CHAP. I. Of the Glandules in general, and their uses allowed by the An­cients.

SInce Dissection of man had its first steps, as to its birth and origination from our fore-fa­thers, it never arrived at that perfection which it is now seen to wear. Prudent Nature giving for­mer ages her light touches barely, leaving them in their dead colour. But by breathing whiles of time she hath been both more kind and libe­ral; [Page 2] and some ages have more gene­rously received a finer draught there­of than others, fetcht by the sweat and study of its Industrious Sons, and not purchast but by their utmost Ingenui­ty. And as former ages found it no ea­sie task to break way for succeeding generations, for their better arriving at this Art; so in our times we have seen both the spark and the flame much invigorated, appearing more bright and clear, and freed from ma­ny thick obscurities which it enjoyed in its early days.The study of Anato­my. This study of Anatomy is now visible enough to ocular inspection, whereby we may view the fabrick of Bodies both of Birds, and Bruits, and Men. But of these we shall find a great diffe­rence between their being alive and dead. The one giving the position, frame, sight, figure, and connexion of all the parts thereof; whilst the living mans Observation must adjust the account of their motions, com­munications, circulations, congruity or disagreement; and declare how his humours do separate, divide, at­tenuate, and digest his nutriment; as likewise demonstrate the several [Page 3] excretions of the various Organs thereof, as to their proper functions, both as to the advancing the Spirits, as likewise touching their separation. Where we may also premise, as touch­ing things only accommodate to this present life, That in man there are some parts of greater use than others, and designed for more noble ends; others thereof being framed for more inferiour services; and so according to their greater or lesser degrees of usefulness, their Knowledge ought to be more or less eligible. This study carrying recompence in its front, is thus made good, in consi­dering both its excellency and use­fulness; in relation it is concern'd with the most noble of all creatures, Man; as to his station in this World, namely, a state of regulated society and government; as also for the bet­ter knowing of our selves, being not only useful to us for the present life in viâ, but also proportioned to that state which is in Patriâ. And al­though in the knowledge of this Art, there are many Phaenomena of Nature which have taken up the hours, thoughts and study of many [Page 4] learned men, who have more than with an ordinary heat exercised the same; and as well charg'd their pas­sions, as forc'd many disputes about it: And although its Knowledge is pleasant, curious and delightful, yet it does not yield that fertile crop of satisfaction which may reward the studious mind. Our Fore-fathers, and Industrious Indagators, ought to have our thankful acknowledge­ments, for our first rules which we gain'd from them in this Art of Ana­tomy. And since our present dis­course tyes us wholly up to the Ana­tomy of the Glandules, or glandu­lous parts of the Body, which came into the World with the first man, and have from his infancy, been found as so many Scavingers, to suck up all excrementitious humours, which might otherwse disorder the humane Pile, and thereby disturb the oeconomy of its parts.The na­ture of Glandules in general. I shall pre­sume first to demonstrate their na­ture in general; they being by the most learned ever allowed Spongy Bodies, having in them a rareness, a fatty substance, not framed like other fleshes, being more friable, [Page 5] attaining many vessels designed in them, appearing to touch like Wool, but upon strict compression, yield­ing an Oleagenous humour thence exstilling. They do seldome leave the body either in sickness or in health, but do keep it company the whole age of man. When they are affected, they are generally di­stempered with this strumous or scro­phulous malady, a disease being most familiar with them, whose stru­mous Tumours do gain their incre­ment from a large repletion of Hu­midity, collected from all the parts of the Body, passing thence hither by the Arteries, and whatsoever hu­mour is thence dispatcht and sent hi­ther, it no sooner makes its appear­ance here, but is readily suckt up by these glandulous Bodies. And this fluxion being much and morbifique (the Glandules in the other parts of the Body diffusing the same hereinto) doth very oft occasion a Fever, and also both enlarges and inflames them: being much like a Channel of a River, which being over-charged with Wa­ter, more than it conveniently can deliver out, it necessarily breaks [Page 6] over the banks, to make its self room, and way for its discharge.

The Glandules are more large, and do appear in greater quantity in the concave parts of the Body, than in the exteriour parts of the same: And here (as Natures general Maxim is) we shall find that the moist parts of the Body do declare their chief a­bode.The chief place of their a­bode. And where these Glandules also are, and in what places thereof they are resident, the hairy parts do also discover. For kind Nature fra­med both of them for one and the same use, which is, to suck up the excrements they receive, and to dis­charge the same; for we shall find the hairs of the Body as readily ta­king up the moisture which is sent into the Glandules, and discharging it which arrives at the exteriour parts thereof, as the glandules do take the same into them, when it once do arrive at them. And as a certain conclusion, we may affirm, that we shall seldom or never meet with either glandules or hair, in any dry part of the Body, they being here out of their proper element as well as place. And as a further confir­mation [Page 7] hereof, whenever you see the Parotides, or glandules, placed behind the Ears, you will meet with hairs as their outward guard. Un­der the Arm-pits where are planted the Axillary glandules, you will meet the same; in the groins, where the Inguinel glandules are planted, you will find them covered with hairs; about the privities, where are many glandules, you will find them well stored with society of hairs, the glandulous parts being by Na­ture appointed as her Scavengers,These parts ap­pointed as Scaven­gers. and these hairs as her Beesomes, by which she sweeps and wipes up all the excrements which she sends to these emunctuous parts, by sweats and the like; all these wholly be­longing to the exteriour and super­ficial parts of the Body, this discourse in general only touching thereupon, and keeping within the outward guard thereof. Again, there are variety of glandules ordered and planted in diverse parts of the Bo­dy, appointed for several uses; as those which are placed in the groins,Their se­veral of­fices. arm-pits, behind the ears, neck, face, eyes, and testicles, and the like; [Page 8] some of these being designed for commutation of the Blood, others given to the Breasts for generation of milk; some bequeathed to the Te­sticles for generation of sperm, and others appointed for defence of the vessels, and keeping them warm, as those in the neck, and for the divi­sion of the jugular veins and arteries, and for filling up several empty spaces in the Body, as the face, neck, and muscles of the throat; some designed for sucking up all superfluous humi­dities; as those of the Parotis, Axil­laries, Inguens, the which are pro­perly called Emunctories, milking and straining as it were the humidi­ties which shall happen to fall there­in, for Nature hath placed the Pa­rotides, as its Sponges, for sucking up all superfluous moysture which shall be sent from the Brain, and hath given the axillary glandules for the same service of the Heart; the Inguens performing the like office to the Liver, and she having appointed a Scavenger to every noble part, they serve to clear in their proper places, these parts from all impuri­ties and superfluous humidities, which [Page 9] may arise from the Lymphaducts, for these being stagnated, according to Dr. Willis's opinion, there is very oft-times seen to follow Convulsive motions in the head; and in his Book De Cerebro, he further writes, where any nervous humour meets with obstruction in its passage, not only Spasmodical Symptomes have thence succeeded, but strumous af­fects have also apparently shew'd themselves. But to return to the glandules: I hope there is no man thinks me so ignorant, (that is either honest to himself, or a friend to the Industrious) as to give this our for­mer discourse as a general assertion to all the interiour glandules of the Body, every Anatomist knowing they are designed for better uses; and because I would not be mista­ken, I shall presume to touch upon them in a general order, being re­solved to expatiate more largely thereon, when I shall come to treat thereof in a more particular man­ner.

I begin with the glandules of the Neck,Of the Glandules of the Neck. where we shall find them ve­ry frequently seated; others there [Page 10] are as neighbours to these, and these are the Tonsillae, by some called the Almonds, they in some measure an­swering the shape of Almonds; but these are there placed for their pro­per uses. The Head being seated above all the other parts of the bo­dy, hollowed and rounded, and gathering a large quantity of humi­dity from the other parts of the bo­dy, this transmitting the same, and sending its fumes arising thence up­wards in form of a Lymbick, the which are sent back again, by and through several parts designed for this purpose, the body being all this while in a good temper, and habit, and void of all sickness, after it hath remitted this retraction, this fluxion marches to the glandules and glan­dulous parts no ways molesting them, unless by coming slowly and mode­rately; the which were this humour either much, and that sharp and in­flamed, it would speedily run the glandules into Inflamation and Tu­mour, and so distend the Neck, and by its pursuit, passing or arriving at each ear, would speedily breed dis­orders therein; if therefore the Flu­xion [Page 11] thus happening, be either Pi­tuitous, and much, this will make an inflamation like it, and when this humour is grown familiar and com­mon in the glandules, it doth rea­dily form these Struma's, or Scro­phulous swellings, the worst disease belonging to them. But where a plentiful stock of these acrid and serous humours do appear, they do always produce Tumours, and the Inguinal glandules being herewith disturb'd by the overplus thereof, it enters them, swelling and running them into inflamation, and so forcing them towards suppuration, as do those of the arm-pits and neck. The Intestines have also their due health given them by meats and drinks sent thither from the stomach, after digested, and do receive a moysture under the Cuticula, by which it is also thence suckt up by the glandules there planted. The Head it self is not with­out its glandules,The Brain by some improper­ly called a glandule. and the Brain by some (although improperly) is allowed a glandule, and by former ages was accounted nothing else but a friable glandule; and for its sake were the rest made which it keeps about it: And [Page 12] according to its large situation, fra­ming greater or smaller diseases than any of the other glandules whatso­ever of the body, they allowing that all fluxions do arise hence, as from their chief fountain; the which it doth diffuse and transmit through se­veral channels, which by nature are designed for the same purpose. Some of which are adjoyned to the Eyes, others thereof to the Ears, and No­strils, and some sent down by the Palate and Throat, and so forwards into the Gulet; others by the veins passing into the Spinal marrow, and into the blood it self: All which per­forming their parts alike, and in good order, they do cleanse and discharge all excrements from the brain, and do transmit every descending fume and vapour, which being stopt in their current, do most readily create a disease, and bring the same into the body, into which having once got footing, and these fluxions being as it were pinn'd up, where-ever they pass not in their right order, they do give trouble to the parts wherein they enter, and pain; and pain be­ing the common mother of inflama­tion, [Page 13] this does speedily produce a Fever to it, commanding an attracti­on on the parts, and sending these acrid influxions back again to the Brain, and there causing exulcerati­ons, and having arrived there, and this fluxion being plentiful, does not stop here till its major parts be ex­hausted, and sending this collected fluxion towards the extreme parts, and they as readily receiving the same, bringing with them an unac­quainted distemperiety, do both en­crease this attraction, and so frame diseases; both which do spoil Na­ture in her due course, and put her out of order, bringing much trouble upon her by breaking her intentions, and violently assaulting her quiet, by the issue of painful affliction and disease. Thus the Brain being di­stempered, and made infirm, by be­ing robb'd of its former soundness, doth receive many unexpected per­turbations: the mind hereby be­coming disordred, and the body of the Brain it self convulst, and the whole man put into a strange frame, hence producing either suffocation, or a sudden change in him by Apo­plexy, [Page 14] Lethargy, Epilepsy, and the like. And since it is time to leave the grand Centre, and to come to its fair and strong walls, which keeps and environs it in safety, that none of its channels or passages may by any overflow cause a deluge, or dis­quiet any of its Rivulets in their true course, Nature hath safely prepared many fair channels for the discharge of the same; amongst the which, we do first arrive at the Eye, the deli­cate Instrument which gives us the difference between light and dark­ness: But since sin hath checquered our best appearances, and put a dark shadow upon our whole compositi­on, there is found another fluxion which attends this best friend of ours, our sight, and this by the Greeks is called Opthalmia; which shews its signs as evidently as the Sun, by its tumefying quality; and if this borrows an acquaintance with the Nares, it as readily stamps in them an Ozaena, or an Ulcer which comes not without pain, neither will it leave it without trouble; if it arrives at the Palate, and from thence creeps into the stomach (the [Page 15] natural house of Digestion) it does most frequently occasion Dropsies, and Scurvies, and other diseases, bred from its unhappy society. Be­sides, if much fluxion doth pass by the Palate into the Throat, as it's seen very oft-times happening in Consumptive persons, their Lungs are seen overcharged therewith, and by getting time and abode therein, they are exulcerated thereby, rotting and spoyling those bellows which gave the poor man liberty to breath by. Neither is this humour so kind as to work the end of humanity by one particular method, but according to its variety of places on which it enters, it acts in diversity of shapes, according to the parts on which it takes cognizance. Thus if it greets the Spinal marrow, by sending a de­fluxion of humours from the head thither, hereby its impetuosity en­tring the Os sacrum, or getting about it, and its adjacent parts, it com­monly brings that pain which we commonly call the Sciatica; where­by it makes all its circumjacent parts take notice of its appearance therein; and by its close twitches, bordring [Page 16] upon the nervous and tendinous parts thereof, makes the poor pati­ent perfectly weary of its tyranny, and by its continuance therein, un­less thence dispatcht by Physick and other proper means, it doth by de­grees shrivel him that endures it, into a Consumption, by spending his vital Spirits, and making him truckle to its direful and painful cruciations. Sometimes we see fluxions playing their parts on man, as true Game­sters, working by advantage, and winning by degrees, giving time for the exercise of their disgui­sed and designed end, whilst at other times, like people in a pas­sion, do shower down as a tor­rent, their ready wishes to their present humour. Hence fetching upon poor mortals, as their spee­dy Votaries, either Delirium, Mad­ness, Convulsions, Epilepsies, Apo­plexies, and the like other dange­rous Cephalick Diseases; the which once taking fire, do inflame the whole Body, and make it ready to receive any distemper whatsoever, and when any part thereof doth feel of its cruel usage, like Indian Poy­son, [Page 17] it takes not this alone, but calls all its neighbouring parts in to share therewith. And nature being thus royl'd, and the glandules thus dis­eased, what art and skill must be used for the bringing these into their right order again, especially in wo­mankind, who sharing in this distem­per, any discreet man may judge; since we shall find their glandulous parts sometimes affording Milk,The diffe­rence be­tween men and women, as touching their tem­per and constituti­on. and denying the same at others. Man indeed may be wrought upon in a stronger method, Courage being his Buckler; he being formed of a robust mass, his passages being more nar­row than those of Women, his growth and bulk giving him much more strength and advantage, both as to all the parts of his body, and to his glandules amongst the rest, he being born a full and thick creature, both for sight, service and touch, who by his hard labour, trouble and sweats, can more readily discharge these superfluous excrements sent in­to his glandules and glandulous parts; whilst Woman by nature be­ing made of a more delicate mass, and better temper, and so gaining a more [Page 18] excellent composition; Beauty and a fair make being her best dowry given by her Mother Nature, these being her best supporters, and being made of a finer mould than man, and of a more delightful stamp, of a more rare body, and so more fluid, and subject to the reception of hu­midities, living a sedentary life, and designed as an idle creature by the Almighty, and so estranged to la­bours and hard exercises, in her con­stitution as well as in her temper, being both more loose and more rare than him: yet we find although she is thus finely framed, and thus curi­ously fashioned, she also is made a partaker of this distemper, and a great sharer in her youth with man­kind: Sin making both kinds as well sufferers as doers thereof. For being in their humours sometimes very sharp, and these falling in earnest upon or into their glandules, near their throats, we shall find them much addicted to salivation or spitting, accompanied with Scorbutick pains, and other Rheumatisms falling from their heads, with defluxions falling in and about their teeth and other parts; and di­verse [Page 19] other symptomes going along therewith, which their calm nature is scarce able to resist, or capable to suffer. Let this serve as a general touch upon some parts of the body as to its glandules, we arrive now at a more particular treaty of the same, beginning our discourse thereof with those belonging to the Head, and its parts adjoined thereto.

CHAP. II. Of the Brain, and its glandulous parts.

WE began this discourse with those glandulous parts which are said to belong to the Brain:The Brain accounted a glandule by the An­cients. And here we shall first see Hippoc. lib. de Glandulis numbring the Brain it self amongst the glandules; where he writes, that the Brain is the largest of all the glandules, it being white, soft, moist, and as it were subpin­gued; but they err much who con­sent to this opinion of his, whereas any judicious man may see that both in its structure and substance it de­clares the contrary; besides the dig­nity and use thereof ought to gain a better opinion thereof, and the prin­cipalness of its operation shewing better things thereof, declaring it a perfect bowel, as well as the Heart [Page 21] and Liver; and hath in it, and doth enjoy its proper faculties as well as any of the other two. And in treating the Brain according to the Rules of Anatomy, we shall find the Plexus Choroides, The Ple­xus Cho­roides spun out of mi­nute glan­dules. which is most no­ble, and bred from the fine and thin membrane of the Pia mater, spun and wove out of the most minute glandules and ramifications of vessels complicated together, which rami­fications are supplied by the surcules of the Carotydal Arteries: This Plexus arising from the lower poste­riour parts of those ventricles, which the branch of the Carotid Arteries do eitherways enter, the which do constitute the Rete mirabile for the Glandula Pituitaria; by this Plexus is carried the arterial blood for ma­king of the arterial spirits, from whence by the small glandules, and scarce visible in some, the more serous part thereof being unuseful for the preparation of any animal spirits, is separated, emulged, and collected in the ventricles, not as an unprofi­table excrement, as conjectured by some of the Ancients, but as a ne­cessary humour prepared there for [Page 22] some useful liquor,A threefold use of this li­quor. of which there is found a threefold use; as by its coldness first, cooling and better tem­pering the blood passing this Plexus, and so better preparing it for a more useful confection of animal Spirits. Next, that this flowing to the glan­dules of the Tonsils and mouth, it there doth keep the Larynx, Mouth and Oesophagus generally moist. And a third may be this, That mixing it self with the Liquor which passeth through the Salival Ductus, it makes up the Saliva; and hence further moving it self with the meat chew­ed in the mouth, fit to be sent into the stomach, it helps forward its di­gestion, by its peculiarly fermenta­tive quality, in the same way and method as the Lympha, flowing out of the liver and glandules, by the Lymphatick Vessels to the Chylifique Ductus, doth prepare the Chyle by a specifique manner, to which it mix­eth it self. We next come to dis­course of the Glandula Pituitaria, Of the Glandula Pituitaria. and this by all Anatomists is allow­ed a perfect glandule, both from its use and composition; for it sucketh up the pituitous humours collected [Page 23] in the third or middle ventricle, it is called by the Greeks [...], à coni figu­ra; and by some it's termed Cerebri penis: in man it's very small, but much larger in Bruits, and whatsoever pi­tuitous matter it sucketh up, it sends down to the Fauces and Palate, by propinque cavities or orifices; or, as our Physicians and Anatomists do write, by the venous Vessels, or Lymphaeducts; and not only to the Fauces and Palate, but into all other veins, and mixeth it self with the ve­nous blood, as hath already been proved, by other glandules of the body. And whether this be the pro­per use of this glandule, let us fur­ther examine:Its sub­stance. Its substance being harder than those of other glandules, and covered with a thin membrane, brought to it from the Pia mater, proceeding from the Infundibulum: And both Man and Beast are not without it; but in a dead Corpse it's seen flagging; and in dead bodies not readily opened, it is scarce dis­cernable, as I have oft-times found in such dead bodies whose brains I have examined very accurately. Silvius de le Boe gives nerves to this [Page 24] glandule,Nerves gi­ven to this glandule. and Wharton allows it two nerves, one on either side, arising from the upper part of the Spinal marrow, being very small, and he that to view will demonstrate these nerves, I am sure will find no easie task to make good. But to enquire somewhat further as to its use;Its use. it's allowed to take, and continually to receive that flegm by the Infundibu­lum, which comes from the third ventricle of the brain, the which ought by some way or other to be dis­mist and discharg'd thence, but there are no ways yet found out for its discharge, or parts appointed for the reception thereof; besides, this glan­dule by some is said to be exactly covered with the Dura Mater, and firmly fixed to the Sella equina, the which membrane is never open; how therefore can this happen, when it comes by the Infundibulum to this glandule, that it can make no fur­ther progress; and should this flow further, whether should it tend, for there is no part near it to receive it with safety; neither can it with­out prejudice borrow any further acquaintance with any part. Expe­rience [Page 25] it self doth convince, that a Serum and excrementitious humours have been found in the brain, I mean in its ventricles; and since it is so, it will be worth time to find out by what excretory passage these do dis­charge themselves: And for proof hereof it's allowed as a general opi­nion amongst the best of Anatomists, that this serous humour sent from the glandules of the Plexus Choroides, is thence exstill'd into the ventricles, and this made apparent by Hydropi­cal persons, who have these ventri­cles generally fill'd with liquor; the cause of which can only be attribu­ted to the more aqueous part of the blood, the which doth depose the greater Colluvies of the Serum, be­tween the Circulation, the which is still retained in the glandules, or re­duced to the vein. Whereby we may satisfie our selves, that in those who have a more aqueous part in their Cerebrum, or Cerebellum, and so less apt for production of Spirits, this filling the vessels, if herein a greater quantity of Serum be found, than can either be suckt up or con­tained in them, all the overplus doth [Page 26] fall into the subjacent cavity, and this declares whence and how this Colluvies is carried between the ven­tricles thereof; and nature here shews her care as well as her curiosity, by providing several pipes and channels for the dismissing and discharging them, as we have already made good; planting in the front of it the Processus Mamillares, and what she sends by them is dispatcht by the Nares, or Nostrils; at each side thereof she hath in readiness the Pa­rotides, and these she makes use of by the Salival Ductus. But as a confirmation of this Glandula Pitui­taria, whose Ductus is inserted to its Infandibulum, Willis does offer, that it doth suck up the serous hu­mours, and do dispatch them out­wards, which he thus does signifie, be­cause, as he says, not only those falling from the brains, but those also secreted or separated from the blood sent into the brain, it admits between the pores; being thus made good, by injecting Ink into one trunk of an artery, you will find the Rete mirabile, and very oft the inward texture of this glan­dule covered with a black colour; [Page 27] whence he asserts, that this glandule may and can suck up into it the se­rous humours, the which it not only receives from the brain, but also from the serous blood in its ascent thither,A double use shewn thereof. here being a double use made thereof; the first taking into it the serous humours from the brain, which is but the least; the other which comes from the blood, being of greater existence in its passage thi­ther. And although we find in man no Rete mirabile, yet we cannot deny Lymphaeducts in the brain, or the like vessels, which are apparently visible; and this humour thus lodg­ed in them, is suckt up by the glan­dules: In this glandule, Silvius writes he hath found many small fibres spun out of a very fine texture;Stones found in this glan­dule pro­ved. and he affirms, he once found therein a small round stone, much in bigness to a fourth part of a Pea. Vanhorn, the most accurate Anatomist, writes, he found a stone therein in the com­pany of many of his Scholars, which took up the better part of this glan­dule, the which he kept as a rarity in his Closet. Various are the uses of this glandule, according to the [Page 28] diversity of mens opinions,Various uses de­signed this glandule by Au­thors. some of which I have already shewn you; some being also very strong in opini­on, that this was made for the con­firming and strengthening the use of Plexus Choroides; others, with Ga­len, ascribing its use to that of a Valve, shutting up and keeping in the animal Spirits; others are as ready to allow this the place of the Soul, holding all principal faculties to arise thence, and from thence to emit and dispatch its commands to the nerves, for their working its effects through­out the whole body; some as high­ly declaring this use thereof, whilst others as manifestly do vindicate other uses designed for it: And a­mongst these, Cartesius saith, that the Soul is joined to the whole Body, but its chief exercitations by which it performs all its functions, he af­firms do primarily and principally dwell here more than in any other part thereof. Regius Med. lib. 1. cap. 12. writes this for the Common Sensory, and doth also declare that the Soul hath no other subsistance in any other part of the Body but in this. But our Worthy Dr. Wharton [Page 29] doth much doubt of this high esteem which is given to this glandule, and thinks that its proper use may be to suck up the excrementitious humi­dities which may arise from the upper part of the Spinal marrow. And thus according to the various Opi­nions of men, diversity of uses are put upon this glandule: I hope that as they have their Opinions free, I may bring mine with as much safety,Obs. where I shall scarce joyn in the Hy­pothesis with those who call this the place of the Soul, and that from thence all animal faculties do flow as from their Origination, when as we see all Animals, let them want ima­gination, memory, and other animal powers and faculties, yet this glan­dule they have in them; and till I be better confirm'd as to the other uses given hereof, I shall presume to believe that its use as yet is lockt up from humane knowledge, and nothing hitherto but a pure conjectural Opi­nion hereof has given it breath a­mongst men, which is testimony e­nough to confirm the assertion, since as hitherto no man hath as yet posi­tively affirmed its particular use.

CHAP. III. Of the Glandulous Caruncle of the Eye.

Why this was fra­med.THat tears might not always flow from the Eye, the wise Creator hath given to either Eye a glandulous Caruncle, one that is both soft, and furnished with many small sanguinary Vessels, with some almost invisible nerves; with two others, con­veying the Lympha (they being more perspicuous in Beasts than in Men) arising from the interiour part of the glandulous flesh; this covering the cavity (and by some is called Glan­dula Lachrimalis) prohibiting the continual efflux of the internal li­quor, the which by us is called Tears, upon their coming forth. This Caruncle being by cold air overmuch contracted, or so occasi­oned by any sharp corrosive humour, [Page 31] or ulcerated, the cavity not being exactly and close shut up, doth not hinder the eruption of Tears thence distilling, or their continual and in­voluntary efflux.Obs. Floretus lib. 2. Obs. 10. writes of a Girl of nine years old, which had tears dropt ge­nerally from one of her Eyes, which were cold, and no ways corroding the same: this Child being of a pi­tuitous constitution, was also accom­panied with a continual Catarrh.Obs. A second observation of his is also very remarkable, where he writes, that it's usual for tears to gush from the Eyes, but for drops of blood to come thence is a matter of greater moment; where he also tells us of a thin and lean Woman, from whose Eyes did generally distil bloody drops, yea, Blood it self; her Urine being much in colour to that tincture which is made of Saffron, save only somewhat blacker, much resembling that of those who are troubled with the Jaundice. She being askt, How long she had been in that condition? She answered, That for about three weeks she had this bloody flux of Tears distilling from her Eyes, and [Page 32] her Body was from that time colour­ed with this yellowish tincture, her Eyes not being very painful to her in this condition, unless in the morn­ings, by reason of this continual flux, she not opening the same without some difficulty, she finding some itch­ing also going along with the same, she being costive in her Body for about fourteen days together, by the use of Catharticks, and other reme­dies proper for her disease being pre­scribed by him, and other Topicks outwardly applied, she recovered of all her diseases.

CHAP. IV. Of the Palpebrae, or Eye-lids, and both the Canthi, or corners of the Eyes.

AMongst the external senses, that most excellent faculty which produceth light to the globular orbs of our Eye is first to be had in esteem, these being as the windows of the mind, and messengers thereof trans­mitting a great and visible part there­into, and by the Ancients called the face of Love. In these strong Orbits are the Eyes contained as in an enclo­sure, or in a globular soft pillow, kept up by the safety of the eye-lids, as its coverings, keeping both dust and vapours, and every thing that might otherwise be injurious to them, and de­fending them from too much light, and keeping them more pure and bright. Julius Casserius hath this Observati­on taken from the Palpebrae, that [Page 34] they who have their upper Palpebrae elated,Obs. are commonly proud and fierce, whereas such as have the same deprest, as keeping the Eye about half shut, to be of an humble and mild constitution and nature. These Palpebrae being open, they do frame two angles, called by the Latines Canthi; the outward being smaller, near which Orbit of the Eye is plant­ed a large glandule,Here is planted Glandula innominata. which some do call Glandula innominata placed in the upper Region of this angle, thick­er upwards, and thinner down­wards, divided into some lobes, and sending forth many small Lympha­tick vessels, which thence passing be­tween the interiour coat of the Pal­pebrae, they do break through the same with small Formula's, some­what distant from the Cilia: Nico­laus Steno being the first which shew­ed the same to the World in the dis­section of Sheeps and Calves heads, and the like. The inward Canthus is greater and larger, in which the aforesaid glandule (which indeed is the true glandule, and by some said to be more thick,) closing the Lachry­mal Foramen or cavity, either of [Page 35] these glandules do serve for the powring out the Lymphatick liquor separated from the Blood through the most thin Lymphatick pipes to to the Eyes,Its use▪ both for their continual humectation, abstertion of the horney coat, and more easie motion of the Palpebrae. At this very day many have ascribed the production of Tears to arise from the Lymphatick vessels belonging to the Eyes, but they do neither demonstrate the way of lachrymation, nor the vessels themselves that should transmit these tears to the Eyes, till Steno had gi­ven a view thereof; and in his Book de Glandul. Oculorum, he doth not badly appoint the serous humour, separated from the arterious blood, to be the chief agent of these Tears;The chief agent of Tears. but as to the manner and place of Separation, none before him hath given a peculiar judgement. Where also he thinks the Blood carried through the arteries into the glan­dules of the Eye, its superfluous part thereof being suckt up by the veins, the veins being truly anywise con­tracted or constringed (no ways per­mitting this) and therefore by rea­son [Page 36] of a more tedious delay of this plenty of Blood in the glandules, the Serum more plentifully being thence separated doth issue forth: Now the veins may be constringed by the glandules being tumefied, produced by a more plentiful influx of animal Spirits, the which being inserted in the glandules by small nerves, according to the pleasure or will of the Patient, more or less, as in pain, anger, joy or sadness, may discharge the same out of the glan­dules, and so move them either more or less, according to the greater or lesser constriction of them. This new Hypothesis doth seem to carry in it a kind of specious acceptance, but hath no great matter of truth in it, not being able to maintain the fountain of Tears; for if we compare the great plenty thereof suddenly flowing out, with the small sangui­ferous vessels of these glandules, we must allow it a little strange that they thence should have their Origi­nation, whereas the Arteries are both small, and for the most part invi­sible, which are carried to the glan­dules of the Eye. Again, if it might [Page 37] be allowed, that in the time of sad­ness the Blood should more plenti­fully arrive at the Eyes, and that the glandules themselves should here­with become more tumefied, and hence also both press and narrow the veins, Reason it self must needs con­tradict this assertion, for in sadness the pulse of the Heart and Arteries is both small and contractive, the out­ward parts growing cold, the Heart calling from thence the Blood into its own Centre, and therefore doth not so freely send it to the exteriour parts; and so also into the Arteries of the Head, neither is there any reason to be given, why in sadness a greater plenty of Tears or of serosity should be thus carried to the glan­dules, than to other parts.Obs. Lusita­nus Centur. 7. Curat. 63. writes of a young Child, who to all appearance being in very good health, and yet in the interiour part of her Eye, cal­led the greater angle, the head of a Worm began to shew it self, not sel­dome occupying and troubling the Eye it self; which sight much trou­bling her friends and spectators, this Worm being drawn out thence, did [Page 38] equal the length of a span, being of a whitish colour, and having a mo­derate thickness; the Child received no great hurt thereby all the while it was lodged in her, nor left any evident sign of its abode, when it was drawn out. A case certainly admirable, and therefore worthy our Observation.

CHAP. V. Of Tears, and whence they do pro­ceed, as also of the Glandula Lachrymalis.

HAving in my former Discourse mentioned the passages by which Tears do make their deflux, these themselves as yet by the best of Philosophers being but obscurely described, hoping it may seem no great digression, amongst the rest to bring in my mite as to the History thereof, to shew how these serous drops do descend and fall from the Eyes, and what they are, and whence shewn to proceed: We shall there­fore first introduce the Opinions of diverse worthy Writers,Diverse o­pinions concern­ing Tears. who have writ of the same. Empedocles be­lieves they are made and framed out of attenuated and eliquated blood. Joannes Baptista Scortias will have [Page 40] them to arise and be generated in the angle of the Eye from the Animal Spi­rits, the which being comprest by any sense of sadness, doth speedily distill into water; and gives this as his reason for his assertion, that as urin and sweat are the excrements of the venous and arterious Blood, so Tears are the same which come from the nervous juice that proceed from the Animal Spirits. But this opinion of his can­not stand on firm ground, for we shall see many in their greatest mirth have Tears dropping from their Eyes, without any thoughts of sadness at all; neither hath sadness itself that vigour in it to cause a tumefaction in the glandules, more than mirth, or pain, or sorrow; for as to the Animal Spirits, which Steno saith, according to the command of the mind, do either work more or lesser prevalently in us, and more or less sparingly in the aforesaid passions, and so according to their greater or lesser quantity; this shall be more clearly demonstrated by our succeed­ing discourse. But to proceed, Geor­gius Nyssenus doth suppose that Tears do arise from many vapours carried [Page 41] to the Head by the perturbation of the Bowels, and by the coldness of the Brain being condensed into wa­ter, the which is thrown out thence as an unuseful excrement. Aristotle in his Problem ▪ writes that Tears are sweat, or a certain vapour; and Car­tesius saith, that there are not parts in the whole Body which do afford vapours like the Eyes. Now as Dis­senters to these Opinions, both Aqua­pendens and Casserius do enter the Stage, as two strong opposers, and do as readily affirm that Tears are a thin excrement of the Eyes, bred out of the reliques of the proper digesti­on, and collected in the fat and glan­dules. Others there are that think Tears nothing else but Serum, which is separated from the Blood sent up to the Head; the which by a certain motion of the Spirits (the pores be­ing thus disposed) do cause this out­ward fluxion, but this goes as the for­mer. And although Steno hath been very fruitful in his conjectures about Tears, and hath with most excellent arguments seemed to support the same, yet whosoever shall closely examine him about them, shall find [Page 42] that he hath not given the true cause of Tears, neither can involuntary Tears arise hence. Thus with him many others have not arrived at this true fountain of Lympha, although having filled many sheets with their conjectures thereof, and likewise wil­ling they should pass as current. That we may seem to come and en­ter with a better and more true view thereof,The diffe­rence be­tween the Lachrymal and Lym­phatick humour. let us with Diemerbroeck, first examine the difference between this lachrymal liquor, and that lym­phatick humour, which is effused from the glandules to the moystning and levigation of the Eyes, passing through the most thin Lymphatick Vessels; their differences being thus shewn, the Lympid being much thin­ner than the Lymphid, the one flow­ing from the Lymphatick Vessels of the Eyes, the other from the Ventri­cles of the Brain; a second reason is, this is less sharp and saline, whereas Tears are to taste both sharp, saline, and erosive. Another is this, being but small in quantity, not offending the Eyes by its plenty, as do Tears, which do oft-times disorder them by their being showr'd. Again, this is [Page 43] rather grateful to the Eyes than pre­judicial, no ways corroding or fret­ting them, perfectly crossing both humour and temper of Tears, which are sometimes seen so corrosive, that they have consumed the Lachrymal glandulous Caruncles, as we have already shewn. These being premi­sed, we arrive at the Tears them­selves, and their discourse, beginning with their definition:What Tears are, and how made. And these by most Authors are allowed as the thin and serous particles made and framed out of a pituitous humour collected in the Brain, and thence flowing out of the Eyes;Five causes thereof. and there are also al­lowed five causes which do make for the expulsion of these serous parti­cles by the lachrymal cavities: One being the plenty of these pituitous serous humours collected in the Brain; a second is their sudden colli­quation, or strong agitation; a third is the contraction of the Brain, and its membranes; a fourth, no exact contention of the lachrymal glandule being made by the glandulous carun­cle; a fifth may be the obstruction of the spongy Bone in the Nares. For the most part two or three of [Page 44] these causes do concur, as shall be made good by the following dis­course, when we come to examine how in diverse causes Tears are seen to flow from the Eyes.

