancy of the opening Muscles. Hence it is that in over Laughter our Iawes ake, so that they seeme to suffer a luxation, by rea­son of the contrariety of moving and violent Conflict; for, the Ligaments, [Page 115] Nerves and Fibres are after a manner di­stracted and drawn into factions. And we may observe that the Masticatory Muscles, (which are better called Late­rall from their use) whose fibres by reason of their Divers Heads, which re­specting one another after a divers man­ner are inserted acrosse in manner of the Letter X, do manifest their opera­tion in this motion, for by reason of their Fibres, although they move to the Right hand and to the Left, not­withstanding they can withall not a little move the lower-Iaw either outward and inward. The Muscle called Ad­ducens P [...]erigoideum, which puts the Chin out forward, with the other Man­sorie also which leads the Chin inwards, and when it is produced recalls it back, these by reason of the contrarietie of their movings which are done at the same time in Laughter, are very re­markable: Of whose Contraction we may make an experiment, because the Mansorie Muscles being chiefly seated about the Cheekes, do then appeare Contracted and somewhat hard, the Chin being perchance somewhat drawn [Page 116] in, because the Muscles are more valid which move the Iawes inward; which perchance may not so exactly appeare alike in all men, but may differ accord­ing to the divers Condition, Composi­tion, or Commension of their parts. The Contraction of the Temporall Muscle which is but small in Men, is lit­tle observed; nor that of the double-belli­ed Depriment which works contrary to the other, for they are small and thin, their employment being easie, because the Iaw with its own weight tends downward and hath no need of any strong Retractor, but as a heavy thing, it is drawn down with a little adoe, to open the Mouth.

In the motions of the Lips the con­trariety is not very much perspicuous, for they are exercised in two moveable Lips; wherefore their Muscles contract­ed together, they are Contracted, to wit, the upper Lip upward, the lower Lip downwards; whereupon the Teeth are discovered; whence some derive Rideo a Radio. But that we see the up­per Lip more contracted than the lower, it hath that property from the more [Page 117] valid Muscles which it hath obteined; [...]or although the Muscles of the lower Lip are broader than those of the upper, yet being shorter they gaine no advan­tage by their Breadth; for, the Length of a Cord gives more advantage in Drawing than the Breadth. And that the Lips also in Laughter are moved nei­ther inward nor outward, (which mo­tions, and those indeed contrary every one of them hath, happening by the advantage of certaine fibres belonging to their Muscles) the cause is, that they being weaker than the Muscles them­selves, moving the upper Lip upwards, and the lower downwards, by good right give way to their motions, neither are they able according to their usuall operation to move the Lips inward or outward, especially since they are strongly drawn in on both sides, and extended by the Contraction of the Cheekes, to which on both Hands they are annexed.

The Muscles which draw out and open the Nostrils, excell so in strength the constringent pai [...]e, which are some­what small; that the adverse mov­ing [Page 118] in the Nose is not so percep­tible to sense; therefore in Laughter they are strongly Contracted, inso­much as the Nostrills are opened, and especially in Derision are wrinkled; and these Muscles so raise up and Con­tract the Nostrils, that the Nose seemes crooked and hooked, and by that means also the Nostrils become acute.

We may observe concerning the Eye­lids which are two over each Eye, an upper, and a lower Lid, that the upper Lid only, according to Galen, is moved upward and downward by the office of divers Muscles having contrary moti­ons; So that by this Rule and M [...]thod, that teacheth all the Muscles in the Face to be moved together at once in Laugh­ter, We should not affirme the Eye- [...]ids to be then moved, if the aforesaid Mus­cles of the Eye-lids were of equall strength: But since (as it appreares by the effect) the Muscle that draws it down is stronger, to which the weight also of the Lid it selfe doth adde some advantage, it comes to passe that the Eye-lid is a little then moved down­ward, and the Eye a little closed. And [Page 119] although Aristotle who was not advised of Muscles (much lesse of the Muscle which late Anatomists have found for that motion) truely affirmes the lower-lid to be also moved in man: yet that motion is but small and little better then nothing; and that which is as it were nothing, is to be thought in a man­ner to be absent. Whatsoever is to bee observ'd of this matter from late Anato­mists, this is enough for this purpose, that the upper-Eylid hath obteined two contrary motions, and therefore can neither shut nor open the Eye overmuch in laughter, although it shuts it more; and it is observable that by reason of this contrariety of moving of the upper-Eyelid, that in laughter there is made, by reason of the Contranixion, a cer­taine corrugation or wrinkle about the angle of the Eye, especially the outward angle, which in those that laugh often, are supposed to grow habituall: which some Ladyes fearing, will not laugh, lest they should contract wrinkles and looke old by breaking in that part which is neere the Temples, whose Latine E [...]i­mologie they much abhor. Hence of some [Page 120] who have but a kind of pinke eye we us [...] to say, they laughed that they had ne­ver an eye to see. And because the Ey [...] is more shut than open'd in laughter, [...] comes to passe that both the Eye-brow [...] are drawn a litle downward, and the [...] somewhat, yet lightly incline; bo [...] the Eye-browes together, especially [...] excessive laughter, being necessarily mo­ved: whereas otherwise at pleasure [...] can move one of them alone, as [...] nictation.

The Eyes in profuse laughter seem to be retracted or drawn back, and no [...] a little to be hid within their Orbit [...] But to conclude this to be done by th [...] Muscles, is to speake to more than th [...] causes appearing to Sense. It is though the Optique Nerves may be retracted [...] well as other Nerves, and why not Which may be by the seventh Muscl [...] placed about it, which with it fibres [...] hath obtein'd, being straight, may, [...] is likely, draw the eye back also. [...] whether the other Muscles of the eye [...] contracted or no thats a question. Why not? but there is no confident pro­nouncing this for a certainty, becaus [...] [Page 121] they appeare not to Sense; but if they be contracted, it is most probable that they are all contracted together in this laughter, as the other Muscles of the Face are; and by reason of that contra­riety of movings that they have, and perchance equality of strength, the eyes seeme rather to rest than to be moved, as any man may make experiment in himselfe, and may apprehend that while he laughes, his eyes can difficultly be moved to looke round with a dis­tinct vision, which is done at the per­pendicular Ray, unlesse he endeavour it by the inordinate motion of his whole Head and Body; which circum­ [...]pection the Head, nor whole Body [...]an Scarse then obteine. But the Au­ [...]hor of this experiment will not endure [...]o be asked whether the Muscles may [...]e then moved, abhorring to be put to [...]o difficult a point of Divination. Sure­ [...]y the question may be resolv'd accord­ [...]ng to the received Philosophy of Arbi­ [...]rary motion; for if he will admit the Muscles of the Eye to be all moved at [...] & together, the motion is Tonique; [...]herein although the Muscles seeme to [Page 122] be at rest, yet as Galen sayes, they doe, quiete agere, act in rest; Tonique motion being an action with immobility.

In this excessive laughter, the Fore­head (by which we must understand the Musculous skin thereof) hath a pe­culiar property of it selfe, and a privi­lege from the universall contraction of the other parts: for, the Front (which is a thing has bin but little observ'd) is neither moved upwards nor down­wards nor knit, although it be very propense and proportionall to signify many passions by those motions; but it remaines as it were in its naturall state, yet smoothly expanded and stretched out insensibly; which motion of expansion is to be refer'd to the Mus­cles it hath received, or to its fibres; which (as we may believe) are equiva­lent; whereby when in laughter by the same reason as other Muscles they are moved together, it comes to passe that the Forehead then doth rather remaine immoveable, and the motion proves Tonique or streined out; unlesse per­chance it may be moved a little down­ward for explication, by reason of the [Page 123] somewhat more prevalent fibres.

The whole Countenance is poured out and spread with the Spirits that swell the Muscles; there being a great con­course of Spirits and bloud unto the Face, which beare a great stroake in this action.

Now this broad and high laughter is the measure and rule of the essence of other, and by its defect, the others may be measured and pondered; for, in low laughter, although the motions of the Face are even then very remarkable and great, yet they are more remisse, in moderat laughter they are more intense; for, these motions of the Muscles have [...]ndicible and distinct degrees, or an [...]utterable latitude of consideration, here being no Muscle or part in the whole Body, that is out of action if a [...]an laugh but a little: for, although [...]aughter be more especially a motion [...]f all the Muscles of the Face at one time [...]nd together; yet it is withall a motion [...]ommon to most of the parts of the [...]ody. This Dance of the Muscles be­ [...]g like that which is called the Cushion [...] or Joane Sanderson, which brings in [Page 124] all that have ability of motion; for, the whole Head is moved, now cast backward, and by and by inclined to the Right or Left Shoulder; because the Muscles that move the Head and Neck arise partly out of the Breast-bone and the Channell Bones, and partly also out of the joynts of the Breast; wherefore it necessarily followes that in violent laughter, and the agitation of the Diaphragma and pectorall Muscles, the Head should also together be mov­ed. The whole Neck is contracted and made a little shorter; this you may ei­ther call the motion of the Head drawn down by its contracted Mu [...]cles: or the working of the Levator of the Scapula which causes that shugging of the Shoul­ders so emphaticall in fat-folkes; but what it is, is not very apparent or wor­thy of so great observation, and seemes to accompany the inordinate motions of the whole Head. The Throate seemes not a little to tremble, by reason of the Breast being much, suddenly, and often moved: for, the Rough Artery being placed in the internall Region thereof, the great and often respiration shakes [Page 125] the Throate. For since the Midriff is therefore contracted taking this moti­on from the dilatation of the Heart, and to beare up against the moving of the Sense and Spirit, lest it should to the great endangering of life be emptied and vanish away: or because it behov'd these parts so to endeavour for the strength of the motion to bee made which is at hand. Hence also the Mus­cl [...]s of the whole Throat and Face en­deavour together with them, for they so consent with the Muscles of the La­rynx, that unlesse they bee together drawn in, the other can no way be con­tracted. But what manner of motions these and the rest which follow downe to the feete should be, is hard to say, or from what denomination to define them: for, we cannot according to A­ristotle, a termino ad quem; for, these mo­tions of the whole Head & Body seeme, Carere termino certo, and cannot be de­scrib'd but after that manner as men are shooke together, are gestient, tremble, or cannot abide in a place, but leap, start out, ly downe, and seeme wholy dissolv'd and impotent. And because [Page 126] there are so many movings of Muscles, and those indeed contrary, those tensi­ons and contractions, if they continue and are daily used, are very hurtfull: for, the Muscles of the Face being fill'd with subtile vapours causing them to streine for the avoidance (as in Skreak­ing the Muscles are contracted to avoid a vapourous excrement,) the Spirits are thereby much evapourated and spent. As for the rest of the motions let De­mocritus looke to it. Upon this mani­f [...]st sight of the motion of the Breast (wherein the Midriffe is moved, and the Lungs, even up to the Muscle [...] which move the Cheeks, the variou [...] movings (from whence some infer as manifold differences of laughter) and because Respiration, which is a mo­ving of the breathing parts is as it were the matter of laughter out of which it is produced, whence comes that suc­cussation of the Lungs and agitation of the Midriff) no man e're doubted that laughter was a motion, and to be re­fer'd to the motive virtue. But upon what principle this motion should de­pend, since it is done before we are [Page 127] well aware of it, and besides our will, whereas a motion that depends upon Appetite, is Spontaneous, as laughter is concluded to be, and that Faculty being Animall is no way proper to man; That hath bin somewhat doubted of; upon which occasion some have unne­cessarily multiplyed many Entities. But They state the ca [...]e best who say, that laughter is an operation proceeding from an effect of the Intellective virtue which in the first place is the cause of it, and the chiefe roote, for in all laughter the Intellect is as the first Radix after a manner susteining the perturbation and dilation of the sense; but the motive power is that by whose commendation it is last of all perfected. We may not therefore when we see men Laughing to be affected with a certaine moving of [...] Lungs the Midriff and the Muscles moving the Cheekes, thinke men laugh, when according to their arbitriment or any otherwise they accommodate themselves to the motions of these parts: Or when we see a more remisse laughter out of the moving alone of those Muscles, and a little retraction of the [Page 128] Midriffe without the manifest act of Gurgulation, we should therefore be­leeve either that Laughter of it self is such a motion, or that this, at least for the greatest part, is its Nature, since all these may be counterfeited, and may be rather an Image of Laughter; there­fore there must somewhat precede in the Soule, and the first Sensitive, that Laugh­ter may be absolute and accomplished in all its numbers. And indeed, that manifest motion d [...]th presuppose a cer­taine affection of the first Sensitive and Rationall part of the Soule, so that per­fect Laughter is not only that manifest motion, nor that inchoat motion as they speake in the first Sensitive and its Spirits; for, this is often done, and yet Laughter is suppressed, that it truly seemes to be done by halves, and inter­cepted as it were in the midst. But true Laughter hath both the effects of the intellectuall part as the Principle upon which the dilation of the Heart and contraction of the Countenance ensue, it being not only an affection of the Body, but totius conjuncti, of the whole Man.

