Obliquus Descendens.

THis first pair of Muscles with which Nature hath cover­ed the Abdomen,This doth la­terally com­press the Ab­domen. as a Vail, are endowed with oblique Fibres, and by reason of their descent, they have this name bestowed upon them. They do arise from the lower parts of the 6th. 7th. 8th. and 9th. Ribs indented; or indent­ing themselves with Serratus Major Anticus; as also Membra­nous from the transverse processes of the Vertebres of the Loyns, and part of the Os Ileon, and then passing to the Linea Alba, and Os Pubis, by a broad Nervous Tendon marches into the middle of the Abdomen; (its very hard to separate this Muscle from its subjacent Tendon without laceration) it ad­hering so closely to it.Obs. This Tendon with its next neighbour being either lacerated or dilated, and the Omentum or Intestines hereby making a prolapsion either into the Inguen or Scrotum, does occasion either an Hernia Omentalis, or Intestinalis. To dissect this Muscle exactly, you must divide the Latissimus from him very low, so as that you may attain his Lumbal Origination the better.

The chief use of this Muscle,Its use. as Columbus and Laurentius do affirm, is to contract the Thorax, as sometimes upwards, here­by assisting Respiration. Laurentius's observation of these Muscles is worth note; when he writes that these Abdominal Muscles are quite contrary to the other Muscles of the Body, these being crooked before they do Operate, and do turn in­ward in their Operations, hereby with much facility compres­sing the inward Cavities; the which, by reason of the laxness of the lower Belly, and its yielding to vacuity, it frames a Contention inward,Obs. and a Remission outwards. Another Observation may be,☞ that these Muscles do bind the Intestines in oblique descending Angles.

Obliquus Ascendens.

THis is immediately substrated to the former,This doth help the for­mer in its Compression. and is fur­nished with Ascendent Fibres, it ariseth fleshy from the Appendix of the Os Ileon, and Membranous from the processes of the same Vertebres as the former; and so ascending into the 11th. and 12th. Ribs with a fleshy Margent, then extending himself into a large double Tendon in which the Rectus is conveyed, proceeds to the Linea alba, and Semi­lunary Line,Obs. and is implanted into the 9th. 10th. 11th. and 12th. Ribs. Observe that this Muscle is best rais'd by finding the Nerve that runs between this and the Transverse at his Ori­gination from Os Ileon.

The chief use and action of this Muscle as Columbus doth offer,Its use. is, That these working together, they do detract the Muscles of the Thorax. Nature planting here a Series of Fibres contrary to the former, and these being by her thus made for a stronger Compressions.

Moreover as I humbly conceive,Obs. that this Oblique ascending Muscle is obliquely perforated near the Os Pubis, ☞ by the Cre­masters and the Spermatick Veins and Arteries a little above the perforation of the Oblique descending Muscles; so that these Oblique ascending Muscles lodging just under the former, do run counter with them in their Fibres, and do keep them in Oblique ascending Angles.

Moreover, that whereas the various Muscles of the Abdomen several ways contracting themselves inwards, do force the Ex­crement downwards, and at the same time do reduce both the Ventricle and Intestines into their proper places, and are Anta­gonists to the Diaphragma, because in its motion in order to enlarge the capacity of the Thorax to give reception to the Lungs tumefied with Air, the Diaphragma is brought towards a plain, and doth thereby both press the Stomach and Intestines downwards, by which, the motion of the Chyle is gently sol­licited into the Ductus chiliferus. And when the Diaphragma hath done playing, these Abdominal Muscles do act their parts, by relaxing the Diaphragma, and bringing it into an Arch, the Belly growing lank, and the Intestines and Stomach being forc't inwards, and upwards, by the contraction of the Abdominal Muscles.

Rectus.

THis third pair are cloathed with Right Fibres,This Muscle brings the Belly for­wards. being made very strong, and well lin'd with Flesh: They do arise from the Os Pubis, and running according to the length of the Body, are inserted into the sides of the Sternon, where the last true Ribs have their Cartilages. The Insertions hereof are various, for sometimes there is seen three, sometimes four, and sometimes three and a half; sometimes all above, sometimes some below; as also the Anastomosis, of the Ma­millary Vessels external, and Epigastrick internal, always found in Women, rarely in Men; as also the multitude of Nerves sent to the Perigraphs is very observable, for if you find four Perigraphs, you will find no Pyramidal Muscles.

These Muscles are allowed to be of great use;Ʋse. some Authors affirming that they do abduce the Penis from the Ribs. And when we do arise out of our Beds, these Muscles do seem to tumefie and fill outwards; others do declare, that these do in­flex the Thorax, and do draw the Brest to the Os Pubis, and the Os Pubis to the Thorax, and that out of their Contraction, there is seen two various Motions performed.

But I humbly conceive that these Muscles taking their Ori­gination from the Os Pubis and Sternon, ☞ and inserting themselves into the Linea alba, and running all down in length through the middle of the Abdomen, do in their Contraction press the Insertions inwards, and do assist the Peristaltick motion in the exclusion of grosser Excrements.

Pyramidalis or Succenturiatus.

THis Muscle hath its name from its make,This presseth the Abdomen downwards. and resem­blance it carries with a Pyramidal Figure. It ariseth from the external part of the Os Pubis broad and fleshy, and running somewhat below the Rectus, is inserted by a long and round Tendon into the Linea alba. These Muscles are seen sometimes to be wanting in such Persons as have the Origi­nation of the Ascendent Muscle not from the Ileon, but from the strong Ligament which runneth from the Spine up to the Os Pubis, internally: and have four Perigraphs in the Rectus.

Vesalius, Adernaus, and Columbus do all describe them (though badly) to arise from the beginning of the Right Muscles; But that these are distinct Muscles are evidently apparent.

Fallopius the Inventer of them,Their Ʋse. doth ascribe the action of Compression to them; and that they do promote the Excretion of Urine, this also he doth affirm. Laurentius does observe, that if one of these Muscles doth work alone, it draws the Linea alba obliquely downwards; if they do work together, they do work it directly downwards, and do hereby compress part of the Inguen and the Bladder, when we at leisure do discharge our Urine. Columbus will have these Muscles somewhat to add to the Erection of the Penis, but his Opinion is much con­tradicted by Flud from their Situation: for they cannot rea­sonably be allowed to serve for this use, because they do in no measure reach this part, and are also apparent in Women.

Transversus.

THis fifth Muscle firmly annexed to the adjacent Perito­naeum is framed of Transverse Fibres,This brings the Abdomen inwards. it ariseth from the Transverse processes of the Loyns and the Os Ileon, and the Cartilaginous inward part of the lower Ribs with a Nervous Membrane, from the same Ligament as the former; as also with a Fleshy Origination from the inward part of the Spurious Ribs, and Terminates in a broad Tendon at the Semi­lunary Membranes, the Linea alba, and so down to the Os Pubis; he adheres firmly to the adjacent Peritonaeum in a manner all along, save only in the Pubes, where he divides himself. Bar­tholinus declares, that its chief use is to Compress the Colon. Its generally agreed by all Anatomists, that these Muscles do serve for bringing the Abdomen inwards; the which action is very necessary in the Contraction of the lower Belly. Spigelius al­lows it another action, which is, that it moves the Thorax Cir­cularly to the Sides, hereby promoting and cherishing the Na­tive Heat; These Muscles also being of a moderate thickness, do serve as a defence and covering to the subjacent Parts

This Transverse Muscle is obliquetly perforated a little above the Oblique ascending Muscle,O [...]s: ☞ by the Cremasters, and Sper­matick Veins and Arteries; so that the perforations of the Oblique Descending, and Ascending Muscles of the Abdomen being framed one above another, not in streight but in bevil Lines, do intercept the passage of the Intestines falling into the Scrotum. These Transverse Muscles running the breadth of the Abdomen cross-ways, do run counter to the Fibres of the Right Muscles, which binds in the Intestines crossing the length of the Abdomen downwards long-ways, as the Fibres of the Transverse Muscles running overthwart, do in their Right Angles secure the Intestines in their actions broad ways, and cross the Abdomen.

Frontalis.

HAving cleared all the Abdominal Muscles,This Muscle doth lift up the Forehead. which in necessity did require the first use of the Knife: we next come to those parts which in order of Dignity do deserve our Inspection; And here begin we with Frontalis, which Muscle doth act variety of postures in Human Bodies, and hereby are excellently delineated the Pictures of Sadness, Joy, Sorrow, and Mirth, these being the Passions of the Mind, and are by this Muscle extreamly well Decyphered. This Muscle ariseth from the most elated part of the Forehead, where the Hair ends near the Temporal Muscle, and where the Car­nous Membrane adheres most firmly to the Cranium, and run­ning right down, is inserted into the Skin which covers the Eyes, and into the Eyebrows; In raising this from the Cranium, you will find Nerves sent from the Cranium to him.

This being raised up,Ʋse and Cau­tion. it opens the Eye with it: its framed of Right Fibres, and therefore lies as a good Caution for every young Chyrurgeon that he makes no transverse Incision here, lest by neglect thereof, he purchase the utter downfall of the upper Eyelid. To this Muscle by late Anatomists are added the two Occipitales which do arise from the middle of the Occiput,Ʋse ☞ and passing by the Muscles of the Ears, tends to the aforesaid Musculus Frontalis: though these do not appear so well in all Subjects, yet they do counterpoise in some measure. The proper use of these is to draw the Skin backward, and to keep the Forehead streight and smooth, that so it may not be too subject to Wrinkles, by the frequent action of the former.

This Muscle you have very well described at Tab. 6. Fig. 1. at A. A. at Tab. 7. Fig. 3.

1. At A. Shewing the same in situ.

a a. Shewing its beginning.

