¶ The Surueye of the VVorld, or Situation of the Earth, so muche as is inhabited.

Comprysing briefely the gene­rall partes thereof, with the names both new and olde, of the principal Countries, Kingdoms, Peoples, Cities, Towns, Portes, Pro­montories, Hils, Woods, Mountains, Valleyes, Riuers and Foun­tains therin con­teyned.

Also of Seas, with their Clyffes, Reaches, Turnings, Elbows, Quick sands, Rocks, Flattes, Shelues and Shoares.

A work very necessary and delectable for students of Geographie, Saylers, and others.

First vvritten in Greeke by Dionise Alexandrine, and novv englished by THOMAS TWINE, GENTL.

¶ Jmprinted at London, by Henrie Bynneman. Anno. 1572.

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¶ To the ryghte worshipful master Wil­liam Louelace Esquire, Serieant at Law, Tho. Twine wisheth health, long lyfe, with dayly vaun­tage of woorship.

BEnefits boū ­tifully receyued, make thankefull heartes al­vvays to thinke on re­quitall, vvhervvith ha­uing bin so plentifully indued at your handes (right vvoorshipfull) as none more, farre beyonde deserte, hovvbeit accordyng to youre peculiar custome of curtesie to all men, although to me (I confesse) in more ample vvyse extended: I haue beaten my braynes in contriuing some deuise, vvher­in I myght yelde you thankes, and after my simple sorte, make you parte of a re­compense. VVhich purpose of myne, by [Page] no other meanes beeing able to accom­plishe: neuerthelesse I iudged it not con­uenient in any poynt to quayle, vvherin I might declare my good vvil, but am novv so hardy as to present your vvorship vvith Dionysius, a vvorthie gentleman of Alex­andria, vvhose noble vvorke of the Situa­tion of the habitable VVorlde, I haue put of late into English: requiring most hum­bly youre friendly acceptation and patro­nage of the same. VVhereof I do partly already assure my selfe, recompting youre vvorships accustomable fauour, vvhereby you are moste curteously prouoked, not only to the aduauncing of learning, and suche as seeme to haue any small tast ther­in, but also of other vertues and commen­dable qualities, hauyng professed youre selfe a refuge and rampier vnto tvvo sorts of people, I meane the godly and poore, as your dayly and late practises do testifie. And partely for that I haue marked, for vvhat great benefits, hovve small or none the recompences are vvhich you haue re­ceyued. VVherfore being my selfe a lyke disabled detter, I craue but acquittaunce for semblable payment, to vvit, your cur­tesie [Page] in vvell accepting that, vvhiche an heart fraught vvith good vvil, of dutie of­fereth: vvhich is altogither the thing that I looke for in this behalfe. Doubting not but you shall receyue singular delight in the reading hereof, vvhen vacant leysure from vveightier affaires shal licence you, and I therby shall be the more embolde­ned to enterprise the like attempt, if God permitte me grace and lyfe. Leauing thus any farther to trouble you, vvith my duti­ful cōmendations, and daily interces­sion to the Almyghtie, for the happie estate of your vvor­ship, and the good gen­tlevvoman mistresse Mary Louelace your louing vvyfe.

At London the .xv. day of May. ANNO. M. D. LXXII.
Your worships most bounden THOMAS TVVYNE.

To the frendly Reader.