[Page 129]So that it is manifest that Laughter is a certaine vibration of the Midriffe, and of the Muscles of the Mouth, and the whole Face, &c. And that when we laugh the motion of our Face aimes at some end, that is, to signifie some mo­tion of the Mind, and followeth upon the Connexion of those Muscles that draw the Face in such a sort to some in­ward parts that are moved by the passi­on out of which Laughter proceedeth; the Genus whereof occupying the place of the Forme is Motus; the matter or Subject are all the parts of the Face, especially the Muscles together; the fi­nall Cause is to bring forth Laughter, (which by a kind of magneticall virtue it doth even in another.) But Laughter being no affection, but an outward act proceeding from some inward motion of the Mind; the question is what af­fection of the Mind this Jubilee and vi­brations of so many Muscles should sig­nifie? Fracostorius judgeth Laughter to be a sign of two Passions, Joy, and Ad­miration. Valeriola and Laurentinus take away Admiration, supposing that profuse Laughter is the issue only of [Page 130] Joy. Vallesius states the Controversie. The opinion of Fracostoreus (whatever Bartholinus and others object to the contrary) seemes to me most probable, that it is a compounded motion, be­cause in Laughter there are certaine contranitencies; for, Admiration makes a kind of suspension in the Head, and Joy a kind of expansion in the Heart▪ (Yet both motions are so sudden that they are done together,) whereby [...] comes to passe that when Laughter [...] produced, it is not done without som [...] molestation. And that which seeme to confirme this opinion is, that the [...] are most apt to Laughter who are easily drawn to admire, as Children, Wo­men, and the Common-people: where as Grave men, and Philosophers are lef [...] prone to Laughter. Another thin [...] that seemes to confirme this opinio [...] is, a new thought of my own, that [...] suspension of the Eye, and expansio [...] of the Forehead seeme to be Symbolic [...] effects of this mixt Passion. But here the grand Quaere, how Joy that is motion and passion of the Heart, shoul [...] move the Muscles? for how so ma [...] [Page 131] Muscles that are the Instruments of th [...] Animal Faculty should be moved by a passion of the Heart is worth the scan­ning. For, you would verily think that the Heart were a Muscle, and the grand Principle that set all the other Muscles in Motion; whereas it is known well enough that the Heart is neither a Muscle, nor of it self can move the Muscles, for, that moves only the Arte­ries: yet though Joy be a passion of the Heart, Laughter indeed, which pro­ceeds not only from Joy but Admirati­on, is a passion of the Rationable part▪ (for otherwise Beasts might laugh;) no wonder therefore that the Instru­ments of the Animal Faculty are moved to discover and bring forth the Admira­tion conjoyned with Ioy; nor is it a marvell that Ioy should be expressed by an Animal motion, the Heart not moving the Muscles, but the Animal Faculty consenting with the Vitall. So that hereby it is made manifest, that na­turall Laughter is a free motion, because it is Animal; yet it can hardly be held in sometimes, because although it be Animal, yet it is in the number of them [Page 132] that serve the Naturall. And this is the reason why Laughter is originally from the Head and not from the Heart, that notion, intelligence, or imagination, which are functions of the Mind, and accounted among those faculties that reside in the Braine, are brought forth by the Soule; for, who ever (unlesse a Parasite) laughed before he knew wherefore he laughed? So that Hippo­crates Lib. de morbo Sacro, with very good reason deduceth Laughter from the Head, as having its originall from thence; for that the first motions begi [...] there, and from thence are communica­ted to all the subject parts, drawing th [...] whole Body into Consort, and wit [...] its universall moving and agitation declares the Sympathy it has with th [...] Mind and the Braine: as if the Min [...] sitting enthroned in a high Tower, de­nounceth so to her Subjects to prepar [...] themselves for Laughter, for there wa [...] something, which they knew not [...] which yet she only saw and knew to [...] worthy of Laughter: upon this admo [...]nition presently the inferiour principa [...] parts Contiguous and Connatives t [...] [Page 133] their High Prince bestirring themselves, do sollicite the other lower parts al­so subject unto them. And first the Braine commands the Nerves, these stir up the Muscles, and they agitate the parts annexed unto them; untill the whole Body, as it were to gratifie the Mind as a King, signifies its conceived Joy in all the waies and officious de­monstration of triumphant gesture it possibly can; and as every part is nigher to its Principle, so much the sooner and vehemently it is moved. And although, to speak according to the modesty of Caesars Speech in Tully, we are ignorant how Laughter exists, where it is, and from what place it so suddenly breaks out into the Countenance: yet the man­ner and order of the generation of Laughter may be supposed to be after this manner. When some pleasant queint novel and conceited object offers it self to the Senses, there is an impression thereof made in the Braine, the Object thus come into the Braine, the Mind is filled with Ioy, this by the first branch of those Nerves of the sixt Conjugati­on which goeth into the Heart is carry­ed [Page 134] unto the Heart, with which the Heart affected, impatient of delay, dilates it self: the Heart impetuously moved, the Cawle thereof by consequence is carried from one part unto the other and con­tracted; and because the Cawle is fa­stened to the Mediastenum and Dia­phragma, there is a necessity also that the very Diaphragma should be violent­ly moved, agitated, and heated by the diffusion of Bloud and Spirits that are then encreased about that part. Th [...] passion or motion by the object thus raised in the Heart (such is the consent between the Heart and Braine) is by the other branches of the Nerves of the sixt Conjugation called Nervi p [...]renici, which bring the motive Spirits from the Braine into the Diaphragma, and by virtue whereof it is very sensible, carried back to the Braine: So that the change of motion in the Heart caused by this Passion, and imprinted, ecchoed, and expressed in the Diaphragma, and thence conveyed unto the Braine, is as the Ground; and the motion command­ed the Muscles by the Braine, is as the voluntary Descant upon it. Concerning [Page 135] the chiefe corporall Principle, and mate­riall Instrument wherewith Laughter is performed, the Learned differ in their Judgments. Democritus thought that that first part and chiefe Principle was the Spleene, and that the other parts were but as Instruments a [...]rwards subservi­ent to the perfect finishing of the work. Which opinion to others hath justly seemed absurd, because Laughter is performed by the ministeriall assistance of certaine motion, but the Spleene is beheld neither to be moved, nor to be the Principle of any kind of moving, yet we see those parts to be moved which are in the Breast and middle venter; besides, it is not accounted the prime seat of any faculty of the Soule, much lesse of the Cognoscent or Animal; therefore it cannot be the prime Prin­ciple of Laughter. Others have belee­ved the prime Part by which Laughter is begotten, to be the Diaphragma, for that is a certaine Muscle somewhat broad, placed neere the Mind, excel­ling in alacrity of Sense, agile to mo­tions, of it self, in the first place sub­ordinate to Respiration, being of such [Page 136] and of so great importance to the fun­ctions of the Soule, that the Antients by one common consent named it [...], quasi mentem vel mentis sedem, and they thought that Phrensies and Delirations arose from thence: Therefore it is no marvell if Laughter also should be first wrought by this part, since it is swift and expedite to swift motions, being a broad Muscle and most plentifully abounding with Sense and Spirit, which is equally dilated through it: (for, Laughter is accounted to be as a certaine Dilation,) and is withall the prime In­strument of Spiration, which appeares to be in a manner the substance of Laugh­ter, which Aristotle affirmes, where he saith, that for this cause the tickling one under the Armes causeth this af­fection, because the Midriffe is fastened in that part, whereby it easily opens and moves the Sense of this Muscle besides our Will; which (indeed) is somewhat apparent to Sense; for, in any the least Laughter the Midriffe is manifestly re­moved and retracted, and the beginning of motion being made there, the other parts, as the Lungs, and Muscles of the [Page 137] Face are forthwith stirred and moved. But because the Midriffe is in no manner a principall part of the body, nor the chiefe seat of the Soule, or of any fa­culty; therefore neither doth it seeme Consentaneous it should be accounted the prime Principle of Laughing; wherefore for some reasons the Body of the Heart hath been by some adjudged the prime seat and original of Laughter. But Physicians who upon the best ground make the Braine to be primum Sensitivum, affirme the Braine to be the Prime Principle of Laughing; but this af­fection to be made common by consent to the Diaphragma, and that it there­fore is the prime Instrument, because it begins to be formed, and to appeare by this part, the other parts thereupon ad­ministring to the operation, wherein it is necessary to use a Distinction for the better clearing of the Point, for it is one thing to be the prime and neerest Principle, and another thing to be the [...]rime manifestative Instrument, and per­ [...]ective of the Forme; the Braine is ac­knowledged the prime and nearest Prin­ciple, but the Midriffe is the prime ma­nifestative [Page 138] Instrument, and perfective [...] the Forme. Now the Diapragma [...] operation is so evidently seen in [...] Face, its motion in this passion bein [...] attended with so many motions of [...] Face and Body, is a Muscle the most [...] nowned and famous as the spring of [...] the orall motions; whose honourab [...] names sufficiently prove its Excellency having obteined a figure peculiar an [...] common to no other Muscle; bein [...] broad, thin, and orbicular, and having [...] beginning in its midst, from when [...] thick fibres run out as from the [...] to the Circumference: for it hath a [...] of nervous Circle in the middle, whic [...] is its originall, about which anoth [...] wholy fleshie consists, by which the [...] that go out of it are dispersed [...] spread out to the Piripheria. The [...] proper and Emphaticall name it [...] obteyned with the Greekes is [...], fro [...] the word [...], that in Latine signi [...] sapere, which with us is to savour or [...] like, for with this part we have a liki [...] of any object, on a motion of inclin [...]tion unto it, to which we are behol [...]ing (as Plinie saies) for all our men [Page 139] conceits and fine flashes. This muscu­lous Membrane being as it were the Timbrell of the Fantsie and the Heart, which beaten upon by them, the Muscles of the Face and Body are put into mo­tion, and dance unto the Dorian melo­dy thereof a kind of Morisko expressed in the exultant action of the parts into which they are inserted, deserves to be called Musculus hilaritatis seu facetiarum, the Muscle of Ioy, Mirth, and Laughter, or of witty conceit, or the Muscle of the motion of inclination.

Anger, Indignation, and Envy affect the Muscles of the Face, with a kind of Laughter, improperly enough called Sardonian; which being according to Nature, is conteined in the other Laugh­ [...]er, yet there is some difference, neither do all things▪ which accompany the other naturall Laughter appeare exactly is this, there may be perchance the same motion of the parts, and almost the same Figure of the Face, but no Sign of Joy or Mirth, but almost alwaies sad­nesse; for the front is cloudy and con­tracted, and indeed, the Lips only and Teeth are affected, in which adulterate [Page 140] Laughter men doe Labijs tantum, & [...] enis malis ridere, or ringere rather [...] ridere,

Feare also, and a Sudden fright [...] Spectrum, especially if it bee horrib [...] ridiculous, hath the same effect som [...]times upon the Muscles of the Fa [...] there being certaine effects that doe n [...]turally breake out into contraries, i [...]sinuating not themselves into the Bod [...] corporally, as they say and subjectiv [...] but immaterially and objectivè inva [...] our senses, for, the Spirits or Radica [...] moisture by which we know on a su [...]den, perceiving some sad object [...] spectre and evill, doth perchance fear and flying back betakes it selfe in manner wholly to its intimate Tow [...] or Fort, therefore it contracts the me [...]bers, and especially the Muscles of t [...] Face, as the part by which the Spectru [...] breakes in most upon our minds an [...] Spirits.

Weeping is a motion contrary i [...] signification to laughter, representin [...] also some motion of the mind, that [...] by Laughter the heart is Dilated [...] with it the Breast and the Muscles o [...] [Page 141] [...] Face: So by this they are [...]. But in the Face by Laughter the parts [...]out the mouth are more emphatically [...]fected: but in weeping the parts about [...]e Eye; which compression expresseth [...]ares, else there is little difference in [...]eir lines, as Painters observe, which [...]onsequently requires the action of the [...]me Muscles in both, which is not by [...]ny influence of the lively Spirit which [...] Laughter replenisheth the counte­ [...]nce, causing the eyes to sparkle, and [...] the Muscles of the Cheekes with a [...]btle vapour: But the contraction of [...]he Cheekes in weeping, seemeth to [...] from an excrementitious vapour [...]hich passeth with the humiditie of [...]ares from the Braine into the Cheeks; [...]nd forceth Nature to make contracti­ [...]n to dischardge it selfe of that vapour, [...]oyned with the consent, which is be­ [...]ixt the Muscles of the Jawes and lips [...]ith the Midriffe, whose remission and [...]ontraction being hastned by the con­ [...]raction of the Heart in griefe, con­ [...]acteth also the aforesaid Lips and [...]eekes, which it causeth by the fourth [...]nd sixt paire of Nerves derived into [Page 142] both parts from the marrow of the Chine-bone, in the Neck. These are al­so the cause of the whole deformity of the Face in griefe, which chiefly contra­cteth the visage in expiration, in which the heart hath more power over the Midriffe being slacken'd, than in inspi­ration, wherin by dilating of the Chest for use of breath, it is extended.