V. V. Its Termination.

A. At Fig. 2. The same Table shews same Muscle.

Aperiens Palpebram Rectus.

THere are two Eyelids belonging to either Eye,This lifts up the upper Eyelid. the upper of which is moved upwards and downwards, both for the opening and shutting of the same; the first de [...]gned for Sight, and the second appointed for maintaining is Vigour. This Muscle ariseth from the upper Orbite of the Eye, near its Elevator, where the Optick Nerve hath its transmission: a­rising with a thin and fleshy beginning, and is expanded with a broad and thin Tendon into the Margent of the Palpebra, and taking the same up, doth open the Eye; this is not to be shewn but with the other Muscles of the Eye after it is taken from the Cranium.O [...]s. This Muscle of the next following, have their distinct Originations and Insertions, although their Muscular Fibres do seem to unite, which hath [...]ade some Physicians conclude them to be both but one Muscle; the which on the contrary by acurate Demonstration; is shewn that they have two distinct Nerves taken into two distinct places; for the up­per takes a small Nerve from that Motion which arises out through the Cavity of the upper Orbite, the lower assuming its small Nerves from that which it produceth through the Ca­vity of the lower part of the Orbite, the which Physicians have observed in a Cymical Spasm of the Face: wherein the lower Eyelid is seen to appear as it were immoveable, convel'd and drawn downwards, whilst the upper doth move Naturally; The which could not succeed if they both should be moved by one Muscle.

This Muscle you have very well explained at Tab. 7. Fig. 1. at B. C. and at Tab. 6. Fig. 2. at I. I.

Claudens seu Semicircularis superior Deprimens.

THis ariseth with a sharp beginning from the inward Angle of the Eye,This shuts the Eye. and from part of the Eyebrow near the Nose, and so falls somewhat transverse to­wards the Exteriour part of the Eye, becoming fleshy, and so broad, as that he possesseth the whole space between the Eye­brow and the Cartilage out of which the Hairs of the Eyebrow do grow, and is inserted into the Angle of the Eye.

Julius Casserius, Ʋse. Sect. 1. de Organ. cap. 8. doth describe these Indications drawn from the Palpebra, as that such as have their upper Eyelids elated, to be Proud and Fierce; those who have them deprest, to have their Eyes as it were half shut, these generally accounted to be of a mild and humble Nature and Disposition.

This Muscle you have described at Tab. 6. Fig. 2. at I. I. at B. B. Fig. 1. at the same Table, and at Tab. 7. Fig. 1. at B. and B. Fig. 2.

Inferior seu Attollens Semicircularis.

THis ariseth being Membranous and thin from the top of the Nose near the Angle of the lower Eyelid,The nether is lifted up by this. with a sharp point, and carried transverse about the middle of the Lid, becoming fleshy, and is inserted into the same Angle as the other. Amongst Authors there is held a Dispute, whe­ther that these two Muscles be not properly one, and that Or­bicularis being so generally received; though the one doth de­press, and the other attol or lift up, at the same time to make a perfect close over the Eye.

These Muscles are as Drawbridges for the Eye to open and shut; and as the first doth produce its perfect Sight by being drawn up, so doth the other procure its ready Rest and Quiet by as perfect a closure.

To these Riolanus doth add Musculus Ciliaris, Ʋse. which he would have serve to the more firm closure of the Eyelids; but this de­pends rather on his Fancy or his Knife, than any Foundation in Nature: nor is there need of such a Muscle, since that Office is sufficiently performed by the two forementioned; if they be not one Orbicular Muscle, as some suppose, and consequently by their Circular Fibres constringe as firmly as a Sphincter does.

Both these you have described at Fig. 1. Tab. 7. at C. and at B. Fig. 2. in the same Table.

Rectus Oculi Primus Elevator.

THe Curtains of the Eye being drawn,This lifts the Eye upwards we next arrive at the Body of the Eye its self with its Muscles, by which it performeth all its variety of Motions; the truth is, so much hath already been said of these Muscles, as well as of the Coats and Humours which belongeth to the Eye, that its lost time to trouble you with Repetition thereof; this only I shall offer, that this fine Globulous Body ought to have so many Muscles as it enjoys, to make it hang so perpendicularly in the Orbite of its Bone, and be so well ballanc'd, as that it may perform every of its Motions with dexterity, and thereby with ease and advantage execute those Offices for which it was at first designed.

This Muscle ariseth from the upper part of the Orbite of the Eye, near where the Optick Nerve comes forth, and is inserted into that Coat of the Eye called Cornea, where it is clear, and near the Iris by a thin and Membranous Tendon.

This Muscle amongst Anatomists is generally accounted the first of the Eye,Ʋse. and is either called Attollens or Superbus, be­ing held the Master of Pride and Disdain; the expressing of which Action occasions the Eye to open. Dr. Willis Fol. 149. de Anima Brutorum, doth attribute this Motion to the Eyelid ra­ther, and by him is called Musculus Humilis, because in a de­vout and intense Prayer it is much lifted up, and hence is it that we commonly see the Hypocritical Tribe, who do affect a form of Sanctity to lift their Eyes so much up, that scarce any part but the White thereof is seen, the Pupil in these Creatures being so obscured that scarce any part therof is to be seen.

This you have very well delineated at Tab. 6. Fig. 3. at O. O. and at Fig. 5. in the same Table at A.

Rectus Secundus sive Depressor.

THis is by some Anatomists called the second Muscle of the Eye,This brings the Eye downwards. and is so far from advancing it, that it brings it down; and hence hath it the name of Humilis gi­ven it, by some also it is called Deprimens, shewing by its Action and Motion the Index of an humble and submissive Temper and Constitution; it is opposite to the former, and is lesser, a­rising from the lower opposite part of the same Cavity, and hath its insertions as the former, it brings the Eye towards the Chin;Ʋse. This Muscle you have exactly described in Tab. 6. Fig. 3. at H. and at D. Fig. the 5th. of the same Table.

This Muscle is less than the former,Obs. ☜ which is its Antagonist Muscle, though their powers hereby are not rendred unequal; because there is less force required to depress than to elevate, and therefore we see it happen in like manner in other parts of the Body. And indeed our great Architect has hereby admirably provided for a due balance of the opposite Muscles; for where there is an excess of power or action on either side, we usually see a Spasm succeed: as happens in the following Muscle, (or Adducens) which in Children is so often contracted by a vi­tious turning their Eye inward upon drinking, or otherwise, that it occasions that deformed Squinting or cast of the Eye, the which on the account of the Pliablenes of the opposite Muscle they are so prone to in their tender years, over what they are in a more confirmed Age.

Rectus Tertius sive Adducens.

THis third Muscle of the Eye doth arise from the Orbite of the Eye near the Origination of the Elevator,This brings the Eye in­wards. sub­sisting in the inward Angle, drawing the Eye inwards towards the Nose; This Muscle by some Authors is called Bi­bitorius, and amongst good Fellows great respect is given to this Muscle, bringing their Eye towards their good Liquor; bringing the Eye towards its inward Angle, and making it hereby look somewhat a Squint.Obs. Dr. Willis in his Book De Anima Brutor. cap. 15. de Visu, makes mention of a Young man troubled with the Palsie, who when his other Muscles of his left Eye were relaxed, this Adducens was strongly contracted, and hence his Eye was so distorted, that its Object seemed as it were double, neither could he distinguish any thing very well with it.

This Muscle you have excellently described at Tab. 6. Fig. 2. at G. at Fig. 3. at I. I. in the same Table, and also at Fig. 5. of the same Table at B.

Rectus Quartus sive Abducens.

THis Muscle by Anatomists is sometimes called Abducens, This brings the Eye out­wards. and likewise Indignatorius, from its cross and scornful Effects it carries with it, bringing the Eye outwards. This Muscle ariseth from the External Angle of the Eye, and is inserted as the former: the Eye is drawn inwards by these four working together, and the motion is as it were suspended, which by Physicians is called a Tonick Motion. In Dissection of a Monkey,Obs. all these Muscles perfectly appeared exactly as in a ☜Human Eye: and which is observable in these Creatures distin­guishable from all other Bruits, these have no Musculus Suspen­sorius, or Septimus Brutorum.

This Muscle you have also exactly described at Tab. 6. Fig. 2. at H. and at K. K. Fig. 3. and at C. Fig. 5. of the same Table.

Obliquus Minor sive Inferior.

THis Muscle ariseth from a Chink which is in the lower part of the Orbite of the Eye,This brings the Eye to­wards its External Angle. in his Origination Fleshy, small, and not altogether round, and is c [...]rried Ob­liquely in his whole course, and ascending by degrees to the upper part of the Eye, is there inserted by a short but Nervous Tendon, near the Tendon of the Abducent Muscle; not far off which, the Tendon of the other Oblique Muscle hath also its insertion,Ʋse. and by moving the Eye downwards▪ it doth convert and abduce it towards its External Angle in a rowling manner.

This Muscle also you have described at Tab. 6. Fig. 3. at [...]. and at Fig. 5. at E. in the same Table.

Obliquus Major vel Superior cum Trochlea.

THis ariseth from the same place with the Abducent, This carries the Eye to its inward An­gle. and marcheth in a right Line to the External part of the Internal Angle, where it grows indifferently thick, and is then attenuated and grows round, and goes through a Pulley there designed for it, the which so soon as it hath past it, it, yet so bends its self that it makes the Right Angle of the Eye; and running upwards it begins to grow Oblique, and passing by the Levator is inserted between the Abducent and Oblique Muscles, as is before demonstrated. The Trochlea or Pully is a perforated Cartilage, passing to the Bone of the upper Mandible, near the inward Angle of the Eye; These two Muscles are called Ama­torii, or the Lovers Muscles, being as the true Messengers of Affection, by some they are called Circumactores or the Rowling Muscles, for they do much work in Human Body; in Sheep also they are of very great use, being given them as their chief Watchers, or those which do work their Eyes about. The young Chyrurgeon is here cautioned, that in his Curing of Fistula Lachrimalis, Caution. he takes great care of this Muscle. The use of this Muscle is to turn or rowl the Eye inwards towards the inward Angle of the Eye by a Circular Motion,Ʋse. and so to abduce the Pupil from the Nares or Nostrils;Obs. several Fibres do ☜pass from the Periostium, or inward Film of the Orbite to the forementioned Trochlea, and according to some do constitute the Musculus Trochleae, though the use of them seem designed for a steddy fixing the Trochlea, rather than for a Muscular mo­tion.