Tears in sadness shewn.Thus in sadness the membranes of the Brain, with the Brain it self are contracted; and hence the serous humours of the arterious Blood, out of the substance of the Brain it self, and Glandula Pituitaria, with the small interjected glandules of the Plexus Choroidis are copiously ex­pressed into the Ventricles, and plen­tifully sent into the spongy parts of the inward Nares, by and through the narrow papillary processes of the spongy Bones, the which when they cannot readily entertain, coming fa­ster upon them than was expected by a copious and viscid flux; the thin­ner and more serous particles there­of do break forth by the small lateral Foramina, or cavities, into the great­er angles of the Eyes, and so washing them therewith, make them dis­charge some part thereof, and thus do form Tears; the thicker and more viscid parts thereof being much apter for making obstruction in the [Page 45] spongy Bones of the upper Nares, and these by degrees thence dispatcht and discharged by the Nares and Pa­late, and so sent out by the mouth; and by how much the more this ob­struction of the Nares is lessened, by so much the more is the production of Tears lessened therewith; for this being sublated, these thinner and more serous humours descending in their passages as through the Nares and Palate, there's nothing that can hinder their proceeding in Natures appointment, and so no Tears can hence be expected, Nature going on gladly in her designs, and unless a new obstruction be made by this viscid matter, and so puts a stoppage to this her methodical proceeding, we shall find no new stock of Tears begot, nor no room left for any fur­ther commerce therewith. The same reason may be given for other pas­sions;Tears in joy, and how. Thus in laughter we have seen a plentiful stock of Tears have issued out, and yet not by the same reason as the former, for by this changing of the position of the muscles of the Body, and the contraction of the membranes of the Brain therewith [Page 46] adjoined, a great plenty of these se­rous humours are exprest from the Brain, and its glandules into its ven­tricles, and from hence into the pa­pillary processes, the which do rea­dily flow to the Nostrils and Palate, and these by extraordinary laughter causing a spumous or frothy Mucus from the Nares and mouth, they at the same time sometimes coughing, do hereby occasion and make an ob­struction in the passages, in which stoppage the thinner parts of this hu­mour do separate themselves from the more thick and mucous substance, and so do force their passage through the lachrymal cavities, and thence do gush out by the Eyes in the form of Tears, and because this concussi­on which thus happens in laughter doth not long continue, hence is it that those Tears which do thus also happen, do not shew themselves in that plenty as they do in sadness. The same cause may be given why young men, and such as are given to amorous Courtship, whose minds are not easily conversant with me­lancholy, being more readily resol­ved against every appearance of the [Page 47] same, by enjoying the best things they can produce or procure; they being not so easily disturb'd by sad­ness, or their brains contracted, and so not so readily bearing a part in Tears; whereas we see old men, in­fants and children suddenly shewing their Tears: in these their glandu­lous caruncles being much drier, more inequal, and more contracted, and they being in these both more soft and less firm, and the lachrymal cavity so weakly closed up, that by never so small an impulse of this se­rous humour, it makes a very ready way for a new shower of Tears. There are many other causes of Tears,Many causes of Tears. declared by several Authors, and amongst the rest, as a common one, is that of Onions, these being seen both a ready and easie procurer of the same, and this they do by their attenuating and incising acrimony which they have in them, partly at­tenuating the humour in the Head, and so making it more fluxile, and partly by their tedious trouble and vellication sent from their acrimony to the Eyes and Nostrils, contract­ing hereby both the brain it self, as [Page 48] also its membranes, sending forth and discharging the pituitous hu­mours lodged therein, and dispatching the thinner and finer part thereof by the Lachrymal cavities, and by their acrimony forcing the same out by the Eyes from their absence. Where­as Smoke, Dust, Wind, and the like, do fetch Tears from the Eyes ano­ther way, for these do act by a pain­ful vellication induced to the Adna­ta, contracting herein the Lachry­mal glandulous caruncle, and so co­vering the cavity, the Brain with its membranes being hereby contracted by the painful sense thereof, and sending forth as well as expressing the serous and pituitous humours by this contraction, driving the same by the papillary processes towards the Os Cribreforme and Nares, and whilst the thicker parts thereof are sent through the Nares, the thinner parts thereof do flow forth by the lachrymal cavities.Obs. Of Tears flowing from over­much mirth. And that Tears do sometime flow from over-much joy is made good by Willis, when he writes, that in gladness having admi­ration joined thereto, the sensitive mind expanding it self very much [Page 49] hereat, doth most amply diffuse its Systarii, or emissaries, as it were fear­ing dissolution, doth presently con­tract it self; wherefore in such affect the Blood abundantly flowing into the Brain, swells up all its Vessels, and by its surchage doth distend them, and after this its tumefaction, the vessels hereby being contracted, a flux succeeds, and so does dispatch a great plenty of humour into the glandules, which is thus dismist by Tears.

CHAP. VI. Of the Parotidal Glandules.

Where the Paro­tides are planted.AT the outside of the Ears are planted thick and large glan­dules, called Parotides, not placed just behind the Ears, but rather un­der them, at the root thereof on either side of the Head; amongst which are apparant two very large ones, the smaller and foremost of which is said to be a conglobated one, the other being spun out of ma­many fragments of glandules, is both by Sylvius and Steno called a conglo­merated glandule: they both are very apparent in Sheep and Calves. They are allowed to keep up the ves­sels sent to them,Their use. and because they do also take into them the serous hu­mours sent to them, separated from the arterious Blood, and through which some Lymphatick and Salival Vessels [Page 51] do pass, they do sometime gather to­gether much pituitous ballast into the Emunctories of the Brain; be­sides these, there are found many other glandules planted in the whole spaces beneath the lower mandible, in which Scrophulous, and many the like Tumours do frequently make their abode, and these are not called Parotides, but by Wharton more properly named Jugular glan­dules,These cal­led by Wharton Jugular glandules. whose number is great, and whose magnitude is but small. Horses are said to have these glandules much larger than any other creatures; and Dr. Wharton writes, that he hath dis­sected a Horses glandule which hath weighed nine ounces, and yet was neither preternatural or tume­mefied beyond its natural state and constitution.Anato­mists as­sign these three uses. Anatomists do gene­rally assign three uses to these glan­dules; as first to keep up the divisi­on of the Vessels; secondly, to milk and suck up the excrements of the Brain; and the third is to keep all the circumjacent parts in a good moysture. The first of these, according to Wharton, is said to be but of small moment, no large vessel either en­tring [Page 52] them or passing through them, they being but capillary Vessels which gives them their acquaintance and company; as in answering the second he thus writes, as to their sucking up the moist excrements from the Brain, this would be of great use and weight, provided any ways or passages could be shewn or decla­red how these excrements should be brought thence hither, and so made ready for their discharge. For in Catarrhs and Rheumatisms we do appa [...]ently see these thin moist hu­mou [...]s, plentifully flowing through the Nares and Palate, distilling thi­ther and thence very frequently by the Cribreform cavities, but none of these are seen to enter and pass the Parotides; when as therefore the ex­crements of the Brain do not at all reach or arrive at these glandules, I cannot see how they should be any ways allowed to pass thence, a more patent way being ordered for their passage, as the Nares and Palate. And as to their third use ascribed them, these do no more keep the cir­cumjacent parts moist in these parts, than in the other parts of the Body; [Page 53] and till some passage be found out, which should demonstrate their dis­charge of excrement from the Brain into these glandules, so as to afford this quantity and plenty of humidity thus discoursed of, I shall give as lit­tle credit to this use given them, as to either of the former.

Fallopius and Wharton do give them these two uses,Two us [...]s assigned by Fallopius and Whar­ton. as that they do some of them receive the superflui­ties sent from a hard branch of a nerve of the fifth pair, and do re­duce the same into the veins; and secondly, that they do refresh the Ears, and its circumjacent parts. Forestus lib. 12. de Aurum morbis doth tell us several Histories of these glan­dules, as we may read in Obs. 16, 17, 18. libr. ejusd. One is of a Woman,Obs. who in the sixth day of her sickness sending for him, being very feverish, and perplexed with a great pain of her Head, and her Heart vexed, where she also had not only the Pa­rotidal glandules, but also all her Neck and Throat swell'd; he seeing this inflamation thus encreasing with redness, a Chirurgion, who being formerly called to her, and he being [Page 54] then present also, anointed these in­flamed parts with Ʋnguentum Nutri­tum, and that very inadvisedly truly, his duty rather being to discuss than repel the morbifique matter, which gave first being to this large tumour and inflamation; but Forestus coming to her and applying Cupping-glasses, with Scarification to her Scapula's, and using such remedies [...]s were most proper in her case▪ as are described by him in his Observat. 16. she reco­vered of her sickness, and beyond all hopes, was reduced to her former health.Obs. A second of his is of a Wo­man troubled with a red face, being made of a sanguiolent temper and habit, about thirty years of age, who in the glandules about her right Ear, had a large and red tumour; he being sent for to this Woman, and considering, she being feverish, and much troubled with this pain, which continually dwelt in the af­fected part, and knowing that it took its origination from Blood thus plentifully entring these parts, by convenient purging her Body, vene­section and the like Remedies used, and other external Topicks admini­stred, [Page 55] her Fever ceased, her pain mit­tigated, and she perfectly recovered. A third he hath, Obs 18. Istius Libri, Obs. which is of a poor Woman, who ha­ving a loose and aedematous tumour, seizing the glandules about her right Ear, made of thick and viscid mat­ter, without much pain or Fever, up­on his coming to her, not seeing any great plethory of Blood in her, he in this case made use of no venaesection; but for the lessening of this pituitous matter, ordered such things as should give a better digestion thereto, by prescribing her purges and pills, and attenuating decoctions, and the like; and by the use of proper medicines to the affected parts, he both suppu­rated the tumour, and by Caustick opened the same, cleansing the Ulcer, afterwards filled it up with new flesh, and produced a cicatrice to the reco­very of the Woman, &c.

CHAP. VII. Of the Jugular Glandules. (Wharton.)

THese had their nam [...]s given them from Wharton, Their names gi­ven from th [...]ir places. where ha­ving their habitation and abode near the Jugular vessels, he gave them the name of Jugular glandules, as you may see Cap. 19. Adenogr. where he writes, That in a Body dissected by him there were found fourteen in either side thereof, and one above the rest somewhat longer, somewhat disjoyn­ed from them, (lodging on either side at the root of the Styloidal process, between the muscles of the Neck and the Jugular Vessels), some of these are larger than others, and do vary in their magnitude even from the smalness of a Coriander seed to the largeness of a Pea, as he there tells you. Some of these are planted in the fore-parts, others in [Page 57] the back parts, some in the upper parts, others in the lower parts there­of; the upper parts thereof do reach even to the Styloidal process, and to the lower and back part of the Man­dibles; the lower thereof do descend near the sides of the Thyroidis, be­tween the Spine and Thoracick ves­sels, and Thymus into the Thorax; and in such who have arrived at ripe age, this is taken by some for the Thymus. In Sheep and Calves, and the like creatures, these glandules are seen to be very numerous, run­ning from the Throat to the Dia­phragma, and so do descend even to second series of the vertebres of the Neck and Thorax. Their co­lour. They do bear the same colour of those of the Neck, save only that they are somewhat redder which are planted down­wards, those more pale which are placed above.Their sub­stance and figure. Their substance and figure do no ways answer those glan­dules which are placed about the Neck, Thighs, or under the Arm­pits; they seem to belong to the re­ductive glandules, and are made for the same use,Their uses. as for the reducing the superfluous humidity of the nerves, [Page 58] which they receive into the veins and lymphatick vessels next to them; and this is commonly seen in these maxillary glandules, and in many others planted hereabout, framed for the exonerating and discharging of the superfluities of the nerves every way, and therefore whether they do depose the same either into the veins, or into any other parts by them, their use is of the same na­nature in respect of the nerves: And that which is worthy note,Struma's and swel­lings do most fre­quently happen here. is that Struma's and Scrophulous Tumours do most generally happen in these glandules and the neighbouring glan­dules, because these with them being any ways obstructed, they do not perform their usual office, and so give a ready way for the preparation and make of these said Tumours, as I shall more largely demonstrate in my second Book, when I shall shew the diffe­rence between Struma's and Scrophu­las, as to their Species and Origina­tions.

CHAP. VIII. Of the Tongue, and its Tonsils.

THe Tongue in Latine called a Lingua à Lingendo, being the Instrument both of Speech and Taste, and the help of sending down both meat and drink into the Stomach, is placed in the mouth under the Pa­late; and this in its upper part hath in it somewhat of a glandulous flesh lodged under its Cutis; inwards and downwards it's seen perfectly muscu­lous, and does every way shew the use of its muscles.Arantius will have the Tongue a glandule, although improper­ly. Arantius is one who will have this to be a glandu­lous part, and if we may credit him, he doth assign its composition to be framed out of three various sub­stances; for immediately under its membrane, there's somewhat of a pulpy substance about its root espe­cially, the other substance of the [Page 60] Tongue is framed of most thin and implext fibres, amongst which is planted fat, peculiarly proper for keeping them moist, and making them more fit for use, and this may be one great cause why he was so rea­dy to give it the name of a glan­dule, and this his assertion he is rea­dy to confirm with these three argu­ments: As the Tongue hath in its substance all kind of fibres, and these so intertext, that they cannot be di­vided one from another, as may in other muscles. Secondly, There's no ligamental fibres planted in the Tongue for its strength; as is in other muscles. And his Third is, No muscle tasteth, but the pulp of the Tongue is the instrument of Taste, as Piccolom; and therefore Arantius affirms that the Tongue is no muscle, but a glandule.The Tongue proved to be a mus­cle. But we on the con­trary shall find that the Tongue's fleshy part is musculous, when as in all the differences of animal motion, to the most subtile vowels, syllables, and pronouncing of Letters; all which do most suddenly express the conceptions of the mind, never tired in their motion, being either contract­ed, [Page 61] dilated, doubled, or laterally mo­ved, according to the minds pleasure performing all its actions; and with­out this were a muscle, and had o­thers joined in consent therewith, these laudable motions were not thus to be performed by it. But our dis­course at present not being concern'd with muscles, I shall shew Dr. Whar­ton's Answers to Arantius, Wharton's Answer to Arantius. where he first convinces, That the fibres of the Tongue do evince it to be muscu­lous; and that its substance, for the most part thereof is musculous, which appears from its various motions which it performs, and the variety of its fibres so diversely intertext, do only suffice for the diversity of its motions. Secondly, it's no ways necessary that every Muscle must needs have a Tendon, but that which hath a fleshy beginning may have the like end. Thirdly, That Nerves do pass through its whole substance, and this is perceived in a Hemeplegia, in which is seen very oft one part may be sound, and the other perplexed with a Palsey. And then lastly, the musculous part of the Tongue doth not taste, but the membrane which [Page 62] does cover its glandulous pulp, espe­cially near its root; and thus by the intervention of this membrane it takes notice of all sapours. Thus much of Dr. Wharton.

Of the Larynx.The Larynx is formed of diverse parts that it may freely enjoy its office modulation of the voice, and this requiring a continual stream of moi­sture to afford it common liquoring,Several glandules given to it. Two very large ones at the root of the Tongue. it hath several glandules placed as Sponges for its collective uses, a­mongst which are two very large ones, conspicuous at the uppermost seat of the Larynx, or rather at the root of the Tongue, one on either side; and these by the Greeks are called [...]. lodging in the narrow passages of the Fauces. By the Barbarians they are commonly called Amygdalae, yet no ways carrying in them the likeness or figure of an Almond; in Latin they are called Tonsillae, and at this day do bear the English name of Tonsils amongst us: They are covered with the same coat as is the mouth, and are indued with small Veins and Arte­ries, arising from the Carotid Arte­ries and Jugular veins; and, as Whar­ton [Page 63] saith, although in sound Bodies they are less protuberant, yet in a morbid body, where these are much inflamed or tumefied, they do carry a good resemblance of an Almond; and hence it is presumed they had this name given them. They are loose and spongy in their nature, and are of a similar friable substance, much resembling Honey and Oyl con­creted together by cold, save only they are more firmly adherent as it were by a membranous connexion; soft to touch, but being boyled, hard: for upon their boyling, they do lose their porosity, and so become indurate: they have various Ductus's,They have various Ductus. and these proper to themselves; they have one Sinus, both large and oval, on either side opened into the mouth, whose skirt doth obtain two large ones, and much lesser cavities; in the same manner are also many protuberancies, like little Papillae or Teats, disperst through the glan­dulous root of the Tongue, eve­ry of which have their proper perfo­rations allowed them; and out of these various Foramina is a Mucus sent forth, disposed thus by the root [Page 64] of the Tongue, where these glan­dules are most thick (the mouth be­ing opened) doth send the same by their common cavities into the Throat; and this cavity in an Oxe will admit the entrance of a little finger into it. Fallopius hath ob­served, that sometimes the open­ing of this great Sinus doth in some measure represent a small Ulcer, and is oft times treated and taken by the inexpert Chyrurgion as the same; this oft-times hapning in the mouth by a plenty of Tumours falling into this glandule, and so causing it to give its thus patent appearance, as shall be made good by some Obser­vations thereof at the end of this Chapter:Two more under these, next to the lower part of the La­rynx. Under these Tonsils are planted two others, next to the low­er Region of the Larynx, one on either side; at the sides of some of the first Annulars, or Rings of the Windpipe, these because they are guifted with many small Veins and Arteries, do carry a more bloody and solid substance in them than other glandules, and do resist the Knife in dissection more than others. There's much controversie about the uses of [Page 65] these glandules,A Contro­versie a­bout their uses. some supposing they are framed for moystning the La­rynx outwardly with a viscous and pinguid humidity, and so making the Cartelages more apt for motion; but because there is not much need of them for this use, I do suppose they may more properly give assistance to the Salival vessels; others, with Rio­lan do affirm, that they are framed for collecting the humidities which are sent thither from the Brain; and with him do allow that these were here planted for preventing the fall of the same upon the Lungs; and that this may appear somewhat probable, he enlarges upon the blowing of the Nostrils, and in sucking in of the Palate, by which we find a kind of mucous slimy matter or spittle co­ming thence, which must necessarily proceed from the Brain; so also he supposeth that that which enters the Tonsils, may also distil and fall from thence, for in such creatures who do want these glandules, as Peacocks and the like, who also want Teeth, nor do not chew their humi­dities, in such it doth immediately fall into the cavity of the mouth, not [Page 66] into the Thorax. Again, if the ex­crements of the Brain must first ne­cessarily fall into the mouth before they enter the Lungs, and then into them likewise; these Tonsils will make nothing for their sufflamination.Four uses allowed by Whar­ton. A second use which some do attri­bute to these glandules is, that they do convert the humidities sent to them from the Brain into spittle: Against which assertion we offer this objection,What the humour is which is sent into the mouth by them. The humour which is thus sent into the mouth by the glandules is not spit­tle, but rather some mucous and pi­tuitous matter, not much unlike that which is dispatcht by the Nostrils, and what difference this carries from spittle, every man may easily judge: but of this more fully, and more pro­perly when we come to the Salival glandules of Steno and Wharton. A third use given to these, is to keep the Tongue moist, and all its circum­jacent parts; this use may be allow­ed them, the humour coming from them naturally being mucilaginous, and therefore most proper for keep­ing the parts most lubricous; and moreover, the small Lymphatick ves­sels or Salival vessels, as also the small [Page 67] cavites of the membrane of the mouth may very well allow the same, especi­ally when the Mouth and Tongue are moved, the which every one may ex­perience in himself when he pleaseth. And hence when the nutriments are chewed in the mouth, partly spon­taneously, partly by the masticated nu­triment, this liquor thus exprest out of the glandules doth much more plen­tifully flow into the mouth, both for the framing a better mixture, use­ful for the fermentative preparation of nutriment, as also for a more rea­dy and more easie deglutition of the same: In rest therefore when the Mouth is not moved, and when the effusion of this liquor doth also cease, as is generally seen in those which are asleep, the Mouth and Fauces do soon become dry, being robb'd and de­prived of this liquor, especially if they do sleep with an open mouth. A fourth use is, That they do help Tasting, the Which cannot be done without moysture; of which Opini­on our worthy Wharton is, who al­lows these the primary Organ thereof, the moister parts most relating to spitting; both which do much con­tribute [Page 68] towards the extraction of the tincture of meats, as also towards a plentiful mastication; and so may more properly be allowed to be fra­med for the purpose of Tasting or Gust's sake. For dry things, with­out having some tincture in them, are altogether unuseful as to taste; when therefore the mucilaginous hu­mour is less fit for the extraction of Tincture, and also less proper in ma­stication for mixing with the meats, how far this may make towards tast­ing, any one may judge; but how far it may conduce towards a gust, when it is as its proper Organ, is al­ready described by him. The true uses hereof, allowed by Wharton, are these five,Five uses allowed by Whar­ton. which I shall only name: As First, he declares these glandules the primary Organ of Taste; where he also writes, That in all parts of the Mouth in which Taste is perceived, this glan­dule by its intervening membrane doth act the same; Nature never interpo­sing between the gift which is to feel, and the Organ it self which feels it; when as therefore the part is seen every way exercised in Taste, this approaches near the gustile object, [Page 69] and this is necessary that it should be the instrument of Taste, and if it be the instrument, it doth thence con­vince its gift, which is by him called the first use thereof. The Second use allows them as an excretory In­strument, its office being to separate some mucous and pituitous matter, falling from the lower part of the Brain, by the nerves especially; those of the third pair distilling and flowing thence, partly from the san­guinary mass effused by the Arteries, and so refunded into the Fauces and Mouth, as is already described by him; but this is readily refuted by Diemerbroeck, when he writes, That whereas Wharton doth say that these glandules (without all reason) are endued with a notable sense, and that they are the true and primary Organs of Taste, and supposeth that the pituitous matter flowing from the Brain to them by the Nerves, (as if thick and viscid matter could pass through these minute and visible pores of the nerves so plentifully) is a thing which requires not great dif­ficulty to refute, he allowing them to be a great productive towards this [Page 70] faculty of Tasting. A Third use of these glandules he allows is, to moysten the Fauces, Larynx and Tongue, for their better and more easie respiration, that the voice hereby may be more sound, and that deglutition may thereby also with more ease be performed. His fourth is, That in plentiful Catarrhs of the Brain, the Nostrils at this time being obstructed, part of the matter being imbibed into their spongy substance, may hence be dispatcht and discharg­ed by the mouth. And his last is, That by its fermentative faculty, the liquor which thence comes into the Mouth, and so entring the Stomach, doth therein promote digestion; by whose acidity also it doth contract the same, the which doth chiefly tend towards the promoting a fer­mentation, and is the chief cause thereof.

History 1. Langius Epistol. 7. Tom. 2. tells us there of a Noble man, who being af­flicted with a continual Cough, ari­sing by a Stone concreted in his Ton­sils; Physicians using all drying Re­medies, in hope of stopping his Rheum, which they suspected was [Page 71] the occasion of his Cough; by the use of which the Muscles of his La­rynx were much tumefied; by Lan­gius his advice, Emollients and sup­purating Medicines being prescribed, the Tumour began to grow soft; and a strong Cough arising hence by this distillation, did herein frame a kind of Lime-stone, much like to the Chalk-stone or Tophies which are usually seen in the Joints of those which are troubled with the Gout, arising chiefly from glassy flegm.

Joannes Jessenius also writes of one,History 2. who having a Tumour in his Ton­sils, so as that he could scarce breath, or swallow any nutriment, who ha­ving made use of many drying Gar­garisms made of Red Roses, Balau­stians, with Roch Allome, and the like; and not well mundefying the whole, by which the thinner part was dried up, whilst the more Terrene part thereof was left remaining be­hind (the which do frequently hap­pen in Aedematous Tumours) this grew into a Chalky and Stony sub­stance, the which advancing in hard­ness, and encreasing in bulk, the Muscles of the Larynx being here­with [Page 72] extended, his breathing grew more difficult, and a distillation thence arising, by his strong cougheing, the patient forc't out the Ston- which was lodged therein, and his Spirits very speedily recruited, and he himself suddenly restored to his former health.

History 3. Forestus lib. 14. de Aegritud. Lingu. Obs. 26. hath this History of a Wo­man about 23 years of age, who for a long time having much pain about her Mouth, near her Chin and low­er Mandible, under her Tongue, in the Musculous parts thereof, and about the root of the same; Peter Frederick, the Chyrurgion, who vi­sited this patient daily for some time, and perceiving a hardness still con­tinuing, did hope that he might bring the same to suppuration, the which he endeavoured by a cut Fig, apply­ing it to the place; the tumour be­yond expectation growing more soft by the use hereof, at length did break, whence issued a little Stone, somewhat hard, and forc't it self thence without any incision, the big­ness of a Hasel-nut; this being gone, all pain suddenly ceased, no suppu­ration, [Page 73] or Sanies or matter followed it; and that which herein was wor­thy of Observation was, That the lips of the wound healed up without any help of Medicine. Soon after which, he writes he saw just such another coming out from these parts, somewhat larger than the former. And

Diemerbroeck tells us a History of a Woman of Breukelens, History 4. who in the year 1659. in the month of April, upon eating of Damask Pruines, which had been boyl'd, and upon her over-ready swallowing one of them, the Stone thereof past into the mouth of the great Sinus of this glandule, whence the glandule imme­diately tumefied, in that measure that it shut up both the passages of her eating and drinking. So that in four days after the sick Woman could neither eat nor drink, he being sent for to consult her distemper, her Tongue being kept down, her glan­dule was seen very much tumefied in- the right side, but little inflamed, and this apertion already discoursed of, more than ordinarily opening, not seeing the Pruine-stone; she af­ter [Page 74] taking the Decoction of Barly, with Syrup of Marsh-mallows mixt together, he ordered her to suck it into her Mouth, and putting his Thumb to the outside of the tume­fied part of the glandule, and strong­ly compressing the same, commands the Woman with her utmost strength to swallow down the same which she had put into her Mouth; the first liquor, upon her thus endeavouring, threw it self forth by her Nostrils; but upon the second tryal, when his Thumb had made a considerable compression outwards, and keeping the Tongue down and inwards, this stone flew out of the glandule into her Mouth, presently after which she swallowed both meat and drink very well, as she formerly did. And the same Woman, he also writes, in the year 1664. had the like mischance happened to her again upon eating of stewed Pruines, in the month of May, whose glandule catcht into it another Pruine-stone in like manner as the former, which was cured the second time, but with more trouble. Another like case happened in the year 1661. in the month of December, [Page 75] upon a certain Citizen,History 5. who upon eating of Cheese, and having a piece of hard crusty Cheese fallen into this cavity, hindring his whole swallow­ing; this Cure did not succeed, he tells us, with the same ease as the for­mer, but took many days tryal be­fore this Cure could be effected.

CHAP. IX. Of Wharton's Salival or Maxil­lary Glandules, together with Steno's new Salival Glan­dules.

THe Muscles being removed, be­sides the two longish and round glandules, bordring at the beginning of the Aesophagus, are planted many other fleshy Glandules, and conglomerated out of many others, as Glandules, Lymphatick Vessels, Arteries, small Veins, and Fibres of the Nerves under the Tongue, about its Bridle, bringing a continual Mador or Dew by the smallest Lymphatick Vessels to the Tongue. Moreover, out of either side from this great and large glan­dule, which carries in it the substance of the Thymus, or very much re­sembling [Page 77] the Pancraeas of Man,The sub­lingual Sa­lival Du­ctus. coag­mentated out of many small frustles of Membranes and Vessels joined to­gether, doth proceed a certain Ductus or Pipe, planted upon the middle Tendon, between the fleshes of the Digastrick Muscle, the which from its use hath the name of the Salival Ductus given it. And although this was unknown to the Ancients, and kept in the Clouds in former times, yet this by Glisson and Wharton is now brought into an apparent light: yet this was not altogether kept from all the Ancients, for we may read that Avicen lib. 3. Fen. 6. Cap. 1. calling these the two Salival effuso­ries, keeping the Tongue moist. Ga­len also lib. 11. de usu partium cap. 10. hath these words of them, The Tongue being dry, cannot effect its motions but very slowly, Nature therefore against this hath wonder­fully provided, that it might not readily be surprized with this affect; and in order thereunto, hath at each side of the Larynx seated carnous glandules, serving as Sponges to col­lect moysture for the Tongue's ser­vice. Both these Ductus's, as they [Page 78] do carry the form, so also they do bear the substance of Veins, but are somewhat thinner, having no great cavity, larger in Man than in many Beasts, and yet in them seem larger in some than in others. On either side doth arise one out of the afore­said glandule,Whence they do a­rise. having many small Originations passing into one Ductus or Channel, ascending obliquely up­wards from this glandule, and car­ried even to the middle of the man­dible, planted between two small glandules, the which having past, it marcheth directly on towards a Nerve of the seventh pair, the which having arrived at and somewhat be­yond it, it ends near the Frenum of the Tongue, about the distance of a transverse finger from the Teeth, and is opened into a peculiar glandule, the which by some is called Ranina and Hypoglottis, invested with a thin and porous membrane, planted un­der the Tongue on either side, near the Ranine veins; between the flesh which tyes the Tongue to its neigh­bouring parts, and the glandules sub­strated at the Basis thereof, being there planted as two soft Sponges, [Page 79] for imbibing the Salival liquor which thus comes from these Channel pipes, and so receiving the same into them. Besides the aforesaid Ductus, Two o­thers late­ly found out. there are two other placed, one on either side, found out in the year 1661. and shewn that Year in the month of January, by Jo. Vanhorn in the publick Theatre at Leyden, and these he call'd Steno's Ductus's, he being the first which demonstrated the same; these arising from the great glandule at the root of the Ear on either side: These Steno calls the conglomorated Parotidal Glandules, the which being dissected, many small branches thence arising, are seen to spend themselves into these Ductus's; they run outwards to the center of the Muscle called Buccina­nator, and do end in the cavity of the Mouth. Besides these,Other Sa­lival ves­sels. there are some other small Salival Vessels conspicuous in the Mouth, especial­ly in the Palate and Cheeks, of which we have already discoursed in our former Chapters.Des Cartes his [...]ini­o [...] [...]out the Origi­ [...] of Sp [...]. Des Cartes seems to be unacquainted with these Sali­val passages, when he writes that this spittle doth arise from the Sto­mach; [Page 80] and as a guard to defend his as­sertion, he brings this reason, That some parts of the arterious Blood do fall into the Stomach and Guts, the which do there perform the office of Strong water, in promoting the di­gestion of nutriments; and from these being hot, he says vapours may ea­sily ascend by the Aesophagus into the Mouth, and by this method allowed there to form this Saliva or Spittle. Now whereas it manifestly appears that this Salival Juice or Liquor does proceed from the Head and its glan­dules, and whatsoever does ascend from the Stomach doth readily oc­casion vomiting, the which doth not readily happen in this Salival juice: When as also in pituitous persons, and old men, whose Arterial and Venal Blood is both cold and small in quan­tity, as to the supply of all parts, and al­so falling hence to the Stomach, from whence a small quantity of vapours may be allowed to ascend from thence to the Head by the Aesophagus; this Saliva cannot be small, but most plentiful; and this doth sufficiently deny Des Cartes's argument and pre­position.