Dissect. XI.

IN Sadnesse, Griefe, and Severity, Dis­like, Anger, Threatning, Revenge, and Earnest study, we use to wrinkle or to bend the Brows from the Sinciput to the Eye-brows, which are then knit about the Nose; the reason is, for that Sadnesse is a certaine Contraction of the heat and Spirits towards their Principle, in re­gard of the apprehension of some in­gratefull object, and this effect follows although there be no reall cause; the Forehead being deprived of the Heat and Spirits, is wrinkled. The materiall caus [...] being a melancholly humour affected and kindled with much heat, which [Page 148] sends up a salt vapour to the Face, which pluckes the Muscles of the Forehead. This motion is performed not only by assistance of the fleshie Membrane, which under the Connative flesh endued with many straight fibres goes into a muscu­lous substance: but by the two Muscles on each side of the Forehead; which motion Laurentius from Columbus brings to prove, that the Muscles of the Fore­head are two, and not one as some will have it; for, if the Forehead had but one Muscle, this expression of the Mind ex­hibited by the touching Brows could not be done, of which opinion also Ri­olanus is. These Pyramidall Muscles uni­ted together by oblique fibres from this employment of the Will might be cal­led Musculi severi & minaces, The Severe and Threatning Muscles.

Dissect. XII.

PRide, Arrogance, Contempt, and Won [...]derment, advance and lift up th [...] eye-brows; so doth affected gravity when [...] is full of disdaine; the like action of th [...] Eye-brows arch-like bent they use wh [...] [Page 149] are angry, and proudly threaten Revenge; Griefe and Sorrow also cause a man to use the same action of his Brows. This motion that exhibits so many signifi­cations of the Mind, is performed by the benefit of those Muscles, which arising from the upper parts where the haire ends, descend into the Inferior parts, lifting up the Eye-brows; for, those Muscles of the Forehead are ra­ther to be called (as Spigelius notes) the Muscles of the [...]ye-brows, into which they are implanted, and to whose mo­tion they serve; since they were not de­signed for the corrugation of the Fore­head, but the elevation of the Eye-brows: for, if they are reckoned among the Muscles of the Head that are seated in another part, only because they ad­minister unto the actions of the Head; why should not then these also for the same reason, although seated in the Forehead, be called the Muscles of the Eye-brows? This motion of the Eye-brows Riolanus brings together with Dissection to prove, that the fibres of the Forehead are not oblique stretched out from the top of the Nose towards [Page 150] the Temples, as Columbus will have them; nor that the wrinkles of the skin might obteine a transverse situa­tion; but are carried right downwards as pleaseth Galen, to whom Vesalius and Fallopius yield their suffrage. These Mus­cles if they remaine in the middle fi­gure, as Anatomists speake, (wherein they do perpetually persist unlesse when at pleasure and our arbitriment they are removed) they deteine the Eye-brows in their native posture and situation; whose use of what decency and impor­tance it is, appeares in those who by the unskilfulnesse of Chirurgions, and a transverse Dissection of the fibres of these Muscles, have been deprived of the use of these significations of the Mind, and have had their Eye-brows too much humbled, that they have fallen about their eyes. These Muscles from this action might be called Musculi Ad­mirationis, the Muscles of Wonder or Admi­ration. And because the Occipitiall Mus­cles (in them that have them) assist▪ as the paire of the Forehead, to draw the skin and Eye-brows upward in these signi­fications of the Mind, they may be cal­led [Page 151] for distinction sake, Musculi, sublimes, Arrogantiae, [...], Contemptuosae gra­vitatis ▪ The Lofty Muscles, or the Muscles of A [...]rogance, the Threatners, and the Muscles of disdainefull gravity.

Dissect. XIII.

IMpudence, Contempt, and simple Ad­miration, cause the Eyes to stare, and require an open Eye; which action proceeding from these intensions of the Mind, is intense and Tonique, or strain­ed into an extreme figure. Paraeus will allow no peculiar Muscle for any such signification of the Mind; But the Broad Muscle performes all, and by its porrection it may serve to open the Eye; who having by an exact Anato­micall administration of that Muscle, shewn how it mingles it self with the [Page 155] skin, and the Muscles of the Lips; when you come, saith He, to the Eyes, you shall teach how by this one Muscle, the Eye is both opened and shut; because it is compounded of a threefold kind of fibres. Although by the opi­nion of all men that have hitherto written of Anatomie, these actions are said to be done by the force of two Muscles appointed for that purpose, and although in their publique Demon­strations these two Muscles are wont to be solemnly shewn, yet I think, saith He, the very Demonstrators are no more assured of them than my selfe. And the ground upon which he tooke this opinion up is, because to those that separate the fleshy Pannicle or broad Muscle, no other Musculous flesh ap­peares in those places, than what is of that Pannicle, whether you guide your Knife from the front downward, or from the Ball of the Cheeke upward: besides, in incisions in the Eye-brows upon urgent occasion, we are prohibited to work them transverse, lest this broad Muscle falling upon the Eye, should make the upper Eye-lid or upper cilium [Page 156] immoveable: and if any such incision happen by chance, we are bid presently to sew it up; which thing is a very strong argument that the motion of the upper Cilium or the Superior Eye-lid is not performed by its own proper Muscles, but wholy depends upon the broad Muscle for performance. But his next Argument is somewhat Philoso­phicall to the Doctrine of voluntary motion. Now (saith he) if there should be such proper Muscles in the upper Eye-lid as are described, because when one Muscle acts, his opposite or An­tagonist doth cease, and ought to give way and be obsequious: that which is said to open the Eye working, his Op­posite obsequiously yielding, it neces­sarily follows the Muscle of the upper Eye-lid will be drawn towards it Prin­ciple or beginning, as we see to happen in Convulsions; because the operation of a Muscle is a Collection of that part which it moves, towards its Head; since therefore such a kind of Collection no where appeares, therfore he thinks it ap­parent, that all the motion of the upper Eye-lid depends upon this broad Muscle, [Page 157] and that it is the sole Author of this mo­tion, and consequently of these signifi­cations of the Mind exhibited thereby. Nor is it to be omitted what Galen affirmes, that the skin was endued with a voluntary motion even for this very action, for it was necessary the Eye-lids should be much opened when we endeavor to see many Externall things at one time, which is their intention who in this posture simply admire, or impudently Gaze; for which (a little) the circumfused skin, as well that above in the Forehead, as that beneath at the Ball of the Cheeke, hath a voluntary motion, that by extension thereof it might open wide the Eyes. Vesalius speakes of a broad and fleshy Glandule, which seemes to him to be a certaine vice-Muscle to lift up the Eye-lid. But we will conclude with the gene­rall opinion of the best Anatomists, that these motions of the Mind are signified by the operation of that Muscle of the Eye-lid, which is commonly called Rectus, or the straight Muscle, and from this office Apertor oculi, and Artollens palpebram, the Eye-opener, or the Gazer, [Page 158] placed in the upper region of the Or­bit of the Eye, neare the Musculus Artollens or Lifter of the Eye, being like also in figure to it, proceeding from the same Principle as the rest which move the Eye, and inserted into the Car­tilage of the upper Eye-lid, and by its fibres contracted inwards, draws the su­perior Eye-lid upwards, the lower of its own accord subsiding into its place, assisted, according to the intensnes of the Act, in these significations, by the Mus­cle of the Forehead. So that this Muscle commonly called Attollens palbebram, might be named from the declaration of these affections of the Mind effected by their moving, Musculus Impudicus, vel simplicis Admirationis, the Muscle of staring Impudence, or simple Admiration.

¶ Another expression of the Mind is sometime performed by this Muscle, to wit, Pride, and Loftinesse; for Solomon in a Physiognomicall Proverb, observed a Generation of men, whose Eye-lids were lifted up; and therefore whereas the At­tollent Muscle of the Eye is called by Physiognomers Musculus superbus, be­cause it is a sign of Pride to have lofty [Page 159] Eyes: Casserius the expert Anatomist, would rather have the declarations of pride and humility to be drawn from the Eye-lids, and especially from the upper Eye-lid, for who have this elate, are proud and fierce; they who have it depressed, and shutting as it were halfe of the Eye, so that they seeme to re­spect the ground, are humble and mild. So that it might be called Musculus Sub­limis the Sublime or haughty Muscle of the Eye-lids.

Dissect. XIIII.

FEare and pusillanimitie, cause the af­frighted Eyes to twinkle, that is to open and incontinently to shut more than is convenient. Some have thought this motion of the Eye-lids to be done by the instinct of Nature, and not up­on deliberation or set purpose; for so Aristotle would have them twinkle a­gainst things whose occurrence threat­ens danger, So that the Muscle were unprofitable. But in regard of the pre­servation of the Eye, against which some dangerous thing is presented it is [Page 160] meerely arbitrary: and naturall one­ly when it proceedeth from some affection of the Body, unto which it is obsequious, as in the Cynique Spasme, wherein the upper Eye-lid is seene to be naturally mo­ved. Casper Hofman. very well contends that this motion of the Eye-lids is meerely voluntary by the example of those two Gla­diators of whom Plinie makes men­tion in his Naturall History, also by the example of Socra es of whom Aulus Gellius speakes, but that frequent interpellation happens from things that occur from without, especially the aire light, &c. Indeed usually it [...]s done with no great bent or intention of the mind, as those motions of Election are: but with a kind of remission or slacking of that contention, as they performe acti­ons, who doe a thing, as 'twere Drow­zily and with lesse heede; and such ne­ver performe a perfect motion, especial­ly Tonique. Now because it is so soone done (as the Proverb speakes) that for the most part we are not aware of its motion, therefore it may be Aristtole [Page 161] rather call'd it naturall than voluntary. 'Tis true, Galen puts this among doubt­full motions and those which are not yet found out. The Voluntary and Na­turall motions (saith he) are mingled in the Eye-lids motion, which is done in many men without the assent of the will, and you shall scarce see any one who can so order his Eye-lids, as not to move them, and to remaine with o­pen eyes untill he would close them; and who shuts them but seldome. But this motion is meerely Animal, as Ma­ [...]inellus and others by many instances affirme, and Galen afterwards confes­sed his former ignorance in this matter, where he declares the manner how this is done, and reprehends those who were of his former opinion. Some Sophisters (saith he) when they had neither found the moving Muscles, nor [...]he reason of the motion, arrived to [...]hat point of impudence to denie that motion to have any dependance upon [...]ur will, but to bee naturall, as those [...]nvoluntary and necessary motions of [...]he Heart, Arteries and other instru­ments: thinking it better to lye, than to [Page 162] confesse their ignorance. [...]araeus will have no peculiar Muscle ordained for this action, but to be the worke onely of the Broad Muscle. But with Spigeli­us and others we shall declare that this motion of pusillanimity is perform'd by two semicircular Muscles called Clauden­tes, the Eye-shutters; one superior, seated in the superior Eye-lid, the other infe­rior; that being greater, this lesser; yet there are not wanting some who would have these to be one single Muscle, which yet are two; and observ'd ever to be double in men that are somewhat Musculous, and their principles and in­sertion are distinct, although it be true that their circular fibres doe touch each other; to these add, that both of them re­ceive distinct Nerves from distinct places▪ But these Muscles are seated between the fleshy membrane and that which is brought out of the pericranium, of which the superior or greater, ariseth with a [...] acute begining out of the inner angle [...] the Eye and part of the Eye-brow tha [...] is next the Nose, and so goes transvers­ly toward the outer angle, and at last is inserted into the outer angle. The les­ser [Page 163] being arisen from the top of the Nose neere the foreward angle of the lower Eye-lid, with a sharpe begining likewise, when, being carried transvers­ly, it comes to the midle part of the Eye-lid, becomes more fleshy, circuites the externall angle, and ascending to the superior Eye-lid, it is inserted into it with a broad end. These two Muscles when contracted into themselves, the greater drawes downe the upper Eye-lid, and the lesser attracts and raiseth up the lower Eye-lid, so that the lower Eye-lid is onely lifted up, and that with the second Shutter. Baubinus who would have these two to be but one Muscle by reason of their fibres which are continu­ed sayes, that this Drawn towards its begining, at one time moves the upper Eye-lid downwards and the lower up­ward, and so conjoynes and shuts both the lids together; which the continui­ty in circuite and angle, and the mov­ing in the same angle, especially more constrict which is perceived by sight and touch doe prove: for, nothing can be constringed and come to a mutu­all contact, unlesse some parts be led [Page 164] upward and other parts downward; But in respect of the Eye-lids these are two Semicircular Muscles, and separa­ted, each makes a Semicircle, but both joyn'd together they make a perfect cir­cle; but there is a Semicircular Muscle found in each Eye-lid as well in the lower as the upper, whose motions are manifest, neither could so quick and frequent a motion be performed by the upper Eye-lid alone, since the motion downward requires a longer space than is convenient for so great celerity, wher­fore they easier come to a mutuall con­tact, if one be assisted by the other; the lower Eye-lid although it have two Right motions, yet it hath not two Right Muscles as other parts usually have for the same occasion; but this Cir­cular Muscle performes both actions. Now these two Semicircular Muscles or one circular which thus shut the Eye in feare and pusi [...]lanimity might be called from their manifestation of the mind, Musculi or Musculus Pusillanimitatis, the Muscles or Sphincter of Pusillanimity. But true Cowards who are of the worse Sect of winkers are wont to shut their [Page 165] Eyes very hard, not daring to behold at all what they apprehend so dange­rous; to this extreme figure that of Galen is to be applied, who observes that one reason why the circumjacent skin was endued with a voluntary mo­tion was, the reliefe of this action: for, the eyes that were then to be exactly closed and constring'd by all the cir­cumjacent parts, when they feare the incursion of any danger upon them, for that end the bordering skin (both that above in the Forehead, and that which lyes below about the balls of the Cheeke) being replicated upon it selfe by a voluntary motion, shuts the Eye according to the timorous endeavour of the mind; and upon this occasion, the Orbicular Muscle of the Eye-brows is not onely assistant, but chiefe Operator, which may thereupon be called Muscu­lus vecordiae, the Dastard Muscle, or the Ranke cowards Sphincter.