IF nowe by my meanes (friendly Reader) yet in thy behalfe, Dionisius may be vnderstood in english, as I iudge, and hope, thou canst not be therat offended. It is long sythence he wrote in the Greeke tongue, and hath bin translated into Latine of late yeares, by dy­uers. In whose commendation, if he had needed other than hys owne, purchased by iust deserte, since he firste wrote, I wold not haue wanted to haue done my en­deuoure. But for so muche as he is accompted of all antiquitie, the olde writer, for compendiousnesse and breuity in that he tooke in hand: sufficiēt it shal be in prayse or authoritie to haue yealded to him his owne, & no more. Whiche what it is read Plinie, and there vnderstand howe that the author [Page] of this woorke beeing borne in A­lexandria, a citie in Eegypt, descended of a moste noble familie, abounding in great welth & authoritie, wrote not only this woorke, whiche wee haue interpreted, The Surueye of the habita­ble Worlde in Hexameter verses, beeing as yet but very yong: but also many other, both lerned and eloquēt. Who afterward resorting to the courte of Rome, was sent by Augustus the Em­perour, to surueye & report the state & situation of cuntries in the east parts of the worlde, when his eldest sonne was vpon expedition into Armenia, to the Parthians, and Arabians. What shall I say, that ther haue bin many other worthy men of that name, who haue bē supposed to be the authors of this boke? howbeit, falsly in my opinion, as by farther discourse (at this pre­sent) not necessarie, I could declare. In my trāslation, I trust I haue ob­serued all requisite cōditions, expres­sing (so well as I coulde) the intent [Page] of the Authour. And for thy commo­ditie adioyning to the names of coū ­treys and other places, in olde tyme frequented, the vsuall names also wherby they are knowne by all tra­uailers at this day, not omitting of certaine woordes, whiche were al­wayes Latine, and so vsed, to make them Englishe for orders sake, not knowing any cause to the contrarye. As bycause out of Europa, wee terme commonly Europe: so lykewyse to say for Asia, Asie, and for Africa, Afrike, with suche lyke what euer. Accepte this the trauaile of vs both thankful­ly: and if thou receiue any ple­sure or commoditie therby, then haue I for my part, atteyned to my desire.

Fare you vvell.

¶ A generall diui­sion of the Earth in­ to three partes.