This Muscle you have also exactly described at Tab. 6. Fig. 2. at D. E. F. D. shewing the Muscle E. the Trochlea, and F. the chord of this Muscle; at Fig. 3. at M. M. you have it, and at E. Fig 5. you have it again very exactly delineated.

Attollens Aurem.

AS the Eyes are placed in the forepart of the Head as Watchmen to guard the Body,This carries the Ear up­wards and forwards. so also hath our wise Creator planted two Ears at the sides thereof for the better perception of Sounds, and a more ready passage to hear­ing, to the better performance of which there are hereto given variety of Muscles; amongst which, this is reckoned as the first, it arising from the External Termination of the Frontal Muscle, and so being thin and Membranous, is carried over the Temporal Muscle, and is inserted growing narrower into the upper part of the Ear,Ʋse. moving it upwards and forwards

This Muscle you have exactly delineated at Tab. 6. Fig. 4. at H. and at S. Tab. 7. Fig. 1. you have the same again.

Detrahens Aurem.

THis Muscle ariseth Fleshy,This moves the Ear downwards. broad, and sometimes Fi­brous, from the back part of the Head, near the Ma­millary process, and so growing narrower in its pro­gress is inserted into the whole Cartilage which encompasseth the Ear; be careful in raising the Cutis lest you take up this Muscle with it, and so loose him; this moves the Ear down­wards and forwards, this Muscle is by some allowed as part of Quadratus Buccas De rahens. Ʋse.

This you have shewn you at Tab. 7. Fig. 1. at T. T. T.

Adducens Aurem ad Anteriora.

THis is a common Muscle,This draws the Ear forwards. being part of that which Spi­gelius calls Quadratus Buccas Detrahens, and is also al­lowed as part of that Muscle called Platusma Myodes, from whose insertion you will find a Fleshy and Fibrous Elon­gation implanted into the Root of the Ear

This Muscle is said to draw the Ear forwards and somewhat upwards. Expect to meet this at Quadratus Buccas Detrahens, Ʋse. as being a part of it.

Abducens Aurem ad Posteriora.

THis Muscle is planted at the Occiput, This brings the Ear backwards. and ariseth above the Mamillary processes from a Knot of Muscles which belong to the Occiput, with a narrow beginning, and being carried downwards transversely, is inserted with a double and sometimes treble Tendon into the hinder part of the Ear. This Muscle is said to draw the Ear backwards: In Beasts, as in Horses, Oxen, and the like Bruits these Muscles are much more large and apparent, and oft times more numerous, whence it is, that these can move their Ears more powerfully, and act those strong motions with them which we see is customary for them to do.

This you have described at Tab. 6. Fig. 4. at I. I. I.

Externus Tympani Auris.

THe inward Ear hath two Muscles allowed it,This brings the Tympa­num up­wards and forwards. found our by the two excellent Anatomists Hieronimus Fabritius de aqua pendente, & Julius Casserius Placentinus, and of these one is planted [...], the other inwards; and from hence they do take the [...] names; this ariseth from the upper and inward passage of [...] Auditory passage with a large Ori­gination, and becoming [...]eshy is inserted externally by a short Tendon into the Tympanum, extending the Membrane with the Malleus upwards and outwards.Ʋse. Spigelius saith it is small and ariseth from the Culis, and that Membrane which covers the Auditory passage.

This Muscle is one of the least in the whole Body, and is to be shown entire with some difficulty; [...] great caution there­fore is to be used [...] opening the Os Petrosum, about that part which respects the Temples, whether it be done by the small Chiss [...]l or filing, [...] so the pieces of Bones being taken out by degrees, this Mus [...] may receive no prejudice; the like car [...] is to be observed also in shewing the following Muscle.

This Muscle you have exactly shewn you at Tab. 6. Fig. 6. at A.

Internus Tympani Auris.

THis Muscle is inwardly planted,This brings it obliquely forwards and somewhat inwards. seated in the Os Petrosum, having its Origination from the Basis of the Os Cunei­forme, and so becoming Fleshy, though thin and small, and having made half his progress, divides himself into two very small and very thin Tendons, the one of which is implan­ted into the upper process of the Malleus, the other into the Neck thereof, drawing it obliquely forwards, and bringing it somewhat inwards.

These two Muscles do then first move the Membrane with its small Bones upwards and downwards,Ʋse. when we would carefully listen or hearken to any important Matter, &c. Matter or Concern, as Diemerbroeck observes. Dr. Willis Fol. 133. de Anima Brutorum, Obs. writes, that the action of this Muscle is invo­luntary, and is wrought about by some Instinct of Nature; for when a very vehement sound doth approach the Ears, this Muscle doth remit its great noise, so as that it does sensibly ob­tund the relaxed Tympanum more powerfully; but if it be either more thin, or more obtuse, this contracted Muscle doth distend the Tympanum, so that this obtuse Impression may be made more sensible.

This Muscle also you have exactly described at Tab. 6. Fig. 6. at C. C.

Abducens Nasi Alas.

THe Nose is the Organ of Smelling,This dilates [...] Nose. and this gains place in the more eminent part of the Body, for the better susception of the ascent of Vapours and invisible Hala­tions, and their Qualities are sent up hither by the Olfactory Nerves to the common Sensory, and are there approved of ac­cording to Judgment; and thus is Man brought into a capa­city of either taking or refusing such things as may prove either beneficial or prejudicial, purchased without the Eye, and per­ceived without the Ear; The Nose is not wholly moved, but rather its lower parts which we call Alae, and these are either kept open or shut by the benefit of Muscles: and these are called either Abducentes or Adducentes, or if you please Ape­rientes or Claudentes.

This Muscle ariseth very small and Fleshy from Os Maxillae Superioris, near the first Par Labiorum proprium, and is inserted into the lower and upper part of the Alae, Ʋse. and moveth either part upwards.

This you have exactly delineated at Tab. 7. Fig. 1. at D. in s [...], c. shews its Origination, d. its Insertion Fig. 2. id. Tab. you have the same at B.

Attollens Nasi Alas.

THis Muscle ariseth from the top of the Bone of the Nose,This brings it upwards. near the Lachrymal Cavity, with a sharp and Fleshy beginning, descending to its sides in a triangular form much resembling the Greek Letter [...] and so descending according to the length of that Bone, is inserted broad and Fleshy into the Alas Nasi, and do carry the same upwards; Casserius hath found them much resembling Myrtle Leaves, these two pair drawing the Nasi Alas, Ʋse. do dilate and open the No­strils.

This you have fairly described at Tab. 7. Fig. 1. at E. e. shew­ing its sharp and Fleshy beginning, f shewing its Termination into the Alas, B. shews the same in the same Table Fig. 2.

Claudens Nasum Externus.

THese Muscles are very small,This Muscle shuts the No­strils. and without it happen in very Nasute Persons they are never seen or to be di­stinguished; the first pair of which is outwards and Fleshy, and so do arise at the Root of the Alae, and so climbing transversely is inserted into the tip of the Nose; and as Ve­slingius judgeth,Ʋse. doth dilate the same, whilst others do affirm that this doth constringe it.

These Muscles are not to be shewn by any Figure, being both so small, and so inwardly implanted.

Claudens Nasum Internus.

THis is much like the former as to its bigness,This doth constringe the Nose inwards. lodging in­wardly under the Membrane which covereth the Nose from the Bone, it ariseth from the end of the Bone of the Nose, and is expanded into the Alam Nasi, and doth con­stringe it; this is very small, and very rarely found out, unless in such Nasute Persons whose general Series of Muscles are very apparent, thicker, and larger than ordinary.

There is also another Constrictive Muscle, which hath gotten the name of Orbicularis common to the upper [...]ip, the which drawing the [...]ip downwards, doth also therewith shut up and close the Nostrils; And this Bartholinus describes in Fol. 358. Anatom. where he affirms, That he hath observed an Appendix hereof to descend to the upper Lip, and that in such People who could not lift up their Nose without their Lips.

This Muscle with its former is not to be shewn by Figures, they being so very small.

Zygomaticus Riolani, vel Attollens Labium Superius.

TO Man are given Lips,This lifts up the Lip. both for his accommodation of Eating and Drinking; as also for forming his Voice, retention of Spettle, shutting the Mouth and defend­ing the same from outward Injuries; and because all these Qualifications do require a voluntary Motion, they have given to them variety of Muscles to perform the same: amongst which this is nominated one of the third proper pair called by Riolan. Zygomaticus.

It ariseth Fleshy from the Os Sygoma, with a Fleshy and broad beginning, and running obliquely downwards and for­wards is inserted into the side of the upper Lip near Primus Nasi, the which doth abduce it to its sides upwards. See this Riolanus Anatomy.

This also you have shewn you at the Letter G. at Tab. 7. Fig. 1. and at Fig 2. id. Tab. at C. you have the same.

Abducens Labia.

THis ariseth from the Os Zygoma Fleshy and round with much Fat,This brings the Lip up­wards and outwards. and is implanted into the Lips where they are joyned together: this moves the Lips upwards and outwards,Ʋse. and doth also help the former in their motion; this by some Anatomists is accounted the first proper pair: these Muscles do also draw the Lips to the side, whether either one or both do operate either singly or together.