Dissect. XV.

PRide, Contempt, and Disdaine, lift the Eyes upward toward the Eye­brows. The Muscle, the Organ that causeth this lofty motion or exaltation of the Eye is, the great Muscle, the first in order; for, Pride will have the first place, and loves precedencie. It is com­monly called Attollens or the Lifter, ari­sing from the upper part of the orbite of the Eye, neere where the Optique Nerve comes forth, and is inserted into the Coat (called Cornea) of the Eye, where it is cleare and neare the Iris, by a thin and membranous Tendon, which when it is drawn to its Head, it helps to declare the Pride of such men who are lifted up in their own conceit. There­fore [Page 168] more elegantly and apposite to th [...] signification of the Mind, named Mus [...]culus superbus, the proud Muscle; becau [...] it lifteth up the Eye with a kind of Di [...]dain, or the Elate and proud Muscle, becau [...] in such men it doth seeme to be rounde and more prompt to its office, as Sp [...]gelius well observes. And although the [...] is a naturall reason for the greatness an [...] situation of this exalted Muscle, becau [...] there is greater strength required to [...] up than to pull down: yet it is very re [...]markable, that it hath a signature for th [...] signification of Greatness, in that pro [...]portion it hath to the other Muscles and of loftiness and exaltation of Mind in being placed above in the superio [...] part of the Eye. This Muscle might [...] more fitly called Musculus Sanctus, [...] Devout or holy Muscle, this being the Mu [...]cle by whose operation in the pious a [...]fection of the Soule we lift up our Ey [...] to Heaven in Prayer.

Dissect. XVI.

IN Bashfulnesse, and Shame-faced mod [...]sty, and in exhibiting an humble rev [...]rence, with a sweet demisseness we dra [...] [Page 169] our dejected Eyes downward toward the lower Lid. The Muscle that causeth this motion is, the Second of the Eye commonly called Musculus Deprimens, the Depressor or puller-down of the Eye; by some Anatomists (as I find it fitted to my Design) it is called Mus­culus Humilis, the Humble Muscle; for [...]ariation we call it the Muscle of Mo­desty, or the Bashfull Muscle, Not with­out an Allegoricall signature of pro­portion lesser than the other, although [...]he Eye also which with its own weight [...]ends downward needed no greater [...]. And as Humility is opposite to Pride, [...] justly seated opposite to the First, and [...] the inferior and lower part of the Eye, by that signature of situation shew­ [...]g, that it is fitted to expresse the low­nesse of Mind, which it most sweetly [...] when it is drawn to its Head. It [...]iseth in the inferior part opposite un­ [...] the former Muscle of Pride, and hath [...] insertion as the former.

Dissect. XVII.

TO turn the apple of the eye towards the Nose, is their peculiar action [Page 170] who are Sowre and Severe; for, such are of a Contuitive, Grave, and Cogi [...]abund aspect, such as is seen in those who with some Tragicall and Goblin-like look would affright and scare others. The Muscle which when it is drawn to its Head performes this motion and signi­fication of the Mind is, the third Muscle seated in the great Angle, and ariseth from the Orbite of the Eye, neere the Origination of the Proud Muscle, and is inserted as the former. It is common­ly called Adducens, the To-leader; be­cause it leads the eye inward towards the Nose; & by the Barbarous Bibitorius, the Tosse-pot; because they make use of this Muscle who look into the Cup they drink out. Dr Crooke calls it the Gleejng Muscle; for that the Eye is usually turnd that way in gleejng; we may call it the Squinting Muscle; I say the Tragick or Hobgoblin Muscle, but most oppo­site and pathetically it may be called Musculus acerbus & severus, the Sowre an [...] severe Muscle.

Dissect. XVIII.

WAywardnesse, Indignation, Contempt, and Disdaine, sometimes draw the Eye to the lesser angle, or to the Tem­ples; which motion and signification of the Mind is performed by the fourth Muscle opposite to the third, arising and reposed in the outer side, or externall Angle of the Eye, and inserted as the former, and commonly called Abducens, or the Fro-leader; for, when this Mus­cle is drawn to its Head, the Eye becomes the Interpreter of such affections of the Mind. This Muscle I find more signifi­cantly called Musculus indignatorius, the Muscle of Indignation, or the wayward Muscle. We call it saith Dr. Crooke the S [...]ue-Muscle, or the Muscle of Disdaine. And the obliquity of the situation affords [...] signature for the signification of the motion: for, when the Eye assisted by [...]his Muscle looks askaunce or askew up­on any, it most properly exhibits an overthwart regard, or slighting Dispo­ [...]ition of the Mind.

Dissect. XIX.

WAntonnesse, and Amatorious petu­lancy make use of a rolling Eye to expresse their procacity in. Archangelus conceives that this Circular motion of the Eye, and expression of the Mind is done, when all the foure first Muscles at divers times without stay successively work. Which is also the opinion of Co­lumbus. Which Fallopius reprehends and saies, that they erre who think the ob­lique motions of the Eyes are done by the straight Muscles loosed and stretched by turns, and acting in sequence, deny­ing that out of two or more refracted right motions, a Circular should result; since there is no proportion between a crooked and a straight; we may adde with Galen, one motion is not made of many, as figures are made of lines; yet Platerus is of opinion, that if two right Muscles of both sides work together, oblique motions may be also accompli­shed by their cooperations. But Bau [...]i­nus, Vesalius, Spigelius (which is the most true and authenticall opinion) [Page 173] attribute this obscure circumversion and rolling expression of the Mind to the fift and sixt Muscle, which as Vesalius well observes, as they chiefly conduce to Circumversion of the Eye, yet they drive it after a manner upward & down­ward: So that the whites obliquely cast up & down, cause a leering look, which is called the S [...]eepes Eye. The fift Muscle which is the first oblique, and the rol­ling or circumvolving exterior or infe­rior from its situation, and Minor be­cause lesse than the sixt, this is seated in the exterior and internall seat of the Orbite, between the Eye, and the Ten­dons of the Humble and Severe Mus­cles, having its originall from the rist which is in the lower part of the Orbite, and joynes the first bone of the Jaw to the fourth, and is implanted neare the Iris with an oblique Line, between the Tendons of the proud and wayward Muscles; whose very situation and inser­tion shew, that love which they serve to expresse, is a passion compounded of all the other▪ the office of this Muscle is to roll the Eye obliquely downward to the externall Angle with a circular [Page 174] mo [...]ion, and so to turne the sight of the Eye towards the Nose. Yet about the rising and insertion of this Muscle there is great difference of opinion among Anatomists, the most erroneous Arch­angelus hath well confuted, that is theirs, who would have it to rise and end in the Eye, which is contrary to the Prin­ciple of voluntary motion: for, if eve­ry thing that moves, is moved upon some Q [...]i [...]cent, and in the moving of the Muscles, the originall of the Muscle moving is ever quiescent, it would fol­low that the Eye in the very selfe same article of time should be moved and rest, which is impossible. The sixt Mus­cle, and the second of the Oblique com­monly called the interior or superior circumagent, and the Major because the longest of all the Muscles of the Eye (which although it exceed them all in length, yet on the contrary in regard o [...] its tenuity it is the smallest of all, this not exactly oblique as the other, but partly straight and partly oblique, i [...] ariseth out of the same place from whence the Adducens or To-leade [...] doth, and having passed by the Pully ▪ [Page 175] and going over the Proud Muscle, as amorousnesse many times surmounts mens pride, and brings them to a wan­ton humility) it is inserted in the up­per region of the Eye, between the Tendons of the Proud and Wayward Muscl [...]; the use of this Muscle is to roll the Eye with a kind of circular motion towards the inner Angle, and so to draw the apple of the Eye from the No­strills. These Muscles I find according to my Design, called Musculi amatorij, the Rollers, or Muscles of Love, and Circu­lares, the Muscles of the amorous Circuit; the superior Circulator being also cal­led Musculus Troc [...]leae, or the Muscle of the Pully, which is a little Cartilage re­sembling a Pully, hung by a Ligament in the concave or upper and lower part of the inner Angle of the Eye, made for the Eyes sake, found out first by Fallopi­us, and by Laurentius and Aquapendent called his Pully, serving this Muscle for a promptnesse of motion, which from thence obteined its name; for, it hath a Canale through which the Chord of this Muscle passeth, and when the Mus­cle is drawn inward towards its Prin­ciple [Page 176] or Head, his Chords or Strings with a kind of circular motion ob­volve or roll the Eye to the greater An­gle. This is the Muscle most active in this amorous rolling of the Eye, and hath a signature for the facilitating of an easie and amorous insinuation, expedi­ting and facilitating the motion of the other; both of them being not so fleshy as the others and small, have a signature for a swift and nimble moving, to which the round figure of the Eye doth much confer; for, a Sphericall figure is most convenient for a swift motion, which precedes all other movings in a wonder­full velocitie, a circular motion having two advantages of speed beyond any other. Fallopius saies he cannot some­times refraine from Laughing, when he sees in mans eyes Muscles the Authors of Circular motion, and yet that they were not found by the most exercised Anato­mists.

Dissect. XX.