THe whole Earthe The earthe almost an Ilande. béeing compassed almoste rounde wyth the Ocean Sea lyke a great Ilande, yet is not altogither roūd lyke a boule, but ryseth somewhat on bothe sydes towardes the course of the Sunne, and maketh semblance of a cer­tain mistie cloude. This earth, although it be one, notwithstanding our ancients deuided it into thrée, wherof they called one Lybia, sometyme subdued by Libes, Libya of Libes. Aphrica. Europa. Asia. The shoare Gaditanum. Nilus. Egypte. or Aphrica, bycause it is without sharp­nesse of colde. An other Europa of a lost woman. And the thirde Asia greater than the other twayne. Lybia is seuered from Europe on the one side, by y• shore Gaditanum otherwise Gibraltur, on the other by y• mouth of Nilus, chiefly where the northsyde of Egypt runneth along, [Page] and the glorious temple of Canopus A­myclaeus Canopus A­myclaeus. Tanais. is buylded. The riuer Tanais, now Tana disioyneth Europe from Asie, and so washing the coasts of them both,Sauromatae. runneth northerly by the Sauromates, called also Sarmatae or Poloni, into Scy­thia, and into the fennes Maeotides now El mar negro. But in the southe, the fyrstHellespōtus. bound is towarde Hellespontus, and the mouth of Nilus, which is more souther­ly than Helespontus, now El far de Galli­poli, and Brachium S. Georgu. Notwith­standing, some affirme, that the earth is foure square, whiche béeing enuiron­ned with the two straytes of Caspium, The earthe compassed by the seas Caspium, & Euxinum. and Euxinum: the Gréekes called it (as euery lyke narow péece of lande lying betwéene two seas) Isthmus, and that it is compassed about with them bothe. There were some also, that sayde there was an other Isthmus, which reachyngIsthmus what it is. Arabia. lykewyse towardes the Southe, cutteth off the Gore of Arabia, and Egypt, whi­che diuydeth Lybia from Asie. Since therefore, the whole Earthe is wyth these boundes deuyded into three: no manne oughte to doubte, but that it is [Page] compassed wyth the Oceane. Whyche Ocean béeing but one, as also the earth is, yet is distinguished by dyuerse na­mes, accordyng as it dyuersly intren­cheth, and diuydeth the partes of one bodye. For néere vnto the furthest par­tes of the Worlde, from whence the Western wynd bloweth, and the migh­tie Hill Atlas, called nowe Maiust, ry­seth,Atlas. it is called no more the Oceane,Hesperia. Hesperum. but of the further Hesperia nowe Bernie, wherby it passeth, the sea Hesperum, or of the hill Atlas, Atlanticum. By higher,Atlanticum to the north, where the sauage nation of y• Arimaspi, hauing only one eye in theirArimaspi. forheade, doo dwell, for so muche as the Sunne by his farre distance from them ryseth late, and shyneth fayntely, and the coūtrey is enclosed with high hilles, whereby it is alwayes couered wyth darke cloudes, and congealed with hard frostes: what parte of the Ocean lyeth about those quarters of the ycie water, they call Pontus Glacialis, or the FrozenPontus gla­cialis. Mare Mor­tuum. sea: Or else bycause the waues there séeme to die, Mare mortuum, or the dead sea: also for that it standeth euer quiet­ly [Page] without m [...]uing: Saturnium or Satur­nus Saturnium mare. Eoum mare Indicum. sea, where the sunne ryseth Eoum, and also the same Indicum, from whence immediatly it runneth to the south, and is called the red sea, or Mare, Aethiopi­cum, Mare Aethi­opicum or the red sea. chiefly running foorth by a certain wast desert, and an inhabitable soyle of ye earth, alwayes tossed wt extreme heate. But out of the Oceane, manye armes rise on euery side, which pa [...]ing through the mids of the earth, are termed of our coūtrymen, Inland seas, but of the Gre­tiansInlande seas. [...], proprely signifying bo­soms or hollow roomths such as ar with­in the vdders of beasts. Wherof Hespe­rum Hesperum. is first, bicause it passeth by the endsHesperia. Libya. Pamphilia. of Hesperia and Lybia▪ and runneth to Pamphilia. The other (though it be lesse) yet is it more profitable. For it issueth out of that Sea, which we called Glaci­ale▪ Glaciale Saturnium. or Saturnium, on the side that Caspia lyeth, and the fierce northeaste blowethHircanum. and maketh the sea▪ Hircanum. Bothe o­ther twaine, running from the south, thePersis. higher floweth foorth into Persis▪ against the sea called Caspium, and maketh theCaspium. crooke Persicum, and the other Arabicum, Persicum. [Page] which breaking forth by little, and little, at last draweth togither into Euxinum & of the Arabicum, chāgeth name into Pontus Euxinus. Arabicum. Euxinum. Ther be also many m [...] rea­ches and turnes: howbeit bicause thei be vnknowne, and of small accompte, ney­ther searched out by any of our men, I leaue them as dead & vntouched. But I think it best to return to those which we haue thus diuided, whiche I sayd before, were foure, that we may plainly declare what they be, what course they obserue, and what countries they runne by. And that I may beginne with the Ocean▪ theThe Ocean. The nooke Hesperius. nooke called Hesperius, whiche in wide­nesse, and length of course, surpasseth the reste, passing by many countries, citties, and townes, & enuironing diuers Ilāds and high Mountaynes: filleth all places with greate store and varietie of al mā ­ner prouision, & engendreth great abun­dance euery where. And this is it, at the entraunce wherof, the hugie pillers (as common reporte goeth) set vp by Hercu­les Hercules Pillers▪ Gades. do stande, chiefly aboute the toppe of Atlas, and the extreame parte of Gades, now Caliz, whereof, at this day one is to [Page] be séene, made of massy