THese Ages have beene, and are to this day,Use of Tran­scriptories. much indebted to Transcriptions. Inventi­ons are oft-times slow, where the application of things invented to the present State seemes more facile and easie: Hereto then should the Scope of Histories tend; not onely to personate the Acts of men upon the Theater of this world, but like­wise to cull out such Lawes, Orders, and Pre­cepts, as well Morall as Divine, which may be­nefit their present estate.A memorable Caveat for all corrupters of Iustice. Sysambris skin was a good caveate for succeeding Judges: Justice be­fore went on crutches, and more were troubled with Demosthenes disease than with Phoycions bluntnesse. The Historian must not sow pillows to the elbowes of Magistrates, nor sooth cor­ruption with an humour of shadowing vice: He shows what was done: and commends the one to reprehend the other. Vertue never wants her Character, nor vice her reproofe: For such Histo­ricall Relations as induce to vertue, and deterre from vice, comprehend in them the true use of such subjects, being Apologeticall and Morall to reforme, not Mylesian or prophane, to deforme or disfigure the exact Symmetrie of a vertuous I­diome.What honour the Worlds Monarch did to Homer. No marvell if Alexander laid the [Page 28] workes of Homer under his head, being such as directed him to be a Head, how to governe Pro­vinces, how to sway his inordinate affections; so as Cleanthes Table (Vertues best elucidary) had her Liberall Sciences never better portrayed, than the differences 'twixt true Fortitude, and a foole-hardy boldnesse were by Homer deblazoned. Here a Hector, badge of true valour; there an An­tenor, whose gravity purchas'd him honour; there a Diomedes, The Method Poets reteined in their Hero­icall measures, Historicall re­lations. no lesse wise than resolved; here a Troilus, stout enough, but unadvised; here warres well managed abroad, but lesse suc­cessive at home, exemplified in Agamemnon; there a subtile sconse, no lesse fraighted with po­licy than successe, in Synon. All these are expres­sed by that Heroïck Historian.

These acts could not but minister sufficient matter of admiration to such Judicious Readers, as apprehended each circumstance in the subject; making that apt connexion of all, that the body might seeme more excellent, by the proportio­ning of every member.

Severall fruits of History.HIstories in themselves are diverse, producing severall fruits to the perusers, according to every mans affection: which made that Moderne Historian compare them to a Banquet, wherein [Page 29] were to bee served severall dishes; some to provoke appetite, others to satiate; more de­lightfull subjects penned for relishing more se­rious studies; graver discourses to ripen the un­derstanding, by applying the instructions of forraigne States to our owne judgements: where we may make use of the best part of man (in his reasonable power) and that is Election: appro­ving of what is good, or may in it selfe be be­neficiall to the State: and slightly observing dis­courses of indifferency, as accomplements, cere­monies, circumstances, and the like, resembling faire frontispices which are made rather for orna­ment than use.

IT is necessary for a good Historian to have maturity of judgement, to apprehend what is fittest for his discourse, and to be as little complementall as may be, lest the varnish marre the worke; for the words of an Historie in my opinion jumpe with Mirandula:—Vt non sint lecta, ita nec neglecta: Profit of Hi­story. the one implies a kind of dejection, the other a minde too curious to pro­fit any, desiring onely to please himselfe. Caesar in his Commentaries, sheweth no lesse discipline in the Art of History, than in the discipline of Armes: using a stile as wel fitting a Souldier, as cu­riosity the smooth tongue of an Orator. It is true which was observed of him: Si acta eius penitus ig­norasses, per linguā tamen militem esse diceres: Si nescirem Cae­sarem, dicerem te militem. Ha­ving neither his phrases too selected (as to shew a [Page 32] singularity) or too neglected, to expresse a careles­nesse in his writing.

☞Now, to propose a forme of Style, and what may best suite with the quality of an Historian; I will not arrogate so much to my selfe: onely let me in a word explode that which in the opinion of all such as have writ touching the Style, car­riage, or office of an Historian, deserves re­proofe.

For an Historian than to use too polish'd or terse a Style, or to play the Orator, when he should performe the office of a Relator, would not relish of discretion. Or to spinne out the webbe of his discourse in fruitlesse diversions, which rather perplexe the immazed Reader, than enlighten his understanding, implies either want of matter, or want of order. To goe on in a free and unaffected Style; beseemes his person: pro­posing things done, as if they were ocularly pre­sented: and albeit, it be not the happy fate of all Historians with the Princely Caesar and sincere Comines, to bee personally present at those Conquests or Discomfits whereof they write; yet by collections or intelligence many have com­posed, at least compiled excellent workes meri­ting no lesse improvement than if they had beene there in person present. And no doubt, though information cannot be so firme a ground to build upon, as a personall presentation of what is done: yet, being seriously intentive and sollici­tous from whose relations they receive intelli­gence; using likewise a seasonable deliberation [Page 33] to try the issue or event thereof, before hee com­mit to publicke, what was delivered unto him in private: he may by his owne diligence, with o­ther accommodations, perfect what hee intends, and incurre few obliquities.

I have knowne indeed, divers, who onely brea­thed their owne Countrey ayre: and never wal­ked farther than their owne Pastures; to have writ with much confidence of forraigne Seats,Historians by Intelligence & perusall of others Labours the government of their State, the barrennesse or fertility of their ground; the disposition of their inhabitants; their commerce with other nations. Their Lawes, Edicts, and Constitutions: all which by their industrious collection they have so laboriously reduced, so properly compiled, and and methodically digested, as not only the maine Basis or foundation whereon the whole Frame or Fabricke of their History subsisted, but the ve­ry circumstances, inferences, and illustrations con­firm'd them Travellers in those Countries where­of they discoursed.

This I confesse is a great felicity in an Author, and deserves a just guerdon for his labour. Al­beit, should any one unawares converse with a­ny of these touching the Site, Degrees, or Tem­perature of any such Province they have de­scribed: how miserably would they wander, and commit more errours in one houres space with their tongue, than a whole yeare could rectifie with their penne? Relations of this nature are so got by th' Booke, as their Remembrancer failes, when he is removed from his booke. [Page 32] Neverthelesse, it is not to be doubted, but that most of our ancient Historians whether Greek or Latine, have received their best helpes from o­thers Labours: which may appeare by this, in that they wrote of such Persons and memorable acti­ons as were many ages before their times. So as, not onely this distinct study of History, but ge­nerally all learning hath beene highly beholden to Transcriptions (as I formerly observed) for o­therwise had the most eminent'st Labours in all ages perished.

It is to bee admired, by what Divine provi­dence the ancient Records of long-preceding times have beene preserved;The last chap­ter of the Hi­story of the Kingdome of China, printed in Macao, the first Latine Booke that e­ver was prin­ted in China, maketh men­tion of the I­land St. Lau­rence under th [...] name of Madagascar: expressing in a proper phrase (the more to be admired in so illiterate a time) the Si [...]e, Distance, and Commodities of that place. especially, wanting those improving helpes of Printing; which, with what facility of Art, and felicity of Invention, have beene of late yeares to all Christendome recommended, I leave to the judicious to con­ceive, and conceiving to admire that peculiar be­nefit.

The people of China, indeed retained as a memorable appropriate to their antiquity, a cer­taine forme of Cyphering, whereof their impo­lish'd Art expressed some notions by stamps and impressions: but these were onely of use unto themselves, being so intricate and obscure, as it had beene a fruitlesse labour to have com­municated them to any other, save onely to their owne Natives, without a knowing In­terpreter.

No doubt, but many excellent workes for­merly composed by ancient Authors, with no [Page 33] lesse industry than felicity,Divers memorable workes amongst the Ancient have perished, through want of Transcri­bing to poste­rity. both for Invention and Style, have perished: which might be no lesse probably than authentically collected by divers memorable pieces lost both amongst the Greci­ans and Romans. We make no question of Hor­tensius Eloquence, and that divers workes of his by the injury of time, have received that too common fate to Learning, extinction.

Cordus, an impartiall and uncorrupt Historian; one who suffered for the Integrity he professed: reteining ever that honest resolution, that though the generall corruption of that time might truely conclude with Martial: ‘Qui velit ingenio cedere, rarus erit.’

He ever scorned to comply with Time, or feed the humour of an imperiall Libertine, or licenti­ous Governor. This man, I say, or man of men, expressed his courage most, when those vitious and depraved times appeared worst. Yet, no doubt, many of those select and approved La­bours which he had so seriously compiled, and to an Historicall Method reduced, remaine now obscured. Many inimitable workes not onely in their Embrio, but brought to their full height and accretion, were written by that matchlesse Caesar, whereof wee have now scarce any sem­blance remaining. And whence proceeded this Tetter to Learning, but from the want of that which we in so accurate manner enjoy, the be­nefit of Printing? The tediousnesse of Transcri­bing [Page 34] occasioned this injury; whereas, if the knowledge of the Presse had arrived there, all these inconveniences had beene prevented, those ancient Monuments of Learning, Martiall Ex­perience, nay, of all Liberall Sciences had beene better preserved. Those poore Arcadian Shep­heards, when they had no other meanes to con­tinue the memory of their actions, or perpetu­ate their Loves, or recommend to posterity their Rurall Rapsodies, used to indorse their passio­nate Expressions in Rindes of Trees; which seemes pleasantly shadowed at by the Poet:

So sollicitous were poore Swainlins to have the memory of their Pastoralls continued, as they used the best meanes they could to have them preserved.

Now, to us is a farre greater priviledge gran­ted: our workes may be kept to posterity with­out any feare of so menacing an injury.As wee have the b nefit of P [...]int, so are those workes to produce some benefit, which wee in­tend to Print. Stampt they may be with a firmer Impression, to conti­nue their names to a succeeding generation. It rests, that as this benefit is conferred on us, we bestow our Oyle on such Labours as may con­duce to the publick: reteining ever a vertuous scorne, to close in ought that may detract from goodnesse, or to smother vice in the visage of greatnesse.

It was a religious Fathers continuate occasion of griefe,Aug. Med c. 4 which hee expressed in many devout aspirations and pious teares, to recall to minde [Page 35] those lighter and lesse consequent Studies, which his youth had affected, concluding with this pas­sionate confession: ‘Those studies which I once lo­ved, now condemne me; those which I sometimes praised, now disparrage me.’

Let us reflect on this: and become discreetly cautious what we write; what peculiar study we addresse our selves to; that our yeeres of age may not blush when they peruse those Follies in Folio which our youth published.

True is that constant Maxime: Iuventus in­ventioni, Senectus castigationi aptior: How preg­nant soever our wits be to invent; how rich soe­ver our fancies be to conceit; how elegant soever our style to illustrate our discourse; if the Subiect tend not to the practice of Piety; but onely suite with the quality of the time, exposing our Lamps to lucre, or to procure unmerited honour; our ri­per houres will bring us to a censure, and disco­ver our follies in their owne naked and native feature. As then, we value our honour, or shall labour to preserve our memory to a succeeding age: let nothing passe under our Pen, nor receive life from our Conceit, but what with a discreet confidence we are assured of, that it may afford much benefit to that private or publick state to which it is addressed: and by a propagating po­wer beget much profit in a conceiving Reader.

It is an observable note, which one experienc'd in assayes of this kind, sometimes said, and to our present purpose properly applyed: ‘It is hard when the world shall shew mine infirmi­ties [Page 36] under mine owne hand, said that knowing Roman.’ The way to free us from occasionall censure, is to conceale our selves from the world, who is many times a Lynceus to the lightest er­rour. Lateat haec una salus, was wise Ithacus his counsell to perplexed Andromache; and mine shal be the same to every Author, in this censorious Maze of opinionate phrensie. Now to the electi­on of our Style.

The Records of things done, commended to posterity, should not be enrolled, as the Chaldees did their Hieroglyphicks in Cyphers and intricate conclusions; but in words most significant, phrases modestly elegant, and discourse most pertinent. Here, by way of digression, let me touch the ridiculous labours, and unfruitfull tra­vailes of such who passe the Alpes, trace uncoth places, Desarts, Promontories; for what end Hea­ven knows, save onely to wrest out a phantastick behaviour of superfluous wit, or to comment on others Travailes by way of dirision: These are such as upon their returne, publish what they have seene; some more than they have seene, which I tearme Commenting Travellers: others lesse than they have seene, (or at least the most im­pertinent) which I tearme phantastick Travailers. Such as lye on their Travaile, either doe it for ad­miration, or having run upō the adverse shelvs of a deplored fortune, are enforced to invent strange things for the reliefe of their dejected estate. Such as publish lesse than they have seene, (omitting things of the greatest consequence, to satisfie our [Page 37] humors with trifles) doe it to gaine pregnancy, or singularity rather of conceit: they talke not of the Acts of Princes, nor the Sites of Regions, the temperature of such Clymates, or any mate­riall discourse, but to shew an exquisite straine of wit, purchased by a little fruitlesse travell: they insert frivolous occurrents, borrowed, or (it may be) invented by their owne phantasticke braines. These misse the marke a good Traveller should aime at: they should observe Lawes in forraigne places, like a good Lycurgus, to transpose so glorious a freight to their owne Countrey. They should not (like our fashion-inventers, our Ita­lianated Albionacts) so much observe what is worne on the body, as what habit best beseemes the nature and condition of their minde. Since flourishing Common-weales are then the highest, when in externall habilliments the lowest: for Sparta never flourished more, than when she con­formed her State to the imitation of the Laconi­ans. Many Realmes have we knowne to be mira­culously protected, by meanes of experienced men: which experience they either received by Travell or Example: yea,Vse of travell and example. many Empires (and those of amplest circumference) have beene re­duced from a kinde of servitude within them­selves, by experiments derived from a farre. For Travell, the excellent designes of Sertorius, Eume­nes, Marius, and Antonius, may sufficiently con­firme the profit to bee reaped thereby. For Example: We shall reade in all the Roman An­nals, a certaine vehement desire in all the worthy [Page 38] Patritians of imitating whatsoever they perceived to bee worthy imitation in their predecessours;Imitation in vertue. marking the events of their intendments, and collecting the goodnesse of the meanes by the prosperous successe in the end. These were worthy monumentall honours, that could not only imitate the vertues so transparant in others, but even exemplifie their memorable actions in themselves.

Wee are placed in the following Ages, but we scorne to follow the precedent times in their ver­tues, though expert enough in contriving po­liticke designes: the fabricke of our invention can dispose or transpose it selfe to any shape, any impression, for private gaine or advantage: but publicke affaires may be Advocates for them­selves; they are a Merchandise too farre estranged from our affections; none will travaile to pur­chase their Countries peace: Solons we have few, that goe mad for their Countrey; but Tar­peia's we have too many, that are madde with desire to betray their Countrey: Few Law-inacters, many Law-infringers: making whole­some Lawes, like Tarandulas webs; wickets for great ones to come through, but snarles for little ones to hold.

Those ancient Emblemes stood profest Anti­podes to these injurious Spiders;☞ whose desire is, that Iustice may still hold her comparison with the Celedonie stone, which retaineth her vertue no longer, than it is rubbed with gold. There were certaine Images of Judges, by report con­firmed, [Page 39] and to their full proportions, with pro­per Motto's annexed, anciently rendred; which were set up at Athens, (at that time the select Seat of the Muses) having neither hands nor eyes: implying, that Rulers and Magistrates, to whom the civill sword of justice was recommended, should neither be infected with bribes, nor any other way drawne from that which was law­full and right.

Astraea, the goddesse of Justice, was portrayed before them; her ballance hanging in an equall scale. The least deviation from what was just, in­gaged the purple delinquent to an heavy censure. And this confirmed by the just and irrevo­cable decree of highest Emperours. Severus would have smoak'd such sellers of smooke. Zerxes would have pulled their skinne over their eares. This brought that flourishing-glorious estate to that spreading Empire in those happy dayes wherein Basil the Emperour of Constan­tinople lived; of whom it is reported, that when­soever he came to his Judgement seat, he found neither party to accuse, nor defendant to answer.

I remember a certaine Modell of antick forme,Excellent Em­blemes for de­blazor [...]ng cor­rupt [...]ustice. wherein were presented in Punick habits sixe grave personages, personating the office of Judges; each of them portrayed to the full body, and discovered by their distinct Posture and Im­presse: The first, as one made up of impertinen­ces, intending more the houre how it passed, than how businesse were dispatched, sate winding up his Watch; and above him these words writ [Page 38] [...] [Page 39] [...] [Page 40] in golden Letters: Quota est hora? The next to him, as one rocked a [...]eepe, sate a grave Endymi­on, carelesse how the world went, or how causes proceeded: his onely reside on a bench, was to take a nappe, and with all indifferency to re­commend the carriage of all businesses unto an­other, so he might without disturbance, enjoy his slumber; his Impresse, to answer the former: Omnibus dormio. The third, an imperious surly Saturnist, whose will was his Law; one, who scorned to veile to anothers judgement, though his opinion were more just: preferring his owne voyce before the equity of the cause: which hee makes good with as confident an impresse: Sic volo, sic iubeo. The fourth, a conceiving Sage, who heares all, but sayes nothing: appearing as one wonne by affection; or over-aw'd by com­mand: or as one constantly resolv'd to comply with time, he approves with silence, what his owne knowledge dictates to him for unjust; and this he seconds in these words: Video, sed ta­ceo. The fifth, one of a strong working pulse, more apt to receive than a common Shore. His Nerves were described ever extended; his Eyes fixt upon a visible object of approaching profit; and his Lungs nearely consumed with a close infatigable whispering of, Quid dabis? The last, in a scornfull eying and dis-esteeming of their irregular courses; as one declining from their injurious carriage, which he conceipts unwor­thy the embrace of any sincere professant, who should make his life the line, by which [Page 41] others actions are to bee directed, others affections measured, concludes, Video & rideo. Truth is, Emblemes of this sort are held a kinde of representative Histories: and by so much more moving, in regard their features imply a more native and free expression, than if they were discovered onely by the penne without any other liniment.

With pieces of this quality, many eminent and illustrious personages have been infinitely ta­ken: instances hereof are each-where to be found without seeking, and incomparably usefull in their applying. Prot [...]genes his Table, wherein Bacchus was painted, (and with no lesse excel­lence was the Embleme contrived) moved King Demetrius lying siedge at the City Rhodes, to use such intermissions and prejudiciall delayes in the pursuit of his designe, that where he might have consumed the City with fire, spared it for the preciousnesse and accurate workmanship of that Table: so as, staying to bide them battaile, he won not the City at all.

We shall see in the draught of ancient Histo­ries, not onely the actions and events of warres set downe; but likewise the Purprise of Forts, the Site of Cities; the manner of their defeats, in Pictures and other impressive Sculptures; which adde a great beauty and living resemblance to the History. This we may see in those time-surviving Commentaries of Caesar, and other Moderne An­nals expressed, to which these digressive observa­tions may be properly referred.

BUt to returne to our former argument: by the right use of History, we see vertue revi­ved when her defender is dead: and to say the truth, I may use Thales sentence in this dis­course: without History, Nil mortem a vitâ dif­ferre: Since the life of the dead depends upon the memory of the living: for without some me­moriall of actions prosecuted, what difference betwixt the valiant acts of Ithacus, and the shamefull retirednesse of Aegystus? betwixt Ae­neas piety, and Pigmalions cruelty? they are dead, and their poore Vrne can speake no more for them,The great mans mo [...]to. than Pompey's Sepulchre spake for him: Hic situs est magnus! here he lyes that was once great: powerfull in popular command, generally succes­full, before this Pharsalian discomfite: hore he lyes that was stiled his Countries Patron, Romes best Centinell: yet failing in the close of his fortunes, drooping in the upshot of his victories: Time can erect no other monument in his remem­brance: Vixi, & vici: onely once I lived, and was once Conquerour. It is recorded, that when Alexander came to the Tombe of Achyl­les, and beheld the Mirrour of Greece, shut up in so small a scantling of earth, (a parcell of that wh [...] lo which could hardly containe him living) he wept bitterly, adding: Haeccine sunt Trophaea? Be these all the Monuments, all the Trophies this world could affoord thee? Is greatnesse so soone extinguished, and the lampe of honour so soone [Page 43] put out? A good motive for Alexander, to caution him of his mortality, and might make up this conclusion: Alexander thou art not [...], but [...]: not the sonne of Iupiter, but the sonne of earth.

The like wee read related by Quintus Curtius: that when this great Prince of Macedon came into Persia, an object of no lesse pitty, than example of humane frailty, represented it selfe unto him: to wit, the poore Sepulchre of that victorious Cyrus, on which he found no other Inscription than this: O man! whosoever thou bee, or from what place soever thou shalt come (for I know thou wilt come) know, that I am Cyrus, who translated the Empire from the Medes to the Persians: pray thee doe not envy me for this little handfull of earth that doth cover me. This Epitaph could not choose but fixe an impression of remorse and commise­ration (as indeed it did) in that great Conque­rours heart: seeing whereto all his victories ten­ded: So as Nero's affecting command and sove­raignty was well answered by Seneca: Pulchrum est regnare, (said Nero:) Nihil est, si nihil quaeras, replyed Seneca: Certainly (if I bee not blinded with the love of Historicall discourse) there is no meanes better to deterre from vice, nor more ef­fectuall inducements unto vertue, than these mo­rall relations. By them wee see the lives of Prin­ces, and their imployments (Prima specie laeta) in their first entrance or passage pleasant, and de­lightfull, promising no lesse than successe, and in successe, continuance: and afterwards (Tractu dura) [Page 44] more difficulties attending, as if the Wheele of Fortune wee removed to a place subjected to more occurrents; yet not so dangerous, as to be attended by ruine: nor so secure, as to promise an undoubted issue. Eventu tristia; a strange Cata­strophe of so faire beginnings! where, in the first, there was security grounded upon more than hope: in the second, hope, though not secure: in the third, neither hope nor security, but deprivall of both. Yet even in these conversions, if it please the Reader to cast his eye upon the ad­mirable moderation of some Princes affections, he shall see verily a Christian resolution in a Pa­gan.True forti­tude. Furius Camillus could not be daunted, (though unjustly censured) his exile neither made him dejected, nor his Dictator-ship prowd. Pho­cion, that honest Senator (to satisfie an unsatiate appetite of revenge) renders up his life willingly, and when he could not dye without paying for his death, so indifferent was life to him, as hee confirmed his resolution by this Epiphonema: Itaque nisi empta nece, mori mihi Athenis non li­cuit?

☞To recount the vertuous lives and resolute deaths of the Cannij, Senecae, Aruntij, Sorani, &c. men of admirable tempers in so corrupt a go­vernment: what excellent divine precepts they proposed: what indifferency not onely towards Fortune but Life it selfe they shewed; how in­tegriously they bare themselves in place of ho­nour; with what constancy they suffered them­selves to be deprived of it; would strike amaze­ment [Page 45] in any understanding man. Especially, ha­ving had no other helps but the light of Nature to guide them; nothing but an imaginary Con­ceit of fame to eternize them. Light veiles for so high designes.

In those blind times, when States and Empires grounded their successe on Oracles; giving more credit to their doubtfull Delphian Resolves than any other praesage: with what preparednesse would their Generalls and Leaders grapple with the extreamest oppositions of death and danger? ‘No safety, nor hope of Victory either to State or Army, concludes the Oracle, if the Generall live:’ and rather than the State should suffer pre­judice by his life, with open breast and cheere­full embrace he meetes death. Curtius leapes in­to the Lake; Cocles into the Sea. This suffers ex­ile, and rejoyceth in his misfortune; that de­graded, beares the same count'nance in his dis­grace.

Againe, observe those constant amicable con­tracts of friendship one made with another: how no perill could divide their affections: no inter­posed Cloud darken those rayes of Amity mutu­ally reflecting: Histories are stored with instan­ces of this kind, which deserve our memory, with an admiration of their immutability. Two especiall examples, amongst many others, Stories afford us, which are here inserted by us; briefly related, but to perpetuity memorised. The for­mer is of Pelopidas that noble Grecian, who skirmishing with the Lacedemonians against the [Page 46] Arcadians, untill such time as being hurt in se­ven places, he fell downe at last for dead. Then presently Epaminondas (a mirror of constant A­mity, in an hazard of such extremity) out of a princely resolution, stepping forth bestrid him, and fought to defend his body, he alone against many, till being sore cut on his arme with a Sword, and thrust into the breast with a Pike, he was even ready to give over. But at that ve­ry instant, Agesipolis, King of the Lacedemonians, came with the other point of the Battell, in an happy houre,Plutarch. in Pe­lopida. anitio. and saved both their lives, when they were past all hope.

Marcus Servilius, a valiant Roman, may sup­ply the place of the latter; who had fought three and twenty Combates of life and death in his owne person, and had alwayes slaine as many of his Enemies as chaleng'd him man to man; when as the people of Rome, upon some private discon­tent, resisted Paulus Aemilius tryumph, stood up and made an Oration in his behalfe. In the midst whereof he cast open his gowne, and shew­ed before them the infinite skarres and cuts hee had received upon his breast. The sight whereof so prevailed with the people,Plut. in Paulo Aemilio. fine. that they all agree'd in one, and granted Aemilius Tryumph.

Should we observe likewise what intestine and inveterate hate one Nation bare to another; where a new succession ever reteined that propo­sed revennge of their Ancestor, it would give us no little occasion of wonder: that small begin­nings rising to greater heates, neither by conti­nuance [Page 47] of time, which weares out greatest dis­pleasures, nor mediation of interceeding States, could possibly be attoned. Variety of these, Hi­story will likewise afford us.

When Annibal was a Child, and at his Fathers commandment, hee was brought into the place, where he made sacrifice; and laying his hand up­on the Altar, sware that so soone as hee bore any sway in the Common-wealth, hee would be a professed enemy to the Romans. And that this grounded Nationall hate was not to be extin­guish'd by death, may appeare by many eminent and pregnant Instances, not onely anciently but even of later times occurring.

Scipio appointed his Sepulchre to be so placed, as his Image standing upon it, might looke di­rectly towards Affrica; that being dead, he might still be a terror to the Carthaginians.

Zisca, that valiant Captaine of the Bohemians, who had borne himselfe so victoriously succes­sive in many set Battells of incomparable conse­quence, commanded that after his decease his skin should be slay'd from his body to make a Drumme, which they should use in their battells, affirming that as soone as the Hungarians, or any other their enemies, should heare the sound of that Drumme, they would not abide, but take their flight. This was the reason that the body of Cadwallo, an ancient King of Britaines, (to draw nearer our owne borders) being embal­med and dressed with sweet confections, was put into a brazen Image,Hollinshea l. and set upon a brazen [Page 48] Horse over Ludgate for a terror to the Saxons.

These in a private Arbour, secluded from the cares or turmoyles of the world, to peruse, can­not but beget a delight and admiration in the Reader. While hee collects the rare temper of some, whose alteration of fortune could not so much as occasion one sigh, or produce a teare. The Reason might be this, they were not so much enamoured on what they enjoy'd, and consequently could forgoe whatsoever they en­joy'd with lesser griefe. Servile teares become slavish mindes: whereas a truely ennobled dispo­sition scornes to be restrained by such gyves. This benefit of Nature they enjoyed, and in such free­dome, as losse of fortunes could not amate them; being seated on an higher Mount than the braves of so light a Soveraignesse could ascend to.

These rightly conceived, and usefully applyed that Philosophicall Axiome: ‘As the Moone doth never eclypse, but when shee is at the full: so the Minde is never so much obscured, as it is with the superfluity of Riches. And againe, as the Moone is the furthest off from the Sunne, which giveth it light, when it is at the full; so a Man, when hee is fullest of Riches, is furthest off from that Equity and Iustice which ought to give him light.’ Herein therefore (to free them from a more dangerous shelfe) they thought to imitate the Flie, which putteth not her feete into the great masse of Honey, but onely taketh or ta­steth with her tongue so much thereof as serveth her turne and no more, lest by doing otherwise, [Page 49] shee might remaine taken and drowned therein.Bern. de Ad­vent. Serm. 1. For true is that sentence in every worldlings ex­perience Qui mundum amplectuntur similes sunt illis, qui submerguntur in aquis. This, through a constant moderation of their desires, moved Anacharses to refuse the Treasure sent him by Croesus: Anacreon the Treasure sent him by Poli­crates: And Albionus the Treasure sent him by Antigonus.

That Zeno prov'd himselfe a Philosopher in­deed by his contempt of the World; who hea­ring that all his estate was exposed to ship­wracke, with a pleasing smile, and a composed temper, farre above the braves of fortune, conclu­ded:Sen. de tranq. an. ‘Fortune bids mee now the sooner play the Philosopher.’ And as their Spirits were elevated a­bove the Orbe of Fortune; so could they with no lesse noble resolution suffer the misery of Exile, ever closing with that divine Morall: Si sapiens est, non peregrinatur; si stultus est, exulat. Sen. de remed. fort. Howsoever then the State, upon some immeri­ted Ground might pronounce their Proscripti­ons against them: their Countrey was wise­dome; their true repose, a quiet, composed mind, ready to suffer in defence of honour, and to hold it a prerogative of honour so to suffer.

What should I speake of Publius Valerius Pub­licola, whose moderation in the ebbe of fortune, and surplusage of miseries, made him more ad­mired, than hated? The equall temper of Rutil­lius, the exceeding modesty of L. Quintius, the grave and serious respect of Fabius Maximus, [Page 50] the temperate deliberation of Marcellus, and the admirable government of Tiberius Grac­chus; the wise s [...]aidnesse of Metellus, and the discreet patience of Marcus Bibulus. We use to be more excited to goodnesse by Ex­amples than Precepts; and such instances in Hi­stories are not a little perswasive, representing to our eyes the divers objects of Piety in Coriolanus, of Justice in Aristides, of Prudence in Cleobulus: and to be briefe, of all vertues so well practised by Pagans, as they may well deserve an imitation by Christians.

TO proceede now to the Discourse it selfe; I allow of a copious phrase in History: For contrac [...]ion of sentences doth oft-times contract the sence, or at least makes the Subject lesse in­telligible: Cornelius Tacitus seemed to affect an [...]tri [...]te kind [...] of writing, yet his Argum [...]nt in i [...] selfe for copious might modestly Apolo­gize his succ [...]nctnesse, approving Tullies opini­on, where he propounds, what errours are most subject to Taxing in such Discourses: Vitiosum etiam est si nimium apparatis verbis compositum, aut nimium longum est: Taxing in the one Singularity, commending in the other Bre­vity: Yet he seemes to oppose himselfe in it by plaine contradiction, making relation of the same Discourse: Non parum fructus habet in se copia dicendi, What Stile best serv [...] an History. & commoditas orationis: But these tend rather to Rhetoricall Narrations, than Histori­call [Page 51] Descriptions. Tacitus is to be preferred be­fore the most, being a dilated compendiary of many declined States, dis-united Provinces: shewing the vices of the time, where it was dangerous to be Vertuous, and where Innocence tasted the sharpest censure: what garbe best suited with the state of that time, describing the O­rators Tongue-Facundam inimicitijs, more par­tiall than Time-observers. Where Amici Cu­riae, were Parasiti Curiae: The Courts friends, the Courts Popingayes. Here he shewes a great Man rising, and his fall as suddaine as his ere­ction: the immeritorious, in election for grea­test honours; and the vertuous depressed, be­cause they will not mount by sinister meanes. There a Prince that shewed great testimonies of his approved vertues, so long as he was subject, but raised to an unexpected height hee seconded this Conclusion: ‘An ill Prince spoyled a good Subject:’ so was Galba: Omnium consensu capax Imperij, nisi imperaesset: O what singular fruits may be gathered out of that one History, to teach men in high estates how to moderate their Greatnesse; and others of inferiour ranke, rather to live retired, than to purchase eminence in place by servile meanes? But of all,Diversity of affections. the divers af­fections of Princes, either well or ill disposed, minister no little delight to the Judicious Rea­der: Here one so popularly affected, as he had the tricke to binde his Subjects to allegeance by a native insinuation; such was Augustus, Anto­nius Pius, Septimus Severus; one whereof seemed [Page 52] rather to affect popular satisfaction than his owne, subjecting (as he himselfe professed) his entirest thoughts to propagate his Countries glory: Antonius Clemency, was the chaine that united and combined (in a knot inviolable) the hearts of the Romans to him, publickly prote­sting: Hee had rather save one Citizen, than de­stroy a thousand enemies. But Severus was loved (which seemes no lesse admirable) for that which engenders, for most part, greatest occasion of of­fence, and that was Severity; Being no lesse ex­act in punishing his friends than enemies. But to read over the life of Sylla, we shall see an op­position in his nature. None that ere did more good to his friends, or more harme to his ene­mies: Nay, even in Brothers (derived from one Stemme) discrepant natures;Hinc Scissitan­ti, Quinam in [...]alatio? per­ [...]epidè respon­sum fuit, Ne Musca qu dem. Titus, the love and darling of Man-kinde; Domitian a professed foe to all Man-kinde; the one banishing Para­sites his Palace; the other a persecutor of flies.

☞Those different dispositions of Romulus and Remus, Numitor and Amulius, how from one and the same stemme, branches of various natures proceeded. Againe, to observe with what a Religious Ethicke care, many eminent Princes erected Temples for their Gods; how serious they were in observing those Ceremo­nies, which were Nationally used by them. How superstitious they were in their Oscines and Auguries; what constant performers of their words, were it either in private Con­tracts, [Page 53] or publick Conditions of Peace.Breach of pro­mise held a great dishonor amongst the Antients. What a lasting brand, or surviving blemish was it to any Nation, that should be found guilty in this kind? What a Theta it was to the Carthaginians, to be stamped with that inglorious Title of Foedifra­gi? How devoted and affectionately ingaged, those honest-morall Pagans were to Loyalty? Nothing more hatefull to them than Treachery. This caused Mithridates to take Manius Acilius, Memorable Examples in revenging of Disloyalty. one of the chiefest Embassadours of the Romans, and set him contemptuously upon an Asse, till he was come to Pergamo, where he put molten Gold in his mouth: reproving the Romans for ta­king gifts: or to betray the confidence of their Countrey for rewards.

The like is reported of Tarpeia, that disloyall Maid, who betraying the gates of the Capitol to the Enemy, onely upon promise, that they should throw her the Bracelets which they wore on their left arme, which they accordingly per­formed, but with other proper gages to recom­pence her disloyalty, throwing also their Tar­gets, with which she was pressed to death.

Neither were they lesse strict in punishing such, who in private and Oeconomick affaires shewed themselves disloyall. This appeared in that nobly-disposed Enemy of Scaurus Domitius, who, when a certaine servant retaining to Domitius, came before the Judiciall Seate to accuse his Master, hee sent him home to his Master with the Tenure of his accusation. These ancient Sages and Hero­ick Spirits clos'd not altogether with that [Page 54] Maxime Of loving the Treason, but hating the Traytor: For they hated to stoope to such base­nesse, as to perfect what they intended, or dis­patch ought that they designed by such odious and indirect meanes. Nor was a loyall-noble spirit ever seene unrewarded: perchance, indeed, the iniquity of time might be such, as those who merited a gracious aspect from their Countrey, might sometimes fall into disgrace by undeser­ving Offices, suggesting to the State what so use­full an Agent never thought: but this proceeded not so much from the ingratitude as the easie credulity of the State, in inclining to such groundlesse suggestions.

This might be instanced in that unhappy As­drubal, Deserving men punished by the suggesti­ons of ill offi­ces. who to prevent the fury and malice of the people, incensed against him by unjust Offi­ces, fled to his Fathers Sepulchre, and dispatch­ed himselfe with poison: nor found their fury here a period: for from that vast structure of mortality, they dragged out his Carcasse, and cutting off his Head, put it upon a Speares point, and bare it about the City.No end of po­pular hate. But this inhumani­ty must be imputed to that Democratick Govern­ment or headlesse Monster, where all things are usually acted by a blind precipitate will, without deliberation or advice. Whereas a knowing Prince, who measures the value of mens actions by the promptnesse or alacrity of those spirits with which they are done; eyes both the quality of the person and action: Nor can any designe proceeding from a loyall spirit, who stands ready [Page 55] to ingage his state, fame, and all for the honour of his Prince or Countrey, loose his deserving Guerdon; besides that high opinion or estimate of the Prince, whose Count'nance is his honour; whose Smile the reward of his labour.

King Darius upon a time, by chance opening a great Pomegranate, and being demanded of what hee would wish to have, as many as there were graines in that Pomegranate? answered in one word, of Zopyrusses. Plut. initio A­potheg. Regum. Now this Zopyrus was a right noble and valiant Knight, who, to reduce Babylon to the subjection of his Lord and Master,Just [...]. lib. 1. in fine. and defeate the trayterous Assyrians, suffer'd his body to be rent and mangled: and being thus disfigured, fled straight-wayes to Babylon, where the Assyrians were intrenched: whom hee made beleeve that Darius had misused him in this sort, because he had spoken in their behalfe, counsel­ling him to breake up his Siege, and remove his Army from assaulting their City: They hearing this Tale, and the rather induced to thinke it true, because they saw him so shamefully disfi­gured in his body, were perswaded to make him their chiefe Captaine. By which meanes he be­trayed them all, and surrendred both them and their City into his Masters hands. Such an Ada­mantine tye to his Princes heart was a loyall Sub­ject, who little car'd how hee were brought to the stake, so hee might advance the honour of the publick State.

What more delightfull Subject can be imagi­ned, than to converse (and that without perill) [Page 56] of the dangerous events of Warre? of the divers dispositions of Princes; raisings and razings of Empires: Some shaken by the vitiousnesse of the people which inhabite them,Security the ruine of Sove­raignty. being so long se­cure, till ruine impose a period to their security: Some by (civill and intestine Factions) making their dearest Countrey the sad Spectator of their Funeralls;Civill Warres leave in a di­stracted State the deepest wounds. their entirest friends, their professed foes; and the argument of love and amity, the ground of civill dissentions: The cause whereof (for the most part) proceeds from a continued peace; for retirednesse from forraigne affaires, make us bent to prosecute Managements dome­stick; and the over-flow of successe (purchased by peace) makes men more capable of injuries, e­ven to their best friends. This was the reason moved Athens to erect places of Martiall Exerci­ses, (even in peace) that so the Youths being day­ly inured to such Exercises, might imploy their strengths in them, and not in civill Commoti­ons. This wee have by relation of Histories; which so manageth affaires of State, as I am of that Sages opinion,How studious the Romans were of Hi­stories. who averred: That no man could be an experienc't Statist, that was not ini­tiated in the reading of Histories; which hee confirmes with reasons no lesse Authentick, cal­ling them the aptest and exquisitest directions that can attend man, either in publick or private affaires, at home or abroad. Divers therefore of our famous Senators in Rome, have employed their times in these Studies; as Salust, whose wel-couch'd Style, succinct Sentences, and pure­nesse [Page 57] of Writing, may arrogate, it not the chiefest place; yet to be inserted amongst the chie­fest: Varro one of reputed esteeme, and of ample possessions, tooke in hand the like taske, to illustrate his Native Tongue, not onely with apt and accommodate phrases, but likewise to compile the memorable acts of the Romans, and to reduce them into an exact order; to excite his Countrymen, by perusing the valiant at­tempts of their Ancestors: Eorum gloriâ inflamma­ri ad eandem virtutis exercitationem suscipien­dam: To be inflamed and provoked, by their renowne and glory atchieved, to imitate them in the like. And there is nothing certainly that leaveth more deepe impression in a resolved minde, than the report of former exploits; Hearing this man by his industry and vigi­lant respect, to contemne all difficulties, oppose himselfe to all dangers, whereby hee might performe something worthy memory: Another (sustaining Herculean Labours) to purchase himselfe but a little glory. This man subjected to Sea-wracks, exposed to the mercy of the Winds, environed and hemmed in by imminent dangers; yet moderating his passi­ons, armes himselfe against the perils of Sea, ad­verse Windes, the menaces of ruine, with reso­lution to endure the worst of Fates, ever medita­ting of that motive to patience:

☞It was the answer of an unamated Captive, who slighting the insulting braves of him who tooke him: ‘Thou hold'st thy conquest great in over-comming me; but mine is farre greater in over-comming my selfe.’ Here was a conquest indeed, and such as deserve trophies of glory, to crowne him with perpetuity.

The Scythes used to erect Obelisks or Square-stones upon the hearse of the deceased, answe­ring in number so many as he had slaine of his e­nemies: Whereas, he that had not slaine an ene­my, was not onely deprived of those Monu­ments of glory, but not so much as admitted to drinke of that goblet (spiced with his Ance­stors Ashes) and used for an Health cuppe in so­lemne Feasts and banquets. O what memorable Signals of true fortitude deserves that undaunted Spirit, who can triumph in his owne discom­fit: and fortifie himselfe with a prepared mind a­gainst all oppositions!

The Vnicornes Horne being dipt in water, is said to cleare and purifie it. This will patience do in all those troubled Waters which inclose a compo­sed minde.The excellen­cy a com­posed minde. These finde no griefe of so extensive a quality, which either time will not allay, or Death end. Though they be led in triumph, and exposed to all the miseries which a domi­neering Foe can put upon them; they can slight the braves and contemptible slavery of a proud Conquerour, and with a cheerefull smile enter­taine the mutability of Fortune. Such as these, are S [...]veraignes in Captivity; and merit most [Page 59] applause in their imbracing of adversity. Besides this, they reflect with a discreete eye, upon what they formerly read: now their confine­ment affords them leasure to peruse what they have observ'd in the circuit of their time: and now in their new change or ebbe of fortune they finde no new thing happened. Those, whose Victories were numerous; Soveraignty bound­lesse; could not so cut the wings of Victoria, as to make her their permanent Guest. They heare Antiochus at one time saluted both [...], and [...], a glorious Prince, and a furi­ous Tyrant. They heare Pompey combred with honour, exclaime to see Sylla's cruelty; and being ignorant after what sort to behave him­selfe in the dignity he had then attained, they heare him cry out: ‘O perill and danger never like to have end!’

They see a Philotas aspiring, and falling; a Pe­rennius conspiring, and perishing. They note Dionysius that Syracusan Tyrant to be so suspici­ous of his fall, so jealous of his Fate, as hee will not trust any Barber to shave him, but in­joynes his owne daughters to learne that Trade, purposely to bee imployed about him. They heare the very same Dionysius asking the Wise men of his Court, which Copper they held the best; and they heare Antiphons ready answer to his question, that in his opinion, that was the most excellent, whereof Armodius and Ari­stogiton made the Picture of Pisistratus. Hol­ding that Mettall the best, which kept a Tyrant [Page 60] at rest. These heare the Lydian King exclai­ming against himselfe, and disclaiming of his owne Opinion, that felicity should pos­sibly retaine any subsistence from mortality.

These have found the best and principall'st bl [...]ssing confirmed by the authority of Hero­dotus in Cleobulus and Biton, Trophonius and Agamedes, and that pithy conclusion of Sile­nus, who being taken prisoner by King Midas, paid this ransome; teaching the King, ‘The best thing that might chance any man, was never to be borne,Tusc. Quaest. lib. 1. the next to dye as soone as might be.’

A rich ransome, surely! had that worldly de­luded King made right use of it; for so had hee prevented misery before it fell upon him: and made that an occasion of his happinesse, which unthought of, brought him to a more sensible conceite of his owne ruine. ‘Those whom the Gods doe love (saith Menander) dye young:’ yea, those they esteeme of most, whom they take from hence the first.

To present these more impressive Motives of Worldly contempt, dis-esteeme of Life, Honour, or whatsoever this Sabble Thea [...]re of humane va­nity could afford, sundry Imperiall Princes en­dowed with spirits no lesse imperious, have con­trived many Emblemes, with other Remembran­ces, purposely, no doubt, to avert their affections from so much idolatrising Earthly Majesty. A­mongst which, you shall finde in these rich Trea­sures of Time, Historicall Records, an Agathocles, [Page 61] though a Tyrant, Emblematizing his owne fraile and mutable condition in the invention of his owne Statue:A princely Embleme of Mortality. commanding the Head to be made of pure Gold, implying his Regall Dignity; the Armes of Ivory, signifying how Iustice from Ex­ecution receives her beauty; the other liniments of Brasse, inferring their s [...]nuity; but the Feet of Earth, displaying their frailty.

An excellent Memoriall, and well deserving to be ingraven in purest and perpetuall'st Met­talls. This Simonides sung to Pausanias; this a Page every Morning to Philip of Macedon: [...]. Re­spice post te, hominem memento te. Cineas, that excellent Orator, and solid Philosoper, disswa­ding Pyrrhus from his expedition against the Ro­mans, demanded of him, ‘what he would doe, when he had conquered them? To whom the King answer'd; I wil over-run all Italy, Greece, & Barbary; and what shall we doe next▪ I will for­rage Cicilia. And what remains to be done then? O then, saith the covetous Prince, we will live at ease, Eate, drinke, and be ioviall together e­very day. And why, (said Cineas) may we not eate, drink, and be merry with lesse, enjoy what we have with comfort; and eschue those inevi­table labours and perills, whereto our ambition and insatiable desire of honour ingage us?’

But this was too hard a question; Ambition can admit of no Reason. He onely h'as absolute power to confine his desires, who seeth nothing without him, which he conceives worthy of him. Such an one h'as measur'd Mans life, and hee [Page 62] findes it to be a span;A narrow spanne. which hee shall neither fall short of, nor exceed, no not one title or point of it, not the breadth of the smallest haire, or Atome; no, not the rare-spun Gothsimere; the subtilest linke of the Spider; or any other exte­nuated or imaginary thinnesse whatsoever. [...]. Pindar. He calls Death and Sleepe two Sisters; and Night the Mother of them both. Hee holds the Locust or the Grashopper (though Creatures of empti­nesse and feare) no greater slaves of the winde than Man: yea, to set him out in his colours, and discover to the world, that his vanity ranks him with the lightest of Gods Creatures: Hee findes him tossed to and fro as the Grashopper, and dri­ven away as the Locust. Hee observes, how the Sunne, when it is in the Meridian, and the beams of it perpendicular to our bodies, shadows change not suddenly: but when it begins to de­cline to the fall, every moment, almost, they vary. And such hee concludes, is Man; who, though in his strength and maturity of Nature, he find no such changes or alterations in the state of his body, as may seeme to menace to his decli­ning house an approaching ruine: yet, that curi­ous and delicious structure, that earthly contex­ture of man, when it shall begin once to decay, and loose his former strength, every day brings forth a change. One infirmity or other hourely invades him; and at last, so weakens his poore splitted vessell, as no truce will be admitted, no respit granted, hee must of necessity returne to those first materialls, from whence hee first pro­ceeded.

Wee see the Crowne of Honour set with great solemnity upon the head, but wee feele not the weight of it; which makes him sweat and shake hands with Rest that weares it. Wee behold the golden Pantofle, but feele not how grie­vously it pincheth the foote. We eye and admire the reflecting beauty of a massie-guilt Target, or imbossed Armour, but partake not of his bur­den, who is the wearer.

The greatest Worldling ever carries the hea­viest weight; the ambitious-aspiring minde ever harbours the most care: the enjoyer of Honour, the most feare. The scourge of Envy from be­low, and Ambition from above, doe hunt Ho­nour to death. He enjoyes sufficiently, that h'as learn'd to be a Soveraigne over his owne passi­ons: and to restraine the surging billows of an o­ver-flowing will, to the command of Reason. No Principality like this: for it brings man to an higher Imperiall State, than all the deluding pro­mises of this spongie world can possibly afford him.

These Observations are Receipts, or Cordials against the maladies of Fortune: A man thus re­solved, cannot be lesse than a Prince; for hee go­vernes a Dominion more domineering, an Em­pire more imperious, A Diarchy, or Monarchy rather: having disconsorting affections; overlay­ing Siege and Battery to the Palace of the Soule, which moved Plutarch in his Morals definitively to conclude: That he who moderated his affections, was halfe vertuous; but hee that never past the [Page 64] bounds and limits of temperate motives, nor felt the deluding enforcements of vanity assaulting him, was wholly vertuous. But the Morals propo­sition was better than his conclusion: For no mortall (since the staine of his Originall Purity) could ever subsist so secure, or remaine so un­moveable, as never to be engaged to perturba­tions, the naturall attendants of Mortality.

FOr Divine, I will not comprehend them in my Discourse, being such as depend on their owne Arches, drained from the pure Spring of Coelestiall Wisedome, and therefore impossible to erre either in Action or Relation: yet necessa­rily (now and then) immixed with Morall Hi­stories, because their weight may better p [...]ise in the Scale of every Judicious Reader, when he seeth Morall Discourse so well fortified, as by the Pillar of Truth. Albeit I approve of Hesiods words:In Noct & Die Fabulous Relations should not, nor ought [Page 65] they to be authorized by Holy Writings: Such as cor­rupt the Text, and racke the Sacred Sense with their en­forced Allego­ries. It was a Pagans observation, and worthy ours: So should our prophane Pamphleters, restraine their libi­dinous writings more, and either write that which should propagate themselves a generall re­putation, without derogation to the sacred Writings of the Almighty, or silence their works;Not to mixe Sacred with prophane. Vid. Lypsium in praescript. in lib. de const. lest they should deprave many, for a private reward, or pedling gaine. More I insist upon this, because too many have I knowne steeped in this promiscuous Subject, well read in Scrip­ture, to wrest them, otherwise Babes and Suck­lings; for they could not reach to the depth of such Mysteries, but onely touch them to corrupt them. But their Cimmerian Cloud,Corrupters of Scripture. when it shall be dispersed, and the Raies of a reasonable un­derstanding to them exhibited: They will repent them, I feare it not, (and heavens grant that re­pentance be not like the after raine, out of sea­son) of their prophaner mixtures. O let them turne their eye of consideration (whosoever they be) to the miserable end of Lucian, Cleander, Me­trodorus, whose disastrous falls answered their blasphemous risings; contemning the Sacred Writ of Heaven, and prostituting their labours to the merited censure of confusion: But too much of them. Times are not so easie to be wai­ned from their habit of errour, or induced to a course of more Sanctimony: Lampes and Oyly Studies were made fruitlesse at Epictetus death; his Lanthorne hung up (as a monument of his vertues) made a deeper impression in his Schollers, [Page 66] than all our Motives, Precepts, or Examples can doe in ours: that Age was more apprehensive of Good, this of Ill.

NOw to our Discursive Histories.Discursive Histories. Many discourse without matter, onely descanting upon idle Theames: more observed for their idlenesse, than for any subject whereon they en­treate: Such be foolish Phantasticks that spend their Oyle upon unnecessary Subjects. I have apprehended many of this vaine, but they shall be namelesse, talking of strange Horse-races, such as their barren Muse never conceived: others of Fabulous Histories, never found out by that Arch-Artist Nature, whence they derived their foundation; for such, I passe untouched, be­ing such as they hardly conceive their owne wri­tings.

Discursive Histories are either true or feigned: If true,Division of Discursive Histories. they comprehend in them a certaine ground, not onely fortified by a reasonable pro­duction, but also by the authority of such, whose Authentiqu'st Labours claime to themselves, a kinde of Authority without further proofe: Such wee read to be the Labours of Cornelius Ta­citus, Titus Livius, Trogus Pompeius, and many others, whose Subjects confirme their authority: being such as represent the divers events of things done, by Historicall Relation, and Ocular Presen­tation. For divers of those worthy Historiogra­phers have beene interrested even in such pro­bable, [Page 67] and generally-allowed discourses by per­sonall presence,Faithfull Hi­storians. in the management of such af­faires: as Commines, of all Histories (amongst our Moderne) most approveable, being an eye-wit­nesse of what he writ.

And herein me thinkes,☜ I should take occa­sion, to recommend an imploymnet no lesse de­lightfull than consequently usefull to such of our Gentry as are adidcted to Travaile, or Martiall Discipline; An imploy­ment of espe­ciall conse­quence recom­mended to our Gentry. to have ever with them a Diary or Ephemerides of whatsoever they have at any time seene presented worthy memory, or acted in the time of their service or agency there. I should hold it convenient likewise for them to become their owne Amanuenses: by compiling and me­thodically disposing such memorable Observan­ces, as occurre either at home or abroad.Labor tenuis est, tenuis non gloria. This course will recompence their few houres labour, to their great improvement; and in arguments of Discourse minister no small delight to an under­standing Hearer. For admit the memory were never so retentive; yea, that it might vye with that of Cyrus, who could call every Souldier in his Army by name; yet to make it a Store-house or Repository of whatsoever we have seene or heard, would argue too much confidence in such a fraile-decaying ornament: for of all faculties in man, Memory is the weakest, first waxeth old, and decaies sooner than strength or beauty. Prima sumus obliti, postrema non intelleximus, quia prima non meminimus. An excellent Moral Caveat, and well-deserving our learning in these times.

I could instance divers noble Personages e­ven in this Kingdome, who have risen to an extraordinary pitch of Wisedome, Knowledge, and Elegancy of Discourse by this meanes. These in their forraigne interesses, would admit no day without a line. Privately they recorded what­soever they had seene publickly atchieved. They sifted the dispositions of men; and redu­ced the benefit hereof, by complying with them, unto themselves. These Notions fit and en­able them for State affaires; and in imployments of Embassie. An office of especiall improvement to the State, being discreetly and wisely mana­ged: For the Person so imployed, presents in his owne, the very Face or Image of the Common­weale. For the better discharge whereof, that he may come off faire, and returne his Prince a gratefull account of what he ha's done, it is ne­cessary for him to reteine ever in memory those Speeches of a grave and judicious States­man, by way of direction in his moderation of Speech.

‘He that knoweth how to speake well, know­eth also where he must hold his peace.’ Wise­ly concluding: ‘Thinke an houre before you speake, and a day before you promise.’

Many, and peculiar be [...]hose prerogatives gran­ted him; which, as they are exercised by him to the honour of the State from whence he came, so is he to neglect no opportunity for dispatch of those affaires for which he came. To reteine a seemely-modest State without affectation, will [Page 69] infinitely become him, for that suits worst with his person of all others. He is privileg'd from suffering abuse or dishonour; in the same line of relation is he to beare himselfe towards another. For in this is the Law of Nations exhibited, that he neither harme, nor receive harme from o­thers. Albeit, hee may still enjoy the benefit of this priviledge, till such time as hee recede from his place or Office; that hee may use in his owne family the Sword of Justice to any such as shall utter words of disgrace against the Prince, or shall defile any mans Wife: nei­ther is the Legat himselfe exempted from like punishment, being found in any of these a per­sonall delinquent. For howsoever that Max­ime of State be, That none is to handle the Sword, but he who holds the Sceptre; yet a De­putative power hath beene ever granted, which rather improves than detracts from his Majesty by whom it is granted. Now, to insist a little more upon their Dignity; they are neither properly sent by Subjects, nor to Subjects. Their Commission is from the Prince or State directed, not by any lower Power addressed: where, though the Common-weale seeme ab­sent, yet is the Common-weales cause argu­ed in presence. And that a more absolute po­wer or Soveraignty may appeare in him by whom these Agents are sent, than in the per­sons herein interessed and sent, to speake in one word what duely and properly concernes them; They are upon Returne home, to [Page 70] render an accompt of their whole passage: wher­in should they complaine, that the Prince or State to whom they were sent, had rejected, a­bused, or any way injured them, by the Iulian Law, A Law of the Digests. such an one was accused to have done con­trary to the Law of Armes.

These, by helpe of History, finde likewise what resolution is required in one so interessed; and in what manner he is to behave himselfe upon af­fronts done either upon himselfe, or to him whom he doth personate. Amongst many other Instances, he conceives no spirit more appropri­ate to one in that place, than of that Ambassa­dor of Athens, who answered King Philip of Macedon, threatning that hee would cause his Head to be cut off: ‘If thou takest this Head from me,Státuam pro Capite, pro Morte Immor­talitatem. my Countrey will give me another that shall be immortall: for my Head, a Statue; for Death, Immortality.’

Memorable Examples of this kind are every where to be found, in this unvaluable Store-house or Treasury of Time, History.

But in ample tearmes to explaine what the condition of an Historian is, let me in briefe, yet materiall words, expresse what hee meanes: Not such as inveigh against States,Satyricall Hi­storian, and the Sycophant Historian. or politicke Governments, for such are rather Satyrists, than Historians; nor such as personate the entire acts of a Martialist, by assentative tearmes; which are such as insinuate themselves by a glosing Style to winne the affection of their Patron. Lesse to be borne with be these, than the other, subjecting [Page 71] the free use of History to a Parasite and oylie tongue: which moved Alexander so exceeding­ly against Aristobulus, as that on a time hearing his owne Acts deblazoned farre above truth, he commanded his Labours should be throwne over Boord: saying, He was almost induced to throw A­ristobulus after: A caveat very necessary for all clawing Parasites that make their Pen Mercenary, and therefore, as may be inferred upon their workes, dare not unrip the vitiousnesse of times; lest by unbosoming Truth, they should incurre the offence of some person, to whom their la­bours are ingaged, their fortunes subjected, and their endeavours partially devoted.

Plato banished all Poets Athens: but a favou­rable Glosse would restraine that Ostracisme one­ly to peculiar wits, (petulant I meane) such as the Prince of Sparta proscribed his well-governed City,H ero & Leëna. for presenting some obsceene Verses to his Queene. But I wonder why Plato excluded not these Historians, since their Labours were prostitute (like the publick Strumpet) for gaine, making their Writings to the opinion and imita­tion of that Scarabee of History, who being de­manded why he wrote not truth of such a Prince; replyed: Vivit, quis vera dicet? His life kept him in awe, he durst not expresse his vices to the quicke, lest he should bite too much.

This that experienc'd,☜ S^r. W. R. but unfortunate Knight well observed, as may appeare by his owne words: ‘Whosoever in writing a Moderne History, shall follow Truth too neare the [Page 72] heeles, it may happily strike out his teeth.’

Wherein I commend the incomparable Thea­no, who is so cautious in his Historicall Noti­ons of what he writes, as hee will commit no­thing to publick, which hath not beene first confirm'd both by strong Intelligence and Sub­signation under the hands of the eminent'st per­sons there residing, where any such action past. Nor is he spare in the relation of what he heares; so it import the Subject whereof hee writes: Though Princes should sollicit him by rewards, hope of higher preferment; he cannot endure to have his Pen sold, nor to comply with the hu­mour or current of Time for any unworthy ayme.

It was the excellent saying of an impartiall Hi­storian, who being demanded by One who had reduced his Empire to a meere Tyranny; why he remembred not him in his Writings? ‘Because (quoth he) I read nothing in you worth remem­bring. Why doest thou not then (replyed he) record my Vices? Lest others (said he) should erre by your Example, and so imitate them.’ It is the highest honour of an Historian, to be ac­counted sincere. As hope of Honour should not transport him, hope of Reward corrupt him, nor ayme to any outward comply divert him from speaking Truth: so should no commanding power over-aw him, to betray his knowledge, or to sow pillows to the Elbowes of Greatnesse. This endangers his Credit for ever, and throws a contempt on his Labour.

Many there are, who describe things rather as they should be done, than as they were done. This is not to make a discovery of truth, but to pro­pose a forme or Method of what should bee done according to truth. The lives of Princes, and their actions were ever held Modells of imitation for Inferiours. Their very behaviour,A rule how to rectifie imitation of Errors; by Hi­storicall dire­ctions. were it in some gesture never so uncomely, h'as ever begot Followers in persons of meaner quality. To recti­fie these, nothing more powerfull, than to pro­duce more cleare and imitable Examples; that in them, as in living Mirrors, they might discover their owne Errors.

It was the saying of Antisthenes, that those that would live free from vice, had need ei­ther of most unfeigned friends, or of most bit­ter enemies; because, the one by his admoni­tion, or the other by his reproach might with­draw him from vice. Whence Diogenes being asked, how one should be revenged of his enemy? answered, by being a vertuous and honest man; for his integrity would beget him such a com­mon conceit of extraordinary vertue, as hee who maligned him, would hardly endure to fre­quent any place, where he feared to heare his E­nemies praise.

Nasica, when the Roman Common-weale was supposed to be in most secure estate, because freed of their enemies, affirmed, that though the Achai­ans and Carthaginians were both brought under the yoak of bondage, yet they were in most dan­ger, because none were left whom they might ei­ther [Page 74] feare for danger,States, when seeming most secure from their enemies, ought to be least secure in their owne confidence! or who should keepe them in awe. This caused Oenomademus in a Faction in the Isle of Chios to counsell his fellows, that they should not expulse all their Enemies, but still leave some in the City; ‘Lest (quoth he) being freed of all our Enemies, we should begin to quarell with our friends.’