IN Cogitation, Admiration, attentive D [...] ­liberation, and in voluntary Extasies of the mind the Eyes are fixed, and the Eye-lids remaine unmoved, and the [Page 177] Head let downe, we contemplat the earth with a set, wist, or museing look; which motion is Tonique, and is done as B [...]uhirus, Laurentius, Spigelius and others suppose, when the foure first Muscles of the Eyes, the Lifter the De­pressor the To-leader and the Fro-leader, worke together, for then the Eye is drawn inward, fixed, established and contein'd; which is then according to Nature, when the fibres of all the Mus­cles are equally intended and stretched out; So that the Muscles seeme then to be at rest, though indeed (as we have often said) they doe as Galen speakes, quiete agere, act in rest, for every action of the Muscle is a moving. The man­ner how this is done (as they say) is very remarkable, the foure Muscles arise from the Conus of the Orbit of the eye or the roote of the Optique Nerves, thence stretched to the Optique Nerve and to the eye in a straight line they [...]end to the horny Coate, but before they come thither they end in a broad Ten­don whereby they are joyned to the Tendons of the other Muscles & seeme to constitute a proper membrane, en­compassing [Page 178] the whole eye, this tendo­nous membrane is inserted into the hornie Coate in that part where it is pellucid before the Iris or Rainbow of the Eye, Whence it comes to passe that al the Muscles working together the Eye is staid and established. But Columbus who challengeth the fift Muscle as dis­covered first by his invention, affirmes that Muscle to come into the aid of the other foure, which stayes the Eye, as its situation shewes, when it is contracted towards its Head, holding the Eye that it fall not out of its Seate. And Lauren­tius will have all the six Muscles of the Eye to concurre and to stretch their fi­bres to this Ballancing or equall fixing of the Eye. This makes Lavellus, Fon­tanus and others contradict Galen, Vesa­lius, Fuchius and others that follow him, as if there were no need of a sea­venth Muscle. But although Spigelius and others will allow no Muscle to be purposely assign'd to this Tonique mo­tion of the Eye: yet Avicen, Fernelius and some late expert Anatomists are for the seaventh Muscle, affirming that the Muscle which is most active and provi­dently [Page 179] design'd to this action is, that bulbous and orbicular Muscle which they leave to Beasts, who have need of such a Muscle by reason of their prone aspect, whereas mans os sublime makes it un­necessary. As for them who cannot see this Muscle (if there were any doubt of it) the expression of Fontanus which he useth about Folius his affirming to have sometimes seene the venae lacteae, may be applyed. It is easier to believe one that writes affirming he hath seen it, than him who denies he hath seene it: for, because one hath not seen a thing, it doth not straightwise follow that that thing is not, but that which one truely sees, that is, because sense is of things existent. This Muscle therefore that encompasseth the Optique Nerve and the Basis of the Eye, hath a signa­ture of Situation for this purpose, and therefore being the Chiefe operator it might be called the Tonique Muscule. And because Admiration, Cogitation and at­tentive Deliberation are a kind of suspen­sion or fixing of the mind, and an in­tent application (for, the whole force of the mind is fixed upon the thing and [Page 180] therefore it is called an intention) And because Extasie is a certaine excesse of the mind and phantsie in Admiration, from whence the Nerves are stretched and the Eyes made immoveable in re­semblance of the posture of the mind, this Muscle might be called Musculus intentae Cogitationis, voluntariae E [...]stasis, intentae Deliberationis, the Muscle of ear­nest Cogitation and Deliberation, or the Muscle of the Ecstaticall intention of the mind, or the Musing Muscle. ¶ A­mazement, Astonishment, and Stupidity, (passions of the mind working in an extraordinary manner upon the same Muscles being then passive) cause such an immoveable fixing and staring of the Eye. This is of things formidable and is an affection above an Extasie, which has then no name but is called Horror from its effect; for, the Spirits that move the Muscles being made im­moveable, the Eyes become stiff as horne; for, admiration causeth a tension, feare frigiditie, whence the Nerves be­come distended and as it were congea­led. Generally this set motion is the o­ther kind of that aspect which they call [Page 181] Tonique, and is besides nature, when the Eyes remaine fixed whether we will or no: which happens (as they usually say) when the faculty that moves the Muscles is resolved, weaken'd or wholy extinguished; or because those Muscles are all equally gather'd and contracted into their Heads.

Dissect. XXI.

CLaramontius and indeede all Semei­oticall Philosophers are here lost, concluding that there is scarce any re­fluction of the affections into the Eares, and that of themselves they have no or­der at all to action. Caelius saith they are immoveable, or if they bee moved that motion of theirs is duller and lesse preceptible. Galen takes not away all motion from our Auricles, whose sub­stance is (as his words are) but fere immobilis. Athenaeus describing Hercules greedily eating saith he mov'd his Eares [Page 182] no lesse than Qu [...]dr [...]pedes doe; where Causabon besides which he brings out of Eustathius speakes of one Muretus who could manifestly move his Eares. And Hosman sayes hee hath [...]eene them that could doe as much. Justinian the Em­perour had such Eares, and therefore the people among other opprobious indig­nities offer'd him in the Theater, as you shall find in Pro [...]opius, called him Asse. S. Augustin writes of certaine who could at their pleasure move their Eares either one alone or both together. Vesalius also sayes he saw in Padua a Lawyer one Claudius Sym [...]nius a Forojuliensian a fa­cetious man, and one Petrus Ravisce­rius of Geneva a valiant and stout man, who could at their pleasure move their Eares. All the Family of the Flacci o [...] Rome had this moving of the Eares, and Scipio Du Plesis the Resolver a great ob­server of the curiosities of Nature sayes that hee himselfe had seene in Gascoig [...] two men who had this moving. And when I was a boy I remember a School-fellow of mine in whom I was wont to observe that by way of sport he would often wagg his Eares. So that the Eares [Page 183] although in man for the most part they are immoveable, so that their motion is sensibly perceived in very few; yet if it happen that we move them at our pleasure as has bin observ'd in many, that is performed by Muscles; Caelius imagines that these Muscles which are perceived to be so wonderfully moved in some men, is not by reason of the inward motion of the Eare, but by ex­trusion or excussion of the Muscle that moves the Jaw, which sometimes is drawne so neere the Eare that it touch­eth it. But indeede the Muscles whose action is motion and the Nerves which are commonly observed about the Eares doe declare it to be true that the motive virtue doth flow into the Eares. And Vesalius the great Anatomist affirmes that they are moved by reason of their Muscles. Indeede as Casserius wel argues, Although the energeticall force of moving be only deprehended by the senses as apparent now & then in a few certaine men, yet the influence of moti­on is generall into the Eares of al men, which makes them partakers of volunta­ry motion; for, unlesse it were so, wee [Page 184] must protest against the Doctrine of all Anatomists now from many ages con­firmed by most certaine, infallible and frequent observations; That motion is not the essentiall action of a Muscle, see­ing there is no auricle but hath its pro­per Muscles: Neither doth the Sensu­all immobility of all auricles almost perswade this very thing; for, it is an Elenchus Consequentiae, The motion of the auricles appeares not to sence, Ergo they have none: For, although we are to yield to reasons, when the effect ap­peares to the senses; yet where the sense proves defective and reasons may pre­vaile, the effect is not to bee denied; for, if as Galen witnesseth, there concurre to an Agent a fit situation, a due space of time, a valid force of the Agent and a disposition of matter to receive, what should hinder the effect? these for the most part to be present in the accom­plishing the motion of the Eares, even Sense doth teach; wherefore although the motions of the Eares are not made manifest, yet it is not to be denyed, but some motion at least and lesse per­spicuous to sense is performed by them. [Page 185] The cause why men doe not ordinarily and evidently move the exterior Carti­lages of their Eares as other Animalls doe which have them is, as Baubinus and others conjecture, because those princi­palls of motion are very small, So that Galen ealls them certaine Delineaments of Muscles, and they have little threads of Nerves, So that the motive Spirits cannot in sufficient quantity flow into them: and the Eares are too little and Cartilagineous, whereby the little Bran­ches of the Muscles and Nerves cannot be expanded; whence their motions are so rare, and so little perspicuous and obvious to sense, which are greater in such men whose Eares are perspicu­ously moved. And where the occipitiall Muscles are found, these of the Eares are manifestly discover'd. Hence it may be Columbus had this knack of moving his Eares, and he St. Augustine speakes of, both which could move the whole skin of their Heads by virtue of those Mus­cles, and having them (if Fallopius and Riolanus his affirmation hold) had these Muscles of the Eares manifestly obedi­ent to their wills.

[Page 186]Another reason why the Eares in men are not ordinarily at least not evi­dently seene to move is, lest the Sense o [...] Discipline should be depraved, especially since the eares of man are small where­fore they are moved every way to re­ceive sounds by the most swift motion of the Head, and therefore in Brutes who want that expeditious mobility of the Head, they are greater, to be more capable of sounds from all parts, and to drive away flyes, which man can doe with his hands. So that to prevent a greater inconveniency and undecen­cy than their ordinary employment could recompence, they are usually sus­pended from preceptible actions in most men, yet, this is not without a Tacite elogie of the Pleropheria of motion which the face enjoyes by its Muscles, to which the surplusage of auricular motion might seeme unnecessarily re­dundant; for, the Face of man is so suf­ficiently provided of Muscles, the Or­gans of voluntary motion, which are ever ready to expresse any motion his will is pleased to concurre unto, and make a significant declaration by, that [Page 187] he needes no such additaments as the Muscles of the Eares would make, if they were ordinarily reduced to mani­fest action, yet such who have these Muscles large enough for apparent acti­on, seeme to have a Patent for excel­lent Pantomimicall utterance, such addi­tionall helpes, in all probability, giving advantage of supernumerary gestures. Now although to men that can expresse their affections not onely in wordes, but also by speaking motions, especially in their Faces which are open and discove­red, Nature hath seem'd to have thought it undecent and unprofitable, to have any great volubility or flexibility (for so we must speake for want of better wordes) in the motion of their Eares as other Animalls, the flexibility of his Head and Neck serving the Eares to all such intents and purposes; yet since these Auricular Muscles (the in­vention whereof are due to Fallopius) were appositely conspicuous in them by whom they were manifestly moved while they lived, and are not onely de­scribed by him, but most Anatomists, we will first describe them, and then see [Page 188] whether any thing can be made of their motions. They are usually number'd foure, Common, and Proper. Attollens or the lifter up, Deprimens or the pulle [...] down, Adducens ad interiora the To-leader, Abducens the Fro-leader. The Attollent seated in the anterior part of the Face placed upon the Temporall Mus­cle the Attollent of the Jaw; From the externall end of the Frontall Muscle where it is contiguous to the Temporal is inserted into the upper part of the Auricle. The Detrahent seated in the hinder part of the Head fetching its o­riginall from the Mammillary processe of the Tempils and ends in a Tendon which embraceth the whole roote o [...] the Cartilage of the Eare so, that one portion of it toucheth the upper part, the other the middle, the third the lower part. The forward Adducent or To-leader is a Common Muscle, to wit a particle of that which they usually call Quadratus or the Detra [...]ent of the Cheekes, this ascending with its fibres is implanted into the roote of the Auri­cle. The backward A [...]ducent is placed in the Nowle arising from the Covers [Page 189] of the Muscles of the Nowle is implan­ted into the hinder part of the Eare.

Since therefore Nature laid not in these Muscles as intending them for any [...] of Hearing, for we heare against our will; some other use they have, since no­ [...]hing appeares in the Body that was made in vaine, or hath not some office [...]signed. But our Anatomists that ac­ [...]nowledge, name, and describe these Muscles, nay, appoint their very acti­ [...]ns, expresse not what those Actions [...]ay aime at, or are usefull unto, no [...]ention of any advantage to the Head [...] their moving; why should these [...]uscles passe thus by tradition from [...]and to Hand, and yet remaine as non [...]gnificants? they had as good be non Li­ [...]ets. I confesse, so novell a thought which for all I can find was never en­ [...]rtained or scand by any Head) would [...] a curious Fantsie, and such a one [...] is, whose Motto is, In nova fert [...]imus, tentata relinquere pernox, to [...]tempt a Comment upon this conceal­ [...]ent, and the great silence of preteri­ [...]n in all Dissectors; But having had [...] opportunity (since this Designe) to [Page 190] observe any one that had this knack o [...] auricular motion, I shall not suffer my Fantsie to drive far after a seeming Personality, our Scope being to describ [...] such Actions only, which are generally and universally used by all men, as ap­parent significations of their Mind [...] and indeed there could be little use o [...] such a Nicetie, since few wise men de­light much to shew their Eares. But a [...] Columbus would not describe these Mus­cles because they were but rarely found yet confesseth he had found two of them and at last that he had observed Eare like unto Brutes in men, which I sup­pose he meant of their motion; So [...] shall leave others to guesse what pro­portion these Auricular motions in me [...] do hold with the moveable Eares o [...] Beasts, who participate with us in point of Animal motion. It is well know [...] that most of Creatures that have n [...] Countenance to expresse the variation of their Sensitive Appetites and Imagi­nation, do expresse their Senses by cer­taine motions or wagging of their Eare [...] for when they are fearefull or affrighted they do auriculis micare, wag their Eares [Page 191] [...]uccessively erecting and depressing, or [...]anging one Eare, the other erect; when [...]hey are faint and weary their Eares lan­ [...]uish; when they are erect or furious, they [...] up t [...]eir Eares; when they are sick, [...]heir Eares flag and appeare as it were [...]esolv'd. Now, as in other Creatures [...]he motions of the E [...]re have their di­ [...]inct significations; so no question they [...]ave in those men in whom they are [...]erceived to move, and in most of us, [...] we had subtiltie enough to note them, [...]nd such an open conveniency of obser­ [...]ation as we have fo [...] Auricular motions [...] Beasts.

Dissect XXII.