This Muscle you have shewn in situ, at Tab. 7. Fig. 1. at H. i. and k. shewing both its Origination and Insertion; the same you have at the Letter D. in the second Figure of the same Table.

Labium inferius Deprimens.

THis ariseth Fleshy from the lowermost and outermost part of the lower Mandible,This brings the lower Lip down­wards and outwards. whence running obliquely, it is broadly inserted into the middle of the Lip, and moves it downwards and outwards; this is called the fourth pair of the proper Muscles.

This Muscle hath a part with the first pair called Detrahens Quadratus, by which it is obliquely moved to either side, (vid.) right or left, as either of them are in Operation, drawing the whole lower Lip downwards.

This Muscle you have shewn at the Letter I. Tab. Ʋse. 7. Fig. 1. and at E. in the second Figure of the same Table.

Par Labium constringens sive Musculus Orbicularis & Constrictor.

THis is common to either Lip,The Lips are pursed up by this. being framed of a fun­gous Substance, with Orbicular or Constrictory Fibres, arising from the middle of the Bones of the upper and lower Mandible, and doth form and make the whole Body of the Lips, encompassing the Mouth like a Sphincter, and drawing the Lips mutually to it, the which do firmly ad­here to the red Cutis, which gives them their admirable Vermi­lion Dye; as also shews the Paleness of them in Sickness; All these Muscles of the Lips are so closely conjoyned to the Cutis, that their Fibres do intersect one amongst another; and hence is it that such a variety of motions are seen in the Lips; and thus have we shewn all the Muscles of the Lips. Fallopius hath another pair of these Muscles belonging to the Lips, whose Cutis is so closely mixed with the Muscles, that it rather seems to be a Musculous Cutis or a Cuticular Muscle.

This Muscle is also called Osculatorius from the use which is made of it.Ʋse.

These Muscles of the Lips have variety of Uses given them for performing their diversity of Actions; as some being de­signed for shutting the Mouth, others for opening the same: some made for accommodation of Eating and Drinking, and others formed for Ornament of Speech and Love Motions.

This you have fairly shewn you at Tab. 7. Fig. 1. at K. K. and at Tab. id. Fig. 2. you have the same at F. F.

Quadratus sive Platysma Myodes.

THe first Muscle lying under the Skin of the Neck is cal­led Quadratus, This draws down the Che [...]k. from its Figure, and is small and Mem­branous firmly adhering to the Cutis, arising from the Vertebres of the Neck, Scapula, Clavicle, and Sternon, large, broad and thin, with store of Membranous Fibres, and so run­ning up with oblique Fibres, is inserted into the Chin, where both the upper and lower Lips are joyned; and enlargeth him­self so far as to make Adductor auris ad Anteriora and because it agrees much with the Chin, it helps forwards the opening of the Mouth; and by its enlarging its self so far as to make Ad­ductor auris ad Anteriora, the Ears also may be allowed to be moved by the help of this Muscle; it hath various Surcules of small Nerves belonging to it from those of the Neck; This Muscle being once convelled there follows a Cynick Spasm.

Here's Caution also for the young Chyrurgeon,Caution. where he ought to take notice of the Fibres of this Muscle, especially when he may or shall be called to make Incision here; for want of knowing of which upon making transverse Incisions here, and crossing the Fibres and their Ductures, he presently occasi­ons an Avulsion in the Cheeks, otherwise great care must be had to preserve this Muscle; for whether you do raise the Cutis from above or below, he adheres very closely to it; In the rai­sing this Muscle, be careful of leaving its Elongation that makes Adductor auris ad Anteriora, which you will rarely miss.

This Muscle according to Riolanus you have expressed in our 10th. Tab. Fig. 1. at F.

Buccinator.

THis second Muscle which formeth the Cheek is called Buccinator from the use that is made of it;This draws the Cheek in­wards. it ariseth from the upper part of the upper Mandible, and from the lower part of the lower Mandible, where the Gums begin, and do amplect the whole Cheeks in their seats, being round like a Circle: the proper Coat of the Mouth adheres so firmly to him inwards, that he is scarce separab [...]e from it; outwardly he hath a large round Tendon implanted into the midst of him, which hath his Origination from a Glandalous Substance, grow­ing to the Os Zygoma, close by the Origination of the Muscle so called.

This Muscle doth not only move the Cheeks with the [...]ips,Ʋse. but doth also constringe them, and drive the Meat fallen into the Mouth into the Cheeks back again to the Teeth, sending or conveying the Meat thither, until it be better lessened, and made smaller, and a more accurate Confraction of the same be hereby made. Placentinus writes, That he hath found a very strong Ligament in the Center of this Muscle; the which arising outwards, and creeping along the Os Gingivae, termi­nateth into a small and thin Muscle directly opposite to the Cheek; but Riolanus denies the same.

This Muscle if you please may also be allowed as a hand to the Teeth,Ʋse. sending the Meat till it be well Chewed to the Teeth, by which it may the be [...]ter be lessened and comminuted.

This Muscle you have shewn you at Tab 7. Fig. 1. at F. and at P. Tab. ead. Fig. 2.

Masseter sive Lateralis, seu Mansorius.

THis ariseth with a double beginning,This draws then th [...]r Mandible latera [...]y. strong, large, and Nervous; first from that Suture where the fourth and first Bone of the upper Mandible joyneth; secondly Fleshy from the Os Jugale, and is firmly and largely inserted into the lower Mandible External;Ʋse. This Muscle by reason of its diversity of Fibres given it, doth move the nether Mandible forwards, backwards, and laterally, and [...]s it were about also; If you throw this Muscle either from its Origination o [...] In­sertion, Temporalis will appear in its Insertion.

The proper Use of this Muscle is shewn in Mastication;Ʋse. it moves to both sides, as to Right and Left; it takes its name of Mansorius from its proper Action: and from its site, it is called Lateralis.

This you have shewn you at Tab. 7. Fig 1. at the [...]etter O. I. shews it also at Fig. 2. Tab. ead. where b. b. shews its Origina­tion, and c. c. its Insertion.

Temporalis seu Crotaphites.

THis is the first and strongest of all the Muscles,T [...] draws the Mandible upwards. filling the whole Cavity of the Temple Bones; it arise [...]h from the Os Frontis, Syncipitis, & Sphaenoides, fleshy and Semicircular, and growing narrower in his des [...]ntion, runneth under Os Jugale, with a short but very strong and fleshy Ten­don into the process of the lower Mandible called Corone; it hath allowed it three Nerves on either side: One from the third, a second from the fourth, and a third from the fifth pair;Ʋse. Wherefore this Muscle being either inflamed, contused or wounded, sharp pains do immediately succeed, and great danger of Convulsion and fear of Death, especially if the hurt do happen about the Nervous part thereof; As touching the Periostium, you will find that if you do raise this Muscle carefully, (contrary to the opinion of some) you will meet it under this Muscle, although many have asserted the contrary. The end of this Muscle is the beginning of the lower Mandible, the which it moves and draws upwards, and hereby shutteth the mouth; and by some hence it is called Attollens, and is the strongest Muscle of the Body in respect of its bulk. And as Spigelius writes, it is furnished with so much strength, that he remembers in his ripe years that he hath lifted up several pounds of Lead by the strength of his Teeth, and carried them there­with. I have seen very great weights brought from the ground by the Teeth and strength of this Muscle, and it has been re­ported above 200l weight has been lifted from the ground by them. This Muscle both shuts the Mouth, and constringes the Teeth.

In opening the Temporal Artery,Ʋse. caution is to be used by the young Chirurgeon lest he injureth this Muscle,Obs. by cutting too deep,☜ whence fatal Convulsions (or at least a prejudice to Ma­stication) do succeed. The safest way therefore is, first to make a light incision of the Skin, and then the Artery lying bare may the readier be hit and divided without injuring this Muscle, which lies under it; or at least it will be well to use in this Operation the Lancet that is retuse on one side like the Penknife, and to take the Artery pretty high about that part of the Temples which joyns to the Os Frontis.

This you have at Tab. 7. Fig. 1. at L m. m. m. shewing its Se­micircular beginning, H. shews the same, Fig. 2. ejusd. Tabal.

Mastoideus.

THis is one of the eight pair seated in the forepart of the Neck,This con­tracts the Neck. strong, long, and smooth: it ariseth with a double beginning; a certain Cavity distinguishing them, one from the Sternon Nervous, and the other Fleshy from the more elated part of the Clavicle, and is obliquely inserted into the Mammillary process by a round and Fleshy Tendon.

This is worthy Note,Obs. that in a live Man, especially in thin and aged People, in which it is very conspicuons, that if the whole pair do work,Ʋse. it bends the Head right, but if one of them do only work, this Muscle is only contracted, and this brings the Head forward laterally.

This you have at Tab. 7. Fig. 2. at K in situ, d. d. shewing its Origination from the Sternon, e. e. its Insertion into the Mam­millary process of the Temple Bone.

Biventer Digastricus seu Graphyoides.

THis is the second pair called Biventer, This draws the Mandible downwards and opens [...] Mouth. the like of which is not to be found in Human Body; in the middle of whose Venter it groweth thinner, having as it were two Venters, arising near the Mammiform process: it ariseth with a broad and Nervous beginning from the process Styloides, and suddenly becoming round, Fleshy, and small, so soon as he recurvates under the Styloides, he becomes a Nervous round Tendon, and then becomes Fleshy again, and is inserted into the middle Interiour part of the nether Mandible, and by draw­ing the Mandible downwards doth open the Mouth; the too great descent of which is hindred by its annexed Ligament. And for the better performance of this work, the former Muscle doth help this very much in its Operation.