Most certaine it is, that very few in all our preceding Ages, unlesse they were such Philoso­phicall Kings, as Plato wish'd them to bee, could in the height of their fortunes, endure reproofe; especially in such publicke manner, as to be re­corded by an Historicall penne. For one Alex­ander, who could not endure Aristobulus prai­sing him above truth, wee might produce tenne Alcibiades, who could not abide Eupolus for taxing him according to truth. But to deliver our Opinion freely of discourses in this kind: Acti­ons are so to be laid open, as the Agent may ei­ther receive honour, or suffer in them. For if in our private Accompts, wee will be cautious e­nough, lest any thing be omitted or inserted more than should be: much more in these Ac­compts or Registers of Time. They then, that interesse themselves in Labours of this nature, are not in their Compilations, to eye any mans person:August. Epist. 9. ad Hieron. More incomparably-beautifull is the Truth of Christians, than that imparalel'd Helen of the Grecians. Those that write lesse than the state of their History requires, may be properly called the Moaths of Epitomes, as Epitomes of Histories. Those that write more, make their [Page 75] fictitious Comments, rather Glosses than Glasses of Time: containing in them an Ocean of words, but a drop of Truth. Nor are precious Houres to be so mis-spended, their Oyle so wasted, when every Line shoud survive the vading pe­riod of Life, and reserve to posterity a continu­ate Storie of their Predecessors Actions.

Mans life may be most properly compared to a Lampe: for as a Lampe may be three wayes ex­tinguished; First, by outward violence, as when it is blowne out: Secondly, by pouring in much water, whereby the good liquor of the Oyle is drowned and corrupted: and thirdly, by the wast and spending of the Oyle it selfe: So likewise a Mans life (which in truth resembles much the nature of a Lampe) is extinguished by three wayes and meanes; to second her resemblance both in the appearing and extinguishing; first, by externall force, to wit, of the Sword, fire, strang­ling, pressing, poysoning, and the like: Second­ly, through the aboundance of ill humours, or the malignant quality of them, whereby the Ra­dicall humour is opprest and overthrowne: Third­ly, when the Radicall humour is in long space of Time quite consumed by the Naturall heate, and blowne out into the Ayre;Lessius in Hygi­afticon. which is done after the same manner, that boyling water or Oyle is wasted by the heate of the fire.

Now, as Radicalis humor is in Corpore, An apt resem­blance of the humours in the body, to the qualities of the minde. so is Veritatis amor in Corde: Which divine vigour, when it is corrupted or impaired by any vitious or malignant humour, it looseth her light. Now, [Page 76] what is this humour which so darkens this divine vigour or truth of an Historian; but partiality? which streames either from the weake and shal­low Channels of Pusillanimity; or the muddy In­let of base commodity. For the former sort, their Spirits are too weake for such a Taske: for such as will suppresse Truth, or obscure the light of their History, by suffering themselves to be over-awed by Authority, are fitter to be imploy'd in discour­sing of the Pigmeis warres, or of the battell of the Frogs and Mice, than any eminent action. For the latter, their dispositions are so unworthy, as they are never to be admitted within the List of an Hi­story: for these preferre trash before truth, and so far under-value that usefull imployment whereto they stand ingaged, as they lose themselves by de­riving gaine from that, which should be from all servile fetters freed. Let the first consider, how unfit they are to converse with Princes precedent, which in their readings they daily doe; who are so over-awed by the Count'nance of times present, as overcome with feare, they silence that which should have bin the activest Scene in all their Sub­ject. This many times makes a lame discourse: when to supply actions of higher consequence, they impe in needlesse trifles: such as neither re­quire an Historians labour, nor recompence the lost time of the Reader. THAT conceited Treatise cō ­posed by an Italian, entit'led A Supplication to Candle-light; discovering the abuses cōmitted & curtained by the silent & secret shade of night, de­serv'd high approvement in comparison of these. [Page 77] Hee lighted his Lamp purposely to discover vice; these put out their lights, lest they should suffer for their discovery of vice. O! that these would but apply that divine sentence somtimes uttered with no lesse courage than comfort by a devout father: ‘In such a cause, wherein my desire is to please God,Ambros. in In­dict. I little feare the power of man.’ So they in a busi­nes of such consequence as imports the benefit of State, the advancement of truth, are not to be pu­sillanimous, but discreetly resolute; that neither too much boldnes may deservingly taxe them of indiscretion: nor remisnesse, of too much want of spirit nor irresolution. Let the latter, likewise, privately converse with his owne thoughts: and weigh with himselfe, what a base or sordid gaine it is, to purchase to himselfe honour or preferment by untruths. A Lye is held a word of dishonour, onely spoke by the mouth: what a deepe taint or impression wil it reteine, standing on record? Now to prevent the meanes of publishing Subjects of this kind, for profit sake, as many of our unautho­rized Novells have of late times beene published;Ample pensi­ons allowed in former times to Historians. those fore-running ages allowed ample Pensions for their Authors; such as might in a good mea­sure, without a necessitated beholdingnes to any, maintaine thē: lest want of means might corrupt their pen, by making that mercenary, which stood ever priviledg'd, and retein'd in it selfe a native li­berty. For should privat rewards soile the purity of an History, what might become free? The Acts of his Benefactor, were they never so ob­scure or ignoble, should receive a gracefull [Page 78] immerited expression: Meane time, the Actions of whomsoever he maligned, were sure to have their brand, were they never so deservingly ap­proved or eminent.

This is no square dealing; and in all times much hated; yea, and highly censured, as may appeare by sundry Ancient-Historicall Records, which for brevity sake I here omit, referring them to the Roman Annals, where they may be stored with variety of Instances in this kind.

Now, as Plato in his Dialogue entitled Sympo­sium by way of Fiction describeth the difference betwixt two kinds of Venus: whereof, the first was more ancient, brought forth by the Hea­vens, whom vertuous men doe follow: the se­cond much younger, begotten betweene Iupiter and Dione, whom wicked men doe serve: So say I of these, whom wicked men doe serve, or ra­ther serve wicked men, by complying with their humours, either for feare of censure, or ambi­tious hope of honour; let them withdraw, they are not to be enter'd here in Checkroule: while with a free and affectionate embrace, these onely are to be entertained, who scorne to humour time, either for hope of immerited honour, or servile profit.

Indeed, I must acknowledge there should be a reverend and modest concealing of such Persona­ges in criminall causes, so the bounds of the Hi­story can admit it. And sometimes a Native pu­sillanimity restraines us to speake that which wee know,A modest cau­tion for all Historians. because silence (as the wise Sage said) [Page 79] never occasioned so great offence as Speech. And Veritas odium parit, Quam-plures vidi incidisse peccatum lo­quendo, vix autem quenquä tacerdo. Am­bros. in lib. de Offic. is a Motto for these dayes too probable, too well authorised; where sinnes goe with impunity, adorning their growth with a faire out-side, to second that Tyrant of Syracusas proposition: Et quis corriget? quis au­det prodere, si crimen audiat? Sure such tyran­nizing Subjects, or Objects rather of feare, must needs be terrible to the poore Historian: He can­not shew Iulus Canius spirit, spit in the face of Tyranny: Hating by a modest silence to pamper Vice, though reprehension cost him a gage, hee could redeeme with nothing save life: Such was that Cordus (the Roman Historian) who for speaking truth was censured unworthily.

But if Princes or Potentates should exactly ob­serve the courses and revolutions of times,The Com­mendation of a sincere Hi­storian. the subsequent degrees of ruine and deposition (vi­ces Apologized) they would commend such an Historian (and no lesse desertfully) who em­ployeth his Time, wasteth his Oyle, and ma­cerates himselfe in the scrutinie of true Relati­ons, by conferring Histories together; and with a Judicious approbation, or electing power, ex­tract whatsoever may seeme most probable and authentick.

Many worthy Statists have desired, and in themselves no lesse deserved (though perhaps some little sparke of vaine-glory may seeme to appeare in them) to have their memorable Acts recorded: as Cicero his withstanding Cateline, Cato his opposing Caesar, Solon his Pisistratus, [Page 80] and Demosthenes his Philip: their acts recounted, and committed to memory, induce others to the like attempts: and like a coole Arbour to a wearied passenger, yeelds no lesse delight to them­selves; which Persius seemes covertly to shadow in his first Satyre: Et pulchrum est digito monstra­ri & dicier hic est. This finger is History, which truely demonstrates the life of the person, cha­racters his vertues, or vices; disposing every par­ticular member and branch of his discourse in such exact method, that it resembles a faire beau­tifull building, which yet deserves more com­mendations for the contrivement, than the out­ward and garish Garnishment. Aedes opera sunt, quae si cultè extruantur, minus restat, si minus sump­tuosè. True; Bookes Historicall have no better beauty (nor indeed can they) than an apt and me­thodicall disposition: other accomplements are superfluous, resembling some of our workes now and then published, with faire and beautifull Frontispieces, as if some worthy conveyances (rare buildings of Art and Nature) were within so comely portalls. But alas! looke inward, nought but rubbish and refuse of some old buil­ding, unhandsomely repaired; or some frothy invention, not worth halfe so much cost: These should feare (as the Philosopher told the Mindians) lest their whole Labours should flye out at their gate,Fruitlesse la­bours. having their gate so promi­sing, their Labour so immeriting. But such as goe ad praelum tanquam ad praelium (for so indeed they doe) furnish themselves aforehand with exactest [Page 81] Labours, to stand in defiance against the spirit of detraction: for we cannot fortifie our workes a­gainst all Assailants: some being addicted to carpe, because long custome hath confirmed in them a desire of reprehension.

Aelianus in his Naturall History reports, how the Vipers issue is the bane and death of the Pa­rent: Certainly as Libri are our Liberi, our chil­dren, which wee should be as carefull and provi­dent in bringing up, as the Father over his child: so oftentimes they play the Vipers with us, they murder us in our name and reputation, much dis­parraging their Parents, being prizelesse, and therefore unfit for presse: nay, they doe more, they oftentimes asperse an imputation upon Her that should be no lesse deare (if not more) unto us, than our selves, our Countrey: Licentious LI­bells. making her flowery bosome a nourisher of fruitlesse labours, a stale to licentious Libells, or Brothell rather of lascivious measures. And how shall we make an­swer for so many motives to lust, so divers in­forcements to inordinate affections, and so tem­porizing subjects in humouring great ones, and soothing Vice in her Majesty? Debemur morti nos nostra (que): where our workes must abide scan­ning, and that by a Judicious censurer; one that can unrip the secretest of imagination, and knows the Bent of our purposes.

It was an excellent saying of Judicious Casme­rus: Parum est legere aut colligere, sed intelligere, ☞ & in formam redigere; hoc artis, hoc laboris est. Would Authors make use of this, they would [Page 82] not in so impolish'd nor uncompos'd a forme send forth their Cubbs before they be lick't: nor set their fruitlesse braines a worke in publishing such uselesse Labours, as have no proper Object whereto they may seeme to ayme, but an itching desire of being in Print: to have a Name amongst Authors; albeit, many times that Name redound to their dishonour. These may be compared to those uncleane beasts, who never chew their Cud. It is a Divine Position: ‘He that goes to meditate, before he be prepared, that man takes in hand to build an house before stones be gath'red.’ What shall we judge of him,A calamo magis quàm cerebro, scrinio quàm genio istae elici­endae sunt telae, ib. who without study or pre­meditation sets hand to paper: as if Works of that nature were onely Manuall, and no braine-labour? How miserably are their judgments darkned, or rather how pittifully are such delu­ded, who hope to receive life, or reteine e­steeme from such Spider-caules? Wherein our pregnant'st and refinedst Wits are many times most conscious.

Wee observe, how some of our Women are so taken with their streight and well-shap't bo­dies, as they would not for a world have Chil­dren, lest they should spoyle their feature: nor will these Mushrome wits, who are ever teeming, never suffering, betake themselves to any paines, lest that burdenous labour might detract from the beauty of Nature. These hold Study an un­necessary accoutrement for good wits: present and pregnant must be their Fancy, out of some Poëticall rapture or fury: wherein by that indi­viduall [Page 83] spirit of Sacke, they stretch and straine their enforced Genius to such high lines, as if Prometheus-like, they had stolne Fire from Hea­ven, drunk Hippocrene dry, or broke open the Muses Cabbinet, and soakt those poore Girles of all their influence. Where, some in perusall of these Ebrious Lines, will usually be so farre trans­ported with them, or more properly, besotted by them; as they will vow, nothing could be com­pos'd by any Wit, were it never so fluent, upon a fasting or abstemious stomack, like those Con­ceipts. Nay, that no praemeditation could mend them: being so enlivened and full of Spirit, as they were farre more easily admired than imi­tated.

This I must confesse, is a great happinesse of Wit; but it confirmes withall that Maxim of the wise Stagyrian; ‘There was never any great wit without some mixture of folly:’ which may appeare by their disesteeme of study or praemeditation, as if it were a rubbe or Remora to invention.

It was Eucherius saying; Nihil est magnum re, quod breve tempore: But these spritely Wits are of another Opinion. They hold no worke nor composure worth approvement: which, like an unnaturall Birth, appeares not in his full shape upon the instant: And of those, none deserving more admiration than their owne. It was the saying of a famous Orator: ‘I never knew any Poët (yet was I well acquainted with Aquinius, and many others) who did not thinke his owne do­ings better than all others.’ Nor is this speech [Page 84] of his to be onely restrained to such as professe Poetry, but even generally to every distinct stu­dy: which he quickly discovered, who conclu­ded: Delyrant plerun (que) Scriptores in libris suis.

Now, to contract my Sayles in the prosecuti­on of this Argument; I should hold it no lesse convenient than mainely necessary; that such, who addresse themselves to imployments of this sort, doe use a cautious deliberation both in the electi­on of their Subject, as also in their Style and Me­thod of handling it.A pretty pas­sage betwixt a Scriviner and a trifling Au­thor. Lest, what sometimes the Scriviner by way of derision spoke unto an imper­tinent Author, be applyed unto them. This Scri­viner being on a time in company with a Schol­ler, who profest himselfe to have Writ much; and having heard a large Catalogue of his obscu­red Labours: the Scriviner seem'd to challenge an affinity to his profession. ‘No, that were absurd, answered the Scholler; why, replyed the Scriviner? I am a Writer. Yea, but said the Scholler, I am an Author. No, excuse me, quoth the Scriviner, I make no doubt of that; There are more Writers, than Authors; and the Catalogue of your Labours enroule you in that number.’

In one word, those Workes onely deserve Ap­provement, who derive their life and light from Judgment. Such onely merit the Title of Re­cords; because they live to posterity: and repre­sent to the Successor whatsoever was imitable or despicable in their Ancestor.

These are Workes to be ingraven in Cedar, [Page 85] and well-deserving their Caesar. So that, as A­lexander had his Homer in Reverence for his Po­ësie; his Aristotle for speculation and Philoso­phy; Alcibiades the Instructions of Socrates to ground him in Piety; Caesar the continuall pra­ctice of his owne Commentaries to improve his glory; and Affrican the workes of Zenophon to enable him for occasions Domestick or Milita­ry: So these memorable Labours, which are thus penned by judicious and industrious Authors, merit no lesse honour, in what State or Province soever they shall receive harbour.

For others, as corruption of manners is their Scope, or vaine glory their ayme, or some o­ther by-respect the object of their Pen, they de­serve a due censure from the State, for seeking so odiously to poison that brest, which nursed them.

Thus much I have writ briefly (by way of inference) to caution such as by their Labours erect a Throne for Impiety to sit in: these Hu­mour-mongers, that can with Caesar the Dicta­tor, Atros dies albos facere, make blacke white, and maske Vice with a vaile better suiting with Vertue: Now will I discend to their Opposite, and that is, the Satyricall Writer, or Historio­mastix.

Some of these are very dangerous to a State, laying it open too much:The Satyricall Historian. and though acts should be related, as they were done: yet, if the circum­stances may seeme any way detractive to some person, or state, they are better silenced (if it may stand with the body of the History) than dis­covered. [Page 86] I have knowne some too precise in this veine: and one especially I remember, who speaking of the great Sultan, could not be con­tent to describe his Palace, managements dome­sticke and publicke, person, and the like; but of his piked Beard, the colour of his stockings: and in the end comming neere him, (said he) and indeed nearer than need was, his breath was noy­some. These, and such like impertinent circum­stances are so frivolous, that they imply a defect of Judgment in the Author, to insert such idle, and immateriall Ambages in an History of conse­quence. But these are farre from those Historio­mastixes of our Time;Observe this humour in the seditious and factious Wri­ters of our time. some whereof personate the wrongs of a Noble Ancestor to his lineall Successor, moving him to revenge. This is one of the Furies Brands: for you shall never see one of this kind, but à tergo Nemesis, hee hath ven­geance at his backe; a spleenefull disposition disgorged upon the best of deserts. And thus he inserts the injuries: ‘Such a family (well meriting of Prince and Countrey, and ever found loyall to the State) was undeservedly censured by the malevolent suggestions of such, and such; whose suggestions are (as yet) unrevenged, but the Hea­vens are just.’ What Motives more enforcing to civill commotion? Injuries ript up, have often­times hazarded States: and there was never any People,A true Apho­risme. Nation, or Government, which have not from time to time had one of these. Thersites, as deformed in minde as body, (for so Homer characters him) was ever kindling the flame of [Page 87] civill combustion betwixt Achylles and Agamem­non at the Siege of Troy, about the rape of Briseis; ever harping upon that string to set them toge­ther by the eares.

Why Achylles, should you sustaine so great re­proach, that have engaged your selfe for Aga­memnon, and his Brothers glory? Be all your hope­full Services, your valiant Exploits, your incom­parable Atchievements so rewarded? Hath Aga­memnon no place for valour? no regard to honour? Why then desist Achylles, embarke your selfe for Greece, and leave this brave Champion to him­selfe and his fortunes; your merits (being gone) will be better esteemed. You had but one prize, (and that prize unworthy too of your valour) and must that prize, got with much sweate, many difficulties, imminent dangers, multitude of occurrents, now be taken from you? But one Briseis, one deare one, and yet Achylles must loose her. Alas poore resolution! Why, it is better to be Aegystus, a Coward, a Re­creant, one that retires himselfe from Armes, figh­ting close under Clytemnestra's Target. Such a Carpet-Knight is better than a Martiall-Knight. Then would hee presently move Agamemnon in like sort, in no case to moderate his desires: Why should Achylles have so faire a Paramour, and the Prince of Greece want one?

Such Agents of mischiefe as these, are ever of a neutrall Faction: they hover like the Batte, ☜ uncertaine in adhering to any: they more ad­mire the Sunne when it is rising than setting. They measure the worth or merit of every action [Page 88] by the successe of it. And when the day is closed; the actions of that day finished; they admire no­thing more than those Booties which the Con­querour h'as gained. Their Historicall Relation must become a Panegyrick Oration. No Com­positions too elaborate; no Lines too Elegant, to give life to his conquest. Meane time, though the worser cause fared the best, as it was with unfortunate Pompey: whose memory had, no doubt, many Ages survived Caesars, had his for­tune beene paralel with Caesars; they have the Art to magnifie the equity of the Conquerours side: and with palpable assentation to insinuate into the affection of so commanding a spirit. Many glorious Attributes of greatnesse are these ready to devise, to honour him that h'as wonne the day. But bitter are their Pens in disvaluing the Actions of the conquered: in lying aspersions upon his person; disgracing his Alies: and in­venting by all meanes how to advance the Fame of the one, by derogating from the other. This it was (as I formerly observed) that induced A­lexander to conceive such great distaste against A­ristobulus, as he was almost ready to send both him and his Workes together inot the River Hy­daspis. For there is no noble nor princely dis­position, who can endure to heare his conque­red Foe dishonoured: or to see any one lead him in Triumph but himselfe.

When Caesar had commanded those demo­lished Monuments of Pompey (Statues rea­red in his former affluence of Fortune) to be [Page 89] set up againe, Cicero told him, that in erecting Pompeys Trophies, he established his owne. So praise-worthy is the compassion of a Conqueror, that in this hee deserves more praise, than his victorious prize. Nor is it lesse noble in him to contemne those servile earthy Spirits, who mold their Pens to the inclination of the day: holding him onely worthy honour who got it; and the vanquish'd all dishonour, because his Fortune was more sinister. Whereas the goodnesse or equity of the Cause is not to be measured by the Cloze: Many prest quarrells have produc'd strange effects: yea, such incroaching powers, whose onely ground of Hostility, was inlar­ging of their owne Dominions, or enriching their coffers by others fortunes, have received wonderfull successe; albeit, some Cloud or other in the end eclyps'd their greatnesse, and re­turn'd them a just and proportionable revenge according to the measure of those injuries, which by invasion, oppression, or usurpati­on they had done unto othets; as the Lyrick sometimes sung:

But to returne to our Discourse: As those who are interessed in these Military affaires, are to ayme at nothing more than the just­nesse [Page 90] of their quarrell; which reteines still in it selfe a quickning power to the most declining spirits: so are those who undertake the recom­mending of those actions done, with a compe­tible Pen, to relate the grounds and occasions of their comming on; of passages during the warre; with the event or issue thereof; without siding or complying with either part; either for Country, or any other private ingagement. As for those, who (as Optatus speakes in another sence) are all for Time, nothing for Truth: or, as Themistius sometimes spoke of the Acacians, who by com­plying with the Emperour, and applying them­selves to his pleasure, justly gained the name of Iovinians, Assentatores non Deum sed Purpuram colu­isse, &c. ascribe more reverence to the Purple than Person; Their workes may receive breath for a time, but cannot promise any continued fame.

It was a Speech worthy the Mouth of Traian: Hoc pro me utere, si iusta impetravera, contra me, si injusta. His desire was no longer to reigne than he reigned well. The hearts of his people hee sought not to winne by any soveraignizing way: for he found those paths full of perill. Nor by pretending goodnesse, or shrowding cloudy de­signes with faire pretences, for those hee shun­ned, because unsoundly grounded. And as the Fish Sepia is bewrayed by a blacke colour, which she casteth our to cover her: so this dusky vapour of dissembling being once dispersed, would bring him to a discovery, and by degrees to ruine. This had he read in the Tragicall Catastrophe of Ti­berius, [Page 91] who gloried in nothing so much as in cun­ningly cloaking his private purposes with guil­ded glozes, faire pretences, going invisible, and deluding his Subjects resolutions with a seeming good.

Faire semblances poized with their incommo­dities, prove oftentimes fruitlesse, tedious, or noxious, as the Italian Proverbe implyeth:

This he discovered in others misery, which sufficiently inform'd him to shun such Pres [...]dents of impiety. Nor sought this brave Prince to ingratiate himselfe in the affections of his people, by an indiscreete bounty: for the fatall effects of such indisposed Sowers of their Fortunes, he read deepely charactred in the loose and lavish reignes of Vitellius, Commodus, &c. For these, howsoe­ver they might seeme to have free hearts, they had weake and shallow Conceits: in distingui­shing the merit of the person to whom they show'd, or rather showr'd downe their bounty. He, who could time it most, was ever sure to be rewarded best: which begot in persons of desert and quality such discontent, to see others of base condition advanc'd, themselves contemn'd: as this their inconsiderate bounty became the one­ly pulley to hale them to calamity.

Nor could this absolute Prince (for hee was Soveraigne over himselfe) indure to force an o­bedience in his Subjects, by a tyrannick feare: for though Nero's Position was this: Fortuna [Page 92] nostra cuncta permittit mihi: Yet had this President of Princes, facti­ous & stirring Spirits both in Campe and Court. Hee held that Maxim farre more princely: Quo quisque poten­tior, patientiùs mala ferat. Either to plant in blood, or beget a more awfull command and Soveraignty by practising in himselfe or Officers, effusion of blood, he found that course no means to secure him, nor to settle him in an Imperiall State. Hee had received from that Learned Morall,Plutarch. how, in the minde or conscience of a Murtherer, there shall alwayes remaine a plague of Blood; his Eyes shall behold no other colour but sanguine, as if the Aire were dy­ed into it; the Visions of his Head in the Night-time shall cast a Bowle of blood in his face.

Howsoever, most certaine it is, that divers factious Incendiaries have showne themselves in most Pavillions; where, by private sugge­stions they ever sought to sow differences a­mongst Eminent'st persons: purposely by a parasiticall way, to creepe into favour with one or other. Which ever redounded to the Authors dishonour; as might be instanc'd in sundry Examples both Ancient and Moderne. For whence came those fatall-fraternall discords betwixt Polynices and Eteocles? Those continu­ed Warres betwixt the Romans and Carthagi­nians; Sabines and Samnites; but from these Spirits in the Vault, who were impatient of nothing more than peace: nor Fautors of ought more than Division? In troubled wa­ters is their best fishing: Halcyon dayes are [Page 93] their Canicular-dayes. A calamitous Cannae, or fatall Pharsalie, Camps where they hang their Trophies of glory. In which, they hold it impossible but to finde some, on whom they may practise.

Hecuba's Dreame of bringing forth a Bur­ning Torch, may be in these verified: Their stirrings would bring all to cinders, were they not seasonably quenched. Publick safety, pri­vate Amity, all correspondence meeting mu­tually, would by these bee soone dissolved, were they left alone to act their owne parts: which would in short time burst out into such combustion, as the Stage where they acted, should present nothing but Enmity and Divi­sion.

Some of this Stampe, our late Gracious Soveraigne of famous Memory, King JAMES, tooke especiall notice of: who, howsoever they were for other humane Learning deser­vingly approved, yet for their indiscreet pas­sages in this kind, (as may appeare more ful­ly in their Historicall Relations) they utterly lost his esteeme.

These are poysonous and virulent heads, that suggest into the eares of Princes, Arguments of revenge, causes of distrust, motives of suspici­on and jealousie: not to profit themselves,En pallor gen­tis, generis, ge­nij què potentis Has iras stimu­lando graves, inflare super­bos! A memorable Christian, and royall expedi­tion. but to satisfie the depravednesse of their owne na­tures, intended to nothing but the subversion of States, the setting at discord united Prin­ces: En pallor! &c.—It was thought, that [Page 94] in that glorious and Christian-like expedition of those memorable Heroës, Princes recorded in the eternall booke of fame, against the Turkes, whose hostility had laine waste those blessed and fruit­full coasts, where the remnant of Israel was once planted: that the greatest cause of the ill suc­cesse of that Warre proceeded from some facti­ous heads, setting (that unfortunate, yet never sufficiently praised Heroe) the Duke of Norman­dy, and the King of France, at variance: an im­pious and disasterous enmity, being a maine im­pediment for the hindering a warre, no lesse glo­rious to Heaven, than generally beneficiall to all the world. Some have imputed the cause to certaine expostulations betwixt the two Princes, which grew afterwards to words of publick re­proach and infamy; upbraiding each other with divers insolencies offered by their Countries, one to another. What ere the Motive of this dissen­tion was,A mischievous plot. (how varied soever the opinions of Writers be herein) the braine that contrived it, was sure the forge of great impiety, and an irre­parable detriment to the Christians, exposing them to ruine, slaughter, and desolation.

Factious Hi­storians a­mongst the Aucient.The like we may read of those two renowned Cities, Sparta and Athens: which two flourish­ing Common-weales long time lived in unity, without the least motion of warre: but in fine, reading the workes of a mutinous Historian: mutinous indeed; for his factions before, had beene sufficient, without further inducements by writing: such bloody and cruell warres ensued, [Page 95] as the fire of those intestine combustions was not extinguished with lesse than an universall effusion of blood. Many more I could produce, even neare at home, but I must not insist upon one Argument too long, since I have entred a spaci­ous and intricate Maze, that promiseth entrance enough, if I can (with Ariadnes threed) finde a passage to my precipitate adventure.

THus much have I spoken of State-snarling Historians, that make their Workes like pricks or goads to the publick State. I will now proceed with my former division of History, and finde in these two extreames (Assentation, and State-invection) a meane to direct us in the per­fect and exact use of Historicall Narrations: Me­dio tutissimus ibis; neither too depressed,An excellent meane for an Historian to observe. as if thy Labours exprest their Masters poverty: nor too erected, to intimate thy states security. Thou art too depressed, when with lagging wings thou stoopest to every base lure, or object of af­fection, making thy Invention a stale to others pleasure, writing nothing lesse than truth, be­cause truth cannot teach thee how to live. Thou art too erected, when like an eminent Censor, thou taxest the acts of Princes, with such an au­stere brow, as if thou hadst forgot the discipline of History, and wer't transformed to a profest Satyrist; mixing thy Inke with farre more gall than discretion: yet transported with imaginary motives of selfe-conceit; cares not who be galled, [Page 96] so thou (with Ctesiphon) kicke against the Moiles heeles. For the latter, there's no profession more easie, nor subject more frequent, nor Argument more generall: and as Iuvenal saith:

For the first, I never knew any Discourse worth reading,A flattering Historian. proceed from so base and ignoble Merchants: They sell their Workes by retaile; and hope of a gainefull Dedicatory, makes them contemne Method, Truth, Subject, and all. Irus skrippe is open; relieve but the needy Artist, he will imitate the Bohemian Curre, fawne on a good suite: shew the project of his intendments to him; deague but thy protection, and he will second it with an indeared protestation; to insert Monumentall Characters of Honour to grace thee; onely bestow thy bounty, and shew not thy selfe unworthy of so fabulous an Attendant. His Invention is tyed to his Benefactors: then dryes the source of his fancy, when they restraine the Spring of their Bounty.

☞It is the misery indeed, of the Age, not alwaies to fixe upon Merit: seeing many rare and exqui­site Witts, and those singularly improved by continuate study, and conference, sleepe many times in silence, unregarded, at least unrewar­ded: while more sterile Conceipts receive ad­vancement. Yet should not these respects make a Scholler forgetfull of so generous a Title, as [Page 97] the best-discerning Heralds of Antiquity have bestowed on him. For if wee will credit Au­thority, or the testimony of such, whose pre­cious-spent Oyle hath deservingly purchas'd them a memorable esteeme, we shall finde the Style of a Scholler deepely stamped with the Print of honour. Whence it is, that Citraeus writeth,In Itincrario pag. 444. that in Prage, an University of Bohemia, where Iohn Hus and Hierom of Prage professed, that they that have continued Professors for the space of Twenty yeeres together, by a constant resi­dence, are created Earles and Dukes both toge­ther. And therefore to dignifie their persons the more, their Style is to be called Illustres; whereas they which are singly and simply but onely either Earles or Dukes, a recalled Specta­biles. Neither maketh it any matter, that they have no revenues to maintaine Earledomes or Dukedomes: for they have the Title not­withstanding, even as Suffragans have of Bi­shops.

Reflect on these,Learning of too precious a memory, to be­come merce­nary. yee free-bred Children of the Muses, and you will scorne to expose your de­serving Labours to the Mercenary Trade of our impertinent Pamphletters: who write before they read; and discover their follies to the world, not to gaine praise but price.

Observe but what surviving Fame the labori­ous Workes of knowing Authors have former­ly acquired: Quorum effigies si verè scire cupias, non saxa sed scripta legas. Admit, they received not that acceptance, while they lived, which their [Page 98] elaborate composures deserved:Let Schollers leave this de­serving Motto of Solons to their Country; and if she re­ward them not, let it re­dound to her ignominy: "O Patria ti­bi dictis & fa­ctis opitulatus sum! yet though a Mecaenas sleepe, the whole Judgment of an Age cannot. There will be ever some, who can both read and iudge. So precious are these Monuments of Learning, and have beene ever, that should Fortune play still her blind part, and reserve the smallest portion for Minerva's Followers: They shall live more honour'd in the eye of judg­ment, because had in disgrace by a painted par­cell of foot-cloath State, which never yet aspi­red to a discerning knowledge of Merit.

Didicist is Phi­losophiam, & Philosophiae flo­ [...]em, nempe Po­ësem; & non­dum sprevist is Sirenem Mun­di, nempe For­tunam?For tell me, yee happy despicable ones, are you any thing the worse, because despised, where onely Fashion, Complement, or affected igno­rance is in request? No; as it is the good mans glory to be disvalued by the evill: so it is your happinesse to receive a disesteeme from these, who pride themselves in nothing but silken ig­norance.

Niobe, in the affluence of her Fortune, could say: "Greater am I than Fortune can subdue. Much more you, who are enriched with farre more precious substance: you have in you what may truely fortifie you: No matter, though your outward house decline, so your inward house reteine her beauty. Let your Workes then con­firme your worth: Let them not palliat an un­truth: nor for any hope of an immerited reward, insinuate your selves into the favour of vicious Greatnesse. Make choice of such a Patron, whom you may justly commend: let his Vertues rather than his Fortunes binde you to him.

Many have perished in opinion of the world; by addressing their Labours to undeserving Per­sonages:Direction in the Election of Subjects. or by writing in way of Commendati­on, upon unworthy Subjects. Good Wits should be better imployed: and if weake, the Better have writ enough for them to admire.

These two sorts (as not worthy an Histori­call Title) have I proscribed the bounds of my discourse: if betwixt such two dangerous shelves, I can finde a retired harbour for the truely named Historian to breath himselfe in, I have attained my wished expectance. The meane betwixt these two, gives us observation of noting causes and effects, how produced, and how ended: Counsells and successes, how intended, how ad­ministred. Then hee proceeds further, making resemblance betwixt Nature and Nature, State and State, the government of this Province and of that: then differences of Actions and Events: some wisely carried, bearing themselves faire, and promising a compleat satisfaction to the un­dertaker: yet what opposition betwixt the end and beginning, ruine being the period, or ex­treme of his hopes? Many such opposite Conver­sions, or Catastrophes rather, may we dayly see in the managements of Warres. Who more happy in his Countries protection, and who more suc­cessive in his prosecution, than Pompey the great in his first entrance to Martiall exploits? Yea, (as Caesar acknowledged himselfe) he had conque­red, if he had knowne when he had conquered:Vicisses, si te vicisse cogno­visses. yet in event, whose designes more unhappy? Not [Page 100] onely deprived of the bent of his hopes, proscri­bed (as it were) his native Countrey, and enfor­ced to begge a poore Sepulchre in a forraine Countrey: but even most oppressed by their cru­elty, whose service under his owne Banner, had beene rewarded royally. Such discourses often move in men a commiseration,Moving Historians. in seeing Vertue so ill guerdoned, and Vice (under a counterfeit garbe) of Innocence, receive an immerited re­ward. And this certainly have most Historians e­ver observed in their Writings: so lively to ex­presse the disasters of deserving men, that their Relations might move a kinde of sensible pitty and remorse in the peruser, which is best exem­plified by circumstances: for the time, place, cause, and person, with other necessary. Adjuncts, doe (for the most part) lay a more open and smooth Tract to the inforcement of passion. Lucan, that Heroick Historian, brings forth Corne­lia sitting upon the shore, where her Husband tooke his last farewell of her: where (like ano­ther Niobe) she makes a Limbeck of her eyes, and descants her owne calamity, oft wishing his re­turne; and when deprived of his sight, yet the eye of her imagination represents a new object of sorrow. Here, in such royall compositions, and funerall conclusions, he describes the diversity of Nature, in two contrary subjects: a servant faithfull, sitting o're the headlesse trunke of his unhappy Master:How to move passion and by what circum­stances. a slave as ungratefull, haling his once well-esteemed Lord and Generall to the fatall shoare: where (without taste of [Page 101] remorse, remembrance of former merits, or regard of Countries love) hee deprives him of life.

When Marc. Antonie was to present the cruelty committed upon Caesar in that fatall sur­prize he received in the Capitol: that he might move more compassion in his Hearers; who, as they were for most part Plebeïans, so ocular Pre­sentments usually worke deepest impression with them: shewed in his Funerall Oration the thirty three wounds wherewith Caesar was deprived of life by his Conspirators. Which baring of his body, and discovery of his wounds, with an ag­gravation of the odiousnesse of the fact, being acted by his owne pretended friends, begot in them an universall sorrow. Nothing but revenge could relish well with them, after this so dolefull a Spectacle.

This that excellent Historian, (Appian. A­lexand. An excellent Art in moving passion, in­stanced in Ap­pian. Alexan­drinus.) expresseth in such a passionate manner, as his Lines can hardly produce any lesse effe [...] from an attentive Reader. For you shall ever ob­serve, that the Imagination workes more to life than the Line: So as, when such a Discourse is laid open to us, we begin to recollect the Cir­cumstances: as the place where such a Tragicke Sceane was acted; the persons interessed; the qua­lity of the person suffering: all which are so enli­vened by the imagination, as it makes the Reader a Spectator so strong and sinewy is the conceipt of him who understands what he reads.

Choranius, who had beene Praetor, being [Page 102] condemned and now attached by the Souldiers, during those Factions of the Trium-viri, intrea­ted them to forbeare from offering violence, till he might send his sonne to speake with Antonie; imagining, good Old man, that his sonne out of a naturall affection and reverence to his gray haires, would interceed for him; but they laugh­ed at his suite, answering him, that his sonne had spoken,A memorable story of an un­naturall Son, and his mise­rable end. but it was to the contrary: When the old man heard this, he desired them to tarry till hee had seene his Daughter; whom when he saw, he commanded ‘shee should abstaine from his goods, lest her Brother should sue for her Death unto An­tonie.’ But observe the fatall issue of Disobe­dience! This unnaturall Sonne, having consu­med prodigally all his goods, the unhappy re­mainder of his Fathers fortunes, became after­wards attached of Felony, and saved himselfe by flight: where living in a tedious Exile, hee clo­sed his dayes as miserably, as his former course was unnaturall.

A plenteous Store-house of Examples for all conditions is History in it selfe. Which conduce much to the regulating of our life; and preparing our selves for death. For if wee shall but consi­der the resolution of such, who for popular ho­nour, Countries esteeme, or safety of State, have with all readinesse encountred Death: yea, who rather than they would endure to see any Tyrannick Soveraignty introduced; or the an­cient Lawes and Customes of their Nation dis­annulled, would suffer the worst of all extreames: [Page 103] much more we, who fight for a better Countrey: and whose hopes extend the period of time, in the pursuite of our Victory.

There is an Epigramme of Callimachus upon Cleombrotus the Ambrocian, whom he sayes (to expresse the force of humane reading) after that he had perused Plato's booke of the Immortality of the Soule, forthwith,Tusc. Quaest. lib. 1. without any other appa­rant cause, cast himselfe headlong downe from a Wall.

What effects Historicall Readings have begot, all Times can beare sufficient Record: where some, whose remisse spirits durst never enter lists with any common danger, by being frequently vers'd in Relations of this kinde, became valiant Commanders. Others, in the Survey of Acts done in defence of Ladies honours, as if those Historicall Narrations solely aymed at them, be­tooke them to the same Enterprize. No Taske too difficult, no designe so impaled with dan­ger, which with a cheerefull smile they would not encounter; so they might vindicate any wronged Ladies honour. Others, hearing those ancient distractions betwixt their owne native Soile, with some other Nation: and the injuries their Countrey suffered; have revived those wounds already cicatris'd, and vowed a revenge for indignities nearely worne out by time. Such lively Presentments are Histories, as they have power to beget spirit in the pusillanimous, con­stancy in the couragious, modesty in the mag­nanimous, with a sweete attemperature of all [Page 104] vertues (whereof Clemency is the prime flower) in the Victorious.

Such as defiled their native purity with impie­ty, by giving themselves over unto pleasure; and had stayned the Nobility and splendour of their Soules through w [...]l [...]owing in Vice, or o­therwise fraudulently by usurpation or base in­sinuation, had crept into Soveraignty, or un­justly governing the Common-wealth; such thought Socrates, that they went a by-path sepa­rated from the councell of the Gods: But such as, while they lived in their bodies, imitated the life of the Gods,Tusc. Quaest. Lib. 1. such he thought had an easie returne to the place from whence they first came.

Of which Subject Egesias the Cyrenian resol­ved so amply, and discoursed so powerfully, that he was forbidden of King Ptolomeus to teach the same in Schooles, for that many after his Do­ctrine willingly killed themselves.

These Disputations in those times free from the shock of warre, and inconveniences ever at­tending Hostility, were usually professed and pra­ctised. But when the Gowne and Lawrel gave way to the Launce, such arguments ceased: Phi­losophy became out of request: Martiall Disci­pline the sole determiner of causes. Fields be­came Theaters, where such Sceanes of sorrow were Acted; as the Conquerour could not say that those booties were cleare gaynes which hee had purchased. This moved that princely com­passionate Caesar, sometimes to compare his own Imperiall game with a Democraticall losse. To [Page 105] comfort that disconsolate Cornelia, An excellent Discourse of Imperiall frailty. whose eies were ever flowing in the remembrance of her in­juried Lord. To recall to minde those many e­minent Statists, whose glory it was to imbrace Death willingly, rather than become Subjects of his Victory. To recount (if Figures could finde place for such a number) those many beds made Widows; those many Infant-orphans by his Pharsalia. Hee findes the Senate dissolved; all those Orders and Officialls conducing to a Poli­ticall State (while popular command bore sway) rooted. The tongue of Eloquence he findes char­med: and to his innovated State solely chained. He findes Iaenus Temple open, and hee is consci­ous to himselfe, why it was opened: and now he shuts it, but not without a sigh, for he knows not how soone it may be opened. Hee viewes with a serious Ceremony the Statues of his once living, but now interred friends: and in a more passio­nate recollection of his owne affaires, hee consi­ders, how his ambition brought many of them to ruine. Hee lookes when those livelesse Shrines of his loving Allies should tender him a re-greet, at least an inforced smile, as a congratulating testimony of his Victory. But he findes them Emblemes of himselfe; meere shadows of emp­ty greatnesse; a place they hold, and that is all.

Having now taken a full view of his Princely Praetorian, his fatall Capitoll, and all those memorable Beauties which either Art or State could bring to their full height; hee [Page 106] takes measure of himselfe:No Empire can confine the heart of her Emperor. and hee findes his heart as unconfined as it was before. Triangu­lar it is, which, should it possesse the world, can no more by the Circumference of the world be consined, than a Triangle by a Circle is to be fil­led. He eyes his owne Composition; and hee neither findes his body more strengthened, nor the line of his life probably lengthned; nor the stayes of his Empire better setled. And now he feeles in his owne breast, what hee never felt be­fore; numerous cares, nocturnall feares: So as, should he be so secured from all outward foes, as nothing could occasionally trouble him without; he findes such a Battalion within, as he ingenu­ously acknowledgeth Liberty to be farre more precious than Soveraignty; all which hee findes the experimentall fruits of his Victory. And now he would converse a little with Mortality; which that it may take more impressive Prints upon the face of Majesty, hee goes to the Monument of his vanquish'd Foe; One sometimes equall to himselfe for greatnesse; and transcendent (if the generall Vote and Voice of Rome deserve credit) to him in goodnesse. And what findes he ingra­ven on that mouldred shrine, but the Effigies of an headlesse Trunke, distinguished by this im­presse: "Hic situs est Magnus! Every where hee findes Fortune his professed foe: and the want of knowledge how to manage a Victory, the oc­casion of his owne fall.

Hee sees the dislaughter'd Corps both of his Friends and Foes equally bleeding: for his Tri­umph, [Page 107] he conceives it short in measure of those numerous wounds by him occasioned; those profuse Rivolets of blood his hand h'as effused; those Oceans of distreaming teares his Conquests have procured.

Such Tragick occurrents require their Empha­sis, and a kind of un-usuall working passion: that the History may present to our eyes, the very acts how they were done; making her Discourse (as it is) a Theater of humane Actions. I know pittifull stories have strange effects,Lively impres­sions of re­morse, drawne frō the Sonne towards the Father. if amply de­scribed: For Warriers themselves in the report of their owne misfortunes (of all men most pit­tilesse) have hardly contained themselves from teares. Aeneas wept to see the ruines of his Countrey so lively depictured in Dido's Hall: But when he beheld his poore Father Anchises hang­ing on his owne shoulders, (having no other re­fuge in so imminent disasters) Suspiria mittit, he could weepe no longer: for teares mitigate griefe; but with a passionate silencing of his mi­series, treasured his un-utterable woes in the balefull Centre of his heart.

Xerxes, when of a populous Army, as ever passed out of Asia, hee had but so many left as might attend him in a poore Cock-boat, to ac­company him in his distressed expedition, the History mentions, that hee wept bitterly; ensti­ling himselfe, The ruine of his Countrey, the slaugh­ter of many resolute Souldiers. Nay, Titus him­selfe, the Flower of all the Roman Emperours, in the sacke and subversion of that once glorious [Page 108] City Ierusalem, is said to weepe exceedingly, be­holding so many lamentable Objects of pitty (dead carkasses lying in open ditches) so as not able to containe himselfe, he cryed out, I call Heaven to witnesse, I am not the cause of this peoples slaughter. Many such representments wee have very usuall in Histories, motive for their passion, and memorable for their end; proceeding from the just Judgment of God, to caution others by their miserable falls.

Comparing of Histories very necessary.There is another propriety in a History, which should be observed: and that is a Judicious col­lation, or comparing of Histories one with a­nother. The defect and want hereof, is the prin­cipall cause why so maine discordancies & meere oppositions in Histories arise: and that not in cir­cumstances alone, but in materiall points, as o­riginall foundations of Cities, succession of Prin­ces miscited, the sites of Countries (an observance more Geographicall) ill-disposed; with many o­ther errors, which are grounded upon no other reason, than the want of conferring such Histo­ries together, as tend to the present Subject wee have in hand. Nay, were it not much thinke you, now to prove directly, that the very Computati­on of yeeres which they derived from their anci­ent Kalendar;A difference a­mong the Pa­gans in their Computation of yeeres. and which they observed as Cere­monially and Religiously (in their kind) as wee the yeeres from CHRISTS Incarnation, was very defective among themselves?

☞Yea, to shew you, how Chronologers differ concerning those yeeres from the Worlds Crea­tion, [Page 109] to Christs Birth: some affirming, there be 3929, as Beroaldus: some 3952, as Hierome and Bede: some 3960, as Luther and Iohannes Luci­dus: some 3963, as Melancthon in his Chronicle, and Functius: some 3970, as Bullinger and Tre­mellius: some towards 4000, as Buntingus.

Sundry probable opinions every one of these alledged; yet in Computation constantly diffe­rent. No doubt, but Transcriptions these men had to confirme their Opinions: how then came these to be so defective, or different one from a­nother? Divers have no lesse diversly laboured to resolve this Objection; then they have with impertinency of Reasons intangled the under­standing with new doubts. Much was propo­sed by them Argumentatively, nothing Posi­tively concluded; being by Opponents no lesse probable in their Arguments, than con­fident of their Judgments, opposed. Howbe­it, touching this our Computation, wee rest suf­ficiently grounded. This onely is the occasion of our inference in this particular: purposely to deliver unto you the diversity, and consequently the maine deficiency of such Transcripts, as for­mer times have recommended to Posterity.

Neither need wee wonder that in our owne Kingdome, those who have for many yeeres pre­ceeded us, should afford no great light or dire­ction to their Successours; seeing, Saint Hierome in the end of his Dialogue against the Pelagians, Hieron. in Di­alog. cont. Pelag. (a booke of excellent Learning and divine Discourse) writeth thus: ‘The Province of [Page 110] Brittaine, which hath beene oftentimes gover­ned (note the deplorable estate of this Iland in those daies) by Tyrants and other Hostile people; Nations bounding or bordering upon the Ocean Sea, were utterly ignorant of Moses and the Prophets:’ So that then, by the testimo­ny of Saint Hierome, all our Religion was Hea­thenish superstition: all our Church-service was Idolatry: all our Priests were Panims: all our Gods were Idols. And to appropriate to every Nation their peculiar God, there was then in Scotland, the Temple of Mars: in Cornwall, the Temple of Mercury: in Bangor in Wales, the Temple of Minerva: inStow in An­nal. in vit. Morgani. Malden in Essex, the Temple ofCambdeni Britan. in Es­se [...]ia. Victoria: in Bath, the Temple of A­pollo: in Leicester, the Temple of Ianus: in York, where St Peters is now, the Temple ofStow Annal. in vlta Bladud & Leire Re­gum, & Seve­ri Imperatoris. Bello­na: in London, where Pauls is now, (and now to more than her pristine beauty restored) the Temple ofJuellius in Tractat. de sa­cris Scripturis. pag. 129. Act. 19.28. Diana: Therefore it is very likely, by comparing those Times with preceeding Anti­quity, that they esteemed as highly then of the Goddesse Diana in London, as they did in Ephesus: and that as they cryed there, Great is Diana of the Ephesians; so they cryed here, being deluded with the same spirit, and transported with the same pursuit of profit, Great is Diana of the Lon­doners. Nay, even no more than 53. yeeres be­fore the Incarnation of Christ, when Iulius Cae­sar came out of France into England, so absurd, senselesse, and stupid were the people of this Land, that instead of the true and ever-living [Page 111] Lord, they served those Heathenish and abhomi­nable Idols, Mars, Mercury, Minerva, Victoria, Apollo, Ianus, Bellona, Diana, and such like. No great marvell then, that people so wholly illite­rate and ignorant in the Law of Moses, should be unknowne to the Computation of yeeres descen­ding from Moses. But for the Pagans them­selves to be ignorant in their Annuall Accompts with such superstitious solemnity observed; with such constant Feasts solemnized: and every yeere, in their personall visits (especially for their O­lympick and Isthmian Games) memorized: it may seeme strange to affirme, but a taske of more difficulty to confirme.

And yet this is easily done; for their opinions about their Olympiads in Greece, for the time of their Erection are divers:Vid. Aul. Gel. & Laërt. The foundation of Rome as uncertaine, since the Founder himselfe is not as yet generally agreed of; for the divers Relations of Numitor and Amulius, Romulus and Remus, with their Mother Rhea, or Ilia, (as some will have it) make up a Labyrinth of them­selves without further confusion. But to inferre the strange conveyance (or Apotheosis) of Ro­mulus, suddenly vanished forth of their sight, and by the testimony of Iulius Proculus, transplan­ted to some other place of more eminence; hard­ly deserves the credit of an Historian: Yet some there be which shew more favour to this famous Founder of Rome, daigning to bestow a Monu­ment of him, which is erected for him in the Temple Quirinus. Indeed it were little enough [Page 112] to memorize so renowned an Establisher with a Tombe, and to consecrate the place of his Buri­all; as Achylles Tombe, or Monument in Syge­um, Theseus in Athens, Ajax in the Rhetian shore, and Alcides Reliques in Oëta: Read but over the Roman Annals, and you shall finde the discordancies of Historians in these Computati­ons of times to be great: As especially the de­struction of Troy, confounding the severall times of Troyes sacking, missing their Accompt from Laomedon to the succession of Priam. But I have touched the errour enough, let us now descend to the prevention of it.

Transcripti­ons oft-times uncertaine & defective.Before we take in hand any Discourse, wee must alwayes meditate of the meanes, ere we can attaine the end: Which end is soonest atchieved, when we addresse our selves for such Subjects (as have beene in our time) wherein we may receive Instruction, by some that have beene inter-rested in those Affaires, of farre more certainty than a­ny Transcription. But intending our Studies to any Forraine Relation (whereof it may be wee have some one Record) I would not depend up­on the Antiquity of the Record (for wee have many ancient Fables) but recollect my selfe and examine the probability, whether such particu­lars are like to beare resemblance of truth or no. And herein wee imitate the Ancientest and best Authorized Historians that ever wrote.

Valerius Maximus had recourse, not onely to Roman Annals, (which were kept with great care) but hee used to conferre with such as had [Page 113] any Breviats of the Romane Lives in their hands: Comparing them together, that hee might cull and chuse out from the best Authors (as himselfe witnesseth) such documents, as not onely propa­gated the glory and pristine height of his Coun­trey, but might move succeeding ages to emu­late their Uertues.

The like of that true Moral Historian Plutarch, whose Style so modestly garnished, and so sen­tentiously concluding, hath (and not without cause) purchased him the name of the Father of Histories.

Laërtius, a worthy recorder of those famous Sages of Greece; describes his Countries happi­nesse with great modesty: Whose Sentences may beseeme the gravest Understanding to extract, and upon occasion to accommodate to his owne purpose.The variety of discourse in Laërtius. Here he shewes Spirit in a Phylosophers Pen, one opposing himselfe agaynst a Tyrant; There a Moralist, making young men fit Sociates for the maturest times: Here a Cynicke, contem­ning the glory of the World, though offered him; There a merry Greeke, laughing at the Va­nities of men wholly besotted and subjected to mundane slavery. O what Christian-like Maxims, what Divine conclusions, what solid Argu­ments, what enforcing reasons be there inclu­ded, onely to move men to the embrace of ver­tue? With Discourse plentifull enough in oppo­sitions betwixt Ethnicke and Ethnicke; out­stripping Nature (if it were possible) in reaso­ning, and drawing an argument, neere to Divine [Page 114] approba­tion, and ready to confirme it, if the gene­rall blindnes of the Time, and their want of fur­ther Revelation would admit of their assertion.

Thus much for the former branch of my Di­vision, of Histories True and Authenticke: Now I will entreate of Relations Feigned; yet such as Moralized include an excellent meaning, drained from the uncorrupted Springs of Helicon.

Feigned Rela­tions or Poë­ticall Histo­ries.ALL Relations feigned are not to be exclu­ded: for many Poëticall Narrations there be which comprehend in them a wonderfull sharp­nesse of judgement, pregnancy of Invention, and a great measure of Discretion; of which sort, none more excellent then the Workes of Homer, weaving many pretty conceites in the web of his History,Homer an Ex­cellent & He­roicke Port; shadow'd one­ly at, because my Iudicious Friend Master Tho. Heywood, hath taken in hand (by his great industry) to make a Ge­nerall (though Summary) de­scription o [...] all the Poets lives; and with farre more felicity, I hope, than his mysterious [...]iscourse of Angels. to make the Subject it selfe more plea­sant. The more I commend him to the reading of the iudiciously Generous, because I could ne­ver find in his Works any scurrulous Affectation, but prosecuting his Discourse with a modest gra­vity, as if Nature, that had deprived him of his corporall sight, had done it, to make the eie of his understanding more piercing. For who so reads the Majesty of his Stile, the wel-coucht Fables immixt in his War betwixt the Greeks & Trojans, may as in a Store-house, imagine the Treasures of all Wits to be locked up in him. Many excellent Histories have beene derived from him, as well in Prose as contracted Measures; for his pleasing variety relisheth more then others, because through all his Workes, hee useth lesse digression [Page 115] then others: and pitty it is, that every impolish'd hand should have to doe with the Transcription of his Labours: grieving the poore Blind-man with their blindnesse: For who so blind as Bajard? And if Stesycorus was worthily strucke blind for Commenting on Venus beauty, and discommen­ding Hellens forme: Much more deserve they an exacter punishment, that dare with an unprepa­red sleightnesse,Labours dis­parraged by Translators. Comment on his eterniz'd La­bours, who detected Venus lust, and portraied Hellens Inconstancy.

To prescribe in what Tongue Histories are to be read, I know their owne garment is most na­tive. But such have bin the disparraging Labours of our English Translators, that Romes Tongue, and Greeces Characters, grow as vulgar and com­mon with us, as the Italian Garbe: so as wee seeme beholding to others, both for Speech and Raiment. I doe know some Workes are neces­sary to be Translated,Many illiterat of the exactest Iudgment. being such as expresse the politicke states of Realmes; which imparted to the illiterate, oftentimes conferre no little bene­fit to our Countrey. But other Works there be, which Modesty would have concealed, being Re­cords of the Vitiousnesse of former times; as the Obscene and sensuall convents, or prostitutions rather, of those mirrors of Impiety, the Roman Emperours; the Relation whereof acquaints the depraved too well with such Impudence.

To admit of such Workes, or to give Patro­nage to such, not only fruitlesse but dishonest La­bours, hath beene in all times a great occasion of [Page 116] corrupting youth,The free pas­sage of wanton workes, the maine source of corrupting Youth. nourishing Vice, and intro­ducing a sensuall liberty amongst such, who in regard of their eminence of place, should have bin Patrons and patternes of piety. For if anci­ently all occasions of loosenesse were so much prevented, as even outward Habits or other ex­ternall gestures made them censured: How much more should Authors, whose oyle should be so imployed, as a benefit to some, a prejudice to none ought to be occasioned; labour to compose such Works, or faithfully Translate such La­bours, as may conferre a succeeding profit to the State, to which they stand more particu­larly interessed. Lascivious lines produce vici­ous lives: seeing men for most part, are more A­pishly addicted to the imitation of any vice, then seriously affected to the attention of Vertue. Scandall is a dangerous shelfe: neyther is there any Tetter more noxiously spreading o're the face; then foments and occasionall motives of inordinate lightnesse is to our life.

Lacides, that Argive King, was accounted lascivious only for his sleek lookes, and mincing gate.Vnlesse occa­sions be pre­vented, the most integri­ous may be impeached. So Pompey, a profest Champion of valour and honour, because he used to scratch his head with one finger; albeit very continent and mo­dest. So Crassus, onely because hee would have bought a Farme of a Vestall Virgin, for which in­tent only, he used to converse with her, was sus­pected to have abused her. Posthumia, because out of a naturall inclination, given to laughter, and something forward to talke with men, was sus­pected [Page 117] of her honesty; whereof being openly ac­cused, she was acquitted by Spurius Minutius with this Caveat, to use words suteable to her life.

Now, if Habit, Gesture, or Discourse begot such a suspition amongst Pagans; what should publicke Workes, whereto Authority gives im­provement, do amongst Christians? In our rea­dings, as wee should be Bees and no Spiders: brouzing and sucking the fragrant'st and whole­som'st hearbs, and no lesse seasonably converting them to the best substance: So should those, who intend to publish ought; no lesse sincerely then seriously ponder thus with themselves, before they impart themselves to the World: ‘whereto tends this passage? will not the ambiguity of it probably beget a mis-construction, and con­sequently some occasion of corruption? Have our lines their full weight? do they beare that proportion, which may sort with the quality of that Subject wherof they treate? do they neither fall short of the Time, by contracting or inju­riously concealing, what should be discovered: Or above the time, by dilating too amply, and annexing a Comment, where the Text it selfe would have served? Is there nought that may offend a modest care, or deprave an unsetled thought? May the State receive it, and be not prejudic'd by it: Or the most censorious Cri­ticke peruse it, and without just ground dis­rellish it?’

Princely Augustus, who ever retayned in him a Morall piety, aswell as an Imperiall Majesty; [Page 118] for lesser had the latter beseem'd him, had not the former accompanied him; would not permit his Livia to read light works: no question, light labours make many of our Livia's light. For as the Lover is ever blinded with affection towards his beloved:Plato. so it fareth with these, who affected to light passages, in the end so fixe their deluded conceites upon them, as they admire nothing with more constancy, then such Subjects as wrought those love-sicke passions on their besot­ted fancy.

But to recede to our Discourse of Histories of this nature;A just reproofe of indiscreet Translations. I find many unprofitable passages in the Translation of our Histories; which the dis­cretion of a temperate and well-composed Inter­preter might have well omitted: neither should he in this have prejudic'd his Author, but ac­quir'd more honour to himselfe by his Labour. I could instance many passages in sundry Roman Hi­storians, which might discreetly have beene omit­ted without any defect or maime at all to their History: and by omitting those lighter digressi­ons, ministred lesse offence to a modest Reader.

Truth is, we are apt enough to become de­prav'd by our owne illimited affections; and little need to have a plat-forme drawne to us, to be­get in us a new brood of vicious inventions. Ma­ny particulars, no doubt, might suit well the Hi­story in his Originall, in respect of the time, place, and persons, wherein and to whom it was ad­dressed: which, attired in another Dialect, and published in these our latter times, would not [Page 119] relish so well to a cleare Judgement.