brasse, & erectedNote. of such heigth, that it appereth to reache aboue the cloudes, & (that is more mar­uel) to touch the skye. At this place be­ginneth the sea Hibericum, and therforeThe sea Hi­bericum. it is said that at that mark, as at a newe beginning, Hercules began to sweate,Hercules sweat. who conquered al ye coūtries therabout. But that sea, after that, flowing betwixt Libya, and Europe, giueth knowledge of begynning of them both. For ye pillers are erected in suche maner, on eche side the shore, yt the one sheweth where Eu­rope is, & ye otherwher Libya or Aphrica: Aphrica. Afterward, passing forth along, & boun­ding shortly on the coaste of Fraunce, atFraunce. length by many goares, and crooks tur­neth to Massilia, where loosing the oldeMassilia. name, is afterwarde called the FrencheThe frenche sea. Liguria. Where Italy beginneth. Ausonia. Sea. Then runneth▪ it foorth by Liguria, nowe terra de Genoua, where Italy begin­neth, and the countrey Ausonia, and ap­procheth diuers cities thereof, chiefly to­wards the North, and therehence is cal­led Ligusticum, of Liguria, whose shoareLigusticum. it washeth. From thence it higheth anon to Leucopetra, which is oueragainst, andLeueopetra. [Page] is washed with the Sicilian Sea, now el­far The Sicilian sea. Cirnus▪ Cor­sica. Sardinia Sardinium mare. Tyrrhenia. Mare Tyr­rhenum. Thuscum. Sicilia. de Mesina. So vnto Cirnus, that is Corsica. Thēce flowing to Sardinia, now Sardegna, is by and by called Sardinium mare. Anon it floweth south, by the coaste of Tyrrhenia, and is called Tyrrhenum, or Thuscum. But afterward, whē it bendeth to the rising of the sunne, and runneth a­bout Sicilia, which the Sicilian sea encom­passeth, and glyding by the Mounte Pa­chynus, now Cabo Pacino▪ and Crete now Candy, enuironed wholy with the Sea, where then it waxeth very wyde, and ample, immediatly discouereth Gortina Gortina. famous, both for religiō, and antiquitie, & also Phaeston, although it lye more wtinPhaeston. the land, and rising vpward crokedly, af­ter the maner of a Rammes hed: is cal­ledThe rammes head. Iapygium. the Rammes head by ye inhabitants. Thēceforth it procedeth to Iapygiū ▪ wher it wideneth toward ye north, and there isAdriaticum. called the sea Adriaticū, now la Canal de Venetia. So bēdeth it to ye hither Hespe­ria, and maketh mare Ionium, where by &Ionium. by, two coūtries, each ouer against other are descried. Wherof one, which lieth on ye right hād, at entrance, is called Illyrica, Illirica. [Page] nowe Sclauonia, the other on the left, Ausonia, whiche of it selfe is as it wereAusonia. in maner of a great lithmus, stretching for the along the continente, enclosed rounde (almoste) wyth three Seas, namely the Tirrhenum, the Sicilian, and that which we spake of last Adriaticum. Whereof euerie one is moued with his owne winde, that those whiche traf­ficque with other countries, may safely fall therewith out of their hauens. For the Tyrrhene searequireth a west wind,What winds these seas require. and the Sicilian a southe, Adriaticum the southeast. But that whiche of Sicilia is called Siculum, breaking forth towarde Libya, ouerfloweth the southe Syrtes, Syrtes. nowe Baxi, or Banqui de Barbaria, and runneth forth into another Sea, which though it be bigger, and wyder, yet sée­meth to deuoure and destroy it quite. That whiche is inner, hauing entrance but verie weake, receyuing the waues of another issuing in a far off, rolleth in somtime with such force, that the flud­des whiche come along the hilles of Si­cile, and passe forth by Crete, are beaten backe agayne eastward, to the toppe of [Page] Salmonis, which (they say) is the highestSalmonis. part toward the East of al Crete. But chiefly these two Seas séeme to striue and rage, when they be moued with the northeast wynde of Thracia, which often breaketh▪ forthe secretely, and discouereth firste of al the Sea whiche the Mariners call Pharium, reaching toPharium. Casius. Sidonium. to the furthest pointe of the hill Casius, next Sidoniū, which stretching forth by North and East into the mayne lande, and wetting the countrie Issica nowe [...]ssica. Issicum. [...]aiassa, is called-Issicum. And thence run­ning not muche further, turneth nygh Sicile, & so resteth. Then running forth a shosh, northerly windeth it selfe like a Serpent, and making many elbows, at lengthe [...]ydeth by the coaste of Pam­philia▪ Pamphylia. But when it is approched theThe Ilands Chelidone. Chelidone Ilandes, it taketh part of the west, and bringeth to viewe the top of Patareis a far off. Agayne towardes thePatareis. Aegaeum. north it maketh the Sea Agaeum nowe Arch [...]pe [...]ago. Whose broken course, by reason of many Ilandes in it, causeth such roaring and raging of the water, that it is thought there is no Sea more [Page] troublous, nor more dangerous, nor that rayseth more noyse frō the botom. From thence it goeth to Tenodus, andTenodos. there (as it were) maketh an ende, béeing (as who saye) ashamed of his accustomed wydenesse, and forgetting hys wonted fiercenesse, kéepeth with in a narrowe channell, and gyneth a newe shewe, and so obtayneth a newe name. For neyther is it longer called Aegeum, neyther Pamphilicum, ney­ther Cilicum, but a certayne narrow Sea, vntyll it come to the mouthe Bosphorus in Thracia, nowe el far de Bosphorus in Thracia. Constantinopoli, where (as report go­eth) Io harlotte too Iupiter, when shéeThe fable of lo. was transfourmed into an Heckfer by Iunos aduise: swamme crosse the water, wherefore it was called Bos­phorum mare, that is to witte, the SeaBosphorum mare. where ouer the yong Cowe was ca­ryed.