Provident Nature hath given this Muscle two Bellies,Obs. and from thence it got its name, having in its middle an interjacent Tendon, very aptly resembling a Trochlea or Pulley; formed for this use, that whereas these Muscles do not arise from the lower parts of the Neck, but rather bred from the upper parts thereof; they do reflect about the lower parts of the Mandible like a Pulley, drawing the Mandible downwards, and so open­ing the Mouth.

This you have shewn at Tab 7. Fig. 1. at N. Extra Situm, whose Tendon is described by N. and its Venters by L. M.

Coracohyoides.

THis Muscle is very thin and lon,This brings the Os Hy­oides ob­liquely downwards. so that by Anatomists it is held there is not its like to be found in Human Body, for thinness and length; it is endowed with a double Belly by a distinct Tendon: it ariseth with a Fleshy beginning near the Neck of the Os Scapulae from its process Coracoides, and running under the Levator Patientiae of the Scapula, is obliquely carried under the Mastoides, and there becometh a small round Tendon, and then Fleshy again: and so is implanted into the Horns of the Os Hyoides, Ʋse. and draws it obliquely downwards; If you leave this Muscle in its Origination at the Dissection of the Levator, you will find his Origination perfect.

This Muscle hath a double Venter,Obs. as its former Compa­nion, that the Jugular might not be too much comprest by it.

This you have described very exactly at Tab. 7. Fig. 2. at the Letters L. L. these two Letters demonstrating its two Venters described in their Natural Position; and at Tab. 8. Fig. 3. you have the same laid bare at H. H.

Sternohyoides.

THese are generally accounted the second pair,This brings the Os Hy­oid [...]s down­downwards. moving the Os Hyoides downwards and backwards; This Muscle ariseth broad and Fleshy from the inner part of the Sternon under the Skin of the Neck, and running on (the same in substance and breadth all along) the Aspera Arteria, and the Thyreoidal Cartilage of the Larynx, is inserted into the Basis of the Os Hyoides.

This Muscle brings the Os Hyoides directly downwards and somewhat backwards.Ʋse.

You have this fairly delineated at Tab. 8. Fig. 2. at C. C. and at G. G. Fig. 3. id. Tab.

Sternothyreoides.

THese Muscles of the Larynx (as they call the Head of the Asperia Arteria) are so nominated,This extends the Larynx. not because they do move the whole Larynx, but its Cartilages; This formerly was called Bronchus, but we more properly from its name and insertion do call it Sternothyreoides: it ariseth Fleshy and broad from the upper and inner part of the Sternon, and keeping his dimensions, creeps up with streight. Fibres a­long by the Aspera Arteria, and is inserted into the lower side of the Scutiformal Cartilage, the which when it presses the Scutiformis, it narrows its Rima or Cleft.

It is generally believed that this does close up the lower part of the Scutiformis, Ʋse. and that it draws downwards, whence the upper part thereof is seen to be extended, and the Rimula or Cleft dilated.

This also have you delineated at Tab. 8. Fig. 2. at L. L. N. N. shews the same at Fig. 3. Tab. ejusd.

Hyothyreoides.

THis ariseth from the whole side of the Os Hyoides, This con­tra [...]s the La [...]ynx. at his Basis, and running down broad with right Fibres is inserted into the lowest and lateral part of the Scuti­formal Cartilage, and by attolling it, doth dilate its Rima. Riolanus thought this pair not to be peculiarly appointed to any Cartilage, but did lift up the whole Larynx; if you raise this Muscle clear from its Origination and Insertion, you will be less troubled to find out these Muscles of the Larynx.

This draws the Larynx upwards,Obs. whence it is we in our selves, when we would frame a sharp Voice, that we then do bring the Larynx upwards, and when this is contracted, it con­tracts the upper part of the Scutiformis, driving it inwards.

This also you have delineated at Tab. 8. Fig. 2. at m. m. M. M. shewing the same at Fig. 3. ejusd. Tab.

Styloceratohyoides.

THis third pair ariseth from the Root of the Processus Styloides, This brings the Os Hy­oides ob­liquely [...]ip­wards. and being small and round, is implanted into the Horn of the Os Hyoides, found infallibly by Di­gastricus his running through or under him, obliquely, moving the Os Hyoides obliquely upwards.

This draws it obliquely upwards.Ʋse.

Observe that its Insertion is in the lower part of the Horn (or rather towards the Basis) of the Os Hyoides.

E. E. Shews this, Tab. 8. Fig. 3. F. F. Shews the same, ead. Tab. Fig. 2.

Amongst these Muscles of the Fauces, §. the two pair lately found out by the Ingenious Doctor Croune may not im­properly here be mentioned; one of which are named by him Musculi Pterygo-palatini, and the other Spheno-palatini. The former of these are seated in the Interior part of the Cavity of the Os Pterygoides, and terminate with their Tendons (which run on part of the foremention'd Bone as on a Trochlea) about the Glandula palati, which (together with the Uvula) they depress.

The latter of these, or Spheno-palatini, arise from the Os Sphenoides, and with a broader Tendon are inserted into the sides of the Glandula palati, which (together with the Uvula) they do attoll. From the situation and action of these latter Muscles may some account be given, how the Uvula being relaxt is com­monly reduc't by thrusting the Thumb bent toward the Palate or these Muscles.

These Muscles you have exactly shewn you at Tab. 10. Fig. 2. at O. O. X. X. Shews its Tendon, Q. Shews the latter, where f. f. shews its Tendon also.

Mylohyoides Riolani.

THis ariseth laterally from the nether Mandible inwards,This moves the Os Hy­oides dire­ctly upwards. under the Dentes Molares, Fleshy, and is inserted into the Basis of the Os Hyoides, externally; this is to be thrown upwards in Dissection. Look into Riolan. which doth give you satisfaction as to this Muscle.

Styloceratohyoides.

THis third pair ariseth from the Root of the Processus Styloides, This brings the Os Hy­oides ob­liquely up­wards. and being small and round is implanted into the Horn of the Os Hyoides, found infallibly by Di­gastricus, his running through, or under him moving the Os Hy­oides obliquely upwards;☜. Observe that its insertion is in the lower part of the Horn, or rather towards the Basis of the Os Hyoides.

This draws it obliquely upwards.Ʋse.

This you have shewn you at Tab. 8. Fig. 2. at E. E. F. F. shewing the same at Fig. 3. ejusd. Tabul.

Myloglossus.

THe Tongue,This moves the Tongue upwards. whereas it is not only the primary Instru­ment of the Voice, but also is useful for turning of the Meat contained in the Mouth, and doth obtain very many voluntary Motions; for the executing of each of which, there are required several Muscles, amongst which this is said to be the fourth pair, it ariseth with a broad beginning from the innermost lateral part of the lower Mandible under the Molares, and is inserted into the Ligament which ties the Basis of the Tongue to the Fauces; At the Origination of Mylohyoides you will certainly find this, and it is best shewn when the Mandible is divided: when one of these move, the Tongue is turned up­wards: when both move, the tip is directly lifted upwards to­wards the Palate.

C. Shews this Muscle, Tab. 8. Fig. 2.

Ceratoglossus.

THis is one of the four pair arising from the Horns of the Os Hyoides, This brings the Tongue downwards. and hence it is called Ceratoglossus, and is implanted obliquely into the sides of the Tongue, near its Root;Ʋse. if both these work together, they draw the Tongue downwards and inwards: if only one operate, it moves it either to the right or left side.

I. Shews this, Tab. 8. Fig. 3. D. Shews the same, Fig. 2. ejusd. Tab.

Genioglossus.

THis is one of the second pair so called by Spigelius: This moves it forward [...]. it ariseth with a narrow Origination, about the middle of the lower Mandible or Chin, and then enlarging himself, is inserted into the Root of the Tongue; Veslingius doth number this amongst the number of Os Hyoides, and saith that they are implanted at the Basis of the Bone, which it draws streight upwards,Ʋse. whereby the Tongue is the more easily thrust forward out of the Mouth, though in the excessive heat of Fevers, the Fibres of this Muscle are so parcht that the Patient does it with difficulty.

E. Shews this, Tab. 8. Fig. 3.

Hypsiloglossus seu Basioglossus.

THis is one of the third pair,This moves it back­wards. it ariseth Fleshy from the Basis of Os Hyoides, and is inserted into the middle of the Tongue, according to its longitude, and by draw­ing it inwards,Ʋse. doth bring it backwards.

This being contracted, it brings the Tongue inwards, and backwards.

G. Shews this, Fig. 3. Tab. 8.

Styloglossus.

THis ariseth Fleshy and small,This brings the Tongue upon upwards inwards. with a sharp beginning from the Styloidal process, and growing more broad and Fleshy, is inserted into the lateral part of the Tongue, and it brings it upwards and inwards: it is best found, by discovering of Styloides with your Finger, and then your Eye will direct you to it, at the lateral part of the Tongue; in man it is slender, but in Beasts it is double, Fleshy, and thick.

Its use is thus explained;Ʋse. If either of these Muscles moves, the Tongue is carried either to the right or left side directly, but both moving, its brought back to the Fauces.

K. Shews this, Tab. 8. Fig. 3.

Lingualis.

THis ariseth Fleshy and large from the Basis of the Os Hyoides, This moves the Tongue both in Con­striction and Dilatation. and so runs according to its longitude, for­ward to the tip of the Tongue, and is much dispu­table whether it be a Muscle or not; it's endowed both with oblique, transverse, and right Fibres, all which are so fully sprinkled about the Tongue, that is through its whole Body, that they are scarce divisible, and cannot by the best and most industrious hand be separated.