That conspicuous Light of the Easterne Church,Aug. whose Devotion and Learning have contracted themselves in so unanimous a man­ner, as no succeeding Age but shall reape benefit by the perusall of his holy Labours, saith, that anciently the Romans worshiped Vertue and Ho­nour for Gods. Whence it was, that they built two Temples, which were so seated, as none could enter the Temple of HONOVR, unlesse he first passed through the Temple of VERTVE: to signifie, that none was to be honoured, unlesse by some Vertue he had first deserved it. The Mo­rall admits no other ingenuous Exposition, than its owne genuine expression: For Honour, none should be so daring-bold, or presumptuously confident upon a credulous conceit of their owne worth, as to wooe her, much lesse to winne her, till by passing through Vertues Temple, he get free admittance unto her.

Now tell me, what Honour shall accrue to those goodly Labours, beautified with glorious Fron­tispieces, garnished with all the Ornaments and Embellishments of Art, countenanc'd by a po­werfull Patron, and accommodated with all those Helps which the extensive Labours of an Author can require: when it shall appeare to the World, that those Lines of his never recei­ved approvement from the Temple of Vertue? Oh, how many sickly Judgments have I knowne of this sort, who by neglecting their choice of Arguments tending to the advancement of [Page 120] goodnesse, and bestowing their Oyle on such as least deserved their imployment, have perished in the esteeme of honest Wits, and disparraged themselves most, [...]uijs miserè [...]esecerunt, de quibus maxi­mè praesumpse­runt, Vid. Ca­ [...]al. Hist. where they expected to have beene honour'd most! But as this may be pro­perly construed an errour of life; where the affe­ction of an Author, either in respect of the ge­nerall inordinacy of the Time, chuseth rather to sit his Pen to the corruption of the Age, by de­livering to her what she most affects: or out of a weaknesse and deficiency of Judgment, preferres a light or lascivious Subject, solely apt to de­prave many, improve none; before such as are serious, and might tend to the benefit of the Publique, being methodically disposed, and faithfully rendred, as Transcripts of that nature, are to be published. So there is another errour commonly arising from ignorance of the Lan­guage, wherein such a Subiect was writ. As the Greeke, so is the Latine copious and fluent: in both which it is very easie to offend, either by too childish rendring, or erroneous mistaking of the Originall expression.

But the Latine Tongue being of most use, be­cause of generall'st Notion through the World; as also for that most of the Greeke Histories were rendred by faithfull Interpretors in that Tongue, received most acceptance: and that not onely in the Latian confines, but in more remote places where other Tongues were in request.

We read in Dion Cassius, of a principall man in Greece, that by Claudius was put from the [Page 121] order of Judges, for being ignorant of the Latin Tongue.

That in all the regions of Pannonia it was known: Velleius will afford you sufficient authority.Vellei. lib. c. Strabo. lib. 3. & 4. Apulcius in Floridis.

Secondly, that it was spoken in a free and na­tive Idiome, in France and Spaine.

Thirdly, in Affricke.

And (to reflect upon more Divine authorities) it seemeth that the Sermons of Cyprian and Au­gustine yet extant (of Augustine it is manifest) that they preached to the people in Latin. But in the East parts of the Empire, as in Greece and Asia, and so likewise in Affricke, from the grea­ter Syrtis East-ward, it appeares not in our rea­ding nor collection from others, that the Roman Tongue ever grew into any common use. And the reason of it seemes to be, for that in those parts of the Empire it became most frequent, where the most and greatest Colonies were planted.

Now, what absurdities are and have bin usual­ly committed upon ignorance of the Tongue, which they laboured to Translate, I leave to the judicious censures of such, who are frequently vers'd in such Subjects: where they shall finde whole pages mis-construed, whole periods omit­ted, whereby the Author becomes miserably mangled.

Now, to returne a true levell unto both; as the Originall exprest acts done in that time vnto life; and, perchance, glanced at some egregious abuses of that Time, or rather displayed them in [Page 122] their deepest colours: So is his Translator in an apt and proper phrase to render him: and if any impertinent, or (which is worse) vicious passages occurre, with a modest silence to passe over them'; rather then by an unnecessary inserting of them, informe the present age in knowledge of them.

In observing this, their Labours shal deserve to be inchained in our eminent'st Libraries, and re­taine in them a confirmed fame; while lighter sub­iects, which receive their beauty from the com­plies of Time, or adorne themselves with the quicke-vading flourishes of vanity, shall incline to the period of an easie Fate.

But because I have entred into a Catalogue of Poëticall Histories, I will proceed further into the memorable, and no lesse ingenious Works of Hesiod: Much I cannot Write of Hystoricall matter in Hesiod; yet what he writ of that Sub­ject, comprehended in it more height and true proportion, then any Poët that ever writ. With what hazarding danger doth hee there delineate the rare Combat between Ceix and Cycnus? Now equally poizing their valours (as if nature had made them of that equall power) to the end to leave the conflict uncertaine. Presently (upon oc­casioned advantage) hee shewes a better and a worse: yet so, as without the least imputa­tion, or disparrage to either of their spi­rits (making them as imparalell as equall) but applies the event to some auspitious Genius, or Divine Power, favouring one more then another. Straight, with a new passage, [Page 123] he proceeds to the resolved exploits of Hercules; Hercules La­bours. and with an admirable facility describes his La­bours. Hee it was, that by the assisting hand of Iupiter, of whom he descended, flew the Cleo­nian Lyon, the Erimanthian Boare, the Bull of Marathon, the Lernaean Hydra, and the winged Hart: Hee who purchased no lesse memorable Trophies in Hell, than on Earth; haling the three-necked Cerberus, and rescuing Proserpina (if the Supreme Powers had not inhibited) from the tyrannick hands of infernall Pluto: Discomfiting the Centaures, vanquishing Achelous (being his corrivall in the love of faire Deianira) the Stymphalides, the Cremona Gyants, the tray­terous Nessus, Antaeus, Augeas Stables, Apples of Hesperides, Cacus, Busyris, hurling Diomedes to his Horses (to quit his owne tyranny) free­ing Hesyone from the Whale, sacking Troy in re­venge of the perfidious Laomedon, subduing those invincible Giants, Dericlus and Albion, re­deeming Orcalia, and Betricia from the captivity of Gerion: and wearing the Amazon Baldrick, to intimate his victories in those warlicke Provin­ces.

These, and the like, doth Hesiod set downe with that probable coherence, that if the matter it selfe did not imply an impossibility, one would be certainly induced to beleeve so concordant an History. Presently he descends to the Generati­on of the Gods, making up a Genealogy in that distinct order, as the Pagan Gods (for so one hath observed) were much indebted to him for [Page 124] so well deserving their pedigree, which with­out his invention (perhaps) had laine obscure.

☞Now, howsoever these Inventions may seeme improper for the state or structure of an History; How Inventi­on may stand with the con­texture of an History. because it behoves an Historian to relate with probability whatsoever hath hapned either in his owne Time or any former Age: Yet are these, im­bellishments to History; being writ rather to beautifie than confirme; and to cheere the con­ceit, than to enforce it to an improbable beliefe. No doubt, but many of those Eminent Heroës, whom Time either flattered, or Oracles delu­ded, or some other selfe-opinionate Conceit transported, were incouraged to designes of in­finite difficulty, to prove themselves descended from a Deity. Besides this, they imagined, be­ing so descended, they were invulnerate. This it was, which put them on Actions above con­ceit, to disperse their Fame, and preserve that Opinion which the Age reteined of their descent. Howsoever,Excellent Em­blemes sha­dowed under Poëticall ficti­ons. excellent Emblemes were shrouded under those Poëticall Fictions. Hirsutae nuces op­times praebent nucleos. The shell may seeme meane, but the kernell sweete.

When Achylles, that glory of the Grecians, had expos'd himselfe to all dangers, that Hostility or the force and fury of an Enemy could presse upon him; in the end, hee was wounded in the heele; for there onely, as the Poëts feigne, he was mor­tall, and consequently vulnerable. This in­cludes a darke but dainty Morall. Many, how­soever they come on bravely, and can endure [Page 125] not onely the first brunt, but expresse a wondrous height of resolution, during all or most part of the heate of the day, yet in the heele are they wounded. They crowne not the Day of their Actions with a glorious Evening, but faile most when the Merit of their Actions should be most shining. For in this should every Heroëck Spi­rit imitate the Sunne; whose property it is to shew most beauty in the Setting: so they, more in their Close than their Beginning.

Yet, were these Historicall Inventions of the Poëts, touching the Generation of the Gods; in many respects defective, and in some absurd. E­specially, in portraying of them aged, or ad­dicted to some vicious quality or other: wherein they seemed to confound Mortality with Im­mortality: a pure integrious estate with impiety.

For the first, it was an excellent Saying of The­ocritus, who observing that popular stupidity of such as reposed their sole confidence in Idols, with the vanity of them: seeing, how even those Gods, whose Modells they reteined, and to whose memories they were erected, were tran­slated or removed none knew whither; incoura­ged those who suffered for their Contempt to­wards those Pagan Deities in this manner: ‘Bono estote a­nimo, quando Dij moriuntur ante homines. Theocritus in Cle. Alex. Protrep. Be of good courage, when Gods dye before Men.’ A­gaine, speaking of a Mute Deity: ‘Quid praesta­re colenti po­test, quae loqui non potest? Lactant. de falsa Relig. lib. 1. Cap. Dea Mutae, Wherein can that Goddesse availe him that worships her, who cannot speake to him that worships her?’

So as Tullus Hostilius puttingPavorem Palloremquè. FEARE and PALENESSE in the number of his Gods: It is [Page 126] pitty (saith Lactantius) that ever his Gods should goe from him.

Notwithstanding all this, in the relation of their actions and such intervening Occurrents as hapned in their Oppositions, they deserve ap­plause, though no credible approvement. And the more to be admired were their descriptions, in regard they fixed on no other Story either Transcribed, or any other way delivered, then what invention had first moulded and recom­mended to posterity. Yet observe what congrui­ty these held, both in describing them what they were, from whence they came, what exploits they did, with the severall Offices to which they were designed, or rather Originally interessed: and those distinct passages of their lifes, with the concurrency of opinions touching their birth, continuance and increase, cannot chuse but beget wonder.

You shall not find in any one of these, peculiar Offices confounded: Liber must not intermeddle with the care of the Vines; nor Neptune play the Mercurist. Distinct Offices were recommended to severall supposed Deities: and this the anti­ent Ethnicks held with such ceremonious reve­rence, as nothing could be with more solemnity observed.

For the latter, absurdity; wherein the Pagans made their Gods addicted to all vice and impiety: This might have declined them from such ado­ration; when those Persons whom they so highly honoured, deserved in their actions so little imi­tation. [Page 127] But to take Survey of those contests or civill Warres amongst themselves, either arising from precedency; or grounded upon jealousy, or some other occasionall distaste, would be [...]et a deserving admiration in any judicious Reader: observing, what Historicall Art derived her light from invention; and in what excellent order dis­posed, though restrained by rules of dimension.

Lucian deserves his place, whose otherwise ill-deserving parts, being a profest see to all di­vine adoration, purchased him an end as mise­rable as his prophanations merited; being de­voured by Dogges: yet in this regard wee have propounded our Opinion about Historicall ficti­ons, I will give him his due place: one of an ex­cellent Wit, ripe Understanding, and labori­ous withall, to find out the ancient Manuscripts, and records of authorized Histories: yet, foras­much as his writings are interlarded now and then with invective speeches against the Coelesti­all Powers, arguing too much of Natures power, too little of the Soveraigne of Nature: I would have the Generous Reader to prepare himselfe in the perusall of such Discourses, as Calipso instru­cted Vlysses against the Sirens Inchantments, thus inviting him:

Of these Inchantments did Calypso fore-warn Vlisses with this preparation, that hee should command his Associates in his ship, to bind him, when hee approached neere those fatall Harmo­nists, and to stop their eares, least they should be made a prey to their cruelty. So must every one prepare himselfe in such Siren-discourses. The liberty of these times, perswades some too easily to Lucians arguments: and those which (in feare of divine power) dare not deny the Omnipoten­cy of the Immortall power in word, yet their prophane conversation implies an absolute Apo­stacy in them in their workes. I wish these di­gressions were not needfull: for then I might more directly proceed in my discourse, which the depravednesse of times will in no case suffer.

Feigned Hi­stories appro­ved, tending to instruction.But in these feigned Histories I wholly exclude all ribaldry; times themselves have instruction sufficient for obscene subjects, without any fur­ther [Page 129] excitements: nor can I admit, that those un­profitable Stories of Primalion, Palmerin de Oli­va, The Knight of the Sunne, Gerilion, with many other fictive Discourses, should be entertained by Youth. Many of these Relations have strangely transported divers well-promising Wits into strange amazements; especially such as conceive more delight in them, than more serious stu­dies. Some wee have heard, that in reading the strange adventures of Orlando Furioso, and conveying the very impression of his amorous passion to themselves, would presently imitate his distraction, run starke naked, make Love-songs incommendation of their Angelica, put themselves to intollerable torments to gaine the affection of their supposed Mistresses. Others, in imitation of some valiant Knights, have frequen­ted Desarts, and uninhabited Provinces, ecchoing in every place their owne vanities, endorsing their Names in barkes of Trees, wholly turned savage and untractable, to personate that Knight more lively.

Such Histories I onely allow of (whether in Prose, or Verse,Such Histories onely merit that name, which yeeld profit with delight. for Epicks may be writ in ei­ther) as yeeld profit with delight; not subjecting their discourse to observe some indiscreet Hu­mour of the Time, for application, but preventi­on. Many read, and (in the loosnesse of their owne lives) make application of the worst unto themselves; hoping with Herostratus, to be me­morable for villany: These are like Spiders, that turne the sweetest and most wholesome [Page 130] flowers to ranke poyson; the discredit of an Hi­story, and a great strengthener of vice.

☞ He falleth up­on a just re­proofe of use­lesse Readers of Histories: with such as cull onely grounds for themselves, to comply with their owne de­sires. The Ambiti­ous mans Ob­ject in his Read ng.And here might I take occasion, to fall upon a just reproofe of uselesse Readers of Histories; with such, as cull onely grounds for themselves, to comply with their owne desires: As the Am­bitious; who reflects onely upon high aëry Spi­rits: but never makes any use of their fall. An aspiring Philotas is the Object hee eyes, and his designes, the Coppy after which he moulds his Actions. Oh, how highly is hee transported, when he sees Ambition mounted: looking ever after Hamons Honour, but seldome or never on his Ladder? Indirectest paths are the wayes hee most affects: and like a youthfull Ascanius, scorns to walke in common tracks, or to converse with ought lesse than Empires. Hee holds Opi­nion with that Universall Monarch, that ‘King­domes got by descent, derive to their possessors no personall merit.’ He had rather win than inhe­rit; atchieve by the Sword, than enjoy by succes­sion. Such as these say with Tiridates in Tacitus; To reteine their owne, Sua retin [...]re privatae domus, d [...] alienis cer­ta [...]e [...]egia laus est. Tacit. is in the power of every private State; but to ayme at that which is anothers, is a Princely praise. This it was (as I have elsewhere observed) that caused Themistocles to walke in the Night-time in the open streete,☞ because hee could not sleepe; the Reason whereof when some men enquired, who were to him more in­timately endeered,Tus [...]. lib. 4. he answered, that the Tri­umph of Miltiades would not suffer him to take his rest. So impatient of rest is Ambition, as it [Page 131] cannot endure either Competitor or Equall; but a reflexe had to them infinitely distracts him: so as, he cannot possibly enjoy himselfe, because he envies their greatnesse, whom generall Opi­nion holds either equall or transcendent to him­selfe.

It is no lesse to be wondred at, with what seri­ous attention these ambitious Fire flies, who e­ver singe their wings in the flames of their owne aspiring, read, and discusse every circumstance tending this way; with a personall application to themselves; as if they were the men which the History aym'd at: and whose Actions, they hope, e're long, will beget an Iliad to succeeding times, to admire their valour; and to erect surviving Trophies to their surviving honour. Thus doe they catch at shadows, leaving the substance to such judicious and competible Readers; who make use of those ancient Records to their be­nefit: in collecting what is most usefull, and with a discreet aversion sleighting whatsoever might be occasionally hurtfull.

Nor be these High-flyers, who seldome goe gray-headed to their Graves, onely reproveable in the abuse of their Readings;The Voluptu­ous mans Ob­ject in his Rea­ding. but the voluptu­ous too: who, when they fall upon any passage that complies with the lightnesse of their fancy, so highly affect it, as nothing more delights them, than to discourse of such ayry pleasures, as present themselves in a cursorie manner to their deluded conceits. These are altogether for Sto­ries of Love; where every Line workes such [Page 132] moving impressions in their unsteady fancies: as they reduce every period of Loves discourse, to a Sceane of Action; wherein they wish themselves Prime-actors, to close in a personall re-greet, with so light and sensuall a Relation.

Ganimedes Rape; Laïs loose Love; white teeth, rolling Eyes, displayed Breasts; a winning Looke, a Cerusse Cheeke; a beautifull com­plexion (an exteriour good, and if corrupted, an interiour evill) being that which Euryala so much praised, when she washed the feet of Vlysses, namely, Gentle speech and tender flesh: these are proper Subjects for these light-fancied Amorists.

I must confesse, that no History can be so seri­ous, but it must upon occasion relate some ligh­ter passages, which equally poised according to the time, should not breed these effects; but ra­ther beget in a Continent and well-composed Reader, a detestation of whatsoever he shall finde vicious: and an ardent desire after that which shall appeare truely generous and vertuous.

Alcaeus, a man of good reputation, and gene­rall observance in the Common-wealth, what toies wrot he of the love of yong-men; immixing sometimes those lighter fancies in his seriousest Subjects? All the Writings of Anacreon (as if those Discourses had got highest place in his In­vention) were onely of love. But most of all o­thers, Rheginus even burned with Love, as ap­peareth by his Writings; being continued passa­ges of winning delight: and intrancing the un­wary peruser of his amorous Conceits, with de­ceiving [Page 133] shaddowes. Yea, even Philosophers, (and that by the Councell and Authority of Plato, whom therefore Dicearchus did worthi­ly reprehend) became the Commenders and Honourers of Love. For Dicearchus, a Sili­cian Philosopher, and Aristotles Scholler, Writing a Booke of the SPARTAN Com­mon-wealth, distasted highly the opinion of such, who bearing the style of grave and reve­rend Men, gave way in their Workes, that any liberty should be introduced into a civill state: or authorized any Labours, were they Historical, Poëticall or Mixt, to have freedome in corrup­ting youth, or depraving the prime seedes of easie and pliable dispositions. These, who stand thus affected, and whose Readings are soly fixt upon sensuall delights; it were fitting for them to weane their affections, at least, to divert their eyes from those sensible Objects, which ingage reason to the servile Obedience of appetite; and to re-collect their Diviner parts, to patternes of continence: such as may informe them what to do; how to remove occasions: and consequent­ly, free their inward Mansions or Receptacles from these corruptions. An excellent Patterne or incomparable Mirror in the command or So­veraignty of his affections, did that yong man Spurina in Valerius Maximus, Val. Max. lib. 4 cap. 5. shew himselfe; whose beauty did so infinitely become him, as it occasioned many Women to lust after him: which this noble youth no sooner perceived (note this admirable act in a Pagan) then hee wounded [Page 134] his face, that by the skar he sustained, his beauty might become more blemished, and consequent­ly, all occasion of lusting after it, clearely remo­ved. Diverse instances, though not altogether so impressive, might be here inserted, tending to like use; but brevity, as it is the helpe of Memo­ry, so my desire is to accommodate the Reader with instances usefull and commodious, rather then unnecessarily numerous.

The Cove­tous mans Object in his Reading.Nor be the Covetous, (if their desire of gathe­ring may admit so much time as to peruse an Hi­story in a whole age) lesse reprooveable in this kinde. For these, if they finde one Worldly wise; no matter though he not onely grounded but improved his estate by Extortion, and raised his posterity to an unknowne Title of Gentry by deceit and collusion: yet must his life and acti­ons be the line of their directions.

They looke not on Midas fate, but his golden state. Tagus they desire, nor care they much (so they may purchase it) to be drowned in it. These hold no substance to be purely good, unlesse it be guilded with gold. These never remember the saying of that wise Simonides; who being asked once, whether Vertue or Riches were of more re­putation; made answere, That the vertuous did more frequent the doores of the Rich, then the Rich of the vertuous. Implying, that piety was for the most part attended on by pouerty; but seldome was vertue accompanied by prosperity.

Now to apply an antidote to this infection, and cure in them this distemper'd affection; as [Page 135] the Vnicornes Horne is of such soveraigne vertue, as being dipt in water, it cleares and purifies it:☜ so must their earthy depressed mindes be purified by some powerfull infusion, or they will never endure to alter their disposition. To remove then those scales which darken their intellectuall part; their only safe course is to withdraw them­selves a little from talking with Earth: and to fix the eye of their Contemplation on a diviner Ob­ject, the Store-house of Heaven. The vanity, frailty and mutability of the one, will inhance the quality and dignity of the other. The meere mentall observance of these, without any further experience, (wherein Historicall examples will affoord no small light) cannot chuse but qualifie their Temper, and enforce them to crye out with that Divine father: O how miserable is the World, O quám mi­se [...]rimus est mundus, & mi­s [...]ri qui cum se­quantur! Sem per enim homi­nes Mundi ope­ra excluse [...]unt á vitâ. Chrys. sup. Mat. and how miserable they who follow the World! see­ing, that men of this World have alwayes excluded their workes from partaking of life in the World to come.

Thus have we traced over the various paths of three vicious Readers; all others may be in these included, who make not that benefit of History, to which it was primarily addressed; but by fruit­lesse & unnecessary observations, dispa [...]rage their owne judgments, in preferring those before pas­sages of more high and usefull consequence. So as, I may properly resemble them toHe resembl [...]s fruitlesse Rea­ders to use­lesse Travel­lers, who [...]ake notice of such things as are most fr [...]o­lou [...] ▪ or which i [...] wo [...]se, vici­ous. Vselesse Tra­vailers, who take notice of such things as are most frivolous, or what is worse, vicious.

Others there be, that transported onely with [Page 136] the delight and present variety of the History, make History onely (as our Gallants do their To­bacco) a spender of Time: They apply not the fruit or use of Histories, but as in some pleasant or delightfull dreame, satisfied for the present time; but past, quite razed out of Memory. In stories of this nature, (such I meane as be feigned) I approve of those best that resemble Truth the neerest, according to Flaccus opinion: ‘Ficta voluptatis causâ sint proxima veris.’ For the impossibility of the Relation oftentimes maketh the Subject more ridiculous: whereas the concordancy, or apt connexion of the History (though the maine plot be false) enforceth more attention.

And thus much of Poëticall Histories: I will come to the second Branch of my Division of Histories (to wit) Morall.

MOrall Histories Morall Histo­ries. be such, as conduce to a Civil and Morall institution of Life or Manners; Teaching what is to be done, and what avoided. Xenophon in his Instruction of Cyrus, propounds what reasons should especially induce a Morall Historian to speake more of examplary Motives to Vertue, then any thing else; ‘Because (saith he) if Cyrus had not bin elected King amongst Shepheards, it may be, he had never reigned over the Persians: but the very Title, which was given him by Rurall Swaines, enforced him to attempt further.’

Morall Histories teach Men to behave them­selves in all affaires: If imployed in Embassages, Commerce, or any Negotiation whatsoever, it directs them how to hazard fairely, beare them­selves discreetly, and support the burthen impo­sed on them stoutly. These kind of stories are the best Nurses, they weane us from childish effemi­nacy, and Traine us in more virile and Man-like actions: so as Education is called by the Philoso­pher, A second Nature, habituating us to the kind of our breeding: Morality likewise is called, the Soveraignesse of Education, The square of humane Actions, the best Schoole-mistresse for unbridled youth, that restraines affections raging, erects our passions too much asswaging, tempers our spirits, and Reduceth us to that perfect Symmetry, Vt ex pede Herculem, you may know Hercules by his foote, the inward habit by externall appearance.

Hence was it that Alexander gloried so much of his Stagyrian Moralist: Achylles of his Phoenix: of whom he had received so much good, as hee ingeniously acknowledged; by Phoenix he could both, Bene dicere, & bene agere.

To be briefe, there is no exorbitancy in Nature, which by Morall Narrations hath not bin refor­med: Seneca was naturally covetous: which dis­position, or malady rather, he shrowds covertly in that sentence of his, inserted in his Book, De Tranquillitate Animae. Nec aegroto, nec valeo. Yet by daily conference with Morall Histories, and precepts of civill Institution, he could moderate his desire of having, esteeming the Treasure of [Page 138] his minde onely worth possessing. Qui cuncta ha­bet, nec tamen habetur: as Salust observeth.

The like we read of Stilpho, a Roman, whom (as Cicero speaketh) was of all other most libi­dinous; yet by reading of Morall Precepts, am­plified with grave Examples, became most con­ti [...]ent.

☞Whence it is, that Morall Histories, or Nar­rations in such Histories, are and were ever high­ly commended, by reason of their effects:Morall Histo­ries, or Narra­tions in such Histories, highly com­mended; with their [...]ff [...]ts. especi­ally in Youth, whose disposition being aptly compared to a cleare or pure Table, which, as yet had never taken any impression, receives her first infusions with most retention. For the first Seeds take the deepest roote; the first Liquors strongest taste; the first Colours truest dye. These, by certaine innate sprinklings of good­nesse, conferre the Lives and Actions of such, as they read of, in an equall Diameter. Here they observe, how prudently such persons managed their affaires; how discreetly they moderated their affections: and with what facility and feli­city they attained their proposed ends. By which they collect, that deliberation promiseth successe to every action. Amongst these, they finde a Fabius more prosperous by delaying; than heady Cethegus is by attempting.

This teacheth them wisely and cautiously to prevent danger before it approach, lest a too late had I wist beget in them a Repentance with­out helpe; a desperate repulse without hope.

It is written that the Emperour Titus (that [Page 139] dainty Darling of Mankind) used to have borne before him a Dolphine wreathed about an An­chor, with this Impresse: Festina lentè. Which elegant Embleme they make excellent use of: They conceive by this, how nothing can be done happily, that is done hastily: and that nothing of high importance can possibly be atchieved,Eucher. being to any strict limit or compasse of time confined.

The consideration of these Motives holds them from rashnesse; an errour to which unboun­ded Youth is commonly most subject: by which meanes they avoid those many dangers, whereto the follies of Youth stand too frequently in­gaged.

Nor doe they onely finde Instances worthy their Imitation in Subiects of prevention and cautious providence: (a Lesson of necessary con­sequence for Yong-men;) but in actions of Iu­stice; where that which is right and just, should be fairely and freely rendred to every man. Of this, they finde sundry singular Examples in Ethnicke Authors. Phocion, that Honour of Greece, will not speake for Charilus, though he be his Sonne in Law, but in just Causes onely. Nor that Worlds Commander, the invincible Alexander, incline to his Mother, if her Request tend to the shedding of innocent blood, or imbruing his imperiall hands in Murder. Nor that unhappy Mithridates suffer (in his respect of Justice) the corruption of Acilius to passe unpunished: lest his Impunity might become a Priviledge to o­thers, to challenge the like benefit. In these they [Page 140] observe of what esteeme the profession of Justice was in all Ages: and how a native Instinct wrought such incredible effects on Barbarous people; as their very Actions merited both imi­tation and admiration in their Successours. Nei­ther could the Philosophers of those times, wherein they flourished, be more exact in defi­ning what Justice was, than these were in per­forming what Justice requir'd.

For our Life, as it is a Globe of Examples; so by collecting whatsoever wee see imitable in o­thers; if we tender our owne well-being, or her breast from whence we had our nursing and first being; wee will take especiall care to expresse to life, whatsoever wee have at any time read com­mendable in others.

In Arguments likewise of Temperance, they cull out many dainty Historicall Flowers; apt to sweeten the Seed-plot of their Youth with a se­lect variety of Examples. Yea, even in those En­counters, wherein the Conquest appeares to be of most difficulty; to wit, restraint of our desires in sensuall Objects: wherein the Victory is so much more glorious, as the opportunity and motive of their fancy attractive or precious.

They read how Scipio, being a young man of Twenty foure yeeres of Age, in the surprizall of a City in Spaine, repressed his flames of lust, and confined his desires to the Rule of Reason, when a beautifull Maid was brought him; restoring her untoucht with a great Reward to young Al­lantius, to whom she was espoused.

The like in Alexanders Continency to Dari­us Wife and Daughters; whose Princely mode­ration and command over his affections, made his Memory no lesse glorious than his Victories.

The like in Zenocrates, a right Philosopher, because of himselfe an absolute Commander; who remaines immoveable in his resolution to Con­tinence, amidst all those voluptuous induce­ments, sensuall provocations and enticements, lascivious dalliance and embracings of a light-li­centious Laïs. From the perusall of these they conclude, ‘There is nothing comparably precious to a continent Soule.’

Lastly, to (exemplifie in each of our Cardinal Vertues, what rare effects may be derived to Youth in these Historicall Readings) they ob­serve the Constancy and Resolution of forraine Commanders; they admire their Fortitude, and bravenesse of spirit. Neither can Pyrrhus Gold corrupt, nor his hideous Elephant amate a Noble Fabius.

Though an Imperious Philip threaten an A­thenian Legat, that hee will cause his Head to be cut off; he has an Answer in store to vye with the mounting Soveraignty of his State:☜ ‘If thou take this Head from me, my Countrey will give me another that shall be immortall.’

And they finde how gratefull some Princes were in the memory of their Subjects Loyalty; holding their fidelity and trust to be the incom­parablest Treasure that any Prince could enjoy upon Earth. This they conceive by the estimate [Page 142] which Darius made of his Zophyrus Cyrus of his Cambyses; Alexander of his Parmenio, Athens of her Draco; Epaminondas of his Pelopidas, Sparta of her Brasidas.

In these, they exactly prize the value of true worth. Nor is it to be expressed with what ea­gernesse they pursue those actions, which have purchased such deserving fame to their persons.

It is reported, that Aristides (that memorable Mirror of Iustice) dying of the bite of a Weazle, exceedingly lamented that it was not a Lyon. Noble spirits embrace nothing with more easie acceptance then an Honorable fate. To die for ones Country; or to be ingaged to the very worst of extreames for the purchase of her liberty, de­served no solemnization in teares: This when youth seriously surveies, he no lesse affectionately admires; and desires nothing more then to go on successively in a glorious emulation of their actions.

The infirmities of this time are great, and need the hand of an expert Physitian; no Medicine, nor Antidote, more soveraigne to cure these contagious Ulcers, then Morall Physicke, if the Disease be greene, (I meane the diseases of the Mind:) We have here Lenitives to mittigate, if it be old, and growne to a [...], a very Gan­grene, griefes insensible, being most incurable. We have Corrasives to eate away all those cor­rupt Tetters that hinder the Cure.The praise of Morall Histo­ry. This is a sin­gular Art; and farre surpassing Galens, Aescula­pius, or Hypocrates: Their cures were but exter­nall, [Page 143] these internall: and so much more worthy is the cure of the Minde then the Body, by how much the one is more precious then the other. O Divine Art! O secret Mystery! The Greeks called this Discourse, The life of Man: for without it, he would degenerate from Man, and loose the best ornaments of Humane nature: The light of Reason, The Eye of Election. [...]! great in­deed, in comparison of the small esteeme this World makes of it: labouring of a great bur­then of impiety, an huge freight of sin, an insup­portable carriage; and feeling her owne strength unfit for such a weight, yet refuseth to entertaine a companion that would willingly and readily lighten her burden.

Distempered Age, that labours of Minds phrensie, captivated to unworthy bondage: how long will thy intellectuall eye be shut? How long hood winckt? If thou fall with open eyes, thy Misery is greater, seeing thy fall, yet would not prevent it, falling with blinded eyes: no marvell, that sees thine owne infirmity, and scornes the direction of others eies to conduct thee. Alas! here be many intricate Mazes, unfrequented La­byrinths, places of imminent perill, and thou art blind: no suspect of any Stratagem or Ambush doth possesse thee; thou promisest thy selfe most security, when most beleagured with perill.

It was no marvell if miserable Oedipus run into Brakes and Briers, when his erring feete were guided by two blind eyes? Here be many seduce­ments: and as in the Pagan time, there were [Page 144] more Temples erected in honour to Bacchus and Venus, than to Iupiter and Apollo: So for one Example of Piety and Religion, we have ten of Vice and Licentiousnesse. Here the bait of Am­bition, hung out and swallowed, and like enough by a Gudgion; there the painted Flagge of vain-glory,— Summa plebis deducta est gloria plu­mis. A Caution for your Silken Gallant. — Misceri sanguine Re­gum Nobile — leading a Troupe of Vices in a Ring-dance: Here a Silken Foole well-esteemed — for Nasci à Principibus fortuitum est — Hee was borne rich: There a ragged Sage descanting on Morall Precepts, but neither garded nor regarded. Here Rosa Mundi, the Rose of Worlds vanity, set on a splay-foote, making Art a cover for Na­tures deformity: There a plume of Feathers dangling on a Head more light than Feathers, to make Plato's naked DefinitionPlato's Defi­nition. of Man true: Ho­mo est Animal bipes, implume: proving him­selfe by his plume to be none. No matter for Reason: They would be loath to be indued with more than is needfull for a phantasticke head: An ordinary portion of Reason will serve an Or­dinary. Oh that these poiselesse Braines would but imploy their [...]ime in Morall Discourses, what excellent matter might they finde out worthy the judicious approbation of refined Wits!

It is observed that in Athens, and in Rome also, young Gentlemen were to be imployed in pre­ferring some Law in behalfe of the people: or Patronizing such as were poore, and destitute of succour in themselves: Patronizing such, and pro­tecting them in publick defence of their cause, or the like.

This was the first step of preserment unto Ci­cero, defending Roscius against Scylla: and that with such vehemency, as generally hee was ap­proved for his seriousnesse in a poore Actors cause. And sure, generous mindes cannot be bet­ter expressed than in actions of this nature, where­by they may not onely secure themselves and their entirest affections from the frivolous as­saults of irregular perturbations; but also pur­chase unto them the generall love and favour of such as observe their disposition, and admire it.

By Morall reading we use to be most excited to these compassionate effects:The fruit of Morall rea­ding. exampled in them whom wee deservedly thinke of, and earnestly covet to imitate: Not taxing them unworthily, nor commenting otherwise of their Vertues, than as we receive by Transcription from others. Former Ages (in this kind) have beene more charitable, but the apprehension of our owne defects makes us suspectfull of others. As in Rome, if the Pisoes be frugall, they are censured Parcimonious; if the Metelli Religious, they are taxed Superstitious; if the Appij Popular, they are tearmed Ambitious; if the Manlij Au­stere, they are styled Tyrannous; if the Lelij Wise, they are Curious; the Publicolae Aspi­ring, if Courteous. Many such Mamothrepts we have, that censure others actions to the worst, making their owne depraved Judgments Cen­sors of others Vertues. But Morall Precepts would remedy this Obliquity, and will us first be Masters of our Affections, e're wee fish in the [Page 146] troubled waters of other mens errours: But this Age confirmes the Assertion of a wise Roman Se­natour: Suam cuius (que) culpam Authores ad causam transferunt: Or, which Seneca writes in his E­pistle to his friend Lucil. Many (saith hee) my friend Lucilius commit faults in Rome, but will in no case heare that they committed them: the Aedile layes blame upon the Questor, the Questor on the Praetor, the Praetor on the Consul, the Con­sul on the Censor, the Censor on the Dictator.

Apologizing and defending Errours, the grea­test cherisher of them: For how is it possible wee should amend them, that will not confesse wee did commit them? But Acknowledgment is a precedent Directresse to Reformation, accor­ding to the Traged: Seneca. words: ‘Quem poenitet peccasse, penè est innooens.’

☞It is an infallible Theorem; ‘Humility is the way to Glory.’ Which can be expressed in no­thing better, than in a free and genuine submissi­on of our owne Judgments to others. Too much confidence begets strength of Errour: and he is the wisest, who in his owne conceit appeares humblest. Great Approbation is then to be gi­ven to such, who tender an acknowledgment of their errours, whether it be in their Dialect and forme of speaking, or manner of living: with an ingenuous submitting of their Labours to the free censure of others: which argues a great mea­sure of Sobriety and Discretion in any: Whereas Selfe-conceit is a blemish to the exactest Labours: Neither shall such Authors free themselves from malicious Censures.Acknowledg­ment of our Errours, whe­ther it be in our Dialect & forme of spea­king, or man­ner of living: with an inge­nuous submit­ting of our Labours to the free Cen­sure of others, argues a great measure of So­briety & Dis­cretion in us. Selfe-conceit a blemish to the exactest Labours: Nei­ther shall such Authors free themselves from malici­ous Censures.

Rhemnius Palaemon that arrogant Grammari­an, or rather Grammatist, vaine-gloriously boa­sted, that good Literature had first life by him, and should after dye with him (as having the first beginning, and should have a finall end with him:) or like Gorgias the Orator, who ever prest himselfe forward to the first Encounter.

But what do'es this vaine-glory beget them, but contempt and derision in such as observe them? The Age is subject enough to Errour, and apt enough to Apologize Vice, to give more liberty to the Offender. The way to breake this Chaine, is to lay aside our selves, and impartial­ly to judge our selves and actions, as if they were not Ours, but Others.

For this Selfe-love makes us admire, what in others wee abhorre. A retyred privacy, many times, promiseth to the unwary delinquent, more freedome in offending: but vaine and fruitlesse are these promises. Is there any darknesse so thicke and palpable, that the piercing Eye of Heaven, which takes a full and perfect view of the whole Earth at once, measures the very least drop of the Ocean, and numbers the least porti­on of Sand upon the shore, cannot looke thorow it? Oh, if thou hope by sinning secretly to sinne securely, this thy ungrounded security shall bring thee to misery. It was a pretty saying of Epicurus in Seneca; ‘How can Sinne be safe when it cannot be secure? Or to what purpose is it to la­bour to lye hid, when that we doe cannot be hid?’ And therefore Prudentius in one of his Hymns, [Page 148] gives this good Memorandum:

It was Seneca's Counsell to his friend Lucilius; that whensoever he went about to doe any thing, ‘he should imagine Cato or Scipio, or some other worthy Roman to be in presence.Bern. de vitâ solitariâ. And it was the saying of St. Bernard, That we are ever to set some good man before us, that we may live as if he looked over us.’

The way then to cure sinne, is not to shroud it, nor with faire pretences to guild it, or by im­puting the Cause to others, to mince it; but by a free and ingenuous discovery of it, to acknow­ledge the ground to proceed from our selves: Which acknowledgment will bring us to rectifie what is amisse: and bring that which we have so rectified, by a proficiency in goodnesse, to more perfection.

For what is it, with Alcibiades, that beauty of Athens, to be skilfull in all Arts and Exercises; to winne the Palme in what enterprize wee take in hand; to be popularly affected; with Trophies and Triumphs honoured; and to have the Wheele of Fortune so fixt, and the Wings of Vi­ctory so clipt; as the former may never have po­wer to discard us, nor the latter to flye from us: When our Inward beauty, farre surpassing all these light Embellishments of Art, becomes blemi­shed by that staine, which holds so deepe a dye, as Time cannot raze it, nor ought but Infamy at­tend it?

The way then to cure Errour, is to submit our Judgments to others censure: and in a wise and cautelous distrust of our selves, to admit the ad­vice and assistance of others in any matter of am­biguity; lest wee deceive our selves by being too confident of our owne strength.

That saying is true: ‘Hee that seekes to be more wise than hee can be, shall be found lesse wise than he should be.’

The best Doctrine then to initiate us how to be wise, is not to be selfe-wise; but with an humble acknowledgment of our owne defici­encies, to ascribe all praise unto Him who is sole­ly wise.

In Morall Studies, much excellent matter may be chosen out of that Mirror of Morals, Plutarch; not onely to instruct Youth, in the Rudiments and Precepts of Vertue: As how to beare him­selfe in all occasions; how to conceale and smo­ther his passions, with a wise over-mastring of his Affections; and how to redresse the mul­tiplicity of injuries by taking opportunity by the Fore-top. But even old men likewise, such as have seene many changes and altera­tions in their Times, and were well nigh per­swaded, that all the Volumes of the World could not shew them more, than they in the revolution of their Times had seene: But see­ing Instructions rare to them, and unaccu­stomed Precepts fit for the maturest Head to plod on, they then confesse that their old Age hath beene a Dotage, verifying, [Page 150] Addiscendo, se semper senescere: Reaping more profit by one Morall precept, then a whole yeares Experience in Worldly affaires.

Many old men we have (that can discourse of the change of Princes) whose Gray-haires be as so many records of what they have seene. But alas,These Times old in yeeres, but young in houres. conferre with them of true Morall experi­ence, and you shall finde them as young in hours, as old in yeares: Their knowledge in the Infancy, though their one foot in the grave, ready to bid adiew to the world, when they are scarse halfe erudiated in the preventive sleights of this world. A simple age! when we have no other Te­stimony that we have lived long, save onely our Gray-haires; and yet the general ignorance pleads pardon: none so generous as those which know the least; none of a ranked spirit, that will cast the eye of a judicious applause, upon the meri­ting Labours of any man.

☞ A reproofe of the Age, in her disesteeming Authors: and sleighting their Labours.Wherein, should I fall upon reproofe of the Age, in her dis-esteeming Authors: and sleighting their Labours; mine Oyle might seeme to taste of too much Criticisme: for the Professors of Learning, they must not expect all Times nor all Eminent persons to have Scales in readinesse to weigh their Merits.

For the Rich, whose thriving wayes will afford him scarce time to converse either with Wit or Learning, lest his providence in the meane time should be a wanting to himselfe, which he pre­ferres before all the World; so hee finde graines enough to weigh his long-unseene Gold; he little [Page 151] cares how lightly Learning weigh in the estimate of men. For, good man, he makes no other use of Bookes, than Nurses doe of Cradles, to rocke Babes in till they fall asleepe.

And for our Amorous Gallant, whose Cinna­mon Rinde is worth all the body beside; hee is so continually practising in the Schoole of Com­plement; First, for accommodating himselfe in an handsome dresse, then how to weare it when he has crept into it; how to ruffle his boote, and make a gingling with his Heele, as if all his pa­trimony were behind him; how to powder his lockes, and sweeten those constant Creatures which familiarly attend him; how to besprinkle his effeminate face with Lady-like Love-spots, which cannot chuse but be as so many Lures to draw the eyes of his lightest Livia to looke on him. These, I say, being his daily exercise, will not admit him so much time as to talke with an Author: Till his long training in the Schoole of vanity hath taught him so much, as he needes no other Tutor then his owne mis-spent time to ad­monish him of his irregular course.

Nay, he leaves for most part, so small a portion of fortune to himselfe, as the surplusage would scarce purchase his Author so much oyle as might supply his Lampe, in the composure of the most illaborate or compendious Labour.

But if at any time, his hand chance to dive into his pocket, to expresse his bounty to the Muses; it may be properly sayd of him, what was some­times spoken by an other in the same sense: [Page 152] "Optimas ga [...]as infimis servavit chartis: Making onely choice of such for Objects of his bounty, whose light unstudied Lines detract from the Muses beauty.

Nor are they to expect, that our High-moun­ting Cedars; whose Object is Honour; which ra­ther than they will not purchase, they lose themselves for ever: can deigne to reflect on such Low shrubs. For of all others, Subjects of Lear­ning receive hardest digestion from Ambition. Lectures of Morality or Mortality can worke weake Impressions upon a restlesse aspiring fancy.

Composed mindes, setled thoughts, retyred Mansions are Receptacles for the Muses.

So spake Seneca for a Seneca. Yea, I have knowne some of these, never truely happy, till they became unhappy: receiving their most li­berty from restraint; and the best knowledge of themselves from a Grate. Then, and never till then, did these begin to read Man; nor to con­ceive the fraile condition of Man; nor to con­verse with those Dead Councellors, which know best how to prepare and accomplish Man.Seclusus à Mun­do, Sacro tene­or Silentio. Then, and never till then, came Learning to be of Re­quest, or in their Bookes. So lightly is Lear­ning favoured, so meanely countenanced by such as Idolatrize the World, or are affected to pleasure, or have in eager pursuite the shade of [Page 153] Honour. But Learning is not hereby to be dis­couraged, because sleighted or desertlesly dis­valued: This hath long before these present Times, bin her fate, and in all ages a common fault.

Wee read in our owne Chronicles, how one yeare all the Laurell Trees within our Iland wi­thered, and afterwards contrary to all expecta­tion, revived and flourished againe: Let Lear­ning apply this to Herselfe; though her blossomes seeme dead, shee retaines still life in the Root: Which, by propagation of her flowers and fruites, shall revive to her Ho­nour; while ignorance buried in her owne ashes, and incapable of light or life, shall never re­cover.

It is Recorded, that Licinius, The cause why Learning is contemned. Coleague in the Empire with Constantine the Great (being uncapable of learning himselfe) by reason of the slownesse or barrennesse of his understanding, was wont to call Learning the very poyson and publicke plague, that infected the Realme: The Romane Historians, have applyed this vanity of his, rather to his want of judgement, then any thing else, being not able to comprehend the benefit of Arts.

The like of Maximilian, who was desirous to attaine some extraordinary height in Eloquence;Qui tegumen­to Herculeus, ferus naturâ, ardens libidi­nis, consilijs stolidus. in vit. Aurel. Maxim. which when he could not (by reason of his natu­rall dulnesse) attaine unto, hee envied and maligned others. Many have wee that second the [...]e, glorying in their owne ignorance, [Page 154] and making a ridiculous spectacle of Learning: as a superficiall ornament to accommodate more the threed-bare Sophister, than the Generous Gallant.

I recall to minde the ancient presage upon all Arts, and the prediction concurres well with this time: Three-halfe pence for a Philosopher, and smoake for a Counsellour. It was spoken in the declining Age of the Roman Empire, when Vice rode in his foot-cloath, and Vertue (like a poore Irish Lacky) ran at his Stirrop. But Morall Lear­ning illumines the intellectuall power with a bet­ter and clearer fore-sight; shewing the difference betweene goodnesse and appearance: for true Morals love not to garnish their portraitures with shadows.

Mitte ambos nudes ad igne­tos, & videbis.The best meanes to distinguish betwixt the ignorant and morally instructed, is to put them into their habilliments of Nature; send them both forth naked into the world, and their di­stinct Characters will appeare more manifest. A­las, the Moralist cannot discourse of what the World most affecteth; he sees the ambitious man roving at unsetled ends, meaning to ingrosse the whole World to himselfe; he smiles at his il­limited desires, and wonders whereto his fond purposes tend: hee considers the event, ere hee take in hand the meanes; and hates desire of po­pular praise, or ostentation, lest he should grow proud by forraigne observances: hee entertaines death with a cheerefull brow.To whom death is not terrible. Terror of death is not terrible to one prepared for her ere shee [Page 155] come; alwayes taking her, as one of the necessi­ties of Nature, and inevitable, meditating of her, as one— Qui finem vitae extremum inter mu­nera ponit naturae. These considerations ever for­tifie a good Morall against the violence of all as­saults inward and outward; apprehending his substance, and composition, to be such as cannot barracadoe it selfe against the encounter of Nature.

Agathoeles, that Tyrant of Syracusa, An excellent observation by 1 Tyrant. in all his tyranny, had a good Morall Statue to represent to him the Idiome of his Mortality; having the upper part of his Image made of Marble, Gold, and Ivory, but the feet of Earth;☜ This Em­bleme is por­trai'd to life, pag. 61. to intimate of how weake and infirme ground, he and his good­ly promising person stood. O! if we should but read the choyce variety of divinely-composed Sentences, comprised in those elaborate Works of the ancient Morall Historians: they would move us to no lesse apprehension of our owne weaknesse, than if some expert or curious Painter, (Apelles-like) should portray to us every part and lineament of this little man we carry about us.Morality, Mans Anato­my. Morality (saith a good Morall) is Mans Anatomy; it shewes every part of his body, how composed, how dispo­sed: and prescribes how this excellent composure may be best preserved: It deales not by predo­minancy of Planets, (as our ponderous bur­thens of Nature calculate) but by an even Symmetry of Vertues governing the inferiour Spheares, the bodies lineaments. Nor deales [Page 156] it is like your Phantastick Musitian, that bestows more charges on the Cover of his Instrument, than the Instrument it selfe: but by the Co­vers debasement, augments the Excellency of the Instrument, the divine faculties of the soule.

But I may seeme to run too farre in this Sub­ject, confounding Morall History with Philo­sophy: which though I might defend; for Mo­rall Philosophy is nothing else than a Globe of Morall Precepts drawne from Historicall grounds; yet to make mine owne passage more smooth, I will descend to the next branch of History, intituled Physicall.

HIstories Physicall, be especially conversant in the search of the Natures of things: appro­ving that Opinion of the Philosopher: Ea Physi­ca sunt, quae Naturas rerum explorare solent: whe­ther things animate or inanimate; in living Creatures, as in the search of Beasts, Birds, Ser­pents, and the like; and of vegetive Bodies, as Plants: In creatures inanimate, as in the scru­tiny of Mettals, the distinct natures of Stones, &c. With which Discourses the greatest Emperours have beene delighted.The severall kinds of Phy­sicall observa­tions. Those admirable Works of Pliny, Aristotle, and Aelian, with many o­thers, are sufficient to erudiate the most inca­p [...]ble in these Relations: where they doe Abdita rerum rimari. Here describing the very intimate natures of Beasts, the rare and incredible vertues [Page 157] of Plants, and Hearbs, the virulent natures of Serpents, and the attractive powers of Stones,These two Beasts, in Na­ture and Fea­ture different, by one peculi­ar Nation, (Aegypt) e­qually reve­renced. ☜ He continues the Descripti­on of the Na­tures of divers Serpents; ex­tracted from the Historicall Description of Affrick. Mettals, and the like. The Crocodile, a most dan­gerous Beast, (frequenting the River Nylus) and a profest foe to Man: The Ichneumon, a little crea­ture, yet powerfull in her selfe, and in her power a profest foe to the Crocodile.

To take a more full Survey of the Natures of these, whosoever shall be pleased to peruse the History of the West-Indies; may find store of Re­lations of all sorts in this kind. As Wormes of strange qualities; Serpents of wonderfull pro­portions and features; venemous Vipers; of which whosoever are bitten, dye in short space: for few live to the fourth day, except present Re­medy be applyed;The Region of Congo, by the Testimo­ny of Signor Odoardo, as it is in Vipers nu­merous, so are they so vene­mous, that such as are bit­ten by them doe dye with­in the space of 24. Houres: But the Ne­groes are ac­quainted with certaine hearbs that will heale their wounds. which according to the strength and constituti [...]n of the party wounded, receives effect sooner or later: but not without danger of death to the Patient, though the So­veraignst Receipts that the secrecy of Art may finde out, be used.

Of other sorts likewise, there may be found some of that humane and sociable Nature, as they affect nothing more than the Feature of Man: eying him with such a loving and friendly admiration, as nothing seemingly delights them more than to behold him.

Others, as if they reteined the memory of that ancient Serpentine malice betwixt them, and the Seed of the Woman, no sooner come in the presence of that Sexe, than they re­double their fury; and in their wounding so [Page 158] venemous and incurable, that One of them chancing to bite an Indian Maide, which served the Relator, during his aboad in those parts; after such time as he had caused the Surgians to Minister their ordinary cure, being not by all the Art and experiments they could use, able to do her any good, nor yet get one drop of blood out of her,De Naturâ Chershydri, vid. Nar. Im­perij de Con­go. but onely a yellow water, dyed the third day for lacke of remedy, as the like had chanced to diverse others. During the time of her languishing, shee reported how the Viper which bit her on the foot, was two spannes long or little lesse: and that she lept in the aire for the space of more then sixe paces (note the virulency of her nature) that she might with more violence assaile her.

The relation is strange of the Tarandula, a kind of Spider bred in Pulia; The various venemous qualities of Spiders cured by Musicke. which being of a diverse nature, causeth diverse effects: causing some to dance, some to sing, or weep, or watch, or sweat: The cure of it is by Musicke: while the patient by dancing or some vehement exercise of that sort repels the poyson.

Excellent Mo­ralls.Which effects may imply excellent Morals: we are all subject not onely to be surprized but em­poysoned by this Tarandula, this Tetter of our flesh; unlesse by sweet Melody of the Divine spi­rit she be charmed: yea, wee are sure to be dis­comfitted by Sloath, if we retyre our selves from action, or give way to her effeminacy, whose only ayme it is to bring us to inevitable Misery. Exer­cise then must be used, lest our baine be procured.

The like Morall, without much enforcing, may be drawne from other creatures; and that with much propriety, in the Survey of Natures History.

The Crab-fish, when as the Oyster doth open her selfe, casteth a stone into her shell; so as, be­ing not able to shut herselfe againe, she becomes a prey unto the Crabbe. The Fathers apply this unto the Divell; when he findeth men gaping and idle, he casteth into them some stone of Temptation, whereby he workes their over-throw. For the Sloathful man is the Divels shop; there he works, ever busie when men are lazie.

Many such singular Motives may the piercing Eye of the Soule extract from the natures of these inferiour creatures: So as, though the very Locust, The meanest Creatures re­teine in them many secret qualities. or Grashopper be but creatures of emptinesse, they retaine in them many wonderful occult qualities. Nay, the very Hedge-hog, being a creature (to use the words of a Divine Father) not excluded from Gods providence, presents herselfe a singular Embleme of pollicy and prevention, in her pri­vacy and retirednesse. For this provident Crea­ture hath two holes in his siege, one towards the South, an other towards the North. Now when the Southerne wind blowes, he stops up that hole, and turnes him Northward. Againe, when the Northerne wind blowes, he stoppes up that hole likewise, and turnes him againe South­ward. Such Vrchins, strict Criticisme may terme Temporizers; who are onely for complying with Time, seldome or never closing with Truth; but [Page 160] equally affected Naturalists have rather ascribed this to a provident Oeconomicall policy, than glozing flattery.

To sat downe the severall properties of all, or of most sorts of Beasts, would crave an ample Volume of it selfe: I will onely (as in my for­mer discourse) expresse the use of Naturall Hi­stories, and to what persons most accommodate.

We read of divers most famous Princes and Monarchs to have applyed their mindes to the search of these Studies:What Princes best affected these Studies. Alexander (otherwise most potent in Armes, and sole Commander of the World) addicted his minde to the scrutiny of these Rarities: as may appeare most manifestly by his Letter (at this day extant) to his Master Aristotle, containing the strange proportions of Beasts with their Natures; which during his In­dian Warre, hee had observed: describing the strange and unheard-of qualities of the Indian Aspicks, Cerasts, and many other kinds of Ser­pents, continually infesting his Army; profes­sing (as he himselfe writeth) hee found more difficulty in discomfiting Beasts, than subduing Men: for the one sort assaulted him, when his Troopes were well disposed, cheerefull, and full of alacrity: but the other invaded him by Night. Ita ut ne in Castris quidem minimum ocij detur. Al­wayes was this puissant Prince much given to see the naturall qualities of Beasts, so as no Present could be more gratefull, or acceptable to him, than some strangely-natured savage, making excellent use of this Theory, appropriated to [Page 161] the natures of Men: which upon all occasions, (with singular delight) he used to apply unto his Nobles disposition, which attended him.

Those noble and couragious Dogs,Couragious Dogg [...]s. which were sent him by the Kings of Albany, much contented him: They would not stirre at small beasts, dis­daining them (as it were) in the over-flow of their courage, contemning any encounter but with Lyons, and Elephants. This Magnanimi­ty could the valiant Emperour apply well enough to himselfe: he saw his own nature delineated, or charactred (as it were) in their courage, Scorning to Triumph on the conquered, solacing him ever with this extreame, yet chearefull comfort: Su­perest sperare salutem.

The like desire of exploring the naturall pro­perties of Beasts, possessed Sertorius: One no lesse provident, to shelter himselfe in adversity, then in all his actions continent, amidst his pro­sperity; who, after his Regiment in Spaine, erect­ed many places for the taming of wild Beasts, de­lighting exceedingly to see the aptnesse of some joyned with a certaine naturall flexibility, and the backwardnesse of others, retaining over a cer­taine semblance of their first Nature,Natures of Beasts. so deeply imprinted, as difficulty removed. Nay, what Stra­tagems used he (by his White Hart) to support and governe the whole Fabricke of his decli­ning Estate: Implying that by his Hinde, or Hart, [...]lha Cerva. Plutarch. he received instructions from Diana, which the people (with such superstition) beleeved, that by his glory he conquered Envy, enlarging the [Page 162] bounds of his Jurisdic [...]ion, and making his exile the Symbole of his renowne, till by the bloody conspiracy of Perpenna and Antonius, he was de­prived both of Crowne and Life.

Demetrius a worthy Souldier, and one well meriting of his Countrey, was much inclined to this Study: So as at home, if at any time seque­stred from his more serious Affaires, he conceived exceeding pleasure and delight in the portraying of those Beasts he had seene: Excellent hee was in the frame of any Similitude, but more divine in his owne; being of that exact forme, elegant con­stitution, and sweetly-mixt Complexion, Vt à pictoribus, sculptoribus (que) ei similis non potuerit effin­gi: A rare Modell of Nature, when (by Nature) he was imparraleld.

Alcibyades, no lesse deserving, yet worse cen­sured, was well experimented in the Natures of Beasts, but more in Plants:Natures of Plants. having an Hearb, e­ven to this day (amongst our Apothecaries) cal­led after his Name, Alcybiadon, or the Wilde Buglosse.

Natures of Mines. Plutarch & Suet.And for Mettals, Minerals, or the like. None more accommodated to such Studies than that Soveraigne of Roman Hearts, Augustus, hearing his Lapidary Dioscorides with especiall delight: So as in time he was not onely able to distinguish of any Stone, but to describe their Natures: U­sing likewise the Art of Alchemy, more expert in their recalcinations (saith the Roman Histori­an) than the best Professours of that Time; and consequently I may conclude than the [Page 163] grosse Quacke-salvers of our Time.

You see it is no disparagement for the Gene­rous or Heroïck Spirit to be Studied in these Notions:Expedient, not necessary. since the peerelesse for Valour and true Resolution, have dedicated themselves unto them: yet would I not have them so besotted, or be wedded to these studies, as to forget more im­portant intendments: I confesse these are rather to make a man compleat, than exactly necessary, and a superficiall knowledge is sufficient for Lear­ning of this Nature: And well doe I approve of that Ornament of Learning (the best Lustre to the Schoole of Arts) where hee would rat [...]er have a Gentleman superficially seene in all,S^r. F. B. than profoundly learned in one: Too much retyring to these Studies, accord not with Gravity or State, but to discourse (by way of Reason) with­out Sophisticall argumenting, well beseemes the most Generous mindes.

It is an happy thing to keepe a meane in Wis­dome; not to strive (in an over-flow of Under­standing) to out-strip Nature in the investigati­on or search of Naturall things: A little will serve us in indifferent things, and more it relisheth of Discretion, to know when wee have enough; than, with an unbounded will of affecting know­ledge, superstitiously to know more than Nature hath prescribed.

This excesse in desire of knowing, hath beene a contagion, that hath infected and poisoned the maturest Studies: especially in things so imperti­nent, as when the pitch of that they expected [Page 164] was attained; Their knowledge conduced no more to the profit of the Repub. than if with Endymion, they had slept their time, and passed their life over in a fruitlesse silence. It pleaseth the Orator to tearme such a Study— Inutilis men­tis agitatio: Sayling in the troubled streame, where a more cleare and calme passage doth shew her selfe. Thus I approve in these Naturall Dis­courses, a superficiall Discursive Knowledge, to exclude Ignorance, but no such affective height, lest in so exquisite a search of Nature, wee should shew our selves Naturals. We say, the Generous should be but Mediocriter doctus: I need not in­sist upon the perswasion; wee have too many of Iuvenals painted blocks in the way of Learning, that never meane to come nearer. So as I may an­swer,— Hinc i [...]cly­ta nomine trun­cus exhibuit — as an Athenian reasoned, what the cause should be why there was such an ebbe of good Wits in Athens? ‘Because (saith he) they runne into the Sub-urbs, and dwell with Laï [...].’

The best and ripest Wits are most subject to corrupting, concording well with the native de­pravation of these Times, where Medaea's Rule is made an Axiome, every one with Lincius see­ing the best, but with blind Baiard, deprived of the Eye of their Election.