[Page 81]It therefore remains,The true Originati­on of Sali­va. that this spit­tle doth not pass and ascend by the Aesophagus, but that it doth fall from the upper parts downwards in­to the mouth; and since this flux is seen so plentiful, our next enquiry should be by what vessels it should make its passage, and to what glan­dules it is thus sent and dispatcht, and how out of the same discharged into the Mouth. Wharton writes, that the same doth distil out of the Nerves, but these having no such, sufficient passage in them for the ready dispatch of the same, how can these properly be allowed its proper Instrument? In this therefore his opinion carries not much vigour; some others there are who do sup­pose that the same is drawn from the Chyliferous vessels; but these not reaching so far, I cannot see how they can defend their assertions.Deusingiu [...] his opini­on hereof. Deusin­gius doth suppose that this is poured out from the Lymphatick Vessels in­to the glandules, and from thence to be sent into the mouth; which opinion, although it may carry a fair resemblance of truth in it, yet certainly both the Lympha and Sali­va, [Page 82] although they do not much dif­fer in substance, as to their thickness, yet they have the same Origination, and do both arise from the Blood it self; and since this is not done by the venous Blood, as drawn from the glandules and other parts, yet this separated liquor may well be granted to arise from the Arterial Blood, because the Arteries do in­fuse the Nutritive Blood to all the parts of the Body, and amongst the rest to these glandulous parts also; whose more serous and subsaline sa­lival parts being most fit for giving nutriment to the glandules, with the admixture of Animal Spirts flowing through the small Nerves, is separa­ted from the other particles, and suckt up by the glandules, and in them by a specifique manner is there somewhat digested, and brought in­to another manner of preparation, and whatsoever is there redundant from their nutrition, is indued with a light kind of acid quality, and this is that which falls thence into the Mouth by these Salival Ductus's, as in other divarications of the Arte­ries, so also in these glandules the [Page 83] Arteries are seen to obtain but small pores or passages, by which they do depose this liquor into these glan­dules, and this large and great Sali­vations do prove, be they either Spontaneous, or made so by Art, in which such a large plenty of spittle is discharged, that nothing but the Arteries could yield them such a sup­ply; and it's also very credible, that these do take into them the super­fluities of some Nerves, as I formerly have shewn, and do transmit the same into the next Vessel, as it is the usual custome, amongst several of the glandules: And when by chance a greater flux than ordinary is made by the Nerves to the face, than can be prolated by the habit of the part, and this remitted by the Lympha­ducts to this glandule, the Face here­by is apparently seen to swell, and blown up, as it were tumefied by an aedematous tumour, as we find it fre­quently happens in such who having had pain in their Teeth, at whose farewel we have commonly seen the Face to swell very much. And since we have apparently shewn how this Saliva doth pass from the glandules [Page 84] into the Mouth, our next enquiry will be, to find how it's separated from the Arterious Blo [...]d, and also declare what this Salival Liquor is. Spittle therefore is a light fermentaci­ous serous and lymphid liquor,What Spittle is. sepa­rated out of the Ar [...]erious Blood in the Parotides, and in various glandules and glandulous fleshes of the Mouth and Fauces, effused by the Salival Ves­sels and other Salival passages into the Mouth:The qua­lities of Spittle. As to the qualities of this Sali­va we find little hitherto hath been written as touching them, nevertheless if we well examine them, they will suf­ficiently shew that this is not a simple body, but a compound and lubri­cous, a liquor less fluid, but some­what viscid; and yields no spumosi­ty out of it self, but gains the same by the motion of the Air and of the Tongue; of it self it hath neither Sapour or Odour in sound persons, the which in sick people it readily entertains from their discrasy of hu­mours, and mixtures of other hu­mours therewith: It's no easie mat­ter to describe its exact and singular composition, the which notwith­standing is very admirable; for it [Page 85] joyns it self with all sorts of nutri­ments, and there is nothing which enters the Mouth, which it takes not notice of.

Its uses are various and admirable,As to its u [...], being much and good. as 1. Me [...]ts being chewed in the Mouth and this mixt therewith, it gives them a more easie deglutition, without which they being dry, would not without much trouble pass the same, as is seen in Fevers, and the like. Secondly, This takes out the soporiferous quality from dried meats, that is, the sapid Salt, which is not to be done without moisture. Third­ly, It extinguisheth thirst by giving its moisture, whence it is that great spitters are seldome dry. Fourthly, It moistens the inward parts of the the Mouth, Fauces, Aesophagus, and the like; and then also it promotes fermentation of the nutriment sent from the Mouth into the Stomach, and is its primary ferment, being as a light acidity tempered with a Vo­latile Spirit in plentiful Water. Some Physicians do make this diffe­rence between Sputum and Saliva, The diffe­rence be­tween Spittle and Saliva the first they understand to be a thin humour redundant in the Mouth [Page 86] with trouble, such as is usually sent thither by Catarrhs, or generated by any corruption of the Saliva, or thrown forth by coughing out of the Lungs: By Saliva, they do suppose the natural liquor not superfluous in sound Bodies, nor excern'd, but mixt for the moystning of nutriments of the mouth, necessary for the prepa­ration and fermentation of Digesti­ons, as shall more fully be discover­ed, when we shall treat of the Liver.

Sometimes it happens that these Sa­lival Vessels are cut, as have been seen in wounds of the Cheeks, by which there is perceived a plentiful stock of lymphatick Salival liquor to issue out thence, and by this its continual flux, it makes the wounded part not ea­sily curable;Observat. as happened to a No­ble-man, whose Cheek being wound­ed by a piece of Glass Bottle, the wound being almost cured by the Chyrurgion, save only in its middle, whence issued a perfect and continual gleet, which continued for about fourteen days (the which past by this Salival Ductus, unknown to the Chyrurgion) he not with his utmost skill being able to put a stop thereto; [Page 87] by consulting better advice, and by application of an actual Cautery thereto, it speedily stopt, and the pati­ent suddenly recovered. Aquapendens relates just such another story.

CHAP. X. Of the Thorax, and the glan­dulous parts thereunto belong­ing.

THe Trunk of the Body is that we call the middle Venter, and this is that cavity which is up­wards circumscribed with Clavicles, downwards with a Diaphragma, on either side with the Ribs, forwards with the Sternon, and backwards with the Bones of the Back; in this, and under whose command are plant­ed the Breasts, the Pleura, Mediasti­num, Heart, Lungs, Thymus, La­rynx, Aesophagus, to which also is annexed the Neck as its appendix. We begin our discourse of the glan­dules here with the Breasts.

Of the Breasts.The Breasts both in Men and Wo­men are two in number, planted over the Pectoral Muscle, and cover­ing [Page 89] it; in Man they are smaller than in Women, they being their pro­per instruments for lactation; and these do encrease with their years, and in some Countreys they are seen to grow to a prodigious largeness, as in diverse parts of the Indies, and the like. In some Women these have been so large that they have been seen to suck their own Breasts; in others also the Child hath lodged sucking, as if he had laid between two Pillows; they generally do ob­tain an Hemisphere figure, and a soft and whitish substance, being framed of many glandulous Bodies, whose largeness are also various, having several channels and pipes sent to them. Riolan and Wharton, Riolan's and Whar­ton's opini­ons refu­ted. against Autopsia or Ocular demonstration, do write that the Breast is nothing else but one whole glandule, no ways divisible into distinct globu­lars; and yet they do declare that in morbous Bodies they have seen these distinct conglobated glandules: The which if in sickness, I am sure must also appear in such as are in health. One great glandule is pla­ced in the middle of the Breast, the [Page 90] rest being but small, besides which, infinite plexures of the Milky Ves­sels are interjected amongst these glandules, the which mediating, not only the Milky Juice is carried to all of them, but the smaller glandules do also effuse this Milk into the largest amongst them. Again, in these glan­dules are many large and copious pores, in which, as in so many small Cells, is the Milk reserved, till the time of its being suckt up, unless it doth flow out thence of its own ac­cord, by its over plentifulness or thin­ness. The Nipple is planted upon this great glandule, the which is a fungous small Body, invested with a thin Cutis, and perforated with ma­ny pretty Orifices, the Lacteal Du­ctus doth terminate in these glan­dules, and the Milk, as through a pipe, is let out thence, at the infants sucking the same. This glandule is of exquisite sense, and carries and gives pleasure in the sucking or con­tracting thereof, by which both the bulk of the Breast is lessened, as also its weight.The glan­dules of the Breasts allowed five Ves­sels. The glandules of the Breasts have five vessels allowed them, as Nerves arising from the In­tercostals, [Page 91] plentifully arriving at the Nipples, giving them the sense which we see they do obtain. Secondly, Arteries for their nutriment. Third­ly, Veins appointed for bringing Blood towards the same, the which in Nurses sometimes having too much thereof, this is carried from the Breasts to the Subclavian Veins, even as the Chyle is carried by the Tho­racick Ductus; and being numerous and great, for they do not only car­ry the remaining Blood, collected from the Nutritive, but in such also as give Milk, they do discharge part of the redundant Milky Liquor to the Subclavians, the which is per­formed by these Veins. The Fourth are the Milky Vessels, and the Fifth the Lymphaeducts bestowed upon them. Those Milky Vessels are per­ceived by the Arteries and Veins be­ing variously interjected in the glan­dules of the Breasts enated from the lower part, and meeting together in the Center thereof, whose com­munion and continuity with the Chy­liferous Ductus lodging in the Trunk of the Body, hath not till of late been found out by the best Anato­mists, [Page 92] they not being conspicuous; the Chylous juice not remaining in them, nor more detained in them than the Urine is in the Ureters, but by the compression of the respiratory Muscles, and those parts through which they do enter, it's easily pro­pell'd, and through those that it pas­seth. Neither is it much to be won­dred at, that these should not plain­ly shew themselves to the light, when as the Thoracick Chilifique Ductus it self being large enough, running according to the length of the Spine, hath never till of late been found out by the most accurate Anatomists; nor by them could be demonstrated, the which in our days appears as clear as the light it self; the use and reason of the carriage of these to the Breast may very well grant the same, although denied and obscured from ocular inspection. Antonius Everard Tract. de Ortu Animal. observing a manifest deduction of the Milky Ves­sels in a sucking Whelp, thus saith, That some of these Ductus's do arise from the descendant trunk running about the Abdominal Muscles under the fat, and that the glandulous sub­stance [Page 93] of the Breasts did carry the matter of Milk in them, the which having manifest pipes framed for them, doth convey this Milk into a common channel, and this is thence suckt out by the Nipple. And Pecquet, anno 1654. before Riverius, found and shewed in a sucking Whelp, near her third upper Rib a Milky channel reaching to the Breasts, from whence a great plenty of Milk succeeded; which experiment he hath very oft shewn in young sucking Puppies; and as this of Antonius is found in Whelps to arise from the descendant Lacteal Trunk, so in Women they are seen to arise from the ascendant Thoracick Trunk, planted at the Breasts in the Breast. The which happened in a Scriveners Wife, who,History. after her having lain in about a month or five weeks, and having re­ceived a fall, complain'd of the lit­tle Milk she had in her Breasts, and that if her Child should suck with any strength, she felt a great pain descending from her Breasts even to her Back, and about the middle re­gion between her Scapula's; but somewhat lower she seemed to swell, [Page 94] and began to perceive some pain about her loins, the which upon the Infants not sucking, she perceived nothing thereof: And without doubt this happened by reason of some im­pediment which hindred the transi­tion of the Milky Vessels to the Breasts; and hence this Suction being made in the upper part thereof, a plentiful Chyle not succeeding from the Thoracick Ductus, this pain was excited by the same Suction collect­ed from the Breasts even to the Tho­racick Ductus, she never having any great quantity of Milk coming thence, so that the Child was forc't to be put out to nurse. Let this serve as one History, amongst many which might be introduced as to the confirming the same. And this may suffice to confute all such who do suppose that the Chyle is not carried to the Breasts by the Milky vessels, but by those Arteries which with the Blood is con­veyed thither, and from these again separated from the Blood, and so turned into Milk.The use of the Breasts. The primary use of the Breasts is to breed and to form Milk, and to prepare the same as proper nutriment for the Infant. Milk [Page 95] it self being a sweet and white Juice prepared in the Breast for their pro­per nourishment. I shall not here enlarge as to its frame and make, be­ing by some allowed to be made of Blood, and others of Chyle; ma­ny other Authors having spent much time in giving the Rudi­ments of its composition; my task more closely relating to the glan­dules. All our best Anatomists al­lowing its generation to proceed from Chyle, and this the sub­stance of the Chyle doth very well set forth, there being no great mat­ter of difference between them, ei­ther in their substance, sapour, or colour. And how this Chyle is con­verted into Milk, hath as yet but by a very few been demonstrated; all the glandules of the Body being de­signed for one and the same use, that they may take into them some Lym­phatick humour out of the Blood (as Saliva in the Mouth) and perfuse the same with somewhat of a subacid quality; and this is given both to the Blood, to the Chyle, and to other humours, for their better and more ready separation. And be­cause [Page 96] some may question the truth hereof,Milk ge­nerated from Chyle. by asking if this be true, that Milk is generated from Chyle, and not from Blood, how happens it that in a large flux of Blood, the Milk doth lessen in its quantity, or grow defective? To which I give this as a ready answer, Milk is not always deficient on this occasion, if the Wo­man eats well; and when this is de­ficient, this happens because Nature is more intent in taking care of, and providing for a greater necessity, as to the restauration of the Spirits of the whole Body, by calling and summoning in all the Chyle to the Heart, and converting the same to Blood; and doth send none of it, or if any, but a very small quantity thereof to the Breasts. And such who do defend the Milks origination to proceed from Chyle, do strengthen their assertion with these reasons: That they do suppose that the Chyle is either directly carried to the Breasts from the Milky Vessels,The de­fence of the asser­tion thereof. or first re­ceived into the Veins, and circulated with the Blood by the Ventricles of the Heart, and so thence effused by the Thoracick Arteries into the [Page 97] Breasts, and there the sanguinary part secern'd from the Chylous, and this reduced by the Mamillary Ves­sels into the Body. And that this is Milk it self, and kept and reserved in the porosities of the Breasts for the Infants use. The first use hereof is defended by all Patrons of Ana­tomy, but the crowning this demon­stration, and confirming the assertion, would better appear when they would please to shew the peculiar Vessel, by which the Chyle should be thus transmitted to the Breasts.

Christus à Vega Comment. ad Aphor. 39. lib. 5. Hipp. writes of a young Woman of Bruges, History. whose Menstrues being obstructed she had Milk in her Breasts; the Physician to whom she was committed (did clear her from the blame which was put upon her by her Master, and) did excuse her modesty, by affirming that a Woman might have Milk by the retention or her Menstrues, without conception, she having out-lived above nine months in this condition, she here­by both shewed and declared her ho­nesty and chastity, and so kept up her reputation; and in a few days [Page 98] after her Menstrual flux broke upon her, and she continued well.

History. Brasavolus Com. ad Aphor. 26. lib. 3. Hip. writes, That he hath seen strumous Tumours in the Breasts of Women; and he further declares, That he hath not only seen the same in Women, but also in the Breasts of Men; and in the year 1537. in the Month of April he had for a patient a certain Woman, which had Scrophu­lous Tumours, which accompanied almost every part of the Body, even to her Groins.

CHAP. XI. Of the Thymus.

THis also is a glandulous Body,Is is distin­guisht with a threefold glandule. soft, spongey and white; this part in Infants is distinguished with a threefold glandule, and seems to carry somewhat of affinity with the substance of the Pancraeas in such as are of riper years, but much thin­ner. It's annexed in the upper part of the Thorax to the division of the Subclavian Veins and Arteries, greater in Women and moist Bodies, than in Men and dry Bodies, it's of a delicate taste, and softer than the Pancraeas. Wharton writes in his Adenagraph. Obs. that he saw in an Abortive about six months old, the Thymus annexed to the Pericardium, in its lower part, and being thence bifutrated under the Clavicles de­scending out of the Thorax to the [Page 100] sides of the Trachea. In Calves it's seen adherent in the lower part to the Pericardium, and encreasing in­to a greater bulk, passing up to the Thorax, divided, and descending on either side of the Trachea, running to the Maxillary glandules, and some­times to the Parotides.

Nerves gi­ven to this. Wharton doth attribute Nerves ari­sing from the sixth pair to the Thy­mus, the which he supposeth do throw forth the nutritive liquor, in­quinated either by some impurity or acrimony,He herein refuted. for its depuration sake in­to this glandule. But this sentence of his is strange, for the Milky Ves­sels which are in these glandules can scarce be any otherwise found out than by the inspection of a Calf new­ly born, or nourished with Milk, as these that are interjected in the same manner in the glandules of Milky Breasts, which he takes for Nerves, and describes for the same. And he observes not what juice the Thymus doth carry in it for the nou­rishing of the Foetus, as whether it be Chylous or Milky, as Harvey ha [...]h it. The which Juice doth not pass thither by the Nerves, but by [Page 101] the Milky Vessels, and here made more perfect, and so transmitted thence to the Cava, and from thence to the Heart; and this Juice, because in young people, by reason of the over-dryness of their Milky Vessels that way tending, sends none, or if any, very little thereof to the Thy­mus; this part in such being either much lessened or contracted, as is seen in the Breasts of Women, when they are dried up from their Milk. Wharton also writes,Lymphe­ducts pas­sing through this p [...]rt. That he hath seen Lympheducts frequently passing through this part, and thence dis­charging themselves into the Subcla­vian Veins; neither can it be dissent­ing to reason, when as in the prepa­ration of the Lacteal matter, this Lympha is required for the promo­ting and forming the fervent fermen­tation in the Heart.This al­lowed a conglo­morated glandule. Regnerus de Graaf calls this a conglomorated glan­dule, and in his many vituline disse­ctions (in which he hath found this glandule always large, yet that which he ever observed thereof, that it is not less lessened in Calves than in other Animals after their Nativity) and that he hath found a notable [Page 102] Ductus in it, repleted with Lymphid humour, which he hath accurately traced; but being never so curious in his laying it bare, this liquor did generally flow out of it, and the Ductus wholly vanished, before he could attain its exit, and forc't to try some other means to find out the same.

Of the Heart.The Heart▪ although its call'd the Sun of the World, and the principal commande o [...] [...]he vital actions, yet Vesalius [...], [...]hat he hath seen the left Sinus thereof to have in it near two ounces of glandulous flesh. Tul­pius writes he hath found a pituitous Polypus in the left Ventricle of the same; the which I also found in the dissection of a young Gentlewoman, when I lived at Norwich some few years since. It was the Opinion of the Egyptians to measure the life of Man according to the weight of his Heart; and this is both made good by Terence, and confirmed by Diosco­rides. History. Vesalius lib. 1. cap. 5. de hum. corp. Fabric. writes of a young No­ble-man, in whose left Ventricle of his Heart was found two pound of glandulous flesh, somewhat blackish; [Page 103] much like that of the Womb, ex­tended in that greatness, that it ma­nifestly declared the contraction of the Artery, and with this thus he li­ved many months: About his clo­sing up his last sands, both his Ani­mal faculty, with the principal fun­ctions of his mind continued very well even to his last minute, and that which forc't this change upon him, was a Gangrene which seized his left side in his Leg, the which bring­ing a further stoppage upon this Ar­teries pulsation, did soon put out his Candle. And Dr. Walter Needham de­clared in one of his late Lectures of Anatomy at the Chyrurgions Hall, that he saw a strumous swelling hang­ing at the cone of the Heart, that weighed two ounces.

CHAP. XII. Of the Aesophagus, or Gulet, and its Glandules belonging to it.

BY the Latines this is called Gula, being as the only round pipe and channel, by which both the meat and drink which man takes into him for his nutriment and suste­nance doth pass, and sent from the Mouth into the Stomach. This also is furnished with glandules both soft and spongy, appointed here for keep­ing it moist, and as some are appoint­ed for the keeping the inward parts thereof lubricous and humid, which we have already demonstrated; so for the keeping the outward parts thereof in the same temper, Nature hath planted two lower glandules in the back part of the Aesophagus, near [Page 105] the fifth Vertebre of the Thorax;Where these glandules are plant­ed. (in that place where the Aesophagus gives way to the great Trunk of the Aorta, carrying it somewhat to the right) and very oft-times they are so much hid between the Aesophagus and the Vertebres, that without much care and inspection they are not to be found out; they carrying in them somewhat of a Kidney in resemblance, cut in the middle, being inwardly convex, and outwardly concave; they do borrow their vessels from their neighbours, as Arteries from their next Arteries, and their small Veins which they have, do come from their next Veins, as well as their Lymphaticks, conveying the Lympha thence into the Lymphatick Thoracick Ductus. Wharton writes that they have Nerves also arising from the sixth conjugation, but whereas they do neither feel, nor are moved, these Nerves thus said by him to be allowed them may be well enough questioned by other Anatomists, they more readily being taken for Lymphatick Vessels, which he writes for Nerves. Some Anatomists do write, that these do not only moisten [Page 106] the outward part of the Aesophagus, Their uses. but do believe that they do bedew the inward parts thereof for a more easie deglutition. But this is none of their proper use, for there's no such need of their outward irrigation, neither is there any transit made from the glandules towards the inward cavity of the Aesophagus. Their pro­per uses. But their proper uses allowed by most are, that they are here planted for the collection of the Lymphatick liquor, and to ga­ther and suck it up from the neigh­bouring parts, and so to effuse the same by the Lympheducts with the Chyle, as I have already demonstrated. These glandules sometimes are seen to swell so much by reason of affluxion of humours, that they do streighten and make narrow the Aesophagus; and thus keeping back the meat and drink from going in their right pas­sage into the Stomach as its proper nutriment, by this famine and thirst they do rob and deprive mankind of those principles which should keep him from the grave.History. Forestus lib. 1. Observ. Chirurg. fol. 95. Schol. 276. writes that he saw a Beggar, whose whole Breast, Neck and Shoulders [Page 107] were altogether strumous, such an object he was, that the like thereof he never saw in his whole life. Ano­ther of Forestus is of a Struma in a Mans Neck,History. which equall'd the big­ness of an Egg, who fighting with another, was wounded in this part; his Father Jordan Forestus viewing this Patient, saw living Lice lodged in the wounded part: This man who for many years had this Struma in his Neck, no Chyrurgion daring to un­dertake his Cure, upon this accident having occasion to make use of a Chyrurgion, both his Wound and Strumous Tumour were by chance cured at once, and he discharged from his lowsie companions.

CHAP. XIII. Of the Omentum or Kell.

WE now arrive at the glan­dules and glandulous parts which belong to the third Venter, and having there laid bare the Muscles and the Peritoneum, the first we meet with in this Region is the Kell called Omentum quasi Operimentum covering the Intestines, it being a thin and double membrane, much resembling the duplicature of a purse, arising from the Peritoneum, outwardly co­vering both the Ventricle and Guts; in its forepart it's tyed to the bot­tom of the Stomach, and to the Spleen, in its back part to the Colon; perfused with much fat, and plenty of Veins, and is therewith intertext like a Net. This Omentum, as Ve­slingius writes, is accompanied with variety of glandules, and these not [Page 109] alike not placed alike in all persons,This is ac­compani­ed with variety of glan­dules. some having more thereof than o­thers; planted here for collecting and gathering up, like Sponges, the superfluous moist humours which shall arrive here. Riolan writes he could never find any glandules in this part; they generally do appear but small, and that in the lower part thereof next to the Pylorus, and to the Spleen. Wharton also writes that they do much resemble the glandules of the Mesentery,They are said to re­semble the Mesente­rical glan­dules by Wharton. and are designed much after the same manner, and for the like use; and in his 12 Cap. Adeno­graph. he writes that he found two glandules in the Omentum, Two large ones found by him here­in. one being large, not much distant from its commissure with the Pylorus; this glandule receiving into it the Milky Vessels of the first kind, arising from the bottome of the Ventricle, run­ning in the Omentum according to its length; and they are distributed into the substance of this glandule, as other Lacteal Vessels of the first kind, and others arising thence are carried downwards to the right end of the Pancraeas, and at the first view would be thought to enter it; but passing [Page 110] by the same, they march on to the common receptable, and do discharge themselves into it. The other some­what less, is planted near the Spleen, and this hath been seen doubled and trebled, and sometimes manifold; he there tells you he hath seen it in a Horse, as twelve large glandules, whose Spleen did weigh ten pounds. But this may be attributed either to preternatural effects, or their number viewed to multiply and encrease in morbous Bodies, as in Strumous or Scrophulous diseased Bodies, they not so evidently appearing or shew­ing themselves in Bodies that are sound; as shall be made good by diverse observations of Hildanus and others at the end of this Chapter; and where any of these do thus suc­ceed, they must fall upon the adven­titious glandules. For in the Omen­tum, Various preterna­tural ef­fects shown in these glan­dules. as also in its glandules, various preternatural effects do evidently shew themselves, their diseases arising from one and the same Origination, and do for the most part bear the same cause, whose dependancy comes and proceeds from Obstruction. Hence is it that this is sometimes seen to ar­rive [Page 111] at such a monstrous bulk, as Authors have writ it hath been seen to receive, and to receive those unu­sual shapes and forms, which diseases are readily seen to put upon it. As a truth of its running into a very great bulk,History. Fabritius Hildanus doth tell us of a very remarkable History thereof, happening in a Woman, who being opened after her depar­ture, her bowels were seen very healthful, excepting her Kell, the which grew and encreased into such a vast glandulous bulk, that whilst the Woman was alive, it made such a greatness about her Belly, as usu­ally is seen in Hydropical persons; this bulk was every way membra­nous, but inwardly glandulous, adipose and Scirrhous, in its middle was found a fetid cavity which was filled with sordid Sanies, weighing fifty six pounds, and was taken thence without injuring the other bowels, and was seen wholly tyed to her Sto­mach.

Another of his observations of the Omentum is of a young Gentleman,History. about nineteen years of age, propo­sed by Horstius in his Observations [Page 112] lib. 7. cap. 4. the which sometimes by the commotion of the Body, moved out of one side into another: But in this person this large Tumour was fixt, and was observed to tend to­wards the Navel, in an orbicular form, the breadth of the palm of the hand conglobated with many glan­dules. Bartholine writes that he hath seen a Kell altogether fleshy. Whar­ton writes that he saw a Kell wholly fleshy, or rather glandulous, brought to him by Dr. Wybard, History. taken out from a Virgin of nineteen years of age, who for near three months be­fore her death was troubled with a Diarrhaea, as also a frequent vomit­ing of porraceous matter, whose pulse was languid, her urine small and in­tense, her Belly about the Navel be­ing hard and tumefied, being after­wards perplext with shortness of Breath, and dryness of Tongue, and a Fever thereunto adjoyned; three days before her Death she was much bound in her Body, and her Urine wholly supprest: The dead Body being opened, the Liver was seen of an ill colour, and the Bladder of Gall furnished with black liquor, her Kell, [Page 113] as I said before, was thick and almost coraceous, so as it did as it were contract all the Bowels in its Lati­tude, the intestines as it were glewed so to it that they were not easily se­parable from it. The History de­clares the obstructions of the Bowels of this Maid, the Omentum it self grown hard, and as it were infarched with these glandulous fleshes instead of fat, and for certain her being sur­prized with this Fever before her Death, was the nearest cause both of her extenuation, as also of her Death. In Scurvies the Kell is seen frequently to appear friable, as ap­pears by this following History, writ by Wharton of one Mr. Beale, History. who being very melancholick, and afflict­ed with the Scurvy, and drinking plentifully of Tunbridge Waters, up­on his return to his House, he soon changed his Life for Death; the Body being opened, Dr. Bathurst and Dr. Ridgley being present, the Omen­tum was seen both black, lacerated, friable and almost putrid, and de­stitute of fat, adhering in many places under the Navel to the Perito­naeum, with black and turgid Veins, [Page 114] the only true signs of Obstructi­ons. Sometimes the Kell is seen to be removed out of its place, as by falling into the Scrotum, as also in the Epiplocele, or by an umbelical rupture, as in Omphalocele, of which Columbus doth make mention.History. And Vesalius lib. 5. cap. 4. de corp. hum. fabr. thus writes, he hath seen more than once the Omentum fallen into the coat of the Seminal Vessels, and in wonderful manner to swell there­in beyond its natural constitution: as when the whole part of the Omen­tum somewhat falling upon the In­testines, hath scarce weighed a pound, or half a pound, yet herein he saith he saw the Kell so preternaturally swell'd, that it weighed four or five pounds, and by its weight did draw down the Stomach from its natural place, and by this weakness various Hiccoughs thence arising, he collected thence that this weight was the occa­sion of the mans death who was thus troubled.

CHAP. XIV. Of the Mesentery, and of its glan­dulous Affects.

THe Mesentery, which by the Greeks from its site is called [...],It hath many small and soft glan­dules. which is placed [...], or in medio intestinorum, hath many small and soft glandules lodged in its membranes, whose number are various, not only in diverse species of Animals, but also in various in­dividuals of that species.Where few in number▪ great in magni­tude. Thus in Man where they are found fewest in number they get it up in their mag­nitude, all which are appointed by nature for the better attenuation, and greater perfection of the Chyle, as is sufficiently manifest; for by and through these do both many Milky Vessels and Chyle pass, affused into them for the greater perfection of the glandulous humour, embrewed with [Page 116] some subacid and light faculty, and sent out of these into the great mid­dle glandule, by Fallopius and Asel­lius called the Pancreas, and by most Anatomists at this day called Pancreas Mesenterii, although im­properly; the true Pancreas being more truly planted under the Sto­mach, and thus by right and short Ductus's carried on to the Recepta­cle of the Chyle, into which they do lighten the Milky Juice.Ma [...]y dis­eases ari­sing hence. And this both Reason and Experience doth evidently make good; for should these glandules be any ways obstructed, or the liquor bred in them necessary to be mixt with the Milky Juice, it would soon turn acid, and so the Milky Chyle abiding here­in would as easily curdle, and co­agulate like Cheese, and by its plen­tiful influx they would readily tume­fie, and shut up as it were the Chyle, and hinder the same from any further passage: Whence we have seen such as have thus been troubled and diseased to have a Caeliacal flux second the same (and this occasioned by the hindrance of the Chyle's distribution) as also a pain of their Bellies going along there­with. [Page 117] And by reason of nutriment thus being denied its proper passage, an Atrophy hath necessarily follow­ed, the which at length spends those that are thus afflicted, even to death it self. And this shall be made good by many Examples, which shall con­clude this Chapter. By all which it will appear clear enough when you have read them, that both a Celia­cal flux, as also an Atrophy may both hence arise from obstructions formed in these glandules, and that those general uses bestowed on them by Anatomists, as their serving to prop up and keep warm the Veins and Arteries dilated through the Mesentery are altogether invalid. But herein we may affirm,Its use. that in these as well as in other glandules, there is bred and begot somewhat of a subacid fermentative liquor or juice, mixt with the Milky Chyle, and this they do keep and reserve for the Milky Vessels; and these suf­fering any injury hereby, or gaining any ill constitution hence, such as is frequently caught by a vicious fer­ment which is admixt to the Chyle in the Duodenum, oft-times this [Page 118] proves a great cause of a large Col­luvies of bad humours, of small con­suming Fevers, of various contu­macious and tedious affects, kept and upheld between the membranes of the Mesentery.Various opinions about the Mesente­ry. Various are the Opinions amongst Authors about the Mesentery; some thinking it is the sink of the body, to which the whole Col­luvies thereof do make its conflux. Hence Fernelius writes it the cause of Choler, Melancholy, Diarrhaea, Dysentery, Cachexy, Atrophy, of Fevers, and of Melancholick Dis­eases, of Cholick pains, and of vari­ous Tumours and Abscesses, these parts being very subject and obnoxi­ous to mischiefs, and bearing the ve­ry frequent blemishes and sufferings of our intemperance.

How these may be obstructed five ways shewed by Wharton. Wharton shews five ways how these Vessels may be obstructed, which are thus: First, in their entrance of the Milky Juice into the Orifice of the Milky Vessels. Secondly, in their passage by and through the glandules of the Mesentery. Thirdly, in the transite of the Blood out of the Ar­teries into the Veins, and from them into the substance of the glandules. [Page 119] Fourthly, in the aqueous and lym­phatick Vessels; and Fifthly, in the Nerves. First, if obstruction hap­pens in the narrow passage of the Milky humour, the Chyle is not at­tracted out of the Intestines, whence follows a dejection of Appetite, and the Chyle it self frequently, as hap­pens in a Lienteriâ, is evacuated per anum, and the Milky Vessels being destitute of the warmth and moysture of the Chyle they usually had recei­ved, in time they grow parcht, and so runs the whole Body into Con­sumption. Secondly, if obstruction of the Chyle happens, after its en­trance into these Vessels by the glan­dules of the Mesentery, it causeth first a lessening of the nutriment, and so consequently produces an Atro­phy. Thirdly, if the passage of the Blood be obstructed by these glan­dules, and so also with it the Chyle lose its passage, these do both lessen the nutriment with their obstructi­ons. Fourthly, if it happens that the Lymphatick Vessels be obstruct­ed, which are very frail, and so easily rent, and so letting out their liquor into the cavity of the Abdomen, hence [Page 120] suddenly an Ascites does certainly follow. And Fifthly, if any obstru­ction should happen in the Nerves which are sent to the Intestines, there would soon succeed a resolution thereof; as is frequently perceived in a Palsey; and here for certain there must necessarily follow a dimi­nution and extenuation of nutriment, if not an Atrophy of the Spermatick parts, the vital constitution being entire and strong enough. Com­pression of these Vessels sometimes do also make them narrow, as some­times does happen in inflations both of the Stomach and Colon, in Cho­lick pains, and also in some swellings of the Mesentery; and here we may see Tumours of two kinds, Windy and Humoral, as Wharton hath it. The Mesentery because it wants ca­vity is seldome distended by Wind. Tumours,Three causes of Tumour in any part of the Body. happen in what part of the Body they will, they do demonstrate three especial causes of their product, as afflux of the matter flowing to the place, its transition impedited, and their felling; for where there is no afflux of matter there can scarce any cause of Tumour be expected; thus [Page 121] in dead Bodies we meet with no Tumours, because in these all afflux of humours do then cease. Tumours with inflamation do argue some pu­tridness of matter going along in the swell'd part, and many of these in­flamations are allowed to arise in Dysenteries ill cured: Tumours with­out inflamation, putridness and Fe­vers are various, and these do take a long time for their growth, and these do frame Chronick distempers, of this sort are reckoned Abscesses, A­theroms, Steatoms, Meliceris, Stru­mae, Schirrhus, and the like. Riolan doth place the root and foundation of Struma's to be lodged here, and doth declare that no Struma's do break forth and shew themselves out­wards, till the Mesentery be first fill'd with its Scrophulated glan­dules; after whose opinion Guido seems to be a follower, affirming that Struma's have no further affinity with the glandules of the Mesentery, on­ly allowed for a further preparation of the Chyle; neither can Struma's be said to have any cause or origina­tion in the Mesentery, when as every days use thereof doth teach [Page 122] that most strumous people being sound in the Body, have suffered many troubles arising from this Me­senterick disease: of which opinion Wiseman also is, when he writes, That whensoever the outward glan­dules do appear tumefied, we may safely conclude the Mesenteries to be so also, they usually being the first parts which are attacked with this mala­dy; Which opinion of his Anato­my doth very much confute, for I have dissected several strumous Bo­dies, whose Mesenteries have not been tumefied with glandules, and yet I have opened others which have been plentifully fill'd with the same, but this will not keep up his general opi­nion of the Mesenteries being the first part attacked with this distemper; All which is contrary to the Cura­tive method,This asser-contrary to Anato­my. the which for the most part is performed by Topicks, the which can no ways be allowed a­vailable here, if the fountain of this evil should be in the Mesentery, and this is manifest in the dissection of dead Bodies who have dyed Scro­phulated, in whom some of these have been found to have had their [Page 123] Mesentery no ways toucht with the same; and therefore Riolan's opinion must necessarily meet with reproof as well as the other. In Wharton de Adenograph. you will meet with a History of a Woman there cited by Paraeus, History 1. whose Mesentery was swell'd with an immense tumour, which weighed near ten pound and a half, outwardly Scirrhous, in which was very many abscesses, included in their several bags, as you may read more at large fol. 49. ejus. Libr. Die­merbroeck doth produce three Histo­ries very much relating to this pre­sent discourse, the which I do in­tend here to introduce, and then to bring an Observation of my own amongst some others. The first is of a Scotch Souldier,History 2. who coming from the Indies, by making use of dyet of ill juice, and hereby pining away under a bad disease, with a Caeliacal flux, and gripes in his Bel­ly, after having for three or four months taken Medicines to cure this disease, although in vain, he at length died Consumptive, and was spent (as our English Proverb hath it) to Skin and Bones, his Body being opened, [Page 124] his Spleen was found to be large, hard and black, his Pancreas hard also, and much swell'd, and of an ash colour, and very many glan­dules were found in his Mesentery, scarce seen in sound people, these were very turgid and hard, some of them exceeded the bigness of a Bean, and most the largeness of a Hasel­nut, and some few of them appear­ed as big as a Nutmeg. These being dissected, nothing but a certain kind of whitish Cream was found therein, hardened into a Caseous or Cheesy substance.