Spigelius doth give these Uses to these pair of Muscles,Ʋse. if they may properly be called so, that the transverse Fibres which are implanted in them do serve to contract the Body of the Tongue and so to thicken it, the oblique [...] and se­parating them from one another, and that the [...] framed for bringing it to the Palate and Fauces in [...].

This Muscle is not to be explained, being disputable whether it be a Muscle or not amongst Anatomists.

Cricothyreoides Anticus.

THis is said to be the first proper pair of the Larynx, This moves the Carti­lage oblique­ly down­wards. as is held by Veslingius and most Anatomists: it takes its Origination from the fore-part of the Annulary Car­tilage, and ends in the sides of the Scutiformal, and hence it gets the name of Cricothyreoides Anticus, and is generally reputed to move the Cartilage somewhat obliquely downwards; it ariseth in the lower and fore-part of the Larynx, having a Fleshy begin­ning; when this is contracted,Ʋse. it extends the Cartilage Cricois or Annularis, and so openeth its Cleft for a more deep and greater Voice or Sound.

F. Shews this at Tab. 8. Fig. 2. D. D. Shews the same laid bare, Tab. ead. Fig. 2. C. Shews the same, Tab. ead. Fig. 3.

Aesophageus seu Sphincter gulae.

THe Aesophagus is a round Channel,This con­tracts the Fauces. by and through which our Nourishment, as both Meat and Drink doth pass from the Mouth into the Stomach, and this Action of Deglutition is performed by the Fibres of the Aeso­phagus, and its Muscles; for whereas we Eat and Drink at our wills and when our pleasure is this Action is performed when thus made use of, by such Instruments as do serve for a voluntary Motion, as Muscles, which are to be numbred with their Ani­mal Actions: and although it may serve for a Natural use, (as for Nutrition) yet it is no less Animal than Breathing, the which also is customary to Nutrition, yet is it Animal; Now this Sphincter Gulae is very officious in this service, for when a due Mastication is made,Its Ʋse. this by its Constriction doth drive it downwards.

It ariseth Fleshy, and is a broad Muscle wholly encompassing both the fore and back part of the Aesophagus, arising laterally according to the length of the Scutiformal Cartilage, encom­passing the Aesophagus like a Sphincter; This Muscle being carefully raised, you will much better find Stylopharyngaeus & Cephalopharyngaeus.

D. D. Shews this, Tab. 9. Fig. 5.

Stylopharyngaeus.

THis third pair is so called,This dilates and opens the Aesophagus. and do arise with a small be­ginning from the inner part of the Styloidal process, and descending with its thin body, is implanted by a Mem­branous Tendon into the Thyrois, the sides of the Os Hyoides, and the Root of the Tongue;Ʋse. this helpeth forwards the former in its Contraction.

Whereas there are appointed two as Dilators of the Aesopha­gus, so this is accounted as one of the Constrictors, though Veslingius thinks it rather Dilates.

C. C. Shews this, Tab. 9. Fig. 5.

Cephalopharyngaeus.

THis ariseth from the Cranium, This doth contract the Fauces. and the first Vertebre of the Neck where they are joyned, and so descending, is implanted into the lateral sides of the Os Hyoides, Cartilago Scutiformis, and the beginning of the Aesophagus, for whom he seems to make a Coat,Ʋse. and by lifting this up doth constringe the Fauces in the Deglutition.

A. A. Shews this, Tab. 9. Fig. 5.

Cricoarytaenoides Posticus.

BY Spigelius this is reckoned as one of the first pair of the Larynx, This extends the Larynx. extending or opening its Cleft, and by Casse­rius it is called Par Cucullare, it ariseth Fleshy from the hinder and lower part of the Cricoides, and running up with right Fibres, and repleating the Cavity of the Cricoides, is Nervously implanted into the inner seat of the Arytaenoides, Ʋse. and by division of the Two Arytaenoidal Cartilages, the Larynx is opened. This doth extend the Arytaenois, and by converting it backwards to the outward parts, it opens the Epiglot.

D. D. Shews this at Tab. 9. Fig. 1. G. G. Shews the same laid bare, Tab. ejusd. Fig. 2. C. C. Shews the same, Fig. 4. ejusd. Tab.

Cricoarytaenoides Lateralis.

THis is generally allowed one of the third pair,This extends it obliquely lateral. extend­ing the Larynx to the side, or opening its second Rima or Cleft, it ariseth from the lower part of the Annu­lary Cartilage upwards, and is inserted into the lateral external part of the Arytenoides, Ʋse. opening the Larynx by the oblique di­duction of its Cartilages.

Here's also observable, That by how much the second pair of the Contractors doth draw to a mutual Contract, the second pair of the Extenders do bring them outwards, and so open them. This is generally allowed to extend the Larynx laterally, and so doth open the Rimula.

E. E. Shews these laid bare, Tab. 9. Fig. 2. C. Shews the same in situ, Tab. ead. Fig. 3. C. C. Shews them in situ, Tab. ead. Fig. 5.

Arytaenoides.

THis is also called Claudens Secundum, This con­tracts it ob­liquely la­teral. its very small and Fleshy, and ariseth with oblique Fibres from the Ary­taenois, where it is joyned to the Cricois, and is again inserted into it,Ʋse. where it connecteth its self with its Companion; This moveth the Arytaenois obliquely, and to either side, and so by constringing its Basis, doth shut the Glottis

This is called Arytaenoides or Guttalis, and whereas there are allowed two motions of the Larynx, by which it is either con­tracted or dilated, shut or opened, so doth both these Dilatati­ons and Constrictions, or Clausion and Apertion proceed from their proper Muscles. Thus when the Thyrois is dilated, the Arytaenoides is shut; and thus according to Galens opinion, the Larynx is contracted when the sides of the Thyrois or Scutiformis are contracted and moved inward, dilated when they are ex­tended and brought outwards, and shut when the Arytaenois is constringed and brought into a cavity, opened when it is brought outwards and extended.

The action of these Muscles are most remarkable, when we forcibly stop our Breath for some time, for then it prevails a­gainst the contrary endeavour of the Muscles of the Thorax which serve to Respiration, and shuts the Arytaenoides so close, that no Air can enter in.

F. F. Shews the same laid bare, Fig. 2. ejusd. Tab. B. B. Shews them at Fig. 4. ejusd. Tab.

Thyreoarytenoides.

THis is one of the fourth pair,This con­tracts it [...]i­rectly. arising Fleshy, broad, and is transversely implanted in the Cavity of the Larynx, and from the middle inner part of the Thyrois, and being carried upwards according to its length, is inserted into the lateral part of the Arytaenoidis, which makes the Glottis, the which constringing doth shut the Larynx; This Muscle is best found by dividing Cartilago Thyroidis, from the Cricoidis, Ary­taenoidis, and subjacent Muscles, the Coats of them being carefully preserved, after which will plainly appear this.

This pair if they be inflamed,Obs. in a Squinancy, when as they do exactly shut the Rima or Cleft, it brings Death along with it.

D. Shews this, Fig. 3. Tab. 9. B. B. Shews the same at Fig. 6. ejusd. Tab.

Sphenopharyngaeus Primus.

THe Muscles of the Fauces, [...]. by some the Pharynx or be­ginning of the Aesophagus, are those which do serve for Deglutition, and therefore Nature hath planted at the top of the Aesophagus Muscles here as Instruments of vo­luntary motion for acting to our wills or pleasures; and as some of these do serve for Constriction, so also are others as useful for Dilatation, amongst which are these reckoned as the first pair.

This ariseth thin and Nervous nigh the sharp Appendix of the Os Cuneiforme, descending by the inward Cavity of the Pterygoides, and is inserted by a small Tendon into that Skinny part of the Pallate, from which the Gargareon seems to proceed, and doth dilate these parts for Reception of their Nutriment.

Neither this nor its fellow are rais'd well or distinctly with­out much trouble and d [...]fficulty.

B. B. Shews this at Tab. 9. Fig. 4.

Sphenopharyngaeus Secundus.

THis second is by some allowed to arise from the same Origination as the former,This helps the former in its dila­tation. and is inserted into the la­teral and back part of the Fauces and Aesophagus, the which drawing downwards, they do dilate the Cavity of the Fauces and Gula; Ʋse. To find these after you have raised the La­rynx and Aesophagus, leave the Fauces entire, then divide the Fauces themselves from Os Palati, till you come into the Cavity, then carry your Knife close internally to the Os Cuneiforme, and being thus divided, you will with ease find both their Origi­nations, and with as much pleasure you may dissect them.

This also is shewn at Tab. 10. Fig. 1. at B. B.

Next to these should I have put in the Stomach and Intestines, but Dr. Willis hath given so full an Account of them, and shewn their Fibres so exactly, that whoever desires to take a view of them may be very well satisfied thereof in his Book named Pharmaceutice Rationalis.

Pterygoides Externus sive Abducens.

THe lower Mandible hath allowed it variety of Moti­ons,This brings the Mandible forwards. and these are both very necessary to Human life, as also for well ordering of their Designs: for how can the Meat be either received into the Mouth, or there chewed or lessened, unless the Mouth were opened, and then shut again; the Teeth do act their parts, and by a mutual Col­lision and Comminution towards a fair Deglutition, do make a happy progress towards the health of Man; without the bene­fit of Muscles, the Grinders must lie still, and the Incisors grow dull; the Mandible hath its variety of Muscles granted it for the discharge of its variety of Offices, amongst which this is accounted as one of its fourth pair, and doth arise from the External part of the Processus Aliformis in part, as also from the rough and sharp Line of the Os Sphaenoidis, strong, Nervous, and Fleshy, and so marching down large, is inserted by a strong broad Tendon into the inner part of the lower Mandible, la­terally, just under the Tendon of the Temporal Muscle, and doth move the Mandible forwards,Ʋse. and as it were doth abduce it from the Head.