Too much of them; our Treatise requires a better Subject, than such staines to their Coun­tries fame, and pristine honour, making her complaine,Eone mate [...]na cura se pro­vexit! as Rome did in time of old: Eone vos produxi? &c. Is this the fruit of my long Labour, the freight of my race, and the reward of my Mo­therly [Page 165] love, to bring you up, and then (like Vi­pers) to sting me that hath nourished you? Well then, my blessings must be turned of necessity un­to execrations: and that Breast, which first nou­rished you with the Milke of comfort, must be the very Sepulchre to interre you that buried my honour.

Thus did Rome hollow out her complaint a­gainst her ill-nurtured issue; and no lesse cause Al­bion against her undisciplined race, that seeme as if they were, — Fruges consumere nati.

And here I might preferre a just complaint a­gainst such, who consume the Oyle of their Life,☜ A just com­plaint against such, who consume the Oyle of their Life, in frequenting Loose places: how to rectify this, that their own [...] [...]amilies may become private Acade­mies. in frequenting Loose places: and apply some choice soveraigne Receipts, to rectifie this; to the end (than which no end more glorious) their owne Families may become private Academies. Which I shall the rather labour, in regard, that the regulating of our selves to that forme, may highly conduce both to our own & Gods honor.

How carefull the Romans were in their cessati­on from armes, to educate their youth in action, lest too much remissenesse might beget in them an effeminacy of manners; and so in time disable them for personall employments eyther at home or abroad, may sufficiently appeare by all those ancient Annals recommended from age to age, even to these our times. Whence it came, ( [...]s I have else where noted upon like occasion) that there was published an antient Edict a­mongst the Romans, as is recorded by Cic [...]ro in his Booke of Lawes, that no Roman [Page 166] should go through the street of the City, unlesse he carried with him the badge [...]r cognizance of that Trade whereby he lived: Insomuch as, that good Emperour Marc. Aurelius speaking of the dilligence of the Romans, writeth, That all of them followed their labour. An excellent com­mendation in a civill State; to banish that, by which the best States through a long continued peace, or affluence of wealth, have not only bin impeached and impaired, but rooted out and ut­terly razed.

Idlenesse maketh of Men women, of women beasts, of beasts Monsters. I w [...]uld have then these Patrons of Idlenesse (who consume the pre­cious lampe of their life in a licentious liberty) used, as Zeno used his servant Bruson; who be­ing taken with Theft, and alledging for him­selfe, that it was his destiny to steale; his Maister answered, and thy destiny to be beaten.

It is the depraved nature of Man, to mould himselfe ever after Medaeas rule; to see the best, but to follow the worst; nay, to make the worst use of that which in its owne nature is the best. For what more precious then the palmes of Peace? Yet, what is it that sooner corrupts the freest State?A tempestu­ous Progeny in a calme time. For what is the progeny that a Calme time brings forth (all which implies the vicious­nesse of our [...]ature) but a Prodigall and an Vsurer? Where the one ingageth his state for backe and belly; the other quite contrary, stands indebted both to back and belly. The one playes at Ducks and Drakes with pieces, till hee must fish for [Page 167] more when all his estate is falne in peeces; The other hoords up for his seldome thriving Heire; who meanes, as his father was the first, to make himselfe the last of his House.

That Maxim is true; Health commeth not from the Clouds without seeking, nor Wealth from the clods without digging: yet, as there is required a providence in the one; so should there be a conscience in the other.Foenus pecuniae, Funus animae. Qui te prohi­bet foenorari, ipse te jubet foe [...]orari. Lycurgus banished this Usury (the canker-worme of all civill Socie­ty) out of Sparta; Amasis punished it severely in Aegypt; Cato banished it out of Sicilia: and So­lon in Athens. How much more should it be hol­den in detestation amongst Christians? And for the other, who so hee may be styled a Young Master, will not stick to impawne the Long Acre, till hee become like a Snake who h'as casten his slough; a squeazed swad without either Meanes, Manners, or Mannor: I could wish that he took his Spunge by the hand, and tooke leave of this Iland together, till ayre had changed their con­dition, or Grace the quality of their Temper. As sometimes that worlds Monarch used two of his Court Parasites, injoyning the one to flye, and the other to follow him with a whip, till thoy were both got out of his Kingdome, and so his Court was rid of both.

And to make up a lease in this vicious trace; it were not far amisse for the State, that such, who by petitionary wayes work their owne ends; and,Heare this yee Pattenters, & petitionary Projectors. as if they were presenters of petitions by Pattent, make it their most commodious Trade, to de­lude [Page 168] the poore Supplicants trust: and to main­tayne their profuse course, feed their languishing Clyents with unprofitable delayes, tasted of the whip aswell as these. So that, as Alex. Severus (a great enemy to such Impostors) caused his corrupt Courtier Turinus in the open Market to be fastned to a stake and stifled with smoake; while the Cryer thus cryed to the people,Fumo pereat, qui fumum vendidit. "Let him perish by smoake, who sold smoake. I could wish that such as these be (if any such there be) might receive the like censure, according to the height or measure of their distemper. For these, like Brokers of old-stuffe, or Barterers of con­temptible ware, make sale of that which is not vendible. Or like those Asian Knights, make breach of credit to discharge their credit: who, though they have no other vocation but boldnes and insinuation, yet by these injurious wayes, beare themselves in the World as if they were persons of quality and fashion.

But to proceed in our Discourse: Histories of this Nature, are very needefull for professors of Physicke: for how should they conceive the true Art of composition, if the simples whereof the compounds are made, and their vertues, be not perfectly knowne unto them? Brasevolus, de ex­amine herbarum, exemplifies this Discourse more fully; I will referre them to that place, not en­tertayning that Subject which is but superficially traduced to me; and I have alwayes made that observance (in way of Axiome) to all my Rea­dings, which Silvius in his Booke, De Simplicib. [Page 169] Medicament, injoyneth himselfe: What Art soe­ver a Man knoweth, let him only exercise and use it: For otherwise he shall but descry his owne Ignorance, as I have noted in some: Quos cum nescire piguit, mentiri non pigebat. An odious scandall to a generous-minded Scholler, to write that which he is ignorant of himselfe; Lesse asha­med to lye, then to be defective in Knowledge. But especially, some we have of this sort, that lye upon their Knowledge: Some (as in Traians fa­bling Age) write Arts of Horsemanship, that never rode otherwise then Agesilaus with his Children on Cocke-horse. Others can exactly prescribe Times for Planting, Sowing, Reaping, and the like; playing the good Husband-man (I pray you marke him) that never read Virgils Bu­colicks: These are usurping wits, presuming on the affable censures of these depraved times. Ig­norance can Apologize herselfe: for what Writer now a dayes weares not that Livery?

To our History: These naturall Discourses of the qualities of Beasts, Birds, Serpents, and o­ther Creatures, be likewise especially needefull for Divines: They may amply dilate upon the admirable Workes of their Creator, by the Survey of his Creatures.Emblemes of Birds. The contem­plation of the Creature mi­nisters admi­ration in us toward our Creator. For even all Birds and Beasts (if exactly considered) shew the infinite power of the Almighty; not onely in Creating, but in [...]using such diversly-affected natures and dispositions in them. The witty Emblematist also draines his pretty inventions from these re­semblances; portraying the Creature, and an­nexing [Page 170] his device to the Portray.

Nay, they are very motive perswasions to the acknowledging of our owne weaknesse and in­firmity: spurres to thankfulnesse, as that excel­lent E [...]bleme, where a Larke was pearched, with these Verses:

Englished thus.

We have many such witty Emblemes, well be­fitting the most Christian understanding to con­template; drawing the inscrutable Wisdome of God from the Excellency of his Creatures: the divers formes whereof generally varying, their different Natures in few things concurring, and their continuance so mainly discording, may minister to the greatest Atheist, no lesse cause of Admiration, than cause of Execration of his ir­religious and damnable Opinion.

☞Nor can there be any Arguments more for­cing than these, to bring a mis-beleever to the ac­knowledgment of his Maker. So as, the very A­theist, if he would suffer himselfe to be evinced by Reason, could not chuse but veile, and in­genuously hold himselfe condemned by Birds oth' Aire: Whose melody is ever mounting with airy Wings to that Supreme Majesty. The very A­theist condem­ned by Bi [...]ds oth' Ayre: and how their Me­lody is ever mounting with aery wings to that Supreme Maie­sty. Upon [Page 171] which consideration, would hee but reflect on himselfe, he should soone finde, how miserable it is for man to be silent in Gods praise, when Birds become heavenly Quiristers in sending forth sweet ayres.How misera­ble it is, for man to be si­lent in Gods pra [...]se, when Birds become heavenly Qui­risters in sen­di [...]g forth sweet Ayres.

I cannot chuse but wonder at Democritus, who was of such various, nay, Omnifarious reading, as there was nothing in the whole frame or Workmanship ofNihil in toto Op [...]ficio Natu­rae, de quo non scripsit. Nature, wherein he did not shew himselfe a Writer. That Hee, who knew the Natures, differences of all Beasts, Plants, Fi­shes, Birds; and as some say, could understand the Tunes and Voyces of them, should so mise­rably erre in that, which hee should principally know. For if these Visible Creatures be Lay-mens Bookes; wherein they may finde matter e­nough to magnify the Power, Wisdome and Pro­vidence of God; much more those, who are Vers'd in Bookes, and are enabled to conferre Contemplation with Reading, merit high re­proofe: who seeing what they may worthily ad­mire; and that the Maker of them is Hee, to whom they are onely to adhere; are neither wonne by the One nor Other, to acknowledge the sole Omnipotency of their Creator.

It is said of the Quaile, being the very same Bird which was the Israëlites Meate in the Wil­dernesse, that as hee flyes over the Sea, feeling himselfe to begin to be weary, he lights by the way into the Sea. Then lying at one side, hee layes downe one Wing upon the Water, and holds up the other Wing towards Heaven. Lest [Page 172] hee should presume to take too long a flight at the first, he wets one wing. Lest hee should de­spaire of taking a new flight afterwards, he keeps the other wing dry.

The Morall is divine, though the Story be naturall and humane. Oculis ad Coelum, manus ad Clavum. The Course of our perillous Na­vigation in this our Sea-fare, toucheth upon two dangerous Shelves; such as threaten more inevi­table ruine to the unwary Navigator, than those two Sicilian Gulfes, Scylla and Charybdi [...]. Where Presumption, upon the confidence of her owne strength, falls by a precipitate Course into the depth of all misery: and despaire, through too much diffidence, lyes miserably groveling, neither seeking nor hoping for Remedy. The flight of the former is either short, or none at all; because Presumption makes her thinke it needlesse to fly for that of which shee is al­ready seaz'd: and Despaire, like heavy ches­ses, retardates her flight; suggesting to her that it is needlesse to fly for that whereof shee can never possibly be seas'd.

Oris Apollo writeth, that the Aegyptians (amongst many other profound Hierogly­phicks) when they would describe the Heart, paint that Bird, which they call Ibis: because they thinke no Creature, for proportion of the body, hath so great an Heart as the Ibis hath. If the Pagans made such singular use in their dissection of Birds; as they ever re­duced whatsoever they read, or had seene in [Page 173] that kinde, to some excellent end: Much more wee, who know better the use of these Creatures, and to what proper end they were first ordained; not in Wanton­nesse to abuse them, as those loose Imperi­allists did, who affected nothing more then Rarity; nor desired ought more, then to surfeit in their Excesse and superfluity. Ney­ther in a Superstitious use of them; as the Pagans did, who attributed their good or bad fortune to such Birds,Creatures or­dayned to So­briety and use­full Morality. as were eyther Auspicious or Ominous: promising them­selves successe according to their flight; or inspection of their Intrals after death.

In the time of Augustus, an Eagle hove­ring over the Heads of such Patricians, as were then i [...] Consultation; at last setled upon the name of Agrippa, and just upon the first Letter of that name A — A Lightning like­wise descending downe from Heaven, stroke the first Letter of his owne name out, — C — Whence South-sayers, by conjecturall Argu­ments, or Revelations from their Oracles, gathered, that Hee should but live an hundred dayes after, and be afterwards Cannonized for a God: because Aesar, the residue of t [...]at Name in the Tuscane Language signified God.

Albeit, some even amongst themselves, sleigh­ted their Auguries, as might be instanced in Claudius Pulcher; who, when in taking his Au­spicia, or the predictions of his successe by the inspections of Birds, before Sicilie, the [Page 174] Pullets would not feed, hee commanded they should be plunged in the Sea, that they might drinke, seeing they would not eate. The like did Crassus, who being willed by the Arabian Guides, at such time as he was Marching within the Persi­an Frontiers, to make haste before the Moone was in Scorpio; ‘but I (said he) feare more Sa­gittary, meaning the Archers of Persia.’

But there is nothing in my Opinion, that should worke more powerfull effects, or beget in men more virile shame, than to see them out-stript by Creatures of this kind, even in argu­ments of Naturall Affection and Humanity.

Basil. Homil. 8. & 9.It is a notable Observation, which a Divine Father sometimes culled from a Naturall Histo­rian: When the old Storke through Age be­comes naked of Feathers, shee is fed by her Brood, and carryed by them from place to place upon their Wings.

This might worthily strike a glowing shame in the breasts of all such unnaturall Children, who neglect their duties to their aged Parents; bring­ing their grey-haires with sorrow to their Graves.Quamvis plu­rima illis reddi­dimus, rursus tamen eos ge­nerare non pos­sumus. Cyril. For how should these in an equall pro­portion requite them from whom they had their being and breeding; admit they should for their reliefe, conferre all their Fortunes and livelyhood upon them?

What should I say likewise of unnaturall Mo­thers; who scorne to impart their owne Breasts to their owne Babes? Can these see the Curuca with her attendants following, and nursing care [Page 175] hatching the Cuckowes egges, and not blush at themselves? Have they naked breasts to bestow on the ayre, or allure a wandring eye, and must their owne be deprived of that liberty?

Many such Morall Motives as these, speake to us in the natures of Birds: but I must not dwell on these; but hasten in this my Historical Survey, to the native discovery of other Creatures.

Here the Hyene (as Pliny relates) can imitate the voice of any Man, and that so neerely,The dist [...]nct Natures of Beasts expres­sed. as his voyce can hardly be distinguished from the voyce of him he imitateth; taking his denomi­nation from the Greekes, according to his natu­rall rapine.

There the Fiber, or Bever (by what instinct, Humane wisdome could never reach to) to satis­fie his covetous pursuer, bites off his own stones, being the prize (he knowes) for which he is pur­sued.

Here see the dissembling Sphinx, able to perso­nate any passion, eyther of joy or sorrow. There the wonderfull nature of the Rhynoceros: The Lyon so naturally valiant, as not to be daunted; yet behold the silly Cocke can make him tremble! Then represent to your generous reading, the naturall enmity betwixt the Horse and the Beare, the Wolfe and the Lyon, the Fox and the Badger; such a native disagreeing remaines among these Beasts, as their hatred is implacable; ever pursu­ing their enemy with an inveterate hate: for an enmity ingrafted by nature, cannot be suppressed by lesse then nature.

Many conflicts were instituted in Rome (at so­lemnization of any Festivall, or in remembrance of some memorable Exploit atchieved) betwixt Beasts: whence the Romans gathered great know­ledge, seeing the remisnesse of some Natures, and the eagernesse of others. Some of an un­quailed spirit, yet in strength unable to main­taine their spirit: others (like our unweldy Epi­cures) sinewy and fleshy enough, have strength at will, but defect of courage so curbes them, as the over-flow of ability waines in the rising; not daring to encounter with one of lesse strength, but more vivacity.

Vide Lucium Flor. in 1. lib. de Sab. Bell & po­stea de bello Ta­rent. Cap. 18.When Fabius Maximus went in Embassage to Pyrrhus, Prince of Epyre, with whom (at that time) the Romans had Warre: hee denounced o­pen Hostility against him and his Territories, for not performing some conditions included in the League. Pyrrhus, to terrifie Fabius, comman­ded his Guard to place an Elephant behind the Arras, that at their next parley, Fabius seeing so terrible a Beast,Those Times were not known to that unfrier-like In­ventiō of mur­d'ring Ord­nance: "The Crane, the Grasping-hooke and but­ting Ramme "Were their sole Engines when first wars began. might of his owne accord soli­cite Peace. But Fabius (though one at that time unacquainted with such sights, for never were a­ny Elephants then seene in Rome) hearing him send out his hollow voice, replyed: The sound of a Roman Ramme will be more terrible than the voyce of an Epyrian Elephant. But these grew afterward to publick Spectacles: so as in any Tri­umph of some victorious, or puissant Captaine, there were many Elephants, Ounces, Panthers, Ty­gers, and other savage Beasts slaine, offering [Page 177] them (in Triumphant manner) to the Temple of the Goddesse Victoria.

Varro, a Roman Peere, one to whom the Romane Tongue was much indebted,Si multo san­guine victoriam obti [...]uissent, Gallum: si abs­que sa [...]guine, Bovem Marti immol [...]rent. &c. did illustrate the Annals of Rome with their Ceremoniall Tri­umphs; shewing also what Beasts were wont to be sacrificed to the Gods, and for what cause that Institution was observed; If the Victory (sayth he) was purchased with the losse of blood, they used to sacrifice to Mars, a Cocke; but if without blood, they offered an Oxe.

These naturall Descriptions of Beasts are very delightfull to the generous Reader; they are very fit for illustrating any Subject; making comparison betwixt the Natures of Beasts, Birds, or Plants, and other materiall subjects of our Discourse; comparing Lust, Incest, and such lascivious exorbitances to the Lapwing, represen­ted by Tereus, the Ravisher of Philomel: In­ferring by the Spider, Arrogancy, or Pride, that durst compare with Pallas for preëminency. By the Cormorant, grating Oppression, sencelesse and remorcelesse of others Miseries. Progne (in a Swallowes habit) implying the swiftnesse of re­venge to Murder.

That chaste Bird Porphyrio, who,☜ as he is con­stant in his choice, so if hee see his love abused, his nest defiled, he dyes through griefe; as one impatient of such disgrace. Hee is sayd likewise to bite the Water, implying, that as hee is pure of himselfe, so hee cannot endure to partake of those streames, which [Page 178] are troubled or soyled with any brackish di­stemper.

He proceeds in applying the Natures of se­verall other Birds, to the sundry diffe­rent qualities, or corruptions rather, in man.We read how Phineus that impious Arcadian Prince, having by the perswasion of his second wife Idaea, put out his Childrens eyes, which he had by his first wife Cleopatra, was for this un­naturall fact plagued of the Harpyes: three mon­struous and ravenous Birds, Aelo, Ocypete, and Celano, having Maiden visages. Long time was this unhappy King annoyed, what way soever he Travailed: Sea could not secure him, nor Land priviledge him. At his repast, his stomack was made queasie by their stench: and on the night time, by reason of their noise, was he reft of rest: In which story, sundry excellent Morals are dain­tily couched. First, how the very Ethnicke Poëts could invent punishments for haynous de­linquents. O quàm meritò divina occurrit ultio cuiusque peccati proprio obiecto! A commanding Prince, if conscious of blood, cannot find him­selfe a shroud. No shelter against Murder. Flie he to the Sea, the very waves raised by the fury of the winds, will be his remembrancers, retire he to the Land, the very Creatures will have him in pursuite, till they become his Surprizers. From his House he flyes unto the field, but Furies dogge him still: no Covert in field can rescue him from his Fate.

By the Harpyes, may be understood, that there is no Creature, but the Supreame power, if Hee please, can make it his Avenger. But these kind of Birds were by the Poëts most properly devi­sed [Page 179] to be pursuers of this bloody Prince. Their ravenous Nature agreed best with his temper. For as their Condition is to prey upon their owne; so did hee in his cruelty seaze upon his owne: And as the Eye is the first part which any ravenous Bird useth to pick at: so it was the Eyes of these Orphan-children which their Step-dame Idaea aym'd at. Now, whereas these Birds are portrayed with Maiden-visages, we may by that safely conclude, Frontis nulla fides—: Amiable Features may have savage Natures. Those Si­rens had beautifull Faces, cheerefull Voyces, but dangerous Greetings. There is more belonging to a sincere heart than a promising presence. As the stillest Waters are the deepest; so fairest Fa­ces wound the deadliest. They are apt to allure; and happy is that wise Ithacus, that can stop his Eye and Eare.

These came to Phineus Table like beauteous Guests, but pursu'd him like hideous Ghosts. Beauty is a taking baite, 'it can cover Treason with a smile; but being swallowed, it becomes the Takers baine. But now see how this cala­mitous Prince receives reliefe, when his mise­ries crowded thickest: and how these intrusive Guests are expulsed, when his hopes were in de­spaire, and from expectance of reliefe remotest!

Calaïs, that valiant Sonne of Boreas by Orithia, who with Zethes having Wings, to accelerate their journey, flew to Colchis to helpe the Argo­nauts: and being in that voyage courteously u­sed of King Phineus, they in recompence drave [Page 180] out of his Countrey those ravening Birds called Harpyes.

Nor wants this Comicall passage his Morall: for hence may we gather, what benefit redounds to such as are hospitable. How those, whom they sometimes harboured for Strangers, become in time of danger their deliverers. This might be confirmed by Holy Writ; where Angels were received in habit of Strangers: and what succour they ministred to their Harbourers.

Such as these usefully applyed, will afford in­finite profit to the Reader: so as, hee may de­lightfully enlarge himselfe by way of Discourse to any intelligible Hearer.

There be other Birds, who reteine in them an ancient naturall hatred to Beasts, from whom they conceive themselves to have received wrong; and this their hatred is implacable e­ven to death.

Pleasant Poëticall Fictions of the Enmity of Birds.The Cowshot or Stock-dove cannot endure the Heyfer for that old injury shee suffered before she chang'd her Nest: so as now with an insulting jeere, which she still redoubles in her Note, shee seemingly challengeth her to come unto her: be­ing confident that her Seate is mounted farre a­bove her hate; so as, shee may now securely do­mineere, when her airy Nest pleads priviledge a­gainst all feare.

Aegithus, in proportion a little Bird, yet of a strong and stout spirit; being at deadly hatred with the Asse; for that hee destroyeth her Nest, which for the most part shee builds among the [Page 181] Thistles: in revenge whereof, shee continually vexeth him (so apprehensive is the least Crea­ture of an injury, and so quicke-sighted in conceiving where shee may requite her inju­ry) by pecking him on gall'd places of his body.

This Morall may seeme to glance at such ig­noble spirits, who, so they may revenge, or ex­presse the heate of their fury; will not sticke to exercise it upon the poorest and contemptiblest Creatures: yea, they will pick an offence be­fore it be offered: and play upon their simplici­ty, by whom they were never much injuried. These will ever leape over the hedge where it is lowest, and make such the prey of their fury, whom they finde most incapable of revenge, or unable to second what their reputation injoynes them to attempt. The like may be said of the Apiaster or Mudwall; a Bird that beares inve­terate hate to the painefull Bee and her La­bours. In whose Nature the quality of such persons is covertly shadowed: who, Mar­gites-like, doe no good themselves, but in a profuse Riot consume their fruitlesse Dayes, feeding their Surfeits with others imploy­ments.

In many Frontier-bordering Townes wee shall see this made good by wofull experi­ence. While such industrious people, who, to use the words of Sententious Salust, Se­dem Animae in extremis digitis habent; placing their Soules in their Fingers ends, become [Page 182] a booty to the violence and incursion of their Neighbouring Drones; who seaze with strong hand (under pretence of an unsetled peace or ex­pired League) upon whatsoever their industri­ous course of living had for divers yeeres deser­vingly gained and gathered.

There is another sweet-sented Bird, called the Cinnamolge; one who will build her Nest in no other Wood than Cinnamon. Her onely ambiti­on is a dainty Seat; very singular in her consort with other Birds; pleasing to few but to herselfe: and if at any time shee deagne the Forrest that grace as to partake of her melody, Nightingal-like Dat sine mente sonum —

A sweet-sented Courtier pro­perly resem­bled.A neare Resemblance (as if sprung from one Stemme) may this sweet-breath'd Bird seeme to have to our Court-Popinjay; whose sense most commonly consists in sent. His Action or Ge­sture is nothing but Cringes; his Breath an Ayry Complement; his Rinde (to make this Cinna­mon-Similitude more full) worth all his body beside.

When Iupiter and Iuno's Wedding was solem­nized of old, to make the Solemnity more com­pleat; the Gods were all invited to the Feast, and many Noble-men besides. Amongst the rest came Crysalus a Persian Prince, bravely at­tended, rarely accoutred, rich in Golden At­tires, in gay Robes, with a Majesticall Pre­sence, a formall posture, a portly Encounter, but otherwise an Asse. The Gods seeing him come in such pompe and state, rose up to give [Page 183] him place, Ex habitu hominem metientes; But Iu­piter perceiving what hee was, a light, phanta­stick, idle fellow, turned him and his proud fol­lowers into Butterflies: And so they continue still (for ought I know to the contrary, if the Fiction hold with Verity) roving about in pied Coats, and are called Chrysalides by the wiser sort of men; that is, Golden out-sides, Drones, Flies, and things of no worth.What the Po­ets intended by these Transformations. For the truth of the Fable, we will not stand much on it; but what the Poets intended by these Transformati­ons, may be easily gathered.

These Silken Gulls, who are onely to be va­lued by what they weare, not what they are, in this very Morall receive their Censure, They prease into the highest places; converse with E­minent'st persons; thrust themselves upon grea­test businesse: but fall off still with some palpable disgrace to themselves.

They are not intus fimbriati, and therefore must be Deorum consilijs ablegati. Those who had no Sage in their Pates, were not held fit to be at Councell-Table with the Gods.

There is another Morall too which ariseth na­turally from that Cinnamon-nested Bird;A Countrey-seated Citizen properly Re­sembled. and without much Criticisme might be applyed to a Pen-feathred Citizen; who having now (as hee thinks) sufficient wealth, h'as shut up Shop, and bid a due to his Trade. And as one who had taken a surfeit of the City, h'as built himselfe a new Fishers folly in the Countrey. Nothing but Perspective Glasse, Porphyrite Pillars, Thracian [Page 184] Touch, and Arabian perfumes in every roome. Nothing but Beauty reflects in every corner, ex­cept the face of the Owner. Oh, how hee is ta­ken with the delight of his Seate! The exqui­site device of his Building! His None-such must be admired by such as see it, or hee holds him­selfe infinitely wronged. So hee may have his Dwelling-house neatly trimmed, and the house of his Body curiously cockred, he thinks nothing can goe amisse, all things are well or­dered.

Petrarch. de Remed. utrius­que fort.Meane-time, hee little remembers Petrarchs Counsell; who adviseth him ‘not to be affraid, though the House of his Body be shaken, so his Soule, the Guest of his Body, fare well.’

Many other excellent Moralls might be from this onely Bird extracted, but brevity, the best helpe to memory, makes me omit them.

The constant Love, and ami­cable League of Birds a­mongst them­selves.I could here inlarge my Discourse in relating the wonderfull Concord of divers Birds among themselves; as the constant League or Amity of Crowes, who are ever observed to take one part; the naturall love of Stares: and generally, how Birds of one feather flock together, and are rea­dy to doe mutuall offices one to another. But our Naturall Historians, who have amply writt of this Subject, can sufficiently supply the Rea­der in this way; to whom I referre them. I will onely here resolve one question which may be demanded, and it is this: What should the rea­son be, why all Birds by an in-bred hate pursue the Hawke; and though they cannot annoy him, [Page 185] yet will they flicker about him;Why Birds of Rapine are most hated. desiring nothing more, if their powers were to their wills, than to surprize him? But the Poët h'as a reply ready in the persons of those Birds, which may fully as­soile this question:

For the Owle or Batte, or all such Night-birds,Why Night-Birds are had in pursuite. why they are so had in pursuit, if it chance they come abroad upon day-time, this reason may be given. As they are unsociable and estrange them­selves from their company, having onely the pri­viledge of night, and the Ivy or some other reti­red shrowd for their Sanctuary; so they are hooted at by other Birds for their singula­rity, or for their neglect of civill Society.

In the Beasts of the Forrest this may likewise be observed: the Lyon (a fierce beast) of an He­roïcke Nature, contemning the dejected ones, nor caring to feed on Carrion. Hee is of a Maje­sticke disposition, and hates to be ungratefull for the least benefits received: If the Mouse rid him of base servitude, he will finde time to requite her love one way or other. This may represent the person of a King (for indeede hee is the King of Beasts) who scornes to triumph over the subjected, but to tyrannise over the proud.

The Elephant resembles a man prest downe with honour;Resemblances in Beasts. being once downe, he cannot rise: [Page 186] he is like some great man, who puffed up with the prosperous gales of his fortunes, can finde no knees of allegiance, or submission to either Prince or State; his joynts are inflexible, and the load of his honour insupportable: once downe, im­possible to rise, but by some un-usuall oc­current.

What strange effects of Nature this creature reteineth, may be instanced in this notable story. It is reported by Philippo Pigafetta, a Traveller of approved credit, that hee had seene with his owne eyes a very strange and admirable thing in Coanza, namely, that a young Elephant follow­ing his Damme, fell downe by chance into one of those Pit-falls, purposely made by Hunters, to surprise them: and after she could not with all her skill and strength draw him out of it, she buried him therein, and covered him with earth, with branches, and with bowes, insomuch as she filled the Pit up to the top, to the end that the Hunters should not enjoy her Calfe; choosing rather to kill it her selfe (with this affectionate kind of in­terment) than to leave it to the mercy of the cru­ell Hunts-men.

The Wolfe (a State-gormandizer) preyes upon the innocent, suckes the blood of the Orphane, impaires others meanes to enlarge his owne: cruelty is the habiliment he best liketh, ma­king the State a wilde Forrest for every Sa­vage to live in, but a Shambles for the poore silly Lambkin to suffer in.

The Goate, your wanton and sensuall Amorist, [Page 187] that skips here and there, in every brake of vani­ty, till so entwined, as the sale of his reputation makes him beg for a good name: but the eyes of Generall Observance are not so dazelled, they have seene his heart, and registred his follies.

The Beare, one that portends by his Birth,Vrsus tanquam Orsus. what he will be: an unhandsome peece of flesh, one that needs licking before hee be brought to fashion: Here's Natures deformity, charactring by the foulnesse of the body, the filthinesse of his disposition. Tyrants wee have had of this Re­semblance, who came the wrong way into the world, to intimate what wrongs they would doe unto the world. But now of tamer Creatures.

The Lambe cannot drinke of a troubled Spring,Severall pro­prieties resem­bling severall persons. no more can Innocence.

The Hare ever sleeps with open eyes: so doth good Providence.

The Coney is fruitfull and fearefull: So is Nup­tiall Chastity.

The Emmet is in Summer ever fore-seeing a Winter: Such is good Husbandry.

Shall wee proceed in Birds likewise, and ex­amine their Natures?

The Turtle for Constancy: The Crane for Vi­gilancy: The Robin expresseth his love to Man: the Nightingall to Women. None more indu­strious than the Larke, More laborious than the Wren: more odious to her selfe, and others, than the Cuckow: More Heroïck than the Eagle: More base than the Buzzard.

Then observe what secret instincts given to certaine Birds, to prognosticate the events of things.

The Crow, a fore-teller of what Weather will come to passe. The Halcyon or Seamaw, remark­able in prediction of Stormes: and the Swallow, Crane, Vid. Aur. Vict. and many others, exact observers of Seasons.

☞It is strange, what is observed by the naturall Historian, of the Eagle and Raven; the one, saith he, knowes when the Carkasse or Carrion shall fall, the other where. Which conceit, how­soever it may be many times erring, yet we shall ever find the Raven first seazed on his prey,Hee recounts sundry other Birds, which reteine in them naturally, in­fallible Noti­ons of the change & va­rious dispositi­on of Wea­thers. when­soever any such shall casually fall.

We may observe likewise, diverse Birds who change their note or voice according to the dis­position of the weather. Sometimes by their bathing, billing, or such like signes, may be na­turally gathered infallible notions of the change and various disposition of weathers.

It is sayd of the Bird Icterus, or as Pliny calls her Galgulus, Temporis ad vultum mutat Cornicula vo­cem. Temporis ad morem varlat Mustela colo­rem. if any man that is sick of the yellow Jandise shall see her, the man shall waxe whole, recover his strength and colour, and by degrees regaine his former vigour, but the Bird shall dye. Some have holden this Bird to be one of the certainest diviners of Weathers, of all others; whence the Poët:

Diverse of our Navigators likewise observe, [Page 189] when they are on Sea, sundry incident alterati­ons by the noise of Sea-fowles: and are cautio­ned by them to make speed for Land, lest a tem­pest endanger their passage. Of which sort, there are Some, who leave the Sea against a storme, and flye to Firme Land; remaining there till an Halcyon calme invite them to returne.

There are incredible things reported of the Spinturnix; a Bird that wont to come to the Al­tars, where they were sacrificing, and carry a­way a burning coale as a token of ill lucke, or burning to the house where it alighted.

But these Relations are with more strength of Opinion, then probability or reason confirmed. Howsoever, no doubt but diverse Birds by a se­cret instinct of nature (the reason whereof to us is occult) can prenuntiate the Seasons and dis­positions of weathers; which may appeare by Holy Writ; that Lydian-stone which can best trie the verity of all Humane assertions.

The Swallow and Crane know their seasons. So as, even that Prophet, who sometimes admo­nished the people,Ierem. 10.2 [...] not to be affraid for the signes of Heaven, hath admitted these conjectural tokens. For the creatures of Heaven and Earth, as they were first ordained for our use; so by our right use of them, we may improve our own Knowledge; by making every Creature, a judiciall Epitome of Nature: ever closing with a free and humble acknowledgement of his uncircumscribed Po­wer, by whom they were created; and of whose goodnesse it is that they may in their severall na­tures [Page 190] redound to our benefit, being well imployd.

When a certaine religious Brother, who had bestowed much precious time on Contemplati­on;Ai divine Con­templation up­on Survey had to the lowest of Gods Crea­tures. and by meanes of a retyred life, to the end secular cares might lesse intangle him, had attai­ned to such a measure of perfection that way, as he eyed nothing whereof he made not some Di­vine use; professed one day to One of the same Convent; ‘That he could never see any Thing, the sight whereof did not in some manner e­difie him. Oh, sayd the other, spare a little, good brother; pray you tell me, wherein can the sight of a Toade edifie you? Oh very much, quoth he; for what have I deserved that God should make me a Man and not a Toade? So that, as often as I see a Toade, so often do I re­call this benefit to mind: rendring all due thankes to him, who according to my desert hath not formed me like any such detestable Creature, but hath bestowed on me the most beautifull and royall image of my Maker.’

Surely, as I have formerly observed, if our hearts were rightly disposed, by making good use of whatsoever in this inferiour Orbe wee see here created, and as proper Objects to our eies presented; we should easily confesse, that there is no Creature so small, vile or despicable, which might not be reduced to some image or Em­bleme of our Life; seeing, there is none, be it never so poore nor contemptible, which pre­sents not in it selfe the goodnes of God. ‘And so by consideration had of these Temporal and [Page 191] External benefits (to use the words of a Divine Father) to gather the greatnesse and immensi­ty of the heavenly counsell.Aug.’

Neyther are these Moral applications of Birds and the like, whereon, upon occasion,Scripturae sunt Promptuanum bonorum Docu­mentorum. Ba­sil. Mag. in Psal. 1. we have so amply insisted, to be conceived as uselesse. We shall find the Store-house of all Divine learning, that Sacred untroubled Fountaine of heavenly Knowledge, furnished with Morall similitudes and illustrations of this kind. As the Partrich, Ier. 17.2. (sayth the Prophet) gathereth the young, which she hath not brought forth: so hee that getteth Riches, and not by Right, shall leave them in the midst of his dayes, and at his end shall be a foole.

Sometimes we shall find the tender-hearted Pellican named; the Turtle, and her affection de­scribed; the obsequious Storke commended; the Sparrow upon the house-top expressed. Some­times Fowles addicted to prey, displayed. From which, we may gather excellent matter, not only of magnifying Him by whom they were created, and to their severall offices designed: but even in Humane discourse, we shall find many occasions of inlarging our selves; by application of the na­ture and disposition of them. So as, whosoever shall make an usefull observation of these fea­thred Fowles in the ayre, may find much more dainty Phylosophy in them; than in these tame Fooles who pride themselves in their feathred vanities on earth.

Other Birds there be that have more humane feeling: Pliny reports, that there bee certaine [Page 192] Birds which howle exceedingly at the Eclypse of the Sunne; as if naturally moved by some mi­raculous influence or instinct from heaven, to suf­fer with a Divine body, so extreamly suffering: Let us descend to Wormes, Serpents, and Cree­ping things, we shall see in them distinct qualities also.

Natures of Serpents, and of Pagan Ado­rations.The Serpent Pareas creepeth on his Taile, and with the sharpnesse of his Belly makes a furrow upon the ground where he crawleth.

Strange things be reported of the Serpent Se­raphis, See the Dis­course of Asia, and Affricke, entituled: The Fardell of Fa­shions In Aulular. adored by the Aegyptians as a God: O­thers there be no lesse different in nature, forme, nourishment, and feature: Some feeding upon raw flesh, intimating their ravenous Natures: O­thers on fish (as divers Serpents) living upon the Banke of the River Nilus: Others on plants, and the fruit of Trees, which Plautus expresseth by the Vine-fretter: ‘Matura Vitis folia Involvolus carpit.’

Stell. de Con­tempt. Mundi.But other creeping creatures there be very be­neficiall to Humane society. The Silkeworme, whose labours make our silken Gallants. To that excesse are we come, as our bravery must be maintained by the diligence of the simplest creatures, cloathing our selves with the very bowels of Wormes: Wonderfull is their Gene­ration.

Singula solatia singulis malis obviantia pre­paravit Deus. August.The Adder in her selfe obnoxious and hurt­full, yet she casts her skinne (to expresse her good meaning to man) an excellent cure to many diseases.

The poore Worme, of her selfe, neither great­ly harmefull nor profitable, onely (by a Sy­nonomy betwixt Man and Her) she is the best Mirrour of humane Glory, an Embleme of our Mortality: and an importunate Guest that will come to banquet on our bodies, though not invited: She is called Vermis (quasi in­ermis) she can but turne againe, that's all the defensive, or offensive weapon she hath ready.

These silly contemptible cr [...]atures be especiall Motives to a good man, of Thankfulnesse:The Worme a Motive of Thankfulnes, and the best Character of humane frail­ty. the example we read in that devout Father An­selme; who walking one day in his garden, and seeing a poore Worme crawling under his feete, presently applyed this Christian-like use to him­selfe.

O Lord, Diversities of Natures in Fi­shes. thou mightest have made mee like this Worme, contemptible and base, to live in the holes and cavernes of the earth; But such was thy mercy, as thou wouldest not: bestowing on me thine owne Image, What rare pro­perties are in the Ambizea­matare, or the Fish of the Rock, & what commodious use the people of Congo make of it, may ap­peare in that Discourse en­titled, A R [...] ­port of the Kingdome of Congo. fol. 24. that thy similitude might be glorified in mee. A comfortable meditation of a zealous Father, and worthy our obser­vation.

We will now discourse of the skaly Fishes in their kind, that the Majesty and power of God (by giving such diversity of Natures to Fishes) may appeare in the Depths, as before it was ma­nifestly expressed upon the earth, and all dry pla­ces. Here is a Tyrannicke power even in the O­cean, and an absolute government without re­straint [Page 194] of power: Here is a Musicall concordancy likewise; a Diapason of Sea-inhabitants. The Dolphin playing a soft straine, resembling a Meane:Iulis; vide Pli­nium; quam te­nacem piscem appellat, &c. the Sturgeon (swimming against the Streame) sharpens her Note, more neare a Tre­ble: the Iulis a smooth Counter-tenor, and the rowling Porpoise the Base.

Contention a­mongst Fishes.Here is great enmity (likewise) for predomi­nancy: And that amongst the greatest, the Orcke with the Whale: The Cuttell with the Thòrne-backe; the Sea-horse with the Sea-vrchin: Many rare vertues in little creatures: with what strange­nesse the Remora (a fish of small bignesse) holds a Shippe, when in her full Saile? How wonderful­ly the Torpedo delivers her-selfe, being taken by the unhappy Fisher? disgorging her owne bo­wels, to stupefie the Taker with an uncoth a­mazement.

☞Againe, to observe the ravenous disposition of the Pike; The different natures of Fi­shes; & where­in properly they allude to Man. the sociable condition of the Trout; the various discolouring of the Polypus; the strong digestion of the Porpoise: would beget in these curious Surveyors of nature, much admi­ration. And then to compare the natures of these water-inhabitants with our selves, who follow, for most part, the bent of our desires, as if we were estranged from that beauty which incom­parably most adornes us; and drenched in the leas of our owne corruptions, which makes man most unlike himselfe; by idolatrizing that which gives the greatest blemish to his Excellence.

Emblemes are devices no lesse usefull then de­lightfull, [Page 195] to present Man best to himselfe: and to taxe him too by way of shadowing, what (per­chance) he would be loath to endure in a freer manner of expression.

For tell me, how should any of our Grand-op­pressours, who make their Inferiours their spon­ges: fatning themselves with violence; and spin­ning to themselves an estate out of others bo­wels: how should these, I say, read of the rave­nous disposition of the Pike, and not reflect up­on themselves? They find his nature to be such, that all is fish that comes to his net. He admits no dispensation; if his power may surprize him; he becomes his prey. Affinity, Consanguinity, all respects of civil Society must be excluded: his wil is his Law; and he must suffer that dare oppose it.

This might strike a glowing blush in our hun­ting Nimrods; who, so they may seaze on their prey, and make innocence the object of their fury; neyther care for Heaven nor Hell. Judge­ments cannot startle them; because they are yet insensible of them. Compassion cannot supple them; for that is such a stranger, as of all other Pilgrims they never gave her harbour. Nay, hu­manity beares so little sway with them; as they scorne to incline to ought that may civilize them.

It is sayd, that Pictures convey deepest impres­sures; and that many have blushed in the perusall of some Emblemes, by eying in them their owne natures. I could wish that these, who have in­gaged themselves to oppression, and made injury their Darling, to looke upon the Lucius: who [Page 196] takes his name from his quick-discerning sight; but imployes it to an indirect end. They shall finde themselves charactred in his Life: and read such qualities in him, as Humanity cannot chuse but loath. That cautious Impresse about his Em­bleme may serve too for an usefull direction: ‘"Id facere laus est, quod decet, no quod licet.’

Then to note that sociable Affability of the Trout, cannot but beget singular effects in sweete and well-tempered dispositions. This may be an Embleme to all such who affect nothing more than Concord: Litigious Suiters, who cramme Seates of Judicature with fat fees: who will doe no right, nor take wrong; who feed themselves with Contention; and have ever an Oare in that Boat which is imbarked in Waters of Division; are all Antipodes to this Embleme.

Marcus Caelius was said to have a good right hand, but an ill left hand, because he could plead against a man better than for him. But these are no such Agents: These will either doe good, or doe nothing. As they affect peace; so every par­ticular action of theirs merits praise. These de­sire not to swell great, by the Consumption of Others: nor disperse their well-grounded Fame on a disadvantageous Warre: They ever reteine their place, and impale it with this Impresse of Peace: "Pax una Triumphis innumeris potior—

Then goe to your Machiavell Statist, that changeable-colour'd Polypus. One, who can walke in a Cloud; and disguise dangerous plots with vertuous pretences. Here you shall finde [Page 197] nothing unliker a mans selfe than himselfe. He flies with the Lapwing, farre from his Nest, that he might be more [...]ecure: and more easie it were to finde that incredible Stone in the Lapwings Nest, than to retrive the secrecy of his Aymes. Though the Polypefish be various in Colours; and in nothing more mutable than her owne Feature: This politick Masker can vye with him in various projects: being such a faithfull Secretary to himselfe, as he scornes to have a­ny his Intelligencer: or to discover himselfe o­therwise to the World, than by pretending what is the least of his meaning. And now he is come to that height of perfection, (if wee may safely bestow such a Title on dissembling) as he is jea­lous of Others trust: nor dare scarcely beleeve himselfe, while hee conferres privately with his owne Breast. In a word, so unequally para­leld is his outward disguise, and inward conceit, as his Dissembling h'as begot in him, and de­riv'd to us this impressive Caution: ‘—"Quod non es, ne videare cave.’

Now, for the strong-digesting Porpoise: that naturall Description (for it shadows not onely the outward Constitution) implies the qua­lity of such persons; as can connive at injuries received: can suffer with an equall temper, what­soever the iniquity of Time, or inclemency of Fate shall or may inflict. Others, while they ex­claime against Destiny, & teare the Clouds with no lesse fruitlesse than godlesse Imprecations: [Page 198] These with a resolved silence, and habituate pati­ence, can digest all indignities: laugh at the Braves of Fortune: and with a composed spi­rit crowne their Sufferings with this expression: "Patior potior (que) vicissim.

The Acipenser, or which Pliny calls, Sacer piscis, feeds on nothing but Mans flesh, imply­ing a caveat to Man: that having so many Ene­mies even on Earth, and not free from them in the Depth, should not spend his time in securi­ty, but prevent the enmity of all creatures by a diligent and vigilant care to himselfe. Long could I protract this discourse, but two materi­all parts of this Relation with-hold me from in­sisting longer: The first whereof first offering themselves, be Plants and Vegetative Bodies.

The wisest of all Kings was much conversant in these Studies,The Study of Kings in Plants, Hearbs & Fruits, &c. knowing every Tree, every Hearbe, and every flower: à Cedro Libanon, us (que) ad Hysopum supra parietem: An excellent Com­mendation in a King; not addicting his minde to other things than the purchase of Knowledge, e­ven in inferiour things: that a generality of knowing, might make him worthy of gover­ning.

Probus the Roman Emperour, who succeeded Florianus in the Empire, was much addicted to Planting, and distinguishing the Natures of Flowers, the vertues of Plants, with proper observances accommodated for the knowledge of all Seasons, apt for Grafting, Stilling, and the like: Planting the Mountaine Almus sited neare [Page 199] Syrmius, and the Mount Aureus in Maesia the Higher, with Vines.

The like we read of Galerius Maximinus, Sur­named Armentarius; and many others of the Romans, whose diligence was much imployed in such pleasant affaires.

Resemblances in these vegetative Bodies,To what espe­ciall Resem­blances these Trees be accō ­modate. re­quire observance; to see the Vine like a fruitfull Mother of many faire Children, sending out her ripened clusters, faire blossoming Sprigs, and infinite store of pretty Slippes, imitating their Mothers fruitfulnesse, and bending with her owne Burden, as not able to support her selfe without some stay or upholder: The pittifull Elme stretcheth her armes out to beare her up, in pure compassion moved to helpe her, that in her selfe and fruitfull Issue, was so helpfull unto others. Whence, some have resembled the Vine and the Elme to the Church and Common­weale; whose office it is to support the Church when distressed, as the Elme succours the Vine when surcharged.

The Vine seemes sometime to weepe (for teares indeed shee sheds) as if in Throwes and paine of her Labour: These teares distilling from the Vine cure the Leprosie:Plinius. So as she seemes both Fruitfull and Soveraigne, yeelding no lesse com­fort in her teares, than verdure in her sprayes.

Many of these teare-shedding Trees there be,Teare-shed­ding Trees. as the Myrrh-dropping Amber, and the Rosined Fyrrh: These by allusion may seeme to commise­rate our unhappy states, subjected to myriads of [Page 200] anxieties, by the taste of one Tree, whose dis­mall fruit made us wretched.

Some Trees we have for harbour and shadow onely, resembling our dissembling professours; whose externall appearance makes great show of a fruitfull inside, when nothing, save a meere na­ked pretence of Piety, remaines in them.

Others for fruit, without any store of blos­somes; and such be they as desire rather to be good, than so accounted.

Buxus amatori languere simil­lima visa est, pallor in est illi, pallet & omnis amans. Alciat.Some Trees pine away, as if surprized with an amorous passion, exemplified in the Boxe: Others shew by their freshnesse, to whom they are conse­crate, as the Myrtle.

Some lose not their colour in Winter, like the patient man, who beleagred with the worst of fortunes oppositions, never changeth counte­nance for the matter; but like that Venetian Mot­to writ in Triumph: Nec fluctu nec flatu movetur. Others not subject to any hurt by thunder,A resemblance of Odours, Flowers, and other Beau­ties to the in­ward Graces & Ornaments of the minde. as the Bayes: resemble the sincere conscience, not dis­comfitted with any assault, or dismayed with any terrour.

Sweet Odours, Flowers, and all other Beauties strowed upon this artificiall Carpet, garnish the earth, as the internal vertues inhabiting the mind, doe the Soule: This discourse more concerning the Herbist, than Historian, makes me more briefe in the handling hereof.

☞ Hee amplifies this Discourse of Plants, Hearbs, and Fruites.Yet in regard of that precious resemblance which they reteine (as all our Moralists have well observed) to our inward beauty, I chuse the rather [Page 201] to insist a little ampler of them, by an apt compa­rison or paralell betwixt them and such dispositi­ons as they resemble. For the greatest benefit that may any way redound to man, is seriously to read man:That Palme-tree in Congo is usefull in both: nay, plenteous in affording al cōmodities, as if it contested in quality with the Melt of Mexico: For it yeeldeth Oyle, Wine, Vinegar, Fruit & b [...]ead. The oyle is made of the shale of the fruite. The Bread is made of the stone of the fruit. The Wire is drawn from the top of the tree, by making a hole therein, from whence distil­leth a lyquor like milke, which at the first is sweete, but afterwards sower, and in processe of time becom­meth very vi­negar, to serve for Sallets. and in the Survey of inferiour Crea­tures, to collect wherein any of these may seeme to read a Lecture to Man; wherein soever he comes either short or over of what is required of him. This that wise Democritus observed in the disse­ction of his Anatomies: and this should wee in our very Walkes and Recreations abroad usually practice: so may the application of them to our selves, infinitely improve us.

In our tracing and traversing the Forrest; wee shall there finde some Trees for shade, but bar­ren of fruite: Others lesse usefull for shade, but plenteous in fruit.

Our Sanctimonious-seeming Non-Conforma­tist reteines an apparant resemblance of the one: our Sincere Professour of the other.

A goodly beauteous Shadow to delude vul­gar eyes, sufficeth the former: but shadowes are reduc'd to substantiall fruites by the lat­ter.

These Historicall Relations may (likewise) point at painted friendshippe. Where many, in their Airy professions will not stick to pro­mise golden Mountaines: but their performance (the essentiall fruite or effect of promise) dyes alwayes in the Socket; the snuffe of that vaporous Complement expires and dyes.

Friendship (sayth the Stagyrian) is one soule which ruleth two hearts; and one heart which dwelleth in two bodies. Hearts then must not be ruled by shadowes. Congies, Cringes, Curtsies and Formalities may delude, and imparadize an unexperienc'd Novice: These, I say, may trans­port our youngling, who never knew what dis­sembling meant: nor could ever yet distinguish betwixt fruite and shade, Essence and Semblance: but those, who are experimentally vers'd in the World, easily decline from such Snares. For Circumspection hath taught them such a Lesson, as they have learned to season Amity with Salt: and introduce acquaintance by experience; least their too easie intimacy beget repentance.

Plutarch reporteth that Plato came forth of Asia into Cilicia for no other cause but only to see his deare friend Phocion the Philosopher.

Such a visit begot an amicable benefit, a Phi­losophicall improvement. These enterviewes were not like that of Alcmaeons to Craesus: his re­greet was to receive gold: a sordid ayme! when Vertue is the prize which should onely be in chace. Guilded shadowes merit approvement, but by whom? By Fooles of the Time. But no true amity can be derived from these; no more then fruits from shadowes. This resemblance then holds to life, both in flower and fruit.

A Iuniper tree maketh the hotest coale, and the coolest shadow of any Tree. The coale is so hot,Fabiolae Mans. 15. that if it be rak't up in ashes of the same, it continueth unextinguished by the space of a whole yeare.

Here is the Embleme of an incomparable dis­position;Comment. in 1. Reg: c. 1. here is both he [...]te to refresh an afflicted friend, when with adversity benummed: and sha­dow to solace him, when with the grandeur of businesse surcharged. Here is warmth to allay cold: and coolenesse too, to attemper heate.

Peter Martyr sheweth, that cloathing doth keep the body warme two wayes: by keeping in the natural heat of the body: and by keeping out the accidentall cold of the aire.

Sure I am such a friendship as is here described, and by the sweet-sented Embleme of the Iuniper, shadowed, may be for all seasons equally accom­modated: an excellent garment, being fitted both for Cover and Ornament.

Now the Sycamore is of an other nature: though it afford a spreading shade, it reteines no such native heat: it delights the eye, but relisheth not the taste. And this discovers our large pro­fessing friends in Folio; who are ample enough in protests: but all they bestow upon us in the end, are but scattred Leafes: they are rich in shade, but rare in fruit.

Who can passe by the Winter-flourishing Cy­presse, but must paralell that Tree with an He­roïcke resemblance?

Fates nor Furies cannot amate him: no enemy so powerfull, nor danger so mortall, as can de­tract from his Spirit; or weaken his courage. He hates no Fury more then feare: nor entertaines ought with a more resolved temper, then the ex­treamest [Page 204] oppositions of fortune; holding it the highest degree of happinesse to expire with ho­nour.

I could here inlarge this Discourse with sun­dry instances of this kind: but I must leape from this branch, and descend to a subject lower in respect of site: but nothing inferiour in delight: being commodiously applied, it is compen­diously compiled.

Of precious Stones.For Stones, and all kinds of Minerals, it is a knowledge worthy Gentlemen: wherein I may likewise comprehend the ancient knowledge of Coines, in what Emperours time, and their seve­rall inscriptions.

Iulius Caesa­rem spe Mar­garitarum, Bri­tanniam pe­t [...]ysse.We read how Iulius Caesar came into Brittany in hope to finde Pearles; though Caligula's traf­ficke seemed lesse worthy, commanding his Soul­diers to gather Cockle-shels.

It is a very generous quality (and sometimes he shall be put to his judgement) to distinguish rightly and exactly of Saphires, Emeralds, Dia­monds, &c. This requires exact judgement, lustres may be given to Glasse, as well as Diamonds: A­dulterate Gemmes passe current with our No­vice: The Silver-Smiths of Ephesus have instru­cted this Age sufficiently, and fraud must be in­corporate to every Profession.

If these Gems, I talke of, were ornaments of the Mind; I should desire longer to insist upon them: but being (as these times use them) rather foments to ensnare and entrappe, than attractive motives to affect; according to their Native [Page 205] properties, being ordained as resemblances of vertues; I will not dilate of their values, but only of their power, more pertinent to my Discourse, and better according with my knowledge; who Aeschylus-like, have long time drawne Water out of anothers Cesterne, but never filled mine owne Bucket.

Many excellent vertues of Stones,The vertues of Stones de­scribed. doth Pliny in his Naturall History set downe unto us: As some have power to frustrate the effect of poison: Others very powerfull against the operations of Magick Spels, Witch-craft, and the like. But as a Judicious Commentary writes of him: Multa scribit, quae meherculè vera non existimanda sunt: Yet to stand in suspence with us (for the reve­rence of such a learned Author) because their ef­fects have not beene as yet tryed of us.

Many things (I confesse) seeme by all probabi­lity like the Amalga, to have more Moone than Sunne in them: But the experiments which wee have in some, makes us more credulous in others.

The Diamond (whose Character is not to bee razed) resembles the pure impressions of vertue we have received,The patient man like the Stone Golasia; Hard as the Diamond, cold like Ice, not to be fired. Or the Stone A [...]zantus, once on fire will never goe out. and which is traduced to us, by the intellectuall eye of the soule, which in no case should be razed or abolished in us, but to be augmented with a greater increase of ver­tues: It resembles also the truely Charitable man, that to doe good to others, impaires his owne fortunes: For the best Motto that ever was made of the Diamond, was this: Dum formo, minuo.

Strange effects in stones.The stone Mithax (saith Pliny) is of a per­fect colour, till opposed to the Sunne, and then it loseth his colour: It allude [...]h to many of our painted Sepulchers, [...]u [...] She-puppets: none more cleare, or amiably-coloured then they, till the Sunne glitter on them, and their slightly-laid-on varnish, presently then dissolveth: Quantum mutatur ab illa? True Sodoms Apples, no sooner touched, then to dust and corruption turned.

Topaz, her opposite (in Native vertue) shineth most in the thickest darknesse: The very Idaea of Vertue her selfe: The Clouds cannot interpose themselves betwixt her,Allusions of certaine stones to internall Gra [...]es. and her Native lustre: The Glo-worme glisters not more by night, then it doth in obscurity: A pretious stone fittest for these times, and an or [...]ament wel-beseeming the greatest Person [...]ge: for the cloud of Errour should not be able to obscure their thoughts, ever bending their course to the marke of honour.

☞The precious stone Diocletes, Resemblances of pretious stones to those choice vertues which should appeare in man: with their distinct properties or effects. though it have many rare and excellent soveraignties in it, yet it looseth them all, if it be put in a dead Mans mouth. Wherein One makes a proper resem­blance to Prayer; which is the only Pearle and Jewell of a Christian: though it have many rare and exquisite vertues in it, yet it loseth them e­very one, if it be put into a Mans mouth, or into a Mans heart either, that is dead in sin, and doth not knocke with a pure hand.

What soveraigne power the Echites is sayd to reteine in repelling the poison and rebaiting the sting of the Viper! What secret vertue lyes hid in [Page 207] the Dionysias in staying blood; as in others of ef­fusing blood!

Our naturall Historians make mention of a certaine stone found in the Lapwings nest;Lapillum varle­gati coloris in nido vpubae in­venies, cuius occultâ virtu­te, mulli visus omnia videas, nulli notus om­nia detegas. the incredible occult vertue whereof is such, that the Party who beares it about him, shal by the power thereof make all things visible to him, yet he visi­ble to none; discovering all things without dis­covery: disclosing others with a personal secrecy.

No doubt but Gyges Ring had some relation to this stone; to whom Candaules, that doating King, shewed his wife naked: which indiscreete part rest him of Kingdome, Wife, and Life. For the Queene being grieved thereat, to have any strange Eye so familiarly knowne to the secrecy of her beauty; which even in n [...]tive Modesty, ex­acted a vaile to priviledge it from such an open discovery, caused Gyges, upon the tender of her Princely affection, to slay the King; to take up [...]n him the Kingdome, and to take her t [...] his wife. This Gyges had a Ring (as Divine Plato repor­teth) that had vertue to make him go invisible.

They that looked upon Sylla's Ring,Plut. in vit. Syl. could not choose but take notice both of Sylla's Seale and the Treason of Iugurth, because that was graven on the Seale. Excellent Morals are shadowed in these: and such as usefully applied, may re­dound highly to the appliers benefit.

Strange effects are reported of the Calazia (by the Testimony of Hesych.) a stone of precious vertue, having in it spotslike unto Haile. So­veraigne, as may be collected by what our Histo­rians [Page 208] have writ of it, to cure any burne or in­flammation. So as, this might well reteine that divine Hieroglyphick of one Cardinall Vertue, Temperance. If heate of affection transport us; any unbounded passion surprise us; the spirit of vaine-glory inflame us, that we cannot take our naturall rest with Themistocles, for his ambitious emulation after Miltiades: or finde that rave­nous appetite ever raging, ranging and reigning in us, which sometimes accompanied that glut­tonous Cambletes: or to satisfie our unconfined desires with the Delicacies of Earth, as if it were on Earth to satisfie Man, with licentious Lucul­lus: or to plot new devices how to innovate in a distemper'd State with Sertorius: or to enrich our Coffers by others ruines, and milch the State with our Oppressions, like another Acilius. If these, or any of these distempers seaze upon us, that Calazia of Temperance (for so is that Stone properly resembled) will moderate them in us: by reducing us to that Resemblance we had lost; and moulding in us that Effigies which we are a­bove all others to love. For as nothing can be happily atchieved, or gracefully performed, un­lesse it be seasonably acted: so no Vertue may pro­perly reteine that Style, unlesse it be by Tempe­rance seasoned.