The second was of a Girl about eleven years of age,History 3. who being per­plexed with such another kind of flux, accompanied with gripes, and an extreme emaciation of Body, af­terwards dyed; she being opened, by the desire of her Relations, in the company of many Physicians, in her Body was found many and almost innumerable hard and tumefied glan­dules in the Mesentery thereof, some of which exceeded the largeness of a small Nut; others of these which were smaller, upon opening them, we found a most white Milky Chyle [Page 125] issue thence, concreted into the form and hardness of Cheese, yet in her the Spleen nor Pancreas did not ex­ceed its usual bigness.

The Third was of one about seven or eight years of age,History 4. who being troubled with a great Atrophia, ac­accompanied with pains of her Belly, for many months together, which at length overcame her life: She being opened, the Liver, Spleen, Heart, Lungs, Kidneys, Stomach, and Guts were seen all sound, her Pancreas only being faulty, swell'd, and of an ill colour; but the true cause of her death was found to be the Me­sentery, wherein was seen many glan­dules tumefying it, made of a singu­lar hardness, and some of these be­ing much larger and harder than others, all of them of a white colour, in which also was contained a Creamy substance, concreted into a Cheesy hardness, hindring the transition of the Milky Chyle, which was thought the only reason of the Atrophy, as also of her dissolution.

This fourth was an Observation of a Gentleman which came from Oxford, History 5. and was my own patient, [Page 126] who having used several methods and medicines there without success, came to his Majesty to be toucht for the Evil, but at that time was so far spent with weakness that he was forc't to be carried to the King; some while after he was advised to come to London, to see what better hopes he might gain there, and was committed to Mr. Pearse's, his Maje­sties Chyrurgion, and my care, in whose sickness Dr. Lower was also consulted; upon examining of whose Leg, which was both a great occa­sion of his lameness, Hectick Fever, and Atrophy, we found a very large Tumour had seized the upper part of his foot, and caused a rottenness or Caries in his Bones; London air not agreeing with him, he after three or four days rest there, was ordered to Kingsenton; where the best of ad­vice and means were not wanting to him, but he still consuming daily under our hands, who from the first had been under our care not above twelve or fourteen days, at length closed up his day with the night of Death: I being desired by some of his friends to open his dead Corpse, [Page 127] amongst the things of note, as much as we could (for the dead Body had a very bad smell presently seized it) we found his swell'd Leg, upon opening it, to have a perfect Caries past through it, so that I could ve­ry easily pass my Probe through the same; his Intestines were extreamly tumefied and discoloured, and his Mesentery fill'd up with an infinite company of large Glandules, his Spleen was disordred, and his Liver was very large, exceeding its usual bigness in a great measure, his Heart and Lungs being both very sound and entire.

CHAP. XV. Of the Pancreas.

THe Body being opened, and the Intestines and the Stomach being removed, the Pancreas doth next appear, of which, because ma­ny things of great note are writ there­of, I shall presume to dwell some­while upon this Chapter, and take a survey of its bounds and limits, both as to its substance, sight, colour, figure, quantity, vessels, and the va­riety of uses designed it. It's a word composed (although not well to be allowed here) of [...] and [...], which signifies a fleshy bowel.Its sub­stance wholly glandu­lous. The sub­stance of the Pancreas is wholly glan­dulous in it self, for it is formed out of many minute globular glandules, every of which have their firmation and hardness given them, that they [Page 129] may endure separation one from ano­ther, and from their loose connexion they do form a soft body; so that by some the Pancreas is said to be a soft and loose glandule; again, every of the glandules constituting the Pan­creas hath a particular membrane gi­ven to them; yet all seem as it were coupled together by this strong coat, it arising from the Peritoneum, by whose benefit they are kept in their places.Its Site. In Man it is planted under the back part, and in the bottom of the Stomach, about the first Vertebre of the Loyns, where, to the Perito­neum it is firmly annexed, it is extend­ed from the cavity of the Liver to the region of the Spleen, and gets a transverse site there. If we take a view of its colour,Colour. it carries in it the pale colour of many or most of the glandules, for the Blood that passeth into it, is of a very bright and light colour. Its figure is longish,Figure. largest and thickest about the Duodenum, thinner and narrower towards the Spleen, obtaining a various constitu­tion in diversity of Animals. In sound Bodies this carries but a mode­rate bigness,Quantity. its length generally be­ing [Page 130] about eight or ten transverse fin­gers, and this it seldom exceeds in men of a good and healthful consti­tution. Its breadth is generally seen two transverse fingers, and its thick­ness in dead Bodies, as hath common­ly been observed, hath not exceeded the thickness of one transverse finger. Its weight is various, according to the diversity of mans constitution: And Dr. Wharton saith it generally is seen to weigh about 4 or 5 ounces, and in Horses it weighs about 11 ounces. It hath 4 sorts of Vessels allowed it.Vessels. viz. Arteries, which it takes from the Caeli­acal Artery; Veins, which it takes from the Splenetick branch, Nerves which it hath from the sixth pair, and a Du­ctus, which it hath given it peculiar­ly proper to it self, unknown to the Ancients, arising from its own Paren­chyma. This Ductus being membra­nous, and although thin, yet it is made very firm, whose greatness does very near equal that of a Goose quill towards the Gut called the Duode­num. In its progress it seems divi­ded, and then attenuated into both greater and smaller lateral branches, and running hence to all the glan­dules [Page 131] of the Pancreas, as to the va­riety of uses given this Ductus, and the liquor which is kept in it, Regne­rus de Graaf hath at large in his Book De Succo Pancreatico declared, to which I shall recommend the Ingenuous Reader. As to its use also,Its use. this hath as many given it, as Physicians can well put upon it. Thus some will have it as a Pillow to the Stomach; and this opinion Vesalius doth defend, as you may see in his Book de Omento cap. 4. but this opinion of his doth not car­ry much validity in it, because in Birds and Fishes, and many other Animals, this is seen to bear no use at all. Others defend that it lets out the Chyle from the Intestines; and this Baccius and Folius do vindicate, where they do stiffly maintain the Chyles passing out of the Intestines to the Liver and Spleen by the Pan­creatick Ductus; and this also is con­trary both to the light of Sense and Reason, for none of this Juice is sent out of the Gut into the Pancreas, but sent thence into the Guts. A Third sort do write that this part doth purge the Chyle, of which number is Veslingius. But he is readily confu­ted [Page 132] both by Asellius and Riolan, and others, and Experience doth joyn with them in their opposition; for this humour contained in the Pancreas is never seen bitter in taste, and therefore can no ways be allowed acquaintance with Choler. Others there are who account it the bilious Vesicle of the Spleen, amongst which the Worthy Bartholine appears, as to its conjunction therewith, as is seen Anatom. cap. 13. where he writes, That Choler is expurged by this Ductus, and so will needs have it the Biliary Vessel of the Spleen, being made for its use. But this gets a speedy refutation also, this Ductus not reaching the Spleen, neither hath the Spleen any commerce therewith, by having any of its Vessels sent ei­ther into its Ductus, or substance. Others also do write, That the thick­er and more feculent parts of the Blood are by the ordinary Law of Nature purged out into this. Of which opinion is Lindanus, who af­firms, That this doth purge the ex­crements of the Blood, and this seems to carry but little truth in it. When as the Pancreatick juice, as oft as it [Page 133] hath been truly collected, hath ap­peared like the Lympha of Wine; and therefore what can be conjectu­red of this excrementitious humour which he puts upon it? Others also think that this part was formed for the reception of excrements which do fall from the Nerves: And this our worthy Countrey-man Wharton doth affirm in his Adenograph. cap. 13. where he writes, That this glandule doth administer as all the other glan­dules to the Nerves, being as an excre­tory glandule, and doth receive the su­perfluities from the Nerves, the which doth dispatch thence by this proper Vessel into the Intestines. But because Nerves are made and framed for the dispensing of the Animal Spirits, I cannot perceive how this most ex­cellent man would have an excre­mentitious humour pass through them, and why they should be more deposed into the Pancreas, than into the Spleen, or any other part of the Body, I cannot well understand; for the Pancreas is a long way from the Brain, and too long, I am afraid, to receive its excrement, and there­fore by his leave, his opinion must [Page 134] meet with the same contradiction as the former. Others also do suppose that in the Pancreas both every use­ful and necessary humour is secerned and separated herein. And here Sil­vius de le Boe gives the seventh opi­nion thereof, who writes that no­thing is carried from the Intestines through this Ductus into the Pancreas, nor that any unprofitable excrement is in the Pancreas secreted by the same to the Gut; but a laudable humour prepared out of the Blood and Spirits in it is thence carried to the Guts, and this he thinks mix­eth it self there with the other ali­ments. And because perhaps he thought that nothing could be sent to the Guts, unless first having past by the Stomach, and so suckt up by the Ductus Biliarius or Pancreati­cus, and did less consider that not only in Intermitting Fevers the sick people are perplexed with various troubles about their Lumbar Regi­on, but in other diseases relating thereto, as Hypochondriack affecti­ons produced from the Scurvy, or a Cholera, accompanied with gripings and the like, succeeding them, by [Page 135] raising corrugations and acid hu­mours in them. This Pancreatick juice being in its own nature subacid, tempered with the Animal Spirits; and he judging Choler, which is bit­ter, and so a perfect enemy to acidi­ty, leaves the pursuit of its genera­tion to others, he himself acknow­ledging it being past his knowledge to define. As to the collection of this juice, Regn [...]rus de Graaf hath most admirably in his Book De Succo Pancreatico satisfied in cap. 3. ejus. libr. We now come to shew that this Pan­creatick Juice is no excrement, as is made good by the division of the a­foresaid glandules of the whole Body; & that we may declare its true & pro­per generation, we must propose allits glandules, by distinguishing them in­to conglobated and conglomerated glandules, and Silvius de le Boe doth make these two distinctions between them:The diffe­rence be­tween congloba­ted and conglo­morated glandules shewn. And these he calls congloba­ted, being framed as it were out of one continued substance, having an equal superficies, of which kind are the glandules of the Mesentery Inguens, and many other parts of the Body. Those called conglomerated glan­dules, [Page 136] which are form'd out of many small glandules put or joyn'd toge­ther, of which sort may be reckoned the Pancreas; and many other in the Fauces, Nares, Eyes, and the Thymus it self. The distinction between each of which Glandules is not fictitious, but real, as experience doth evidently evince:Made good by demon­stration. For take off the Membrane or Coat which covers either of them, and send into the Ductus Pancreati­cus, or Salivalis, any liquor by a Syringe being thereto fixed, or to the Arteries belonging to either of them, we shall see the conglome­rated glandules easily to separate, and part from one another; especially if there be care taken in the division of the membranes, as they spread into bulk. The which, use the greatest care you can, you never shall expect to do the same with the conglobated glandules.By their substance. Another thing which shews their difference, is their sub­stance; for by Natures Decree and Law, we find a Cavity in the middle of the conglobated glandules, where I am sure none is to be expected in the conglomerated glandules. To the confirmation of which, worthy [Page 137] Steno doth readily assent; where writing of the conglobated glandules, these are his words: Outwardly they are globous, not hallowed inward with any Pelvis, yet if you trace their separation aright, you will meet some lips, and cleft every way between their protuberancies. Again, besides their differences as to their substance,And in their Ves­sels also. their peculiar vessels do also declare the same. For the conglobated glan­dules are properly framed for the Lymphatick Vessels, which march­eth upwards towards the common Thoracick Ductus, whereas the con­glomerated Glandules do depose their liquor into peculiar cavities, as the Salivals into the Mouth, the Pan­creatick into the small Guts, &c. Va­rious are the passages of Glandules, and diverse are their substance; since therefore we have traced thus far into their differences between these two sorts of Glandules, we must not leave off here, but ought to search whether the liquor or humour which is found in them be one and the same in quality. And here we shall find much difference as to their quality,In respect of their quality. for we shall find one humour in the [Page 138] conglobated, and another in the conglomerated glandules; for that which is separated in the congloba­ted glandules is always of one and and the same nature; which is not only proved and made good by their substance being always alike, but by their passages by which they do exo­nerate and discharge the same. A­gain, upon a strict enquiry we shall find that the liquor which ordinarily does proceed from the conglobated glandules hath more of softness, and less of acidity in it than that which comes from the conglomerated glan­dules of the Pancreas, and yet that this hath more of acidity and saltness in it than those of the conglomera­ted Salivals. For upon tasting either of these liquors we wall find a nota­ble difference; for the Saliva is tem­perate and insipid, the Pancreatick juice is acid & Saline, or thereabouts. And since we find their juices to be various,As also in their uses. let us enquire into their use, and this is thus made good; all the liquor of the conglobated glandules is sent into the Thoracick Ductus, and mixt there with the Chyle; as the chief part of nutriment, going [Page 139] along with it throughout its whole journey: and runs along the Jugu­lar and Subclavian Vein, whence necessarily descending with the Blood being as yet confuse, it passeth along with it through the right Ventricle of the Heart, from or by the right Ear of the same: And this, I hope, must no ways be allowed excremen­titious or unuseful, excrementiti­ous humours being altogether se­parated from the Blood, so that by Natures Laws they are to have no further converse therewith, but ut­terly dismist thence; the which is ea­sily perceived in the Vein, secreted from the Sanguinary mass in the Kid­neys, and sent thence by the Uriters into the Bladder, the which after a small while lodging therein do make its last exit. Thus the juice of the conglomerated glandules being effu­sed through particular Ductus's into various cavities of the Body, where it meets with other humours nourish­ing the same; this also is not to be al­lowed excrementitious, for this works as the former, in their various places and uses. Thus the Saliva in the Ma­xillary Glandules, as well upper as [Page 140] lower, secreted from the Blood, is carried by the same Salival Ductus into the cavity of the Mouth, where having met with the nutriments taken therein, and mixing it self with the same, doth march thence with it in­to the Stomach, and there creates a ferment; and such therefore who do think this unuseful or excrementiti­ous, are as much to blame as those who accounted the former as need­less.What the Pancrea­tick Juice serves for. Thus also the Pancreatick Juice lodged in the glandules of the Pan­creas, do work as the former Ductus, where we shall as readily find this Juice, secreted in man four trans­verse fingers under the Pylorus, con­tinually spending it self into the Duo­denum, and there mixt with the fer­mented nutriments which thence de­scended from the Stomack, and driven thither downwards by the Peristal­tick motion of the Guts: In which propulsion its greater part, together with the more pure and liquid part of the Chyle is thence discharged into the Milky Vessels, and hence in­to its proper Cystern, whence by the Thoracick Ductus it is sent to the Subclavian Vein, and so marches [Page 141] along till it arrives at the right Ear of the Heart, and gets thence into the right Ventricle of the same. And if these be excrementitious humours, those which do supply the whole Oe­conomy of the Body may as well be allowed the same. These uses of these glandules I do believe were altogether unknown to the Ancients, who thought that they were framed as Sponges, to suck up all excremen­titious and superfluous humours; but our learned men of late, having with more care, study and labour lookt into this structure, do easily shew how lame they were in the uses designed thereto; and how former ages have lived in their errours, as touching the noble uses of this Pan­creas, every reading man may judge, by the arguments already discoursed of the same. I shall close up this Chap­ter with some Historical discourses hereof, where we shall find Riolan and Plempius granting the Pancreas the seat of intermitting Fevers, and of Hypo­chondraick melancholy, and the only cause of many Chronical Distempers.

Riolan. Anthropog. lib. 2. cap. 16. writes there,History. That he hath seen the [Page 142] Pancreas to have equall'd the Liver in its bigness; and this he makes good by the example of a Worthy Gentleman, Augustine Thuane, who being of a melancholick disposition, troubled about four days with Cho­lick pains, with weight and heavi­ness of his Stomach, his Hypochron­dries no ways swelling, but being seized by a Gangreen from the right foot upwards, died within six hours, with direful cruciations: The Body being opened, his Liver was seen Spherical, his Pancreas equalling the weight of his Liver, wholly Scir­rhous, accompanied with many Globes like a Pidgeons Egg, and the Spleen was so small that it scarce weighed an ounce.

History. Highmore corp. human. Anatom. lib. 1. part 11. writes that he once observed in a Noble Woman, who for some years was perplexed with Convulsions, Epilepsy, and Hysterick passion, these having made her yield to Death; her dead Body being opened, the Pancreas was wholly found ill-affected and ulcerated.

History. Aubertus Progymn. Exercit. 44. ad lib. abdit. Fernelii, writes this story of [Page 143] a rich Merchant, who in his virile age did enjoy all his faculties very briskly, as eating and drinking, and the like; but when he endeavoured to sleep, he had both a cold sweat seized his whole Body, and fell into a swoon, the Physicians that saw him in these fits did conjecture his disease might arise from his Stomach being ill affected, and therefore did pre­scribe him Hiera Galeni, but without any success, he being much worse af­ter the taking the same than before; after this they prescribed Cordials for him, but these had little success in him; and all the remedies which they subscribed no ways lessening his pain, he in this miserable condition put an end to his trouble, by leaving the World: His Body being opened, in his Pancreas was seen a perfect ab­scess, accompanied with much putri­fied matter, which infected his whole Body; and this was the only occasion of his speedy departure.

CHAP. XVI. Of the Liver.

THe Liver is a vast Bowel, plant­ed in the right Hypochondry, under the Diaphragma, in its convex or gibbous part it's round and light, in the lower part thereof concave; it hath a soft and reddish substance,Its sub­stance made of glandu­lous ker­nels. much resembling concreted Blood. Malpighius who by his Microscopes hath most accurately shewn the sub­stance thereof. Lib. de Hepate cap. 4. observes first, That its substance in man is framed of many lobes, and that these are formed of glandulous Kernels, the which do afford this heap of Ramifications, and covered with a proper Membrane. Second­ly, That the whole substance of the Liver, consisting of diverse glandu­lous kernels and ramifications of Vessels, that they may perform their [Page 145] offices together, Nature thought it necessary to place these glandules be­tween them for the more ready exe­cution of their offices. Then,That the Vessels are not joyned by any Ana­stomosis, but these glandules. that the abovesaid Vessels are not joined by any Anatomists, but these glan­dulous kernels chiefly framing the substance of the Liver are planted as a mean between them; from which observations he concludes, that the Liver is a conglomerated glandule separating the Bilis; and this he seems to confirm by the abovesaid reason. And because this office is particularly due to conglomerated glandules (as is seen in the Parotides, Pancreas, and the like) he saith this Vessel is the Biliary pore in the Liver, where, with the felleous vesicle, it joyns. These new observations of Malpigius have discust many things of the Liver left in the dark by the Ancients, and have given the same a better face of light. And that the unfortunate state of this Bowel being by them call'd the principal Bowel, and put by Galen as the great Throne of sanguification, and had in the highest esteem with them of any o­ther part of the Body, that in our [Page 146] times it should lose a great part o [...] that excellency which they bestow­ed upon it, and stripping it from all its bravery with which they cloathed it, like a Silk-worm spinning its last thread, it only now gets the name of a conglomerated glandule, and ap­pears as a new vessel rais'd from the Grave, gaining in it the new life of its knowledge and use. Asellius writes he hath observed a branch of Milky Vessels in the Liver; but without doubt he was in the dark, he taking the Lymphatick Vessels to be that branch; there being neither Lacteal or Chyleliferous Vessels any ways sent to the Liver, but many Lympha­ticks have been seen to arise thence. Thus Charleton lib. de Oeconom. ani­mal ▪ writes, that never any part of the Chyle doth enter the Liver.The Ori­ginal of Lympha­ducts. And indeed by all Anatomists the Lympha is allowed to arise out of the conglo­bated glandules planted in the hol­low part thereof, and so marching forwards. And Fredericus R [...]ysch, a most accurate Anatomist, hath ob­served that he hath seen many Lym­phaducts arising from the Spleen, not only out of its superficial part, but [Page 147] from its interiour part also: And fur­ther affirms, that he hath seen them in many other parts of the Body, which have taken their Origination from conglobated glandules, in which glandules he allows there remains a specifique vertue, for separating the acid part of the Serum from the Blood, & for giving the saline separated part a light acidity. And here he writes fur­ther, That by ligature he hath found that all the Lymphaducts which are in the Lungs do exonerate themselves in­to the Subclavian, Axillary, and Jugu­lar Veins. Some do affirm that they have found conglobated glandules in the Joynts, and without doubt doth thence deduce their Origination, and as to their insertion, they do hence ex­onerate themselves into the Chylifique Vessels, and diverse Veins.Its Vessels. The Ves­sels of the Liver, by this glandulous substance or lobes, are mixt after a wonderful manner, as is made good by a friable Liver, as Glisson doth de­monstrate.

The Office of the Liver is to moy­sten the Blood with a sulphureous dew,Its Office. and with the assistance of the Spleen, doth frame a ferment of the [Page 148] Chyle.The acti­on of the Liver, Spleen and Pancreas, made and designed for one and the same end. The action of the Liver, Spleen and Pancreas, are by most Authors allowed to be framed for one end; for they together do pre­pare the ferment both of Blood and Chyle; for the preparation of which there is required three several of­fices, and this is not to be compleat­ed by any one or two of them. This, as Flower,The man­ner of this preparati­on of fer­ment. being put into warm wa­ter, mixeth it self with the ferment readily, and by this the more ter­restrial and thick parts thereof are dissolved, and the more spirituous parts lying occult and consopite, are hereby likewise attenuated, and thus framed into a whole lump or mass; and these attenuated Spirits being thereupon poured, it becomes light­er and easier of digestion. Thus al­so is it necessary for the mixing the ferment to the Chyle and venous Blood, whereof the Spirituous Parti­cles herein lodging, are attenuated, and thus the whole mass is made more apt for a Hematosis, and nutrition. The ferment of this Bread also (by which we may easily find out both the knowledge of the Blood and Chyle) is generally made of some quantity [Page 149] of Flower, to which warm water is added, as also some salt and acidity; and this kept in a warm place, till both the Salt and subacid Spirits are by this heat somewhat volatiliz'd, and this gets possession into the mass, and so doth both dilate and separate the same; and thus does by degrees make the whole mass subacid and fer­mentative. This being done, a small quantity thereof is sufficient to leven the whole Loaf; for this small quan­tity entring into the Dough or Paste, doth both attenuate and divide these Particles, and dissolve the Spirits lodg­ing therein. And be the ferment what it will, this for certain▪ must be allowed, that it is framed of sub­acid, subsaline and corrosive parts, a moderate heat interposing there­with, with some volatization and liquefaction; the which should they be either more thick or dense, the force hereof would not so suddenly shew it self, but require much more time to act the same part: If therefore by some Sulphureous Particles these grow more Spirituous and Volatile, they do sooner and more readily run into ferment; as we see in Ale, the [Page 150] which in the space of half an hour or less, doth absolve: this work, be­cause these spirituous acid Particles hereby getting freedome, do also attain a more penetrating quality, and so shew a quick demonstrance of their intents and inclinations, ma­king a more speedy dissolution of the thicker parts, and so force also a more speedy suscitation of the la­tent spirits; but a moderate heat is a main agent in this work, for this is the master both of the acidity and al­so of the volatization. Thus stands it with both the Blood and the Chyle; the which if they be not attenuated before an Hematosis, and prepared by an admixt ferment fit for the same, they do not sufficiently spirituize it in the Heart, that is, the Spirits so lodged therein not being dissolved from the more thick and serous mat­ter therein remaining, the Blood hereby doth soon become thick and aqueous, and so less capable for nou­rishing the Body, making it hereby less able to perform its functions: And thus the whole frame of Nature is put out of order, her natural and animal faculties wanting that life and [Page 151] vigour, which gave them courage to prosecute the same.The fer­ment both of Blood and Chyle made by the Liver, and how this is per­formed. This ferment both of Chyle and Blood is perform­ed by the Liver, for whose accom­plishing whereof, the Chyle first pas­sing from the Stomach, is afterwards entertained by the Duodenum, where it meets with the Pancreatick Juice as its assistant; The matter of which the Liver frames this, is the venous Blood sent from the Gastrick and Me­seraick veins flowing hereinto by the Porta, to which there is therein mixt a subacid or saline Succus or Juice, made in the Spleen out of the Arte­rial Blood and Animal Spirits, pas­sing through the Nerves, the which is carried through the Splenitick branch into the Porta, and thence conveyed with the Blood to which it is annexed in the Liver; and thus whilst it bears a sharp and corroding quality in it, by the Specifique and Digestive virtue of the Liver, both the saline and subacid Particles lodg­ed in the Blood are both dissolved and attenuated, and so becomes fer­mentated, and their thinner parts, like the most fine and thin water, passing the conglobated glandules in [Page 152] the caveous parts of the Liver, and so receding from the thicker part of the Blood, are hence dismist by the numerous Lymphatick Ves­sels out of the Liver to various Veins, preparing the venous Blood towards the Heart; for the fur­therance of which performance, the Saliva passing by the Mouth, as also the subsaline and subacid Lym­pha, collected out of the glandules of the Axillaries, Inguens, and other places, as also of the Pancreatick Juice out of the Guts, doth sustain the Chyliferous Vessels, together with the Chyle.The ori­gination of fer­ment. And if any en­quire how these sharp, hot and fer­mented Particles do or may arise in our body, I shall give them this an­swer, They do arise out of Sulphur and Salt; the first being from Sul­phur, but the chief acrimony doth take its substance from Salt; the which besides its Sulphurious quality it bears in it, is innate in all our nu­triments, for we eat nothing which doth not carry in it a saline quality; this Sulphur dissolves this Salt, and brings it into a fusion, this being loosned and attenuated, doth by its [Page 153] acrimony both corrode, enter and dissolve all parts of our nutri­ments, and so doth fetch out the Spirit lodging in them, whose operation is Fermentation, with­out which no man can be kept alive; and when this is either de­bilitated or vitiated, his life is but very troublesome to him. And that we may trace this Fermenta­tion more happily, we by the na­tural Saline instinct of nature, which is in all nutriments, do add our help thereto, by putting Salt up­on the meats which we usually do eat, making them of a hard sub­stance, hereby giving them both a greater fermentation, and a more ef­ficacious ferment for their digestion; by so much the more we love or af­fect a greater saltness in them, as in Beef, Pork, or the like; because Salt in such is the only cause of their easie digestion; a manifest example whereof we have in Herrings, the which being Salt, do easily digest in the Stomach, but not being salt, and much boiled, they are not digested therein without difficulty. And thus the true action of the Liver, Spleen, [Page 154] and Pancreas, is said to make the ferment; whence follows, that where these bowels are well, and do enjoy their proper functions, the whole Blood is excellent good and spiri­tuous, and the Body becomes active and brisk; but where they are dis­ordred, innumerable diseases do arise from an ill ferment of the Blood and Chyle. And hence although the Liver doth not carry the same Ho­nour with us as it did with the Anci­ents, who reckoned it as one of the principal bowels, and the office of Sanguification, yet it wants not the reputation of an useful Vessel, whose use we cannot well be without, its diseases being dangerous, and the cure thereof not easily performed without difficulty.

History. Cyriacus Lucius de Obs. propriis, writes that he shewed in a dead Bo­dy a globous Liver, ascending with the Diaphragmae into the Breast, and to the right Breast, who also had a very large Spleen therewith. Ferne­lius lib. 6. cap. 4. Pathal. writes,Another History. That sometimes yellow Choler being lodg­ed a long time in the Liver preterna­turally, and not timely purged out [Page 155] thence, hath much thickned there­in, and produced very dangerous obstructions therein, the which also hath grown stony in process of time. Joachinus Camerarius de Observ. propriis doth therein write of a Gentleman,History. who being seized with a great cold­ness of his Thighs, and of his whole Body, with a consternation of mind, having also a Cough and Rheuma­tism going along with it, the which did occasion a Tumour under the Cartilago Ensiformis, or Sword-like Cartilage, which was hard, in co­lour equal, without pain, swel­ling beyond expectation; he neg­lecting the same, not in time using convenient remedies, he fell into a Cachexiâ, or ill habit of Body, and vomiting, taking its origination from his Cough; this Tumour very much encreasing, and the Cutis of the Ab­domen being hereby much extend­ed, the Patient seemed crooked, and, as it were, drawn back into himself; and using Stomachick and hot Oyls thereto, without any suc­cess of ease, and this Tumour still growing more upon him, took him from his Stomach, and caused a [Page 156] weakness in all his faculties; hence followed swellings in his face, as also in his feet; in this condition he flyes to Physicians and Chyrur­gions, amongst which the learned Dr. Volckerus declared this Tumour shewed it self to be an abscess, and needed opening, to the which this Patient agreeing, and the others willing to subscribe thereto, it was dilated, and not without admira­tion of the beholders, many Ve­sicles did break forth with great force, some partly rent, some be­ing whole, and filled with a thin waterish humour; some of these were the bigness of a Hens Egg, or a Pidgeons Egg, and some lesser, the which were sent forth by his Cough; with these Vessels did come forth a kind of thick humour, with a concrete viscidness, as also not much irresembling fat, and did ve­ry well bear the name of a Steo­matical abscess; these Bladders were near three hundred, as they could be guest, which were said to hold in them about 4 pound of Water: The third day after this apertion, these Vesicles did not so frequently ap­pear, [Page 157] but then issued out a foetid matter, and viscous humour, but not so plentifully as formerly; the Patient hence grew weak, and al­though all useful Medicines were prescribed him, yet he at last dyed with a Consumption. He being opened, his Liver was seen much tumefied, and livid in colour, and in the upper part, towards the Dia­phragma, this abscess appeared full with Bladders filled with a putrid matter, as it were a Cartilagi­nous Membrane, both which cor­rupted the Liver, and corroded it even to the Bladder of Gall. In his Lungs also was found a large abscess, wherein was contained pu­trid matter, to the quantity of near six pounds. The third ab­scess, which was the bigness of a Goose Egg, was annexed beneath the Liver at the Cholick gut, whose Membrane was thick; the Heart enjoyed its true position, the Ventricle, Spleen, Kidneys, Inte­stines and Bladder, being all firm.

[Page 158] Trincavilla lib. 3. cap. 27. de Comp. Medic. writes, That in the dissection of Bodies, he hath frequently seen Steatoma's in the substance of the Liver.

CHAP. XVII. Of the Spleen.