But so soone as it falleth into that narrowe channell, running a little to­warde the Northe: at length brea­keth forthe into the continente as far [Page] as Propontis, neare which many king­domesPropontis. of Asie doe lye héere and there within the lande, and bendeth to the Southe butting foorthe in length and bredth lykest an Isthmus. But when it is come too Bosphorus, it gathereth it selfe togyther in a narrowe fourme, and maketh the narrowest Sea of all. In the which is to bée séene a straunge sighte. Certayne greate rockes swim­mingA straunge fight. vppon the toppe of the water, whych when they méete, cause a great and terrible noyse, thence running foorth towardes the East, anone grow­eth into a great Sea.

And there are séene also dyuers smal braunches thereof, partly running to the East, partly towardes the Northe, twixt two Promontaries rysing fromTvvo pro­montaries. one roote, whereof the one towarde the Southe is called Charambus, theCharambus. other whych bendeth to the North, to­wards Europe, for the roughnesse and raggednesse therof, is called the RamsThe ram [...] head. head. These Promontaries althoughe they stande ryght ouer agaynst other, [Page] and appeare a farre off, as though they grewe nightogither, yet stande they so far a sunder, as a shippe is able to sayleTheir di­stance. betwéene in thrée dayes in the spring of the yeare. After that this Sea séemeth to be cut, and fashioned into the maner of an halfecircle, and runneth one way into Pontus, another into Maeotis, Pontus. Maeotis. Charambus. nowe el Ma [...]negro The middle is Cha­rambus at whose right hande, the waye lyeth open to those that trauel into Pō ­tus. At the lefte hande, the head or brow which there ryseth, sheweth playnly in­to Maeotis, which croking like a payre ofMaeotis. The hornes why so cal­led? hornes, not altogyther vnlike the horns of a bowe, is not amysse called by that name, and for naught appeareth not in­to Maeotis, being continually beaten with his waues. This is that same [...]en, aboute whome the Scythes doe dwell,The Scythae. The mother of Pontus. and which they call the mother of Pon­tus, chiefly bycause from thence muche water runneth thereinto, which for theCimerius Bosphorus. most parte commeth forthe of Cimerius Bosphorus, & many other places, which do so fyll the marish, that it is not able to conteyne it. About which also many [Page] nations of Cimeria inhabite, whyche are directly vnder the cold foote of Tau­rus. Cimeria. Taur' colde.

The description of Lybia or Affrica.

AFtter that we haue intreated of the thréefold diuision of the earth, and of the measure and circuite of the Oceane, with his boundes & diuersitie of names: héereafter we purpose to speake of the si­tuation and fourme of the earth, begin­ning first (as before) with Libya. Libya. The forme of the earth. Libya. therfore lyeth foorth towarde the south, and east, in the lykenesse of a certain ta­ble, beginnyng at Gades, nowe Caliz, where the Ocean is most mayn & déepe,Gades. and stretcheth forth to the Arabike sea, and approcheth nigh that countrey, whi­che is in the vttermost part of Asia, and bringeth foorthe partely the Ethiops or Moores, partly the Erembes. This coun­trey,Aethiopes. Erembes. bycause it bringeth foorth menne spotted lyke Lybardes, of sundry dispo­sitions, the Grecians called it Pardaler, that is to say a Libards skinne, it is for [Page] the greater parte of it, a very drye and roughe countreye, and in dyuers pla­ces couered with blacke spots lyke sea­les. But the other vayne, whiche rea­cheth vnto the Columnes of Mauritania, Mauritania. is muche more ciuile and plentyfull: Nexte vnto that is Numidia, then theNumidia. kyngdomes of Massilians. by whom (re­port goeth) the Citie Massilia was buyl­ded:Massilia. A sauage kynde of people, and al­together inexperte of Husbandrye, not knowyng what a Plowe doth meane, but wholly wandryng in wooddes and Forrestes, doo lyue by maste, and pray­ing on Venyson, after the manner of wylde beastes. Too these ioyne the Carthagians, bendyng in lyke a bowe,Carthagians. whose noble Cittie, as menne saye, was buylded by Dido, when that shéeDido of Car­thage. Phoenicia. Syrtes. departed oute of Phoenicia, by the com­passe of an Oxe hyde. So foorth next lye the Syrtes, wythin the mayne lande. But more towardes the Easte, are séene the shelfes of Asie, farre larger than the other, and much more dange­rous wyth heapes of sandes. Where as, when the Tyrrhene sea once hath ra­ged, [Page] and is caulmed agayne, there are founde suche heapes, as though greate mountaynes of sande were broughte thyther by the water. In the middest almoste, of whiche Sandes, there stan­deth a Citie, whyche the Gréekes, in fore tyme called Neapolis, nowe Ma­hometa, Neapolis. and inhabited by the people that were called Lotophagi, nowe Los Lotophagi. Chelbens, a Nation verye friendlye too straungers, whyche in tymes past re­ceyued Vlysses wyth verye gentle andVlysses. curteous entertaynmente.