The Pyropus, what beauty and vertue it holds; all our Naturalists have amply discoursed. No Subject, be it never of so cold nor freezing a na­ture, can alter his temper. This Stone ever re­teines his heate; so as, it may be properly com­pared [Page 209] to the temper of such a composed minde; who stands resolved against all the affronts or in­sults of Fortune. No palsey-feare can amate him; no distemper alter him. With the heate of his owne Nature hee knowes how to thaw all those icy congelations, which proceed from a weake or pusillanimous spirit. Such an Ones blood flies not from his heart to his face; but from his face to his heart. For though his outward visible part expresse a pallid feare; his heart scornes to give harbour to such a Traytor.

He findes nothing so weake as that despicable minde; who Protheus-like, changeth his heart with the habit of the Time; and desires to com­ply with Greatnesse, and to fawne on silken Vice; vowing it, as one strucke amaz'd with the splen­dor of it, to be all vertuous. Much otherwise affected is his spirit, who like the unquenchable Pyropus, smiles at nothing more than the indig­nities of Fortune: and esteemes nothing lesse, than vicious Greatnesse. And if it chance at a­ny time (as such Occurrents are every where ob­vious) that a base-creeping spirit, who relyed more on the shelter of Greatnesse, than Honour of Goodnesse, perish in his hopes, and dye in the straw: This tickles his honest Lungs with laugh­ing Democritus; closing his Observation with this Poëticall Ayre:

The Parius lapis or Touch-stone, Some, and that not improperly, have compared to affliction: It [Page 210] is this that trieth Man whether he be true-Touch or no. This confirmes that golden Sentence of a devout Man: ‘We are unknowne to our selves, till affliction lye us open to our selves.’

We shall observe many, whose outward tin­cture promiseth nothing-lesse then the purest co­lour of Heraldry, prove Copper in the touch. All is not gold that glisters.

Outward apparances are shady fallacies. The habit displayes not the Heart; nor the outward Semblance the inward disposition of the Mind.

Cicero sayd of Galba's leaden and lumpish bo­dy: His wit had an ill lodging; which may be tru­ly applied to all these dissembling pretenders: such promising Leafes are ill bestowed on such barren Trees. Shadowes, though they hold a concomitance with Substance; yet are they never really the same. That man only deserves so no­ble a style, who imbraceth faith and fealty, in­tertaineth love and loyalty, improveth his cou­rage and constancy amidst all encounters: yea, when the extreamest beleaguers and assaults of Fortune have done their worst, remaines ever true-touch. How Mahomet the first delu­ded his credu­lous posterity, with an opini­on of miracu­lous Sanctity, in that very Monument which hee had caused to be e­rected in his Memory.

In the discourse of the Ceremonies of Mecha, we shall find a rare device there recommended to our view, in the perpendicular placing of that Sepulchre of Mahomet: Meerely contrived by that cunning Projector to delude the Mahome­tans, by making them beleeve that to be a mira­culous Object, which to more approoved and refined judgements appeared only a native expe­riment. [Page 211] Those that write of that Subject, des­cribe it thus: There is an Adamant placed in the Roofe above, and a Magnet fixed in the pave­ment by an equall or direct line below; now, the Sepulchre of Mahomet made of solid iron, hangs in a Diametrall manner betwixt these two: with­out stay or supportance of either. This begot in those bewitched people a wonderfull amaze­ment, honouring that Monument with their yearely Processionall visits; offring rich presents to that Mahometan shrine: never understanding those occult vertues of the two Stones fixed a­bove and below; who, by their naturall opposi­tion and enmity (as one maligning the others at­tractive quality) would not suffer that heavy ponderous body either to ascend or descend; but to reteine an equall site or location betwixt them both. This it was that confirmed these Mahometans in the strength of a deluded opini­on, that their Mahomet was a great and powerful Prophet, shewing such high proofes and de­monstrances of his extraordinary abilities living; and leaving such a Miracle for all posterity to admire in his departing.

But to leave their effects, and returne to their Emblemes: The Adamant is compared to One that is truely-affectionate; ever bearing this pe­culiar Impresse: "Si me amas, mihi Adamas.

Rare Experiments have our ancient Profes­sants made of the Aspilates; a Stone, according to the Testimony of Democritus, of a fiery colour, got in Arabia, and found in a certaine kind of [Page 212] Birds Nest. He reporteth, that this Stone being tyed with a Camels haire to any one troubled with the Spleane, it will cure him.

Diodorus relateth of a kind of Salt, called Am­monick, and found in Affrick under Sand; when the Moone groweth toward the full; it is like Stone-allumne, and is medicinable in dissolving and purging of Fleagme.

Pliny likewise reports strange things of the Ammonis Cornu; being a precious Stone of the colour of Gold, representing the shape of a Rammes Horne; of a powerfull quality in causing true Dreames.☞ But many of these, I must freely confesse, like the Amalga, have farre more Moone than Sunne in them; being many times re­lated, rather to beget admiration, than gaine credit: Albeit, wee are not altogether to distrust them, unlesse our owne Experience had found the contrary to evince them. Howsoever, sure I am, their Resemblances give an excellent grace and beauty to any discourse, whether Morall or Divine.

There is a Crowne, (saith St. Peter) that is un­defiled, which never fadeth away. The Greeke words, [...], which St. Peter useth, are Latine words also: and they are not onely Ap­pellatives, being Epithetes of this Crowne, but also Propers; the one the proper name of a Stone, the other of a Flower.Isidorus [...]temo­leg. li. 16. ca. 4. For Isidore writeth, there is a precious Stone called Amiantus; which, though it be never so much soyled, yet it can ne­ver at all be blemished: and being cast into the [Page 213] Fire, it is taken out still more bright and cleane.

Also Clement writeth,Clemens Alex­andr. Peda­gog. li. 1. ca. 8. that there is a Flower called Amarantus, which being of a long time hung up in the House, yet it is still fresh and greene. To both which, the Stone and the Flo­wer, the Apostle, as I am perswaded, alludeth in that place.

To recount the vertues of all, were a super­fluous Taske; for so should I make a Collection meerely of what hath beene written before, I only set downe with my selfe, to extract the spe­ciallest,Vid. Isidor. Disescorid. Martian. and to make resemblances of them with the Native proportions of such things as are most usuall objects to our outward sences. I will briefly touch the admirable devices of Minerals, and so proceed to my intended Discourse.

Mines the lower layd, the better:O. Minerals. in them wee disbowell (as it were) Nature of her hidden trea­sures; yet the Earth, like a kind and bountifull Mother, willingly unrips her owne breast, to enrich her Children; the divers veines, and cor­dons which we find there, like hidden or con­cealed streames, having filled up their Treasure-channels (because so long time unemptied) mini­ster store of all Mettals unto their Digger.

Caesar in his Commentaries, seemes greatly to have delighted herein, having so quickly found out with what sorts of Mettals, these Brittaine coasts most abounded: Some we have of these Mineralists that by the superficies of the Earth, can judge, what kinde of Mettall best agre [...]s with that Soyle; and without piercing [Page 214] the ground (can prettily well) presage the event of their labour: Their Studies deserve cherishing, being grounded on honest foundations, and such as have much benefited their Countrey by their industry.

The North-part famous for Copper-worke, by their labour and industry yeelding no small benefit to their Coun­trey. Which works, though of late yeeres discon­tinued, are now with much improve­ment and ho­nour to the under-takers, revived.The North-part in their Copper-workes most laborious, merit their share of Commendati­ons; both profiting themselves, and yeelding an ample gaine to the Kings Revenewes out of their Labours. The most precious Mines have beene ever found out in Regions least inhabited, and where the Inhabitants could make little or no use of so large a bounty of Nature, as to this day among the Indians; men that would ex­change their preciousest things for trifles: like Aesops Cock, preferring a Barley-corne before a Pearle.

Yet in these labours (in themselves prayse-worthy) I altogether disallow such (of which our reading ministers too many examples) that have digged the Sepulchres of the dead, to find some hidden Treasure buried with them. A sharpe Law was enacted (for this end) amongst the Ae­gyptians, (which Nation used to interre their chiefe Jewels with the dead party) that whosoe­ver should violate the sacred rites of the dead, by digging up their Treasures inchested with them, should be buried quicke.

A pretty Cau­tion for a Mi­ser.A pretty story to this purpose is recorded of Semyramis, that valiant Queene of Assyria; who before her death, commaunded that a faire Mo­nument should be erected over her, upon which [Page 215] should be engraven this Inscription: Whosoever shall digge up this stone, let him but looke under it, and he shall finde an infinite masse of treasure. Cy­rus having conquered that people, chanced to come where that curious monument was erected; and seeing this Inscription upon it, presently commaunded the Stone to be taken up; which being done accordingly, he found no Treasure, but this caution of better value then all Trea­sures: None but Fooles and Misers would digge up the bones of the dead. A reward well fitting the miserable desire of an insatiate Mind.

I might annexe to this Discourse, the excel­lent study of Antiquities, and speake in part of them; But our coast is freighted with such ela­borate Antiquaries, as the digression might seeme lesse necessary. Through all the body of this Dis­course (including Physicall Relations) I have but shadowed the chiefest, without entention to in­treate of every particular, using Valerius Maxi­mus words: Quis omnis aevi gesta modico volumi­num numero comprehenderit? I will descend to Mixt Histories, which was the last branch of my division.

MIxt Histories Mixt Histo­ries. are composed, or compounded of all those thre [...], of which we have suffici­ently entreated before. Variety of subjects best agree with the frame of these Writings: They expresse to the quicke, not only what was done Discursively, but what should have beene done [Page 216] Morally,Mixt Histories composed of all kinds. and deriving the event from proba­ble causes, arising from nature, they conclude their Discourse, making it Universall. Some have stiled these Miscellanea, because a commix­ture of all affaires; they playing the Morall Phi­losopher aswell as Historian; comprehend all which the other could any way seeme to entreate of; being the abridgement of all Relations, and in themselves sufficient to produce incredible ef­fects: they require especiall Reading, ripe Judge­ment, and an apt Disposition withall to make their members, so diversly hanging, unite in one maine body.

And to descend now to a commendation of Mixt Histories; with instances of sundry Histori­ans both Ancient and Moderne, who have bin usefully vers'd therein.☞ The Cōmen­dation of Mixt Histories; with Instances of sundry Histo­rians both An­cient and Mo­derne, who have beene usefully vers'd therein. There be none in my o­pinion, who better deserve the Palme in Sub­jects of this nature, then those ever-living La­bours of Thuano's, Surius, with that excellently composed History of Paulus Iovius. And for a continued Allegory, never Relation deserved more approbation, both for Style and State, then Barclei's Argenes. An History, which puts on the face of things really done; yet meerely shadowing Persons of State, under borrowed names: Expressing his owne aymes in such an im­plicit, but pleasing manner, that this Isle (since such Assayes must of necessity be attempted) might have esteemed herselfe highly happy, in affording him a deserving Translator; or accor­ding to his own thoughts, a faithful Interpretor.

Histories of this nature (as I have else where observed) doe not onely make relation of what is actually done; but insert such personall applicati­ons, as may benefit the understanding Reader; by making use of exploits done, and applying the use of what was formerly done, to succeeding times. Others harmes make us beware of in­curring the like. Where Reading of men, and taking a punctuall Survey or Examen of their actions, we become many times wiser, than if we had beene wholly vers'd in reading of Bookes. It was a witty saying of an outwardly-contem­plative man, Relegentur libri, relegantur viri. ‘Lay aside Bookes, and take your selves to rea­ding of Men.’ So long as the World is a Theatre, Man must needes be an Actor. The Booke-hol­der stands in the Tyring-house; but the Action must be presented on the Stage. This, those ex­cellent Historians, singularly expressed, and to life portrayed; when they made not onely mention of what was done, but the natures of those persons interessed in what was done.

Heere they describe fiery-furious Spirits, more ready to attempt than advise: Action in these e­ver goes before resolution. Contrariwise, o­thers of a slower but safer temper, consider of the end and issue, before they will attempt. No glowing spirit of ambition; no transportancy of vaine-glory can lessen their discretion. Their actions are rightly measured, because advise and deliberation are their Counsellours of State. This might be instanced in a fore-slowing Fabius, and a [Page 218] forward Cethegus; a precipitate Cleon, and a pre­pared Bracidas.

Now, in Discourses of this kind, there is a sin­gular observation which I must necessarily re­commend to all our Gentlemen who affect the reading of History;A singular ob­servation re­commended to Gentlemen in their rea­ding of Histo­ry. and this I have culled from that Father of all Historians, Plutarch him­selfe.Plutarchs pa­raleling of Princes, high­ly commen­ded. Who, as he describes the Lives of such Princes or eminent Personages as he takes occa­sion to treat of; so he likewise paralels or com­pares their actions and dispositions one with a­nother. Here he shewes what exploits such a person did; how he bore himselfe in the passage of them; how he came off with honour; how he moderated his affections in the atchievement of a victory; how he behaved himselfe to those he conquered; how he spared most, where he might most have spoyled. Here hee instanceth some more able to get a victory, than skilfull to use it: others wise enough in making use of it, having once obtained it. Some made happy by suffering misery: others miserable in never par­taking infelicity. Some constant friends, but in­constant foes: others constant foes, but uncer­taine friends. Some apter to perswade, than per­sonally to performe: Others had all their Rhe­torick plac'd in action: Their Oratory was a Martiall Summons: yet what they wanted in discourse to bring on their Souldiers; they supplyed in boldnesse of adventures: exposing their persons to all dangers. Some stout enough of spirit, while their bodies were weake; but [Page 219] weake in spirit when their bodies grew strong. To confirme this, hee reports that Antigonus had in his army a valiant Souldier; but of a sick­ly body: Antigonus observing his valour; and grieving that so stout a resolution should bee seconded by so weake a constitution, procured his Physitians to take him in hand; and he was healed. Now being sound, he beganne to fight in some feare; to keepe himselfe a good di­stance from danger, no more venturing into the vanne or forlorne place of the battell. Anti­gonus noting, and wondering at this alteration, asked him the cause of this new cowardise. He answers, ‘O Antigonus, thou art the cause. Be­fore I ventured nothing but a diseased Corpes, and then I choose rather to dye quickly, then to live sickly: I invited death to doe me a kind­nesse. Now it is otherwise with me, for I have somewhat to lose.’

Such delightfull passages as these, shall we eve­ry where finde interveined in these mixt Dis­courses.

I approve of Salusts opinion: Ex ijs Negotijs quae ingenio exercentur, in primis magno usu est me­moria rerum gestarum. Yet of all those Records, none in themselves more eminent, because none more elaborate than mixt Histories: they contract in one leafe (as it were) what a whole Volume could scarcely comprehend.These require a generall kn [...]wledge, & extend further than all the rest. There must be a generall knowledge in these discourses, making a wel [...]-composed body of many scatte­red limbes, gathered from the Relickes, or ashes [Page 220] of their deceased Authors. For as a good Lim­ner wil not see any blemish in his portraiture; but (ere he hang it out) will desire to make every part and proportion in a kinde of corresponden­cy, to move a more deepe impression in the be­holder: So should there be an equall correspon­dency in these kinde of Histories, letting no discourse passe (if of consequence) without a mixture of both Morall, and Physicall reasons; lest one little blemish (one omission of either) should be a disparage to the whole. Here An­tomedon-like, he should set out vertues Table, making his life a Globe of Precepts: There, like an excellent Naturallist, he should dilate upon the natures of things, or probable reasons (as as I said before) derived from Nature. The ma­ster-piece (like the warpe in the webbe) is Dis­course: for these Butteresses, without a maine foundation, would soone decay.

Wits compared to Soiles: some naturally fruit­full, without forcing: others, without continuall labour and tillage, will bring forth nothing but tares (or the Husband-mans teares.) Some fit for Barley, others for Wheat, Oates, or the like: and some most apt for Missellane.A judicious distinguishing of wits. So in wits, some na­turally ripe and forward; others require a more deliberate dispatch: the one more present, the o­ther more solid. Pregnant and ripe wits are not so good; they are like a Rasor keene & sharpe, but his edge is soone rebated. One compared them, & not unfitly, to soft wood, ready to receive any im­pression from the Limner; but for warping, is un­able [Page 221] to keepe; and therefore not fit for any wor­thy or curious portraiture. Such wits are these, which be rather apt for invention, than judicious scanning of any Authors: they can invent, better than extract; and consequently unfit for these mixed Discourses whereof we now entreate.

Exquisite Labour is the producer of these Hi­stories; which (for the most part) is intollerable to your sharpest wits; being rather for the pre­sent, than any serious deliberation.

Salust in his Iugurthine Warre, Example of mixt Histories includes a pretty commixture of Histories; as if hee had in­tended to make a President for Relations of this kind, where he brings in Micipsa upon his death­bed, speaking to his sonnes: Equidem ego reg­num vobis trado firmum: Si boni eritis, sin mali, im­becillum. Wherein hee so lively characters the state of Princes, and the morall instruction of a Father dying, to his Children, with the severall Natures and Dispositions of them; that it seemes he purposed to instance this kind of writing in so excellent a Subject. Here he shews Dissimula­tion in a Prince, even at his end: there an un­worthy plot of an adopted Sonne, seeking to reigne by indirect meanes. Here Micipsa exhorts them; with, Colite talem hunc virum, imitamini virtutem. Yet he intimates withall, his feare of aspiring, seeing his Nature so boundlesse. There he describes the jealous doubts, and perplexed windings of Adherball; there the drooping spi­rit of Hyempsall, and the royall disposition of Iugurth: so as by reading their divers natures, [Page 222] one might conjecture for whom the government of Numidia was reserved.

These Histories are most fruitfull,Mixt Histories most fruitfull. they draw both Attention, and they comprehend in them great plenty of Instruction. Attention by their Variety, Instruction by their Morality; inclu­ding a perswasive kind of writing in the one, and a delightfull proceeding, or continuance in the other.

Some Historians in this kind, and not unfitly, lay open the causes of decayes in Cities, Empires, and Governments: as Romes fall proceeding from her imperiall Pride, Babylons from her Riot, the Medes from their Security, the Tyri­ans from their sumptuousnesse in Apparrell; the Christians (in Easterne parts) more to their shame, and our griefe, from their civill dissen­tion among themselves.

☞Occasion might be here taken of laying open those especiall grounds, from whence our Histo­rians have probably drawne their Reasons of en­feebling the greatest and flourishingst States; taking breath, as they conceived, from these three particulars: Innovation in Government, Manners, Habit.

GOVERN­MENT.For the first; no Instance more to life, than when the Roman Monarchy became rint and di­vided to the Triumviri; The Empire begun to feele strange Scepters.

The former state of Government, which had made it selfe so fearefull to her Neighbour-king­domes, as they feared nothing more than to [Page 223] offend their Mistresse; (for so might Rome at that time be properly styled) became more sleighted. Those sinewes of Warre, which be­fore shewed strength in her publick Treasury, became exhausted; Those Lawes, which either the necessity of the present time had enacted, or the fulnesse of their State required, through the difference of Commanders, neglected.

The saying is, Plants transplanted seldome thrive; No more, Empires, when their state of Government is altered; their ancient Lawes an­nulled; the rule by which they were formerly di­rected, wholly relinquished. New Lords will al­wayes have new Lawes: and to their Examples are their Followers ever moulded. There is no­thing that beseemes our naturall complexion bet­ter than her owne colour; whatsoever it borrows of Art, rather blemisheth than bestoweth any beauty on her.

I must confesse indeed, that in the dresse or fa­shion of our Attire, many devices there are (pre­supposing ever that they be not apish nor garish) which give a good grace to the Wearer, and doe better become him, in respect of the time where­in they are used, than if the Old Wardrobes of our Ancestors were ransacked, and those ancient Weares brought againe in request. But An­tiquity ever holds best correspondency in Man­nagements of State: the more the man­ner of their Government is altered; the more their Manners are for most part corrup­ted.

This it was, that so much afflicted Solon; after such time as hee had laboured to settle the State; revive her usefull Lawes; and lay downe all grounds that might any way improve their Go­vernment. After all this, I say, to see the people given to Innovation; rejecting with much sleight­nesse and contempt, what hee had both by tra­vaile and counsell endeavoured to establish and enact. This grieved him more than his owne Banishment, or whatsoever that unthankfull Age could possibly inflict.

Secondly, for Manners; MANNERS. Those are best-be­seeming, which are most Native. Alwayes pro­vided, that those places or Countries be Civill, where those Manners are used, or Lawes obser­ved. The Scythians were not to conforme them­selves to the Manners nor Discipline of the Ae­gyptians; nor these to the Scythians. The La­conians, whose strict Discipline both for Meate, Drinke, and Apparell, made them imitable Pre­sidents to their Neighbours; could not endure that the proud Babylonian should commerce with them; nor the dis-passionate Theban to converse with him; nor the covetous Tyrian to trucke or traffick with him; nor the riotous Sy­donian to take repast with him; nor the sorce­rous Aegyptian (who was no lesse blacke in su­perstition than he was of complexion) to con­sort with him.

Their ancient Manners they reteined; which not observed, they ever feared, that their State (as they had exemplarily seene in others) might be enfeebled.

Thirdly and lastly, touching Habit, HABIT. (a small thing may some suppose to dissolue the maine Fabricke of a mighty State) we shall finde what care and sedulity some States haue vsed in re­teining the ancient Habit, recommended to them by their Ancestors.

Darius having altered the fashion of his blade, which vsed to be Persian, into the forme of the Macedonian; in the yeare before he fought with Alexander, the Chaldees or Soothsayers pro­phecied, that into what fashion as Darius had altered his Sword, it would become Ruler of Persia. And the issue or conclusion seconded this prediction.

Scmyramis commanded all to weare Tyars vpon their heads, and to put vpon them Wo­mans apparell, to cover their effeminate parts. But this new effeminacy of Habit brought a spee­dy subversion to that State: For vpon the death of their Queene, whose imperiall mind affected nothing more then command, this their Womanish Habit brought them into con­tempt.

Thus haue the flourishingest Common-weales fallen to desolation and dissolution,Innovation in Government, manners, ha­bit, occasions of enfeebling a State. Causes prece­dent directors to the events. their highest Spires ruinate, their Temples, with their Places of prophane adoration, defaced; nothing remaining to boast of, save that they once were happy, once victorious. Yea, Iugurth himselfe seemes to expresse the cause of Romes ruine; shew­ing how subject they were (even the purple Fa­thers, the reverent Benchers) to take bribes, and [Page 226] receiue oyntments, w^ch would close their mouths for speaking in the Common-weales behalfe. For when he was complained of vnto the Senat, for the murder of Hyempsall: and the Senat having then government over Numidia in chiefe; which Realme (as others) was tributary to them, com­manded Iugurth to appeare before them vpon such a day; fully resolved to punish his insolen­cies. He so wrought by rewards, as their censure was not onely mittigated, but (as the Historian records) Tanta commutatio incessit, vt ex maximâ invidiâ in gratiam & favorem nobilitatis Iugurtha veniret. A strange Metamorphosis, when states were so soone changed, which portended a sud­den change of their government, falling from so great glory, and eminence, to eternall ob­scurity.

Many Histories of these natures there be, which depend vpon apt allusions,Distinct pro­prieties in all Histories. equally mixt with Discursiue, Morall, and Physicall: Discur­siue to delight and tricke on the appetite, by a sweet variety; seeing the change of great states in a few Leaues; being a speech meerely documen­tall, to better our Liues, teach us what should be done, as well in private as publike. Physicall, in the character of severall natures, aptly accommo­dated to the Subject whereof we entreate. With what delight do we reade the divers inclinations of Princes?Inclinations different in Princes. Here a Catiline, doing little, and spea­king much: There a Iugurth, doing much, and speaking little. Here a Philip drunke, and in his drunkennesse raging against his foes: there an A­lexander, [Page 227] drunke too; but in his passion raging a­gainst his best friends. Here a Caesar, then whom, none ever did more good to his followers: there a Nero, then whom, none more desertlesse to his followers. Here a working crafty wit, stirring up trifling rewards, to containe him in suspence; in­stanced in Tiberius: there an affable mind, set out in threed-bare words, one that could never fl [...]tter; specified in Titus.

These severall natures we may see, and marke what successe they had: Some, the more thin­king, the more not knowing what to thinke: yet to obserue the worke of Heaven, seldome or ne­ver haue these suspitious heads cause to rest; but the more they suspect, the more motiues they haue to suspect: for this craft is alwayes hatefull, and procureth enemies: Subtill councels being odious vnto the world, and so dis-favoured of God, that they are alwayes waited on, and atten­ded with most vnprosperous ends.An observati­on worthy our note. Subtill Councels ever produce vnpro­sperous ends: And to their Counsellours popular hate. Vertue ever at­tended with a prosperous end. We shall see in prophane stories a maine diversitie, even in the simplest and shallowest vnderstandings; the sub­tillest sconses the meanes of their owne decay; as in Sejanus, who in the opinion of his owne worth grew in time, Ferox sceleris: Policy her [...]wne ruine, x [...]mplified: Such aspi­ring spirits be (for the most part) vsed like Spon­ges, wet with their spoyles and extortions, with which being a long time soaked, they are at last crushed and condemned, that their long-gathered wealth might returne to the Princes Coff [...]s. Trajan vsed to call the Treasury or Exchequer (by way of comparison) the Spleane, because it [Page 228] increasing, brings to all the other parts a pining.

☞What Various Occurrents, nay fearefull and vnexpected Disasters haue ever beene the atten­ding feares of ambitious Spirits;The misery of Ambition. No Historie but can beare witnesse. How safe and secure haue many lived; Free from feares within, and Foes without; Retired from the Concourse of liti­gious Plaintiffs; Clamour of Courts; Heate of Corrivals: Nay, whatsoever else might breed their disquiet? Yet see the misery of Ambition! On they must, be it to their ruine. Examples they find store to caution them; precepts both divine and morall to informe them. Yet neither can the former worke any impression on them; nor the latter by more easie perswasions waine them.

Commines reports, how Charles the third, vnder whom he so long time served, communi­cating himselfe so freely both in matters of ad­vice and action for the advancing of his service; was ever casting in his mind after businesse of greatest difficulty; ‘Yea such, perhaps, saith he, as exceeded the abilities of man.’

This was a strange disposition; And yet we shall meete with many of this nature, both in the course of our Reading and Living. We shall ob­serue some, who, though they haue a faire-bet path to walke in, yet will they leaue the tracke, and make the Wall or some other high Mount their Walke. So fates it with these, who had rather fish in Troubl [...]d Waters, then when they are Calme. No Night so darke; no perill so fa­tally [Page 229] imminent: But with cheerefulnesse they will attempt, what their inconsiderate boldnesse pompts them to. Nor is this their forwardnesse forc'd out of want; For many of these abound in all fulnesse; rich in fortunes; Strong in fol­lowers: Yet miserable in both these. For as their fortunes feed their followers: So doe their followers feed on them. These Faunes are they, who make Fooles of their Masters; And by throwing out strange lures, miserably seaze on them. The daring D' Ambois, and that braue Byroun were Spirits of this temper. Great enough in Princes favour; loaden sufficiently with ho­nour; onely vnhappy in this, in that they knew not their owne happinesse: Miserable, in that they had never tasted misery.

It is well observed by one, in his Discourse of this Subject; that of all frenzies, there is none that madds man more then Ambition. It makes him thinke he walks altogether invisible; Ixion was never more deceiu'd with a Cloud, then he is with his disguise.

There is one thing more in it; this madding fancy, or raving frenzy is of that nature, as no friend can be secure, so his fall may purchase their aime. Clitus Constancy cannot secure him, when Ambitious heate mixt with Wine, egges on his Master to an indeliberate revenge.

Yet see the just doome of these! Who, as they build their plottes vpon vnsure Grounds; Or, which is of all others hatefull'st, because to themselues in their passage hence the heaviest, on [Page 230] blood; Which is never shed in vaine: So are they to receiue, what their deluded greatnesse made them belieue they could never suffer.

Then, and never till then, are they brought to acknowledge, that a greatnesse can be no Subterfuge to guiltinesse.Greatnesse can be no Subter­fuge to guilti­nesse. Then must that veile, which had so long shrowded them from the sight of men, be removed; their princely per­sons with their vnprincely actions discovered and paralel'd. So poore a Support is painted Clay to build vpon.

Nor be these Ambitious Spirits onely heere to be taxed; who, though they fall, they fly faire: But such, who abuse that place to which their Princes favour hath raised them; by base mercenary wayes. These are they who play the Sharkes vnder the hatches. Not a petition must be presented, but it must be guilded. As for their owne Suites, they little care how they worke vpon the Spirit of the State; how they discourage the peoples just indeavours; how they increase the Widdowes teares, aggravate the Orphans wrongs, and multiply their abu­ses to maintaine their Surfets. Or if parcimoni­ous,Vnconsciona­ble Prollers should be made Sponges of, for example of others. how they enrich their owne Coffers with others Curses. For these, I would haue them made Spunges of; that as they suckt and milkt the Lowest, so they might be soakt and mulc't by the Highest.

The simple (or innocently-imagining Statist) comes ever to an expected end in his hopes; as they are not great, so not subject to so great an [Page 231] Eclypse: yea, the hopes of these men attaine sometimes ends aboue expectance: Such was Helvius Pertinax his successe, who (never aiming at the Title of Emperour) was crowned when he was from thoughts of Titulary honour most se­questred: Repugnansque suscipiens, vsing a kinde; of withstanding ere he would entertaine so great a weight. And in all Histories, if we obserue the divers occurrents which befell men in great and eminent places, we shall see ever the honest­est purposes seconded with the happiest events; and the disproportion of the end ever sorting with the discordance of the mind: for the in­tention is discussed by Him that layeth the foun­dation of all Empires in dust at his pleasure: breathing ever vpon the sincere purposes of the good, and confounding the deepe designes (vp­on what pretence soever grounded) of the evill.

In Mixt Histories (as the Scope whereat they aime) is mixed part with profit,What Subject best concords with mixt Hi­stories. and part with delight, to make the Discourse more compleat: So should the seriousnesse of the Subject attract a kinde of Majesty to it; for impossible it is, either with trimnesse of words, propriety of aptly-annexed, and duly-applied sentences, or any other elegancy whatsoever, to make a Sub­ject (of it selfe light and frivolous) beare the portray of State: For words (if well applyed) illustrate and adde a beauty, but not any way bet­ter the weight of the matter.

There be three things which be especially re­quired [Page 232] in Histories of this nature,Three things necessarily re­quired in Hi­stories of the nature. to make them perfect: first Truth, in sincerely relating, without having any thing (as Tacitus observeth) haustum ex vano, foysted in by our owne invention, to smooth the passage of our story.

Secondly, an Explanation in discovering, not onely the sequels of things, but also the causes and reasons drawing to the conclusions.

Thirdly, Iudgement in distinguishing things by approving the best, and disallowing the con­trary.

For the first, Stories should be true,Histories should be true or at least resemble truth, because by so much, they are more pleasing, by how much they resemble truth the neerer; and so much more gracefull, by how much more probable and lesse doubt­full. We haue many Histories (even of this kind) mixed, that comprehend in them nothing lesse then truth: yet by their smooth carriage, and their proper circumstances with such aptnesse drained and disposed, they haue beene taken for truth, and registred amongst Workes of more se­rious consequence.

Such were those Apologae Fabulae (whereof we haue in part spoken before) which contained in them many pitthy and graue sentences,☞ and wor­thy observation in the excellent'st Morall: these are fitly called by Tully, Mirrors of Mans life, Pat­ternes of Manners, and Images of truth. Their neere resemblance of truth, made the Reader more attentiue, subjecting his eare to Discour­ses probable, more then to things surpassing the [Page 233] bounds and limits of beliefe; as producing vn­heard-of miracles (meere conceptions of the braine) phanaticke Chymeras: A Gyant im­mured in a Rocke, yet able to pierce it through; winne a whole Monarchy with his owne single hands; leade a multitude of Kings captiues, and returne home without a wound. Here strange Inchaunted Castles, Ladies and Knights detained in most base seruitude by an Airy Monster: there admirable victories purchased vpon incredible oddes: and the rather to be believed, because it pleaseth the Painter so to de­lineate their vertues.

These relations,☜ Improbabilities in all Histori­call passages, highly con­demned. as they proceed for most part from a conceipt, whose wits are long since gone a Wool-gathering; so to any serious judgement they become so meerely ridiculous, as they are hissed at by the peruser, howsoever they seeme to receiue entertainement by the vulgar. For I haue formerly observed, to describe the winning of a Fort, before the approach of a Foe; Or the razing of a Citty, without disco­very of any apparant Enmity, perplexeth the vnderstanding; and leaues the Conceipt in­tangled. An orderly proceeding in arguments of this nature, deserve best approvement: For the ignorancr or want of observance of Order distracts the Conceipt, and makes whatsoever is read, tedious to the Reader.

In this, Vitruvius merits high praise. His writings are faire and formall; Hee first lieth Siedge; then he proceeds to Occasionall Trea­ties: [Page 234] next, he lyes downe the reasons either of accepting or rejecting what is propounded. Not an improbability will he admit of, least it should impaire the credit of his History.

In those Warres betwixt old Astiages and his Grand-child Cyrus; wherein much Civill blood was shed, before the Empire of the Medes was re­duced to a Persian State; Such principall Allyes as came on in defence of Astiages, after their de­feate, became ingaged to the like hazard. Astiages did not onely suffer, but those also who came to his succour. He then, that should in any weake historicall relation, averre, that the sole ground of Cyrus his incursion into Lydia, Not Craesus treasure, but a precedent dis­pleasure caused victorious Cy­rus to invade Lydia. was the desire he had to seaze vpon Croesus treasure, rather then any preceeding displeasure, should faile much in the trust of a Relater.

For our antient Historians describing the first occasionall grounds of all those fatall differen­ces; report, how that Lydian King, vpon a long league of amity continued betwixt them, or some other propositions of reward for so necessitated a curt'sie, addressed himselfe with a strong Army for his defence. Yet, by the martiall and experienc'd power of the Persians, who were expert Slingers, and of strong tem­pers, able to endure any labour; Cyrus became victorious; his Enemies, Subjects of his Triumph. Which exploit hee had no sooner atchieved, then he turned his Sword vpon such as had beene Assistants to the adverse part. Where­in, as Croesus had showne himselfe most forward, [Page 235] so he was one of the first that he assaulted. Then, and never till then, and for no other was this acted then; came the treasures of that rich Prince to be surprized; his princely Pallace to be ransacked; his sumptuous Wardroabe dis­roabed: and he himselfe exposed to the extrea­mest Censure of a commanding Conquerour. Though Cyrus Clemency, vpon that serious consideration of humane inconstancy, pardon'd him his life, and made him his Homager in his owne Kingdome.

The like might be instanced in those Civill Warres betwixt Caesar and Pompey. Though the victorious Caesar had got the day, and made himselfe happy in the acquisition of a doubtfull victory; his ambition became not so confin'd; nor his hate so attemper'd; as to stay there. Such, who had vsed their best endeavours in defence of his Enemy, must feele the heavie hand of his Soveraignty. Though some, who were neare­ly allyed to his discomfitted Foe, or held in­tegrious Members of the Romane State, were received with a gracefull Countenance: Yea, and advanc'd to vnexpected honours, vpon their submission to his innovated Government.

Great was the delight which that Vniversall Monarch of the World conceived in the Brach­mans: highly, likewise, was he taken with the an­swers of those Indian Oracles; the strangenesse whereof might beget an Improbability, were not the Surveyor his owne Relator: but discoursing of every Circumstance that might any way [Page 236] enliven the Survey of those parts: He expres­seth in a modest Majestick Stile what he had seene or heard: not deriving these from others re­port, but from his owne personall knowledge.

This may appeare in those discoveries which he so freely communicates in a Letter to Aristotle his Master: where, amongst other memorable Sights, he tells him how he had seene those two Trees consecrated to the Sunne and Moone, with their Oracular discourse to him.

The first Report of the strangenesse of these, no doubt, made him retire a little from Martiall affaires; and to take breath a while, that he might more fully obserue their occult natures and ef­fects. For at such time, as this Spreading Com­mander came into those parts, the Inhabitants there related to him the incredible power of those Trees in this manner. ‘Thou shalt see (said they) what King soever thou bee, two Trees of the Sunne and Moone, speaking both the Indian and Greeke tongues; The one whereof being a Masculine Oake, is consecra­ted to the Sunne: The other Feminine, is dedi­cated to the Moone:’ and by these shalt thou know what good or evill soever shall befall thee. This said, the Priest, to whom, any one that in­tended to enter that Sacred Caue, as they esteem'd it, were to repaire, told him; That if he were free from the Vse or knowledge of Women, he might enter that holy place. And sayes Alexan­der, ‘I obeyed the man in all things, as was fit­ting to conforme my selfe to a religious Ob­servation. [Page 237] Which done, the Priest expected when the Sunne would set. In which atten­dance, I carried along with mee my three faith­full friends, Perdiccas, Clitus, and Philotas.’

Now in this Historicall Progression, you shall heare what Alexander, by way of consultation ‘demands of the Oracle. "I thought in my mind (saith he) to inquire whether having conque­red the whole World, I might in triumph re­turne into my Countrey, to my Mother Olympia and my loving Sisters?’ Then suddenly in the Indian Tongue, and in a small voyce the Tree answered: ‘Invincible in Warre shalt thou be, Alexander; according to thy demand, the Sole Lord of the whole world, but returne aliue thou shalt not into thine owne Countrey. So haue the Destinies decreed touching thy life.’

After this, Alexander descends to speake of the Tree sacred to the Moone. Which (saith he) at the very first rising of the Moone being sum­moned by an horne, having received her full light, answered in the Greeke tongue after this sort. ‘Alexander (said it) as yet thou hast not approched the full end of thine age, but the next yeare in the Moneth of May thou shalt dye in Babylon. By him shalt thou be deceived, whom thou least suspected.’

After all this (though little beseeming so vi­rile a Spirit) he speakes of those teares he shed, af­ter these Oracular Trees had divined these things.

‘Then I wept (saith he) and my friends who [Page 238] stood about me; wept with me, without guile or subtilty, being ready to dye for my safety.’ But little moved these gentle teares, those Gen­tile Gods: ‘for the Priest (saith he) advised us to depart thence, because (quoth he) you offend these Holy Trees with your weeping and how­ling.’

These relations haue we inserted, that it may appeare how those things which of themselves may otherwise seeme improbable, being onely re­ported from the mouth of others; receiue suffici­ent authority by so princely a Testimony; being confirmed by his owne Eyes and Eares, and com­mitted to memory for authentick and vndoub­ted truth.

Whereas, others there be of a different nature; who make the whole body of their discourse an indisposed heape of rubbish, or immateriall mat­ter: with a purpose to vend such vnauthoriz'd stuffe to delude a weake conceipt; who usually reades what is done, but never deliberately col­lects how this may be probably or possibly done.

We read of a people called Acephaloi, and these haue no heads: and of this ranke are all these im­probable Relaters. Who, as they are Acephalists, and without a founder: So are they Apodes, and with­out a Supporter.

These are not much vnlike to indiscreet Actors, who no lesse vnseasonably then improperly, make choice both at that time and of that place to pre­sent their merriments, when and where Tragick passages should be personated. Or like our too se­cure [Page 239] Architectists, who contriving how to make their house most for strength, to barre all hope of entrance to their Foes, build on still, but forget to make a door to giue admittance to their friends.

But of these erronious stories there be some ob­serve no method, planting an Arcadie in a Brittanie. as if by some super-naturall accident there were a transplantatiō of Regions,Absurdities in Historians of our time. or some Earth quake in the Authors braine, whence this immane Co­losse of an irregular Discourse proceeded. Which strange representatiōs be not vnlike to your Lan­skip; where vpon the sea, whatsoever we see by land, seemes in our saile to go with us: Even so do these vain Historians make strange objects vnto us of places impossible, transiting whole Countries to make an impolished straine of pastoral musick (one good Bell-weather in his Pasture would make as perfect harmōy) sound wel in a Clownes care.

To be short, my opinion positiuely is this: That Historian w^ch can joyne profit with a modest de­light together in one body or frame of one vnited discourse, grounding his story vpon an essentiall truth, deserves the first & principall place: and he who (vpō a feigned discourse) can proportiō it to a likenesse of truth, merits y^e next. As for him that (like one of Duke Humphreyes Knights) observes neither meane nor measure, but gorge their owne insatiate appetites with full messes of vntruths (without probability) should be dealt withall, as that wandring Italian Squire was vsed, for his monstruous lying: ost in a Blanket, till his erring spirit by suffumigations, or some such like means, wee canvased out of him.

Great blemishes these be to so reputed a Pro­fession, aiming neither at profit nor modest de­light, but imitating your Mercenary Actors, spurt out some obscaene jeast to make a prophane Rogue applaud him: and sure, if the strict doome and censure of banishment, were to be inflicted vpon any kinde of learning, rather should it be pronounced against such as these then any. The Pagans haue abhorred them, and much more o­dious should they bee in a Christian Common­wealth, where vertue should be the scope of all our actions.

They are like some Comoedies wee read now a dayes; The first Act whereof is in Asia, the next in Affrica, the third in Europa, the fourth in America: and if Ptolomaeus or Marcus Paulus had found out a fifth part of the world, no question but it had beene represented on their vniuersall Stage. Such as these ought to haue some distinct language, Vtopian, or some other grunting tongue engrossed to themselues: For they should profit more, by being lesse vnderstood. Much they speake of valour, and many imaginary Heroes are pitching their Pavillions; But I will take my leaue of them with my French Proverbe: Beau­coup de bruit, è peu de fruict: Much bruit, but lit­tle fruit: Battels more fierce (by report) then Alcazors: That was but Kings, their's Giants: and one of those Giants as able to vanquish all those Kings, as for Milo to carry his Bull on his shoulders.

For the second: There should be an explanati­on [Page 241] in discovery of the causes,Explanation in discovery of causes. with a direct and graduall proceeding to the sequels: As thus, in description of a solemne Iust, or Tournament, it is necessary for the Historian to show the cause why such Solemnities were instituted. I doe know many things there be in Discourses, which may be as well implyed as inserted; But in Festi­vals, solemne Games, events of Duello's, or publicke Trials: The causes forcing should and ought to be as well decyphered, as the ends suc­ceeding. How should we haue knowne of the vniting of the Sabines with the Romanes, or the occasion of their Marrying together, but by those dissembled Feasts ordained by Romulus, to bring his purpose to effect: The circumstances of which feast (are with a certaine concordancy) amongst most of the Romane Writers agreed on; standing (though with too nice precisenesse, I confesse) vpon the place, occasion, and houre of the day, with such a liuely Transcription, as if the Sabine Rape had beene committed in their time.

The like we reade of the destruction and vtter subversion of the Gabians, Vid. Tract. in­tituled, the Gabian Over­throw. in the time of Tarquin Superbus: The generall vnion of Historians, about the time, place, and occasion, so concordantly jumping, as if all those proceedings (as well in the Stratagems by Tarquins youngest Sonne,A concord in circumstances amongst Histo­rians. as the very Contents of that Letter writ by the Fa­ther to his Sonne, for the management of this ex­ploit) had bene set downe by one penne.

The like harmony of Historians in their Rela­tions,☞ [Page 242] though writ in severall ages;The harmony of Historians in their Rela­tions; though writ in severall ages. may be ga­thered from the Annals both of antient and our more moderne Authors.

Those long continued Warres betwixt the A­thenians and Lacedemonians, with what agree­ment and concordancy even in every Circum­stance, are they delivered? No Land-exploit but expressed to life as it was acted; and so fully presented, as Succeeding times received them for infallible Records.

That tenne yeares Siege of Troy; where so many designes were attempted; so many bloo­dy Stratagems devised; where strength and po­licy equally contended: while nothing was un­assayed, whereby so deepe a blemish or staine of dishonour done to a warlike Nation might be revenged: what joynt union or harmony holds it amongst most Authors, who have enlarged themselves upon that Subject?

This might be instanced in Dares Phrygius him­selfe; one personally imployed in that Service, and writ afterwards whatsoever had hapned du­ring that heavie fatall Siege.

Nor was it held sufficient to these, onely to de­scribe the fearefull Events of those calamitous Warres; but the Grounds and Origenes of them. How their first hate begun; how increased; and by what Offices made implacable. Heere is Pa­ris portrayed; how he became enamoured; how in his wanton suite entertained; how after Helens consent to a licentious assault, her conveyance is practised; the voyage accommodated; and the [Page 243] very Ship, wherein these two lustfull Lovers were imbarked, described. Where you shall find Phereclus, that curious Carpenter of Troy, prepa­ring that fatall Ship, wherein Helen was stolne a­way by Paris.

Then, you shall heare what entertainement old Priam giues to these two youthfull Saylers after their arrivall. What Feasts are solemnized; what Sumptuous Triumphs prepared; and to what a wofull Catastrophe all these goodly So­lemnities are converted. Then, what Embassies are sent (before ever Warre was proclaimed) to re-demand Helen. Their peremptory answer to so just a demand.

Then, those fearefull predictions of Troyes de­struction. Yet behold the inevitable Fate of a declining State!

Neither could the justnesse of their request; nor those Ominous fore-runners of their irre­parable fall, divert them from an vnexpected ruine. Vnexpected indeed, for glorying in their owne strength, and inclining to the importuna­cy of a Lascivious youth; they denied to restore a light commodity, to saue their State from an ensuing misery.

Yet in these, shall you find the Citty di­vided in opinion. Some held it fitting to re­store, what they in Iustice did require. Others, and those of the inconsideratest ranke, side with Paris: perswading him to enjoy his stolne Fruite: to keepe her in despight of Greece: [Page 244] and to triumph in such a booty, as surpassed na­ture in attractiue beauty.

Then, their recourse to the Oracle; the answers they received: Yet must Helen be still deteined; that lust may be revenged: and a perishing beau­ty with the losse of a perishing City, vnwilling­ly restored.

All these are with so harmonious a consent se­conded, as if they had writ in one time; or one had dictated to another, whatsoever in that Thea­tre of sorrow had bene Acted.

The like in that Combat, or bloudy Banket, rather, of Thomyris her eldest sonne, and the Persian Cyrus, with such natiue descriptions of every cir­cumstance; the River Araxis, the place of their passage, the reasons which moved Thomyris to suffer their passage, and the very plot where their Tents were pitcht, their dainty viands left for the Scythian surfet, in what sort prepared, and how insatiably desired by the Scythian Ar­my, comming rather to feast then to fight: And then their defeate, being there vanquished, where they were most confident of victory.

In these explanations, the Reader should not be delayed, or frustrated too much in his hopes, by vnnecessary ambages: We should not trifle out the time in vaine and impertinent repetitions, it cloies and satiates the appetite too much: not vnlike to your great feasts, reserving the choy­sest dainties for the end, when the appetites of the Guests are satisfied before they come: It is a good frugall course, and includes an Oecono­micke [Page 245] pollicy, their best dishes may be preser­ved for another time. He that discovers events and sequels without their preceedent causes, is as one that would draw a River dry, without knowing whence the Spring is derived: apply­ing the conclusions of things, as it pleased the Ethnickes in ancient time, to referre them to the arbiterment of Fortune; making ever this wo­manish argument: The event was so, because it was so; and it was so, because Fate would haue it so: an­swering Titus opinion, Potestates fato dari. But these which thus apply the course of all conclu­sions to Fortune, be as blind as Fortune: Nay, farre more; for though Fortune be blind, yet she is not invisible: But these men are not onely blind in the eye of common sence,Fortune is blind, how much more blind is he that will be t' [...]ne by one that can­not see. but invisible in the composure of their owne Arguments; their Con­clusions being as blind as themselves.

In making likewise our judgement of Histo­ries, and considerately applying it to our pre­sent interests, we must specially regard the dis­positions of the Agents, and diligently remarke how they are affected in mind; this is the least deceiving ground of forming opinion. By the nature of the Agent, conjecturall events or rea­sons of events may be drawne: As if an ambiti­ous man be imployed in Embassage twixt Prince and Prince, he is to be suspected that his Treaty will be lesse happy, in that his illimited passions oft-times, rather aggravate then allay causes of civill discord. Men of moderate dispositions, purchase peace with lesse adoe, & more successe­full; [Page 246] For Princes (ballancing their owne wrongs, to their apprehension insupportable) cannot en­dure braving,The event ga­thered by fore­going causes. but will rather try the extreamest of Fortune, then be vnworthy of themselves, by hearing and bearing affronts with patience.

The like we haue observed in the successe of Warre; a wise and experienc't Leader, to haue accomplished great matters with a handfull of men;Tanti esse ex­ercitum quanti imperatorem. Luc. Flor. 2 lib. and that Aphorisme to be very true: Better is an Army of Harts, with a Lyon to their Leader, then an Army of Lyons, having an Hart to their Leader: And contrariwise, the vnhappie events of most flourishing Empires, the miserable slaughters of most puissant Armies, by the vnad­vised government of their Agents, or tyranny of their Regents, whose improvidence made much people vnfortunate: To see Hanniball once a Conquerour, because his hopes were not sea­ted on in direct meanes; and afterwards by his owne truculent disposition,☞ to become a prey to the conquered, makes this Assertion good.

No doubt, but the indiscretion of Com­manders, becomes the vtter subversion of their designes.The indiscreti­on of Com­manders, the vtter subversi­on of their de­signes. Where, we shall finde some more apt for command, then to be comman­ded; Others fitter to be commanded, then command. There may be alledged divers reasons for this. Such, whose vnbounded Spirits are ever taken with high exploits, ma­ny times more boldly then wisely, will not stick to expose their persons to all perils; so they may haue the honour of the day; and beget a [Page 247] reverence in their Souldiers. Such as these, as I conceive, are fitter to receiue command from another, then to be Commanders of others. For a discreet Commander (as I haue formerly ob­served) is not to ingage his person in too despe­rate attempts.

That commanding Regent of the World, was sometimes highly censured for this: when in scaling of a Citty, hee would be so ven­terously bold as to mount first the Walls; but rather to haue the passage prepared, before he as­cended.

Besides all this, divers Commanders there haue beene, who eying their owne power, and transported with their successe; from Comman­ders of an Army, haue struck at a Monarchy. Sylla's perpetuall Dictatorship implyed no lesse ambition: nor Sertorius his keeping himselfe aloofe from the State, lesse aspiring. High Spirits, puffed vp with the glory of their vic­tories, are for most part so inclined. Those tyes, wherein they stand ingaged to their Prince and Countrey, are sleighted; the basenesse of ingratitude they have no mind to thinke on. Ever are they expostulating with themselves, what it is to be seazed of an absolute Sove­raignty, to be subject to none; to command all; to haue their Will their Law. To infranchise friends; confine Foes; To bestow a new face on the State. These are the flourishes, which so delude them, as neither the obedience they owe the State, nor the safety of their owne persons may prevaile [Page 248] with them. Such as these are vnhappy agents for themselues: for howsoever they seeme to gather head; and with factious Male-contents to fuell their vnprosperous strength; they ever come home rewarded according to their de­serts. Faire pretences, as vindicating either pub­lique or private wrongs, freeing the oppressed State from exactions, easing the injuried, and punishing the insolent, receiue at first an easie impression; but no sooner shall their Complyes observe the indirectnesse of their ends, then they fall from them, least by cleaving too long to them, their greatnesse faile them.

These showes pretended that haire-brain'd Ca­tiline; who the better to bring them on, whom he sought to joyne to him, by dividing them from the State, and ranking them with his owne; tills them on with faire promises of New Tables, proscriptions of the rich, Salust in Con­jur. Catilin. magistracies, priest hoods, rapines, and rich booties, with all other things, that either Warre or the will of a Conquerour may any way tender. Braue offers, if they were his to giue; but how soone did that Sunne which so fairely seem'd to shine, set in a Cloud to his shame?

There is another Error too incident to a Com­mander; and that is in making himselfe too fa­miliar with his Souldier. The Iewes, during Titus his abode in Iudaea, Clementiam Imperatoris pro inertiâ du­cebant. in perfitting that designe which his Father had begun, held that Princes mildnesse to be slothfulnesse; his clemency, a remisse security. Whereas hee, out of his prince­ly humanity, pittied their present misery. But [Page 249] this conceipt they retayned of Titus, (as may bee probably gathered) by reason of the fami­aritie hee used to his Souldiers. Truth is, Af­fabilitie begets in Commanders a Reverence, but Flamiliaritie Contempt: The rare im­pression of a compassionate disposition. for an affable com­passion leaves many times a deeper impression in a Souldiers heart, then any other booty or benefit.

Alexander, when hee had his Head-piece of water ministred unto him, would not drinke himselfe, but offered it to his Souldiers; which could not chuse but worke a strange ef­fect in them; when thirst (held the extreamest Suffering in Nature) could not so annoy him, but that the affection hee bare to his Souldiers wrought such compassionate Effects in him, as he neglected himselfe to refresh them.

Cowardise likewise in a Commander clips his wings,Semper in prae­lio maximum est periculum, qui maximè timet. Audacia pro muto habetur. Neque locus, neque a­micus quis­quam teget, quem Armae non texerint. Salust. in Con­jur. Cat. that hee can never mount to a Con­querour. There is ever (saith sententious Sa­lust) most danger accompanying his fight, whose heart is most surpriz'd with feare. Whereas, Courage is a Countermure against all Assailants. Neither Place nor Friend can af­ford a Shrowd, where Armes cannot present a Shield.

Lastly (to runne over all these cursorily) that pernicious baine to all humane brood, fil­thy Avarice, many times no lesse prejudiceth the Regiment hee commands, then it ruines himselfe, and brings a shamefull Defeate to [Page 250] his Designes: This felt Manius Acilius from the hand of Mithridates; when by receiving Bribes, hee lay a dishonour on his Countrey, death to himselfe, and to his dying Name a li­ving Infamy.

Many Examples wee have of the like, where the nature of the Agent ill affected, crossed not onely the successe of hopefull designes, but buried their Names in oblivion; of such I speake, as have beene interested in the like ad­ventures.

Contempt of Religion, the cause of Realmes sub­version.As sometimes where the Agents have beene neglectfull of Religion; depending more up­on their owne proper resolutions, then the power of Heaven directing all humane affaires to their appointed ends: As wee may reade in that memorable disaster of the Romanes at Can­nae, This even the very Heathens haue observed. where the Consull Varro, with a popu­lous Army of experienc'd Souldiers, was ut­terly discomfited; and that (as the Romane Hi­storians have observed) because of Iunoes wrath conceived against Varro, for erecting (in derisi­on of Iupiters Temple) a Mimick-boy to keepe watch, as the solemne order was.

The like of Potitius, detracting from the ho­nour of Hercules: The like revenge inflicted on Virilius by Aesculapius: Quia lauream [...]reteram Del­phos perferen­dam curasset. Valer. Max. Minutius in Octavio. By Iuno Lacinian, on Q. Fulv: By Proserpine, on Plenimius: By Iu­piter, on that sacriligious Tyrant Dionysius: On Alexander, by Ceres: But wisely prevented with the presenting of a golden Goblet to Apollo, by the Pirate-Prince Thymasithius.

Sometimes by the libidinous disposition of the Governour, other sometimes by his Ava­rice: now and then by his Impatience, and most of all by his recklesnesse, have the sequels of things proved lesse fortunate, because the pre­cedent motives, or instruments directing to the end, had no better likely-hoods in them.

Wee wonder not at all, to see troubled wa­ter come from an uncleere Spring: Nor at tares growing in the sluggards field; but wee admire successive ends, drawne from improbable cau­ses. Many times there bee (I confesse) intrin­secall motives, which like, as that Beauty is the best which cannot bee expressed by the Painter, so arrogates it the chiefest place (that inwardly moving cause, I meane) because, the efficient cause of causes, more sure, more infal­lible then the evidentest demonstration: And I have (for my part) ever superstitiously feared to bring such causes in Question:Such things as bee aboue us, be not to bee argued of us. since such Ar­guments have ministred no small occasion to the prophaner wits, both of Ancient and Mo­derne times, to boulster their insufficient opi­nions: As to argue thus: Heere we see a flou­rishing Common-weale, supporting her selfe by no other meanes then Iustice; reaching to as high a perfection in every degree, of as ex­act Government, as the blindnesse of the time would permit: Yet this State (so flouri­shing) layd wast by a people exposed to all Impieties: Heere the end can hardly bee col­lected by the fore-going Cause. Equity was in [Page 252] the conquered, Tyrannie in the Conquerour: Here is a maine discrepancy in the beginning, & conclusion; and the active causes ordinarily moving seeme (Cardine Verso) to oppose them­selves. It is true; But tell me (whosoever thou art) that Lucian-like composest this Argu­ment: Is hee that sets, and confounds, what Empires as best pleaseth him, tyed to meanes, or secondary causes? There is no Realme which for some abuse or other, hath not deserved to loose her glory; and herein doth the Majestick power of Heaven shew aboundant mercy, to some Kingdomes in chastising them before they come to the heighth of sinne, that there eclypse of glory, might bee an increase unto them of vertue; their ebbe of Honour, an occasion of acknowledgement of their Crea­tor.

Kingdomes brought to ac­knowledge­ment by the taste of mise­ries.For even in the best Common-weales, wee reade, that the experiment of some externall misery or disaster, hath reduced them to more ripe consideration of themselves, and an exact search in themselves, discussing the causes of the Gods indignation against them. Present extremities are of that force to Humane bodies, that the present apprehension of their woe, seemes in some sort to extenuate their pride, in­flameth Religion, exciteth men to undertake a labour for the benefit of their Countrey (with the losse of themselves) to appease the wrath of the Gods. This was the cause why the Ro­mans [Page 253] used to have the gate of the Temple Ianus open in Warre, but shut in Peace: For Ne­cessity (as well in these times as in Pagan times) useth to be the motiue of devotion.

To inlarge which point, we may safely a­vouch, because it agrees with the doctrine of the time; that Sanctuaries are never well fre­quented, but when danger approcheth.Sanctuaries ne­ver well fre­quented, but when dangers approached. Calme Seas beget in the Mariner quiet sleepes, stiffe knees, deepe healths. The Husbandman flyes to devotion in a drought; that he may receiue Showers. Againe, after too much raine hee prayes for drought. But where's his Ob­lation, after he h'as received the benefit of his petition? Hee feedes on the Acorne, but never lookes to that Tree from whence it falls.

In a great Plague or Mortality, what di­vine Lectures, devout Prayers, religious Fasts are every where commanded, and with what seemely obedience observed? But when the raine is past, the plague ceas't, God appeas't; we close the Blessing with a prayer or two of Thanksgiving, and then returne to our former course of Living.

Sanctuaries are not to be so frequented; we are not onely to offer up our prayers in the time of danger, that we may be delivered; but con­tinue our Thanksgivings after our delivery, that we may be hereafter preserved.

Feare will supple the most insensible Atheist, and enforce him to prayer. If Festus heare but [Page 254] of judgement, Feare will sup­ple the most insensible A­theist, and en­force him to prayer. he will tremble; if Callgula heare but the noise of Thunder, he will shud­der: Or creepe under his bed (poore imperi­all dust) to finde a shelter.

Wherein are we better, if onely feare of Gods judgements force us to prayer?

When Delinquents are had in pursuit, they flye (if opportunity be offered them) to the Temple; not to pray, but least they should become a prey to their pursuers: So it fares with most of us, when these Pursivants of The Great Kings (I meane his Iudgements) follow us at the heeles; how gladly would we haue the Temple open to receiue us; to avoide those judgements that pursue us? But that Delinquent is never truly penitent, who takes Sanctuarie onely for feare of punish­ment.

The Antients had their Asyla; their pla­ces of refuge to flye to in their distresse. Sanc­tuaries (as they styled them) these had; while one flyes to Naxos, another to Lemnos, this to Paphos, that to Lesbos. And high impiety was it held to hale any with violent hand from those Sacred places. Though these Sanctua­ries by the policy of after-times, were held fitting to be suppressed, that the abuse of those immunities might be removed. Now to re­quite their Gods for their supposed delivery; there was no Temple to which they retired, but they offered some Present or other to that God, [Page 255] whereto that Temple was dedicated. Nay, the very high-way-man, who made Pillage his vocation, Rapine his calling,Lavernae atri­um Latronum prospexit in untrum. would not be behind with his Offering. Laverna must haue his Sacrifice; hoping, if his actions should come to the tesh, that those thankfull Presents would not be forgotten, but render him succour in the time of danger.