THe Spleen hath also many small conglomated glandules,Many small con­globated glandules herein, from whence doth arise this plenty of Lym­phatick Vessels. from whence do arise those plenty of Lymphatick Vessels, endued with the which by Malpigius are said to many Valves; contain a certain yel­lowish or reddish liquor, and by perspicuous passages are seen to car­ry the same through the Omentum in­to the Receptaculum Chili, they ari­sing out of many small conglobated glandules lodging in the Spleen, al­together denied by Wharton in his Adenographiâ. Malpigius was the first which observed these glandules in the substance of the Spleen worthy note: Of which he thus writes, cap. 5. ejus. libr. in the Spleen are found and disperst most copious branches of [Page 160] glandules, much resembling Grapes; they carrying in them an oval form and shape, not much differing from the Renal glandules; they have a white colour, as he hath always ob­served; and although the Spleen be tumefied with black Blood, yet these still do keep their colour; their sub­stance seems membranous, but soft, and easily friable; and this is one reason why Wharton will not allow the Spleen glandulous: Their cavi­ties being very small are not to be seen by the sharpest eye, they are very copious and almost innu­merable, overspreading the whole Spleen; they are wonderfully plant­ed, and are pendant from the branches of its Capsulae, or from the fibres thence arising; and consequently from the ends and terminations of the Nerves and Arteries; they are only seen by the laceration of the Spleen; in Man they are scarce discernable, if notwithstanding the whole body of glandules be tumefied by any dis­ease or distemper, they are more ap­parent, encreasing in multitude and magnitude; as he observed in a Maid that dyed, whose Spleen was found [Page 161] sprinkled with these conspicuous con­globated Glandules; We owe much to Malpighius for bringing us into this Light, be demonstrating to us that with clearness, which was kept in the dark from the Antients, and on­ly allowed conjectural. In the sub­stance of the Spleen, The Spleens Substance. which is subacid (the which is easily perceived in a boild Spleen) are contained many Glandules, and the Blood which is infused into those Glandules; to which also are added animal Spirits, coming from the ends of the Nerves ending in them, but much less in quantity, the which together making the sulphureous Spirit of Blood, gi­ving it some light acidity wherewith it is endued by pressure of the cir­cumstantial parts, it drives the same from the same Glandules; and being suckt up by the root of the Splenical Branch, marches by it to the gate of the Vein, and to the Liver, and be­fore it attains the root of the Veins, it stops awhile in the Cells, whose substance being Acid, by its delay there, doth obtain a greater Acidity, like Wine kept in a Vinegar bottle, growing by its delay therein, both [Page 162] more sower, and more sharp; thus Choler lodging longer than its usual time in the Bladder of Gall, gains a greater degree of acrimony in it. Ma­ny uses are designed and ascribed to the Spleen,Uses de­signed the Spleen. amongst which, Galen and many of the Antients did suppose, that its action was to separate the fe­culent or melancholick part of the Chyle; and that it did attract the same by the splenical Branch; and having once collected the same into its Dominion, did therein give it an­other digestion. But these both Bau­hine, Riolane, and Bartholine have al­ready refuted; for in the Spleen is no ample Cavity to entertain this excre­ment; or if there were, there is no apparent passage seen therein, for the discharge of the same out again. Others there are, as Vesalius, Platerus, Bauhine, Spigelius, and Piso, with ma­ny others, who will have the Spleen a Sanguificant Bowel; and with Ari­stotle do call it the Livers Vicar. The Liver being ill disposed, this perform­ing its Office for it; and to back and strengthen their opinions thereof, they do further tell us, That the Spleen was made for forming Blood for the [Page 163] Vessels which are contained in the Abdomen, as the Liver was for the other parts of the Body: but this loses ground apace, since neither by the Spleen nor by the Liver Sanguifi­cation is made, but by the Heart only: Besides, the Spleen hath no Vessels in it, by which it could send any Blood forth to these Abdominal Vessels; and that which destroys the whole Opinion, maintained and propagated by them, is the Bloods Circulation, which originally doth proceed from the Heart, and thence passeth through all the Arteries to all the parts of the Body. The true use of the Spleen is to make a subacid Matter out of the Arterious Blood,The true use of the Spleen. from which be­ing again excocted with sulphureous Particles in the Liver, in a specifique manner, it there frames a Bilious Fer­ment both of Chyle and Blood,How the Spleen doth make the sower Juyce. be­cause also this Acid Liquor herein ge­nerated, is not readily explained, we shall see it thus performed. A subsaline Subacid, and sower Juyce we have already shewn, is made out of the Arterious Blood in the Spleen, by the large Splenetick Artery, sending the same vigorously into this Bowel; the [Page 164] which by a plentiful affluxion of ani­mal Spirits by the Nerves, and also by this Bowels own mediate virtue, is instantly varied; and that sulphure­ous Spirit which was formerly seen in it, is now obtunded, fixt, and suffo­cated, and the salt and acid Spirit therein remaining, is produced into action; and the saline parts being somewhat separated do take predo­minancy. And hence is it, that the fervid and sweetish Blood flowing by the Arteries into the Spleen, and be­ing a while kept therein, the sulphu­reous Fervour with its sweetness lose themselves, and it becomes subsa­line and subacid, and so marcheth from the Spleen by the Splenical Branch to the Liver. And that this primary matter of Ferment, perfect­ed by the Liver, doth first come from the Spleen, is thus made good by ex­periment: For take the Spleen of an Ox, Swine, Sheep, or any other Crea­ture, and cut it into pieces, and put them into warm water, and put some of this warm water, wherein these have for some small time been laid, and put the same to Dough or Paste, you will soon find it dilate the same, [Page 165] and frame a Ferment therein, as well as Yeast or the like, the which will better declare it self, if you will but add a little Vinegar thereto. We come now towards its conclusion,How Di­seases of the Spleen do arise. where we may make some enquiries how diseases do arise from the Spleen; if therefore the Spleen be weak, leav­ing its subacid quality, not being well liquefied, attenuated, or volatiliz'd, but remaining thick, tartareous, and terrene, a large part of the Spleen be­ing accumulated with a plenty of this viscous Substance, giving a great oc­casion to the Spleens increase into a larger bulk; this spirit lodging in it, not being timely stirr'd up, but boiling in its narrow confines, doth in a great measure occasion its larger distention, hereby making it very ready to re­ceive any distemper whatsoever. Thus when a Scirrhous Spleen being any ways obstructed, or otherwise vitiated, in generating of an ill fer­mentative juyce; this makes it subject to a thousand evils, all which do shew the action of the Spleen sufficiently evident. Hildanus Obs. 44. Centur. 2. shews you there the Figure of a Spleen filled with a greasy kind of Matter, [Page 166] where it appears as it was dissected. Hollerius writes that upon opening a Woman who had a Stone in her Womb, she had no Spleen in her, but was destitute of the same.

Various have been the Spleens seen in divers People, both as to their weight and bigness.History. Thus Vidus Vidii lib. 10. cap. 10. de Curat. Membr. writes there of one whose Spleen was no bigger than a Pidgeons Egg, and that so hard and compact, that it al­most equall'd the hardness of a stone. Whereas Columbus writes,History. that he hath seen Spleens weighing Twenty pounds, and George Garner de Obser­vat. propriis doth there tell us of one of 39 years of age, who had a Spleen so large, that it filled the whole Abdo­men, suppressing both the Stomack and Guts; the which being cleared from the Body, weighed 23 pounds, and being cut in the middle cross ways, did every way answer the sub­stance of a sound Spleen, no ways changed in its colour, save only the Blood which was in it not being so black as usually it is; his Liver also was very hard, obstructed, and very large, and weighed Eleven pounds, [Page 167] his Stomack being so small, that it ap­peared but like a Bladder. Turneise­rus in examin. Ʋrinar. there makes mention of a Noble-woman, who had a Stone in her Spleen, the large­ness of a Chesnut, somewhat white, weighing Two Ounces, and a half, and a Drachm, concreeted with a crusty outside; this Woman was young and beautiful, and was taken with a pain in her Left Side every full Moon for Three days together.

CHAP. XVIII. Of the Kidneys.

THe Office of the Liver and the Spleen being discours'd, next in Order to the Rules of Anatomy, we arrive at the Kidneys, where the Serum mixeth its self to the Blood. The inward evacuatory passages of the Serum, being the Kidneys, and the Bladder, we shall only Treat of the First, being nearest of kin to our present Discourse. The Kidneys by the Greeks do take their derivation, [...] fluere, the Urine passing through them as thorough Rivulets. The substance of the Kidneys do ap­pear to our view as they were fibrous, framed out of a Concourse and com­mixture of small Vessels,Their Substance having some carnosity interposing; in outward Contact hard, inwardly moderately Spongeous. These things do offer [Page 169] themselves to ocular inspection, as touching the Kidneys. But Malpighi­us by the advantage of his Micro­scopes, hath given us better know­ledge thereof; by whose benefit he hath deliver'd us from many things which were kept in the dark from for­mer ages. For in his Book De Renibus, he writes, whereas in Men of growth the Superficies of the Kidneys com­monly appears equal; yet in a Foetus and young Children its found other­wise.Infinite minute Glandules found out here. The membrane of the Kidneys being ablated, and injection of spirit of Wine, tinged with a black Colour, being injected into the emulgent Ar­tery. Malpighius hath observed innu­merable minute Glandules, fixed eve­ry way to these bifurcated Arteries, and that they have been coloured with the same; which Glandules, with the Sanguiferous Vessels swelling with this black Colour, being produ­ced into the form of a specious Tree, they hang as an Apple. From these Glandules where the ends of these Arteries do terminate, he supposeth the Orifices of the Veins do arise, and that small Nerves also are there pro­duced. Their action is to separate and [Page 170] discharge the serous redundant Hu­midity from the Blood;Action of the Kid­neys. the which with it is carried by the emulgent Arteries, from which Blood in its transition, a good part of the Serum is separated, and distill'd into the Pel­vis, by the Renal Glandules, Urina­ry Fibrilla's, and Papillary Caruncles, and so falls thence by the Ureter into the Bladder, the remaining part be­ing sent by emulgent Veins to the Vena Cava.

The Kidney is a common Recep­tacle, and doth receive into it both moist and dry things; and this is made good, both by History and Example.History. Thus Langius 2 Epist. 40. writes of a Virgin, who by care­lesness swallowed down Five Nee­dles into her Stomach, the which af­ter Three days were discharged from her by her Urine.History. And Alex­ander Benedictus, Lib. 3. Anatom. cap. 9. writes, of one who having swal­lowed a small Key imprudently, within a small while afterwards ha­ving a Stone drawn from him, the which Stone every way joyned to this Key, and the Key was its first foundation; this Key came from him [Page 171] with the Stone.History. Nicolas Florentinus Serm. 9. Tract. 4. cap. 29. tells us there, of one who not well chewing Fun­gus's or Mushrooms, had some great pieces thereof came from him through his Bladder with his Urine.History. Julius Alexandrinus annotat. ad cap. 14. lib. de substant. Facult. natur. writes of pieces of Smallage Roots being eaten by one, many parts of which he hath observed, have come out of the Body with the Urine. Thus Anise-seed, Fennel-seed, and other Seeds, being swallowed down, many of these have been seen to come whole out from the Body, by, and with the Urine; and its believed, that all these things do pass the most narrow pores of the Kidneys, which the Blood cannot pass; and whether this of the pores special Figuration, and aforesaid Ap­titude, be sufficient for doing these things, I can scarce believe: For these hard and great things thus passing the milky Vessels, then marching by the Vena Cava, and the right Cavity of the Heart, and then insensibly, and without injury, to pass along thence by the most narrow and winding pas­sages of the Lungs, to the Left Cavi­ty [Page 172] of the same, and from thence by the great Artery, and emulgent Arte­ries before they come to the Kidneys, through all which passages they must enter before they can arrive at them; and then, that these can be transcola­ted by their Urinary Fibrils, and Pa­pillary Pores, as no Blood can go, doth confound both Faith and Rea­son. Neither can this be made good by experience; for in all my Read­ing, as to this point, in which I have taken a little more than ordinary pains, could I ever find that any Phy­sitian or Anatomist, hath declared he hath seen, either Needles, or Keys, or such hard things, or Seeds of any sort, in their opening of their dead Bodies, either in the Vena Cava, Ven­tricles of the Heart, or in the Lungs, or the great Artery, or in the Kid­neys, but in the last, Stones have fre­quently been seen and found there.

CHAP. XIX. Of the Renal Glandules.

THese Renal Glandules are by Casserius called Succenturiati, Their Name. and by Bartholine Capsulae Atrabilariae. The Omentum and Pancreas being laid aside; these do readily shew them­selves; And Wharton calls them Glandulae ad Plexum. Their Site. They are Two Glandulous Bodies, one being given to each Kidney, planted under the Diaphragma, above the Adipose Membrane, so as the right is joyned to the Vena Cava, and the Left put towards the Ventricle; they are found in the place where the Plexus of the Nerves do appear, to which they are firmly affixt; they do not generally exceed the number of Two, carrying in them much of the substance of the Kidney, save only their being more loose, of a Reddish Colour, some­what [Page 174] inclineable to Fat; they are seen to carry and bear several Figures in divers Persons and Animals, being seen sometimes Oval, sometimes Tri­angular, and sometimes Round; their Magnitude is not always alike in young People,Magni­tude. they equal the big­ness of a small Nut, and are small, and the Right doth generally appear larger than the Left, and it's very seldom that the Left do get the same advantage; they do not increase in proportion according to the other parts of the Body, nor bear a like time therewith as to their growth, and about pubertation to further Increment, they plainly do cease their growth; in large creatures these Glandules do appear larger, than they do in those who are of a more slender and smaller growth; and age coming on, they leave off growing with it; and when many other parts of the Body do by sickness or disaster meet with change, as to their former Being, yet these parts do seldom feel any thing thereof, for they do retain their bulk, as is made good by the example of Dr. Glisson, History. in his Book De Rhacitide, where writing of a [Page 175] Child falling from the Rickets into a Consumption, and Fever supervene­ing, forc'd her to quit her Life; she being opened, altho her Thymus was near consumed, yet these Glandules were found firm. They are cover­ed with a thin Coat, by which they are firmly annext to the exterior Membrane of the Kidneys: They have an apparent sinuous Cavity,Cavity. but this is so small, that it scarce admits a Pea into it; and this is better seen in a Foetus than afterwards, the which contains a black and feculent Matter in it, with whose colour its inward guard is tinged. In the greater end of this Glandule is seen a certain con­spicuous Cavity, into which many Cavities arising from the substance of the Glandule, do terminate with open mouth, and this Cavity opening its self into the next Vein, is defended with a Valve opening towards the Vein, and shut backwards. They do for the most part take an Artery from the Emulgents, sometimes from one, or many Membranes of the Aorta, or great Artery.

[Page 176] Uses.The Use of these Glandules is yet unknown, but many conjectures are past upon them; thus some with Veslingius do suppose, that they do assist the Tract of the Serum, and do collect the Atra bilis; the which like a Coagulum or Crud, doth promote the separation of the Serum from the Blood; others do suppose, that they do defend and keep up the divisions of the Reteform plexus of the Nerves; Some think that they do give warmth to the Stomack. Glisson doth write, that they do separate the Juyce de­signed for the nutrition of the Nerves, from the Blood, that hereby it may be sent to them more pure and refined: All which Opinions are meerly conje­ctural; and whereas there are some who do think that in these, some Coagulum is made, which thence pas­sing to the Kidneys, do there make a fit separation of the Serum from the Blood; altho this Opinion may in all likelyhood carry much Truth in it, yet till these passages, which make their way through these Glandules to the Kidneys be more apparent, how this separation is performed (as we have already shewn of the Spleen) [Page 177] this must only come under the name of conjecture. And since their use is at this day kept in the dark, and that no Physicians or Anatomists have given any light as to their uses; many diseases being believed to arise hence, some ingenious Men would do the World good service, and their Pro­fession, Reputation, to make known thereto, what observations they have made of them in dead Bodies, both as to their Diseases and Distempers.

Eustachius lib. de Renib. does give a very remarkable story of the Kid­neys of a Woman,History. who after her Tra­vel in Child-bearing▪ and a plentiful excretion of Blood which came from her, she dying, and her Body being opened, her Kidneys were seen white, fragile, and putrid, under whose pro­per Membrane so much of Wind had been collected, that it seemed as it were divided from its subject flesh; being so distended and turgid, that it very much resembled the species of a great Tumour. And that we may see all parts are not in all men made alike, we shall find Jacobus Carpus in Isagog. Anatom. telling us there, That in the year 1541. he saw in a publick Ana­tomy, [Page 178] one Artery, making or framing a passage out of the Emulgents into the Right Side out of the Kidney; the which past in a notable distance under the Kidneys into the Uritery passage, arising from the aforesaid Kid­ney, and both went, or were carried by one channel to the Bladder; yet this Emulgent Artery also entred the Kidney in its due place; and in this individual, the Kidneys were whole and seemed as one, and had two Ar­teries, and two Emulgent Veins, and two Ureter passages, covered with one only pannicle, which also kept the usual places of the Kidneys, about the middle of the Back, that is in that place, between the Spleen and the Liver, a little beneath it. Hercules Saxoniae observat ▪ History. shewed the whole flesh of the Right Kidney cut away from its proper Membrane, fallen in­to the Bladder, before Fifty and more of his Auditors: where also he tells you of the whole substance of the Kidney being resolved in Caruncles, and these being sent into the Bladder, did there produce such a suppression of Urine, that it procured the death of the patient which was therewith troubled.

CHAP. XX. Of the Testicles both of Men and Women.

THis Discourse begins with the Testicles, so called from the virility which they bear witness of, whose substance by Galen is wholly said to be glandulous,Allowed by the Antients to be glandu­lous though impro­perly. whose opinion of which is owned and allowed by Riolan, Fallopius, Spigelius, and Veslin­gius; every one of which affirming, that they are made of a white, soft, and glandulous substance. But Re­genus de Graaf. & Diemerbroeck doe plainly shew their errors, who allow­ed this substance glandulous; they neither having in them the substance, temper, or use of the Glandules, but are parts designed for noble uses, shewing and declaring the strength of Man, and are of great excellency, [Page 180] both as to his procreation and con­servation.How they are or­dained for Genera­tion. For in Man are two Or­gans framed, which serve for Gene­ration, some for making the Seed, and others when thus made, for sending the same into the Womb, as into its fertile Field. Our present discourse only touching upon the First, I shall pretermit the Second; And because Nature, which preserves her issue by Procreation, and Humanity gets fur­ther growth and friendship in the World by Progenity, both Sexes be­ing therein and therewith concerned, I shall in this Chapter give you a small draught of each Sex, as to the com­position and substance of their Testi­cles, and then declare their use. They are generally Two in number,Two ge­nerally in number. and therefore by Herophilus called [...] gemelli; partly that the generation of Seed might more happily proceed, and partly, that one being lost, the other might perform its Office: In Man they are planted outwards at the root of his Yard,Not plant­ed alike in Men and Women. but in Women they are kept inwards, placed in the lower Cavity of the Abdomen, two transverse Fingers from the bottom of the Womb, to whose sides they are [Page 181] annexed by a strong ligament, by most Anatomists called Vas Deferens, be­cause the Seed by this, may the bet­ter be transmitted from the Testicles to the Womb: these are not suspend­ed by a Cremaster Muscle, and are lodged in the inward Cavity of the Belly, for the better performing of their Office there designed them; in their lower part they do obtain a semi-oval gibbosity; in their upper part they are plain, their largeness do somewhat vary, according to age, constitution, and bulk.Those in Women much dif­fering from the same in Men. Their sub­stance being much different from that which is in Man; their inward sub­stance being framed of many sibril­lous Membranes loosely tied together, in whose aforesaid membranous sub­stance are lodged many vessels fill'd with Liquor, Nerves, and preparing Vessels, running along much in the same manner to the Testicles as they do in Men, and covering their whole substance, in whose coats many plen­tiful branches do vanish in a copious divarication. But to proceed with the Testicles of Man, and herein we are to enquire into the greatness of his Testicles, where also we shall meet [Page 182] with variableness as to their largeness, the general bigness not exceeding that of a small Hens or a Pullets Egg, and in old and decrepid persons they do not arise at this magnitude, but are much less, and do grow flaccid. The Right is by the general consent of the Ana­tomists, both larger and hotter than the Left; and hence is it that some do declare, that the Right doth beget Males, and that the Left doth gene­rate Females. And now to enlarge upon their substance according to the Antients, and here we shall see Galen lib. 3. de Aliment. Facultat. cap. 6. doth there pronounce the substance of the Testicles glandulous. Riolanus also joyning in Opinion with him, lib. 11. cap. 3. where he saith, that the Te­sticles are glandulous and spungy bo­dies, framed for forming the Seed. Fallopius, Various Authors proving them glandu­lous, but these con­futed. Spigelius, and Veslinguis, as I have already shewn, do all maintain the same; when they write that the Testicles are made of a substance which is both glandulous, white and soft. And N. Higmore. lib. 1. Part 4: cap. 11. doth add this to the opinion of other Authors, that in the middle of the glandulous substance of the Te­sticles, [Page 183] there is found a certain white, and thick Body, not much irresem­bling the Vas Deferens, furnished with no apparent Cavity; or if with any, a very small one, ascending from the bottom of the Testicles to the upper part thereof, into the inward part of the albugineous coat into which it is strongly implanted; neither is it only affixed to this coat, but doth perfo­rate the same, and is seen to insert its self into the head of the Parastatae, to which it so closely adheres, that it's not thence separable but by incision, tied in the lower and middle part of the Membrane by the intervention of Vessels. Wharton in his Book De Adenograph, writes, that the substance of the Testicles is both glandulous, white, soft, loose, cavernous or spun­gy; the which altho it doth want a manifest Cavity, yet it is perviated into a nervous Channel running through its middle, its whole length. But when you have read the Opini­ons of all these great Men, you may easily see how they have walk'd in the dark, as to the substance of the Te­sticles: Their Opinions carrying in them, no shadow or appearance of [Page 184] Truth, they writing that the Testi­cles are glandulous Bodies, they here­by creating a strange mistake, they having in them no resemblance at all of a glandulous substance; and he that exactly examines their fabrick and substance, shall easily find their errors,They are made of nothing else but of minute Vessels. for they are made out of no­thing else but a mass of minute Vessels framing the Seed; for they are easi­ly seen unravel'd, and that sometimes to a good length, the which no glan­dule can admit or allow: and for the proof hereof Regnerus de Graaf de Or­ganis Virorum, fol. 56 ejus lib. he there brings this Observation; Take the Vessels of a large Dormouse, and you will readily see the Vessels of the Te­sticles appear transparently, white with Seed by the Albugineous coat; the which being laid bare from the aforesaid coat, if they be thrown in­to a Bason full of water, and stirred a little about therein, you will see each part separate from other, the which if they were not made of the ends of Vessels, they would not thus admit this separation and division. Such as do want these Testicles, we do generally call Eunuchs. And [Page 185] whereas in some persons very oft times one Testicle hath been seen; so also in others there have been found more than two. Of the First sort John Riolan writes of a young man about 25 years of age who had but one Testicle,History. as you may read in lib. 1. cap. 31 and Petrus Borellus Cent. 11. Obs. 60. writes of a Monk having the same. And Regnerus de Graaf. in lib. de Organ. virorum, History. doth tell us of a Man opened at Leyden who had but one Testicle, no Cicatrice being found either in his Inguen or in his Scrotum, he having had Four Chil­dren by his Wife, and she being se­riously asked whether she knew he had more, she ingenuously told him, her Husband had never but one Testi­cle in his life. Contrary to these, we also read of some who have had three Testicles, and that these have so gone along in some Families. Thus some Anatomists have writ, that amongst some of the chief Families of Colen, many have been seen to have Three Testicles. And Fernelius lib. 1. Patho­log. cap. 8. writes,History. he knew several Families in which many had Three Testicles; and Forestus lib. 27. Obs. 15. [Page 186] writes in his Scholio, That he knew a Citizen of Antwerp which had Three Testicles, and was a man who was ex­traordinarily addicted to Venery. And Petrus Borellus doth also tell us of both Father and Son, who had each of them Three Testicles. Johan­nes Riolan, and also Anthropolog. lib. 11. cap. 29. writes, That he knew a No­bleman who had a plentiful stock of Children by his Lady, who had one of his Testicles, that is, his Right Testicle lodged in his Inguen or Groin, which deceived both his Physicians and Chirurgeons. And Silvius de la Boc. writes, That in a Nobleman he saw his Testicle lodg­ed in his Abdomen.

CHAP. XXI. Of the Epididymis or Parastatae.

THE Epididymides are fre­quently by Anatomists, called Parastatae, and by Fallopius are de­scribed long Bodies tied to either end of the Testis; planted at its head. Vesalius doth very acurately describe their Figure,Various Opinions about their sub­stance. and so doth Regnerus de Graaf in his Book De Organ. Vi­rorum. But as touching their sub­stance, various are the Opinions of Authors. Thus Vesalius writes their substance, much resembling the sub­stance of a dry Nerve. Fallopius op­poseth his Opinion in Anatom. Obs. fol. 290. saying this hath not well been observed by Anatomists; for al­tho the exterior part of the Epididy­mis appears nervous in man, yet its inward substance is wholly glandu­lous; [Page 188] and being cut or divided, you will find it woven out of many mi­nute Glandules. To whose Opinion both Bartholine, Veslingius and many others do willingly assent. And High­more seems willingly to erre with them, when he says, lib. 1. Part 4. cap. 11. that the beginning of the Parastatae is made of a glandulous substance, like that of the Testicle, being allowed no Cavity, and fra­med of many glandules, knit toge­ther by Membranes. And altho High­more hath writ the best of the Para­statae, of any of the former; yet in this Opinion of his, he apparently errs: For whosoever doth strictly ex­amine the Epididymis, It is made of several flexures. shall find, that it is a Body made out of various flex­ures, and that this is evident, its first and upper Membrane being laid bare which covers its Body, and tied to the Testes, you will find many are fractions and windings, the which may with ease be separated each from other by the knife, without any hurt to the Vessels, and these have after this separation, been seen drawn out to a sufficient length; for they are ge­nerally seen revolved from one side [Page 189] into another, and are kept in their site by a Membrane which they take from the Albuginea. But to proceed as to the Epididymis, they have not only been seen extended, but also sub-divided, the body be­ing dissolved, and this performed without much difficulty; if the thin Membrane which kept up these an­fractions be divided, where you may see the Vessels thereof, as well as you did in the former, whose flexures are so closely knit, that by former Anatomists they were taken for one Body; the which, with a little dexterity and patience, may easily be confuted, especially if the Epididymis be tumefied by the Seed, or any other ways by Liquor, sent thither by a Syringe. As to the uses of the Epi­didymis Spigelius does unhappily give it the semnifique faculty wholly,Spigelius and many other Au­thors uses, ascribed to the Epi­didymis, altho not without error. not allowing the Testicles this Virtue; no Seed being found in the Testicles, as he supposeth, but a serous Humour only; but he does not shew how Na­ture made a greater part for the sepa­ration of the Excrement, and a lesser for this semnifique faculty and action: nor does he demonstrate by what [Page 190] passages these collected Excrements should be discharged from the Testi­cles; but in this error he is not alone by himself, for many others do keep company with him in his Opinion; he supposing that the spermatick Vessels did not enter into the Testi­cles, but arrived at the Parastatae, but that these do enter the Testicles themselves, and not the Parastatae on­ly, is abundantly manifest; and that the Seed in the Parastatae is made spi­rituous in the Testes,That the Seed doth gain it further digestion in the Pa­rastatae. and passing out thence by many other invisible Ves­sels also, gains a further digestion, and in its longer journey it attains a great­er perfection, the which it maintains till it arrives at the Vasa Deferentia, into which it empties its self.

CHAP. XXII. Of the Prostates.

WE next come to the Prostatae, the which by the Antients were called nothing else but a spongy Body made up with many Glandules;This made up of Glandules▪ and hence by Vesalius this was called Corpus Glandulosum. These Prostatae are as assistants to the seminal Vessels, and are indeed as two Glandulous bodies, hard, white, and spongy for­wards, and backwards deprest, round from the sides, about the big­ness of a small Nut or Walnut, or a large Nutmeg, having a thick fibrous and strong membrane from the Vasa Deferentia and lower part of the Bladder. And altho they may seem to contain little humour in them, seeming to have but little commerce with the Vasis Deferentibus; yet in [Page 192] people much addicted to Venery, they are seen to swell very much, pre­sently after coition, with some certain submucid serous Liquor, the which by compression does issue out by two small Ductus's into the Ʋrethra and seminal passage.Its Sub­stance. These Prostates are said to have a double substance allow­ed them, as being both spongy and glandulous, every way covered with a strong Membrane, framed thus for the more aptly constringing the Bo­dy, for throwing forth, or discharging this humour separated from the blood. These Prostatae, Its Sense. or glandulous Bodies have allowed them as sharp a sense as the Testicles, and do make much for the advance of pleasure in Coition. And altho both Dr. Glisson and Whar­ton do ascribe them many Nerves, yet Diemerbro [...]ck allows them but very few, and these said to be very small. Its framed of an Oval Figure, and be­sides the Nerves, Veins, and Arteries which it enjoys, whose ramifications are plentifully spread over the exte­rior superficies of this glandulous Bo­dy: in its inward Cavity are seen ma­ny Ductus's, all which as they are planted at the sides of the great Ca­runcle, [Page 193] do exonerate and discharge themselves into the Urethra, whose Orifices are accompanied with certain small Caruncles, so that the matter made in this glandulous body, should not issue forth continually after the act of Venery, or the Urine flow through these Ductus's into their body.

If the Ductus of this glandulous body be distended by Wind,Obs. and then tyed up, you'l find its whole body much distended; and if it be kept dry after it hath been thus di­stended by Wind, and tyed up, it will wholly appear spongeous, be­cause the glandules, which first of all were found about its superficies, do vanish upon its thus growing dry. As to its use and Office, its allowed to give the Seed made in the Testes a greater perfection,Its Use and Office sending and dis­patching the same into the seminal Vessels, and kept there as a reservatory against future coition: Others disal­low this use designed it, by reason of the small and slender commerce there is between these Prostatae and the se­minal Vessels. The truth is, the use of this glandulous body, hath more [Page 194] than a little tyred the best Anato­mists; for the knot is not yet per­fectly untyed;Various uses de­signed this by Au­thors. for besides, the former uses given it, others do assert, that herein is lodged an acrimonious and serous humour separated from the bo­dy, made for giving a greater titilla­tion, or excitation of pleasure in the act of Venery: And some also do af­firm, that Seed is made and framed herein. But these are all easily refu­ted; for as to the First, if this was true, there must necessarily be a com­munication between the Vasa Defe­rentia, and these Prostatae, or Corpus Glandulosum, as to their passing out of one into another. As to the Se­cond, this is quite out of doors; for if any one will taste this Liquor, he'll find no Acrimony in it: and this last has not hit the nail on the head, for castrated people have sometimes been seen to eject their Seed. Wharton's Opinion of this glandulous body doth also meet with opposition, when he writes, lib. de Gland. cap. 31. that the Seed hath three several parts for its make; the First and most noble part whereof he saith is framed in the Te­sticles; the Second and more serous [Page 195] part thereof in the seminal Vessels, and the thickest and most viscid part in these Prostatae. But this his Opinion gains no foundation: for as the Seed is made in the Testes, it gains a great­er and better perfection in its passage through the Prostatae; but much more arriving at the Vasa Deferentia, wherein its lodged till the proper time of its excretion, so that there is no need of this threefold method of making the Seed in three several parts of the Body, as he supposed.

Having thus explained the uses both of the Testes and Prostatae, a question may hence arise by some, which ought most properly to be allowed the Seat of a Gonorrhea. This pro­ved the seat of a Gonorrhea And as answer to those confirmed by Regnerus de Graaf, this may well be allowed the Seat of a Gonorrhea, as well as the Testes; which Gonorrhea takes its name from [...] semen genitale, & [...] fluere, or if you please you may call it genitalis semi­nis profluvium. And that this may be allowed the proper seat hereof is thus proved; If this Body be so affected, that this kind of matter is not only herein generated, but the same conti­nually hence excern'd, and this Flux is [Page 196] generally allowed a Gonorrheal Flux. For Physicians and Chyrurgeons do not make any difference between this and the Seminal Flux, save only that they do declare the one to be more virulent than the other. And that such a Flux may happen, is proved from Tears and grief, in which a con­tinual plenty of Salival Matter, or pituitous Humour is excern'd by the vitiousness of the Glandules. And that also a great Colluvies of other humours by the illness of these Glan­dules may hence be excern'd, nothing can contradict or gain-say: for the Patient having taken any Medicine, this hath either spontaneously, or by some way or other deposed the gather­ing together of these ill juices of the whole Body; the which also may be allowed to have the same property and place in this glandulous Body, especially it being debilitated by Venery, or any other Malignity. For our Humours do keep in our Bodies, like Theives in a Prison, where when they do intend to get free thence, they do not begin their exit with the strongest parts thereof, by undermi­ning them, but do seize the weakest. [Page 197] Thus ill Humours lodged in our Bo­dies, do not enter the strongest parts thereof, but do force their malignity upon those parts which are the weak­est, and so the more ready to give them entertainment; neither doth Reason only, but experience also prove, that this glandulous Body may be thus affected. For there are many which by experience have testi­fied, that in dissecting of dead Bodies they have seen some affected with this Gonorrheal Flux, even to their Lives end. And for the confirming our Opinion hereof, we can make good by many examples, That those who have been great Riders, and suffici­ently shaken by their Horses, that they have by the same suffered a kind of Gonorrhea, much resembling a vi­rulent Gonorrhea, save only, that this doth not so readily prosternate the Faculties, nor proves so dangerous as may be made good by Bartholine lib. 1. Anatom. reformat. cap. 23. where he writes of a certain Patavian, who above 30 years laboured under such a Flux, without any detriment to his health.

[Page 198] History.And Vesalius writes, lib. 5. cap. 33. of one perplexed with an involunta­ry Flux of his Seed, whereupon open­ing him, and dividing this glandulous Body, as also the Testes, they were both found full of Seed; and for the confirming hereof, others as well as Bartholine do declare, that this glan­dulous Body may well be allowed the Seat of the Gonorhea.