SAgacity, Nose-wisdome, and Sensorious Derision, cause a man to crispe and [...]rinkle his Nose upwards, the Nostrils being so raised and contracted, that the Nose seemes crooked and hooked, and by [...]hat meanes becomes acute. These sig­nifications of the Mind are exhibited [...]y the Nose, through the operation of [...]hose Muscles of the Nose, which are [...]ommonly called Abducentes, or Aperi­ [...]ntes, or Dilatores, the openers, or stretch­ [...]ng Muscles, which are two paire. Cas­ [...]rius (indeed) would have this to be [...]ut one Muscle which hitherto hath [...]een accounted double, dilating the [...]ostrills by drawing the Wings of the [...]ose upwards, that upon any exigency [Page 194] of Passion the Aire might have a more plentifull Ingresse and Egresse; for, otherwise this Muscle would be void of all employment; yet somtimes being not sufficient alone, for some extraordinary necessity, it calls the Muscles of the Cheekes unto its aid, yet when reason requires, one part of it can act alone, the other part resting from action. But they are two paire, the first paire drawing its originall from the Jaw-bone neere the first proper paire of the Lips, is in­serted partly into the lower wing of the Nose, and partly into the higher part of the upper Lip called the Philtre: The other paire covering both the sides of the Nose resembles a Triangle; For, it ariseth with an acute Origination from the top of the Nose, and descend­ing obliquely by the bones of the Nose it ends in a broad Basis, and is implan­ted into the wings of the Nose. Fallo­pius sayes there are certaine fleshy fibre not few of them arising from th [...] midle of the Eye-browes and the Spin [...] or Ridge of the Nose, which descend­ing obliquely, are added to the fir [...] paire, and implanted into the pinnae o [...] [Page 195] sides of the Nose to draw or rivell it up­wards, which you may reckon for a paire of the Dilators of the Nostrills, or for a part of the first paire it makes no matter which, so we know the use of of it in this revulsive action, and indeed these second paire are very properly by Dr. Rhead, called Erectores, or the Rai­sers upwards. When these two paire worke together and are forcibly con­tracted to their Heads, the wings of the Nose are drawn outward and upward▪ whereby the Nostrills are not a little dilated, and the skin of the Nose and the adjacent parts most ironically wrinkled: and because they are conti­nued to the Muscles of the Lips, the upper Lip is drawn up together with the Nose, which sets a speaking emphasis upon the Action. Now be­cause Nose-wisemen use this action, Snuffing up the wind withall, as if they smelt somewhat amisse; and that they arise from between the Eye-browes which are the naturall Censors of the Face, and the thrones of Judicature, obliquely descending to draw men as with a proboske, before the tribunall [Page 196] of judgement; And the Nose which from its acutenesse in this action is often put for judgement, and dedicated to dry Derision or Sagacity, These Muscles might be significantly and most pro­perly (in reference to the employment they have from the mind) bee called Mus [...]uli Sagacitatis, vel Censoriae judicatio­nis, The Muscles of Sagacity, or Cen­sorious judgement.

Dissect. XXIII.

CHoler, fuming and precipitate an­ger or furious madnesse cause a man to blow up and downe his nostrills with wind, with which sudden and fiery sufflations the nostrills seeme to smoke like a Furnace. Galen seemes to be of opinion that the first part of this acti­on of the Nostrills was caus'd by no Muscles, but by inspiration onely, and that in vehement inspirations, the wings of the Nose followed the impe­tuous attraction of the breath; But Vesalius objects, that in very strong in­ [...]pirations, the Nostrills may be pre­serv'd in this posture. Aristotle (which [Page 197] is no great marveil since he knew not the active force of Muscles) thought that in the profundity of the Nose there was a certaine valvula, which was ope­ned with inspiration to give egresse to the Aire, which upon ceasing of the inspiration, was shut; which Galen re­futes, pronouncing it to bee a thing very uncertaine, and that wants De­monstration, and were to no pur­pose; and if we should grant it (saith Galen) the motion of this Valvula must either be Animal, naturall, or violent. No man will say it is voluntary, because to Animal motion there is no neede of a Valvula, (such imaginary things as Henericus Regius hath gone about by demonstration to perswade us unto) [...]nd an animal motion obeyes our will, [...]ut this lid of the Nose is never open'd [...]ut when we breath; againe, a Muscle is [...]he instrument of a voluntary motion, but [...]n the inner top of the Nostrils there are [...]o Muscles: Nor will this motion be na­ [...]rall as that of the Valvula of the Heart, because the motion of the Heart [...] perpetuall, and is not performed ac­ [...]ording to our will: And we cannot [Page 198] say it is violent, for Doores are open'd by the impetuous rushing in of Aire, without attraction of breath. But al­though the Nostrills in great inspirati­ons are a little elevated, and the wings are brought in as following the impe­tuous force of the Breath, and in ex­piration they againe reside and are blown out; yet the Nostrills were moveable and endued with Muscles for this purpose, because to greater and sudden inspirations and Efflations, they might not a little confer, their mobility wonderfully relieving the mind in such sudden Efflations of ang­er; not a little assisted by the inter­costall Muscles, which according to Galen serve for a plentifull Efflation, and in most vehement respiration, the Muscles above the Breast come into their aid. But although Columbus doth not acknowledge the constringen [...] Muscles, yet we with Spigelius and o­thers that describe them, must attribut [...] this Action chiefely to them, althoug [...] we can not fully agree with Stephanu [...] That to the contraction of the wings o [...] the Nose there are no opposite Muscle [...] [Page 199] who saith, when the Constringent cease from their action, the Nostrills are forcibly driven out with a Cholerique wind. These Constringent Muscles are very small as they can scarce be seene or distinguished, unlesse in those that have great Noses; and they are two paire, whereof the first paire is exter­nall, arising from about the roote of the wings, and is inserted into the lit­tle Globe of the Nose; the second is in­ternall, and hidden in the cavity of the Nostrills, arising from the bones of the Nose where they end neere the Cartilages, and is inserted into the wings of the Nose: That contracted, depresseth the wings; this doth intro­duce or bring them in, and so shuts the Nostrills. And it may be the orbicular Muscle of the upper Lip, drawing that Lip downward, doth withall constringe and shut the Nostrills, helping a little the attractive action of the Nose. Now because when incensed Choler gets into the Nose, the Muscles commonly call'd the Constringent are most active to bring wind to this Pepper-Wind-Mill, whereby it is put into a fuming motion, [Page 200] they may be called Musculi magna Spi­rantes, or Magni Spiritus, or Fumantes, or Excandescentiae, the fuming Chole­rique, or the Chasing Muscles, or the Muscles of precipate Anger, or Mag­namity.

Dissect. XXIV.

SCorne and Detraction make a man sometimes to distort his Cheekes, and draw one side of his mouth down unto the other side, in imitation of the Cynique Spasme, So that the Cheekes keepe not their owne situation and figure, but one followes the other; for, when we withdraw our mouth obliquely to the left side, the [Page 203] Muscles are so drawne together, there is a necessity the Muscle of the other Cheeke should be drawn to follow the Retraction, which thereupon becomes more extended and longer than the o­ther; for those that are Musculi conge­neres, that is, which conspire to one and the selfe-same actuall expression, which are usually one on the Right side and another on the Left, as often as these Muscles in the opposite parts are paires in number, magnitude, and strength, the contraction of one makes a relaxa­tion of the other, that part which is contracted drawing the other, to wit the whole Cheeke aside unto it, so that it alwayes happens that the relaxed part is carried to the contrary part, for that is drawn by the Muscle that caus­eth the Action, which contraction of the perverse Cheeke happens by reason of the shortnesse of its Muscle, for, eve­ry motion that proceedes from the will seemes to be done by the attraction of the Muscles to those parts whence they arise, neither could the attraction of the other Cheeke be done unlesse the opposite Muscle were drawn back to [Page 204] its originall, whence it appeares that the Depraved figure of the Mouth or Symp­tome of the function of the voluntary mover hurt, called by Physicians the Cynique Spasme, which this action seemes to counterfeit, by this account differs onely from the Naturall, that it is done besides our will, the Convulsion driving the Nerves and Muscles to the same affect, to which they are led by the Animall Faculty when they keepe their naturall habit; the Muscles are contracted into their proper heades, and with them they rivell that part into which they are inserted, which indeede is common to the naturall and praeter-naturall Plaise-mouth or Dog-Spasme. This ridiculous, action proceeding from a Detracting Disposition of the mind is performed by the square Muscle of the Cheeke by Spigelius called Detra­hens Quadratus, the first that suffers con­vulsion in those that are falling into the Cynique Spasme; the varying conduct of the fibres of which Muscle some be­ing straight, some oblique, and some transverse, are to be well considered of by Chirurgions in their incisions in [Page 205] these parts, which some not knowing, by an over free cutting of the transverse fibres overthwart, have caused both Cheekes to run as plucked to one side. This is a thin Muscle although broad and large lying hid next under the skin of the Neck, and encompassing the whole upper Jaw in the Face, draweth its origen from the regions of the snigs of the Vertebres of the Neck, the externall part of the Neck, the Sca­pula, clavicula, and the Breast Bone, as­cends by degrees with oblique fibres to the Face, and is implanted into that part of the Chin where the upper Lip is joyned unto the lower. This Muscle, which covers the Face, and out of which the Muscles of the Nostrills Eye-browes and Lips are made, being con­tracted unto it selfe by aid of those ob­lique and transverse fibres it hath, the Cheeke we command, is drawne awry, the Nose, Eye-browes and Lips follow­ing the obliquity of that motion, there­by making this Ironie of gesture most compleat, for, the Cheeke, the Seate of laughter leading, the Nose with dry mockery or Derison followes, the [Page 206] Lips obsequious by a silent Detraction, manifest their agreement to the motion of the Nose, and though they two are in the midle, yet both agree to assist this action on the side stage of Derision, while the Censorious Eye-browes over­looking, by a motion of assent and concurrence applaude the Irony. From the signification of Detraction which this Scheme or figure of motion aptly expresseth, this Muscle may retaine the name of Musculus Detrahens, and be call­ed the Detracter, Detractions by Solo­mon being aptly called Detrahentia labra, Detracting lips, alluding for all wee know to this action of the Cheekes, the Lips alwayes moving, when this square Muscle moves, which is common to them and the Cheekes.

Dissect. XXV.

ANger, Swelling indignation, Pride, Disdaine, Arrogancy, and Ambitious love of praise, puff up the Cheekes of selfe-conceited men, and make them looke big upon others. Spigelius thinks this motion is not performed by the help of any Muscle but onely happens by the relaxation of the fibres of the [Page 207] Muscle Buccinator while the breath is reteined in the hollow of the Mouth the lips being shut this Muscle is Distended which makes the greatest part of the Cheeke. But the Muscle Buccinator be­ing so called from the similitude at least of this affectation of the mind, com­prehending all that part which is blown up when we sound a Trumpet is com­monly assign'd to this action and con­sequently to the signification of this af­fectation of the mind. A Muscle thin and membranous, lying under the Square Detracter, interwoven with divers fibres, from whence its divers actions proceede, and is scarce any thing else but a fleshy implexure of fibres; this from the up­per part of the Gums of the superior Jaw is terminated in the top of the Gums of the lower-Jaw in the manner of a circle, which since it emulates a circle, and in a circle what ever part is taken the same is both the beginning midle and the end, it matters not whe­ther you say it proceedes from the up­per Gums into the lower or from the lower into the upper. This Muscle ac­cording to our Designe of referring [Page 208] all names to the Affections of the Mind might be called Musculus Ambitiosus, the Ambitious or selfe-conceited Muscle; and there is a signature of the conceited Ca­pacity of the Mind, in the most capaci­ous figure of this Muscle, which is a Circle, which thus put in motion, by way of ostentation seemes to infer to others, how far they can enlarge and extend the Sphere of their ability, even to comprehend all within the compasse of their perfection, and personall worth; which least any man should not suffici­ently understand, they are so puffed in mind, that they will straine themselves so far, as to sound the Trumpet of their own Praise, by making an unhandsome use of the Muscle Buccinator. Nor is it altogether unsignificant that this selfe-conceited and praise-seeking Muscle lies underneath the Detracter; for they that ambitiously arrogate to themselves the merits of applause are very apt to Detract from others; and indeed, Am­bition and selfe-conceited Pride is but Detraction under a Visard. But if the puffe of Anger swell this Orbicular Muscle, he that puffes and chafes after [Page 209] this manner, seemes to be his own Trumpeter, and to sound defiance to those against whom he presents himselfe with Cheekes so inflate.

Dissect. XXVI.

DEspaire makes the Cheeks to fall or sinke; they who think the for­mer affectation of the Mind to be per­formed by the help of no Muscle appo­site to that action, conceive this ad­duction or contraction of the Cheekes is performed by the Muscle Buccinator, which with them is Contrahens alter, as being designed by Nature unto it; and [...]t may well be by its Contraction, or the Contraction of its fibres, a motion quite opposite to that of Confidence & [...]elfe-conceit, being a contrary affection [...]r motion of the Mind. But this action [...]s not very remarkable unlesse in proud [...]nd confident self-conceited men when [...]hey are humbled by a counter-buffe of [...]nquisition, and the bladder of their [...]ride is thereby pricked, that makes [...]hem look like the baffled Sons of Despaire.

Dissect. XXVII.

CHeerefulnesse a pleasant and smiling Alacrity cause in many a Dimple in some part of the Cheeke, which Ana­tomists call the Navell of Venus. This is caused by the moving of the same Mus­cle Buccinator, which after the man­ner of a Sphyncter encompasseth the Cheekes, which when it is contracted and drawn in, in some part of it makes that Pit or Dimple which so gracefully appeares in the Cheekes of some men.

Dissect. XXVIII.