These may seeme to out-strip us, though in divine knowledge Sphear'd below us. These prayed and offered before they needed; Wee never till then when danger is visibly immi­nent. Bee it our constant resolve, when the doores of our materiall Temples are shut, to haue the doores of our Spirituall Temples open. Bee it our highest prize to offer up unto him the Sacrifice of a contrite heart, and distreaming Eyes; To whom both before and after our de­livery, is to be ascribed all praise.

Explanation of Causes, is an elucidary or exemplifying, as it were, of the matter where­on we entreate: Happy (saith the Poet) is hee, that hath knowne, or doth know, Causes direc­tories of e­vents. the prin­cipall causes of things, as well preceedent as sub­sequent: Events may be knowne (I confesse) without their causes, but so defectiue is that knowledge, as the Countrey Shep-heards pre­diction is of weather: His observances are Causelesse, because Artlesse; judging of the Cloud (by vsuall approbation) & making ex­periment his ground, without recourse had [Page 256] to Naturall causes: To shew the destruction of Troy by Alcydes, without explaining the perfidious dealing of Laomedon: or of Troyes second subversion, without the rape of Hel­len: or of Romes translated Aristocracy, without relation made of those civill Warres, planting Caesar in his Monarchy; or of that ample and potent Empire of Media translated to the Persians, without the preceedent causes ari­sing from the glory, and eternall renowne, of Cyrus; would make a confused History, as if the former Chaos were reduced to her first indigestion:A diposition, yet not limi­ted, an order yet not coact­ed, a meanes yet not enfor­ced: Qui enim (Si voluit) omnia sine me­dijs creare po­tuit, ea etiam sine Medijs (Si voluit) ser­vare potuit. Causes are the Springs of E­vents.

If we should reade the divers effects of glo­ry, the sundry moving causes of perpetuall honour, amongst the Romanes, we would ad­mire them: Some having raised themselves to an exceeding eminent pitch of greatnesse, and that by as vnaccustomed meanes, Selfe-affi­ance, or Confidence of their owne valour, in­stanced in One Scipio: publiquely proclaiming: That, Nothing was more generous then this Confi­dence, more infallible then Prediction, more power­full then celerity in dispatch, or more eminent then the dignity of the Person: Many King­domes much renowned, by that meanes, which makes them most de­based: Selfe-conceit. The like of Scipio Aemilianus, Scipio Nasica, Furius Phylus, Luc. Crassus, M. Scaurus. And many others, whose greatest fame was purchased by that meane, which useth to be the greatest errour in humane society; Selfe-conceit of a mans owne [Page 257] deservings: Which, likewise, hath beene ruine to many populous and most puissant Empires. Then to divert our eye to an opposite of Con­ceit, and that is Modesty, or a silent shadow­ing of their owne demerits: Excellent and memorable Examples whereof may bee produ­ced out of Valerius Maximus in his 4^th Booke, entreating of Modesty: Where hee observes (by way of explanation) the meriting parts of many, whose resolutions shadowed, made the lustre of their Countrey more eminent. These were such, who cared little for divulging their owne fame, so they might by their Actions gaine their countrey renowne.

Likewise to describe, the strange, and unex­pected rising of some, Qui posteris fuere Nobi­litatis initium, virtutis exemplum: Borne of nothing; yet by some private endowments, either of insinuating, as the ignoble wits: or of State-observing, as those elated Natures, grieved (as it were) with the obscurity of their Birth, in seeing others lesse (it may bee) meritorious, ascend the Throne of highest ho­nours; possesse the eminentest places;Honour the best, when it is deriued from our selues. in con­tempt and despite of Fortune, and humblenesse of Birth, crowde in the presse of the Honou­red, if but for enobling their Countrey by their peculiar deserts. This was objected a­gainst Cicero, which he as sufficiently answe­red: Satius est me meis rebus gestis flo [...]ere, quàm majorum opinioni niti. Dependence of Ance­stors conferre small or no glory to us, if our [Page 258] succeeding worth shew not a correspondency to our Predecessours glory. Tullus Hostilius, Tarquinius Priscus, Tullius Servius, Perpenna, and Terentius Varro, and that mirror of Countries loue, M. Pontius Cato: Their Births ignoble, yet they made their Cradles noble by their many deserving parts; Characters of proper Nobili [...]y, not derived from their fathers greatnesse, but from their owne emi­nence. Nor haue there wanted others who degenerated from their Ancestors well-deser­ved Liues: Scipio Affrican, his Countreyes hon­our, leaues a Scipio the Monument of his owne dishonour: Fabius Maximus, a Sonne, for worthlesse respect, deserving the name of Fa­bius Minimus: Claudius Pulcher beautified with ornaments of mind, as well as body, makes his Countrey no lesse hopelesse by his birth,Degeneration. then renowned by himselfe. The like of Hor­tensius his Nephew, one least equalling so many deserved parts of his thrice glorious Ancestour: The one a professed prostitute to all licentious places, an arch-protector of Sensuality, having no other Clients, but no­ted Strumpets: The other a supporter of Equity, a resister of indirect proceedings, a mirror of continence in his time; and one, second to none, saue Cicero, in promptnesse of Speech, and a present modestly-composed Elo­quence. The like of Choranius a Roman Pretor, one of confirmed gravity and approved conver­sation; yet left he a Sonne exposed to a prodi­gall [Page 259] course, and of an unnaturall disposition.

For Excellencies in this kinde, as many, no question, have beene by the injurie of time obscured,The praise of such, who raise a Family by their owne de­merits. whose Names deserved much honour: So some haue bene so highly be­holden to the Commendation of time, as they received as much honour to the full, as they de­served. For it were a rare and unexemplary Age, to finde all mens demerits equally ballanced.

Some have found fame breathing from those Actions, which never exprest worth: whilest others, from exploits of higher worth, never re­ceived fame.

But to descend to the praise of such who raise a Family by their owne demerits:M. Cicero. The Ground of this advancement ariseth generally frō these three degrees: The Gowne, GOWNE the Sword, or some Mechanick Art. For the first, because that Prince of Oratory giues it priority, wee will speake of Gowne: And of such, as haue raised their Hou­ses from nothing, by excelling in Elegancy of Speech, mannaging of judiciall Causes, and steering State-affaires; being h [...]ld fit for their knowne abilities to be imployed that way.

Of this sort, amongst the Athenians we finde Demosthenes, Aeschines, Isocrates and Lysias.

Amongst the Romans, Carbo, Laetus, Emulation a­mongst men of note. Scipio Affricanus, Galba, Servius, Sulpitius, Cotta, Grac­chus, M. Antonius, Crassus, Cicero, Salustius.

Amongst which there was ever some pri­vate Emulation: For Fame can endure no Corrivals. So as, their very publique plea­dings [Page 260] were not freed from their Chidings. Demosthenes a plausive and powerfull Orator, having beene twitted and bitterly reproved by Aeschines for delivering in his Orations cer­taine unusuall words, answered him; The for­tunes of Greece depended not upon them. One taxed another of Effeminacy; an other, his Opposite of too much Singularity; The third, his Corrivall of Popularity. Sive praesentiā ejus timens, seu irâ commo­tus. Immoderate was the hate, unextinguishible the heate betwixt Cicero and Salust: So as, the one could not come into the presence of the other without pas­sion. For as they were unequall in their descents, so were they equally addrest to entertaine all occasions of distast.

Whence we may conclude, that Wits bea­ring one levell, doe seldome agree in the maine building. So as, that may serue for a Maxim, what the merry Critick sometimes spake in jeast: ‘A Cat with a Mouse, Two Cocks to­gether in one house, and two Sister-inlawes together dwelling, can never liue without dissention.’ No more, two Eminent wits in one place; but they must shew their Spirits either vpon the By or Maine. But to our former proposition; if we shall but peruse the Lives of many of those eminent Orators, Athe­nian & Roman pleaders; wee shall find their be­ginnings obscure; their Meanes of rising small; and for their outward parts weakely promi­sing: yet, by their inward abilities they be­came a glory to their Countrey; a renowne [Page 261] to themselves and their surviving posterity. This it was, that made Aristotle, that ho­nour of Stagyra, so gracefull in the sight of Alexander: who, as he had Homer in all re­verence for his heroicall Compositions; So had he this Stagyrian for Philosophicall Specu­lation. This it was,Some of these, though they were not Coe taneans with these Princes, in living with them: yet were their workes, after their de­cease, highly endeared and honoured by them. that made Socrates so deare to Alcibiades. This it was, that made the workes of Zenophon so familiar to Affri­can, Athenodorus his Annals to Octavian. Io­sephus his incomparable Relations to Constan­tine.

But to adde one attribute more to the glo­ry of those famous Orators before expressed: their strength and deserving height of Spirit merited no lesse approvement; when, in their Opposition to the greatest Enemies of State, they stood constant for the liberty of their Countrey, and suppressing all such (were they never so powerfull) as fished in trou­bled Waters, or inclined to mutiny. So rea­dy were their Tongues to defend by pleading; So stout were their Spirits to represse Com­motion: that as they delivered their minds by the one, So they were resolved to Sacri­fice their Lives, to manifest to the World that they were not defectiue in the other.An Exemplary Lesson for all Ambi-dexters. In these times pleaded Merit in the Court of Iustice. Corruption was a stranger to the hand or heart of a Counsellour. Hee would not be seene in a Cause that would not beare weight; Nor in­teresse [Page 262] himselfe in ought that might not con­duce to the benefit of the State. Their just de­signes aymed neither at publique fame, nor pri­vate safety; directing the whole bent of their Councels to the improvement and security of their Countrey.

In that Epitome of L. Florus collected from Titus Livius, we shall reade what natiue Enmity was ever conceived against such as corrupted ju­stice, by people of all qualities: and this we shal find exemplifi'd in an Act of a Tragicall nature.

Bloody (sayes the Epitomizer of that no­ble History) was the slaughter which was made by the Germans upon their revolt from the Roman Empire, through the shady Woods and plashy marishes; nothing more intolerable then the insultings of the Barbarous, special­ly against the pleaders at the Barre, plucking out the eyes of some, and lopping off the hands of other some; One had his mouth stitcht up, after his tongue was first cut out,L Florus, l 4. C. Xij. which the Savage Actor grasping in his hand, sayd to it: Thou viper, at last giue over his­sing. So did M. Antonies wife use Tullies tongue after his death, for pleading so boldly, and in­veying so freely against her Husband in his life.

But these cruelties may be properly referred to the Savage disposition of an insulting peo­ple: Which, having got an usurped Authority into their owne hand, runne in a licentious li­berty, to commit all Barbarisme: punishing the Offender, before they ever examined the quali­ty of his offence.

But to discourse of the Civill government of the Romans, during their Democracy, as they were then Commanders of all neighbou­ring Nations: So they delighted in nothing more then advancing such, who employed their tongues or penns in defence of the publi­que liberty: bestowing not onely Titles on them, well suting their demerits; but preferments too, to recompence their Service. This might be instanced in the Eminentst fa­milies that flourished amongst them in those times. For so thankfull was that victorious State to deserving men, as they held it not suf­ficient to bestow on them gracefull trophies & triumphs to honour them, living: but to erect Monuments in their Statuaries and Pulvinars, to their memory, dying.

The like honour conferred the Athenians upon their Consuls, Orators and Philosophers.

So the Ephori among the Spartans (being the same that the Tribunes were among the Ro­mans) were elected not in respect of their des­cent but of their desert: which made a flou­rishing State; seeing, there was none, were he never so ignoble by birth, but he received grace, if his inward abilities deserved such re­spect.

Nor were these meanes of advancement onely conferred on the Gowne; SWORD. The Marti­allist had his place as well as the Mercurist. Were hee never so meane a Plebeian, if hee deserved honour; he was sure to haue it. If [Page 264] he were the first that mounted the Wall, he had a Coronet reserved for him. Were he the first that presented himselfe in the Siege; or in a single Combat disarmed, and so surprized any Enemy; or enter'd first the Enemies Tent; or in any Sea-fight enter'd his Ship; hee was sure to receiue his Guerdon. And if the honour of his Actions deserved any such eminent reward, hee was to come home in Tri­umph, for the reputation he had done unto his Countrey. Where it was usuall for those Per­sons, who were most eminent in the eye of the State to meet him in the way, and in all solemne and triumphant manner to conduct him to the Citty, with an ample relation of his fame, to be­get a glorious enuy or emulation in his poste­rt y.

Many of meanest ranke, by the noblenesse of their Spirits attained this honour. The State made no inquiry after their descents. Those they held worthiest of honour, who ac­quired it by Learning or Valour.

Memorable is the resolution of those Mysian Captaines, who stepping out before the Ro­man Armie, pray'd silence, and said; Who are yee? Answer was made; Wee are Lords of the World. They r [...]plide, Yee may well say so, if you Conquer us. What rewards were be­stowed on these for their approved Valour, we reade not in the History; but no doubt such deserving Spirits could not in a Civill State liue ungratifi'de, nor dye unrecorded.

Hence it was, that Hiero that stout Syracusan, would have dyed in the ashes of his Country: so well deserved he of it; it so well of him. Death was accounted a light suffering, to improve her her honour, from whom they had their being. They conceited of what weake Supporters, poore man stood; his breath, how soone vading; his glory, how soone declining: The whole Fa­bricke of his Fortunes, how soone shaking and shrinking. But Fame gain'd by glorious actions, they found to bee of more perpetuity. Nor could they esteeme any action more truely deser­ving, than that which requited her love, from whom themselves and predecessors had received life. Yea, they considered what advancement they had received from an obscure Family; how should they then doe lesse than embarke them­selves for all extreames, to requite the love of so endeared a Countrey?

Lastly, many Families have raised their begin­nings from Mechanick MECHANICKS. Arts, Sciences, and My­steries. This may be quickly gathered by the names of some Romans aswel as other Nations; who reteine to this day their appellations from their former Manuall professions. As the Family of the Pictors, from Painters; of the Pistors, from Bakers; of the Figuli, from Potters: with many others. And these in continuance of time, came to be eminent Families; drowning their first beginnings in the depth of their greatnesse.

Yet in all those Liberall, with these Mechani­call [Page 266] Sciences; as there were thriving dispositions to advance Families forth of dust; So there were others, who even to dust reduced their ad­vanced Families. Some apt to improve them­selves forth of nothing; others no lesse ready to bring their Fathers improvements to no­thing.

In the inscriptions of their Natures we include the causes of their ends; vertue being (as we said before) ever seconded with event answerable to her intent, either in the beginning, middle, or end. And certainly, whosoever should but read the desolations of the mightiest Empires, or their rising, shall see some appearance of cau­ses proceeding from their government, occa­sions of their glory, or ruine. Nor can we (without cause) admire the erection and esta­blishing of the Turkish Empire,The wonder­full establish­ing of the Tur­kish Empire. her many dila­ted Provinces, extended Confines; and almost So­veraigne command in the Easterne parts. Let us but consider their politick government, sub­jecting all Lawes of Conscience, or Religion, to the furthering of their designes, planting their seat (maugre the fury of all opponents) in those floury and spacious territories, where once the sanctified feete of the sacred Apostles used to tread. Yet in their policies (because not pro­portionate to vertue) shall they bee subverted. They have erected themselves to an exceeding height, (with the Gyants menacing the fabricke of heaven;) but their fall will be more miserable, by how much they be of miseries more inca­pable. [Page 267] For that Kingdome which is not establi­shed in peace,Arguments of the approa­ching Subver­sion of the Turkish State. shall be ruined by warre; and where vertue had not her predominance, there shall the illimited rage of vice take her residence: and where shee is an inhabitant, there is imminent desolation menaced. To make explanation of causes in this, were needlesse, because the Seate of such a government is the occasion of her fall; For ruine and extirpation have ever followed Impious Governours at the heeles. Yet in ma­king use of this especiall Branch of History: Explanation of the discovery of causes, I will li­mit and restraine it to an assertaine bound. We must not search causes above their Natures; there be many hidden and concealed reasons, which to enquire after were unlawfull;Concealed reasons not to be searched. much lesse to wade into the secret conventions of that sacred Power, from whom all visible and appa­rant causes borrow their light.

What we may gather by authentick relati­on, or probable imagination, may without prejudice, or errour, be produced. As for supernaturall causes, the more we sound them, the more we sound into the shallownesse of our owne judgements; never further from appre­hending them, than when we seeme to apprehend them.

This inscrutable depth He well observed,☜ We are not to pay too curi­ously into the sealed Cabi­net of Gods Counsell. who being demaunded what God was, required some time to resolve that question. And still the lon­ger he thought of it, the farther he was from it. So as, in the end he assoiled this demaund with a [Page 268] new question. ‘Friend, you have imposed me a taske, and I have studied how to resolve it: And my desire is to injoyne you an other, I pray you assoile it.Apud Poetas Deorum Pha­retrae Opercu­lum habuere, humanae non item. G. H. in Orat. What is it, sayd he? how long would it be ere you should draine the O­cean dry with a Sive? Why? never, (sayd he.) Nor shall I ever (replied he) returne an answer to your question. I demaunded of you some time, but an Eternity of time will never resolve it: being farther of at this time, then when I first required time.’

Our usefullst and best knowledge in these Di­vine Secrecies, consists in the acknowledgment of our owne weaknesse.That Sacred-Secret Con­sistory is not to be searched (because sea­led) with too much curiosi­ty. We have many of our Artists some-thing too familiar with these pri­vacies: prying too curiously into the Sealed Ca­binet of Gods Councell. Sublunary things are too low Objects for their knowledge. They must shine in an higher Spheare.

These can positively speake (as if inspired with some extraordinary illumination) when the World shall be dissolved. Nor ground they their assertions on conjectures (if you may beleeve them) all is apparent to them, as if they were pre­sented in a perspective glasse.

Geometricians and Astrologers affirme, as those who have measured Hell, Earth, and Hea­ven with their Dimensions, Proportions, Poizes, and Astrolabes; that Hell containes in Compasse seaven thousand, eight hundred and sixty five thousand Miles: In depth or Latitude, two thou­sand, five hundred and five Miles: In distance [Page 269] from us, three thousand, sixe hundred and fifty eight miles. But the World, which we inhabit, that is, the whole Earth, they say it containes in greatnesse thirty thousand, and a thousand five hundred Miles: and in Latitude or profundity, that is, from the Antipodes unto us, ten thou­sand and twenty two Miles. Then, that the Em­pyrean Heaven, which is the place of the Blessed, they say it containes in compasse (ô immensity!) ten thousand, three hundred and foureteene Millions, eighty five thousand, and sixe hundred ten miles: in depth or latitude, three thousand sixe hundred Millions of Miles. And betwixt us and this Heaven, in distance one thousand sixe hundred ninty Millions, nine hundred twenty five thousand, and five hundred Miles.

But this may be supposed far above the compasse of their Iacobs-staffe Their eyes, I conceive,Non est fam [...] ­liaritus h [...]mini­bus cum Coe [...]s. Plin. to be too weake to pierce into the Mansions of Heaven

Lower Dimensions are fitter for the strait circumference of their understanding.

The way to measure Heaven, is to decline from Earth; and to elevate our thoughts to that Cae­lestiall Spheare, where we may gloriously shine and Eternally rest.

He is the best Astrologer, who converseth more with Heaven in Spirituall affections, then instru­mentall dimensions: who becomes more famili­ar with Heaven, by his elevation of piercing thoughts, then prying eyes. This that learned Euclid well observed, when being asked a saucy question touching the Divine Presence, by too [Page 270] curious or inquisitive a Questionist, modestly an­swered: ‘For other things I know but little, thus much I know, that the Gods hate those that are curious.’

Aug.This that Divine Father (the glory of the Ea­sterne Church) with much spirituall zeale expres­sed, when being on a time asked; ‘What God did before he made the world, answered him home: "He was preparing Hell for such as Hee, who too curiously pried into his Secrets.’

The only way to rectifie this Errour, is for man to descend into himselfe.An excellent receipt for all such as labour of too much singularity. For then upon acknow­ledgement of his owne vilenesse, he will let fall his Traine: humble himselfe in the consideration of his owne wants: and close his resolves with this conclusion: ‘Thus much I know, that I know nothing: how then should I dare to as­pire with too curious an eye, to looke into his Secrets, who made all things of nothing?’

Now to the third, that is, judgement in distin­guishing things, by approving the best, and disal­lowing the contrary.

Dijudication of Histories,Dijudication of Histories. or judgement in di­stinguishing the approvedest, proceedes from a mature understanding.

In this Historicall Scale we must banish all la­civious and petulant wits, conversant about froa­thy and licentious obscenities. The Workes of an Historian should be Monuments of Antiqui­ty, true Heralds of Acts; either prosperously, or insuccessively atchieved: and not foments to lust, inducements to sensuality. Two sorts there be [Page 271] which eclypse an Historians glory:Two sorts of Discourses e­clipsing the glory of an Historian. 1. Sensuality. from the one we reape the harvest of shame, where characters of Myrrah, and Venus (the wantons votaries) are deblazoned in their colours: yet in their descrip­tions more pernitious to easily-inclined youth, than ever Archilochus was to the Spartan dames. Poore Albion hath laboured too long of this im­postume; such Historians must either be exiled, or the Common-wealth must of necessity bee de­praved. Vice hath too many supporters, without the furtherance of Authors. From the other,2. Imperti­nency. there redounds no other benefi [...], than imperti­nent inquisitions of strangely-sought out Anti­quities; so precise in description, so curious in foundation, and so selfe-opinionate of their owne writings, as they oft-times doe onely (Hae­rere in verbis) omitting the Substance to set out (with Phydias) the shadow: search of a fruitlesse Antiquity, occasioning a contempt in the body of the History. As in the foundation of a City, neglecting the materiallest parts of the discourse; as upon what occasion the City was rather ere­cted there, than in another place; by what meanes it was augmented, how continued; and other necessary circumstances omitted; they in­sist upon affaires of lesse consequence; finding out where the first stone was laid, when the foundati­on of such a City was digged. This causes often­times great Volumes, with small benefit to the Reader; and indeede rather implies an affecting-opinion in the Author, of pleasing himselfe, than others.

Ancient Records are necessarily inserted in Histories; but such are to be supported by truth, including a necessary relation to the Subject whereof he intreats. Otherwise, such Antiqui­ties (as for selfe-pleasing) are produced, expresse nothing. Prater plebeïum & inutilem quendam opi­nionis succum. These be rather opinionists than Historians.

These two kindes (like Ianus face) stand con­trary-waies: the one sort (to wit the first) are Cha­rons best Factors, they trafficke for a Ladies bon­voyage to hell; theres not a line in all their wri­tings, that tastes of modesty, or relish of vertue: If Pluto and his Angels had not one she-Prophet, nor State-moppet within all his dominions, to make his Empire Noble: yet these Brothell-Authors (for better I cannot name them) would by their Lime-twigges, furnish his (Malasperan­za) with a full saile. My Lady here sits and reads wonders at the ingenuity of the man, (a pregnant youth doubtlesse,) and will make her pregnant too, if shee have any moving faculty in her; his best character is the Schoole-master of folly, the introducer of sensuall liberty, extinguisher of pure love, experienced instructer to lust, harbou­rer of illimited desires; and consequently har­benger to the Divell. As the Martin will not build, but in faire houses, so this man will not live, but in the ruines of honour: he is too conver­sant in the Court, too familiar in the City, and sometimes too willingly entertained in the Countrey. His Penne, as it is mercinary, so his [Page 273] labours pernitious; his state labours of penury (and he would raise it) his soule of a Lethargy, but seekes not to redeeme it. To be briefe (for such a Subject is not worthy dilating on;) As Au­gustus banished Naso to Naxos, and his depra­ved workes to the darkest corner of his study: so should these petulant Wits be expulsed every well-governed, Common-weale, and their prostitute Labours sustaine Eupolis cen­sure.

How highly other States have suffered in gi­ving too much liberty to these unseasoned wits,☜ Light & wan­ton works are to be exiled in every Civill State. might be amply enlarged, if our present dis­course requir'd it. No doubt but Rome, even in her highest glory, when nothing but Successe breathed on her attempts abroad, and private affaires at home: Then, and never more than at that time, were light and wanton workes, which a civill Estate should have proscribed, highly ho­noured, the Authors of those Motives to effe­minacy advanced; whereas, if their Censors had duely intended their charge, they would have held them fitting to have beene exiled, their workes to fire committed. So might that corruption of manners, which proceedes oftimes from such vicious Pamphletters, have beene prevented: and Morality better ob­served.

But why should we looke so farre backe, when we labour of the like malady at home? what high Patrons have present ages found for ligh­test Labours? where such as corrupted [Page 274] youth, received more approvement, then those who corrected the loosenesse of affecti­ons.

It was a good Custome, when such Authors as published any Workes, had them not onely censoriously perused and scanned; but if it ap­peared, that they contayned in them more oc­casions of prejudice to the State then bene­fit; those Workes were not onely to be suppressed, but the Composers of them duly censured.

Their manner of proceeding was thus: Such passages as were usefull, or any way beneficiall, were in papers piece-meale, layd upon one pile: Those which were noxious or malignant, be­stowed on an other pile: and both these put in two Scales: where if those of the right hand­pile (which ever conduced to the improvement of the State) weighed downe those papers which were on the left-hand pile, their La­bours were permitted to passe, and their Au­thors, according to the quality of that Subject, whereof they wrote, amply rewarded: If other­wise, their Workes were suppressed, and their Authors chastised. In which Scrutine, no que­stion, but many Authors had Batillus fate; they received more fillups then Crownes; more censures then rewards.

The opinion of a serious and discreete judge­ment ever closeth in this: Learning never but then deserves the Laurell, when it is vertu­ously fruitfull.Learning never but then deserves the Lawrell, when it is ver­tuously fruit­full. A light Dresse, be it never so [Page 275] neatly suited, carryes ever lightnesse with it. And the more it takes a deluded eye, though it please it selfe, the more it detracts from it selfe. The like we may say of these Venders, or bold ad­venturers of loose Labours. Be they never so trimly decked, nor artfully polished; Laïs will be Laïs still.☜ The trimming will not alter the property of the stuffe. Nor can lightnesse, bee it never so smoothly carried; neatly varnished; nor cunningly palliated; keepe her Vizard still on. There will be some piercing judgement or other to bring to discovery a shrouded errour. Nor deserve those Workes onely reproofe, who treat of light love; (though they be dangerous Fami­liars to haunt Ladies) but such who are tuned to an higher key, and either unprofitably, or which is worse, prophanely abuse their captiv'd Hearers. Amongst these, may be numbred our Chymick Professors:Chymick O­pinionists. who hold it not sufficient (by strange Elixirs) to reduce their owne fortunes to no­thing; unlesse they with their miserable conclu­sions, perplexe their simple admirers. Where, if a cleare-discerning judgement should take a more exact view of their ungrounded reasons, they would soone conclude, that those arguments which they offer, not unlike their adulterate Met­tals, are soulder'd with Amalga, ☜ and have more Moone than Sunne in them. These have got a tricke to slight all miracles of Divine Writte: holding with Albumazar, that Moses his lea­ding the Children of Israel over the Red-Sea, was no more but observing the influence of the [Page 276] Starres, and waining season of the Moone that withdraweth the Tides.

These are Subjects so incapable of priviledge, as they deserve the highest censure. I spare to speake of our Statizing Pamphletters, who sha­dowingly (to free themselves from State-scan­dall) deblazon some eminent Families by their Armes, Coate, or Fields: for which, some both Ancient and Moderne Historians have beene highly taxed. As likewise of such, who under borrowed names have strucke at high Persona­ges: which might be aptly compared to coward­ly Curres, who use to bite Passengers by the heeles, whom they dare not looke upon in the face.

State Stigma­tists.As such who delight to ungorge their passio­nate spleane upon Recreations of indifferency, for no other cause, but because they are counte­nanc'd by Majesty. The last, being not the least,Factious Que­stionists. Non habet charitatem, qui non amat uni­tatem. I account such, who spend much preci­ous Oyle to enwreath and enwarpe the time in their Fopperies. These are Controversiall Men, who rather than they will suffer the Church to be at Peace; will study new doubts to disturbe her quiet.Aug. These will rather stirre than stay quarrels: for, howsoever they seeme to pretend Unity; their affection tends to dissention: being of the slimy nature of such Fishes, as cannot live but in muddy and troubled waters.

That word Nisi in this sentence, nisi manduca­veritis carnem, set all the Counsell of Basil in an [Page 277] uprore. That word Donec, as Ioseph non agno­vit Vxorem suam Donec, caused the Antidi­comaritans and Elusians to deny the perpetuall Virginity of the Virgin Mary.

Thus quicke-fiery wits, carryed away with the spirit of Contradiction, preferring Sin­gularity before Conscience, Errour before Truth, so they may finde Shadowes to follow them, will finde cumbustible matter enough to the havocke both of Church and Common-weale: Not onely our Humane but Ecclesia­sticall Histories are stored with various instan­ces of this kinde. The Scope we aime at, is this: that such Workes, whether they be Hi­storicall, Morall or Divine, are onely, up­on Censure to be approved, by which the State may be usefully improved: all others to be rejected, because they are either by Scur­rilous or Factious Braine-wormes hatched.

For the other, as none yeeld or afford more benefit to their Countrey, than laborious and ju­dicious Antiquaries: so trifling and opinionate­ly-conceited Historians may benefit themselves, but hardly can communicate the best of their knowledge unto others. Opinion is a maine Opponent to Judgment: the one guided (or ra­ther drawne) by a precipitate will, the other disposed by the directing eye of Reason. Opinion (Lesbian-like) frames their Line by their worke, and not their worke by their line: but Judgment hath ever (Cleanthes-like) a Table equally mixed or furnished with services of Arete & Pomona, Vid. Hesiod. in Noct. & Dic. [Page 278] Vertue and Pleasure: the one to profit, the o­ther to delight: Which equally-mixed Judgment should be especially conversant in Censurers of Histories; they must not doe, as it is reported of Valerius Maximus, inhibite many things in the Evening, which hee would approve of in the Morning, and command that to be enacted one houre, which he would be ashamed to confirme the next houre. A setled and wel-seasoned judg­ment will with Circumspection, not so much censure a modest digression in a History, as the use which may be made of that digression; nor taxe any thing in a faithfull Historian, though he shadow at the corruptions of the Age with bit­ternesse: for oyly and temporizing tongues, are nourishers of these vicious and irregular times;Sicut Best [...]e in Eremo, ita Gen­tiles in mundo. Greg. in Moral. 29 Cap. 18. where, as Beasts in the Desart, so men live in the World: nor be Censurers to taxe such things for impossibilities, because they have not heard of the like; nor such Relations as false, which have not occurred to their readings. For how should wee give credit to those incredible attempts of former times, where Victories were atchieved with lesse adoe, than May-games in these times? To see Anthaeus renewing his strength, and doubling his force by falling: those magnani­mous Romans erecting their spirits most when they were nearest declining. I have ever obser­ved these times, as they second the first in grada­tion, so they stand inferiour to the first in exploits and managements of resolution. Censures should be ballances equally and evenly disposed; [Page 279] neither inclining to partiall affectation of person or state; but ready to give approbation where the verity of Discourse, and sincerity of the Au­thor gives his Pen free scope to curbe Errour, and attribute to Vertue her merited Titles. Alas, that Censurers should be either so engaged to the servile command of popular glory, or tyed to great mens sleeves, that the Historians Labours must be razed, which Truth would have raised! Vertue hath in her selfe a soveraigne end, to which all Liberall Arts and Sciences (in them­selves truely noble, and meriting honour) have their aime and recourse.

This occasions Learning to be neglected, and the exact scrutinie of ancient Records (than the which nothing more beneficiall) to be suppres­sed, or at least, not a little darkned: when a Rha­damanth, or Critick Censurer must have the cor­rections of our industrious Labours, and judici­ous Volumes: which (to feed his owne indige­sted humour) must be subject to many frivolous interlacings.Comes Victo­riae, fomes in­juriae; famula famae, fama fa­miliae. But Patience (which is Comes sapi­entiae, non famula concupiscentiae) must be the poore Historians supporter, making use oftimes abuse, and applying this salve to his misery, which the Poët inferred, as cause of Romes sub­version and calamity:Virg. in Aene ad. ‘Prima peregrinos obscaena pecunia mores intulit—’

That Critick Menippus, who was ever so de­finite in his owne opinion, as the whole course of his discourse relished nothing better then op­position. And to affront the Time wherein hee [Page 280] lived, with more boldnesse, scorning to com­ply eyther with Time or Person for his owne ad­vantage, wished, like an indiscreet Malecontent, that his Pen were a Needle, and his Paper a Net­tle; yea, and his Inke Aconitum, that hee might throw more poyson on the face of immerited honour: and consequently, leave to posterity surviving stamps of his invective nature: would sometimes use, amongst other subjects of his dis­content, to take occasion to fall upon a free re­proofe of rigid Censurers: whose judgement (as his mis-guided opinion suggested) only consisted in razing Labours, and disheartning Authors: while their innocentst lines were oft mis-constru­ed, their sense corrupted.Menippus his reproofe of ri­gid Censurers; whose judge­ment onely consists in ra­zing Labours, and dishear­tening Au­thors: while their innocētst Lines are oft misconstrued; their sence corrupted

But this waspish Author by using his too much freedome of censure to his Censurer, who had authority to peruse and suppresse, where hee found cause, perceiving himselfe traduced, de­servingly restrain'd what else might have beene published: with silencing only, chastising his Er­rour, to beget in him a more temperate censure. Truth is, it were prepostrous for an Author to assume to himselfe so much boldnesse, as to take upon him the place of a Moderator to his Cen­surer. The assumption of lesse liberty will suite better with his Discretion and Modesty: and pur­chase him a demerited esteeme with such grave and censorious Authority: whose place is so much more to be honoured, in regard they are deputed by the State as Surveyers and Discussers of our Labours: Perusing with a judicious eye, and cor­recting [Page 281] with a discreete Penne; to the end, no ex­ception might be taken by the State, no preju­dice redound to the Author, no corruption of manners to the Reader, nor opinion of neglect to the Censor.

Which course, were it not duely and exactly observed, what inconvenience might probably follow, there is none of a cleare and equall judge­ment but may easily perceive. For if freedome were given to wanton and luxurious Wittes to write what they would, Aretines Tables would receive from every light eye more admiration for true attractive beauty, than the most Serious Piece that ever was writ either in Philosophy, Oecononicall policy, or History. No; we should have our Stationers stalls covered with Libells: where the most integrious Spirit might become no lesse subject to a Calumnious Penne, than He, whose rising growth hath exprest it selfe in no­thing more from his infancy, than in the increase of vice, and practise of villany.

It is the Authority then of a Censurer, that many times deterres a wandring Penne from his freedome of errour. So as, by being regula­ted by such Licence, he becomes lesse licentious in the course and current of his Writing.

Nay, there is one thing more, which I shall one­ly glance at, purposely to induce the ingenuous Author, as he values the estimate of his owne honour, to submit himselfe to the candid cen­sure of his Licencer. And it is this; no doubt, but the too opinionate conceite of every Author [Page 282] complies with the positive judgement of the O­rator: "Writers doe ever doate most of their owne. How needefull then is it, for them to have more indifferent eyes than their owne, lest they delude themselves most, by being too affectionately ta­ken with their owne? The Beare is as much ena­moured of her Cubbe, though of all others, the roughest; as the Bever is of his, being of all o­thers, the smoothest. And thus much in the vin­dication of the honour of a just Censor. And how an impartiall eye may save the Author from much dishonour. Yet to speake a word or two, so it trench not too much upon their power, I hold it not amisse. The benefit may redound no doubt, being received as it is intended, both to the Writer and Censurer.

Many (which I have formerly touched and taxed) like some of our German Authors, set forth huge Colosian Bulkes, fadomelesse volumes (and if fatherlesse too, more credit to their fathers) but they have Bodies without Spirits, Videntur Li­bri donec inspexeris. ‘They beare the Cover and Semblance of Bookes on them, till you looke in them.’ Then, and never till then, they shew what mettall they are made of. Leane Labours, from fat Authors.

It is commonly said, that Law, Logicke and the Switzers may bee hired to fight for any one. Whatsoever they may bee, apparent it is, by their numerous fruitlesse Editions, that these will enter lists with any Antagonist, upon the least occasion. No Subject but must have their [Page 283] paines and Pennes bestowed on it. Huge intricate Commentaries, to make the Text more difficult. With some of these I have encounter'd, and for ought I could perceive by the Genuine Sence of their interpretation, they were so farre from the understanding of the Author they wrote on, as they might be sent to schoole againe, to learne to conster him, before they commented on him.

The like exuberance is many times showne by many of these, in their lighter composures: wherein, for most part, they offend least. For weake wits bestowed on weighty Subjects, erre most. I have heard of a trifling Pamphletter of this kinde, who after such time, as he had spent much waste Paper inventing some weake va­pours of his owne; wherein he was ever no lesse constant in the choyce of his Patron to whom he Dedicated them, than he was in compiling those corky Subjects which hee addressed to him: presenting one day another light toy; his Patron having perused the Title, and divers passages in it, requited his Dedication with this witty Jeere: ‘Truely friend, quoth hee, you have writ many foolish toyes in your time, but of all that ere you yet writ, this passeth them all.’ The poore Author highly taken with this commendation, not without great joy, re­ported the worthy entertainment he received from his Patron: and how highly to his honour, he had commended his Labour.

Now to our Censurer; as his place inferres a [Page 284] priority of judgement, so I would have him to distinguish of the utility of Labours. These, who spend time, oyle and paper to purchase them the Title of Authors: let them be privatly re­prov'd, in daring to present such poore stuffe be­fore the face of a publicke State. The common English Proverbe is; "Better it is to sit idle, than worke idle. This may be properly applyed to them. Their fruitlesse expence of Time and Pa­per makes them farre more uselesse to the State, than if they wholly retired themselves from La­bour. Truth is, these deserve no censure; they are placed in too low a Siege. A milde reprofe will better beseeme them; telling them, how by all likely-hood, if any such should be suffer'd to goe abroad, or receive priviledge by authority, the next time that either he or any of his family should goe to the Grocer for their spicery, little doubt but some of his shaken leaves would bee return'd him, with sweeter contents than ever he bestowed on them.

Whereas SUCH, whose earely and late Studies have highly improved their knowledge, and whose discretion (a small graine whereof would be very usefull to many of our Schollers) hath sufficiently inform'd them what is fit or accommodate for the time; be the Subjects they treate of History, Antiquity, or other Diviner E­lements: these, I say, well deserve the encourage­ment of a judicious Censor. For to use the words of our Moderne Democritus: ‘I thinke all the Anticyrae will not restore them to their Wits, [Page 285] if these men now, that have Zenodotus Heart, Crates Liver, Epictetus Lanthorne, be so sot­tish, and have no more braines than so many Beetles, what shall we think of the Commonal­ty? what of the rest? you may give that Censure of them in generall, which Sr. Thomas Moore once did of Germanus Brexius Poëms in par­ticular:’

If Learning and Discretion be not sufficient to make up an Author; what may wee expect from him that ha's neither?

Some of our Censurers have heretofore beene not unlike to some of our active Lawyers; who in perusing of their Clients pleadings, usually razed out what was most pertinent: but after­wards upon a more setled judgement, wrote STET in the Margent, to all that which they had formerly razed.

Multi dum castigant, castrant; dum mutant, muti­lant. Many, too many, while they seeme to cor­rect, they distract; while they alter, they torture.

But approved Censors are of another nature (of which we were never better furnished in a competent number:) for these are of that true touch, as neither gaine may corrupt them, nor the Authors person worke upon them, but the worth of the worke: this onely hath power to procure a priviledge from them.

But let me stay a little, that I may make an end the sooner; ere I proceed to the true distingui­sher [Page 286] of Histories, I must caution two sorts of Men, which (in their Reading) pervert the use and scope of History,Two sorts of sinister Rea­ders of Histo­ry. 1. Curious. by a malevolent disposi­tion, either bred in them by nature, or ingen­dred by custome, a second nature: the one foo­lishly precise, whose behaviour (as one obser­veth) are like a verse, wherein every sillable is measured; or like your Spaniards aspect, who wil not smile beyond a point, for feare to unstarch his looke.

These cannot taste any thing well, that is not absolute; yet for their judgement a Venetian Asse may out-strip them:Superbire est supra regulam ire. He is (unmeasurably proud) wise in his owne conceite, hath an Orbe in his braine,An Opinio­nate Reader, an incompe­tible Censor of an others La­bour. which ever turning round, makes his judgement braine-sicke.

The other, farre more intollerable, because more troubled with the rising of Spleene: hee detracteth from the best, and finds Scruples in infallible truths;2. Calumni­ous. his owne judgement, as it is de­fective, so it envies others, maturer in the height of understanding, and more exact in the ancient Surveies of Truth. But as Fortitude of body derives her Essence from the imbecility of the Minde, and the ability of the Minde from the debility of the body: So the Authors glory is oft-times revived, and augmented by the sting of Detraction, as the Detractors infamy by the Authors glory: Vertue alone is crowned, Vertue in her selfe,Haec est quae f [...]cit hominem Deum, &c. Se­neca. is of all possessed: She it is alone by which Man is Eternized. This is She that steeres the poore Historians Barke against all oppositi­ons. [Page 287] In this Harbour therefore may I repose, leaving the depraved Reader to the distempra­ture of his owne humor, and betaking my selfe to my propounded Taske.

We must walke in a more modest path for judgment in the relation of every act that is done;Deliberation needfull in Histories of maine conse­quence. we ought to use a kind of deliberation, consulting with our owne intimate understandings, and aske them whether such an Act is worthy memo­ry, or no: for many things wee see and read, which Discretion would rather have omitted, than to Writing committed; wee have occasion sometimes to unrip the tyrannick lives of Prin­ces, and their illimited affections, of dissolute governments, and to what peculiar vices most engaged; yet in the summary rehearsall of these vice, we doe oft-times (as an excellent Historian hath well observed) Instruere malos, teach men to be evill, instructing them in the exercise of those impieties, with which before they were scarce acquainted.

Vice is of that spreading and propagating na­ture,☜ Discovery of Vices abroad, many times instruct us in the very same at home. as no infection can more dangerously or fatally rage in any populous City, than her con­tagion in the flourishing City of the Soule. And so proclive is our Nature to the worst; as we re­ceive it with farre more easie impression, than that which relisheth of the best.

That Italian Lover, who found his Mistresse so mutable, could in the extremity of his passi­on (as what passion more violent or more per­manent) cry out: ‘Our Italian Dames had ne­ver [Page 288] beene acquainted with such disdaine, nor entertained their Servants with such con­tempt, nor rejected them with such Selfe-con­tent, had they not beene instructed by incon­stant Cassandra to love in jeast and loath in earnest.’

Which implied thus much: That nothing could more prejudice either publique or private Estates, then to be fraughted with Forraine vices.

Many men of maturest ex­perience, have and doe give way to sensual obedi nce.Many States are best secured by intelligence; but by the knowledge of others Vices, few or none. Youth is a dangerous taking thing, and apt to be nibling at any baite that is throwne out: yea, and many of maturest judgements, whose long experience in the World, might have sufficiently inform'd them, that the hopes of Earth are failing; the Honours of Earth fa­ding; all the faire-flourishing promises of this empty World deceiving: Yet, hearing such an Eminent Statist in an other Country advanced, they cannot so moderate their affections, but they must expostulate with their owne over­weening Spirits; and on the silent night, when more composed minds can enjoy their freedome of rest; and allay the labours of a preceeding day with the untroubled sleepes of a succeeding night; These feele an Aetna within them; o­thers Triumphs become their Tortures; others Honours their Furies.

☞ Pompey, that loyall but unfortunate Roman, being combred with his honour, and wea­ried with too glorious a Servitude, exclai­med [Page 289] to see Sylla's cruelty, being ignorant after what sort to behave himselfe in the dignity hee had; he cryes out amaine, forth of the consi­deration he had to an usurped Tyranny, with a☜ serious reflexe had to humane misery: ‘O perill and danger never like to have end!’

But unconfined spirits, whose thoughts are solely fixt on aëry structures; will not suffer their aspirings to be so bounded: nor the voluptuous his sensuall affections to be so couped: nor the poore Groundling to have his Earthy-tasting ap­petite so sated. These, as they peruse the Mappe of the World; they cull out what may please them best; though the issue afflict them most. As to instance in each of these; The high-minded Man loves to informe himselfe in the Progresse of such Mens actions;I hold him for stupid, who for feare of Death, dyes all his life-long: And him for wicked, who lives without feare of it, as if there were none at all. whose aimes have beene no lower then Empires. They conceive their supportance to be as great; their Meanes as di­rect; their wayes as smooth. Flattering and de­ceiving hopes lull them a sleepe; they will not so much as suffer their thoughts to converse with Feare, or labour prevention of a fall, before their practise faile. Then, and never till then, they exercise the true knowledge of Man. Then they lament, what they cannot recall; so preci­pitate is that cliffy tracke, where unbounded height walkes.

Now observe a little, whence the Occasion springs, which with winged speed brings on these inevitable miseries! I confesse, though ma­ny dispositions be naturally inclined to these in­discreete [Page 290] aimes: yet are they quickned much with Examples of others.

This moved a neighbouring Prince; (one, whose personall prowesse hath worthily inrolled him in the Booke of Fame) sometime to send a Noble and Eminent Personage hither; whose many arguments of Valour had gain'd him e­steeme enough with his Prince (had his loyall thoughts so well deserv'd it) onely to see and ob­serve the censure and cloze of an high Spirit. Ho­ping, that such ocular objects would worke strongly upon his deluded thoughts: and bring him to a consideration of himselfe by present­ments of feare, what his illimited height would not suffer him to thinke upon, with all those am­ple gratifications of love.

Most certaine it is, that the Survey of others actions produce wonderfull effects, according to the disposition of the Peruser or Spectator. For, as ill-affected spirits, who alwayes plant their hopes on unjust grounds; and bring their indi­rect aymes to unhappy ends: are ever dreaming of stirring heads, whose constantst endeavour it was ever to disquiet the peace of the State: and craving no better Medal's about them, then those of Bessus and Nabarzanes, mold their designes by such pernitious Patterns. So well-affected dispositions never eye ought with more attention, nor reteine ought with more constancy than the Loialty of such as pre­ferred their Countries Fame before their owne Life: desiring rather to dye than it should perish. [Page 291] A constant Curtius; a resolute Horatius; an affe­ctionate Zopyrus; a couragious Codrus are these mens Objects. Their Vertues they unfainedly wish may be their Patterns. These cry out with the Tragedian:Nulla vis ma­jor Pietate ve­ra est. Sen. in Thiest. ‘"No power so pure, as stedfast Piety.’

Againe, to a youthfull affection, there can be no sight, in the perusall of all Plutarch, like Alci­biades wantoning in Timandra's lappe. Nor in all Suetonius, like those uncomely lascivious present­ments before Nero: a thought whereof could not chuse but beget a Vermillion-blush, a glowing shame in any modest eare. Which, to omit the rest, in my Judgment, were not sitting to be suffer'd to passe in any free state. Passages there are (as I have else-where noted) full of Obscoenity: and lyes open an entrance for unstay'd Youth to feed too liberally upon such inhibited delights. Such therefore, were much better to be shadowed, than so freely discovered: Seeing,Forraigne vi­ces become na­t'ralized, and made ours by imitation. ‘Discovery of Vices abroad, many times instruct us in the very same at home.’

Should two Embassadours come hither; one from Sidon, another from Tyre (as one witti­ly observeth) and should vye in Vanity, as they sometimes envied one anothers glory; we should collect, that no State-affaires drew them hither, but rather to shew the vanity of one Countrey to the other: Which if we our selves should admire, in very truth we were madder than either.

True it is, there is nothing either in matter of Discourse, Employment, Reading; or what Re­creation [Page 292] soever, but that soly workes upon us, which sutes with our humour, or delights us.

Alexander being much in love with Apelles, as one highly rapt with the exquisitenesse of his Art, proposed him that Modell for a Taske, which he of all others affected most; commanding him on a time to paint Campaspe, a beautifull Woman, naked: Which Apelles having done, such im­pression wrought the Picture (an inimitable Piece in so nearly tracing Nature) on the affection of the Artist, as Apelles fell in love with her, which Alexander perceiving, gave him her.

There is nothing which wee intentively eye, and by the Crany of the eye convey to our heart, but our Fancy like another Apelles, easily findes a Table for that Portraiture. Let Vertue then be our Campaspe; otherwise, that Table which should be reserved for the purest Deity, will be taken up with the impression of some lighter Fancy.

Lastly, the Earth-taken Soule, who constant­ly holds Avicens Aphorisme, ‘that Gold is the best Restorative; admires Achans Wedge; Alc­maeons Store; huggs them in the happy fruition of their state: meane time, holds Anacharses Temperance; Anacreons Moderation fitter for the Wildernesse than the World.’ These read no­thing in this kind, but they make use of it: but the use is ever perverted. Examples they finde to authorize their basenesse: these they reteine; but little care take they how to cure them, by [Page 293] applying usefull Receipts to remove those spreading evills.

So sayes the Poët. No vice more retentive than vicious Writing: it corrupts the Judgment by Apologizing Vice with a forraigne Presi­dent.

That was an excellent Rule of Direction to regulate our forme of Speech:Quò taces, mo­dò proficias? Quò non taces, si minùs pr [...]fi­cias? ‘If thy Speech may improve others, why art thou silent? If it nei­ther behove thy selfe nor others, why art thou not si­lent? The same course is to be observed in our forme of writing:Hoc rempe ab homine exigi­tur, ut prosit hominibus si fi­eri potest, mul­tis; si minus, paucis; si minùs proximis; si mi­nùs, sibi. Senec. de vitâ beatâ. "If by our Pen we may profit our selves, it is well; if some few others as well as our selves, it is better; if all, it is the best; if none, Silence enjoynes the Workman to take his rest.’ In one word, as some things are ne­cessarily to be remembred, so others no lesse necessarily to be omitted. And with farre more Discretion may they in their Embrio be silenc'd by the Author; then after such time as they are published, to be supprest by Cen­sure.

That memorable Law-giver being demanded what punishment was to be inflicted on him, who should chance to slay his Father or Mo­ther: hee answered them with, Haud equidem puto, &c. I doe not thinke there can be any [...] so unnaturall disposition.

Acts silenced sometimes doe better than if ex­pressed: for the Curtaine of vices drawne, moves Imitation rather than Evitation.

In distinguishing also of things good and ne­cessary from their contraries, wee should not mixe triviall Discourses in our maine Relation: they much impaire and disparage the weight of an History,Strange no­velties draw attentiō, move approbation, if probability be mixed in the Discourse. distracting the Readers minde with impertinencies, where the Subject might of it selfe be better prosecuted; nor can any thing shew more indiscretion in an Author, than these vagaries, where attention can no way be mo­ved, the expectances of men satisfied, or a reall delight with profit apprehended. Attention (as that eloquent Orator noteth) is there the quic­kest, where wee promise to speake of things, great, new, un-usuall; or such affaires as may conduce to the benefit of the Common-weale, to the establishing of Religion, Piety, or the like.

Now such serious Discourses (in themselves grave and ponderous) are not to be mixed with every frivolous digression; the Body of the Hi­story being solid, should not depend of weake and infirme members: which might seeme to re­semble the Roman Colosse, of an huge propor­tion in body, but feeble feet; so as one day the frame of the whole was demolished by the debi­lity of one part. Yet in this grace and firme Composition, there must be one necessary Ca­veat inserted: that whensoever we draine the ap­probation of our Discourse (as from many, and those to our Judgment of the selected Authors) we reconcile their Opinions, and make one u­nited Body of so many dispersed parts. This I thought to caution (as well the Histories per­users, [Page 295] as the generallest Collectors of) because I have observed this foule errour (and that in both Ancient and Moderne Relations) where divers Authors were cited,Opinions drawne from divers Auth rs should be re­conciled. and their severall O­pinions marshalled on a row: but as in a battell, when the wings be broken, there ensueth nought but an universall confusion; so without recon­cilement in the conclusion, he leaves the Reader in suspence, whose opinion to entertaine; be­cause not directed by the Author.A double de­fect, Obstinate and Ignorant.

This implies a double defect; either from stu­pidity, not able to distinguish; or from a pertina­cy, not willing to communicate his Judgment to others. The latter is more intollerable than the first; for the one includes a native defect, (which hee would remedy if his Apprehension could better it.) The other a malicious desire of ingrossing knowledge to himselfe; though both unworthy of an Historicall place: for Igno­rance deserves small entertainment in so judici­ous an Argument: and a perverse disposition much lesse, concealing his knowledge from his Countrey, which by his Subject (it seemes) he in­tended to benefit. In distinguishing likewise, we should ever observe to cull out such perspicu­ous Sentences as comprehend most, yet least in affectation: for such taste ever of singularity.Vid. Aul. Gel. in Noct. Attic. Hortensius was called by Pythias (for his too much gesturing) a profest Mimick, a Dionysian: Words should be accommo­date to the matter, not the matter to the words. the same Title may be given our curious Rela­tors: they binde their Subject to their words, e­steeming no discourse in it selfe worth judicious [Page 296] observation, but what is replenished and full fraughted with polite sentences, making the matter indebted to the superficiall Art of the Composer.

☞ What dresse, both for choise of Words, and disposition of Phraze, best becomes an History.You shall read in many Historians a singular kinde of state, the forme and order of their Re­lations, observed: Neither shall you finde in that Style any such affected State, as with large Parentheses to intangle the understanding, or too much enlarge the Subject, by challenging too neare affinity with Art. The selfe same forme which sometimes that richly-enobled Mirandula commended to his, I should best approve of in these. ‘As I do not (saith he) require from you a forme of Speech to trimme,☞ so I would not have it trash; as I would not have it too neate, so I would not have it too rough; as not too choice, so not too course.’

Whatsoever tastes of affe­tactiō, digres­seth from this Disposition.That unkemb'd and incompt Antiquity, he could not endure. He would have Lines so taste of the Lampe, as to have a stronger relish of labour, than affectation from any other. As first, for the choice of Words, No man, unlesse he have already vow'd to converse onely with Aire, can be of so distemper'd a judgement, as to preferre a superficiall dresse of Words, before the maine Subiect whereof hee meanes to intreate. This were like one, that should addresse himselfe for some farre journey, and accommodate him­selfe with all necessaries fitting for such a jour­nall: but neglects wholly, or knowes not the bent of his Travaile whereto he goes, nor [Page 297] for what end. And foolish were he, who, upon perusall of such an Airy Author, that decks his Workes meerely with an outward lustre, should fall into a veine of applauding or commending him: Nor could he well have lesse reason to ap­prove such Encomions (but rather hold them for Paradoxes) than such, who have beene some­times pleased to bestow their derisory praises upon the very worst or contemptiblest Sub­jects. After this sort, was Polycrates that fa­mous Athenian Rhetorician pleased to fall in­to the praise of the Tyrant Busyris, Seneca of Claudius, Favorinus of Thersites, Maro of his Gnat, Lucianus of his Flye, Apuleius of his Asse: Againe, Favorinus of a Quartane Fever, Glaucus of Injustice, Synesius of Baldnesse, Lu­cianus of Parasiticall Flattery, Erasmus of Folly. But truth is,Tu quem com­mendes etiam atque etiam aspice: Nemox incu­tiant altena tibi commissa pudorem. Horat. praise may reflect upon the Subject that is unworthy of such praise, by way of dis­grace. To commend a parcimonious man for his bounty or liberality, or a severe Judge for his clemency, layes him open to the World; which makes his Commender a Satyricall Dis­player: in extolling him in that respect onely, which hath begot him, to such as truely know him, a marke of ignominy. Flattery, saith one, is not alwayes to praise in presence, for ingage our selves wee may to that hatefull brand, by praising in absence; that is, when either the vertue, for which he is praised, is absent, or the occasion: as for Vertue, as she is her owne praise, her owne Princely Precident; so is her owne [Page 298] prize her owne praise, farre above the oyly Rhe­torick of any affective Parasite.

Such Words then beseeme an Historian best, which are proper and native. Such as were ob­solete or out of use were much distasted of our Historians of ancient time: so as, howsoever some abstruse words may fall out now and then in the Relations of Tranquillus, which tasted too much of Calepine: no doubt, but they were in those times received for Native. Howbeit, sometimes they mainly obscure the mind of the Au hor. Some Arguments likewise cannot be expressed in usuall Words: unlesse the Word by which such a thing should be rendred, were di­lated to a whole sentence. In such case, the Histo­rian is to be excused; because the easinesse of this errour, is rather to the Subject than Author to be imputed. In briefe, I will conclude this with that sententious saying of the Poët:

Now, for the Phraze; as I have formerly pro­posed the best direction, that such, who have already writ of that Subject, have recommended; all the better, to imprint this in your memory; it is to be understood, that no Phraze of Speech better becomes these Relations, than such as are briefe and sententious. I have knowne some, in their Additions to certaine pleasing Inventions of our owne; by labouring to surpasse their Coppy [Page 299] (left imperfect, and falling into their nice hands to make compleate) through an affected Ele­gancy of phraze,☜ to have darkned the meaning of the Author: by furnishing the Story with an Ocean of Words, but scarce one droppe of Rea­son. The Phraze then must be so disposed, that the matter whereof wee treate, must not through affectation become intangled, nor any way obscu­red. Wherein a great measure of discretion is required: Yea, and in one and the same Histo­ry, the forme of the Phraze may be changed. Light Subjects are ever properly suited with light Lines. But when we addresse our Discourse to describe the Subversion of a State; the depopu­lation of any flourishing City: still from the Tragicke ashes of such a Story, may our Penns bee taught to droppe Teares. There is no re­presentment of Sorrow that suites well in the same Habit or Colours, that Subjects of de­light are to be attired in. When that Nation, our Historian hath occasion to write of, shall be cloathed in mourning garments; when fire and fury attend them without, feare and famine within:

Then must his Phraze of Speech put on an heavy dresse. Elegancy never lesse beseemes him than at that time. Passionate Enter-breathes; Treaties of Sorrow; Eare-moving expostulations [Page 300] from those disconsolate Agents of misery, are sitting Dishes for such a bloody banquet.

This might bee amply il­lustrated by those inhu­mane cruel­ties lately cō ­mitted by the Groats & Cur­lings in Ger­many. Benzo in his Indian Story expresseth a singular Art in his discovery of Passion in this kinde; who relating the cruelty of the Spanish Nation practised upon the West Indies (if the History hold concurrence with truth) collects a Summary of all in this one presidentall report: In one of their Ilands called Hispaniola, of twenty hundred thousands, when the people stood untoucht (which had they remain'd so still, might have redounded more to the honour of that Nation) the Author was verily perswaded at the pen­ning of his History, that there were scarce a hundred and fifty soules left; whence he exclai­med,Benzo in Hist. Ind. O quot Nerones, quot Domitiani, quot Com­modi, quot Bassiani, quot immites Dionisij eas terras peragravere?

He ha's in store a Catalogue of unexemplary Tyrants, for such unexemplary mischiefes. Passion in Discourses of this nature (which is farre better exprest in abrupt sighes, than polish'd speech;) will become well the penne of an Histo­rian. Another Style is to bee used in peaceable Treaties, Nuptiall Solemnities, or Orations by way of Embassie and the like.

In the distinguishing then of these, as I have formerly noted; is much discretion required. For to use any Style that may not suite with the Sub­ject whereof he treates, argues a want of disposi­tion in the Author: resembling such ridiculous Actors; who, whether they speake of Heaven or [Page 301] Earth, fixe their eyes alwayes on one place: or whether they speake of warre or peace, ever reteine one tune in their ill-disposed voyce. Shall we then a little longer insist upon such par­ticulars, for matter of Style, as either impaires or improves the beauty of an History? Heare what my opinion, derived in part from others, is in this.

These beseeme not a History; dilated circum­stances, instances too much stood upon, an ambi­guous leaving of something undetermined: They leave the understanding in doubt what to re­solve, the judgement what to thinke, the thoughts what to deliberate: So as our rea­ding conferres no other profit, save an intricate winding or wreathing of many anxieties up to­gether: Giving the Minde free scope to ima­gine the event, being implyed by the Author.