The Te­sticles also allowed the Seat of Gonorrhea.And that the Testicles may also be allowed the Gonorrheas proper man­sion, is beyond all controversie; And this is thus proved, for we do fre­quently and apparently find, that up­on Quacks and Mountebanks not treating this Disease aright, as by ad­ministring untimely Restrictive Medi­cines in this disease;And this proved by unskilful giving of Restrict­ives▪ improper­ly. they have given it an unhappy suppression, which hath evidently shewn its self by the Testi­cles running into Tumour, which have bee sometimes seen to swell to that vast bulk, that those who have therewith been troubled, have been forc'd to keep them up by Trusses, and other convenient bandage oft used in the like cases, the which thing could never have hapned, unless they were the Mansion and place of this [Page 199] Gonorrhea. And hence it is that when this Seminal Matter which past through these Foramina, or small Cavities, is by the use and application of these Restrictives, too much ob­structed from any further flowing in­to the Epididymis, and is so accumu­lated in the Ductus's of the Testicles, that the Testicles with the Epididy­mis do run and increase into that great bulk and swelling which we just before mentioned. Women also having no Prostates, Women sometimes troubled with this disease. sometimes (al­tho more seldom than Men) are seen perplext with a Gonorrhea, which disease in them without all doubt, doth proceed from their Testicles, they wanting all other Organs al­lowed proper for forming their Seed. Forestus Obs. 9. lib. 26. writes of a young man troubled with a Gonor­rhea, History. whose Spirits not being much spent, nor his Body emaciated, had this disease seiz'd him by o're plenty of Seed, which so proved from too great a Plethory, for the multiplicity of Sperm, doth arise from multiplici­ty of Blood; he being consulted, and finding the Patient Rubicund and Plethorick, by prescribing him a thin [Page 200] Dyet, cooling and drying Medicines, with other Remedies there set down, the Patient suddainly recovered of his destiny.History. Alexander Benedictus lib. suo 24. cap. 3. de Curand. Morbor. writes of a Woman, who being much trou­bled with suppression of Urine, her Prostates being dryed up by Varices or Glands, planted between her Testi­cles and seminal Vessels, without much pain and trouble, her Bladder not being unloaded, her parts being by Unctious Medicines loosned, and her Urinary passages being well cleansed and freed, she enjoyed her former health to admiration. Schenkius in Obs. suis, tells us of Stones hap­pening in this glandulous Body, which did adhere to the neck of the Bladder, one of which is this follow­ing.History. Where he writes, we have ob­served in this glandulous Body a Stone fixt, whereby the Seed, unless it were small and aqueous, could not discharge its self thence, in coition; This person being by a Mountebank cut for the Stone, dyed in the Opera­tion under his hand. Cornelius Mani­lius the Chyrurgeon writes, that he hath found a Stone in this glandulous [Page 201] Body. And Rhasis writes, that he hath seen Stones herein also, as Mar­cellus Donatus writes Histor. Med. Ad­mirabil. lib. 4. cap. 30. Aetius Tetralib. 3. Serm. 3. cap. ult. tells us of a young man,History. who when he was concern'd in Coition with a Woman, he could no ways send forth his Seed, but be­ing asleep it readily came from him, and frequently; whence may be col­lected, that the Seed Vessels receiving much humidity with Cold, cannot be warmed, whereas having in sleep been warm, they easily do discharge the same, Rest warming the inward parts, and cooling the outward.

CHAP. XXIII. Of the Glandules of the Artus, or Articulations.

WE conclude with the Axillary and Inguinal Glands, to which might be annexed, some which are lodged in the flexures of the joynts, as those of the Elbow, Knee, or that great one of the Thigh, commonly called the Popes Eye; and the only thing which offereth its self as touch­ing these, is to declare their differen­ces as touching their Names, Magni­tude, Figure, and Uses.

As to their Names.Some of these have proper Names given to them, thus those in the In­guen are called Buboes; others known from their situation, and thus in the middle of the Thigh we call the Popes Eye: And the Axillary Glands do take their Name from their place be­longing to the Arm-pits. These Glan­dules [Page 203] do very much vary also in their Magnitude,Their Magni­tude. for those in the Thigh are by Wharton allowed to be Eight, and these seen very large; the Arm-pits have Three usually given to them, but these are lesser than the former; those in the Flexures of the Knee and Thigh smaller than both the former, and that lesser than all the rest, which is planted near the Elbow; their Fi­gures also are various, some being round, others Oval.

Wharton in his Book De Glandul. Artuum. tells us of a great Affinity and Commerce between these Glan­dules and the Nerves,Wharton's Opinion of these Glan­dules. so that he sup­poseth the Nerves do conveigh to, and take from these Glandules; for its proper enough to allow the Nerves bringing somewhat to them, as by sending them some of their excre­mentitious juyce; where also he writes, that these Glandules do not discharge themselves into excretory passages, but into the neighbouring Vessels next to them, which is gene­rally thought the only reason of their being planted at the greater division of the Vessels, for the more easie re­ception of the superfluities of the [Page 204] Nerves deposed into these Vessels, to which they are strongly annext.

And that they do also carry some­what away from the Nerves, is as pro­bable, (vid.) a certain nutritive juyce, the which being milkt out by a simi­lar attraction of this glandulous sub­stance, doth throw forth this mixture of its Lympha into the Lpmphaducts, and by their virtue doth keep the same thus received from them, and this their own substance doth suffici­ently make good, which is both sweet and delicate, and does carry a very near Nature with that of the Ner­vous Juyce.

Diseases happening in these Glan­dules, are either simple Tumours, commonly called Buboes, or compli­cated with venereal or pestilential swellings. And these Causes hereof by Wharton are generally reckoned Two, the First being the Blood, ob­structed in its circulation, and hence a Tumour ariseth, from the hindrance of the Bloods impetuous Flux from the Heart by the Arteries, and its re­course back again out of these by the Veins. The Second may originally arise from the Nerves, as from their [Page 205] superfluities which they let fly and spend into the Glandules, vitiated ei­ther by quantity or quality; now where these superfluities do only erre in quantity or quality, as occasioned by viscidity, thickness, or the like, this occasions a simple swelling only▪ but when a venenate or contagious Matter arrives here, it begets a Tu­mour like its self, answering the same Matter of which it is made, be it ei­ther venereal or pestilential.

Aetius tells us,History. lib. 6. that strumous swellings have not only appeared in the Neck and Throat, but have been seen and found in the Arm-pits, and Inguens, Sides, Womens Breasts, and the like. And Julius Pollux Gramaticus affirms, that Scrophules do not on­ly arise in the Mesentery, but have been found in the Arm-pits and Groyns. He tells us of a Woman in Florence who had a Scrophulous Tumour in her Thigh, which weighed above 60 pound, whose substance did so mightily increase, that therewith she was forc'd to keep her Bed for Five years together, the which at length, was by strict bandage and cauteries wholly eradicated.

[Page 206] History. George Wyrtz Physician, writes of a Gentleman who had a Struma in his Groin, or rather if you please, a Steatome, which exceeded the weight of Forty pounds.

History. Hollerius Obs. 23 lib. Propria, tells us of a noble Painter who had such a large Ganglion or Wenn in his Thigh, that it exceeded the bigness of a Childs Head; having another large Tumour annext to it: both which were wholly eradicated, and the Patient perfectly discharged from the same, and cured.

History. Benivenius, cap. 14. tells us of a Wo­man, who had a very large strumous swelling upon her Thigh, which weighed above Sixty pound, the which proved so troublesome to her, that she was forced to keep her Bed, he being intreated by her Prayers and Supplications to undertake her cure; by a strict Bandage made of Hair and Silk wrought together, he cut the same near half way thorough; the other part thereof he dispatcht with a red hot Instrument, by which the flux of Blood was wholly sup­prest: the Woman being near dead, was put into her warm Bed to refresh [Page 207] her self, and by having proper Cor­dials to support her Spirits, great care used, and proper Medicines ad­ministred, she was brought to her perfect health, by God's Blessing go­ing along with his endeavours.

CHAP. I. Of the Struma, or Kings-Evil in General.

AS some Diseases are nearer of kin to England than to other Nations, so by the general received Opinion of Physitians, they do hence take their Causes; their relation to Distempe­riety, associating with Diseases which [Page 2] are most general and common with them. Thus we frequently see a vi­cious Constitution of Place continu­ing for some time amongst us: or if for some small season leaving us, and then making its quick returns upon the Sons and Daughters of Men, this in a ve­ry great measure gives being and growth to a Disease.

And hence is it that divers Coun­tries have their own proper Diseases allowed them,Divers Countries allowed various Diseases. (proved and maintain­ed by all Ages.) Thus to Egypt is grant­ed the Leprosie as its proper Disease; Attica kept up the Gout; Hungary has its particular Fever, Christned by its own name; Apthae, or Ulcers of the Mouth and Palate in young Chil­dren, are very frequent in Syria Some have laid the first appearance of the French Pox upon Naples, although it long ere that time dwelt in the West-Indies, and had longer being ere that in the World, as shall be sufficiently made good in this Discourse. Plica is generally granted the Polony Disease, and the Scurvy believed to Sail from the Baltick Sea. Sphacelus was first thought to arise from a cold Country near the Northern Pole, bringing with [Page 3] it a Mortification on the Nervous and Membranous parts. Carbunculus al­lowed an Evil of the Province of Nar­bosensis, and Bronoochele is so common a Distemper in Bergomy, that the In­habitants thereof do not take any no­tice of the same, they living without pain that have it, generally granted to take its Origination from their com­mon Liquor they Commonly make use of. And whilst we have thus far tra­vel'd, we have only taken a view of the Diseases of other Countries, let us come nearer home, and behold our own Island, and here we shall find it to bear a part with Diseases and Di­stemperiety as well as other Nations; and as England had once the Name of an English Sweat,English Diseases. so it hath been very fertile in producing Strumaes, or Kings-Evil-Swellings, Jaundies, Rickets, Scur­vy, Consumptions, and the like. And without our Bodies had, and still were subject to change, we should not find them so readily assume these sick­ly impressions. But Reason doth suf­ficiently evince the same, these arising either from the Diet therein made use of, or ill Habits therein bred, or chan­ges of Temper made by Air, and the [Page 4] like. Thus we read the Scab of Ethi­opia did arise from their excessive Eat­ing, they commonly feeding upon Lo­custs, which bred this depraved dis­position in them. The Gowt in Atti­ca also had its being from delicious Food, & their over frequent use of Venery. And, that Air may very well be allowed an expert Ingredient in forming Diseases, our own Country can readily confirm, by sending of their numerous Ofsprings (of this Evil we discourse of) up hither so frequently to be healed.

England very pro­lifique in producing Diseases.For whosoever examines England in its Nature and Constitution, shall rea­dily find that it is as prolifique in pro­ducing of Diseases, as she is fertile in procuring of Conceptions; and its forty to one, if she gives not as rea­dy a Remark of the one, as of the other, she being no more barren in the one, than she is in the other. And hence is it that not only the strong and Vigorous Man, who enjoys the delight and blessing of Wealth, but the weak and infirm Person does propogate and beget Children, as every day makes good. And that Women also who are infirm, and of an ill habit, and Ca­cochymick [Page 5] Constitution, do most rea­dily bear Children, this also is as plain. And whoever do consider these both as they ought, may reasonably allow, that a Child begot and bred from such a Parent, may both easily and rea­dily derive a Disease from them, be­ing by Nature made like soft wax, which every one knows doth with ease receive every Impression which the Seal gives to it.

This Child therefore coming into the World distempered from its Mo­thers Womb, enervated,Diseases from the Mothers Womb. and every day giving greater and better Signs and Symptomes of its depraved Con­stitution, what can deny its ready yeil­ding to any Disease whatsoever? I would not willingly be here mistaken, (this not reaching the whole race of Woman-kind) that they themselves are either all infirm, or that they must necessarily serve the World with a di­seased Off-spring. But this I shall pre­sume to assert, that where such a mix­ture of ill conditioned Parents do meet in Coitu, and therein and thereby do use their endeavours to raise a Natu­ral Stock; where such a product is made, their Children are very seldome [Page 6] seen to carry better metal in them, than they have derived from their Parents; and may as well be allowed to share of their depraved Natures and Consti­tutions, as of their Estates and Fortu­nes.Several Reasons to make good the Assertion. Several Reasons also might be given for the confirming the same; for how oft also hath this been found to arise from the abuse of the Commo­dities cheifly and mostly in use in the Country where these diseased People do inhabit? Thus by eating too much Fruit, how many have we seen readily surfeited? by drinking too much Wine, too many enfeebled with the Palsie and afflicted with the Scuvy and Gout? by living very high, and at ease, not using much Exercise, have shewn them­selves the most ready Masters for Ve­nery, Debauch, and Lues? All which may well enough be allowed to have sufficient Efficacy in them, to give Be­ing and Breath to Diseases, and do most readily either ex toto, or ex par­te, daily make good the truth hereof, according to the Times, Places, Na­tures, Tempers, and Constitutions of the Agents or Actors thereof.

And that this Struma, or Kings-Evil, may well enough also be allowed Com­plication [Page 7] with Pox, Scurvey, Gout, Jaundies, and other Diseases, shall be sufficiently made good by convincing Arguments enough: For if the Pox should perchance keep company there­with, or sent, or derived thither, ei­ther by Contagion begot from Nurses, or an Hereditary Right of Parents, this makes it quite another Disease from what we have already been discour­sing of, both in its Nature and Essence, which by no means may be allowed to have any commerce therewith: But this by time may also be granted to suffer a sufficient change in its form and nature by the same, and may be allowed to gain Affinity therewith, and take some measures of its Praeter­natural Indisposition, as shall be suffi­ciently made good in my Discourse of the Causes. The Scurvey we see also gets very near acquaintance with this also, and this is either contracted by Chance, or procured by an Hereditary Right in the tender Constitution of the young Patient; or collected and gathered out of its ill Regiment there­of, as to its Order of Diet, Air, and the like, all or any of which are power­ful enough to promote the same: for [Page 8] this has no more relation in Children in these Diseases, than it hath in others of a longer continuance; in which, by length of time, the Blood becomes tainted, contracting a greater illness, and to this it easily yeilds, by reason of the Infants a version to Motion, and Exercise, the which does expose, or rather depose the Body to a Scorbu­tick habit; and thus, according to the thick and viscid humours which the Blood contains in it, scattering the same about some parts of the Body, does force these parts which are thus therewith perplexed, to carry the same Marks, and bear the same Symptomes as it declares and bears in its self.

CHAP. II. What the Kings-Evil-Swelling is, with its just Name and Na­ture.

WE come now to treat more par­ticulary of a very frequent Distemper of our Age,The Kings-Evil a Di­stemper of our Age. which looks as if it got birth from Commerce and Conversation with Mankind; it arri­ving at that numerous Off-spring, that it meats us almost in every Street; and this for the most part doth happen in that Age which Philotheus calls [...], or Tertia Aetas, and it is there­fore reckoned by Hippoc. Aphor. 36. amongst Childrens Diseases. Celsus, Aetius, Paulus Aeginetta, Antonius Mus. Brasavol. Fallopius, Guido, and several others do call these Strumous or Scrophulous Swellings [...],Its proper Name. or Adenes Induratae, they allowing them their Originations from pituitous Mat­ter and Blood, generated in this Age of Chil­dren [Page 10] from their voracity, and intem­perance of Diet. This is a disease also in magnitude having been seen to swell to a vast bulk, hunting out both the Animal and natural Faculties, lodged chiefly in the Neck and Throat, cal­led by Galen [...], or A­denes, or Strumae induratae, as to their substance. Physitians at this day (as to their breeding) are not agreed, some affirming that they do arise from a plenty of matter, such as is serose and glutinous, coming into the Glandules; Galen affirming, Aphor. 36. that they are made of a cold pituitous Matter, Placentinus and Theodoricus with many others as stifly asserting that they are bred from Flegm and Melancholy. Celsus contrary to the rest, contends for their sharing from all Humours in the Body, in working them up into Tumours. Scrophulae are by most Au­thors derived from Scrophae, or Swine, these Creatures also being very subject, and the Subjects of this Disease; this in them arising from their Gulosity, bred and begot from thick Flegm and Me­lancholy, having some fluxile matter therewith adjoyned for advanceing their encrease. And as these by the [Page] [Page 11] Latines are called Strumae, so by the Arabians they are called Scrophulae. Wharton makes this distinction between them in his Book of Glandules, where he calls Scrophulae, Wens, and Strumae, the Kings-Evil: of either of which he also gives this Description, allowing Scrophulae to run into great Bulk, the which have been seen of a vast weight, and do contain in them variety of Jui­ces, which gives them this massy sub­stance; Strumae, not always increasing, but sometimes seen to act their changes in Humane Body, being not always at one stay, they sometimes disappearing, whilst at other times they have been found to shew themselves more appa­rently. Guido, Laurentius, and seve­ral other Authors do declare Strumae to be indurate Tumours of the Glan­dules, or as I may say a kind of Scir­rhus therein; and most Authorities that I have stricktly examined about them, do declare them indurate Kernels, lod­ged and contained in a glandulous membrane, found evermore either in the Neck, Throat, Brest, Axillaries, Inguens and the like, making their chief abode amongst the Vessels, bor­dering on them, or related to them; [Page 12] Valescus, cap. propr. calls them Apo­stems bred in the soft Flesh, or hard Apostems in soft Flesh bred from Flegm and Melancholy. Avicen calls them Glandulae Scleroticae. And amongst all these Worthies, since we have given you a survey of all the Glandules in our first Book, give me leave amongst these Worthies to assert my Opinion of this Disease, commonly called the Evil,The Au­thors opi­nion of the Dis­ease, and its defini­tion. which is no fictitious Distemper, or imaginary Evil; but rather a pro­per disease; and that the Matter of our Discourse may oblige every common Eye, in its entrance, and make every believing Man joyn with me in the Truth thereof, whereby every one may become in some measure a true Judge of the same, such things as we have seen with our Eyes and treated with our Hands, shall justly reach their view, and if possibly gain their Approbation.

What the Struma is.This Strumous Disease therefore, or Kings-Evil so commonly called from his Majesties healing of the same, is a cold and moist praeternatural intempe­riety, generated in the Glandules from a Subsaline and Subacid Juice, colla­ted from the wheyish part of the [Page 13] blood; the which whensoever it en­ters them, or approach their Membra­nes, it doth both harden, concrete, incrassate, and convert the same into a coagulate caseous substance.

And whereas ever Disease is contra­ry to the part which it besiegeth, so it doth daily more and more damnifie and impair the same; and when this arrives at any consistence, or gains a Habit or Constitution therein, nature her self beginning to grow weary there­of, and so not able or willing to hold out the conflict, or maintain the bat­tel, is forced to yield thereto, by which the Disease gets greater footing, and advances into Increment, and aug­ment. For we commonly see that al­though the beginnings of Diseases are obscure, and this Disease sleeps as it were for some time, yet other whiles they give sufficient Testimony of their appearance, and make the diseased apparently convict of their near ac­quaintance. And as Flegm,Flegm a great A­gent here­of. which by all Physitians is allowed the colder and more moist part of the Blood, or taken commonly for the serous part thereof, so it consequently must be allowed a great Parent of this [Page 14] Evil Brat, through which carrying but a small quantity of Spirit with it, it proceeds more slowly in its course, than the other part thereof, and may therefore be well enough granted a great Agent of the same as we shall ma­nifestly make good when we come to treat of its causes.It allowed a movea­ble consti­tution.

This Strumous Disease may also well enough be allowed a moveable Con­stitution, it oft-times changing it self, and keeping its variety of Turns, of being either remitted or intended without any dissolution of the whole, and may as well be granted to arise from an inequality of Nutriment, no part excessively increasing and running into greater Bulk than another with­out an inequality and disproportion of Nutriment. Whereas the common Tone and Harmony of parts is preser­ved and kept up by the common qua­leties equally embraceing each other; and where there is any recess from the just Mediocrity to either of these Ex­treams, there must necessarily follow a viciousness of Harmony,Looseness of parts a great fa­vourer of Strumaes. as is appa­rantly made good in Strumaces, where we may perfectly behold a Discrasie of Tone in this affect made good by [Page 15] looseness of parts, the which is also a great Agent in forming of Tumours, and giving them their Increment: the which being once over-stretcht, does not only run the part into a weakness, not having in it strength enough to maintain its former vigour, but makes it every day more pliable than other to its commands, till it hath got that greater and looser bulk which we find may suffice for giving entertainment to these Swellings it is thus seen to possess and enjoy.Looseness and moist­ness two insepara­ble Com­panions in our Bo­dies.

And that which doth more clearly heighten the truth hereof, is, we shall evermore find, that where there is seen a Lubricity of parts, Humidity evermore keeps company therewith: for Lubricity and Humidity are inse­parable Companions in our Humane Bodies; so that where-ever we meet with any Lubricious or loose parts, we shall evermore find them moist; and both these together do call into them a third Companion, which is Stupefaction, and there's nothing that I know should forbid the same. For when the Spirits being in their Exal­tation shall contract an Acrimony, as is oft-times made good and perceived [Page 16] by Spirit of Wine upon Aqua Vitae, the Aqua-Vitae being benummed by the Spi­rits strength, by how much this is ad­vanced in Stupefaction, by so much there is made a greater quantity of Lu­bricity, and a lesser of Acrimony: whence we may conclude, that the dulness of the Spirits lodged in the af­fected parts, does much favour this Looseness and Lubrici [...]y, and the Spi­rits thus losing their Vigour, do give us a true remark of the same, as Do­ctor Glisson well notes in another case, and as Galen hath it, (with which I shall conclude this Chapter) Bodies of Children are most passible, by reason of their Humidity, Laxity and Soft­ness.

CHAP. III. Several Differences of the Evil, both from the Ancients and Mo­dern.

STrumae is the common name given to this Disease; not Struma, Differen­ces of Strumaes. be­cause we seldom or never do meet with a single one, but many do from thence arise, and that matter thereof which gives being to one in the Glan­dules, doth also make way for the en­trance of another, the first growing harder, and so making more ready way for a second and third; and these in­creasing into an indurate substance, do also enlarge the looser parts, and make them more apt to receive as many as they can get in.The man­ner of their Birth. And thus whilst the Matter is flowing which is thin, serous, and waterish, first forming a soft Tumour, this in time becomes concrete and indurate, and this also [Page 18] incrassates therewith. And I presume this may be allowed a reasonable ac­count of their birth and beginning; the Matter again sometimes flowing into three or four Glandules at once, and the Physitian or Chyrurgeon en­deavouring to discuss the same, they hereby only discharging the thinner Matter, lay platform sufficient for a Scirrhus, to build its self upon the thicker and more viscous part which is left behind.

The pati­ents strength or weak­ness is al­so another considera­tion.Another difference hereof may be taken from the Patient's strength or weakness, either of these having in them power sufficient to procure a greater or lesser degree of this Stru­mous Disease: For as the Vital and Natural Organs do keep up and main­tain their Vigour and Harmony in their Constitution, so also the Spirits may be allowed to contain in them more or less Vigour, and so be granted more or less dangerous.

Another difference from its [...]es.Another difference may arise from the Times thereof, which by Physi­tians are generally allowed four, viz. Beginning, Augment, State, and De­clination; which by Galen are thus described, when he calls that Begin­ning, [Page 19] when the Crudity of Matter oc­casions the Disease; the Augment, when the same is better digested; that the State, being drawn from its Excre­tion; and that allowed the Declina­tion, reducing the remainder to its Na­tural State: But this comes nearer the Discourse of Fevers than Strumaes, they no ways maintaining such a re­gular Order or Course. Amongst these also Strumaes may be allowed much to differ both in their Magnitude, Nature, Place, Origination, Multitude and Multiplication of Vessels.

In their Magnitude,In their Magni­tude. they being greater or smaller, from their Natural Condition, some being therewith so slenderly affected, that one would scarce believe them concerned or trou­bled therewith, they both eating, drinking and sleeping as well as any Person whatsoever, save only now and then they have some twitches and marks of its close acquaintance; and and these discovered either by their upper Lips, Neck, Throat, Breast, and the like; and although this Disease may sometimes run into great bulk, as is frequently seen, yet it is time alone that gives it this Increment: for the [Page 20] Motion is slow and dull, and unless it be quickned by some other humour which hath power enough in it to mend its pace, and raise it into a more speedy Motion, it marches on but slow­ly and leisurely.

In their Nature also they do much differ,Different in their Nature. as also in their Constitution, some of them being benign and with­out pain, others being more malign, and very painful; some soft, others hard; some yielding to Suppuration, others expecting Discussion.

Different in place & mobility.Different also in Place and Mobili­ty, some of these being elevated, others deprest; some superficial, others pro­found; some being fixt and immove­able, others being loose and moveable; some seen planted in the fore-part, others in the back-part, and others bordering at the sides of the Neck; some dwelling in the Eyes, others in the Lips; some in the Neck and Throat, others in the Breast, and some also in the Articulations or Joynts: and be­sides all these places, although some there are who pretend greater Judg­ment in the knowing of Strumaes than others, yet do not, nor yet ever have shewn their greater Reasons for the [Page 21] same than others may; yet with their favour and leave we shall find these Strumous Swellings exercising several other parts of the Body, as the Fin­gers, Toes, Junctures, and the like, which I have often observed in Chil­drens Hands, sometimes in their Wrists, sometimes found the same in their An­ckles, and at other times in their Feet and Toes; although these all allowed not Strumaes by some, they very well bearing their Nature, and increase like Strumaes; and that this may also be made out very well, more Glandules are dispersed through our Bodies which may give being and growth to these Tumours than we yet have found out.

They also do much differ in their Origination and Number,Different in their Origination and Num­ber. sometimes these being seen (although rarely) single, many times double, and so daily increasing their stock, some be­ing few, others appearing more in num­ber; some large planted in the Plexures of Joynts, where Glandules are ap­pointed for sustaining and keeping up the Vessels just under the Cutis; others being more properly called Glandu­lous Bodies, whose Habitations are [Page 22] seen in the inner parts of the Body, as the Omentum, or Kell, Breasts, Pan­craeas, Mesentery and the like; some are arising in the Neck, others in the aforementioned parts. And amongst Flegmatick Excrescencies are these fol­lowing numbred, many of them being very near related to Strumaes, or Strumous Effects, of which sort are these: Glandula, Nodus, Lippitudo, Bronchochele, Artheroma, Steatoma, Me­liceris, Bubo, Testudo, Botium, Cancer & Spina Ventosa, of every of which I shall presume to touch in their Or­der.

What Glandula is. Glandula, which by Guido is said to take its name from Glans, it very well resembling a Hailstone or Kernel, is soft, moving and separate from its cir­cumjacent parts, bred generally in the Emunctories. And that which shews the difference between this and Stru­ma is this: They being generally made both of one and the same Matter, and bordering about the same places, the Strumae generally living, if not always in the Glandules; and the Humours which feed them being different from others; And herein lies the difference between Glandula and Strumae, the [Page 23] Matter of the Glandule being more subtile and thin, that of the Struma thick and viscid; and hence Galen, Lib. 3. de Loc. affect. writes, that when this thin and subtile Matter does incrassate and grow viscid, it readily forms Strumae; and this is also defend­ed by Aeginetta and Avicen. And be­cause indurate Glandules are more se­parate from the Flesh, so that although without much difficulty they may be known from the same, by the touch, yet it will not easily appear, how these Strumae may be known from these Glands acting the same parts in its Neighbouring Flesh. Avicen tells us, these are generally found in the Hands and Feet, as also in many other Ner­vous parts of the Body, calling them Glandulous Apostems bred from Flegm. Valescus says they are seen larger or smaller according to their greater or lesser quantity of Matter or Humour which gives them their In­crement, allowed sometimes to grow from a small Pea or Cizer, to the largeness of a Melon, as Rhasis writes he once saw. Glandula therefore is an Excrescence framed by indurate Flegm, and Strumae differs from this because [Page 24] they are conjunct, and many planted together, neither are they vexatious, or accompanied with much pain, Glan­dulae being fewer in number, and not so easily traduced from one place to another.

What No­dus or Ganglion is. Nodus or Ganglion is also bred from a hard, thick, and viscid Flegm, hap­pening mostly in the Nervous and Tendinous parts, but chiefly in the Head and Joynts, on the Hands and Feet. A Node therefore being allow­ed a knotty-coagulated Tumour, does much vary from Strumae, whose pro­per Abode and Habitation is in the Glandules.

What Lip­pitudo is. Scleropthalmia, or Lippitudo, being sometimes seen an Inflammation of the whole Eye, but chiefly in the Con­junction, with redness, hardness, pain and Rheum, arising either from Con­tuscon, extraordinary heat, or weak­ness of sight, and a plentiful defluxi­on of Humours happening in young Children, and others who are trou­bled with a weak sight, may in a great measure be allowed to bear a part with Strumous or Kings-Evil-Swellings, the Glandules in the Eye being Agents powerful enough to beget the same; [Page 25] and as a general remark hereof, I have generally observed, That when ever this Humour hath met with any Ob­struction, it generally and usually cre­ates a hardness and swelling of the up­per Lip; and this I presume also is oc­casioned by some small passages deri­ved from the Lachrymal Glandule sent thither. And when-ever such who have thus been troubled have been toucht by the King, these Swellings have ve­ry readily abated, and some immedi­ately upon the same have been seen to vanish. Besides this Scleropthalmia, there is also another kind of Lippitudo, and this by the Greeks is called Pso­ropthalmia, or Lippitudo Pruriginosa, arising from salt sharp Rheum falling down into the Eye, and both these sometimes are seen to meet together, the last increasing the pain of the other.

Bronchochele, What Broncho­chele is. so called by the Greeks from Bronchus the Wind-pipe, and Chele Hernia, or Rupture. This Tumour by Celsus is allowed to arise between the Cutis and the Wind-pipe, whose Mat­ter being lodged in a Cystus, or Bag, is dull Flesh, somewhat resembling Honey or Water. Or if you please, [Page 26] it is a large round Tumour, generated from a Flegmatick Matter, sometimes seen to take up the greatest part of the Neck and Throat, wherein variety of Matter hath been found sometimes re­sembling that of Atheroma, sometimes that of Steatoma, or Meliceris, some Countries affording more plentiful ex­amples hereof than others. Thus the Inhabitants of Piedmont are thought to take this Disease so common a­mongst them, from the Liquor of which they make their usual Drink, being for the most part as is reported made of melted Snow. And this by most Au­thors is taken for another Companion of the Evil; and if you do accurately dissect the Anterior part of the Neck from the right side to the left, you will assuredly find first the Wind-pipe whence this Bronchochele takes its Ori­gination, and upon this you'll meet very large Glandules, quartering un­der the Larynx, which makes up these exuberant Swellings, commonly call­ed Gozza in the Country it's so fre­quent in. After this smaller in their sides, and these are those which makes your Scrophulae, or Strumae, whose consistence hingeth either upon some [Page 27] Internal Jugular Vein or Artery, and Recurrent Nerve: the which parts if you curiously examine, you cannot be mistaken in finding a Bronchochele from a Strumous Tumour, and like­wise as readily prevent the dangerous extraction of one from the other. I have known many people also cured of this by His Majesties gracious Touch only.

Atheroma, Steatoma, Meliceris, are generally allowed Flegmatical Swel­lings, and Excrescencies; and they do differ from other Tumours by their being lodged in several Bags or Mem­branes, and do every of them carry in them diversity of Matter, they ge­nerally hapning in the Membranous parts, and in those places which are different distance from Muscles; and every of these do take their Names from the variety of Matter which they do carry with them.

Thus Atheroma by some Authors is called Nodus Pulticulosus, What A­theroma is. the Matter which is contained in its Bag or Mem­brane much resembling Pulse, arising from mixt Humours, in which Flegm is a very great Agent; for from this it takes its white colour it seems to con­tain [Page 28] in it, and doth maintain other wa­terish Qualities, it appearing much like Whey, and is a longish, round, sublated Tumour.

What Ste­atoma is. Steatoma also is called Nodus Adepi­nus, carrying in it the substance of Fat or Sewet, much resembling Sewet, which the Greeks call [...], which bears a great part of its Name, it be­ing at first small, and by length of time purchasing and contracting a hardness, becoming a round Tumour, not ele­vated, but rather depressed; and as Aetius doth affirm, it adheres firmly to the Cutis, its substance not being fluid, but compact and coacted, and not contained in a Cystus, or Bag as the former, but lodged between two Mem­branes or Coats, and may in some mea­sure be allowed to generate like Fat or Sewet from intemperiety of parts, or discrasie of Blood.

What Meliceris is. Meliceris is also called Nodus Melle­us, containing in its Bag Matter much resembling Honey, wanting pain, car­rying a round Figure with it, by Ae­tius it is thus described, being an ab­scesse inclosed in a Nervous Coat, con­taining in it Matter much like Honey, wanting pain, having a round Figure, [Page 29] easily yielding to touch, and as easily gaining its former shape and figure; all these are, and have evermore been rec­koned in the number of Strumous Tu­mours; and of this sort also I have known very many cured by His Maje­sties Touch alone.

Bubo taking its proper Name from its place the Groins,What Bubo is. (which by our common English-men is also taken for that place which is called Popes-Eye) bears in it the Strumous, as well as the Venereal and Pestilential Swellings, this place being the part where the Nerves do send forth their Excremen­titious Juyces, as well as the Axilla­ries, both being Natures best Emun­ctories, by which she discharges her Illuvies from the Humane Body, as also the only places to which she de­signs the same. And as Venereal Swel­lings having herein appeared by the Corruption of the Blood, it being de­prived and stript of its former Vigour and Essence, and altered and changed by this malign Humour, and the Plague acting in the same manner by poyson­ing these Glandules with their Venom and Foetid Humour, so are both the Axillaries and Inguinal Glandules seen [Page 30] usually afflicted with these Strumous Swellings.

What Te­studo is. Testudo is a Tumour both large and soft, its greater part being made of Flegm, and its lesser of Melancholy.