E. E. Shews this at Tab. 10. Fig. 1.

Pterygoides Internus seu Adducens.

THis ariseth thick and short from the inner Cavity of the Processus aliformis, This brings it backwards. being first Nervous, then Fleshy, and is inserted by a broad, long, and Nervous Tendon into the lower Mandible internally lateral, the which drawing it upwards, doth help the Office and Action of Temporalis, bringing the Mandible inwards and backwards.Ʋse. These two Muscles do not appear until the whole dissection of the Tongue, Larynx, and Gula be fully compleated.

D. D. Shews this at Tab. 10. Fig. 1.

Longus.

THe Neck is as an Appendix to the middle Venter,Th [...]s con­tracts the Neck. or a middle between the Head and Trunck. Such Animals are destitute hereof, which do not move their Heads with the Trunck of their Bodies, as Fishes, Frogs, &c. This Neck hath a four fold motion granted it, as forwards, back­wards, and to either side, and every of these Motions are per­formed by the benefit of Muscles, of which some are called Flectors, others Extensors; of the Flectors, the first pair are called Longi, lying under the Aesophagus.

This Muscle ariseth sharp and Fleshy from the forepart of the Body, from the fifth and sixth Vertebre of the Thorax, where the Rib joyns its self to him, and so running up under the Aesophagus, is joyned to the sides of the Bodies of all the Vertebres, ascending until he comes to the first of them, where meeting with Scalenus, they insert themselves by a sharp Ner­vous Tendon into the transverse process of the first Vertebre of the Neck.

The Neck by the benefit of these with the Head,Ʋse. is bent or contracted forwards, one only operating, it carrieth it to the sides.

A. A. Shews this, Tab. 10. Fig. 3.

Scalenus sive Triangularis.

THese pair of Muscles resembling a Triangular Figure,This con­tracts the Neck as the former. by some Anatomists are not improperly called Trian­gulares.

This ariseth from the first and uppermost Rib of the Thorax, broad and Fleshy, and then narrowing himself, in his upper course he bestows transverse Fibres upon all the transverse pro­cesses of the Neck, and is inserted as the former, and doth also help the former forward in their motion; This Muscle hath a peculiar Cavity allowed it, through which the Arteries descend­ing to the Arm, and the Veins ascending from thence do pass.

If these Muscles do work together,Ʋse. they do contract and bring the Neck and also the Head right forwards, but if only one do operate, it inclines the Neck to one side forwards.

B. Shews that at Tab. 10. Fig. 3.

Pectoralis.

THe upper part of the Arm reaching from the top to the Cubile, This m [...]ves to Arm for­wards. is that which we generally do call the Arm, and this is moved by several Muscles, the first of which is called either Adducens Humerum, or Pectoralis, by some the Boxing Muscle, it possesseth the forepart of the Thorax, and ariseth first from the middle of the Clavicle, where he is most round, and next the Breast Fleshy, then from the Sternon according to his length, and is annexed to his Cartilages; Thirdly, from the Cartilages of the sixth, seventh, and eighth Ribs, and is there Nervous in his Origination, and so proceeds Fleshy and large until he arrives at the lateral part of the Tho­rax, where he is converted into a short, broad, and strong Tendon, and is inserted into Os Humeri, and according to his length between Deltois and Biceps.

This bringeth the Arm to the Breast forwards,Ʋse. and hence by some hath it given it the name of the Boxing Muscle, and this either directly, or somewhat upwards, or downwards, accord­ing to the contraction of its upper, middle, or lower Fibres.

B. Shews this in Tab. 16. c. b. d. Shew its diverse Fibres.

Subclavius.

THis is called the Subclavius which is seated under the Clavicle, This brings the [...] upwards and outwards, and doth o­pen the Tho­rax. and lodgeth between the first Rib of the Thorax; This is accounted the first Muscle of the Thorax, it ariseth from the Inferior part of the Clavicle, and being enlarged forwards with Oblique and [...]ransverse Fibres, it is implanted into the first Rib near the Sternon, and by drawing it upwards and outwards, doth dilate the Thorax.

The use of this Muscle is for drawing down the Clavicle, Ʋse and Obs. when it is moved upwards with the Scapula, for when the Sca­pula's are attolled, the Clavicles are lifted up with them, the which to reduce into their proper places, the Subclavius is to be brought downwards; and hence in Fractures of the Clavicles, if they be fractured near the Sternon, the Arm with the Scapula does soon fall downwards, and that part which is next the Sternon doth ascend and is raised upwards, as Hippocrates doth observe, Lib. de Fractur. and on the contrary, if they be broken near the Acromium, you will find neither part to ascend: the cause of which, the same worthy Anthor doth fortifie with this ingenious Reason; Whereas this Muscle is inserted to that part which is next the Acromium, when the Clavicle is fractured two ways, this Subclavian Muscle is presently contracted; and thus the Arm draws the dependent Scapula together with its self, whilst the other part is detained in its place by the strength of the Muscle.

F. Shews this, Tab. 11.

Serratus Major Anticus.

THese Muscles of the Scapula have not their Names given them from their Use,This brings the Scapula forwards. but rather from their Figures, as this pair much resembling the Teeth of a Saw, and hence called Serrati. This is the second Muscle placed in the side of the Thorax, arising from the third, fourth fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, aud tenth Ribs, with a Saw-like, Ner­vous, and sharp Origination, hence growing Fleshy upon the Ribs, he ascends and inserts himself Fleshy into the whole Basis of the Scapula inwards; It is much Disputable both by Spige­lius and Veslingius, Ʋse. whether the Origination and Insertion be not é contra; the motion of this Muscle is promoted by the Ob­lique Descendent Muscle of the Abdomen: when this is con­tracted to its beginning, it draws the Scapula forwards, as also the Serratus Minor, but somewhat downwards.

And also as I apprehend, another Use may be to tie or fasten the Scapula to the Breast.

A. Shews this at Tab. 16. a. a. a. Shews its Origination and its Tendon, D. D. Shews the same at Tab. 11. F. F. F. F. Shews the same in its place in Tab. 1.

Serratus Minor Anticus.

THis is the fourth,This brings it upwards. which wholly lies under the Pectoral Muscle in the fore part of the Thorax, and is called Serratus from its being like a Saw, acuminated with va­rious Fleshy Fibres; Minor, as touching its difference with the Major, it is substrated to the Pectoral Muscle, arising from the four first upper Ribs (but one) by so many serrated Originations, and so descending towards the Scapula narrows himself, and is in­serted broad, Fleshy, and Nervous into the Processus rostriformis of it,Ʋse. and draweth it forward to the Thorax: if they work both together, they do bring the Scapula to the Breast: if the upper they bring it upwards, and é contra: if the lower, they bring it downwards.

This Muscle hath also (as I conceive) the same Use with the former, binding the Scapula forward to the Trunck of the Body.

E. Shews this laid bare, Tab. 11.

Intercostales Externi.

THese have their Originations from the Transverse pro­cesses of the Back,These do di­late the Tho­rax. where the Ribs are joyned, and so proceeding Fleshy, do fix themselves all along from the lowermost part of the upper Rib, external to the upper part of the lower Rib, and so doth proceed to the Cartilage of the Sternon: Ʋse. The outward Muscles being contracted, do draw the Ribs towards their Originations upwards and outwards, in Re­spiration; hence the Thorax is dilated, and so its Cavity is made wider.

All these Muscles are endowed with Oblique Fibres,Obs. and these intersecting each other, do shew their differences from the Interni. As a good Observation to the young Chirurgeon, let him take care in opening of any Abscosses or Empyemas which may happen here, for if he makes a direct Incision here down­wards, he cuts and divides all the Spermatick Fibres, and there­fore in these cases he is advised to make his Incision in an oblique manner.

K. K. K. K. Shews this at Tab. 11. O. O. O. Shews the same, Tab. 5.

Intercostales Interni.

THese have their Originations where the Ribs do begin to bend inwards,These do mov [...] the Thorax and constringe it. and run from the lower to the upper part of the Ribs, not only to the Cartilage, but under that to the Sternon; these Muscles do work contrary to the former, for these do bring the Thorax downwards and inwards in Expiration,Ʋse. whence it becomes Constrict, and the Cavity is made less.

Moreover, whereas the External Muscles do end about the beginning of the Cartilages, so as that there are left Intercartila­ginous spaces: hence is it, that Nature, that provident Mistress, who abhors all vacancies, hath filled all these empty spaces with these Internal Muscles, and hath raised the same to the Exteriour Superficies of its space or those spaces.

These you may also see with the former.

Pectoralis Internus seu Triangularis.

THis by some is accounted the sixth Muscle of the Thorax; This doth constringe the Thorax. it is a small and thin Muscle arising from the inner part of the Sternon, and adheres to the Cartilage of the upper Ribs, sending forth on either side four small Projections to the Osseal Extremities, by which the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth true Ribs are joyned to the Cartilages, by the adduction of which,Ʋse. they do constringe the Thorax, and do somewhat depress it forward.

This Muscle is not to be shewn by any Figure.

Cremasteres sive Suspensorii.

THere are three proper Coats allowed the Testicles,These keep the Testicles from falling down. 1st. Erythroides or Tunica rubra, and 2dly. Elytrois, or Va­ginalis, and 3dly. Tunica Albuginea, or Nervea: to the External Membrane of the first are adnated the Cremaster Muscles, one on either side, the which in Men have their Ori­ginations from that Ligament which is in the Os Pubis; in Dogs and other Animals they are seen to take their Originations from the Tendons of the Transverse Muscles, and their Fleshy Fibres do run through the whole length of the Vaginal Coat, especi­ally in its back part; for which cause the outward Superfices of this Coat is seen to be Asperate and Fibrous, the inward smooth, and covered with a certain waterish Humidity, and is strongly an­nexed to the lower part of the Testicles.