THey who Contend and Dispute with some beate of Anger when [...]hey heare their Adversary, and go about [...]o answer them, are observed to open [...]he Mouth, and lift up their upper Lip. [Page 214] This motion is performed by the first paire of proper Muscles of the Lips, commonly called Attollens Labrum supe­rius, The Attollent of the upper Lip, which ariseth out of the first bone of the upper Jaw where the Ball of the Cheeke is, and is inserted into the sides of the upper Lip neare the Wings of the Nostrills; when this whole Paire works together, it lifts the Lip straight upwards, from whence this Muscle might be called Musculus logisticus, the Logistique or Contentious Muscle, o [...] the wrangling Disputant. But although this Muscle be chiefe operator in thi [...] motion, yet we must note with Galen, that the whole substance of the Lip▪ doth much advance the Action. Not [...] also that when this motion is don [...] straight upward with the whole Lip [...] then the whole Paire work together▪ But when one side of the Lip is oblique­ly lifted up, then one of them is only employed.

Dissect. XXIX.

ANger and Discontent of mind▪ cause one to pout or put out th [...] Lower-Lip, who are then said to han [...] [Page 215] the Gib, an action most commonly [...]eene in children when they are ang­red. Which motion is performed by the Muscle of the Lower-Lip, common­ly called Deprimens, proceeding from that lowe and interior Seate of the Lower-Jaw where there is a certaine asperity, protuberating as it were to the sides of the Chin, and by and by obliquely as­cending, is inserted into the midst of [...]he Lip; which Muscle from this action might be properly called Musculus [...]ristitiae the sad or discontented Muscle.

Dissect. XXX.

THey who would Mock, Deride and Contemne others, use to shoote out and bow back the Lower-Lip; this Action as I take it, is performed by the Discontented Muscle when the exter­nall fibres of the lower-Lip are strained [...]nd stretched out, not a little assisted by the fungous substance of the Lips which [...]s easily filled, and being replenished protuberates: and because this outward Deflection of the lower-Lip, which Galen reckons among the straight mo­ [...]ions of the Lip, is performed chiefely by the operation of the externall fibres [Page 216] of the Lip, they Deserve to be called Fibres Sarcasmi, the mocking or cont [...] ­melious fibres.

Dissect. XXXI.

THey who Scorne and Deride others are many times seene to Distort or wrest their Mouth by drawing it to one side, Like unto the Mouth of a Plaise, or in resemblance of the Cynique Spasm. This ironicall and voluntary Tor­ture of the mouth is caused by the ope­ration of the Second paire of the Mus­cles of the Lips commonly call'd Abdu­cens, or ad latera trabens, which arising from the Cavity under the balls of the Cheeks is inserted into that place where the Lips meete together and are con­joyned. This motion being assisted by the Common Muscle of the Cheekes and Lips commonly call'd the Square or Detrahent Muscle of the Cheekes, by us call'd the Muscle of Detraction, whose oblique fibres doe not a little Contribute to the signification of the mind exhibited by this oblique motion of the Lips. From which operation the Muscles Abducent have in this signi­fication of the mind they might bee [Page 217] properly called Sanniones the Scoffers or the Muscles of Scorne and Derision. Note that this signification of the mind may be exhibited by the mouth drawn to both sides or either side ac­cording as the whole paire or one a­lone doth act.

Dissect. XXXII.

EFfeminate and Amatorious affecti­ons in the mind make Harlots per­petually to play with their Lips, and sweetly to bite them and sucke them in; [...] motion observed to be customarily used by such Creatures, performed by the tension of the internall fibres of the Muscles of the Lips, whereby the Lips are drawn to give way inward and to fold themselves in this Right motion as they call i [...]) of the Lips being much furthered by th [...]ir fungous Substance which is [...]asily Emptied & afterwards contracted. You may call these internall the ama­ [...]ous fibres of the Muscles of the Lips.

Dissect. XXXIII.

WE shall see in unhappy Boyes that when they would mock and [...]eride one another, they thrust out [...]heir Lips after the manner of a Hens [Page 218] rumpe, which we usually call to make a Mow, which ridiculous gesture is performed by the constringent Muscles, which are compounded of all the ten Muscles of the Lips, and are that Mus­culous extremities of the mouth, and that fungous and vermilion Substance which wee see, and with orbicular fibres encompasseth the outer mouth, and shuts it in like a Sphincter; which Muscle is very conspicuous in them that have great lips. This mock Spinct­er when by its hayry strings it workes this motion, making the mouth a [...] port Esquiline of Derision, straigh­tens and thrusts out the mouth for­ward, and is (as Galen and Aviten compare it) like the shutting of a Purse with strings; for in this attracti­on or corrugation, the Lips are so much encreased in thicknesse, as ther [...] is of their length taken from them by that action: as if you should, putting two fingers upon them, on each sid [...] one, and lightly compressing, contrac [...] them, you shall advance them int [...] such an altitude & thicknes, as you tak [...] away Latitude by constringing them [Page 219] on each side. By this meanes the tension of the Muscles while they are divers­ly distracted at one time, deduceth the extreames to a medium, the fungous substance of the Lips not a little help­ing them, for such a substance is easily emptyed and replenished; emptyed is submitted, and replenished, rais'd into a tumor. The Professors of Dissection before Galens time, made no mention at all of the priorums or anterior motion of the Lips, neither was he satisfied how this was done, but referres it to his Tract of obscure and doubtfull mo­tions whose manner of moving is not fully found out; which ingenious Tract, by the injury of time, (to the great Damage of Anatomy,) is lost, for that which we have under that Title [...]s Spurius, as Hofma [...] thinkes, whose [...]udgement herein admitted would [...]omewhat weaken the Authority of [...]he Quotations of that Tractat. There [...]s also as I conceive a concurrence of [...]he round membranous Muscle Bucci­ [...]or which is inseparably truss [...]d about▪ [...]ith the Coate of the mouth, so that [...]he signature and cooperation of that [Page 220] Muscle seeme to exhibit a desire to pro­clame as with a trumpet the Contempt and Scorne that is then exhibited.

Dissect. XXXIIII.

IN Salutation, Valediction, Reconcili­ation or renewing of Love, Congratu­lation, Approbation, Adulation, Subjecti­on, Confederation, but more especially and naturally in [...]oken of Love, we use to kisse, which is done by drawing to­gether the Lips into themselves, and a little putting forth the parts that lye loosely scattered about the Mouth, this being the usuall Prologue to a Kisse, which cannot be decently done unlesse we a little contract our Mouth; which significations of our Will are thus ex­hibited by the moving of the Muscle commonly called the Constringent Paire of the Lips, or Corrugans from puckering the mouth; which is done after this manner, the upper Lip is no [...] only drawn together, but withall pul­led downward, and the lower Lip lif­ted up, whereby the Lips are Collected and reduced into themselves; this Mus­cle I find from this employment to be called Osculatorium, because it contract [...] [Page 221] the Lips when we fasten a Kisse upon another: which name implies only the manner of the outward Action and not any inward Affection of the Mind exhibited thereby, the Latines having no word to signifie both, which the Greekes have, whi [...]h whom [...] is both to Love and to Kisse. This Muscle from its office might be called the love­ing paire, Par Dilectionis, or the Sphin­cter of Salutation. Note that this Mus­cle is assisted in this signification by the Muscle Buccinator, which is com­mon to the Lips with the Cheeke, which Muscle we have named the Mus­cle of the Navell of Venus.

Dissect. XXXV.

THey who mock, wonder and admire are wont to Gape upon one with their mouth. Stupidity, Folly, Idle expe­ctation, and Gree [...]y attention cause the same Action of the Mouth. The sig­nifications of the Mind exhibited by this Gesture are performed by the Acti­on of the paire of Muscles of the lower Jaw, commonly called, Graphoides & Deprimens Biventre; which arising from the Appendix Styloides, when it comes [Page 222] to the Anterior part which is under the Chin, there it is inserted into its In­ternall seat, which therefore is a little exasperated; this paire when they both worke together by pulling down the Jaw, open the mouth into a moderate figure, wherein the Temporall and maxilliary Muscles are at rest. The smallnesse of this paire of Muscles, as it shewes that the motion is easily done, the Jaw with its own weight tending downwards, needing no strong re­tracter, but as a weighty thing is led downwards with very little ado: so by signature of the Instrument insinuates how prone by Nature the Mind of man is to these kind of significations, im­plying withall, (that whereas the Mouth is the Gate of the Stomack, and now opened as the Gin of reproach by a dou­ble-bellied Muscle, arising from such an Appendix as resembles a Needle or Pin of a Table-Book, and inserted into a part which hath therefore a signature of Exasperation,) an extraordinary Ap­petite, even canine, with a silent stile to engrave a Scoffe in the Face of those against whom exasperated we [Page 223] exhibit this Hieroglyphique of open Contempt, wherein there needs no words, the abused naturally too well knowing mens meaning by their Ga­ping. Nor is the Caution and Provi­so of Nature in the ordering of this Muscle to be passed over in silence; for in the midst between the Bellies of this Muscle there is a Tendon which a certaine Membrane growing to the adjacent parts doth involve, resembling a Pully, contrived to prevent an ex­ception against the Generall Rule of Muscular motion: for, since these Mus­cles (as they should have done accord­ing to the Species of their intended Action) derive not their originall from the lower parts of the Neck, but arise rather from the upper parts, they are reflected about the lower parts of the Jaw, as it were, at a Pully, not without an allegoricall signature of the usuall effect of Mockery and scorn­full Strife, of which a Pully is the Hie­roglyphique, for as that turnes as it were returning upon it selfe, so such kind of Strife begets Strife, that it seemes to be rowled upon it selfe. Neither is [Page 224] this Retraction or Depression of the Jaw performed without the assistance of the Square Muscle of Det [...]action, which h [...]th great coherence with the Chin, Contempt and Mockery being never without some kind of Detracti­on. ¶ There is also a naturall Rea­son for this Action of these Muscles in greedy attention, because the Mind is furthered in that matter by this Action, for out of the very fift paire the Auditory Nerve there are remarka­ble branches sent to the Pall [...]te, the Bone Hyodes, and the Larynx in the mouth, wherefore from thence, that is by the mouth: sounds may be con­veyed to the Eares, even to the Tym­panum; for distinction (therefore) we call them Musculos avidae attentionis, the Greedy Gapers, or Muscles of the attentive bent of the Mind. You might call them as well Musculos otiosae expecta­tionis, the Muscles of idle expectation.

Dissect. XXXVI.

IN some tedious beavinesse of Mind, in the Dislike and wearinesse of our ab­sent mind, in the wandrings, and [...] loose and manifest security thereof we of [...] [Page 225] are drawn to Yawne, an extreme fi­gure, as they call it, of the lower Jaw, wherein the Lips are most distant from one another, one protend­ed upwards towards the Nose, the other drawn down towards the Chin, and with Galen, is one of the two Right motions of the Lips which are altoge­ther straight. These significations of the Mind are performed by the same Muscles as the former motion is, which might likewise hence receive the name of musculi oscitantes, or oscedinis, the yaw­ning Double-bellied Muscles, but more properly, in reference unto the affecti­on of the Mind, we might call them Musculos Hallucinantes, vel fluxae Securi­tatis, the Nauseous Muscles, or the Muscles of wandring Security. This Oscitation (how ever some speak) is from the Animal Faculty, and there­fore is performed by Muscles, and is done by the Muscles of the Face, as it were, dilated by deliberation, that the crude vapour may go out, as Pandicu­lation is a Deliberate Action of the other Muscles of the Body: Neither need it to trouble any one, seeing a thing [Page 226] that is done out of Deliberation, and which seemes to proceed from Pru­dence, to be done by Infants, and of us without considering of it; for, Na­ture (as Hippocrates saies) is Learned without a Teacher. These are done by a certaine Instinct, but not such as most men take to be Naturall, for we under­stand this Action to be voluntarily done, because when we please we can begin it and restraine it; And when we make others yawn, it is not done so much by Sympathy as by consent of parts, & con­spiration to Action; for, our voluntary motion is done somtimes by Deliberation, and sometimes by Imagination; Imagi­nation alwaies prevents and goes before Deliberation, when therefore the Mus­cles of the Temples and Cheekes conteine any vapour (by Imagination) when one yawnes others are moved with that moving, and so they move the Faculty, not so much to expel, as to be a deponent, & to lay down the windy burden with which the Muscles were charged.

Dissect. XXXVII.

THey who by silence would ex­presse the reverence and regard [Page 227] they have of those who are in presence, use to close their mouth and hold their Lips together; which is performed by the moving of the Temporall attol­lent Muscle, which filling the whole cavity of the Bone of the Temples, has its beginning from the bone of the Forehead Synciput Temples and Cuni­formis is at last inserted with a strong Tendon into the processe of the lower Jaw. When this Temporall paire work together, they bring the lower Jaw to the upper, and so close the mouth which is held so still in the posture of silence by the Tonique action of the same Muscles which for the most part is To­nique, unlesse when we speake or sleepe open mouth'd, for when we sleepe with our mouth closed, the Tonique action of these Muscles is preserved.