What Bo­tium is. Botium is always said to live in the Throat, and becomes larger than the former, and its Increment doth pro­ceed from a Flegmatical Carnosity be­got from Rheum, distilling from the Brain into the Throat, happening more frequently in some Regions than in others. Thus in Calabria, the In­habitants thereof drinking commonly a thick, viscous, and muddy Water, are frequently seen troubled with this Distemper, being bred from a great part of Flegm, and a lesser part of Me­lancholy; and this does shew its self more fluxile when Flegm exceeds in quantity, but when Melancholy gets the upper hand, this gives the Swelling the hardness we find it bears; this by many Authors being also called Parys­thimia.

What Cancer is. Cancer, which takes its Name from a Crab, having expanded Claws and Feet, being of a Livid or Cinerish Co­lour, does much resemble this Tumour, whose Figure is round and of a Livid [Page 31] Colour, and does as closely adhere to the parts on which it enters, as a Claw of a Crab in its gripe. And although some Authors will needs have this to have affinity with the Struma, I can­not so readily comply with them, un­less the Struma proves Ulcerous, and then it may as well prove Cancerous: for Flegm, as it is a dull, heavy, fla­tulent Companion, and void of pain, and does not carry much sense in it, or with it; yet when it takes Adust Choler into its cognizance, and this gains better and nearer acquaintance therein, this in time masters the other, and makes the Patient feel the Vigour of its prevalency, by its corrosive, cruel and terrible pain which it brings along with it.

Spina Ventosa is a Tumour of the Bones;What Spina Ven­tosa is. and although the outward Shell thereof may appear hard, yet the inward Juyces are all putrid and rotten within; and this does compre­hend in it all the small Bones of the Hand and Foot, Fingers and Toes, the Skull also and Mandibles, and scarce a Bone in the Body but may be liable to this effect: these I have very oft thus found in Strumous Bodies in my own [Page 32] practice, where I have frequently ob­served, that although the Cortex of the Bone hath seemed sound, yet the Body thereof hath apparently shewn its self spongy and rotten. And this was evident enough in a young Gen­tleman which came from Oxford, who was Patient to Dr. Lower, where Mr. Pearse and my self were concerned as his Chyrurgeons, whose very small Bones of his Instep were so rotten, that I did pass my Probe quite through the whole Instep, without any opposition whatsoever, after he was dead, as se­veral of his own Friends saw, and some other Chyrurgeons, who assisted me at his opening.

The Evils proper Names ac­cording to its proper places.The Struma, or Kings-Evil there­fore, when it seizeth the Eyes, its proper name is Lippitudo, bringing frequently with it a hardness, swel­lings, and driness on the upper Lip.

If it ariseth behind the Ears, its proper Title is Parotis.

If it seizeth the Neck and Throat, and so marcheth down all along the Mastoideal Muscle, this is Struma, or Scrophula.

[Page 33]If it covers the Wind-pipe with Tu­mours, its called Bronchochele.

If it enters the Glandules of the Throat, Parysthimia and Botium.

If it seizeth the Axillaries or In­guens, Struma Axillaris, or Bubonosa.

If it gets into the Bones, and begets a cariousness in them, Spina Ventosa.

If it carries variety of Substances in it, according to the Humour or Mat­ter which is therein contained, it may well enough be named, either Athero­ma, Steatoma, or Meliceris.

If Flegm be the chief Agent, it may make Testudo, Ganglion, or Glandula.

If it meets other Humours therewith complicated, as Melancholy, or Adust Choler, it may properly be allowed either Scirrhous or Cancerous. And thus much as touching the Differences of Strumaes.

CHAP. IV. Several Causes of Strumaes, or Kings-Evil-Swellings.

[...]. Antece­dent cau­ses of Strumaes.I Begin this with the Antecedent Causes hereof; and here we shall observe, That such Diseases which may be allowed a near relation and affinity with this, may also be granted to agree with the Essence thereof; as those which are of a cold intemperiety, or moist, or relating to both: for this temper is the proper Basis of this Dis­ease, by which it produces such an in­numerous off-spring of little soft Swel­lings, the which afterwards are seen to run into Concretion, and at length becomes incrassate and indurate; whereby we may also presume to in­troduce this Observation, That vio­lent Diseases do not so easily and rea­dily change into mild Distempers, as [Page 35] these do, or may do into Diseases which are more forcible. Thus if a cold and dry intemperiety should happen in a Child, it would from its own temper speedily beget a change as to a cold and moist distemperiety; and hence is it that cold Digestions are made im­perfect, and hence Crudities and crude Homours do succed, the which in this tender age of Infancy and Youth may well admit of a moist intemperiety to keep company with them, every Man knowing that the Sperm of Creatures, by how much it is more moist than the Creatures which are thereby produ­ced, by so much also is it more slip­pery, the Flesh of younger Creatures being more soft and slippery than that of Old age, and the like.

Another cause hereof also may be referred to an inequality of Nutriment;2. This also may be al­lowed to inequality and dis­proporti­on of Nu­triment. not an inequality of Nutriment ascri­bed to it, for when we see one part thus excessively increase, and another wants its due and decent quantity, ther's a necessity of allowing a dispro­portion and inequality of Nutriment, having some prae-existency in the Bo­dy, where one part borrows and gets from another, whilst the other loses [Page 36] and lessens in its mediocrity and true proportion: for uneven Swellings do declare sufficiently the Liberal Nourishment in their tumefied parts, which the extenuated parts do as readily shew in their loss and want thereof. But seeing this inequality of Nutriment is a depraved action, and does appear and shew its self as a cause of the Organical Vices, we hence ought not to allow these Organical Vices the first Radix of this Disease, whilst we shew agility and activity of Body to heat and warm, and the coldness and density thereof declaring themselves by their tardiness and slowness. Take this therefore as a plain Demonstration thereof, when and where we see these helps which do excite, increase and cherish heat in the outward parts, does in a plentiful measure add to the De­scription of the Matter or Humour contained in these Swellings; the which being cast together in a Lump, hath power sufficient to discard and banish this Disease, whereas a cold Distemper in its own natural Consti­tution being first herewith affected, may very well be granted the primary cause and essence of this Disease.

[Page 37]The Spirits also being defective in the affected parts,3. Another cause from defect of the Spi­rits. do also declare and demonstrate an evident sign of their Lubricity; and as their flaccidness doth comprehend a looseness, so they do arise both from one and the same cause; and as these two do include a certain vacuity or emptiness, its evi­dent that from the Stupefaction of the inherent Spirits, the plenty and vigour thereof being augmented, the lank or flaccid member or part is easily hereby rendred turgid and tumefied.

Provident Nature as a Guard to this hath not excited Vital Spirits in the Arterial Blood for their own sake on­ly, neither are they distributed to the parts, and joyn'd to them only for their own advantage, but rather that they might enliven and brisk up the inhe­rent Constitution of the solid parts; and hereby actuate, invigorate, and promote their Faculties. Hence we see all Creatures, the more liberally they do feed, the fatter and more fleshy they grow, unless some impe­diment does intervene: but if the due quantity of Nutriment be substracted, they grow lean and extenuated; when therefore any one part hath a more li­beral [Page 38] disproportion thereof than ano­ther, reason must allow this to in­crease, and grow into a Bulk, whilst the other becomes as it were starved, being robb'd and stript of its just and even measures. For when the attra­ctive, retentive, and digestive Facul­ties do recede from their first Vigour, and do unduly and ineffectually ex­ecute their Offices and Functions, these may well enough be allowed also ano­ther primary cause of this Disease; and for clearing hereof, where loose­ness, softness, and lubricity of parts, as I have already mentioned, does appear, the expulsive Faculty here­with becomes vitiated, and the brea­thing is too easie and dissipative, and the Circulation of the Blood becomes slippery, the retentive Faculty also through weakness of parts loses its pri­stine Vigour; and where the Expences do exceed the Incomes, there must consequently follow a decay of the publick Stock, the Exportation being found to exceed the Importation.

4 The pu­rile age another cause hereof.Amongst the other antecedent cau­ses also may be reckoned the purile age; for as Hipp. hath it in Coac. prae­not. from the 42 year of Mans age, [Page 39] even to the 60th year thereof, neither Strum, Stone, Gravel, Dorsal, or Renal Pains are generated, unless be­gun before, and so still continued: but of this more when we treat of Here­ditary Diseases.

These two following may appear as good causes of this Disease,5. Two other causes. as when the Matter out of which these Swel­lings are made being thick and viscid, having a contumacy therewith adjoin­ed, and here the best of skill may be shewn to eradicate these Strumaes, and extirpate both them and their Radix, by taking hence a new supply of Hu­mour fitted for its purpose, there re­maining here some Ashes (as Galen hath it speaking of Fevers, Agues, and the like) which are apt enough to blow up a new Fire, being already warm, corrupting the next Humours, and inflaming them, whence he sup­poseth doth succeed the Renovations or Returns of Diseases which are daily seen to bear. A second may be the Folliculus, or Bag to which every of these little Tumours are so close adhe­rent, that they are scarce thence di­visible: whence it happens, that the Matter thus left in them, although [Page 40] partly discharged, yet the remaining part behind does give a very great oc­casion to the increase to a new Gene­ration of Strumaes, bred from a de­praved Humour: and were this Blad­der by the Industry of Chyrurgery totally extirpated, yet there may be some Ramifications left behind like Li­gaments which may give being to a fresh growth and increment of the same.

Quest.But here may arise a Question, How it happens that sometimes these Stru­maes shall be seen lodged in Bags, and other-whiles they shall be found free thereof?

Resp.To which I shall give this Answer; These Folliculi, or little Bags, are no­thing else than some small Membra­nous Veficles, in which these various Humours are lodged, and that these Membranes (as Hipp. hath it in Libr. de Carnibus) are made of the dryer part of the Blood, and that part there­of which is most glutinous and con­gealed by cold, (he also writing that all Membranes are made from the be­ginning of their Origination) while therefore this glutinous Matter there­of is congealed by cold, we shall find [Page 41] it covered with a thin Membrane, as we see the Blood is in Dissection of Humane Bodies, or in Phlebotomy, where the thinner part of the Blood flies out briskly, being hot and moist, the which when it is cold, we shall find the same as it were covered over with a thin Membranous Vail. Thus Stru­mae, in which the Matter is void of vis­cosity and glutinosity, although it may in time somewhat thicken and congeal, yet it does not make any of this Membranous Coat: But on the contrary, when as there is found a glutinous part therein, and when the Matter therein lodged is concreted, as Hail is out of Snow by Coagulation, this kind of Cutis is made about it as its proper Tegument, the which it pro­perly takes to its self, and in it does frame and form its Incrassation.

Tumours also which do obscurely and by degrees fall into the Nervous parts by the Membranes from the ex­ternal part of the head into the Glan­dules,6. Another cause. and once getting therein foot­ing, may be well allowed great Pro­moters of Strumaes, and when-ever adust Choler or Melancholy does in­termix therewith, they do generally [Page 42] beget a virulent and fierce Ulcer, which we commonly call Struma Carcinoma­todes.

Another cause is Congesti­on of Hu­mours.Another efficient cause hereof also may be allowed Congestion of Hu­mours in the Glandules; Now the cause of Congestion is Fluxion of Mat­ter to a place, and attraction, expul­sion, or concited Motion in Humours is the cause of Fluxion, the cause of all which is the Congestion of the same in the Body. Again, ill Diet, loose­ness and weakness of parts, as I have already sufficiently made good, are great instrumental occasions of Con­gestion; and hence is it that young Children are so frequently seen trou­bled with those Swellings, and most subject to these Diseases, they neither using any regular method of Diet, much abounding with Crudities, and coacervated with many Excrements by want of Exercise.

Avicen calls them Melancholy Pro­ducts,7. Flegm another cause. and Galen will have the efficient cause thereof to be Flegm, which is the Excrement of the first Concoction, the Liver in such being much better and sweeter than in such who have lived to a greater age. And the truth [Page 43] is, whether Flegm be taken for the colder and moyster part of the Blood, or the Whayish part thereof, or for Spattle, or for the Mucous Substance which passeth from the Nostrils, or Jaws, or for the Pancreatick Juyce, take it for which you will, if this be long continued and contained in the Body, it hath a direct reference to this disease, and may well enough be allowed the cause thereof: for as it is cold and moyst, so it is slow and thick, benumming the parts, being but lit­tle Spirituous, and affected with an Internal Lubricity; all which does evi­dently demonstrate this as a primary essence of the same. Wherefore upon a superfluous Accumulation of this hu­mour, managing a production of this affect, it in justice ought to be allowed a proper cause, and primary Agent there­of. Thus far have I travelled upon the general ground of causes, where I have seen and shewn them as they have been allowed by the best of Autho­rity.

But because I am well satisfied these may not please every Master, I shall take a Turn or two, and examine the Causes hereof nearer home, and trace [Page 44] this Strumous Disease as to its Here­ditariness from Parents to Children; wherein, that we may fully satisfie the World, we shall make this good by comparing Diseases which are proper­ly, from those which are so improper­ly called: wherein also the Parents faults are to be laid open in every re­spect, as giving being thereto. Next we shall shew the Causes of this Dis­ease, being so incident to Children: wherein we are to take notice of the five non-natural things in their use, as to the Air, Meat and Drink, Moti­on and Rest, Sleeping and Waking; of the other five things praeternatu­rally cast out and retained, and why this Disease happens more frequently in England, Scotland and Ireland, than in any other part of the World; and the reason of its natural inclination to them; and as a conclusion to the whole, I shall make good, That the POX and SCURVY are very great Clubbers towards its advance and growth, especially in this our Age, where Debauch is so frequent, and Venery become the common Har­lot of the Times.

[Page 45]We begin with the first,8. Whe­ther this Disease be Heredi­tary. of which I shall presume to offer, That before we shall or can satisfie this point ful­ly, we must make good these two dif­ferences of an Hereditary Disease; the one properly so called, the other im­properly so termed. That which is to be allowed properly so, is ever sup­posed to be pre-existant in both, or one of the Parents, and from thence derived to the Successors; whereas an improper Disease so called hath not the same kind of pre-existence in ei­ther of the Parents: yet the same fault preceeds which imprints the like in the Children, which thence so readily fall into this improperly Hereditary Disease.

Again, A proper Hereditary Disease is two-fold, either in Conformation,An Here­ditary Dis­ease two-fold. as a lame Father begetting a lame Child, or a blind or deaf Parent acting in its like, or in the Similary Constitution, as when a Gouty, or Scurvy, or Stru­mous Parent begets the like Children. An improper Disease so called, may also likewise appear in Conformation, or Similary Constitution: In Confor­mation, when neither of the Parents are blind or lame, yet these have be­gotten [Page 46] a blind or lame Child, by the very fault of Formation. And in Si­ [...]ary Constitution also there may lodge an Hereditary Disease so impro­perly called, as when a Melancholy or intemperate Parent begets a Gouty Child, or a Strumous Brat, although the Parent never himself was ever troubled with either of them. And this we have apparently seen, that although neither of the Parents were in their Infancy or Childhood afflicted with this Strumous or Evil Disease, yet Symptomes thereof have suddenly shewn themselves, and their disposi­tions thereto in their Infants and Chil­dren; especially in such Parents who before Coition were evilly disposed by vitiosity of Body, or errour of Life, having enough in them to transmit and transplant the relation thereof to their issue: but of this more by and by, made good by Arguments preva­lent enough.

Again, Children however they may borrow ill dispositions from their Parents, as we frequently find it hap­pens, which may produce the like ef­fects in them; yet they are seldom therewith troubled before they be [Page 47] born; and when at any time they shew themselves therewith perplext, their effects are both violent and turbulent; and for proof hereof we do affirm, (as worthy Dr. Glisson does in another case) That this Disease does consist chiefly in a cold Distemper of the first affected parts, with an inequality an­next thereto. And this inequal cold­ness of the same parts is of so great mo­ment in this Disease, and that also in relation to the inequality its self, that it does much advance the inequal di­stribution of the Vital Blood to the parts thus affected. But in the Womb this inequality of Nutriment is much amended by an equal heat, the Womb equally in each side embracing and cherishing the Body of the Embryo, and hereby drives away a great part of this Disease, or at least does much hinder its invasion to it.

We come next to give some account of the Parents cause of this Disease,10. Causes on the Pa­rents side for beget­ting this Disease. as being nearest in kin to them; and here may the faults of their Sperm enter as a great Agent thereof in relation to the Generation of the Embryo, others ha­ving reference to the Embryo ready conceived, and carried in the Womb. [Page 48] The faults of the first proceed either from the Man or the Woman, or from the whole Body, or some parts there­of designed by Nature for Genera­tion.

The Pa­rents faults de­pending upon the whole Body.The Parents faults depending upon the whole Body, must necessarily be allowed to have a powerful influence in the Child, transmitting such Matter to the Seed in its Generation, as may improperly be thought fit to have abode in those parts designed for this Office. And when we come to reckon up these parts, we shall find them re­duced to four Classes.

Four Classes hereof.The first containing in it a cold and moist distemper of the Matter whereof the Seed is generated, and this is bred from a cold and moist distemper of the Parents, from whence unto which we also may refer a predominancy of ill Juyces, especially that which is moist and flegmatick. To this also may be referred the French Pox, Scurvy, Jaun­dies, Rickets, and the like, in all which affects the Blood is polluted with filthy Excrementitious Humours, corrupt Exulcerations, and the like; all which are not easily to be changed into a laudable and fruitful Sperm.

[Page 49]The second shews the slenderness and paucity of Natural Spirits, which should be generated in good Seed; a good Seed never issuing from such a kind of Matter; and the Causes which hastens this impure Matter to the Ge­nerative parts, are the extenuated Bo­dies of the Parents, wasted or consu­med either by abstinence, or some ve­hement Evacuation of Hepatical Flux­es, or Chronical Diseases, all which are powerful enough to spend the Ra­dical Moisture, to create an indigesti­on in the parts from an imperfect and defective Concoction: And since such a considerable part of the Disease con­sists in the paucity of Natural Spirits, it cannot otherwise be, but the issue which thence proceeds, and is propa­gated by such a crude and almost spi­ritless Seed, should be tainted with such a Natural Propension to this af­fect, the which is afterwards deduced into act.

A third shews the Stupor, or Dull­ness of the Matter transmitted to the Generative parts, whereof the Seed is framed and produced; and hence is it that Physitians do produce these causes of Diseases, when they allow [Page 50] the Blood and Humours being either too fluid, or moving disorderly, or that sometimes it is found unapt for motion, being less fluxile, and un­active to answer expectation. But now as to Parents in this Strumous or Scrophulated concern, wherein as in a Glass the Childs soft, loose, and ef­feminate Constitution, and its weak Disposition, or (as I may better say) its Indisposition to exercise, and then examine its great intemperiety of Diet and Epicurism, the two great products of Crudities and Flatulencies, where meeting with an easie and sedentary life, stript from perplexities, anxie­ties, or vexations, as well as exercises, seldom or never accustomed to labour, care or danger, these being the never-failing Companions of peace, ease, and tranquility; all which does most clear­ly demonstrate a laziness and effemi­nacy in parts. And whereas the Blood in its Circulation and passages through these parts cannot readily pass thorow without borrowing somewhat of their nature and acquaintance, as well as cognizance of their temper, it must necessarily therefore bear a part there­in, and carry some share thereof to the [Page 51] Generative parts; and I hope where such Influences are derived in the Seed, it shall not need or require much trou­ble to prove, that that Child who takes its Origination from such Prin­ciples, must with it also take some of their Nature therewith, or at least some proportions conformable to this stupidity; and that this proportion after birth, when the aforesaid preser­vation is lessened and taken away of its equal cherishing whilst it was in the Womb; this may as readily be redu­ced into act; and since this stupidity, as I have already shewn, may be al­lowed as a part of the primary essence of this Scrophulous Disease, there must consequently follow some vitiated principles, which may lurk in the Bo­dy, ready to create and stamp the like effect derivative from one or both of the Parents.

The fourth shews a vitious disposi­tion, if any such there be of the Pa­rents, who themselves in their Child­hood were thus affected: for these do properly indeed imprint a Continuan­dum thereof, and transmit the same to their successive Generations. But be­cause in our Discourse hitherto the [Page 52] fault of the Parents may well enough be referred to any of these Classes, or all of them, let this suffice,

The Geni­tal parts allowed proper Agents of this Dis­ease.And come we now to a nearer En­quiry as touching their Genital parts, and oft-times we shall see these the on­ly faults or framers of this Disease, they sometimes suffering a cold and moist intemperiety in them; and when ever an over-plenty of moisture does enter these parts, it doth create a looseness and weakness therein, wherein and whereby the Seed thus ejected becomes either no way fertile, or if so, it proves fruitful for Diseases. Again, we find these parts frequently affected and af­flicted with Gonorrhaea's, French Pox, and the like, where the Seed thus thrown forth is either putrid, or not sufficiently elaborated, or no ways ca­pable of producing a firm or sound Embryo.

11. Fluor albus and Menstrues.In Women also we shall as readily see them troubled with their Fluor al­bus, as well as Menstrues, both which also can act a diversity of change in the composition of the Embryo, all which does carry, transmit, and di­stribute of their own nature and kind to the Seed thus prepared in them, [Page 53] and disposeth the same without any de­lay to their Progeny or Stock; and this as readily receives the true effects thereof. And having traced thus far in our intended design, by opening the very Womb, to search out the first cause of this Disease from Parents, by examining their prolifique Seed, the great Production both of Patient and Disease, we proceed now in a more gradual manner, and open the Mo­thers fault, Man alone not being the great Instrument hereof: And here we may begin with the time of her bearing this Embryo. Now where there happens a cold and moist Di­stemper of the Womb it self, this may with ease I hope be allowed to com­municate the same to the Embryo which is kept in it by contact, or where cold and moist Juyces do here arrive, these converted by Excrementitious and corrupt Humours, in stead of lau­dable Aliment or Nutriment, pray what may hinder a cold and moist imperfect digestion, not being timely concern'd, and so sent and transmitted with the Mothers Blood for the Nutriment of the Embryo? And if a cold and moist intemperiety with this Matter does in­vade [Page 54] a Woman with Child after her Conception, no question but this im­pure Nutriment which nourished and cherished the Seeds, or the Diseases, may easily be allowed transmission and dispensation to the Embryo. But hi­therto we have been discoursing of the Embryo whilst it was framing, and dwelt in its Mothers Womb; now let us look upon it as it came into the World, and examine and trace its way of living, and getting this Disease of the Evil which our Discourse hath chiefly aimed at, and this also comes under the Names of Its Causes.

12. Causes of this Disease in­cident to Children.Our subject Matter therefore now is to shew the Child as it appears in the World; where we may offer, That those Children which are prone to this Strumous Disease from their Nativity, are easily therewith affected: where­as others free from distemperiety do not so readily fall thereinto, but upon more powerful Causes, and yet these Causes must have somewhat of affinity therewith, and do only differ in de­gree.

Quest.And here a Question may be offer­ed, Whether Contagion may be ad­mitted amongst the number of Causes of this Disease.

[Page 55]Indeed by its Circuits and Travels about the World, whereby it hath made it self so well known and com­mon to the Sons of Men, and disperst it self through many Countries, any one at first view might think it carried a Contagion with it:Resp. But he who more closely looks into it, and its na­ture, will find it far otherwise; for all Diseases conspire to change, and assi­mulate those Bodies which are nearest to themselves, & yet this is not enough to make them be call'd contagious Dis­eases: For to frame a contagious Dis­ease, as Sennertus well observes, is to create a certain Seminal Fermentation of its self, the which secretly getting abode in our Bodies, may by degrees introduce a Disease of the like Species into our Bodies. But in this, here's no such Fermentation ever seen or found: for the first beginning of this Disease, (as I have already sufficiently made appear) does arise from a cold and moist distemper, where, not meet­ing a sufficient inherent Spirit to invi­gorate it, and this endeavours an As­simulation in any parts of the Body, they do not only attempt, but enter the same with or by open violence: [Page 56] For we have seen Children much of an age, brought up in the same House, whereof one or two perhaps have been troubled with this Strumous Disease, whilst we apparently find others there­of no whit concerned therewith; and therefore if any Contagion went along therewith, or this were catch­ing, as some people do fancy, this could no ways thus happen.

And if we examine this Disease a­right, we shall find that the five non­natural things in their use may be well allowed advancers hereof; and this was my next Task to make good ac­cording to my Assertion.13. Air a main cause of this Disease. Air there­fore may well enough be allowed a great Promoter and Procurer of these Strumous Diseases, as shall more appear when we come to speak of our Neigh­bouring Nations as well as our own. A cold and moist Air therefore doth very much contribute to the begetting this Disease: for seeing it generally seiseth and enters the Circumferential parts, before it gets being in the fenced Bowels, it directly imprints in them this inequal and tumefying distempe­riety. And whoever further traceth this Disease in its progress, shall find [Page 57] that places near the Sea and Marish Grounds, where Rains most common­ly do fall upon, and fed with a num­ber of Springs, are very fertile and fruit­ful Friends to this Disease, these crea­ting a more or less looseness in the parts, and making the Circulation of the Blood too slippery; and hence is it that Chyrurgeons are never seen to apply any cold or moist Medicine to these Strumous Swellings.

As touching Meat and Drink also,14. Meat and Drink another cause hereof. whatsoever Diet is moist and cold, vis­cous and obstructing does manifestly nourish and cherish this Disease, as Fish, Cheese, Curds, and the like plentiful­ly fed on: Feeding too liberally also is a great advancer of this Disease, by choaking the heat, and thereby accu­mulating many raw and crude Hu­mours.

And for Motion and Rest,15. Moti­on and rest others. these two also ought to be well considered in these Strumous Effects: for as too much Motion and Exercise does speedily dis­solve the Bodies of Children into great sweat, so want of Exercise does give a very great being to this Disease: for a stupidity of the parts is an occasion of their want of heat, being sufficiently [Page 58] cherished, whence steals in this cold distemper, accompanied with its Excre­mentitious and superfluous moistures, which ought to have been thrown forth by due transportation. And here it loosens and softens the parts where it enters, the Pulse hence and herein be­coming stupid, the Blood also waxing slow, and less in quantity, and more slippery, the Vitals lessening of their Vigour, growing weak, all which do wonderfully evince the same an effica­cious cause of this Disease.

16. Sleep & waking others.As to Childrens Order and Govern­ment, they ought to sleep longer and oftner than Men, yet too much hereof gives a good essay to the growth of this Disease also.

17. Ano­ther cause.All our former causes may also in a great measure be reduced to this fol­lowing: for whatsoever is contained in the Body, and praeternaturally al­tered, as it is praeternatural, it requires ablation, and may so far be allowed to be thrown forth nevertheless of its being praeternaturally retained. And Nature hath provided so many and va­rious ways of Excretion, or throwing forth into the Body, that scarce any Humour can be produced by altera­tion [Page 59] which does not relate to the se­cretive or excretive faculty of some Bowels, or some other parts appoint­ed for its evacuation. Thus the whole Mass of Blood being any ways prae­ternaturally altered or infected with some Humour, the peccant Matter which cannot be overcome by altera­tion, is quickly exterminated by ex­cretion, made from some part or bo­wel, unless therewith the expulsive fa­culty thereof be some way or other obstructed.

We come next to shew why old Peo­ple are not so subject to this Strumous Disease as Youth;19. Why Old Peo­ple not so subject to this Dis­ease as Youth. and here we may take in Children from a year or two, to ten and upwards: then we take and make the difference between Young Men and Old, by calling the first Juniors, and naming the latter Seniors. And upon examination here­of we shall find, that younger Chil­dren are of a colder temper than el­der, every day adding heat to their temperament even to Mans estate. And here it is thought to stand at a stay; and when it arrives at Old Age, here it is seen to decline daily, and lessen. And seeing younger Children [Page 60] are more cold, no wonder if they be thus subject to cold Diseases: And this makes the difference between Youth and Old Age, the one being so fra­med by Nature in temper, the other being robb'd and stript thereof by their continual expence of Spirits, which gave Man those warm sparks which formerly did both enliven and invigo­rate his Faculties and Functions. As young Children therefore are more cold, so also are they more moist than elder; for the heat of the temperament is advanced from the time of the birth, even to Mans estate. Young Children also, because of their tenderness of parts, are much prone to dissipation, and colliquation of the inherent Spi­rits, and therefore by consequence up­on lesser and smaller causes they are the more ready Subjects and Objects of this Disease.

Again, Their composition and con­sistance of parts makes them more sub­ject to diseases, being form'd like young Twigs forc'd to yield to every blast of wind, they wanting that strength and confirmation which Old Age en­joys. Again, young Childrens Exer­cises are not to be named in the hour [Page 61] with those of elder Age, who enjoy both a greater and larger degree of heat, which both nourishes and che­rishes them; and so this cold and moist Distemper is seen with more ease to be got loose from them. And as a con­clusion to the whole hereof as to their Nature and Temper, we shall ever­more find younger Children as they are less capable to maintain the ground of this Disease, so also are they most ready to comply therewith, they not in their own Nature, Temper, and Con­stitution, being either able to resist it, or defend themselves when it once seizeth them.

We come now to shew some Rea­sons why this Strumous Disease is known to be so frequent with us in England, Scotland, and the like,20. Why this is seen so fre­quently reigning in our three Kingdoms. and why it is so natural with the three Nations.

A common Disease therefore pro­perly so called, is either Original,21. A common Disease either O­riginal or Adventi­tious. or Adventitious: That supposed Origi­nal, which in the first Inhabitation of the place infested the Inhabitants thereof, of which kind perhaps was reckoned Bronchochele amongst the People who dwelt about the Alps; [Page 62] a Calenture under the Torrid Zone; and Sphacelus near the Northern Poles by extremity of cold, with many others which I have named at the beginning of this Treatise. A new and Adven­titious Disease is that which is brought into a Country by some common cause, and this is threefold, this arising either from faults of the Country prevailing over the health of its Inhabitants, or by some innovation or alteration hap­pening to the Country it self, or some discongruity between the place, and the complexion of the Natives there­of. As to the first, it possibly may be granted, that the strong and firm Bo­dies of its first Inhabitants might pow­erfully resist the unwholsome Influen­ces of the Country, and yet the Po­sterity afterwards may suffer a change therein both in Complexion and Na­ture, and so made the Subjects of a common Disease. Thus Poland main­tained both the Plica and the Scurvy, which are both common Diseases to the Samaritans, Polanders, and its Neighbouring parts; and yet these are thought no old Diseases. The se­cond may happen by Innovations in Countries, or Inundations of Waters, or [Page 63] some Malign Aspect, or bad Influence of the Stars. Those places also are mostly the occasions of Diseases which have power enough in them to trans­plant and form a Disease, being quite of another temper and nature from that place wherein they formerly inha­bited; and this is very oft seen the oc­casion of Diseases more prevalent than others. Thus Ireland is known to be a fruitful place for producing the Dy­sentery, or Bloody Flux,Ireland a fruitful place for producing D [...]seases. as also of this Evil; and the West-Indies thought to be the first ground of the French Pox; the first of these depending partly up­on the constitution of the place, and their preposterous Diet; the other as readily annext to the Humours and Dispositions of the Inhabitants. The French we see commonly troubled with an Itch and Scabbiness from their Air; the Scotch troubled with the Scurvy and the Evil from their slug­gish and lazie Dispositions. But to leave them, and travel a while in our own Country; herein also we shall find evidences enough to prove our Nati­on as fertile as any of the former, and as common with the Evil as any of the former: Therefore I presume to offer, [Page 64] That he who ever hath travelled over our English Island,England as fruitfu [...]l as Ireland. must needs acknow­ledge with me, that it is an Island which borrows a plentiful stock of moisture from the Neighbouring Sea, it being furnisht with an innumerable company of Fountains, sending forth from thence variety of Rivulets and Springs plen­tifully fill'd with its Liquor, the Hea­vens themselves being thought by ma­ny to bestow more plentiful showres thereon than upon any other Nation whatsoever: all which does declare its coldness and moistness. And since a cold and moist Distemper is the great­est part of this Strumous Disease, pray what can or may hinder its raging thus amongst us, more than in other hot Countries? And as a cold and moist Distemper is a common part of the es­sence of this Disease, and yet not so much as that every cold and moist Distemper does produce the Evil, so we find England more readily dispo­sing the Bodies of its Inhabitants here­to than any dryer Regions whatsoever.

Again, Both strong and weak Peo­ple are both very fertile in their Con­ceptions, and not over subject to Abor­tions: Now where infirm Parents be­get [Page 65] infirm Children, the succession is generally seen to bear the Nature as well as the Fortune of their Parents, as I have already made good.

Again, An idle sedentary life,22. Ano­ther cause a sedenta­ry life. and a loose kind of living, is a great in­gredient of a moist and soft temper, and these every day filling themselves with Excrementitious Humours, their Children which they beget must ne­cessarily be sharers thereof with them; and whosoever examines those troops of People which do yearly come to the King to be toucht for this Evil, must needs allow it hath made suffici­ent remarks in the three Nations of its abode and being; where although it has given to some but its light touches, and gentle notices thereof, in others it hath to a wonder shewn it self ap­parently to the World. And because I very well know that every Man's Breath will smell of his usual food, and those who pretend to any Novel­ties can but Inventis addere: And al­though my asserting the French Pox and Scurvy to be the two great Club­bers towards the advancing and in­creasing the Evil, may seem harsh to some People, who have a better opi­nion [Page 66] of themselves and their Ancestors than to think, and therefore much more unwilling to approve of the same; yet with their leave I shall with a Salvo to their Modesty shew the proof there­of. Where we shall find the Pox and the Scurvy, Pari Passu, keeping equal pace therewith on Mankind by way of Seminal Traduction, from Father to Son, and so becomes Hereditary, as I have already shewn: And who­soever does not observe the same in curing Diseases of this Age, (now the Families of Mankind are seen ge­nerally tinged more or less) will mi­stake of his aim. And although per­haps in this following Part I have and shall recede from the common Opini­on of the Ancients; yet I presume I am not the first that have swum against the vulgar stream thereof. And this makes me fall upon the two eminent Diseases of our Times, where if we examine their Nature, Existency, and Origination, we shall find them of longer continuance than our late Writers have been pleased to allow them.