Aboute this Countreye are founde manye deserte and forlorne dwellyn­ges, after that the Nasamonij wereNasamonij▪ why destroyed. thoroughly destroyed, the whych some­tyme dydde there inhabite, and were slayn, as some wryters affirme, by Au­sonius, the sonne of Iupiter, whose fa­therAusonius. they had contemned.

The Asbystae bée borderers to these,Asbystae. inwards to the continent lande, where within the thickest of the Sands stan­deth the Temple of the god Lybicus, The god Lybicus. commonly knowne. Also the citie Cyre­ne, commonly Corena, the brooder of good [Page] horses: and the ancient seat of the people Amyclaei nere whom the Marmaridae doAmyclaei. Marmaridae. Getuli. Negretae. Pharusij. Caramentes. Aethiopes. lye, towards Egypt, and the Getuli, and their borderers the Nigretes. Then the Pharusij. nowe Asenagi and the Gara­mantes not farre from them. And last of all the Aethiopes lying hard to the Oce­an, and almost extreme in temperature. But ouer against them wher the Blemij Blemij. inhabite, there riseth an hill, whereout Nilus runneth, and so foorth procéedyngNilus riseth. eastward, toward the Aethiopes, is ter­med of them Syrus. Afterward, runningSyrus. into Egypte, when it is come to the citie Syena is first called Nilus by the inhabi­tantsSiene. there. From thence it rūneth into the north, and at length diuideth it selfe into many partes, and floweth into the sea, with seuen streames ouerflowing al Egypt by the waye, and replenishing it with greate and wonderfull fertilitie. And truely there is no one riuer in that part of the world comparable with that,A notable cōmendati­on of Egypt. eyther in widenesse, plentie of water, or other cōmodities. This same is the boūd whiche parteth halfe Affrike from Asie. leauing Affrike on the southe syde, and [Page] Asie on the Easte. This is the same Egypt which hath always brought forth notable men of sundrie and incompara­ble wits. For as antiquitic doth recorde, the Egyptians were the firste men, andThe Egyp­tians firste men. they first prescribed the fourme and dis­cipline of life and manners, who first al­so found out the vse of the plough, plow­ing of the lande, and sowing of the séede. The same were they whiche firste tookeFynders out of Astrone­my. the measure of Heauen with an instru­ment, and inuented the oblyque course of the Sunne and Moone in the Zodi­acke, and whiche firste founde out this knowledge of Cosmographi [...], whereby the countrie hath deserued no smal com­mendation. Besides all this, there is no lande whiche surpasseth it in plentie of all things, eyther in aboundance of her­bage and corne, or in greatnesse, or beau­tie of building. The fourme whereof is caused by the lying of the sides, for it is br [...]de and wyde towardes the Northe, but narower in the East & butteth forth [...]opewise to the Syenes. and intrenchedSyenes. Nilus. wyth two hilles, betwéene whome Ny­lus runneth. This is the same Egypt, [Page] whiche in tymes past [...] nourished vp so many noble and, [...], so ma­ny puissant princes, and that chiefe is, in whome stoode that moste auncient citie Thebes, with hi [...] hundred gates. WherThebes it is also sayde, that Memnon the wyse king was went to salute his mother Au­rora. Memnon. Which nourisheth also them whi­cheAurora. Heptapolis. inhabited the Inlande, Heptapolis and those which do dwell on the coast of the south sea; toward the marish Serbo­nis, Serbonis. where on the west, lyeth the most famous citie, sometyme founded by A­lexander Alexander. king of Macedoma, called Ale­xandria. And where that wōderful tem­pleAlexandria. Sinopita. of Iupiter of Sinopita▪ standeth▪ much spoken of, and hery [...]ou [...]y builded, with m [...] preci [...]se metals, of al kinds. Touching this citie, it is constantly ad­nouched; that there is none in the earth, of more excellencie, none more worthy admiration, none richer, or more happy for all things Where also, the goodly high [...]ops of Pallenis▪ from whence [...] ­uellersPallenis. commyng a farre of [...] may be es­pied, be di [...], nere the rockye Hills [...], the TowneCassiotis. [Page] Peleus, is erected, whose inhabitauntsPeleus. [...]e s [...] experte in the arte of sayling, that [...] the other people of Libya, they be re­puted rather Gods than men. These dwell aboute the mouth of seuenfolde Nilus. There be moreouer many other peoples, and nations, diuersly dispersed [...] that countrey, wherof some be caste back (as it were) to the Oceane sheare, [...]e dwell within the lād, replenishing [...]s same with many excellent faire buil­dings. Diuerse a [...] inhabite the shoare of the lake Triton, whiche runneth alsoTriton. through ye middest of Libya into the sea.