An Historian in his writing should have a kinde of seeming security for his Style and Order of Speech: yet not so,Non ubi vani­tati festivitas propriè cedit. (as to omit an exact or wittily composed jest) to relish the Readers dis­taste: Such was Tacitus use, by enterlacing the seriousnesse of his Tale, with some judiciall (but strangely briefe) sentences: annexing some plea­sant straine, either of meere purpose invented, or from the occasion of his Subject derived, to sweeten the heavier part of his discourse: which should not be too long insisted on, for that were trifling; but shadowingly touched, for that implies plenty of Subject: not flying to triviall relations, to make up a greater Volume, but [Page 302] for the delight of the judiciously affected: Miscen­do utile dulci.

But alas, where this distinguishment of judge­ment of Histories requires great labour, it oft­times obtaines as little favour: The present age cannot admit of such discourses, they be too se­rious: So that whosoever should compile a Vo­lume of Judiciall extractions, or approved Ob­servances, should hardly have as many Readers, as Persius conjectured for his Labours; Vel duo, vel nemo: Nomina, Me­caenas, Chari­tum scribuntur arenis, Pieridū gelidis inclyta Scripta ro­gis. ib. O ill disposed Times! when judgement goes a Wool-gathering. Augustus had two which he especially respected above the rest of his Nobles, and the one of them was a Mecaenas, a Patron of learning, and a grace to the sacred in­fluence of Poësie: But where should we finde an Atlas for Parnassus in these dayes? where Noble (yet degenerate Spirits) esteeme him that will be Pandor to his Punke, above him that will bee Patron to a Poëm? It seemes strange that in best experienc't times, where knowledge should bee hightned, the foggy vapours of ignorance dispel­led: Nay, where these times have respite from warlike Alarums, and therefore may securely feede at Minerva's Table, should be so delighted with superficiall shadowes, contemning the per­fect essence and lustre of Man, (to wit) how to know himselfe.Worlds Ana­tomy. Here the Miser digges (and with the Dormouse) sleepes out his time in a fruitlesse scraping; There the Prodigall (carelesse of times expence) bastardizeth his Fathers pro­vidence, leaving no more to himselfe, than that [Page 303] he could not take from himselfe, a poore Grave: Here the Ambitious man, displaying his pie-co­loured flags of vanity (in the elation of his Spirit) contemnes the inferiour ranke of men, ever aiming at an higher Spheare than popular presse, till his aspiring produce his falling, and the honour which hee purchast without merit, forsakes him not without shame: But which of these will take paines to see himselfe represented in Exemplary Histories? If the Picture of old Menedemus were hung up in eye of the Mi­ser (he would I doubt it not) gaze with his foure eyes on the Picture, but make little or no use on the Patterne: The Ambitious man, if hee saw the Character of himselfe in that vast and un­determined minde of Catiline, in that ambiti­ously insinuating spirit of Seian, I feare me hee would rather make use of the meanes of his ri­sing, than caution himselfe by his untimely de­clining: The Prodigall (expressing his owne Mirrour, by Theotimus errour) who preferred lust before his eyes, would (much I feare it) ra­ther darken the eye of his Soule, to satisfie the eye of his Body, than moderate his passions on Earth, to reape the fruit of his Moderation in Heaven. O that these Times would so distin­guish of their abuses, as being discovered, they may be censured; for where abuses are concea­led, they seeme afresh to be renewed, and (with Authority) confirmed, but being openly ript, they may be whipt and stript: first displayed to the eye of the World, then summoned before the Throne of Iustice!

It was a constant Custome, as hath beene ob­served,☞ ‘for the Roman State, and that when she was in her prime Monarchiall beauty, for all Artificers to carry about them the badges of their Trades, the Signals of thei [...] Conditions.’ And this every Mechanick willingly obeyed; so as, it was not permitted them to wal [...]e abroad through the Streets of the City, without this Cognizance of their quality. While one more precise than wise, standing one day forth in the presse of the people; ‘Sirs, quoth he, we are in­joyned to goe with the severall Badges of our poore professions, and as meete is, we observe the Custome. Meane time, how shall we know what Trade our perfumed Silken Courtiers are of; our purple Consuls, or our Scarlet Citizens? Where be the Armes they beare? The Cogni­zants they carry?’

The Speech of this Critick Artizan came streight to the Emperours eare; who liking well of his blunt question, injoyned all such as re­teined to his Court, or boare Magisteriall pla­ces in his Courts of Justice, or bore high Offi­ces in the City, to observe the like course which those inferiour Mechanicks observed. This was injoyned, and their observance expected. Many Devices and Impressa's were contrived, but few or none pleased. It was thought fit by the Em­perour, that such devices and no other should ac­commodate them, as that very Artist should in­vent, who first proposed this Observation to them. He ready to embrace such a Taske; and [Page 305] obey so just a command,A witty con­ceit of a bold Artizan. sets his Invention forth­with on worke, which he discovers in this sort.

For the Courtier, he gave him a Sweet Glove with this Impresse: Eius ero, quam gero.

For the Consul, a Wedge of Gold with this Mott: Illi haereo, quod fero.

To the City-Officiall, a Lampe in the snuffe, with these words: Ferveo, at faeteo.

Howsoever the device might seeme bitter, this invention was not onely approved, but rewarded by the Emperour.

It is a true saying, "There is nothing that gives more nourishment to Vice than want of imployment: by doing nothing, wee shall soone learne to doe worse than nothing.

Action is the life of Man; and when the Fancy is not well imployed, it will assay something that may witnesse to the World, it had better farre beene restrained.

For my part,A modest dis­covery of the abuses of the time: how they are to be searched; how cured. I cannot chuse but wonder (with that Divine Cynick) how Man bred amongst Men should so soone forget the prime beauty of Man; as to suffer it to be drenched in the Lees of loose affections. How a living Substance, and that Substance endowed with Reason, should so faune on a Shadow. Or hold himselfe imparadi­zed with the poore conceit of a smile from one lighter than Vanity. What an incomparable Fa­vour is one ravish'd Feather from her Fanne, whose very levity is the Embleme of that Favour? Are these manly motions? What a tricking, trimming, poudring and purfling this poore [Page 306] Rinde must have? what a varnish must Art be­stow on it? Meane time, what Diogenes some­times said to a youth too curiously and effemi­nately drest, may be truely said to this painted piece: ‘If thou goest to Men, all this is but in vaine, if unto women, it is wicked.’ Now, as the Lure of a light Curtezan is Lucre; her aime must consequently be the ruine of her Lover. So as, her speech to her poore Suiter is the very same, which that old Strumpet used to a worne­out Customer of hers, who asked daies of pay­ment for his pleasure, Oculatae nostrae sunt ma­nus, credunt quod vident. If unguided youth would have his delights sensible, her receipts must be palpable.

Vid. Marian: in Arcad. Princ.Lesse occasion of griefe it cannot be to any one who affects Piety, or suffers with a just man in his wrongs: To see an honest and inte­grious cause fall light in the Scale, because his gold wants weight. To see justice weighed by graines: Or Scarlet attended by vices in the same Livery.

Or a rich Chuffe, whose ill-thriving provi­dence his posterity tastes of; to squeaze the weake ones with his unconscionable bargaines; to treasure to himselfe what will sticke by him, when poore dust (the remainder of all his care) shall receive him: Many a dry eye attend him: and his hungry Executors (as Ravens greedy af­ter prey, and impatient of too long delay) shall imbrue his corpse with their blood before they bury him.

Let these reflect upon themselves and their owne follies; and see themselves personated in divers instances in all our Histories: and when they have taken a full view of their owne enor­mities; which cannot be of such small propor­tion, but they will appeare visible enough to their recollected fancies, let me aske them in the same tearmes that the young Gallant in E­rasmus, asked his wanton Mistresse: ‘Are yee not ashamed to doe that in the sight of God and testimony of his Angels, which yee are ashamed to do in the sight of Men, inferiour to Angels?’ Sores cannot be cured, till they be dis­covered and searched: a Morall Story h'as in rea­dinesse a Probat to search them, and Balme e­nough, if usefully applide, to heale them.

O let Histories, as they be Records of what were done, whether good or evill; excite us to be good, and deterre us from being evill: Stories are replenished with examples of both sorts, for they be Store-houses of precedent events, and consequently so to be observed and digested, as the Judicious Reader may better dispose of his events. I have noted in Discourses of this kind, the observance of that Generally Iudicious Gen­tleman, Sir F. B. and the best advancer of depressed Lear­ning, where he saith:A Three-fold Discourse branched into a three-fold Observance. Some Bookes are to be ta­sted, some to be swallowed, few to be chewed and digested. Such as are to be tasted I comprehend, in Stories of modest accomplement, superficiall flourishes, garnishing our Discourse modestly without vaine ostentation or bravery: Such are [Page 308] to be swallowed, as those Amorous, and fruit­lesse labours of braine-sicke Authors, freighted with continuall Hyperbolees comely in nothing but love: Such are to be chewed and digested, as include discourse tending both to instruction and delight, &c.

So then, here we may come to our judiciall point; we see and read Histories, some onely to be tasted, others swallowed, some few chewed, as Beasts were in the old Law. Histories being ruminated and chewed, yeeld a continuall pro­fit, and the more meditated, the more benefici­all;Three Obser­vances worthy our considera­tion in Rea­ding. which seemed well approved (and no lesse worthy our observance) by his institution, that wished every Reader to take these three remem­brances in his way to reade: Libenter, Diligen­ter, and Intelligenter; The first yeelds a present delight, because it includes a willingnesse; the next a diligent Attention, implying a serious­nesse;Vse of those three Obser­vances. the last an use of both, enfolding an un­derstandingnesse: These three attend a judicious distinguishing of Histories, Judgement in dis­cerning what is best, and these to apprehend the best: These foure commixed resemble twinnes at two burthens, all directours one to another: for without judgement, we may chuse the worst as soone as best, taking our aime onely at delight, without recourse to profit, best agreeing with the outward sence; here is a want in the Election: without willingnesse, our reading breeds a loa­thing; without diligence, our discourse is fruit­lesse; and without understanding, our minds be [Page 309] erring. And thus much for dijudicating of Hi­stories, an essentiall part of this Booke: I have but summarily set down my Opinion (grounded on the collections of others) herein, that I might prosecute the former parts of my Division in the Method of this History, contracting much into a little Body.

THe greatest and movingst argument of per­swasion to the undertaking of this or that,Vse of History is the benefit we expect redounding from our en­terprise: I will succinctly expresse the severally-moving [Page 310] effects of profit (the worldly mans Ada­mant) from History, Naturally and Essentially derived: which being laid open, I hope the Mi­ser (who as Seneca noteth, is good to none, but worst to himselfe) will be profitable both to him­selfe and others: My Exordium shall be drawne from him, because I take him to be one of the di­vils chiefest Factors, and more benefit should I yeeld my Country in bringing such an one, than in taking an Arch-pirate: From him descending to every vitious professour (binding my selfe ever to my tackling) the fruit of History, in it selfe able to reclaime the depraved'st from their habituated enormities.

☞ The true Cha­racterall Por­traiture of a Miser.A Miser and Misery were ever held Correla­tives. And he is that true Miser, who, like the blind Mole, receives al his nutriment from Mold. It is strange that any Creature endued with Rea­son, should so much slave the freedom of so right a Soveraignesse to the thraldome of Sense. When the Prince or Princesse falls sick,Languente Principe, tota in lachrymas resoluta est Cu­ria: Succumbente anima; cuncta familiae patiun­tur Organa. the whole Court mournes, sayes that incomparable Morall. Ap­ply this to thy owne Condition, miserable Wormeling; thy Princesse is mortally sicke; thy Soule who languisheth irrecoverably; how can all her faculties doe lesse than suffer?

Shee ever hated conversing with Earth: her Contemplation was in an higher Spheare. And as a Plant removed from that Soile where it li­ked, and brought to a plotte of ground from her Nature estranged; shee h'as of late quite lost her Verdure and Vigour. Thus hast thou suf­fer'd [Page 311] thy Divine part to be drowned and dren­ched in the contemptiblest refuse and rubbish on Earth.

Oh that thou knew'st but what a small scant­ling or portion of this Earth which thou so much affectest, must serve thy turne: and what a small measure in the Interim (if thy desires would rest so satisfide) will afford thee a Com­petence! These thy unbounded and Hydro­pick affections would confine themselves to a straiter Circumference.

Truth is, there is nothing which this Earth­worme enjoyes, that hee can properly entitle his owne. For as those Temporary Blessings which hee h'as received, are estranged from his use: so the very thoughts of his heart are not his owne, because they are ever fixing on anothers Farme. Hee sees nothing flourish in anothers Pasture, but the Object of it begets his distem­per. Others fatnesse makes him leane.Corpus exteru­at, ut lucrum extendat. To gaine him an estate, he cares not how he mace­rate his Body. It fareth with such men as these, as it doth with the Sea-Eagle, who,Cum ferre quod caepit, nequeat, in gurgitem de­mergitur. when hee cannot seaze upon his prey, he throws himselfe head-long into the Gulfe.

Now, whereto extends this immoderate Care? he will tell you, for himselfe and his po­sterity. Let us then divide these parcells of his Care, and collect what use hee makes of it either in respect of himselfe, or his Scape­thrift Heire.

It is good providence (for so hee guilds his [Page 312] Avarice) which hath brought him to this mace­rating Care. He cannot endure to see the Crea­tures of God, so lavishly nor carelesly scattered. He h'as resolv'd to hold an hanke: Though it be now Summer with him, hee knows not how soone Winter may come. He h'as resolv'd there­fore to play the provident Ant; to have his Gra­nars full; Vine-presses flow; to have a Friend in a corner to revenge him of his Foe, and doe his Friend a pleasure.

His insatiate desire of in­creasing his State; his use­lesse ends in disposing his Store.These are faire flourishes; but looke what pre­cious fruits these glorious Resolves produce! What benefit brings all this hoording to him­selfe? Or what utility to the publick State? To himselfe, I dare say, neither living or dying. For observe him while he is living; and you shall find him the poorest and leanest Soule in all his Meniey.Some of these wee have here lately had; who as they a­bridged Na­ture of her due, and dyed in her debt; so they could not performe the Office of Na­ture long be­fore their Death.

Yea, he could be well contented, of all Sects, to be a Pythagorean; wishing with all his heart (so it might stand with the conservation of Nature) neither to eate nor drinke all his life-time: but he intends not this abstinence to increase his Know­ledge, but to improve his Fortunes by an ab­stemious providence. So as, that Cynick tooke not his marke amisse, when resolving one day to distinguish a Land-buyer from a Seller; a mise­rable Chuffe from a sociable Good-fellow; tooke his ayme by their Physnomies. If hee saw one plumpe-fac'd, ruddy-complexion'd, cheerefully countenanc'd, quick-ey'd, hee would accoast him with this Salute: "Sir, are not you a Seller? [Page 313] But when he saw one of a leane meagre Count­nance, chop-falne, earthy complexion'd, he would presently alter his conjecture upon sight of his Feature, and greete him thus: ‘In good sadnesse, grave Sir, are not you a purcha­ser?’ Whence we may safely conclude:Optimam par­tem in mundo habet, qui mi­nimam habet. That he ha's the best part in the World, that ha's least part in it.

Nor can this unprofitable care of a wretched Worlding, become any way usefull to him in his dying. His Testament is made; and he leaves in it what he is unwilling to leave. And to whom he leaves it, he knowes not; but enjoy must others, what he could not. A Grave-stone, perchance, may distinguish him from the poore ones of the Parish. But for an Inscription, either his memo­ry merits none, or his mindlesse Executor be­stowes none; or the dis-esteeme of his Survivers will not deagne him one.

Nor can this penurious providence of his, af­ford much good to his succeeding Scatter-good. Who cries out with that short-mourning Gal­lant; so soone as he h'as earth'd the Foxe.

Thus have you pencel'd out the Portrature of a Miser. His insatiate desire of encreasing his State; his uselesse end in disposing his Store: all which by a right use of Historicall Observations, may receive a speedy cure.

The Misers profit by Hi­story.The Miser, that is indebted to both backe and belly, so engaged to the World, as he must have his houshold-God of the World, ever harboured in his bosome, or made his pillow to sleepe on, the key of his rust: Hee that never fed Nature in all his dayes with competen­cy; or durst recreate himselfe, for feare least his recreation should play cheater, and cousen him of his providence: being the moath of the ver­tuous, the harbour of the vitious: carrying a conscience more infectious than Rats-bane ever about him; if ever he have grace to cast his eye into an Historicall Discourse (next to the Sa­cred Writ) he shall finde as Soveraigne Anti­dotes for his malady, as in any place. I will Ana­tomise the Misers corruptions, and like an arti­ficiall practitioner first open his wounds, and then infuse Balme into them; which Unction if it will not serve, I shall then apply more rough and sharp plaisters.

Now Master Miser, that is, meere wretched man; thou hast sufficient, and more than is com­petent for nature, yet thou art not satisfied: A very, very little will serve thee for thy use, for thou never hadst the Grace to know what an honest expence meant: Thou Tantalizest thy selfe; amid'st of plenty, famished; Thou hast a good mind to be rich,A Miser can­not be rich. but that's impossible: Sem­per avarus eget; There is a greedy worme that is ever consuming and gnawing on thee: Thou art at liberty, yet imprisoned, and in more intolle­rable servitude, than the misarablest Captive [Page 315] upon earth; yet thy chaines are of gold,S [...] te omnia, quae extrâ te. Omnia infrâ te, quae extrâ te. Terram su­prâ es, si te su­peres. ib. thou art a gorgeous prisoner; Thou art subjected to more hazards than a Merchant Venturer; to more nightly oppressing, and sur-charching cares, than an Emperour; to more hourely distra­ctions, and terrible apparitions, than a Murthe­rer: Thou wouldst sleepe if thou couldst, but thy disturbed thoughts deprive thee of that comfort: To be briefe,A miser his owne Hang­man. as thou art in Image the best, so in disposition the worst of all crea­tures, being thine owne Tymon, thine owne hangman, that macerates thy selfe, and makes thy appetite ever insatiate.

I will lead thee into a spacious field of Histories, where thou shalt see thy immerited mind de­blazoned in her colours; not a memorable instruction for Liberality (thy absolute Oppo­nent) but shall be produced for thy use: that seeing the eminence of thy Adversary, thou maist hate thy selfe, and bee reconciled at last to thy Foe.

The Liberall-hearted man is as much Master to himselfe, as thou art thine owne Slave:A contrariety in two differēt dispositions. he surpasseth thee in use of his owne, and can di­rect himselfe by an equall proportion, limited ever to a generally approved end. Hee hates to draw in the Sailes of his Bounty, in the pre­sence of desert; and makes no more account of his own, than to distribute to others wants a share of his fortunes; nor esteemes he that his owne, of which he hath not power, and in his power can freely give: hee verefies the Verse (approving a [Page 316] liberall mind: Quod nanquam dederit, non habuisse putat: He never was so farre ingaged, or enthra­led, to any earthy substance, as to make it chiefe­tane over his intellectuall part: he makes this his Position, and scornes it should be controuled by any inferiour subject:The Liberall mans Apho­risme. To give, and to delight in giving: And that day wherein (to the moity of his fortunes) he hath not demonstrated the rare Character of his Bounty, he cryes out with Titus, Amici, perdidimus diem: This day hath beene an abridgement of my generous intenti­ons, a restraint to my extended mind; I did ne­ver shew my selfe, lesse to bee my selfe, than in this dayes exigent: This is he who measures Vertue for his meere peace and contentment, and not according to successe; hee shewes not his liberality for observance, but peculiar satis­faction; for he imagines no greater infelicity, than to be miserable; his promises are ever relatives with his performances:The Chara­cter of a Liberall man. He scornes to dissemble with the World; he never annoynted his tongue to enrich his fortunes: The perfect Idiome and Character of his Native Properties is already depictured: I will illustrate this Mirrour of Vertues with Exemplary Mirrours, Professours of this Vertue: Reade but the ancient Romane Annals you shall see many renowned for Libera­lity, and in Syracusa too, for her Eminence and ex­quisite Government no lesse glorious: In Rome a Fabius Maximus: Examples of Liberality. who willingly forgoes his Patrimony, to preserve his Countries reputa­tion: Se enim Patrimonij, quàm patriam fidei [Page 317] inopem essemaluit. Busa no lesse renowned, and in this more to be observed, because a Woman, whose sexe implies a parsimony, relieving the poore distressed Romans (coupt up in the Walls of Cannae) making her selfe poore, to adde power (by her bounty) to the afflicted.

In these examples and expressions of Liberali­ty,☜ let this our Worke for that Pious Office which we desire to performe, returne to her for­mer Method; addressing it selfe to a commemo­ration of so faire a Subject: with which Princely and Noble Dispositions are most taken, and by which those who depend on others bounty, are seasonably relieved.

Now, this excellent Vertue, or if you will,The bounte­ous dispositi­ons of many noble Perso­nages Histo­rically ampli­fide. Ornament of Majesty, derives her Originall (as may be probably gathered) from two especial Fountaines: true Iudgement in discerning; and charitable benevolence in commiserating. For whensoever it springs from these, Bounty may ever give a reason of what it gives, and to whom it imparts it selfe. For though the greatnesse of the gift winne grace and love to the giver; yet the season or opportunity of giving makes it more effectuall to the receiver.

That Fabius, whom we formerly remembred,Examples of opportunate bounty, extra­cted from the Store-house of History. shewed singular arguments of this bounty, whose example we the rather presse afresh, because the Opportunity of his bounty added to the estimate of it: The gift bestowed was but small, but the season made it great. A little summe of money inlarged the continuance of his memory. For [Page 318] having redeem'd at Hannibals hand, the liberty of such prisoners as had beene taken by him, in those Warres. When the City of Rome would not discharge that summe, for which he had articulated: he sent his owne Sonne to Rome, purposely to set at sale the whole Farme he had from his Ancestors. He valued little his owne Patrimony, in regard of the redemption of a Prisoners liberty; and so free his Coun­trey, whose fame he prized above Life, from breach of promise, and so deepe a brand of infamy.

Now, if we should account the price of what he gave, it was but small. This Hereditary Farme consisted but of seaven Acres, and those ly­ing in Papinia: but when we consider the mind of the Giver, we shall find no masse of money so great, but it appeares greater. The Inheritance of his Predecessours must be set at sale, rather than his indeared Countrey suffer the least staine. He had rather lose his Farme, than shee should lose her Fame. Wherein he seemes by his noble endeavours to deserve greater commendation, shewing himselfe so willing to extend his bounty (in an act of such necessity) even to the utmost of his ability; farre out-stripping such, who give farre within their power, or from their superflui­ty: for whereas the One bestoweth what he may, the Other more than he may.

No Lines, were they never so full of Life and Memory, can sufficiently advance that aspiring Spirit of Roman Liberality; when after the over­throw [Page 319] of Philip King of Macedon, all Greece assem­bled together to bewitnesses of such a Spectacle; Quintus Flaminius (of whom I shall occasionally speake hereafter) commanding silence by the sound of a Trumpet, commanded these words to be published by the Cryer: ‘The Senat, Peo­ple, Questors of Rome, and Quintus Flaminius her Generall, command that all those Cities of Greece, which were under the late dominion of Philip shall enjoy all freedome and infran­chisement.’ Which words were no sooner heard, then those people taken with a great and unexpe­cted joy, at first, as if they had not beleev'd their owne eares, they kept silence. But when the same words were re-delivered by the Cryer, to enforce more credit in the Hearer, they deafned the Aire with such a shrill shout, as for certaine the very Birds which flew above them, ama­zed and ravished with the sound, fell from the Aire.

Surely, it was an argument of a nobly-disposed mind to free so many Captives from restraint, and to bestow the same liberty upon them, which the people of Rome, glorious by her many victo­ries, had sometimes bestowed on their richest Ci­ties. And to adde a greater lustre or majesty to that worke of bounty, it conduceth much to commemorate not onely the liberality of the Giver, but the free assent or approbation of the people to that Gift: for as there is a Commendation due to the act recorded, so like­wise to the praise it selfe deservingly rendred.

But while Rome sends forth such noble Bran­ches, who in so flourishing and fruitfull a Mother bestowed all honour, her owne Munificence should not be buried in silence. And redound it will highly to her praise, to recount what a brave bounteous mind she shewed to Kings, Cities and Countries: seeing, the honour of every deserving action, the more it is revived, the more it sprea­deth in beauty.

When Rome had taken all Asia, she bestow'd it as a gift upon King Attalus, to possesse; imagi­ning that the Soveraignty of her Imperiall City would appeare so much more glorious and spe­cious, if she bestowed the richest and pleasantst part of the World for a benefit to another, ra­ther than keepe it as a store-house for her selfe. Especially, where the victory it selfe is the happi­est gift? because, as to possesse much beget­teth envy, so to give of that we possesse, can­not want glory.It closeth with more Majesty to make Kings, than to be a King. Val. Max. lib. 4. cap. 8.

That bounteous and royall expression of vi­ctorious Cyrus to his successive Allies, deserves a due memory. Who, at such a time as he was to try Masteries for a Kingdome with his Grand­sire Astiages; exhorted such as were his Assistants in that Warre, that they should with all alacrity go on in that Service: for if he prosperously suc­ceeded in that fight, as the justnesse of his cause, the equity of the quarrell, and hopefull predi­ctions by knowing Augurs assured nothing lesse: he would make foote-men horse-men; and of Horse-men Charrioters. Great mindes are not [Page 321] for small gifts. Eminent Personages must ever second their quality with rich Presents.

The like disposition shewed Lucullus in his Princely entertainment to all such Persons of quality as repaired to him. Beautifull walkes he had to receive them; bountifull Tables to Feast them; choicest Consorts to converse with them; Melodious ayres to delight them; curious Pi­ctures to entertaine them. Nothing so much dis­relish'd him as to see his Hospitality want a Sub­ject; or his desire to extend his bounty, an occa­sion to expresse it. Strangers could not there want for repose. A free welcome they receiv'd without being ever question'd from whence they came, or when they would goe. This differ'd far from that Adage:Ʋnius noctis peramicus Hos­pes, Proximae gra­tus minùs est Amicis, Tertiae vultus patietur hostis Dira minantis.

This was that L. Lucullus, of whom Cicero reporteth, that when hee went from Rome to make Warre upon Mithridates, he was altoge­ther unskilfull of Military affaires: yet in the time of his Navigation hee so experienc'd him­selfe, as by the confession of the King, he was preferred aboue all others for judgement in Mar­tiall service.

That bounteous mind of Eutrapelus, Hor. of whom that incomparable Lyrick makes such a free and [Page 322] genuine mention; deserves all esteeme. Those things, which our Age most fooles herselfe in, he with much sleightnesse gave away to his foes. A curi us neat dresse could not so take him: nor the fashions of the time so delude him, but hee could with all indifferency forgo them: stripping himselfe of all occasion of being proud, to infa­tuate his profest foes with his pride.

But no bounty ever powr'd it selfe forth more freely, nor bestow'd it selfe more deservingly, than of that brave Millanoise; who professing himselfe ever a constant Patron to the Muses; and falling casually into discourse with a Stran­ger, whose rich expressions (as he conceiv'd) dis­cover'd him to be a Scholler: he desired much to heare the course of his Travaile: Who, to satis­fie so just a demaund, related to him, amongst other passages, what cold entertainment hee had received, amongst many who profest them­selves Favorites of Learning: but of one Grande above all the rest, where he no sooner repaired, then he was unhospitably dismissed. Leave hee tooke of him, and leave hee quickly gave him: which, to set forth the better to life he returned a briefe of his entertainmant in these Stanza's:

These Lines wrought so strongly upon that bounteously-disposed Millanoise, as commisera­ting the Condition of a contemned Scholler, he returned him this Regreet. ‘It is true, Sir, De­sert receives not alwayes entertainment; for as you shall encounter with some whom cannot di­stinguish of worth; so you shall meete with o­thers who will not acknowledge Worth, pur­posely to spare their wealth. You shall not finde all hearts so affected, nor all mens Judgments so filmed. Remaine with me, Sir, and wel­come; Be a Commander, while you are heere a Sojourner. I have a Wardroabe heere for the Muses, if they be naked; and a Place richly endowed too, if for retirement they be dispo­sed. Nothing shall be awanting to them, so they be not awanting to themselves. It ha's beene and ever shall be held mine highest Ho­nour, to be esteemed worthy the entertainment of a Scholler.’

But we proceed in this Branch of our History, to other remarkable Instances for Liberality.

Quintus Considius (of all most memorable) [Page 324] an Usurer and Bountifull;An Vsurer ne­ver found his Countries Friend. a blacke Swan was ne­ver rarer: the Pagan Usurer (it seemes) had a conscience, which our Christian Usurer wants: for in that bloody, and inhumane Conspiracy of Catiline, second to none, our Moderne Coun­terbuffe, our Powder-treason excepted: hee re­mitted all his Debtors, laying his Bills and Bonds upon one pile, making a Bone-fire with them: where I make no question, but the Usurers con­tinuall Customers, the Poët Archias, and his Ec­cho, the Actor Roscius had reason to sweare: Quod nunquam ignem vidissent clariorem: That they never saw a clearer or more comfortable fire in all their dayes.An Vsurer bountifull a­gainst his will. It may be Considius did this, because he saw the disability of his Debtors (for those Civill Commotions had much empoverished all Estates) and therefore in policy, once to expresse his bounty, thought it fittest to forgive them that, which they were not able to give. More worthy is the memory of Quintius Flaminius, who in an Istmian Triumph, in the presence of his Countries foe, the daring Philip of Macedon, redeemed such as were Philips Captives at his owne charge: Worthy our observation it is, wil­ling to answer so publick Solemnity, with an u­niversall-concording harmony, making such free Spectators, that were before in servitude.

Examples of Bounty a­mongst the Sy­racusans.The modest Prince Hiero of Syracusa, who in meere compassion of the slaughter of the Romans, at the Lake Thrasimenus, sent to the afflicted rem­nant of that wofull Army, three hundred Thou­sand Bushels of Wheate, two hundred of Bar­ley, [Page 325] and two hundred and forty pound weight of Gold to relieve their wants, and manifest his royall bounty.Planted is this City Agrigen­tum, on that flowry Moun­taine Agragas. I may annexe the memorable ex­ample of Gillia of Agrigentum, who was rich in Mines, but much more rich in minde, alwayes rather inclined to distribute than scrape: so as his house (and that not undeservedly) was called Officina Munificentiae, a Ware-house of Bounty; erecting Monuments for publick use, that the eyes of the people might be delighted with so gratefull spectacles: Here were prepared sumptu­ous Feasts, yeelding and ministring food, and all other necessaries for the sustaining Nature, to all way-faring men, bestowing dowers upon Maids, and reliefe to the poore, ministring plen­ty of comfort (out of his Royall Exchequer) to such as had sustained any detriment, or damage.A Memorable Instance of Hospitality. To be briefe, hee kept open Hospitality, recei­ving five hundred Celensian Gentlemen at one time, by occasion of Tempest driven upon his Coast, which he fed at his owne Table; and at their departure royally adorned them with sumptuous Garments. To be short, thou wouldst not (saith our History) have taken him for any Mortall, for he was too liberall, but the very Bounties-bosome of propitious Fortune.

Thou hast seene these Examples of Liberality; I will now unrip thy owne Casket, and see what worthy Pictures thou hast lockt up in it. I see many bagges of mould, but not one ragge of Conscience: great Chests ramm'd up with inex­orable barres, crammed with Avarice, Famine, [Page 326] and Oppression. Lucifer is thy Treasurer, pro­ving a faithfull servant: for hee will not cheate thee for a World, lest hee should lose his part of thee in the World to come. Thou committest to him the Keyes of thy Conscience; which o­pens and shuts upon all occasions: Hee being one of thy Family, how canst thou chuse but be pro­sperous? Yet beleeve me (thy end will be poore and miserable) not one of those many Angels thou possessest, like a good Angell, will guard, or give these so much as the least taste of Comfort. I come not to instruct thee, like a Divine, but to illustrate my Assertions by Historicall Examples, which I have here placed before thee, to deterre thee from their life, that thou mayest avoid their death.

Avarice, or (which is extended further) Mi­sery, was best exemplified in Hermon; who to deceive his owne friends, and deprive them of that which he made his God; at his Death, made himselfe his owne Executor: This man would be loath to lose so precious a Friend; Death must not part him and his Riches. No question but his Opinion was, hee might pur­chase himselfe a Tabernacle of rest with his rust:Miserable ends of Mi­sers. and translated from the vale of Earth, might e­rect himselfe a Mansion of pure Gold, for hee carryed the stuffe with him. I could heere pro­duce infinite other Examples, which, to avoid tediousnesse, I omit, and returne to our Dis­course.

History may yeeld no lesse profit to the Pro­digall, [Page 327] who makes himselfe the last of his name; who no sooner (yea oft-times sooner) than he hath shut his Fathers eyes, opens his Fathers Chest, and wipes away the remembrance of his Fathers Death, with the Evidence and Broad Seale of his Fathers love: he had need of some di­rection.

Many of these are no sooner come to their Lands, than they run out of their Witts.☜ They were sicke of a Father while hee lived; and now they live to become a prey to others,The Prodi­gals humour displayed. by whom they are more usually jeered than loved. Now, to display this brave Prodigalls humour, and render him in his true Colours; I shall not need to bestow much paines upon him, seeing the Sa­tyre h'as already so exactly done it for him:Tristis adit tu­mulum, reditu­rus laetior Hae­res, Suscipit ut lo­culos aere mi­cante suos.

These easie Obsequies once done; he must of necessity fall into acquaintance with all those Of­ficious Creatures, whose abilities conduce much to the making up of a Gentleman. He, who now stands resolv'd never to measure his owne ex­pence, must be measur'd by his Taylor; accom­modated by his sweet-sented Milliner; Bever'd by his Haberdasher; stand nearely indeared to his amorous Sempster. Having thus throwne a­way his Sable dresse, and suited himselfe Cap a pe [Page 328] to the fashion of the Time:His Faunes or Followers, his Spunges. He must have Faunes or Followers to spunge him. Such, in one word, as never knew what reputation meant; nor were ever acquainted with what credit meant, farther than running on score. And these must be the Carvers out of his estate. Excellent Stewards to manage a fortune!

Now, if this Gentele Gallant set his rest for the City; the height of his ambition is to receive in­struction from Corranto's and Play-bills. These Notions must regulate the whole course of his Living. Acquaintance he h'as got him; and such as meane to gull him and gueld him of that wherewith his Father did guild him. For such is the misery of man, as he cannot endure to be seene in that place, where he is not best him­selfe. Associates he h'as from all quarters of the World, and of all qualities, save good. Some Bilbow Blades he meetes withall, and those ei­ther for feare of an affront; or purposely to make them his Champions upon occasions of quarrell, he makes Guard le Corpse. And these can hu­mour him to an haire; call him their Anni­bal: and that Title payes for all. If hee fall into acquaintance with a decayed Artist; whose prodigall course h'as brought him to partake of Cheate. He will not sticke upon the very first Salute to become his Ingle. And this Honey­suckle must broake for him (being that where­with he h'as beene from his Infancy vers'd) in conterfeit Jewels: and these must bee return'd to him for rich ones. For the graines of his [Page 329] discerning judgement were long since scattered: so as, he may rest secure for discovery.

To satisfie his Senses one Night, it must cost him as much as his Fathers care gathered in a whole yeare. But now after many unrighteous Bills discharg'd; the Moone beginnes to be i'th waine with him. His Exchequer in the Country, affords him no such fresh nor frequent supply for his Port, sport and support in the City, as it used to doe. For want then of other profits and emolluments, he must be forced to take up Com­modities. Dainty trash to maintaine his traine! But nothing violent can be permanent: that Con­duit is soone dryed up. In a word, hee never takes up with himselfe, till he be taken up by o­thers. He was drunke all this time, and now re­straint h'as brought him to himselfe, and made him suffer.

But if the Prodigalls humour be such, as it con­fines him to the Countrey, without any farther aspiring either to Court or City; because hee's no Letterd man, he h'as chosen to bestow his meanes upon the pleasures of H which is no Letter. His onely Discourse is in commendati­on of his Hound; from whom he differs onely in Sent; for coupled they might bee well together for Sence. His Horse cannot gallop faster in Chace, than hee out of his estate. His Hauke flies so high, as she lessens her selfe; which may serve for his Embleme: having flowne so long a flight, as he hath lessen'd himselfe both in cre­dit and fortune: both which after a long mou­ting, [Page 330] scatter abroad like Feathers in the Aire. His Courtezan (to close his illiterate Alphabet in one) h'as left him; and vowes she cannot love him, because he h'as lost his wits: but indeed, the losse of his estate is the reason. Shee bids him for want of better maintenance, goe to an Ho­spitall; and she at leasure will follow after: and no sooner than neede requires; for as hee stands in neede of reliefe, so she of a Plaister.

Whence we may collect (though there be no necessary inference of any such Collection; arising rather from the corruption of a youth­full vicious disposition) that a Fathers injurious doing,His Fathers injurious do­ings, his undo­ing: his rai­sing, his ruine. becomes oftimes his Heires undo­ing; the Fathers raising, the Sonnes ruine.

Oh let these young Lapwings, who leave their nest before they can finde wing, and make their pleasure a Labyrinth of Labour, looke homeward!

The young mans maze.There be many mazes for the young man: I have knowne many exposed to all delights, and (as it were) sold under the gage of prostituti­on, who by Historicall observations have not onely reclaimed their former errour, but grew singular mirrours of purity. No question, if Catiline, whose mind was ever subjected to illi­mited affections, had but perused the excellent re­lations of his noble Predecessors,Our predeces­sors vertues, motives of imitati [...]n. he had not beene onely able to extinguish that common and universall cumbustion, which his aspiring spirit raised to consume his whole Countrey; but had beene memorable for his owne attchievements: [Page 331] for the best of Roman Historians (that I may use the Words of the best Commenter upon Quem pro­prietatis ser­vantissimum, vocat Gellius. Crispus Salustus) saw thus much into his dispo­sition, that so long as he retired himselfe from those factious and mutinous spirits, Cethegus, Lentulus, with others of that hatefull consort, none shewed himselfe a more profitable member to the Common-weale, or more ready to en­danger himselfe for her availe; imploying his time in serious discourses; which not onely mo­derated his affections, but poised him to the equall ballance of a vertuous Discourse: which afterwards perverted by the depraved suggesti­ons of those Ruffins, reduced those faire begin­nings to nothing, and him to a miserable death, and perpetuall infamy.

The very same effect we see in all other Vices (which would be well extenuated) if vitious mindes would apply themselves to these,Histories best discoverers of errours. and the like Discourses: we should have our drunkards see into their owne shame, deblazoned by the Epirotes; our Epicures by the ravenous Vitellij; spending their fortunes in pampering their worst houshold servant; our carnall Brothelists, by those impudent prostitutes in Neroes time, who were never weary of their shame, till their publicke filthinesse ingendred a loathing in the professours themselves: looke to these mens ends! Oh, how long might I prosecute this argument without want of copious Discourse!Instances of famous de­linquents. Here pro­ducing an Heliogabilus, generally hated for his insatiate Lust, and least pittied in that ebbe of [Page 332] his frailty (his miserable death) when men use most to be pittied, being attended at his fune­rals with Military reproaches: ‘Here goe we to bury a Dogge of distempered lusts: there, a wanton Messalina, rewarded with a death besee­ming her.’ Here, an aspiring Sejanus; shaken with an unexpected end, and made miserable in his best fortunes, interred with dry eyes: For who will pitty the fall of Ambition? There an Herostratus (memorable for nothing but villany) purchasing by his fame an infamous end. Here, a bloody Perillus, expert in the invention of cruell Projects, punished with the Torture of his owne Invention: There, a fleering Para­site, who circumvents himselfe with his owne policy.

Such exemplary motives be frequent in Hi­stories, and able in themselves (if duly pondered) to enforce Nature from her selfe, and reduce Man, primarily addicted to this or that Vice, to a consideration of his owne estate, wisely fore­seeing his owne danger by others misery; wisely; Cautioning the young man to levell his affecti­ons at another scope, than the depraved intend­ments of the time wherein he liveth; making difference betwixt sence and reason:History the best Touch­stone to diju­dicate 'twixt what is good and ill. the one com­mon to Beasts with men: the other a dis-junct propriety onely to man from beasts: For reason, the directresse of our understanding, the limiter of our affections within honest bounds, the Touch-stone to dijudicate what is good, from what is ill, the intellectuall Notion of the soule, [Page 333] should be ever the conducter of our fancies;How to bee Masters over our selves. which is best shown, when (Antomedon-like) we can delineate Vertue in no better shadow, than the Tablet of our owne Hearts; expressing our selves the best by that, which makes our selves the best, to wit, in prosecuting Vertue with an earnestnesse, that in the end we may be­come Masters of our selves, governours of our af­fections, and right Siegniors over our in-disposed Fancies.

What admirable Effects have bin and may be drawne from History, ☜ Admirable effects drawne from History, in subduing our affections. to subdue and regulate our affections, who is he knoweth not, presupposing him conversant in such generous studies? This may be easily gathered by that very heat or vertu­ous emulation we shall find even in our selves, up­on perusal of others commendable actions. For as we are allured by the beauty of goodnesse, to desire nothing more then to be possessed of it: knowing, no outward beauty comparable to it; so are we deterred from shewing any affection to vice, for the deformity of it: and those odious fruits which burgen from it.

Laïs, though of all Greek Curtezans, none more comely, came far short of vertue for true beauty: and Naïs, though none more ougly, came no­thing neare vice for her deformity.

When the Carthage Queene heard the sad Re­lation of that amorous Trojan, ☜ touching all those Tragicke passages during the siege and destructi­on of Troy, she could not take a Survey of such a discourse without the attendance of some Prince­ly [Page 334] compassionate teares. Such strong impressions beare others actions in the Theatrall Act of this Life.No Malady but may finde a receipt to cure her, or allay her di­stemper by the helpe of Hi­story.

But to apply receipts to every distinct malady; and by Historicall helpes minister to every seve­rall sore a soveraigne remedy; tell me, you Iudici­ous Readers of Historie, is there any distemper whereof you labour, which you shall not find chaced and chasticed by some Historicall Exam­ple! Yea, answere me in all or any of these, if at any time you find your selves pestred with any of these, if Receipts (according to the quality of those distempers) may not be found out for a sea­sonable cure of these!

Doth vaine-glory transport you; that Spirit of Pride which makes man forgetfull of him­selfe? you shall find in History, many Examples to deterre you from it. You shall there, as in a trans­parent Mirror, behold the Lydian Craesus sitting in his chaire of State, beautifi'd with the exqui­sitest accomplements that the Majesty of a King could put on; and Him you shall heare thus En­throned, thus adorned, asking a wise Sage (to discover his folly the more) if ever he beheld a more beautefull or gracefull Spectacle? And you shall heare this vaine piece of Princely Pompe jeered to his face.Diog. Laërt. ‘Yes, sayes he, Dunghill Cockes, Phesants, Peacockes: for these are cloathed with a native beauty, whereas your is but a borrowed glory. Whence, you shall find that Sentence of Menander rightly verified:Menand. Every foole is carried away with arrogance and applause.’

You shall likewise heare Antiochus (to illu­strate more fully the misery of vaine-glory) at one time saluted a glorious Prince,☜ and a furious Tyrant.

Againe, are you naturally addicted to that Groundling vice of Avarice? you shall find what brave contempt of riches appeared in Ethnick Breasts. This you may find portraide to life in a Phocion, Solon, Crates, Anacharses, Cimon, Timon, Fabritius. Nothing held These to be more con­temptible, then what true wisedome most con­temned.

Or stand you enthralled to Passion, which makes the wisest man a Bedlamer for the instant? You shall find excellent meanes to attemper this com­motion. Lessons given by Pagans unto Pagans, and worthy to be left for golden Legacies by Christians unto Christians.

That wise Athenodorus, departing from Au­gustus, and taking his leave, to expresse a Phi­losophers love, left this Lesson with him, de­serving well to be imprinted by him: That when he was angry, or intended to pronounce any sen­tence upon a delinquent, he should repeate the foure and twenty Greeke letters. Which lesson Caesar re­ceived as an ornament in value more precious then a Diadem.

You shall likewise find an Architas no lesse commended; hearing him least expresse it, when most incensed. If he find his Hinde idling, he can keep his patience, and discreetly admonish him: O how would I have beaten thee, had I not bin angry with thee!

Or doth that rankling vice, Envy, eating up the heart and marrow of her Master, seaze on you? you shall heare what a brave Platonicke Common-weale sometimes flourished, when that Law of Nature, holding possession of all things in common, was in request.

Before Carthage was destroyed, Rome both quietly and modestly govern'd her affaires. There was no contending not contesting for glory nor commaund amongst her Citizens; they guided all things peaceably, and succeeded in all things prosperously. That antient Kings-evill, desire of raigning and invading had not as then infect­ed them. Whence you may truly collect, by ap­plication had to these present times, what that glorious Divine out of his owne Experience sometimes observed,Si duo ista Pro­nomina Meum & Tuum ces­sarent, non es­sent tot discor­diae in mundo. Stell. de Con­tempt. Mund. "If these two Pronouns MINE and THINE would but cease, there would not arise such differences in the world.

Or if a Liquorish appetite captivate reason; you shall read in a Laconian, what moderation would suite well with a Christian. Here you may find a whole Pythagorean state nothing more af­fected then Moderation; nothing lesse relishing then licentious surfeiting.

Or if unbounded Sensuality wanton in you: you shall find what you want, exemplifide in a Zeno, a Zenocrates; and not only in Philosophers, but victorious Princes. Where you shall see brave Cleopatra (one who sometimes bare a Majesticall Soveraignty in her eye; and could insult over a Prince with a scornefull looke, and make him [Page 337] her slave with a smile) kneeling at the feet of Cae­sar, laying baits for his eyes; but in vaine: her beauties were beneath that Princes chastity.

Or desire you to be retir'd, or to feed your re­misse Spirits with Sloth? Oh what spurs you shall find to quicken your dulled and rebaited courage? what animosity in those who were mannagers of Martiall affaires? what industry in all Arts and Sciences? what deliberation in undertaking, what resolution in executing?

Lucullus cannot enjoy himselfe in his owne Tent. A noble Spirit ever finds it selfe active for employment.

Thus shall you find presented before you, what­soever may in the homely habit of Vertue allure you: or whatsoever cloathed with the odious visage of vice may deterre you. Nor is it possible to find out any Morall way better to regulate or marshall your affections, than by a serious Survey had, and usefull application made of these Histo­ricall relations.

But to come more neare thee in this second part of my Division, we must distinguish of the severall fruits and effects of History, directed to peculiar ends: As first, art thou a Lover, and de­sirest to complement with thy beloved? Thou art in a dangerous way, and if thou wisely se­lect not such Histories, as may (like soveraignes) rather allay and moderate thy braine-sick passion, than kindle the fire of thy senselesse reason, be lulled with nightly apparitions of thy beloved faire one, to what exorbitances shalt thou be [Page 338] made subject? But I know the Nature of thy sicknesse: thou art like one who hath taken poy­son; and though Drinke be mortall to him, yet he longeth out of all measure for it. There is no Subject so fitting thy humour, as amorous Son­nets, Historicall Relations, carolling out the discontents of unsatisfied love.

Leander swimming over Hellespont, to crop a blossome already cropped.Passions pro­ceeding from braine-sicke Lovers, &c. Achylles retiring discontented for the losse of his Briseis, Aga­memnon for his Chryseis: these are Subjects for thy Love-sick Fancy; whereas opposites to Love, (Morall Relations, instructing thee in a more equall and reasonable path) would better cure thy disease, and bring thee to an understanding of thy selfe. Absence (wee say) from our Mi­stresse, makes us most forgetfull of her; and least we thinke of her when wee discourse of Argu­ments least concerning her; whilst reading Idle Pamphlets, the very bane and canker of Youth, and Age too: for Age is as subject to Dotage, as Youth to Fancy; putting us in mind of our for­mer distracting passions,A Lovers Ec­phonesis. crying: Nec me minor urget Amor: with hard-hearted Mistresse, in­constant Dame, sickle in affection, inconstant in thy Resolution! shedding as many teares as would drowne his Mistresse, if she were not so light, as she is able to beare herselfe above water. Alas poore Lover! and whereto so many fruit­lesse wishes, so discomfortable laments, so dis­cordant Eccho's of redoubled sighes, Aye me un­happy? Thou knowest not how these reasonlesse [Page 339] perturbations make thee more loathed than lo­ved, more intranced than fancied; and more beleagred with passions anew, than to salve those passions wherewith thou wer't tormented of old.

Read the continent Life of Zenocrates, dedi­cated wholly to Chastity; not a Laïs (though never so motive) can induce him to gage his re­putation to a Harlot. Read me the noble dis­position of Scipio Affrican, who scorn'd to make himselfe a Slave to his fancy:Looke upon the History of Antony and Cleopatra. the royall mind of that potent Alexander, who would not captive his affection to his Captive: the undestai­ned Resolution of the Matron Antonia, Wife to Drusus: that chast Tragedian Sophocles, Vid. Val. Max. lib. 4. cap. 30. who being demanded, whether hee ever applyed his mind to sensuall affections, replyed; ‘Dij meliora: Heaven forefend, a Strumpet should put on a Tragick Buskin.’ These continent Relations will reduce thy stragling motions to a more setled and retired harbour.

And surely,☜ did we but know what Honour takes her repose in so sweet an Harbour; Here he shews what honour is to be ascri­bed to Conti­nence. wee would soone strike Anchor. First then, wee will here shew to you what Honour is to be ascribed to Continence. How much the very Pagans (whose desires onely clos'd in Morall Honesty) valued this precious Jemme. How votive Virgins chu­sed rather to be deprived of Life, than of their Honour. And how those who violated that re­ligious Vow, suffer'd the very extreamest kind of Censure: Whereof Campus Martius was ever [Page 340] made the Tragicke Theatre,Vid. Var. Val. Max. Gell. Strab. &c. I leave to those who have writ amply of that Subject.

Memorable is the Story of that noble Lady Armenia; who being bidden to King Cyrus Wed­ding, went thither with her Husband: at Night when they were returned home, her Husband asked her, how she liked the Bridegroome; whe­ther she thought him to be a faire and beautifull Prince or no? ‘In truth, said she, I know not: for all the while I was forth, I cast mine eyes upon none other but upon thy selfe.’

One of Hiëro's Enemies reproaching him with a stinking breath, went home and questioned his Wife why shee told him nothing thereof: but what was her Reply? ‘I though, quoth she, all men had the same savour.’

To continue the Memory of their Conjugall Constancy and Nuptiall Continence, you shall ever in these Creatures of the weaker Sexe, finde admirable Motives both for Instruction and Imi­tation.

Cannia, Wife to Synattus, whom one Synoris, a man of greater Authority than he, loved; and making no small meanes by prayer, price, and power to obtaine her love, yet all in vaine; sup­posed the readiest way for the effecting his de­sires to be the murd'ring of her Husband: which he performed: and no sooner executed, than hee renewed his Suite, to which she seemed to assent. But being solemnely come into the Temple of Diana for the celebrating those Nuptiall Rites, she had a sweet potion ready which she drunke to [Page 341] Synoris: wherewith they both were poisoned; to revenge her Husbands death.

The like admirable Constancy shew'd Theoge­na Wife to Agathocles, in her Husbands greatest misery; approving her selfe most his owne, when hee was relinquish't and forsaken of his owne: promising him, that she would not partake with him onely in prosperity, but in what fortune so­ever should befall him.

That constant Loialty, and royall Continency of the incomparable Zenobia to her Husband O­donatus (though a Barbarian Queene) cannot be too much admired; her Zeale shee exprest not onely to him living, but dying. No Monument she held fit to containe his Corpse but her owne body; that carrying his shrine still about her (be­ing what she could not remove from her) shee might ever reteine him in her memory. But no question, her princely affection to History had highly increased in her this Loialty.☜ For by her reading of others what appeared in others so truely commendable, with a pious ambition shee aspired to an imitation thereof in her selfe.

The Women of India (whether wonne with strength of Custome, or Conjugall Devotion) when any of their Husbands dyeth, are wont to fall into Contention through the vehemency of their affection, which of them (for they are per­mitted to have many Wives) hee loved best in his life: Shee that winneth, being very joyfull (a great Company of her Friends and Kinsfolke following her, to celebrate her funerall honour) [Page 342] is cast into the fire with her dead Husband.

But every Crates must not looke to be Polycra­tes: such Cognizants must not be for every mans sleeve. That Sentence ever deserves approve­ment: ‘As there is a pleasure in loving those to whom we are espoused, living; so it is an of­fice of piety to honour them dying.’ Their life injoynes us to be true to their Bed, their Death exacts no lesse to their memory.

Nor is this Continence held onely in esteeme with those who partake of Reason: for even such Creatures as are led by Sense, are no lesse jealous of their Love, nor lesse speedy in revenging Lust: which may be confirmed by this Example.

The History calls him Cra­this, from the River (as may be supposed) neare which he inhabited.A certaine libidinous Citizen dwelling in the Towne of Sybaris, bounding upon the River Crathis, so monstruously and unnaturally raged in the heate of immoderate Lust, as on a time, neglecting all humanity, to extinguish the vio­lent flames of his bestiall affection, came to a Shee-goat and coupled with her; which the High-goat, as one seeing, yet reserving re­venge for a fitter time, he found this Sybarite one day fast asleepe; wherefore to redresse the in­jury of his corrupted Love, and revenge the horrour of his detested Lust, he presently set up­on him, and mall'd him to death with his hornes.

But to close all in one; what Honour the Anci­ent Romans with other Ethnicks, ascribed to Continence: and how much they scorned that the least blemish should be aspersed on their House in that kind, may be made as cleare as light by [Page 343] that memorable Example of Virginius. The Story is thus. Virginius, one of a Plebeian de­scent, but of a Patritian spirit, lest his House should be dishonoured, spared not his owne blood. For when Appius Claudius, one of the Decem-viri, sought with strong hand to deflower his Daughter, being a Virgin, Virginius brought her into the Market-place, and there kill'd her, chusing rather to be her Murtherer, undefiled,Val. Max. lib. 6 cap. 1. than her Father, deflowred.

Now, having showne you the Honour due to Continence; I would have you in the second place to consider, how soone a precious Name is lost:How soone a precious name is lost; with what difficul­ty re-gain'd. and with what difficulty regain'd. It is not suf­ficient for you to refraine onely from doing ill, but from doing ought that may be supected for ill. Variety of Examples you shall finde every where in this kind. A Name highly priz'd, and quickly lost: and being lost, not the wealth of the Indies could redeeme.

Thirdly,The pleasure short; the pur­chase shame. reflect upon the pleasure how short it is: and of the purchase, what shame it is. De­mosthenes could answer Laïs deare demmand for so short a pleasure, ‘I will not buy Repentance at so deare a rate.’ And a farre more precious gage he had to lose, if an Ethnick light could have mounted so high. With the like Answer sleight every light Courtezans proffer; ascribing to that inestimable Jewell of Continence all due Honour.

But yet I must proceed farther; art thou Am­bitious, and hast both wings and will to flye? Thou art soaring with Icarus; and thy waxen [Page 344] wings (no question) must be dissolved with Ica­rus: he gave a Sea a name; but thou hast a Sea in thine owne braine; thou art floting, and (Came­lion-like) feedest upon the aire of thine owne fancy: Thou art now for building a second Pyra­mides in the aire; and no doubt but thou wouldst perfect thy intentions, if death prevent thee not.

Thou art a vaine Foole, thou seest many wor­thy honouring, daily declining; merits unde­serving, raised to height above themselves: not a Senator, or sage Purple Father, but subjected to an undeserving censure: and what is the cause? Why, honour procureth censure; and yet thou art well; served well, safely retired, not envied, nor maligned by the opposites of greatnesse; and yet thou desirest (like another Phoebus) to shine in the eye of the Court, to shew thine owne admi­ration by a vaine flourish, commenting on thine owne perfections, which need some Exposition: for they cannot demonstrate themselves. Alas, how strangely art thou transported above thy selfe! not apprehending how the meanes of ri­sing oft-times procure an unexpected fall. Con­sider thy owne unbridled desires, and seeke to re­presse them, I pray thee doe; and take this ob­servance with thee: Never looke into either mo­derne Histories or Ancient, for the projects, how they grounded the foundation of their plots; but aime at the end and event of their de­signes, what issue they had: there thou shalt see a Caesar reigne long, and attaine the very height of his hopes; yet his continuance abridged, and [Page 345] his new-established Monarchy (in himselfe) quite ruinate in a stabbe.The fall of Parasites. Here a Sejanus (who was Ferox sceleris) a great hunter after cruelty, become the last of his aspiring desires, and the sponge (as Tacitus observeth) who being squized, only en­riched his Emperours fortunes, and made him­selfe miserable by his owne fall: for Ambitious men, who leap to greatnesse, for the most part, hoppe without heads, and too late repent their madnesse.

TO expresse our Latine Authors I need not, so much is our Country benefited by Transla­tors, as the Neat-heard in his Hovell may dis­course as well of Cornelius Tacitus (if he know his mothers tongue) as our best Latinists. In my opinion no Argument better for instruction then that Author: and if I should dwell upon one, I had rather insist upon his phrases (though see­mingly perplexed) then any other Roman Author,Vid. in vit. Neron. how perspicuous soever.

Tranquillus writes true, but he unrips the im­modesties of the time with too long discourse up n every particular vice. Nothing (sayth Quin­tilian) can be esteemed more perfect, then the e­legancy and brevity of Salusts speech (Presertim apud vacuas & eruditas aures;) and I assent to his [Page 347] opinion; the singularity of his phrase was (which may seeme strange) without affectation:Aul. Gel. in Noct. Attic. so Au­lius Gellius (a very Aristarchus for the search of Antiquities) testifieth of him. Neither Fabius affraid to entitle him, The chiefe of the Roman Historians, as Thucidides the Prince of the Greci­ans. Yet in these Histories there is an exactnesse of understanding required; and more doe their writings conduce to State-affaires, then private and Domestik employment.

Now,☜ His Judge­ment of divers approved Hi­stori [...]ns; extra­cted from the best Authors. to deliver our judgement of divers ap­proved Historians: extracted from the best Au­thors: Titus Livius, by the testimony of Phil. Commines, as he is to this day had in great honour by the Italians, who retaine still a forme of the Antient Roman Government, and that in some poynts most exactly; describes in a sweete and well-composed Style, how that flourishing Em­pire (which afterwards swallowed up many e­minent States) sprung up at first, how it increa­sed, what was done commendably, what vicious­ly, during the whole progresse of her rising; till labouring of her owne weight, and press downe with her owne Grandeure, her full light fell to be eclyps'd, her height to a declining. Of this Historian, I have spoke in many places; yet me thinkes there is still something omitted that might bee properly annexed for an addita­ment to his praise.

Right well I know (to close in opinion with Erasmus) ‘that there is no reading more accom­modate, no Discourse better suiting men of [Page 348] quality than that of Hïstory; amongst which Titus Livius holds the prime place (I speake of Latine Historians onely) especially,Erasmus. seeing no­thing is extant of Salusts, but onely two frag­ments.’

In his judgement, then, as no Discourse is more requisitely familiar than with Historians; so he holds Livie to be the Prince of all Latine Histori­ans: and fittest to be a Gentlemans acquaintance. Great, no question, was his modesty; his owne Workes may confirme it: ‘Whether (saith he) I shall performe that Taske which may seeme worthy my Labour, if I relate whatsoever hath beene done by the people of Rome from the first foundation of that City, neither doe I sufficiently know, neither if I did know, durst I attempt such an enterprise.’

And yet he proceeded in that Labour, and perfected it with great honour: albeit, his pious feare exprest the sweetnesse of his temper. Nei­ther fell he short in Sincerity, though he seeming­ly pretended a feare, which implide his mode­sty. For what is rare in Historians, (especially, writing of Princes and their Actions, in their owne times) hee was never taxed of partiality, nor mincing truth: were the Personages of whom he wrote never so great, nor authority in office high.