[Page 67]I begin with the Pox,23. The French Pox no new Dis­ease. which al­though it was formerly warmly treat­ed at Naples, and had a plentiful en­tertainment in the West-Indies, yet it had being in the World long before this, as History testifies.

The Scurvy also,24. The Scurvy proved a Disease of long con­tinuance. although by some reckoned a Disease of late date, yet we shall prove this to be of longer be­ing amongst the Sons of Men. And who-ever looks into the Old Testa­ment shall find it more than once by its proper Name mentioned there: What may we think of the first, when we read in Levit. 13.2. When a Man shall have a Rising in his Skin, a Scab or bright Spot, or rather as it is in the Margent, a Swelling, then he shall be brought to Aaron the Priest, and to the Sons of the Priests. In this next you will meet them both together, Levit. 21.20. where it is written, That no Man shall offer Bread to his God that is either crook-backt, or dwarf, or that hath a blemish in his Eyes, or be Scurvy, or scabbed, or his Stones broken. And in the 23 Chapter of the same Levi­ticus, Vers. 22. you meet all these three together, where we read that neither blind, or broken, or maimed, or [Page 68] having the Wen, (or as I may well enough say, the Evil, this being ac­counted one part thereof) or Scurvy, or scabbed, shall offer up unto the Lord. And Hosea shews the reason of the whole, in Hos. 4.2. when he tells us, that by committing of Adultery they break out. Thus much from sacred Scrip­ture.

And for a more ready clearing up of which, because I well know that these Scabs here mentioned will be commonly taken as the marks of the Leprosie, I shall next take the whole a pieces by examining the near affinity and acquaintance there is between them both in their Nature and Es­sence.

What the French Pox is.The French Pox therefore is a prae­ternatural disposition, by which the Body is sensibly hurt in its Operati­ons, and disordered in its Functions: And Philosophy allows that so many ways as the Body is hurt by distemper praeternaturally, and so hindring its action, so many kind of Diseases it easily assumes. And this explains its self with all imaginable ease to such as [Page 69] understand the natural action thereof, which is discovered by Complexion, Composition, and common unity of Body: for in this Disease, as well as in the Struma, many parts of the Body are extenuated, whilst others gain greater bulk thereby, as also thick­ness, and these not only Similar, but Organick parts. Whence we may ra­tionally conclude, that this is a Com­positional Sickness; and this we do thus make good, the first kind of Com­positional Nature we calling Plasma­tick or formal: for the better perfor­mance of which there is required a good Figure, and a convenient Tone, accompanied with a due Asperity, and decent Lenity. Now if any Member falls from hence, and gains a new qua­lity, it frames a Disease in form, and hence we take both its signs and cog­nizance. And that the Members are made gross by this Disease, is apparent by the Pustles and Pustulous Cutis, the Face oft-times seen swell'd, and the Body appearing Satyrick. Just as Ga­len mentions of the Leprosie, where he writes that they are of that near kin each to other, that they are scarce to be distinguisht by their marks or [Page 70] symptoms: for in the one, so in the other are many Pustles found in the Cutis, and these arising from abundance of black Melancholy, throwing it self outwards; of which kind also is the Leprosie; and in our days where we shall see the Pox most common and frequent, we shall as readily perceive the same, sometimes their Botches ap­pearing white, sometimes red, with a kind of Livid colour admixt, both which do only represent the matter of which they are made, being framed either of Melancholy Blood, Adust Choler, or Viscid Flegm. And Ga­len is of my Opinion, when as it grows populous, he writes it to be allowed an Elephantiasis; and in his Book de Atra Bile, he says there are many Pu­stles in this Disease without Fever, thickning, drying, and crusting up the Cutis. And whereas the Blood of pale Women does generally look pale, so such as are black have a more Grumous and Melancholy Blood go along with them in their Constitution. The Fi­gure of these Pustles also does make well for the knowing of their cause; and whoever desires further know­ledge herein, let him but examine [Page 71] Nicolas Massa De Morbo Gallico, Jaco­bus Cataneus, Hieronimus Fracastorius, Petrus Maynardus Veronensis, Alphon­sus Ferrius, Antonius Gallius, Casper Torr [...]ll [...]us, and several other excel­lent Authors, who have well writ De Lue Venerea, and there they may be more fully satisfied both of the Pox, and its near relation to the Leprosie. Thus much of the first part.

We next proceed to the Scurvy,What the Scurvy is. and shall shew it painted in its Co­lours: And here we shall offer, that a bad Ferment is the general cause of most Diseases; and Sennertus saith, That the Blood of Persons toucht with a Scorbutick Tincture, becomes of the Nature of Vinegar; and such also is the Blood of Melancholy Per­sons, whereas in its right state in sound Persons it is compared to Generous Wine; where also he writes, that the Scorbutick Humour is bred much after the same manner as Vinegar is out of Wine; where he says, that by casting a little leavened Bread there­into, this brings the Wine into its own Acrimoneous Quality, and Acid Nature. Thus when an ill Scorbutick Ferment comes any way into the ge­nerous [Page 72] Liquor of the Blood, and turns it into an Acid Ichorous and Acrimo­nious state; this will corrupt the whole Mass of Blood: and this he further affirms, that the main cause of the A­cid state of this Blood ariseth from the abatement of its Sulphur and Spirit, the which he confirms by comparing it with good Wine, which soon turns Acid upon its Sulphurous part, being stript from its Saline by Evaporation or otherwise; and so that Salt which was formerly Volatile, becomes now fixt and Acid, which is the true cause of its thus turning into Vinegar, which is made good by putting Vinegar to a Candles Flame, and you'll not see it burn, it being robb'd of its Sulphur, and its Winey Spirit extinct, and the more this Sulphurous Matter and Spi­rit is lost, the nearer it is drawn from its true Body and Substance.

Thus have I given you a short and general Discourse of the Scurvy also, of both which I may well enough offer, although our Region was not the first Mistress which they courted, nor the English the first Man that they greet­ed; yet if I mistake not, we are here as well acquainted with these two Dis­eases [Page 73] in our days, as any other Nation or Country whatsoever; and since both of them have found the way to London, they have given sufficient re­marques of their close affinity and con­versation; and we have received the Faults as well as Fashions of our Neigh­bouring Nations.

Now that the Pox hath a very near affinity with this Strumous Disease,How both agree with the Evil. is hence easily made good, by sending forth of its Venereal Venome into the Glandules, there tumefying them; and as other Symptomes by which we may know its Complication herewith, we shall find it either from the Parent or Nurse which were first infected; and thus therefore if Ulcers in the Head or Face, Mouth or Nostrils, or eminent Pustles, or crusty Tumours do hence arise, not giving way to or­dinary Medicines; if hard or Nody Tumours keep company herewith, or carry a rottenness of Bones in the Head, Feet, Thighs or Legs, or any other parts; if Nocturnal Pains go along with the rest; if Inguinal Bu­boes infest the Glandules with viru­lent Matter, or keep them tumefied by Venereal Poyson, all these may be [Page 74] accounted apparent Signs and Symp­tomes of the Pox, as well as of the Evil.

If the Scurvy be herewith compli­cated, frequent looseness attends the Scrophulated Patient, with difficulty of breathing, many Athritick pains go along with this Evil, they have a more frequent and inequal Pulse, and frequent Palpitations of their Hearts. And where we meet Stru­maes untoward and unlucky, this gives us no slender suspition of some ill lurking inwards, especially where they meet with a curted Neck, a short and narrow Forehead, comprest Tem­ples, and large Mandibles. Besides the former, we shall find the French Pox and Scurvy both of them so strangely altered from their first ap­pearance, that we see them rather daily advance in their number, than in their nature, and almost creep in­to acquaintance with every Disease as well as the Evil, and in some measure do bear their Colours, and describe their Descriptions and Symptomes, and are seen as often presented to the King under the disguise of the Kings-Evil, as if they were really nothing else, they [Page 75] getting that familiarity and common dependance upon one another, that no mean Artist may pretend to be a true Judge between them: for as In­temperance of Dyet, and Luxurious Debauch does as well procure a tain­ted Fermentation, as an Ebullition of ill and vitiated Humours, by which a common intercourse and exchange of Symptoms is kept up and maintained; so when the Evil hath got either a Pocky or Scorbutick Ferment going along with it, bred from a vitious Habit of Body, this may as readily be granted to be a sharer of the whole; for these two Ferments do put on other Formalities, whether they pro­ceed joyntly or separately, and do dis­guise themselves under the Habits of several Diseases, according to the In­clinations of such weakly Bodies on which they do make their entrance, they sometimes appearing like them­selves when they march in the common road, but when these Ferments do propagate themselves, they seldom ap­pear like branches of such a stock, but being tinctur'd in the Blood and Hu­mours of the Body, they do assume such a shape of Distempers as the Bo­dy [Page 76] is able to afford and allow them. And whoever reads Zacutus Lusitanus Prax. Histor. Cap. de Morbo Gallico, will find that he saith, the Pox is an Universal Evil, and may be well enough complicated with any other Distemper: for Distempers do here­with unite either through likeliness of matter, or some other the like viti­ousness of Humour. And thus I sup­pose I have in some measure made good my Assertion of the Pox and the Scur­vy's being Clubbers to this Strumous Disease, or Scrophulated Evil, by their affording this Disease a taste of their tainted Ferments, and a vitiated tincture of their vitious and depraved Humours, by which they creep into its acquaintance.

CHAP. V. The proper Signs of Strumaes, or Kings-Evil-Swellings.

OF what great concern an inequal Nourishment of Parts in this is, we have in our last Chapter very plen­tifully discoursed: This presents you with the Signs of Strumaes, which gives the fairest view and figure of the Parts thus inequally discovered: where we shall meet with a greater fulness in the lively Complexion of the Face, being compared with the other parts of the Body; and yet this more apparent in some persons than in others, this Disease lying sometimes more obscure before its publick ap­pearance, and as it were unperceiva­ble; and therefore this may be rec­koned as one of the Signs, which is a greater fulness of Face, it being and appearing thus, whilst it is as it were [Page 78] in the Embryo, and arrived at no great matter of growth, or hath gain­ed much substance or matter to give it a greater being and bulk.

This again having got some en­trance amongst the Glands, as it in­fects them, and advanceth into growth, it is most commonly seen to march a­long the Mastoideal Muscle of the Neck, and this requires time to give it such a progress, and where such ap­pearance is made thereof, this infal­libly denotes the abode of this Dis­ease.

When we shall perceive knotty Swellings and Excrescences in this af­fect in other parts of the Body, as in the Eyes, Nose, upper Lips, Breasts, Axillaries, Inguens, and the like, all which do declare their acquaintance therewith, where these ever happen, they give us a Pathognomonical Sign of its Habitation, and without all doubt do set forth the most clear species of its residence.

Where-ever outward knotty Ex­crescences do apparenly shew them­selves, these may justly give some sus­pition of inward Glands in the Bow­els; but if they do only inwardly in­crease, [Page 79] no certain Sign can be demon­strated thereof.

Such as have short Necks, low and narrow Foreheads, comprest Temples, and wide Mandibles, are mostly sub­ject to these Strumatical Tumours and Excrescences, and this is the general received Opinion of the best Physi­cians and Chirurgeons, as being a most signal Observation of the Evil or Stru­mous Affect.

Again, other of these Strumaes are taken from their sight wheresoever they do appear, and in what part of the Body soever they do shew them­selves, they appear either round or longish, much of the same colour of the Cutis under which they lay, for the most part hard and without pain.

Rogerius gives us this method of them, and thus distinguisheth them, by taking Leaves of Ground Ivy and Cedar, the which being beaten toge­ther, and applied to the Scrophulated parts, if the Tumours shall hereupon be seen to vanish and disappear in three days, its a perfect sign they are Glandulae, not Strumae: but if the Medicine thus applied does occasion [Page 80] pain in the part, so that it becomes both inflamed and painful upon this Application, this perfectly demon­strates them to be Strumaes.

In Bergomy where Scrophulous and Strumous Tumours are very frequent in both Sexes, you will meet them very large planted in the fore-part of the Neck, being commonly moveable, soft, and pendulous, the which as they do bring no great matter of pain along with them, nor hinder any action in Humane Body, so they give them their acquaintance and company all their lives; and this Disease is reported to be in their Nation bred from their Water which they commonly drink, this having in it as strange an Antipa­thy to the Glandules and Glandulous parts, as Cantharides have to the Kid­neys and Bladder; the People in those parts neither giving themselves or their Chirurgeons trouble of ever being concerned therewith.

Again, these Strumae are seen to differ from Glandulae in their Colour and Constitution, the one made from Melancholy, the other begot by Flegm, every of which does declare their Frame and Constitution by the [Page 81] same; and hence some of these by A­vicen and Aetius, Cap. 5. Lib. 15. write, that some of these are seen to be and appear very painful, whilst others are very mild; and according to the greater or lesser quantity of the ma­lignity, they prove sooner or latter Cancerous; and where Choler and Flegm joyn together, as I have al­ready mentioned, it must give pain to the part, and make it either a Stru­matical Cancer, or a Cancerous Stru­ma.

Strumae do not enter one Glan­dule only, but many, wherein they shew both their hardness and inequa­lity: for herein the Pox shews its self acquainted therewith, but does still keep this difference, that the Pox sel­dom seizeth more than one, its vene­nate matter possessing the same, cau­sing a hardness and Tumour therein, and yet this not to be accounted a Struma; and therefore for making of Strumae, there must be more Glandules than one concerned; for these are seen to spread themselves like a Vine, swelling, increasing, and growing hard.

[Page 82] Celsus saith he hath found Strumaes in Womens Breasts, as also in Mens Breasts; and reason it self cannot de­ny this Assertion of his, because these are Adenous parts; and he further tells us, that in the year 1537. in the month of April, he saw a Woman Scro­phulated all over her Body, even to her Groins.

Scrophulous Swellings are frequent­ly bred in those parts, where crude and viscid Dyet is made use of, as well as in the Air that is of a cold and moist temper, where also the Water of the place is viscous or muddy.

Again, the Signs of Strumaes are to be divided three ways, as considering their Quality, Quantity and Essence. As to their Quantity, and hence they gaining their largeness; as to their Quality, this shewing their Nature and Temper; as to their Essence, this demonstrating their Origination and being.

The multiplicity of Strumaes, and their overspreading the Body, and the extraneous heats which go along with them, do frequently shew that they are the product of interiour Scro­phulaes, as Arnoldus observes. And [Page 83] hence he further writes, that we may guess at the inward Swellings by the outward numerousness of these Pro­tuberancies; and that these do more frequently happen and fall upon Chil­dren than upon Old Men, by reason of their gulosity and rarities of Bodies, the which are not so in Elder People.

Henricus saith, That those Persons who have a curted Forehead, com­prest Temples, and large Mandibles, are most subject to these Swellings; for in such Persons this Scrophulated matter is more readily derived and conveyed into the Neck.

Cornelius Celsus writes, That Stru­maes and sick People do give much trouble to the Physitian and Chirur­geon; because let them be treated as well as possibly Art can, and Nature likewise serve them, yet they will fly out again; and although the best methods imaginable are used for their extirpation, yet we usually find them relapse, and gain new birth again.

Strumaes, if they be benign, ob­taining a moderate hardness, and free from pain, inflammation, and Ulcer, being purely bred from Flegm, are [Page 84] proper signs of its good Nature: but when this Flegm gets any commerce with Adust Choler, this makes it ma­lign, and here wait on it pain, inflam­mation, a hot pulse and trouble, ap­pearing inequal to touch, and vexed with every application of Medicine.

Ambrose Farrey says Strumaes are Aedematous Tumours arising in the Glandules, bred from a cold, thick, and viscid Flegm, having in it some­what of Melancholy adjoyned.

Aqua Pendens tells us, Strumaes are no Strumaes, but rather ought to be called Cancerous, they not being made from Flegm, and Melancholy only, but having an Atra bilis or Adust Cho­ler joyned therewith, which gives them this Cancerous Nature and Dispo­sition.

And lastly, Joannes Colle Bellonensis gives this as a sign of Strumaes, which ought to be understood as well in Ge­nere, as in Specie, considering the place, the form, and the effect thereof; It being a hard Tumour of the Glan­dules, sometimes equal, otherwhiles inequal; sometimes appearing few in [Page 85] number, sometimes many; if white and indolent, they arise from Flegm; if blewish or black, from Melancholy; if hard, exquisite, painful and red, from Adust Choler; this last sign com­prehending a great part of most of the rest. Thus much of its Signs.

CHAP. VI. The Proper Presages of Strumaes, or Kings-Evil-Swellings.

EVery Physician and Chirurgeon, according to the Rules of Art, ought diligently and prudently to contemplate on the Prognostick Signs of a Disease, that he may the better be instructed in foreseeing the several events thereof; and here both Diag­nosis as well as Prognosis is very pro­per to be understood, the one shew­ing the present estate, containing and declaring the Origination thereof; the other foretelling its growth, increase and consummation.

First therefore, this Disease being properly Natural, is most dangerous, and do seldom, if ever, end in health, without new eruptions: For Zaculus Lusitanus writes, that there is a depra­ved Excretion in the Seed, or a cer­tain [Page 87] occult quality infecting the same, and inherent in it, which imprints the like Tincture in the Off-spring; for the diseased defects of the Parents are derived by force of the Seed to Ge­neration, by which they do perfectly and exactly resemble their Behaviour, Gate, Countenance and Constitution. And because some are very apt to con­tradict this passage, and assert, If this were true, it would continue thus for ever; whereas others have as plainly seen, that it hath mist some of the same Stock, and hath only fixt upon others of the same Family, the first Generation having sometimes been seen wholly to miss and escape it, and this has given none of its appearance perhaps till it came to the Grandchildren of the same Family.

Small and Superficial Strumaes are more healthful in Children, and more easie of Cure, than those that are ma­lign, and more deeply fixed.

The more early the invasion of Stru­maes is after the Birth, the more dan­ger it carries with it; for hereby the Spirits are both robbed, and much weakned; we commonly also seeing as they grow up, they are better ac­quainted [Page 88] therewith, and are better able, and more easily cured than younger Children.

That Struma which is bred natu­rally from Parents is harder of cure, than that which is contracted by the meer errour of the Nurse or Mother.

Again, That Strumous effect which the Infant brings with him from his Mothers Womb, is of harder cure, and proves more desperate than that which is occasioned by Air, Viscous Diet, or any other outward Effect.

The greater the Heads of Infants and Children are, the shorter their Necks, the more comprest Temples they have, and the wider Mandibles, the more subject these are to Strumous Diseases than others.

All those who do attain to the consistence of this Disease, do escape the danger thereof, being carefully examined, unless by chance some other Disease be therewith adjoyned, or does afterwards come after it, and di­sturb the Patient with a higher in­crease.

[Page 89]If the French Pox therefore be com­plicated with this Strumous Disease, be it either Hereditary, or contracted by Infection, it makes it almost inca­pable of remedy.

If the Scurvy also be herewith com­plicated, this does very much retard the cure, although not so much as the French Pox.

All Strumatical Tumours, either Internal or External, do not very much suspend the hopes of Cure, al­though otherwise of themselves they are not easily subdued in this tender age: for the external parts being in­flamed with pain, do waste the Spi­rits; but the internal much more, es­pecially if they do invade the noble parts with their weight and bulk.

Every Struma again is not to be overcome with ease, but such as do happen in Children are better mana­ged, than those which happen in old People.

Where-ever they happen without pain, they are not easily to be extir­pated.

[Page 90] Avicen declares that those who are acquainted with Struma, or Scrophula in the Head or Neck, are generally seen to be of moist Complexions.

He also writes the places wherein they do generally breed, are the Neck, Armpits, Inguens, and the like, where the Fleshes are soft, but their empty spaces are fill'd up with Vessels.

Numerous Strumae entring the ex­teriour parts, and so exercising divers parts of the Body with some Adven­titious heat, these shew that they are the off-spring, and bred of inward Glands, as Arnoldus de Villa nova writes, and well observeth.

Avicen writes that Strumae which have pain, and a hot Apostem ad­joyned to them, with hot matter tending to Suppuration, are thereby easily cured.

Purging Potions, and Diuretick Decoctions, and Specifique Alterant Drinks, do all much conduce to the curing of these Tumours.

[Page 91]Children by reason of their rarity of Body, and intemperance in Dyet, are seen frequently troubled with this Disease: Old Men on the contrary are seldom seen troubled therewith.

Strumae at best are troublesome to the Chyrurgeon, for they never give way to Medicine readily; and should they be cured either by Medicine or Instrument, yet they are seen to break out afresh before a perfect extirpation be made.

Incision of these Abscesses in as much as may be is to be avoided, especially happening about the Belly, Neck, and Commissures, by reason of their affi­nity with the Veins, Nerves and Ar­teries, lest hereby such an Hemorrhagy be raised by inadvertency, that is not easily to be allayed by the greatest of skill.

Those also are sooner cured which are pendulous, than those which are fixed.

Cancerated Strumae, and the like Tumours, they being closely concern­ed with the Vessels, do bring great danger of Hemorrhagy in their Cure, where it is performed by Incision, and are scarce to be taken off, they dwel­ling [Page 92] amongst the Veins and Arteries, which are the parts of great concern as to our present beings.

When a Constitution subject to er­rour, or actually erronious, is fixt to some certain part, this highly concerns us to have a respect to that part in chief, because this Constitution thus subject to depravation, does require a particular preservation to be associa­ted to particular Curation.

CHAP. VII. The Practical Curative Method of Strumaes, or Kings-Evil-Swel­lings.

THis Curative Method is gene­rally guided by the two Assi­stants of Reason and Experience,Reason & Expe­rience the ground of practice. both which together do comprehend the greatest skill of the Artist: For by Experience was founded the History of Diseases, the Success of Medicine, and the Judgment of its events: all which being weighed in the balance of Approbation, are seen either to get or lose in their Weight and Mea­sure.

Reason therefore is the Judge of Truth; for hereby Man is seen to comprehend the design, to give rea­son for the same, to apprehend, com­prehend or divide it. And for the [Page 94] proof hereof, he must needs be thought unkind to Nature in burthening her with the name of a Proposition, who is not himself apprehensive of its Ter­minations, or ignorant of its propose on which its seen to consist; every indication or intention seeming to call in Mans reason to consent as to the Curative part, as well as his Opinion and Judgment. Now as every Indi­cation does declare somewhat which is to be done, or so intended from whence this Term it self doth proper­ly arise; the thing therefore which chiefly relates to our present discourse is, either a Modical or Chyrurgical Act, or both; the first making good the design, the second prosecuting the same, he himself being the Agent, and his Medicine the Curative Instru­ment.

Our Art first de­signed for the health of man­kind.Our Art therefore was first design­ed by the Almighty for the health of Mankind, and the procuring their health was evermore the great Indi­cation of the Action: yet this is di­stinguisht in the Duty of a Physician or Chirurgeon, because the purchase of health is not always attainable, [Page 95] and therefore no part of their Du­ties to maintain Impossibilities.

The Essence of this Disease there­fore partly consisting of a cold and moist Distemper,The Es­sence of the Dis­ease to be chiefly minded. this therefore re­quires somewhat which is hot and dry, and being also robb'd of its inherent Spirits, such Remedies therefore as can recruit the same, or can restore or increase them, may very well be here allowed very useful.

Again, Stupefaction of Spirits have been premised another cause, and there­fore such things as do incrassate and thicken the Spirits, and so fixing them, are to be utterly prohibited.

Another was the due Observation of the Tone of the parts, and their due Harmony, the which being ei­ther soft, loose, or flaccid, they there­fore do require the favour of some warming and strengthening Medicines, having somewhat of astriction added to them.

Again,All causes of Diseases to be re­moved. as another cause was pro­ved to be an inequal distribution of Heat and Nutriment, some parts be­ing too liberally served, whilst others are starv'd and robb'd of their just measures and proportion; these there­fore [Page 96] also ought to be brought into a Medium, by lessening the Bulk of one, and giving a more plentiful proporti­on to the other. Thus far I thought convenient to keep time with some of the most eminent causes which have been Promoters and Procurers of this Strumous Affect.

And although these common causes do not immediately seem to attain to the production of the Essence of a Disease, yet in respect that they do hinder Nature in her designs, they may be allowed retarders of the cure, and therefore their removal is requi­red. And because the Humours which give being to these Strumaes are seen slow,Prepara­tion of Humours the first thing in­dicated. gross and clammy, Preparation thereof ought first therefore to be con­sidered and thought upon, and the first thing indicated; and this is to be performed by incisive and attenuating Remedies: And as the Disease becomes Chronical, the matter not being whol­ly to be thrown forth at once, these preparing and evacuating Medicines ought by turns to be made use of: and whosoever that will herein proceed in a right method, must know and sup­pose that as Cholerick Humours do [Page 97] require one Preparation and Evacua­tion, so Blood, Flegm and Melancho­ly do each of them indicate their pro­per Preparations and Evacuations, ac­cording to Hippocrates his Rule, Be­fore you purge the Body you must make it fluxible: And thus before we arrive at the use of Catharticks, we are to begin with Preparatives.

All Constitutions therefore in this Strumous Affect being for the most part weak and infirm, which may well be allowed from the Consideration of the Patients tender Age and Nature, do therefore require both a general and particular regard as to their Con­stitutions.

In this Strumous Affect therefore the election of the best Nourishers, and such as are easie of digestion, are nearest of kin, and most agreeable to the Age and Nature of the Patient.

Benign and gentle Evacuations therefore well corrected, are herein both very proper and useful, and ad­vantageous, and may be given in mo­derate quantity, and in just and due time, all violent Purges being here utterly forbidden. Alterant Remedies [Page 98] also, and such as can prepare the Hu­mours, or correct the Disease, are here also approved of, these in themselves being both kind to Nature, and a Friend to the Patient; evermore ta­king this caution along in your Cura­tive Method, that the Remedy you design to cure Strumaes do arrive at the seat, and penetrate the very cause of the Disease; and in regard that all Children are naturally seen to loath Physick, the form thereof therefore is to be preferred, which shall be obser­ved to be least distasteful to them.

Timing of Diseases very ma­terial as to their cure.Such Medicines also as you design Strumous Patients must be given in their due time, for timing of a Dis­ease aright is a very great matter in the cure thereof. Thus we commonly see Evacuant,Directi­ons for giving of Prepara­tives. Attenuant, and Incisive Remedies are prescribed to be taken early in the morning upon an empty Stomack; and if these be to be re­peated, four of the Clock in the af­ternoon is thought the most seasonable hour for giving the same.

Thus much as touching the general Rules and Method which ought to be [Page 90] studied and observed by every Artist who desires and designs to cure Stru­mous Affects according to Art.

We proceed now closer to the true Curative Method of Strumaes, where­as we have presumed to premise, that the Medical Matter is to be found out by Experience, so it must be continued to every cause of the same Affect.

This Curative Method is generally seen to be guarded by these three Heads,Three Heads as to cure Strumaes. wherein is declared the Phar­maceutical, the Chyrurgical, and the Dietetical Matter. The first compre­hending in it all Medicines useful for vanquishing and overcoming of Stru­maes, those only excepted which be­long wholly to Chyrurgery, as being either relative to the Causes or the Es­sence of the Disease; and these are ge­nerally seen to march under two Heads, as Internals and Externals; and these are ranked into Simple or Compound Orders. The Internals having most respect to the inward parts, for cleansing their passages, and this is performed by Preparatives and Catharticks, and Specifique Alterant Medicines, and such as correct Symp­tomes. And yet in the Administra­tion [Page 100] of these, these three Rules are to be observed, that the Stomack be not herewith nauseated by any ingrateful taste▪ which may beget an abhorrence in the Patient of all Medicine for the future, nor load it with too great a quantity, nor yet so made as it may be immediately thrown up again.

The seve­ral Hu­mors to be severally treated.The Humours which also are thus to be prepared, are either Flegmatick, and so cold and moist, which ought to be tempered with heat; thick, and so requiring attenuation; or viscous, and so expect incision, or Cholerick, and thus being burning and corrosive, are to be allayed by lenifying and contem­perating Medicines; or Melancholy, and this either feculent or terene, and this to be rendred fluxile. Now where these, or any of them do enter in any part of the Body, they do require ap­propriate Medicines, and Remedies proper for the discharging of any of these Humours.

Again, the matter of the Disease it self being prepared, and the passages opened,The mat­ter to be expurged. we are next to study the ex­pulsion of this peccant Matter; and this bears in it a double relation, as both looking towards the Humours, [Page 101] also the parts to which they flow, or are seen to lodge. And here we must also (as I have already observed) give every Humour its just way of purga­tion, and always direct our Cathar­ticks at the Essence of the Disease, as its most proper white or mark, which in its own nature ought to be mode­rately hot and dry, dispelling all Stu­pefaction of parts, strengthning the softness and loosness thereof, cherish­ing and nourishing the vigour and acti­vity of the inward parts, and warm­ing and comforting the outward, al­ways having a regard both to the age, strength and complexion of your Pa­tient. These things being premised, we fall upon the Method it self, where­in as we find that evacuation is a great Radix in the cure of Strumaes, by aba­ting of its repletion, and dissolving of gross and tough Flegm, the great Mistress of its bulk and growth, so Subtilitation of Regiment is seen as proper in this Disease, being hid and lodged in the softer parts of the Bo­dy.General Rules as touching the Insti­tution of Life.

And now for our General Rules here to be observed as touching the Patients Institution of Life, we ought [Page 102] here (as I have already well noted) to frame our Medicines according to the Temperament, Strength and Consti­tution with whom we are or shall be concerned: for we are not to deal with Children as we do with Men and Women, who have arrived at a bet­ter age and strength, who are as much different in these, as they are in their age, complexion and abode. Great care therefore is to be had to the flu­ent matter which is already got into the parts from whence it is to be dis­charged, and that the Flux it self may be abated, and stopt in its motion.

And he whosoever intends to deal with Children as to purging Medi­cines, must also have the purile age both in his thoughts and view, and consider that it is but infirm, and there­fore requires a most kind, gentle, and easie method; this rather also to be oft repeated & reiterated, than advising stronger Medicines, and more forcible Remedies, they very oft bringing more hurt than good along with them.

Bleeding.As for Bleeding, neither the Age or Distempers of Strumous Patients [Page 103] do very well admit thereof, unless this Strumous Affect does or shall happen in such who are able to bear it, and then it may be allowed as use­ful and necessary as any other Remedy whatsoever.

Various are the Opinions amongst Authors concerning Emeticks in this Strumous Disease;Vomits. Aetius is seen to commend and highly approve of them, others altogether do condemn them; to which later Opinion I presume to make my self a true Devoter: for al­though the antecedent matter may or might hereby be somewhat lessened by Emeticks, yet the impact matter is but a very little hereby abated, but rather more acerbated. Besides, it's certain that the Head is much more re­pleted by Vomits, the Jugular Veins hereupon tumefying, and the whole healed by being brought into consent therewith; and this was the only rea­son which made Hippocrates cry so on't, or exclaim against Vomits in all Ef­fects either of the Eyes or Ears.

As to the Patients Dyet,As to the Dyet. let all such who are troubled with Strumous Affects abstain from flatulent, vapo­rous, and windy Dyet, such as is Beans, [Page 104] Chesnuts, Pork, Cheese, Beef, as al­so from Leeks, Onyons, and every thing else that hath power enough in it to beget or breed gross and viscid Humours; Fish and all Salt Meats al­so are to be shunned.

Immode­rate mo­tion is ve­ry hurtful to Chil­dren.Immoderate Motion in Children is also very hurtful, especially when they do sweat much about their Head, be­cause hereby the matter is moved, the which afterwards is precipitated, and this gives the increase to the Strumous Affects which we commonly see they carry with them; Violent Motion and Exercise therefore are to be shunned, and no ways allowed of.

As to the air. Avicen saith, The Air of Strumous People should be clear and serene, dry and hot in temper, not cloudy, thick, troubled, waterish, marish, or too cold; and daily evidences hereof make good that such that live in cold and moist Countries are much more troubled with Strumous Swellings, than such as do dwell in a hotter and dryer Climate. Long Sleeps are to be shunned, Fear, Sorrow, Sadness, Melancholy, and every thing that [Page 105] may create, produce or force a plenty of Humours to the Head and its parts, are utterly forbid.

Let the Exercise of the Patient therefore be moderate before and af­ter Dyet, and let his Dyet be both attenuating and of good digestion, as Veal, Capon, Mutton, Lamb,What Dyet most proper. Rab­bet, Cocks Broath, Pheasant, Par­tridge, and all small Birds, and the like. Let his Bread be made of good Corn, to which may be added a lit­tle Salt. In his Broaths may be boil­ed either Mint, Balm, Marjoram, Ma­rygolds, or Pennyroyal; let him ab­stain from all things which may be thought either to engender Crudities, Rheumatisms, as superfluous Drink­ing, too much Eating, and the like; let him drink Wine but in a small quantity, or mix the same with Small-Beer or Water. Odoriferous Spices, or hot Seeds may also be put into his Broaths. All these are the general In­dications required in his orderly re­gulation.

[Page 106]We now proceed to the Medicines which are to be taken inwards, and these are both Simple and Compound Preparatives,Simple and Com­pound Prepara­tives. and proper Catharticks which here first do offer themselves: amongst the Simple may be reckoned Syrup. Byzantinus, de Staechade, de 5 Radicibus Aparativis, De Marrubio, Oximel. Simplex, & Syr. de Rhubarb, Manna, Cassia newly extracted, Ta­marynds, Rhubarb, Aloes, Turbith, Sy­rup. Rosar. Solutivar. Machoacan, Jal­lap, Polypody, Senna, and the like. Of these may Compounds be framed, as,