Regne rus de Graaf doth allow a three fold Use of this Muscle;Ʋse. as first that it keeps the Testicles from Cold; Then that it keeps them up from falling down, the which by their weight, should it once so happen, they would hinder the Spermatick Ves­sels in their Operations; And lastly, as various Authors have writ and observed, That they attract them for a better Excre­tion of the Seed, as is seen in the Act of Venery. Bartholinus doth witness, That there are such who have this so strong, that they can according to their will retract the Testicles, and then again dismiss them.

Tab. 13. Fig. 4. at C. C. you have this, D. D. Shews their Fleshy Fibres.

Erector Penis, sive Collateralis.

THe Seed made, prepared,This is said to erect the Penis. and elaborated in the Sperma­tick Vessels do require a proper Instrument for its discharge into that part which Nature at first designed it for, by which means we see the like produced by the help of this Instrument. Plato in Timaeo did suppose the Penis to be some certain Animal, which could produce such strange effects as touching both Generation and Propagation, but although it is no Animal, yet it must properly be allowed an Animal-part and Instrument: Its placed in the lower part of the Belly, for the more commodious executing its Office, it takes its Original from a strong Foundation, as from the Bones of the Pubis, to whose Root it is most firmly planted; we pass by its Figure and Substance, and come to its Muscles.

This Muscle has his Original from the Appendix of the Coxendix, beneath the beginning of the two Nervous Bodies, in whose Interior part their thickest Fibres do terminate and vanish.

Spigelius doth assert that they take their names from their qualities, and that they do erect the Penis, and in coition do preserve the same; but this is denied by Regnerus de Graaf, as you will see in the next Chapter: for these Muscles rather de­press the Penis, that so the Seed may be the more straightly eja­culated into the Ʋterus.

S. S. Shews this at Tab. 13. Fig. 1. T. T. Shews the same, Tab. ead. Fig. 2. G. G. Shews this, Tab. 12.

Accelerator Penis.

BEsides the former,This said to dilate the Ur [...]thra. the Virile Member hath two other Muscles allowed it called Urethram Trahentes, arising Fleshy from the Sphincter Ani, and joyning with its partner internally lateral, and marching by the fore part of the Penis, is inserted into the Ʋrethra, and is generally asserted that it was framed for the dilating of the Urethra; but the Use thus designed these Muscles is much rejected by Ren. de Graaf, the which he confuteth by these Reasons, That when all Muscles do work in their own proper method, their Venters do tumefie, and their ends do approach nearer each other; the which being granted, it cannot thus happen that the Penis should be extended, the Action of the Muscle being Contraction, and this being most contrary to Extention; neither can the Penis obtain Ere­ction by the benefit or help of these Muscles, for it rather would appear depressed than erected these being contracted, and they being planted in the lower part, or under the Penis, taking their Origination from the Appendix of the Coxendix, and so implanted to the lower part of the Yard.

As to the two also which are assigned by other Authors to dilate the Urethra, they are in no ways capable to perform this, these Muscles running through the middle of it, are firmly united to each other by one extremity of Fibres, whilst the opposite to the former obliquely running over the Urethra, do send the same into the sides of its Nervous Bodies; but as to the Erection of the Penis two kinds of Vessels do seem chiefly to serve with the Muscles for the performance of this, as Nerves and Arteries; but of these you may plentifully satisfie your self in Regner. de Graaf, de Organ. Viror. Fol. 154. &c.

This you have at R. R. Tab. 13. Fig. 1. Fig. 2. at S. S. you have the same, ead. Tab. F. F. Shews the same, Tab. 12.

Musculi Clitoridis.

THe Clitoris hath variety of names bestowed on it,This extends the Cli [...]oris. as Amoris Dulcedo, Oestrum Veneris, Libidinis Se­des, &c. it differs from the Virile Member if you consider its whole Fabrick; First, because its bifurcated parts are twice longer when joyned, in the Penis when the parts are conjoyned they are four times longer than the bifurcated parts; Then because it hath no such like Channel as hath the Penis, neither is its Glans perforated as is that of the Penis in Men; All Anatomists have by consent allowed that there are Muscles annexed to the Clitoris, but as touching the number of them there is held a Dispute; we judge and allow of two arising from the Bones of the Coxendix, and running above its Crura, are implanted in them; This Muscle we call Graafiani, and by this the Clitoris is raised.

This Use we think proper to ascribe to the Clitoris and its Muscles,Obs. by the Contraction of the Clitoris and compressing its Thighs, it doth distend the third Body much more with the Glans.

There is also another pair of Muscles ascribed to the Clitoris by Authors, arisin [...] from the Sphincterani with a broad begin­ning, passing by the Lips of the Pudendum, between the Clitoris and Plexus Retiformis, and it is so annexed to the Clitoris, that it is judged that it was appointed rather for the contracting of the Vaginal Orifice,Ʋse. than for erecting the Clitoris; and from hence we presume to call it Musculus Labiorum Uteri Contractor.

C. C. Shews these at Tab. 13. Fig. 4. by this Muscle the Cli­toris is depressed, D. D. Shews its Fleshy Fibres, E. E. The Fleshy Fibres of the Sphincter annexed to the Nervous substance of the Clitoris.

Levatores Ani.

THat part we generally call the Anus is that which is the end of the Intestinum Rectum; This lifts it up. these arise from the Li­gaments of the Coxendix, and Os Sacrum, under the Bladder, small, thin, broad, and Membranous, and are inserted into each side of the Podex; These Muscles being very much relaxed,Ʋse. do suffer a Procidentia Ani, or rather Prolapsus Intestini, these are best discovered before you remove the Intestinum Rectum, Vesica, and adjacent parts.

R. R. Shews these at Tab. 13. Fig. 2. K. K. Shews the same, Tab. 12.

Sphincter Ani.

THis from its Use is called Constrictor Ani, This purses up the Anus. or Orbicularis, it ariseth from the lower Vertebres of the Os Sacrum, round, and broad, joyning himself largely circular to the Intestinum Rectum with Transverse Fibres much thicker a­bove than below, where he adheres so firmly to the Cutis, that it is scarce separable: and hence by some Anatomists it is called Cuticulosus.

We acknowledge the Use and Nobility of either of these,Ʋse. for when they any wise suffer a Paralysis, this being hurt, the Excrements involuntarily do come down, and for the service they do in this case, they are called Constrictores

Q. Shews this at Tab. 13. Fig. 2. I. Shews the same, Tab. 12.

Sphincter Vesicae.

THe Urinary Bladder is an Organick Membranous part of the lower Belly,This purses the Bladder. the which is formed as a receiver to take the Urine into it, or Serum which passeth from the Kidneys into it, and at due time doth also serve for a dis­charge of the same, and so this Bladder hath two Muscles given it, the one is said to retain the Urine in it, the other drives it out; How unkind would Human life be, if it should be con­tinually attended with a continual dropping of Urine, as also how troublesome would it be to Mankind to be perplexed with as great a stoppage; therefore kind Nature as she hath been so free as to give the Bladder one pair to keep it in whilst it is con­venient to discharge it, so also hath she been as provident to let it out when the Bounds of Nature commands a discharge thereof: the first from its Office hath gained the name of Sphincter.

This is placed orbicularly in the neck of the Bladder, scarcely distinct from the substance of it, only where you find a round Induration, this is the same, this doth keep the Urine from in­voluntary falling out from the Bladder, pursing it up.

O. O. Shews this at Tab. 13. Fig. 1.

Detrusor Urinae.

THis is said to arise betwen the common,This lets is out. and second pro­per Coat of the Bladder, the first Coat properly being his, if not him, and therefore it is very Fabulous, which some Physitians so strongly contend for, that besides the former they will allow the Bladder many other Muscles, but in truth the best of Authority doth not afford any other of the Bladder besides these two already named.

This Muscle therefore is only the middle Coat of the Bladder, which consisting of Carnous Fibres running length-ways serves to the expulsion of the Urine. The tone of these Fibres is much injured when the Bladder is overmuch distended with Urine, or when it is held too long.

M. M. M. Shews this, Tab. 13. Fig. 1.

Diaphragma.

THis Muscle hath its Origination from the first Vertebre of the Loins;This distin­guishes the lower Be [...]ly from the middle. obtaining a circular Figure, and much different in situ from other Muscles, answering in mag­nitude the transverse bottom of the Thorax, and is inserted into the forepart of the Sternon, and Termination of the True Ribs, and to the twelfth Rib, as also to the extremities of the bastard Ribs, on the Sides.

It is in its middle (for its greater strength) Membranous and Nervous,Obs. to which middle the Fleshy Fibres do run as to their Center: Wounds happening in this Center, are reputed Mortal, because hence suddainly doth follow a present decay of Respiration, and very troublesome Convulsions, whereas Wounds happening in the Fleshy parts hereof, are void of this danger allowed by Galen, and this is confirmed by various examples.

The Diaphragma borrows its Origine from the Vertebres of the Back near the Loins,Ʋse. and round the Termination of the Ribs and Ensiformis Cartilago, and hath its Tendon in its Center or middle of it: and by contracting it self, moveth downward, bringing it self from an Arch toward a Plain, and so enlargeth the Cavity of the Thorax to give way to the blown up Lungs, inspired with numerous Particles of Air.

Next to this should I have Discoursed of the Heart, that Royal Muscle of the Body, by the Reciprocal motion of whose Fibres all that Blood is let both into it and out of it, by which our Human Pile is kept up and preserved: but Doctor Lower having already so fully written hereof, and also given such exact Figures of all its variety of Fibres, I recommend the Reader wholly to his Book De Corde, my task more properly relating to those of the Artus.

This you have at Tab. 16. Fig. 2.