A Subje [...]t, indeed, never worthy the penne of of so deserving an Historian; none could possibly have: nor more variety of actions both in a calme and troubled State. And though Authors [Page 349] in their arguments of Discourse and Historicall Relation finde ever the largest fields to walke in, to be fields of blood: where no day can passe without some notable action deserving the memory of a succeeding age; yet in that time and state wherein he bestowed his paines, the reti­redst houres from imployment afforded him an occasion of delivering some Observation or o­ther worthy the approvement of a judicious Eye.

For his Style (as I have else-where noted) it was nothing so darke nor concise as that of Ta­citus. ☜ The former more dilated; the latter more contracted. Both serious; the latter more sen­tentious. These ground the first face or foun­dation of a State upon Lawes; and they shew with what obedience those were observed in their infancy. Romulus and Remus were both builders; the one materiall, the other mentall. Numa begot in His both love and loyalty, by bringing His to understand themselves legally. Now, no sooner have they planted a State, then they beginne to strengthen it with Actions. De­sire of Command calls them abroad. Their Po­wers must be levied, Commanders elected, and those Wars made sinnewy and strong, that some exploit worthy the name of such a Nation may be performed.

And having now presented the body of a State in her full growth, they shew what is done, not without due attributes to them, by whom those actions were done. They runne into com­mendation [Page 350] of those Agents of Valour, and they conclude; ‘Such as the Captaine is, such is the Souldier.’ They bring in Scipio, who used to have this Sentence in his mouth: ‘That easie, favourable & affable Captaines were profitable to the enemy, which though they were beloved of their Souldiers, yet they set little by them.’ This, so wise and experienst a Commander could not chuse but make good use of: for the obe­dience of Scipio's Souldiers towards their Ge­nerall is confirmed by his owne attestation: ‘So observant were mine of whatsoever I com­manded them,Nullus est ho­rum qui non conscensâ tur­ri, semel in marc-praecipi­tat urus sit, Si iussero. Plut. that if I bad them clime to the toppe of a Tower, and from thence throw themselves head-long into the Sea, there was not one of them but would obey me.’

There is no passage to enliven the Spirit of a Souldier, which these omit: and all these cou­ched in so Princely a Style, as without affecta­tion, it comprehends much State. In a word, time shall sooner cease to breath, than posterity to breath their fame.

For the Epitomes of these, as Luc. Florus and others; me thinkes they may bee compared to short Commons. They doe well so farre as they goe; but they leave the Reader still with a strong Appetite. Something is ever omit­ted, which leaves the Stomacke craving and un­satisfide.

It is true indeede, that such Collections are usefull for memory: like briefe Notes or Diaries, which we carry about with us: And for ordina­ry [Page 351] Discourse, will serve well enough. But a Schollers Historicall Taske is of more difficul­ty, than to receive life and spirit from an E­pitome.

The judiciousest and most compendious Epi­tomizer breathing, should he Analise an entire History; and after many serious re-views and re-collections, contract the whole body thereof into a briefe Methodicall Compendiary: So farre short should he find himselfe fall from the mind of the Author: as upon the next re-view, he would ingenuously confesse, that he had rather runne o­ver him, than conversed with him.

For Gellius, his Discourse rather falls upon Philosophicall argumentation, than any Histori­call relation. Winter Nights you shall finde there well bestowed. And he Styles them Athe­nian Nights, to expresse how those Studies with which Athens most flourished, were there soci­ably debated, Scholastically argued, and judicious­ly composed. Some Pieces of Naturall Histo­ry are heere and there interveined, which may minister occasion both of profit and delight to such as shall seriously peruse them.

Touching Valerius Maximus, his writings stand more upon Apothegmes than History. He takes Survey of such especiall Vertues and Vices as pressed most upon those times. Wherein, he recommends to posterity such memorable Per­sons as were Mirrours for the practise of the One; and rigid Censors in punishing the Other. He discovers nothing but by example; a moving [Page 352] kinde of perswasion for imitation of goodnesse; and aversion from whatsoever is evill.

Quintus Curtius, his Sceane is single: his whole Discourse consists mainly upon the actions of one Prince; yet many pleasant and remarkable passages shall you finde in the Princely progresse of his life. A brave spirit displayed in every action. One, who knew how to vanquish; and how to moderate his felicity. One, who if he were not what he was, could chuse with all his heart to be a poor Philosopher. One, who a­midst his Military affaires, and managements of State, would deagne to talke with learning: purposely to improve himselfe as well in Arts as Armes. Never Prince by his power could doe more, and by a sweet attemprature of his com­mand, revengelesse.

Megabizes esteemed Alexander as a Prince whilst he stood in his Schoole and said nothing, but when hee began to talke of things which he knew not: he said unto him, that ‘Even his little Children would, laugh him to scorne.’ This af­front could that great Commander beare with a Princely patience: and labour by his owne en­deavour, and the instruction of an incompa­rable Master, to redeeme his ignorance.

Though a Cynick teach him mortality in an homely manner: and encounter him with moul­dred Sculls in his triumph to his Countrey; he will scarcely reprove him for it, but usefully apply it, and benefit more by it, than by all those Nati­ons he had conquered.

Yet must his Errours be touched, that the sin­cerity of an Historian may become approved. His easie inclining to Laïs lay no small taint nor tin­cture on his honour; that the counsell of a Wanton should get the Conquest of such a Conquerour.

Velleius Patereulus, as he was no lesse elegant in his Style, than sinnowey and substantial in that Subject whereof he treated; may be justly be­moaned, that the injury of time should leave such maimes in his Workes: as no mention at all is made of all those glorious actions and me­morable exploits of the Romans, from the very prime foundation of the City, till the ruine of the Macedonian Kingdome, by Aemilius, during the space of five hundred yeares or more. So as, what now remaines extant of him, shewes him not so full, as to the halfe Body: nor that neither in his owne native lustre and beauty. In a word, unhappy was he in his mutilation, more unhappy in his Translation.

For Iosephus, that sincere relater of the Jew­ish Warres, I shall take occasion presently to speake of him; give mee leave onely to render him that commendation which Constantine the Emperour was sometimes pleased to bestow on so noble and faithfull an Historian: ‘As his life deserved perpetuall praise, so his death eternall honour.’

Touching Appianus Alexandrinus in his Dis­course of the Romane affaires, in my judgement he shewes both wit and strength in his Lines. [Page 354] Not a pleasant passage but merits approvement from his Pen. None more serious, when he desires to be weighty; none more delightfull, when the Subject admits a freedome to be witty.

For our Greeke Ethnick Historians (for of those Ecclesiasticall Writers, we shall speake of them in their due place;) none comparable to Plutarch for Historicall Morality; nor to Thu­cidides, for State and Majesty; nor to Herodotus, for Method and Perspecuity; nor to Herodian, for a quick and active Discovery; nor to Zeno­phon, for a rich Philosophicall Delivery. Where every Sentence workes strongly on the Sence, and begets some new Principle of Expe­rience.

But these, as I observed, wrote onely upon the Actions of those times, with the quality of the Persons interessed in those Actions: being both for matter of Discipline and service estranged from us, and consequently reteine lesse affinity with us. Yet of singular use (if discretion be had for severing the chaffe from the pure graine) both for instruction and exemplary direction to these times.

I will retire my selfe to such as may yeeld the Reader no little profit by consideration had to the judgments of God; modestly mixing Morall instructions with a sweet variety of Divine dis­course: a matter which may seeme directly op­posite to my first intention, but is not so; for these Histories which I meane to produce, are so grounded upon infallible truths, as in that re­spect [Page 355] they may seeme to merit a morally-Divine Title.Iosephus com­mended. Iosephus works I especially entertaine in­to my Family, as best describers of the judge­ments of God, expressers to the life, of an obdu­rate and stiffe-necked generation. Here to behold the incomparable beauty of that glorious Tem­ple (the type of the Coelestiall Temple) founded by that wisest of men, and that peace of Princes, Salomon, defaced, and that City which was once called, The City of the great King, demolished,Circumstances in the Iewish Warre give an excellēt beau­ty to the Dis­course Vespatian is said to have his Tents there first pit­ched where our Saviour was taken. and layd levell with the ground. Then to direct our Eye to the wonderfull judgments of God in raising civil discords, and mutinies amongst the Iewes themselves, the greatest meanes of their subversion, the maine predictions of their ruine and utter destruction, before these warres came upon them; yet their impieties not a whit lessened, their arme of sinne shortned, nor re­morse of conscience excited: no refuge to the Religious,In Montem O­livarum Ca­stra metans, &c. but defence to the wicked in every place of the City ministred. Then Survey the pollution of that Sacred Temple, where Altars were once Erected, Peace-offering sacrificed, and the Prayers of the holy Consecrated to God; there nought but effussion of bloud, slaughters a­mong themselves (an Occurrent remarkeable) committing no lesse Massacres upon themselves in the ceasing of Warre, then the Romans did in the heat of warre: being wholly exposed to Ty­rannicall Factions in the City; to expose them­selves to Roman servitude more easily. These ex­amples of Gods Justice, are worthy our Observa­tion, [Page 356] to admonish us of our peculiar duties,The judgment of God in that History most remarkable. careful how we offend, serious in the admini­stration of Justice: For how should we think he will spare the wilde Vine, that hath thus dealt with his owne naturall Vine? When he hath dealt thus with the Greene Tree, what will he do with the Dry Tree? That Vine was planted with his owne Hand, watered with the dew of his espe­ciallest favours from Heaven, dressed and pruned, yet behold the wilde Boare hath rooted it up: Et seges est ubi Troia fuit.

The truth of that History is so undoubted, as besides his owne concordance in relating, there is none that ever made question of the Truth and Verity thereof, composing what he wrote, not by report of Others, who speake (for most part) as they are affected, but by the approbation of his owne Eyes, the best outward directresses to inward knowledge.

To this Noble Historian (for he was Nobly Discended) I may adde those excellent Greeke Writers,Divine Histo­ries. worthy and memorable: as Nicephorus, Evagoras, Socrates, &c. For their Divine Ex­amples plentifull, the successe of the Christians amidst the tyrannies of the cruellest Emperours wonderfull: the diverse sorts of torments by those Tyrants invented, pittifull; and the dis­mall and terrible end of those Blood-suckers, fearefull.Insolency pu­nished. Here thou shalt see an Herod transpor­ted above himselfe, with the acclamation of his people: Not the voyce of Man, but of God: And presently behold his pompe converted into [Page 357] loathsomnesse, his preceedent joy to a subsequent pensivenesse, and the excellency of admiration to a suddaine amazednesse; he that seemed before a God, and no Man, is now by God made the miserablest of Man, forlorne and dejected: nay, if we would observe the whole current of their Histories, we shall see in them that God ever u­sed to recompence the Offendour with a punish­ment of the like nature: Nicephorus reports,An excellent Example. how Herodias daughter having begged the head of Iohn Baptist, chanced on a time to go over a main river, frozen over with Ice,Punishment alluding to the condition of the fact. where the Ice present­ly parting received her, and meeting againe cut off her head, a true and evident Testimony of Gods judgment.

The like of that blasphemous wretch Iulian, a foule-mouth'd detractor from the glory of God: who on a time mocked a Christian for talking reverently of the bowels of CHRISTS compassi­ons: But what end came of this miserable Athe­ist? His bowels fell out of his belly,Blasphemy pu­nished. being thrust through with a Javeling, confessing the power of God with a regreate, saying: Vicisti O Gali­lee! &c. yet vouchsafing to bestow no better name on him, then Galilean, a fearefull end of a most prophane Blasphemer.

The like of Dioclesian that cruell Emperour (and a great persecutor of the Christians) who, whilst he raigned seemed little or nothing to feare the Divine power of Heaven; yet the History re­cords, that Feare was the greatest occasion of his death; no, that he died by a voluntary feare, [Page 358] very jealous of the Aire, lest it should pierce his Braine.

☞ The like ex­emplary pu­nishments in­flicted on o­ther Delin­quents.The like of Maximinus, who at that time raged in the East, as Maxentius did in the West. Of whose Cruelties to returne a full Catalogue, would require an ampler Discourse than I have reserved for him. Hee, I say, who accumulated upon himselfe these Titles: ‘Emperour Caesar, Maximinus, puissant, magnificent, Chiefe Lord, Lord of Thebais, Lord of Sarmatiae, five times Conquerour of Persia, Lord of Germany, Lord of Aegypt, twice Conqueror of the Carpians, sixe times Conqueror of the Armenians, Lord of the Medes, Lord of the Adiabeni, Vid. Euseb. lib. 8. cap. 17, 18. Twenty times Tribune, Nine­teene times generall Captaine, Eight times Consul, Father of the Countrey, Procon­sul, &c.’

This matchlesse Tyrant, thus swolne up with Titles, after such time as he had plenteously rio­ted in the blood of the Saints, and sleighted the power of Heaven: feasted in nothing more than the bloody Bankets of dislaughter'd Christians. ‘Wherefore a Plague from above lighted on him, first taking roote in is flesh, and after­wards proceeding even unto his Soule. For there arose suddenly in the secret parts of his body (to chastise him for his licentious impu­rity) an Imposthume or running Sore, after­wards in the lower parts of his privities a bot­chy corrupt Bile, with a Fistula; whence issu­ed out corrupt matter, eating up the inward [Page 359] bowells, and an unspeakable multitude of Lice swarming out, and breathing a deadly stinch,The Corrup­tion of his bo­dy seconds the Tyrants Cru­elty: dispatch­ing such with his stinch, whō he had reser­ved for that Death in his healthfull e­state. when as the Corpulency of the whole body through abundance of meate before the disease came, was turned into superfluous grosnesse; and then being growne to matter, yeelded an intollerable and horrible Spectacle to the be­holders. Wherefore of the Physitians, some not able to digest that wonderfull noysome stinch, were slaine: some other (when there remained no hope of Recovery, by reason of the swelling throughout the whole body) be­ing not able to helpe at all with their Physicke, were cruelly executed themselves.’

But let us (if you please) take a Summary or briefe Survey (the benefit will answer the pur­suit) how those Emperours which were Ethnicks and Panims, maintainers of Idolatry and Paga­nisme; and how of the contrary, such as cleaved unto the Christian Faith, and held it there roy­all'st Prerogative to be Defenders of it, ended their Reigne.

Was not Caius Iulius Caesar the first Emperor, slaine by Conspiracy? Did not certaine Souldi­ers with naked Swords dispatch Caius the Ne­phew of Tiberius? Was not Nero murdered by one of his familiar and deare Friends? Had not Galba the like end, Otho and Vitellius who all three reigned onely sixteene Moneths? What shall I speake of Titus, whom Domitianus poi­soned, although he was his owne Brother? What say you of Commodus, did not Narcissus dispatch [Page 360] him out of the way? What shall I speake of Per­tinax, and what of Iulian, enjoyed not both they one kind of Death? What, did not Anto­nius the Sonne of Severus murther his Brother Geta? And did not Martialis requite him with the like? What shall I say of Macrinus? did not the Souldiers use him like a Captive about Bi­zantium, and cruelly put him to death? Was not Aurelius Antonius of Emessa murthred together with his Mother? Was not Alexander immedi­ately after him, together with his Mother like­wise put to death? What shall I say of Maximi­nus (whom we formerly mentioned) whom his owne Army dispatched? Or of Gordianus, who through the Treason of Philip was in like sort by his owne Souldiers put to death? Tell me, I pray thee thy selfe O Zosimus, what happened unto Philip, and after unto Decius, were they not slaine by the Enemy? Take Callus and Volusianus with them, were they not murthered by their owne Armies? What of Aemilianus, had not he the like miserable end? What Valerianus, was not he taken by the Persians in Battell, and led about of them in Triumph? What Galienus? was he not slaine through Treason, and Carinus beheaded when Dioclesian came to be Emperor; whom Dioclesian cut off lest they should Reigne with him? After whom Herculius Maximianus, his sonne Maxentius, and Licinius dyed with contumely and shame enough.

But since the time most noble Emperor Con­stantine began to reigne, since hee consecrated [Page 361] unto God the City he had built, and called it after his owne name, looke about I pray you, and speake indifferently, was there any one Em­perour in that City (Iulian, whose Apostasy ex­posed him to an imperious Tyranny, onely ex­cepted) that was murthered, either by his owne Subject, or by the Enemy: or any other Tyrant vanquished the Emperour. Basiliscus excepted: who, although he thrust Zeno beside the Imperial Scepter, he was overcome of him againe, and lost his head.

These Examples extracted from infallible grounds, may seeme the judicious understand­ing of the Gravest, and fittest for Private Fami­lies, where order is best attained by Examples: We use most to be moved, when we see the end of such a Man, to caution us;Vid. Lud. vi­vem. de educ. virgin. 1. lib. who having led his life securely, concludes the period of his dayes as miserably: And some have I knowne even of the discreetest and most vertuous parents, who, to deterre their children from Drunkennesse, used (like as the Epirotes did with their children) to hang the picture of a Hog wallowing in a filthy puddle, with this Inscription on it:An usuall meanes of re­claiming drunkards from their beastiall filthinesse. Abite Symposia, distrabitis ne­gotia. ib. Iumentum bibit quantum suffi­cit; Homo bibet quantum sus [...]o­cet. ib.

The Lascivious and sensuall worldling, decy­phered with this Character: Myrrha hanging in [Page 362] a chaine of gold about her father Cyneras bed,Every vice briefly decy­phered. with this Impressa.

The miserable wretch that makes his gold his God, best expressed by Menedemus, with his Spade, delving and digging for life, with this Motto:Non tu sed tui f [...]nuntur tuis. Dum tu tuis dominaris, tui dominantur tu­is. ‘Sic mihi divitias Famuli (que) pati.’

Truest decyphering of all ices, proceeding from the exemplary events of Delinquents, commit­ting what they like, and at last feeling what they like not:Oeconomicall Histories, tea­ching Private Families how to be disposed. The best government in private, pro­ceeds from Histories, and the serious reading thereof: the vertuous Matron squaring her course, by that modestest of Romane Dames Lucretia, making her (colum her thorum) her Distasse, her best companion in her bed, when her husband was absent: no vicious mind can de­prave her, she is fighting at home with her owne passions, whilst Colatine her husband fights in the field against his Countries enemy: But you shall see Lentulus and Aruns, their wives rioting, and revelling in their husbands absence.☞ Necessary in­structions for all Private E­states.

You shall finde sundry Instructions highly conducing to all Private Estates, in these Surveys of Histories. Directions for those are married; how to demeane themselves in their severall ranks or conditions. How the Roman Dames, after they had taken them to Husbands, were to bid adue to publique concourse: by breaking of the Axle-tree of their Waggons at their Bride­groomes doore: and putting off their shooes, [Page 363] (implying, that they were thenceforth to keepe within doores, and never to goe abroad.) What Instructions likewise were given them, to prepare them before they tooke themselves to a married state; which (to omit others lesse pertinent) were digested in this sort:

Love all, but reserve your peculiar affection 1 to One.

Hate whatsoever deserves your pious neglect: 2 and entertaine that Subject, as one worthy your truest tender, who would rather dye than asperse the least blemish on your honour.

Hold him dearer than your life, who knows 3 the essence of Love: who scornes to make a Sem­blance of that in Act or Tongue, which his in­timatest thoughts confirme not for a truth.

Piety should be your Diary: Sanctity your 4 Deity.

Earth your contempt: Elysium your content. 5 Let this be your Object, that your Subject: That your Inne, this your Mansion.

You are yet but one selfe, one Soule: if ever 6 you live to unite it; let it be linked to such a Love, as may essentially delight it: ever cheere it, never cloy it.

The misery of an enforced Marriage, what 7 Tragick effects it h'as wrought; the World can witnesse: where joyning of hands comming from dis-joyned hearts, hath made many a Nuptiall, an heavy Funerall.

Portion is a Worldings Object: Beauty the a­morous 8 Fooles Darling. Whereas, Vertue, be [Page 364] she never so poore, nor to the outward eye ne­ver so meane; reteines in her what may truely en­rich those that shall have her: and expresse that beauty in Age, which farre surpasseth all others in their Prime.

9 You, whose happinesse it hath ever beene to gaine repute; crowne those rayes of your Mor­ning, with a glorious Evening. And to ripen those native seeds of goodnesse in you, make choice of such an one for your Mate, whose knowledge may improve you; that Art and Na­ture may make you such an absolute Creature, as whosoever eyes you, may admire you: and draw one line from your accomplishment, whereby they may imitate you.

10 Though you be left, while others are chosen, hold not this your Contempt but Honour. Hea­vens have reserv'd you for the last Dish, to season the palate of a select Guest. Those Jewells are not in value least, that are vended last.

11 Your affection hath beene long in planting: those are the best Foundations.

12 That madding Fancy is a Frency, where Deli­beration makes no entry.

13 You have observed others choice; yet you pre­ferred your Maiden-state before any change. A Marriage-day could not so fire your affection; as to beget in you one straying thought of altering your condition. What a fixt Resolve was this in Youth? you were no envious Corrivall in others Rites; but were pleased to see others fed, with what you never tasted; harmlesly joying to heare [Page 365] others joy in that you never enjoyed.

But being so well read in Man, yet never 14 knowne to Man, make use of your Lecture, and in a lawfull embrace give way to Nature.

Let your Posterity make you a Mother; your 15 breeding beget a new life in those who shall be got of you: that like tender Osiers twisted about you, they may become melodious Instruments to those Superiour Powers that made you. To whose auspicious protection in the choice of your affection, that you may never stand in need of Viri-plata's Mediation, we recommend you.

The like Directions you shall finde for Virgins, and such as embraced a single life: with sundry Morall Motives to exhort Widdows to Conti­nence. Instructions likewise for Oeconomicall Discipline: Experimentall grounds or Observa­tions for Husbandry; all which for Brevity sake I passe over,Val. Max. Stra­bo. M [...]crob. Lud. viv. &c. referring you to such who have co­piously inlarged themselves in Subjects of this nature.

If our Historians, now a daies, would employ their Lampes and Oyle in the delivery of a profit­able History, such as might rather tend to the cherishing of the unripened blossomes of vertue, then the nipping of them: How happy members were they? Yea, that I may use Salusts words, though they retired themselves from publick af­faires, yet; Majus commodum ex eo otio, Historians most profita­ble to the Common-weale. quàm ex aliorum negotijs Reipub. venturum: Yet such have bin the depraved humours of former times, that the best Observors and Relators, have purchased [Page 366] little, save Envy, for their Labours: no, the very chiefest Historians have opposed themselves one against another.Enmity a­mongst Histo­rians them­selves.

Titus Livius was so violent against poore Sa­lust (as Seneca observeth) as he objected that cer­taine things, Transcribed by Salust out of Thu­cidides, though elegantly applyed, yet by him depraved and corrupted; which Aurelius Fuscus also, noteth to be done, as it were, of set pur­pose by Salust, to derogate from the excellency of Thucidides writings: A meere detraction to such a worthy Author: But what workes meri­ting Emulation, have not ever had Envy for their attendants?Hesiod. 1. lib. I conceive the reason to pro­ceed from that of Hesiod, who inferreth in Pro­fessions, none to be more apt to envy one ano­ther, then such as be of one Trade: Figulus fi­gulum odit: True, for where eyther singularity is required, or hope of gaine, there Envy is ever shooting her impoisoned Arrowes: And (for the most part) Envy raigneth there most, where our Labours deserve most: The low Mushrome is sel­dome touched by the violence of any Tempest, but the peering Cedar is ever exposed to all ve­hemencies.

For the particular use of Histories, and their fruit,Trog. Pomp. I have gathered these Observances, extra­cted from a judicious Writer: Expert he was in all Historiall Relations, as his apt similitudes more fully demonstrate: what they are I have here set downe, and as contractedly (as I could imagine) for the benefit of every understanding Reader.

If History comprehend in it any certaine do­cuments for the instruction of Mans life,A compendi­ous discourse of the generall profit of Hi­story. I sup­pose it expedient for all men; as well to select and make use of it, as to rush violently into such most plentifull and fruitfull fields of History, where all exemplary grounds are in ample sort propounded. For what can be more pleasant, or more profitable, then in the Theatre of Mans life; so, to be made wary and wise by other mens harmes (and that without harme) as to sit in safe­ty, and yet to be instructed in all parts without jeopardy: chusing out Examples of all kind, which thou maist apply unto thy owne peculiar use, upon all occasions? And whereas History, is conversant oftentimes in the secretest counsels, importing the weightiest affaires of the greatest Persons: we that are men do with greatest appe­tite covet them, as likewise to be interressed in their events, because it is impossible (through the shortnesse of mans life) otherwise to abridge the successions of times, by the limit of our for­getfull memory: or to see the prosperous For­tunes, Successes, and Ends of Empires, or mani­festly to conceive the Causes of evils, eyther pri­vate or publicke; or in every hard and difficult assay, to have a president before our eyes, of such things as were tryed before us, or which were in hazard before they were attempted by us: and that I may speake all in one word; to judge of things present, by things past, which is the property of a wise man, and discreetly to fore­see of what is to come by all succeeding events. [Page 368] But it becommeth us, to come so much the bet­ter furnished, by how much our History is with all fruits better fraught and replenished: And whereas there is the very same difficulty in judg­ing rightly, as well of our owne, as anothers life; there is none that can duly (how piercing­ey'd soever) judge of anothers life, that hath not measured his owne: Of both sides it is to be im­plyed, that not onely a maine difficulty is here placed, but also before we be to this History ad­dressed, it is required necessarily, that we be not only endued with a certaine Civill Wisdome and Moderation, but also to have our lives groun­ded on a setled intention, unlesse we will be mi­serably, and that perpetually, deluded with the vaine illusions of this life.

An apt simili­tude.For even as it fares in a most sumptuous and royall Banket, replenished with all sorts of dainties, one thing seemes delightfull to one which is distastfull to another; few things are liked of all, every one being best pleased with his owne, though all dishes be alike to the Glut­ton: and as every one's appetite is, so is he affect­ed; yet there is a meane (which Nature hath or­dained) and a certaine kind of nourishment, which in it selfe is meerely simple and uncorrup­ted, and best agreeing with our bodies: From which, whosoever departeth so, as he crammeth himselfe above the bounds or determination of Nature, will find more inconveniency then pro­fit in it. So in this diversity of Mans life, though there be a thousand formes, and a thousand pur­poses, [Page 369] and as every one is resolved in mind and judgment, so he judgeth of his owne and ano­thers life: yet there is one only path of vertue, which whosoever keepeth and observeth wisely, he only maketh use of his life really. Others, as in a doubtfull supper, when they invite them­selves to all pleasures, can neyther find out in themselues or others what might deserve imita­tion, or whereto they make might recourse: But if there be any thing given to man by Nature, which is in his power to use well or ill, it behoveth him to use great circumspection in the use thereof: But what is he I pray thee, that wil use more exact consideration in all his words and workes (by the direct line of vertue) then in the use of such meats as are set before him? And who thinkes not him­selfe sufficiently instructed herein? In which how wonderfully are men deceived? Supposing that Discourse to be History, which teacheth the Reader, ministring to him matter of Learning (yet so) as a Banket ministreth use and appetite to every one as he is affected.

This is the reason that we see some so delighted with the sweetnesse of Reading, as obeying their owne pleasure, they loose the inestimable fruits thereof. Such have no other scope in all Histo­ries, then with which our Generous Musitians, use to passe time away, upon their Instruments: employed in reading only, to spend their weary houres, which be presently encountred with more wearisomnesse: For there is no pleasure in it, Nulla volup­tas est, quae non respicit virtutē. which hath no reference to Vertue. The glittering object [Page 370] of glory and ambition exciteth others, and that which shewes a flexibility of mind in all other things, vainely transports them to every brave & eminent image, forgetful how glorious and re­markable examples are produced by Writers; not only to follow vertue, and contemne honour of­fered us; but if a Competitor were admitted us to countermaund the authority of our honour, to endure him with patience; yet, though none but fooles will purpose to aspire to such merited excellence, without the like meriting vertue: we see many men, by the very reading of excel­lent things, to taste in themselves a certain kind of excellency, arrogating much to themselves, and resembling those Tragedians, who imitate the State of such persons they represented, after they have put off their Habits.

There be also (but of these there be but a few) whom new, and unaccustomed things do delight (men of vulgar apprehension) who hearing the State of Emperours, for the most part, more e­steeme the Purple then the Man,Qui stupet in titulis & ima­ginibus. the Picture then the Work: So effectuall a force doth History ex­ercise, and imprint in the Mind of the Reader.

Now it is the scope, and draught of all Histo­ries to excite mans sloath, and to arme him a­gainst all dangers; and whereas the force of ex­amples (then which nothing can be imagined more powerfull to perswade) tend especially to that end; it commeth to passe that by the secu­rity of men (who thinke other mens harmes lit­tle or nothing to concerne them) such things (as [Page 371] in themselves are memorable and worthy obser­vation) be read and heard with a deafe and care­lesse Eare.

To be briefe, there be some also (which one would hardly thinke) offend in a more severe, and Criticke kind of reading: as if things should not be Writ as they were done, but as they ought to have beene done. Wherefore, partly by this curiosity, partly by that security (the very surfeit of confused and rash reading) it com­meth to passe (as in a body pestred with corrupt humors) that a certaine [...], or ill disposition of judgment and opinion, which ought especi­ally to be sound and sincere in the course of our life, and a [...], or bad temperature, conver­ting all food into ill humours, useth to be con­tracted in us: and as meat availeth such as be di­stempered, nothing, so no profit at all by these meanes is ministred to our reading.

I suppose thou seest how the very same reason is in reading History, and disposing the course of thy life: but this is certainly the greatest difficul­ty (to wit) the perversenesse of our judgment, which is the speciall'st cause, that we are not mo­ved with examples as we ought, but what way as our minds are inclined and affected most. And this difficulty is no lesse then the other: foras­much as Writers do describe things done, as they do not only carry favour, but follow their owne appetites (like some Builders) ever interposing their own peculiar judgments,Artif [...]cium be­nevolentiae col­ligendae haben­tes. (of their owne ac­cord) praising some things, (though not praise­worthy;) [Page 372] and whatsoever liketh them, they imagine it worthy approbation: which (surely) if they did simply, it were easie to consent or dis­sent unto them. But even as Cookes (for the most part) do more respect their Maisters Palate then his Profit:Gulam saepiùs quám commodū Heri spectant. Even so an Historian (I could wish the most did not so) applies himselfe to the appetite of the Reader. We are oft-times therefore deluded by these two meanes, our owne Judgement, and the prejudice of the Author, not laying things open and naked, as they were done.

An Historian is the best interpreter of Acts at­chieved; whose judgment, if it chance to be cor­rupt, it commeth to passe, as when Wine (of it selfe neate and generous) taketh either some waft of the Caske, or is corrupted by some o­ther distast, which either proceeds from an im­posture, or folly great & intollerable. We may see in one only example, the judgment of the Writer; The prophane Historian ascribeth the events of serious and weighty affaires, to the councell and industry of men; al-be-it he hath sufficiently tried, how fowly those men were deceived in the e­vents. Hence it is that men be drawne to great folly; that they, whose knowledge was scarce sufficient for the consideration of things subject­ed before their eies; and whose force and strength not much exceeded little Wormes, should by one small successe arrogate the government of the whole world unto them. But a good Historian teacheth thus: Things (saith he) are purposed by [Page 373] Man, but disposed, and moderated by God; whereby he riddeth the scrupulous Reader both of folly and superstition (a mischiefe no lesse then the o­ther;) and in all other proprieties, good Histori­ans (whose studies are only consecrated to holi­nesse) ought not to be ignorant of the Agent and Instrument wherein they differ, and what be their severall Effects: the one moving, and the o­ther moved. But especially I admonish thee to this end; that whereas I observe many Authors of that kind, who for their exceeding force of innu­merable examples, deserve to be read; I could wish that the Novice-reader discusse with him­selfe as circumspectly and seriously as he can, by proposing to himselfe both the fruits which might redound, and the dangers which might oc­curre him in his reading: for to one that runneth over all Histories cursorily, or who rashly and un­advisedly spends his time without any exact ob­servance of private or publicke duties, it com­meth to passe as to Country Clownes, who in sacking of a neighbour City, take spoile of some Apothecaries shop well furnished with all receipts; where, provoked with the sweetnesse of some junkets or spices, being the first that came to their hands, and imagining the rest to be of the same sort, they swallow, sup up, devoure, and gor­mandize all before them; whereby presently some are taken with a strange disease, others with a Phrensie, most are bereft of life, none but strangely distempered, which occasions laughter through all the Army: For as Mans life, (so History [Page 374] the Image of Mans life) hath her commodities and discommodities: for the Government of Mans life consisteth onely in the use of his life.

In these Collections, as in a most cleare Mirror, may our young Gallant see into his errour [...]: he shall be of necessity forced to distaste himselfe, till he have relinquished his mid-night revels, surceased from his licentious meetings, and re­duced his disconsorting Passions unto a calme and retired harbour; here the publicke Magi­strate shall be able to dispose of himselfe, and Office deputed unto him; seeing matters wor­thy imitation, and Precepts worthy the Gravest and Ripest Consideration: one to instruct, others to Correct, and all to make perfect this whole module of Man.

☞ A review of those former Collections, applying them to our present occasions.Now, to take a review of those former Colle­ctions, and apply them to our present occasions; Histories you have heard illustrated by divers proper Similitudes, to represent unto us the bene­fit thereof, both in respect of their delight, being modestly and discreetly seasoned; as likewise, the occasional profit we may make therof; in the pas­sages of this life.

First then, he compares History to a Feast or Banket, where Dishes of all sorts are provided and orderly disposed; implying, what Method is to be observed in the forme or digestion of an History. Nither, indeed, could any Viands bee more orderly disposed, nor decently dished, than hath beene observed by our Historiogra­phers in the comely disposition of their Wri­tings: [Page 375] So well hath the Divine providence or­dered, that whatsoever properly conduced either to the knowledge or practise of this life, might to Posterity bee successively recom­mended.

For first, to descend to the Order and Con­tinuance of times agreeable to the Ecclesiasticall History, we have at this day compendiously de­livered unto us by the Workes of such famous Historiographers as have written the said Hi­story unto the posterity following. For Euse­bius Pamphilus hath written from the birth of Christ unto the reigne of Constantinus Mag­nus: Socrates, Theodoret, and Zozomen have continued the times from Constantine, unto Theodosius Iunior, of which Emperours doings Evagrius hath somewhat discoursed. As for the Divine and Prophane Histories from the be­ginning of the World unto this day, they are orderly continued by painfull Writers. And first of all, Moses beganne to Write (as is declared of them which compiled these things together) of the things that were done from the Creation of the World, [...]ven as he had truely learned of God in Mount Sina. Againe, other followed him; shewed the ready way to our Religion, and committed to Writing the Acts done since his time. Moreover (to de­scend as in a build [...]ng from Story to Story) Iose­phus wrote a very large Story, full of every kinde of good matter.

What f [...]bulous things soever have been re­ported [Page 376] to have beene done either by the Greci­ans or Barbarians of old time, who either were at Civill Warres within themselves, or waged battell with forraine enemies, or if any other thing can be remembred since the first mould of man was cast, all I say, besides sundry other Wri­ters, is laid downe by Characes, Theopompus and Ephorus. As for the Roman History, compri­zing in manner the Acts of the whole World, or if any other thing fell out by reason of their Civill discord or of quarrels risen betweene them and forraine Nations, it is exquisitely handled by Dionysius Halicarnassoe [...], who begunne his Story from the time of the People called Abo­rigenes, and continued it to the reigne of Pyr­rhus King of Epirus. From thence unto the overthrow of Carthage, Polybius Megapolita­nus hath excellently discoursed: all which Trea­tises though occasioned at divers and sundry times, Appianus with grave judgement hath con­trived into Order, and compacted together; ad­ding thereunto of his owne, such things as were worthy of memory after their dayes unto his time. Diodorus Siculus wrote unto the time of Iulius Caesar, Dion Cassius likewise continu­ed his Story unto the reigne of Antonius of E­mesa. The like matter and order hath Herodian in manner followed, ending with the death of Maximus. Nicostratus also, a Rhetorician of Trapesus, beganne with the reigne of Philip the Successour of Gordianus, and wrote unto Odo­natus of Palmyra, and the ignominious expedi­tion [Page 377] of Valerianus against the Persians. Of the same thing intreated Dexippus at large, begin­ning with the reigne of the Macedonians, and ending with the Empire of Claudius, the Suc­cessor of Galienus. The said Author laid downe the Warres of the Carpians, and of other Barba­rians in Hellada, Thracia and Ionia. Eusebius continued his Story from Octavianus the Em­rours reigne, unto the time of Traian, Marcus, and the death of Carus. Arianus and Asinius Quadratus, wrote somewhat also of those times. The times following, reaching unto the reigne of Arcadius and Honorius the Emperors, Zosi­mus hath prosecuted: and of the things which happened since their times, Priscus Rhetor with others hath discoursed. All which Histories Eustathius of Epiphania hath briefly runne over, but very excellently, and devided the whole into two Volumes: The first containeth the Acts from the beginning of the World unto the de­struction of Troy and the Pallace of Priamus: the second continueth the Story from that time un­to the twelfth yeare of Anastasius the Empe­rours reigne. There beganne Procopius Rhetor, and ended with the dayes of Iustinian. What hap­pened since unto these our dayes (saith Evagrius Scolasticus, a serious Discourser and Discusser of Antiquities) although Agathius Rhetor, and Iohn, both my fellow Citizen and Kinsman, have or­derly written of, unto the time when Chosroes the younger both fled unto the Romans, and also was restored to his Kingdome by Mauricius, [Page 378] (who went not therein faintly to worke, but couragiously as it became an Emperour) and brought Chosroes into his Kingdome with great Treasure and Armed Souldiers) yet have they not as yet published their Hi­stories.Vid. Evagr. lib. 5. cap. 24.

Whence you may collect how orderly Histo­ries have beene disposed, how successively con­tinued, and with what coherence suited, as hath formerly beene observed. The chiefest of them, to reteine them better in memory (and right usefull is such Historicall retention) have beene ingeniously closed in this metricall Dimen­sion.

Annexing to these:

Now, (to tye our selves to that propriety of that Similitude used in our former Collections;) as in a Banket there be severall Dainties order­ly dished, so be there appetites as diversly affe­cted. What one distasteth, another relisheth; what one relisheth, another distasteth. So it fareth with our Readers of History. Some are for Solid meates; Serious Discourses, fit onely for strong Stomacks. Others are for meates of easie and light digestion. What may relish with the Palat, though it affords lesse nourishment, [Page 379] delights them best. Here a Comfit, there a Succot; onely Kix-showes are for these lighter Guests.

And many shall we encounter withall of this sort: who, should you question them, what they have read in such an History, or what usefull Observance fit upon occasion, to be reduced to practise, they have gathered; it were to bee doubted, if they returne not the same answer, which that youthfull Reader of Homers Workes rendred (as one newly come out of an Euphuus golden slumber) to one questioning him in the like manner. ‘I find not a more pleasing Piece than Helen, nor displeasing than Thersites.’ Many such there are, who take a perfecter view of the Picture, than of the Substance. Poore mouldred earth, which sometimes (if Histo­ries enlarge not themselves too farre) reteined a gracefull presence; and wrought such strong impressions in strange eyes, as they ingaged both their owne and Countries liberty, to become possessors of such a beauty, are attractivest Ob­jects of their eyes, the retentivest Subjects for their memories. These come for company, a­mongst the more knowing and deserving Guests, to partake of this Banket; but they preferre such sweete Meates, which corrupt rather than nourish, before those which may not onely close the Appetite, but supply for nourish­ment.

Others, more seriously affected, hold to that which may most nourish. These be our ju­dicious [Page 380] Readers, who collect what may profit them in private Discourse, or affaires Domestick or Publick.

To see an Eminent Personage beare himselfe to his ranke, we commend him; we say, hee does not degenerate from those he came from: his d [...]sposition proves his descent; his Education, the worthinesse of those that bred him. Observe this in your perusall of History; when you finde a person nobly accomplish'd; One, who values honour before any worldly tender: you collect, he was not obscurely bred; his demerits pleade for him. No Herald can find for him a better Coate, than his owne personall worth. Now, reflect, Gentlemen, upon your selves. Doe you shew your selves abroad? Are you invited to publicke Feasts or other re-greets of friends? Tell me then, is not the Vessell to be knowne by the sound? Our vaporous Gallant, whose intimate acquaintance is his Tinder-boxe and a Pipe, takes in snuffe a serious Discourse. His entire Study is reduced into a small Volume; closing his Impresse with, Pulvis & umbra sumus.

And these Emblemes of his Mortality though he carry still about him, he as easily forgets what they signifie, as if they had no rel [...]ti [...]n to Morta­lity. Poor seered things! Can you see these, and not pitty them? Pieces made up in the shape of men, but so farre estranged from so Princely style, as, their feature excepted, they represent nothing lesse. Discourse, without that weake manuall instrument, their Pipe, they cannot: [Page 381] and when they utter what smoak gives them po­wer to deliver: they reteine still that Embleme in their Dialect, which they evaporated from their Pipe, Smoake. The Judicious, I am sure, blush at this, and by a reflex of conceipt (to use the Philosophers words) are more ashamed of them, than they of themselves. For these conceive what a dishonour it were to them to shew themselves so childishly in a publicke So­ciety.

It is true, all dispositions are not alike affe­cted; Seeing, as Plato saith, running Wits are de­lighted with Poëtry, as Aristotle writeth, e [...]e­minate persons are ravished with Musick, and as Socrates telleth us, Histories agree best with stayed heads. This induced Alfonsus to have alwaies in his bosome the Commentaries of Caesar: being also so much delighted with the History of Titus Livius, History to a discreet Eare the delight­fulst harmo­ny. that on a time he com­manded certaine Musitians (though very exact in their Art) to depart, saying: ‘He heard a more pleasant harmony out of Livius.’

When you come then to this Musicall Feast; where you shall heare pleasing Aires mixed with doleful Lachrymae's; bring discretion along with you to rectifie your distempered appetites. Leave light notes to persons of light note. Stron­ger meates are prepared for your well-con­cocting Stomacks: such as may nourish you, [...]nd beget those manly abilities, that may fit and accommodate you for the knowing'st presence.

It was the saying of a learned States-ma [...] in [Page 382] this Kingdome (whose Workes expresse him a serious reader of Men as well as Bookes) that he would have a gentleman rather superficially seene in all Learnings, than exact in One. And his reason is, that one who reteines the Elements of all Knowledges, though they be but in a weak measure, yet hee can deliver himselfe by way of Discourse in what Subject soever shall be mini­stred: whereas Hee, who hath confin'd himselfe to an exact sight of one Knowledge, and no more, being out of that Element, wherein hee is solely exquisite, he must veile to other mens Discourse, and keepe consort with Silence.

Now, to inable you for all Companies, no study may better accommodate, nay accomplish you, than the knowledge of History. So as Calisthenes said to Alexander, that he had ra­ther carouse old Graines with Diogenes in his Dish, than new Grapes with Alexander in his Cup; "For of all the Gods (quoth he) I love not Aesculapius: preferring conference with a Philosopher, before the society of a Scepter: and imbracing an abstemious course of mode­ration, before Festivall and Epicureall mee­tings. Even so should I in my choise of acquain­tance, desire more to enjoy his company; who hath beene usefully vers'd on the Theatre of Hi­story;An exact Historian, a se­lect Compa­nion. than any other, whose affected dresse, or airy complement gives onely a sound to the Eare, but leaves no impression in the Conceipt.

In our election then of Company (as I have many times observed) let it be our care ever to [Page 383] make choise of such,Eum eligas in Socium, de quo tibi spes est aut meliorem reddendi, vel meliorem ab eo redeundi. ‘of whom wee may bee confident either to better them, or be bettered by them. And to chuse him for our Master (to use Seneca's counsell) whom wee may more admire when we see him, than when we heare him.’

For the habit of the mind is best discovered by the Action, Station and Disposition of the body.Eum eligas ma­gistrum, quem magis admire­ris cum videas, quám cum au­dias. Seneca. So as, he deserves not the style of a Master, who seconds not that title in his outward gesture.

Thus you have heard this Similitude explai­ned, in this resemblance of an History to a Feast: whereto if you come with tastes or appetites di­stempered; those various dishes, be they never so delicious, can afford you small delight: be­getting rather in you a loathing than a longing. So, in this incomparable Feast of History, where Dishes stored with all variety of discourse are ser­ved up, if you come with distempered judge­ments, not distinguishing what is wholesome from what is noysome, that which might have redounded to your infinite profit, by inversi­on of the right use, returnes to your detriment. Great preparation than is to be had in the solem­nizing of so Princely a Banket.

Secondly, hee compares it to a Field. Where we may preambulate and solace our selves after more serious studies. Neither shall you finde more variety of flowers in the Field; than you may of excellent instructions, powerfull examples, with other perswasive Motives in our Histories. You shall finde Princes by taking [Page 384] their levell from these directions, entertaining a facility of accesse,Facilitas in accessu, benig­nitas in aspe­ctu, affabilitas in affatu. Optimi sunt so­cij, qui seriò faceti. Quid audisti, quo magis pro­fuisti? In quo mèlior discessisti, quam cum so cios petijsti? a benignity in Count [...]nance, an affability in discourse. Others, though their Education had highly enabled them, their assidu­ate conference with learned Philosophers impro­ved them: yet this their improvement extended but onely to knowledge: They were contem­platively Proficients, but practically Deficients. The Wolfe would not change his heart, though he had chang'd his haire.

Againe, as in a Field, you shall encounter with many kindes of fruites, which, howsoever they appeare delightfull to the eye, are dis-reli­shing to the taste. So shall you in those spaci­ous flourishing borders of History; observe some Eminent Persons, whose faire Semblances pro­mise nothing more than the pract [...]se of every Vertue: Their Countenance cheerefull, their Discourse delightfull, their Service to their Countrey seemingly faithfull; yet shall you finde them true Tiberians, glorying in nothing so much as cunningly and covertly cloathing their purposes with faire pretences, going in­visible, and deluding their professed'st friends expectations with a seeming good. Others, like low-growing Plants, or earth-kissing Violets, though to the Eye of the World, they seeme contemptible; yet try them, and you shall finde them sweet and comfortable Consorts; though sleightly observed, deservingly approved,

You shall find how those men, who, as Cosmo saith, carry their heart in their mouth, are more [Page 385] to bee pittied than feared. But contrarywise, those who carry their mouth in their heart, more to be feared than pittied. You shall heare Scipio described by Cicero to bee the most cun­ning Searcher of Mens Minds, and Sylla by Sa­lust. Thus may you store your selves with flowers and fruits of all sorts in this Poly-carpian Field of History. And feele such fresh wholesome aire to cheere you, as no distemper (unlesse your owne dispositions feede it) can possibly surprize you.

Thirdly, He compares some of our Histori­ans to Builders; interposing their owne particu­lar judgements, and imping their owne con­ceipts, by which they many times divert the Scope of their History. Teaching the Generall of whom they write, what he should doe: neg­lecting in the meane time his owne Office, of recording what was done. And this errour falls many times upon a presuming Reader, as well as the originall Author. For many of our Criticks, who hold Minerva's Anvill to bee in their Braine, cannot read a Line without a Censure: and these for most part delight in nothing more than catching and carping at an errour.Ad reprehen­denda al [...]ena facta atque di­cta ardet omnis animus. Salust. This confirmes Salusts Position: ‘To repre­hend others Actions and Speeches each mans mind is strongly affected.’

But if you meane to build wisely upon these Stories, you must leave behinde you all prejudi­cate conceipts. Read Actions as they were done; imitate whatsoever you finde commendably [Page 386] done: Eschew whatsoever you finde igno­miniously done. Examples are usefull for you in both kindes: These to deterre; those to allure.

Fourthly, he compares these glozing-sugred Historians to Cookes; who (for the most part) use to preferre their Masters Palat before his profit. Such as these delude their Guests with guilded Plates, and indented Pastes. But guilded meates will never allay hunger. Profit and pleasure mixt together make the best musicke. The smell of Meat can no more feed the belly; than the sound of money fill the Purse. ‘There be some wholesome things indeed (saith that sinnowy Seneca) which without either touch or taste,Sen. de Tranq. anim. profit much with their smell.’ But by these, the Morall meant no materiall Flowers: Those internall graces or beauties of the mind, which had received sweetnesse from Philosophicall in­structions, were those sweete fragrant Odours he meant by. But to presse this Comparison a little farther: Our Historians should not be such Cookes, as onely to intend a pleasing of the Sense. There is more in History, than delighting a youthfull appetite. He then that desires to have his Workes live to posterity; or in af­ter Ages to reteine his Memory; must dis­esteeme these pleasing humours of complying either with Time, or with any One; high in favour with Time. It was the Poëts reso­lution:

He Writes the best, who humours least. Nor can he expresse him [...]elfe better, than in compo­sing his Style to the state of that Subject where­of he Writes: Aiming more at publick profit, than any mans private respect or favour: for Partiality, of all others, layes the greatest asper­sion upon an Historicall Labour.

Fiftly, Hee compares the judgement of an Historian, when it becomes corrupted, to Wine; (which of it selfe neat and generous) taketh ei­ther some waft or unsavoury taste from the Caske, or is corrupted by some other accident. Mixtures of Histories may bee not improperly resembled to our mixtures of Wines. They make them lose their flavour and vi [...]our. Un­lesse they be so discreetly mixed, [...]hat the strength of the History be not weakned; nor those prin­cipall passages whereof he takes occasion to treate, disordered or omitted. Wine muddy or troubled we cannot endure; it must be fined and cleared from the Lees. And so must Hi­story. Purged and refined it should be from all Lees; or incredible Lies. From all imperti­nences, uselesse digressions, artlesse indepen­dencies. Otherwise it will taste flat; and be­get a distaste to any discerning judgement.

Lastly, He compares unadvised Read [...]rs of History to Countrey Clownes, who in the spoyle of a City, breake into some Apothecaries shoppe, [Page 388] well furnished with all receipts: but not distin­guishing what is Soveraigne from what is Poy­son; offering to their Sense for for good whatso­ever seemes pleasing: They fall into Phrensies, Plurisies, and all Distempers. Observe this Gentle­men, and make use of it. The Deare, if hee be wounded, can flye to Ditany, to cure him; The [...]eare when he feeles himselfe sicke,Ambros. in Ex [...]m. seekes for Emmets, and eates them, and these reco­ver him. The Bee, if he be distemper'd, hyes him to Balme mint, and that cheeres him.

Is it so, that these irrationall Creatures know how to cure their griefes; and will you neglect what may cheere your minds? You may finde in History, as in a Confectionary, soveraigne Receipts, choice Electuaries to cure all mala­dies. Whatsoever is defective in you, may be heere supplyed; and whatsoever is in some small measure perfected, may be more fully accom­plished.

Nothing, whether it conduce to Discourse or Action, Warre or Peace, Arts or Armes, but may by Historicall Helpes bee highly ad­vanced.

The Philosophers Axiome is: Omne quod non ens est, malum est. And worse then no being (have they) who measure out their lives without a due proportion drawne from others, and applied to themselves.Instruction the light of understāding. Instruction is the light of Being, the directresse of Living, and the best Schoole-mi­stresse that disciplines us dying: States publicke are managed by her, Offices private administred [Page 389] by her, and the wisest men have desired to possesse her. No Beauty more permanent, Jemme more eminent, or Treasure more Excellent; it beauti­fies it selfe; and no Phidias could ever portray any picture so well as it portrayes it selfe. And what instruction better then that which comes from History, where the true Image of our life is delineated, Vertue in her best colours expressed, and Vice (without either shadow or pretence) layd open and naked? The Prodigall reads,Histories, mir­rors for all States. and sees himselfe represented in another Person; he sees the miserable end of others, which (unlesse he will fall with open eyes) must needs caution himselfe: he sees haire-brain'd courses, leave both Patrimony and reputation behind them: Penelo­pees Woers, ever woing, never winning. The mi­serable wretch, that pincheth himselfe to enrich his unthankfull Posterity, may see the fruit of ga­thering Perdition to himselfe, and oft-times oc­casion of ruine and speedy desolation to his sur­feiting Heire. Here the brave Souldier sees his owne fame; Acts duly and fully expressed: not a famous Exploit (deserving memory) must be si­lenced, but the very name of the Agent, (to ex­cite others the more) must be Recorded. Here the effeminate Milke-sop, that fights best under his Ladies flagge, first man that will come to a lasci­vious Banket, but last that will come to a pitched field: Hee (I say) must shew himselfe,Histories must not partiali [...]e. though smally to his credit: yea, Alcybiades (though o­therwise well deserving of his Country) must be set out in his ignominious death; aswell as his [Page 390] memorable life; giving up the Ghost in the lappe of his Concubine Tymandra.

☞He defined History to life, though confined to a short line, who call'd it: ‘A Theatre of noble Actions, begetting in the Spectators a lauda­ble Envy, a glorious Emulation.’

Nor shall we find in the whole passage of our life,History the best Herald for deblazo­ning vertue or vice. so true a Herald for deblazoning Vertue or Vice, as it is. We say, Letters cannot blush: and though many unbeseeming Act be by her presen­ted, with the quality of the Person by whom it was acted: yet like a faithfull undaun [...]ed Record, it recommends with a composed and censorious countenance, how it was done and by whom, without glozing with Person or Time. Such Registers cannot perish: whereas others, who are wonne by Greatnesse, or corrupted with base Lucre, (of all others the basest) or out of private discontent (an Errour too commonly taking a­mongst many Historians) asperse dishonour on any Person or State (of all others the hatefullest) cannot promise any perpetuity, because they faile in their foundation, being not grounded on Principles of Verity. Oh what a gracefull beauty bestowes our Historian on Vertue, when expressed in any Eminent Person! How it wooes Followers, and wins them to be Imitators of such goodnesse! The Members cannot be distem­per'd, when the Head is healthfull. When the Prince turnes Philosopher, the whole Court be­comes an Academy.

History then, as it may be properly stiled, The [Page 391] Noble-mans Lecture: So their Actions, Lectures to the inferiour. Nothing commendable in the great, which brings not with it an Additament, being cloathed with greatnesse. For great Per­sons, be their lifes remarkable eyther for some e­minent Vertues, or egregious Vices, they become presidents to their shadowes.

Three especiall commendable qualities have bin thought ever fitting Consorts to accompany Persons of quality;Three especi­all qualities suiting well with the con­dition of any Eminent Per­son. but these have bin ever ob­served most estranged from their society. 1. Pa­tience in suffering Adversity: 2. Moderation in bearing Prosperity: 3. Humility in attempring Soveraignty.

That wise Chylo, when his brother took it di­stastfully, that he himselfe should not be made Ephorus, when Chylo was; made him this an­swere to allay his Choller: ‘Content your selfe Brother, I know how to suffer injuries, so do not you.’ Implying, that none was fit for place of Authority, but could patiently endure af­fronts, or suffer an injury. This it was which so truly recorded Camillus name in the Annals of Honour: whom neither his Dictatorship could too much raise, nor his exile from his Country, too much deject.

This, those praise-worthy Romanes bravely shewed in their constant and unamated resoluti­on after their disaster at Cannae (as hath beene ob­served) where at such time as hearing of nothing but utter ruine and desolation ringing in every place, they did nothing unworthy themselves:☜ [Page 392] deserving no lesse honour in bearing their losse, then their enemies in obtaining the prize. But for one president of patient-suffering in this kind; we shall meet with many opposite examples, in­clining to a contrary bent. Yea such, who had bin sufficiently schooled in Philosophy, and had read what weake trust was to be reposed in pros­perity. Amongst these, you shall find some o­vercome with grief [...] upon innovation of go­vernment, to lay violent hands upon themselves. Poniards and poysons their familiar receipts to cure all discontents. These could not endure to see the face of a State altered, their Consull-au­thority dis-valued; their antient Lawes dis-an­nulled; but they must witnesse their griefe with a fatall stabbe; though such a desperate act con­ferre no benefit to the State.

No lesse rare have our Historians held Modera­tion in bearing Prosperity, with persons of Com­mand and Soveraignty.

Alexander in the height of his successe, was so farre transported with the suppositious title of a Deity, as he began to forget Mortality: yet one wound received can make him retract that Er­rour; and confesse himselfe a mortal man, though the worlds Commander. What would he have sayd, if he had seene himselfe remaine thirty dayes without buriall; but Diogenes (poore con­temptible Diogenes) solemnized with a glorious Buriall.Aelian. lib. [...]2. Laërt. in vit. Di [...]g.

How farre Pyrrhus, the victorious Caesar, expe­rienst Hannibal, imperious, but afterwards cala­mitous [Page 393] Antiochus, Majestick Mithridates, Mar­tiall Miltiades fell short of this Moderation, their owne actions (deblazoned to life by our Histori­call Heralds) will sufficiently demonstrate.

These wanted Simonides to sing unto them, as he did sometimes to Pausanias; or as that Page e­very morning did to Philip of Macedon: ☜ Respice post te; hominem me­mento te. Ter­tul. Apol. c. 33. [...]. Prima sumus obliti, post re­ma non intel­leximus, quia prima non me­minimus. "Philip remember that thou art a Man. Or the Spartans speech to the Samnites: ‘We have for­got our beginning, we have not understood our ending, because we have not remembred our beginning.’

Whereas in others we shall finde an absolute Moderation in the height of their Prosperity; and such a Princely commaund of themselves, as their very minds declared them worthy of nothing lesse then Soveraignty.

This appeared in the Moderation of noble Affrican, mild Marcellus, strict Severus; who with an easie contempt slighted the honour they enjoyed, and could Philosophically digest the losse of fortunes, if they perished: whence we cloze, Honour can be no attractive Lure, to the composed spirit of a true Heröick Lover.

Lastly, with what a Princely beauty Divine Hu­mility shewes herselfe in the bosome of Nobility, may appeare in that modest reply of that victori­ous Godfrey, to such, as after his glorious Con­quest of Hiërusalem, to the honour of Christen­dome, offer'd to set a Crowne of gold upon his head, but he refused it, saying, ‘God forbid that the Servants head should be with Gold crowned, [Page 394] where his Masters head was with Thornes pierced.’

Now, the rarity of this Vertue (or rather the repository of all vertues) is recommended to us by Venerable Bede in this memorable story: ‘Aidan a religious Bishoppe, weeping for King Osuinus, and demaunded by the Kings Chap­laine why he wept? I know, sayd he, that the King shall not live long: for never before this time have I seene an humble King. Which hap­ned accordingly, for he was cruelly murdred by Oswin.’ Howsoever, if in any of these, such Person­ages as the Historian makes mention of, fal short, thr [...]ugh corruption of discipline, he should not be sparing in his modest discovery, so it import the subject of his History: where it is expected all things should be delivered impartially.

Absolute Histories will not admit of the least concealement; but representing every Act, Per­son, and Event, use to illustrate what is worth insisting upon, omitting (or at least cursorily passing over) more fruitlesse Subjects: and how delightfull may it seeme to every judicious man, when in reading of ancient Records, he conferres the Stratagems of Warre then used, with the pre­sent observance of this Time: sees (and seeing) notes the sundry dispositions of men, how noble in themselves, and how generally esteemed in­vincible, by a sudden conversion laid low, beneath the stirrop of Fortune, and made a spectacle of Fate! Then to observe States, better governed in their decline than in their height; and farre more able in power, when in the eye of the [Page 395] World least powerfull. The Romans, when they had attained the very height of Felicity, that all Governments were their Tributaries, then they began to stoop most under their burden; and pres­sed with their owne grandeure, seemed to imitate the Phoenix, who weary of her selfe, desired to have her ashes renewed, but her selfe extingui­shed.Rome in her decay, compa­red to the Phoenix. What ambitious Tyrants proud of their owne strength, and secure of Divine power, are layd flat in the height of their expectancies: so as where they planted the foundation of their hopes, there they were most defeated; to expresse the providence, & all-working Majesty of God, who disposeth of all governments,A Christian consideration of the power and Maiesty of God. pulling down the tyrannicall Empires, and setting wise and discreet Princes in their place! And no motive (of prophane writings) more effectuall then Histo­ries, to draw us to a consideration of our selves, and the Majesty of God, whose excellency beau­tifies this Universe, teaching us to admire, and (in our admiration) to tremble and feare, having recourse to the incomprehensible judgments, and secret counsels of the Almighty.