Dissect. XXXVIII.

ANger, Indignation, Griefe, Dispaire, Jealousie, Wonder, Admiration, and evill Cogitations, Cause men many times to bite their Lips, an Action which they also use who meditate and threaten revenge: which af­fections [Page 228] of the mind are expressed in th [...] Lips and Teeth by the operation of the internall fibres of the Lips, and the strong Compression of the Teeth occa­sioned by the forceable working of the temporall Muscles.

Dissect. XXXIX.

ANger, Cruell virulency in those that Threaten Revenge, Envy and Virulent Mockery and Insultation make men sometimes gnash and grind with their teeth, and to set them so firmely together that the Cheekes are drawn in o [...] adverse partes. This action [...] and virulent expression of the Mind also is performed by the violent Compressi­on of the Teeth by the strong force of the Temporall Muscle.

Dissect. XL.

IN Derision, Scoffing insultation and contumelious Despight men are seene sometimes to lill out their tongue [...] those they Scoff & deride. Concerning this significant motion of the Tongue Auerr [...]es is of opinion that it is not done by the aid of the Muscles, but by [Page 229] a proper motion, and would prove thereby that the Nerve and not the Muscle is the first and necessary prin­ciple of motion. But Columbus and most Anatomists are of the contrary opinion. Galen indeed is very Scepti­call about this motion and hath placed it among doubtfull and obscure moti­ons which he was not well satisfied [...] ▪ for sayes he, the Tongue doth not seeme when it is extended out in length to go uniformely out of the mouth, for it covers the lower Lip and descends somewhat to the Chin, and that is by reason of the Bridle which is beneath it before, we find not the cause by rea­son whereof the Tongue is prolix or prolonged untill it be visibly put out of the mouth. No motion obeyes the will but the motion of a Muscle and no Muscle continued to the tongue dis­tends it untill it bring it forth of the mouth, hence for good reason we fall to staggering when wee would know after what manner this action of the Tongue is done, and if any motion could bee found in the Body which is done by the will without any Muscle [Page 230] there had no ambiguity fallen into this question. Indeed there is a rarity and porofity in the Tongue as in the virile member, but that there should bee such virtue in it as we observe the appetite to instill into that Petulant part so that it moves with competent motion and thrusts it selfe out of the mouth, how this should bee done that is to be con­sidered. And yet the action in kissing, which some beastly Leachers use when their veines are inflate with lust would enduce one to think that there were some analogy between the extension of these two unruly members. The diffe­rence betweene the erection of both parts is that the virile member is not onely encreased in length but in thick­nesse and compasse: but the Tongue onely in length being not increased in all the dimensions of its body when it goes out of the mouth. And because they who use this Action of the Tongue doe it before they can thinke or under­stand with what Muscle or motion they should produce it, it is agreeable & meete that the Muscle whose lust was imposed upon it, for this reason should [Page 231] neurr a Satyriasis when it avoucheth lust, and imagines by the aptitude of the thing unto it. So that the cause propinque of the Egresse of the Tongue out of the mouth and of P [...]iapisme is a thing of very subtile Speculation. It is no marveile that the Tongue volun­tarily is moved onely by the Muscle. But there is a virtue in it by which it doth indeed weigh what the Intellect doth desire. So that it may move it selfe with motion for a competent Egresse out of the mouth, which doubt in effect insinuates the Tongue it selfe to be a Muscle, although he speakes not plainely out. But according to the most received opinion this significant action of the Tongue is attributed to the ope­ration of the paire of Muscles called Geneoglossum or Extrahens Linguam, which arising from the asperitity which is in the midle of the lower Mandible, but is in the internall Face, is inserted neere the roote of the Tongue; this paire contracted, puts forth the Tongue beyond the Teeth and Lips, which paire in respect of this ironicall action performed by it, according to our [Page 232] manner shall be called Cynoglossum, the Liller, Dog-muscle, or the Blaring Cynique; or the Muscle of Contumeli­ous Despight. And there is something remarkable in the principle of this motion deserving to be remembred, which Fernelius and Bauhinus have ob­served, according to whom, it is the onely Muscle of the Body that is the opifex of two contrary motions, and hath no fellow; for, every one hath but his simple action whereby it is re­duced to its Head, and the Originall of the Nerve: But the greatest part of the fibres of these Muscles is carryed to the roote of the Tongue, but the small­est part of them towards the Tip, so that the parts of the same Muscle pro­duce contrary actions, for, with the greatest part of the fibres drawing to their originall, the Tongue is put forth without the Teeth and Lips: but the lesser part of them working, they recall it in, to which revocation some assigne the next paire Hypsioglossj which was appointed by nature to withdraw the Tongue straight back; otherwise as A­rantius well observes it would follow, [Page 233] that the same Muscle would be both en­dued with a double action; and toge­ther at the same time both act and suf­fer, which is both contrary to Rea­son, and the placits of Galen. And it falls not within the compasse of my un­derstanding how this out-drawer of the Tongue should performe that as­signed office, for it seemes to mee by its Originall to be onely qualified with a power to draw the Tongue to the Chin, and therefore I am gravel'd with Galen about the manner of this motion, yet am withall inclinable to the judge­ment of Fernelius, a ferious and an honest man, who sayes, that because no Nerve is inserted outwardly in the Tip of the Tongue, which should draw or thrust it out, it is more probable to attribut [this ironicall eduction of the Tongue] to that Muscle, then with some to confesse, that there are cer­taine voluntary motions in us, whereof no Muscle or Nerve is the author.

Dissect. XLI.

Of the Muscles serving to expresse all the vocall intentions and affections of the Mind exhibited by the motions of the Tongue and [Page 234] Lips, and whether for those purposes the Lips and Tongue were made Muscles.

BY Speech framed by the motion of the Tongue and Lips we have ano­ther way to expresse all the motions of the mind; speech being a free and vo­luntary motion, which it appeares to be in that it may be made or restrained at pleasure, it must therefore be performed by Muscles, and they that carry the greatest stroke in framing the vocall affections of the mind, being the Muscles of the Tongue, and even the Lips whose Muscles serve to order speech have neede of its helpe. And therefore the Tongue in respect of this Office it performes to the Af­fections stood in need of many Muscles, whose proper Muscles according to some are six, according to some nine, some ten, or five con [...]ugations, some count them eleven. But not conten [...] with these, some reckon the substance o [...] the Tongue among the Muscles, among whom is Stephanus, yet Riolanus saye [...] that although the Tongue may seem [...] to be a Muscle because of its wrested, ob­volutions and implications like an [...] [Page 235] or Lampery, yet it is not, and Bar­tholinus is of the same mind, because it hath no fibres neither doth move any other part but is moved by its Muscles; others add this reason; for otherwise the motion would bee made towards the end, and the Taile of the Muscle would be moveable and the Head im­moveable, but that reason is false as Bartholinus proves, for the principle or begining of the Tongue is neere the Larynx, and as it were arising out of [...]he bone Hyodes, it seemes not to bee Consonant to reason, that the Body of the Tongue should be a Muscle and [...]hat as some would have it a double one, for although it have such an Eele-like [...]olubility, yet it were strange to the [...]ondition of all other Muscles, for, first no Muscle is framed for it selfe, but [...]or another part which is immoveable [...]f it selfe, that so it might be moved by [...] Muscle. Hence to things that are moveable of themselves there was ne­ [...]er any Muscle inserted, and therefore [...]either in the Braine, nor in the Heart, [...]or in the Arteries you shall find any Muscle, because these by an imbred [Page 236] virtue are moved by themselves; i [...] therefore the Tongue were a Muscle i [...] would follow that it was made for it sel [...] since it is inserted i [...]to no immoveable Body. Secondly, no Muscle moveth i [...] selfe, unlesse by accident, to wit when moving another to whose motiō it is ap­pointed it is moved it self, but the tongu [...] moves it self not for another, wherfore i [...] is no Muscle. Thirdly, every Muscle act [...] by fibres, but nature has denyed fibre [...] to the Tongue. Fourthly, all Muscle [...] are invested with a simple dense an [...] thin Membrane, whereas the tongue i [...] covered with a thick hard porous and rough skin. Fiftly, it is absurd to say a Muscle moves a Muscle, and that on [...] Muscle is inserted into another, whenc [...] if you call the Tongue a Muscle, i [...] would follow that a Muscle moves a Muscle, for many Muscles are attribute [...] unto the Tongue. Sixtly, if the Tongu [...] is a Muscle and can performe so many motions by it selfe, it would shew a [...] errour in Nature to have given it othe [...] Muscles, for, Frustra fit per plura quo [...] fieri potest per pauciora, Since therefor [...] Nature hath not in vaine granted Mus­cles [Page 237] unto the Tongue, it will follow al­ [...]o that the Tongue can be no Muscle. There are not wanting some who sup­pose they have excluded the Tongue [...]rom the order of Muscles by these fol­ [...]owing reasons; every Muscle drawes us end towards its begining, which hap­pens cont [...]ary in the tongue, for that draws its B [...]ginning towards its end But [...]his Reason is false as Bartholinus proves, [...]or the Principle or Beginning of the Tongue is neare the Larynx, and as [...]t were arising out of the Bone Hyode [...]: Againe, the B [...]gining of a Muscle is [...]mmoveable, but they have a moveable [...]nd, but it is contrary in the Tongue, whose end is rather immoveable than [...]s beginning. Therefore it is manifest [...]hat the Tongue cannot be numbred [...]mong Muscles. But this Reason as the [...]ther is rejected as contrary to the [...]cular faith of Anatomie grounded up­ [...] sight of the thing done; Therefore [...]ere is either somewhat that is moved [...]luntarily besides a Muscle, or all the [...]otions of the Tongue are to be attri­ [...]uted to its Muscles. Casserius freely de­ [...]vers his opinion in this matter. It [Page 238] cannot be but the Tongue should b [...] endued with a proper motion, and tha [...] likewise voluntary; for, it is moved after so many manner of waies, and agi­tated unto so many parts, that i [...] were ridiculous to affirme all its moti­ons to be performed by Muscles, yet notwithstanding he will not therefore call the Tongue a Muscle, but Mus­culous, as partaking somewhat of th [...] Nature of a Muscle, existing as a mean between a Glandulous and Musculous Flesh. But Fabricius ab Aquapendente a most industrious and acurate Anato­mist, and the Corypheus of all the Tribes of Dissectors, who hath subtlely Ana­tomized all the Organs of Speech, seemes to me to shew very good Reasons why the Tongue and Lips both should be Muscles, that is for the Dexterity o [...] Speech, and the more ready expressing the Affections of the Mind; for, [...] Speech be made by motion, and signi­fie the Affections of the Mind, which are motions without all question, th [...] moving of the Instruments must be an­swerable to the movings of the Mind but, since nothing is swifter than th [...] [Page 239] Mind, deservedly therefore the movings of the Tongue and Lips are very swift, [...] those which are to follow the moti­ [...]ns of the Mind: It is fit therefore (as [...]ature would have it) that such mo­ [...]ions should not be performed by the Muscles of the Tongue and Lip, but on­ [...] from their Body as they are Muscles [...]f themselves. The Tongue and Lips [...]ve Muscles, as they have Muscles th [...]y [...]re moved of another, and therefore [...]ower: but as they are Muscles they [...]ove of themselves, and that most [...]wiftly roled and driven, and for this [...]ause the Lips and Tongue were made Muscles; the Tongue and the Lips i [...] [...]locution are moved of themselves, in [...]ther Actions not only of themselves [...]ut by another, that is, by the Muscles, [...]nd that for celerity and expedition; [...], since Nature, with that which in [...]oving requires no great strength, re­ [...]ires also the quicknesse of motion, [...] makes the parts to be moved of [...]emselves by mingling the Motory [...]ower with the Part to be moved as in [...]e Tongue and Lips, which since [...]ey were not to agitate a Bone, but [Page 240] most light Aire, and to performe [...] quick motions in speaking, for [...] cause we judge Speech to be done with [...]out the Ministry of the Muscles, only [...] the Body of the Lips and Tongu [...] which if it should not be so done, th [...] Affections of the Mind would be [...] slower in their Delivery. So that th [...] Tongue is not the chiefe Instrument [...] Speech in regard of its Similar sub [...]stance, such as is not in the Body, [...] in motive Actions we must not loo [...] for a similar part to be the next [...] of motion, because in that it is a co [...]pounded Action it requires a compou [...]ded part which is the cause of an Actio [...] ▪ But only as it is movable, & it is [...] in as much as it hath received the Facu [...]ty of moving, & is a Muscle. Deserved therefore according to our Modell [...] Denomination may the Tongue an [...] Lips be called Musculi Rationationis [...] orationis the Muscles of Discourse [...] Orall Reason.