The Situation of Europe.

HEreafter ensueth the situation of Eu­rope, whiche differeth not muche in forme from Libya, but that it bendeth a litle to the north, and likewise retour­neth againe, and ioyneth to the ende of South Libya, and butte bothe in one [...]nner sorte on Asie, the one rea­ching foorthe to the extreame parte of [Page] the North, the other to the South. But to speake more plainly, howe it lyeth: it is so, that at the head it séemeth sharpe poynted, lyke the pointe of a triangle, waxing alwayes narrower towards the West, and encreasing in widnesse much in the East. By vnderstanding whereof, we shall y• better perceyue what bounds it hath, howe farre they stretche, and what dominions, and countries it cōte [...] ­neth. Wherefore, I will begin at the [...] ­per side, which reacheth forth to Hercules Hercules Pillers. Hiberi. pillers, where firste of all, the Hiberi dwell, a people very proude, & high min­ded. Nexte towards the Northe, are the Britannes then the Germanes, whose bo­dyesBritannes. Germans. are white, and faire, and naturally giuen to warres, possessing the countryeThe forest Equinus. Boia. nexte to the forest Equinus. And not farre off, Boia appeareth, both large and wyde, so called, of the lykenesse it hathe to an Oxe hyde. So tourning to theMountes Pyrrhenaei. Eridanus. Celtae. Heliades. A fable. Phaeton. mounts Pirrhenaei, towards the floud E­ridanus, the Celtae inhabite, where (as fa­bles testifye) the sisters Heliades, bee­ing oppressed with immoderate sorowe, for the death of their brother Phaeton, [Page] continued so long in wéeping, that so con [...]i [...]ed with heauinesse, they were all conuerted into a precious kynde of A [...]er trées, still sheading teares. Which [...]ares, are often, and diligently wyped away by the Celtae, there dwelling, and are turned into Amber lyke Golde, and a [...] harde as a stone. After, ensueth Tyr­rhenia Tyrrhenia. at the Northe syde whereof the Alpes begin to arise, forth whereof, the Rhyne, a greate and large streame, issu­eth,The Rhyne. But before that I passe to Tyrrhe­nia. I muste fyrste speake of the ryuer Rhenus, or the Rhyne, whether he pas­seth to the boundes of Europe. The Rhyne therefore, rysing, as we haue sayde, oute of the Alpes, fyrste seuereth the Celtae from the Germans, and run­nethCelt [...]. Germans. into the Northerne Oceane, with a large chanell. But before that he come [...]ighe the Sea, out of his springs, he en­gendreth the riuer Ister amōg the Sueui, Ister. Swe [...]i. which maketh all that cuntrie nauiga­ble, for trafike of marchandise. This ri­uer Ister running toward the east, is en­creased with many other waters, and so runneth forward fomie and misty, nere [Page] Pe [...]ce, through [...] [...]ightie ch [...]l [...] in­to the sea [...] the north: it [...] [...]iue [...] countries, vntil [...] it▪ [...] to the [...]oot [...] ▪ of fen [...]e Maeous. [...] For first it [...] the▪ Germanes, and after [...]i [...]th [...] Sarmatae now [...] [...] [...] p [...]ssethSarmatae. Getae. Basterne [...]. by the Ge [...]es, and Bast [...]s▪ which [...] [...] towarde the O [...]ean [...] ▪ [...] ▪ fulfilleth▪ the country of Dacia with plentie, [...] Dacia. ningth roughe the mi [...]st of the Alani Alani. Tauri. and T [...]uri, gyueth [...]sage for shippe [...] throughe the [...] lande [...] [...]yche [...]u [...] inhabiting that hye country, [...]o [...] ▪ time parte of [...] race, possess [...] ▪ aA [...]chilles. na [...]o [...], howbeit [...] [...]o [...]g▪ pi [...] of lande▪ stretching to the [...]o [...] [...] the [...] whose [...]eig [...]bour [...]s [...] the Alan [...] as [...]e haue sayde, [...] [...] [...] [...] Melanchleni Hippemo­logi. Neuri. Hippopodes. Gelones. Agathyrsi. with horses. Vnt [...] t [...]se▪ [...] the▪ Me­lan [...]leni, the H [...]ppemolo [...]i▪ the Ne [...] ▪ the Hippopodes▪ the Gelones▪ and A­ [...]si▪ with moe, in [...]i [...]w [...] whe [...] of it is stra [...]nge to s [...] howe that▪ al [...] moste infinite of nations possesse that vtter parte of Europe, from whence▪ theBorysthenes. ryuer Borystenes gliding forth within a [Page] kenning of the Rammes browe, direct­ly ouer agaynst Cyane, falleth into theCyane. Aldelcus. sea Euxinum, also Aldescus, and Pentica­pes, with great murmur and noyse, fallPenticapes. down frō y• hils Rhipae [...], whose streamsRhipaei. running néere to the frosen sea (for thi­ther they run) cary down with them an orient kind of metal, halfe golde, halfe amber, in colour not vnlike to the pur­pleAmber found glyttering beams of the moone whē the firste riseth: they engender also the diamond. This water also washeth theDiamondes founde. shore of the Agathi [...], whiche of the rest are most northerly, but on ye south side are the Gerrae, and Norici: also the Pan­nonij, Gerrae▪ Nori­ci▪ Pannonij. Mysi. Thraces. the Mysi and Thraces, but the My­si lie more to the north than the Thra­ces which dwell scattred here and there in a wyde countrie, partely inhabiting the S [...]a coa [...]t of Propontis, partely castPropontis. Hellespontus Agaeu [...]. Pallenae. forth to▪ Hellespontus and partly also to Agaeū, where about the tops of Pallenae, which floweth with hony, the precious stome of gret price, called Asterius, dothAsterius▪ grow, nothing inferioure in shewe to a glyttering starre, or a flaming fyre, by [...]nt whereof it was [...]o named. [Page] moreouer, there lye many other coun­tries vnder this heauenly constitution▪ or in this tract of the earth, dwelling all nigh to Ister called also Danubius recey­uingIster. Danubius. great commoditie by trauelling on the water, whose names were superflu­ous to recite. It remayneth therefore nowe that we speake of another part of Europe, whyche lying foorthe in thr [...] shoares, reacheth forthe into the East, whereof the Hiberi possesse parte, the Greekes parte, the Italians parte. TheHiberi. Greks. Italians. Hiberia. Libes. Tartessus. furthermoste [...]id [...] of Heberia, lyeth to the Ocean, there where one of the pil­lers is to be séene, set in by Libes, erected beneath the mounte Tartessus, the coun­trie where about is verie rych and plen­tiful vnto whom the Cempsi be adherētCempsi. dwelling at the foote of the mountaynes Pyrrhenei. Consequently we come toPyrrhenei. Hilles. Italy. Italy, whome a greate hie hill stretching forthe, and cutting it through straight, high in the middle, and low on each side, after the maner of the beame of a payre of balence, cōpasseth in about round, to y• great beutifying & wonderfull strength­ning of the countrie. There can no man [Page] that is skylful in building, when be séeth it, denie, but that it was a maruellousItaly framed by Minerua. piece of worke framed by Minerua, for ornature and strengthe of the countrie, béeing compassed therewyth as wyth a crowne. The inhabitantes call it the hil Apoeninus, which rysing at the Alpes Apoeninus. Lumbardy. Heluetia. whiche deuideth Lumbardie from Helue­tia, runneth forth towards the North, as farre as y• Sicilian▪ Sea, wtin which, ma­ny countries & peoples do dwell, whose names I cannot easly rehearse. But the first of them are Tyrrheni, dwelling onTyrrheni. the side whiche lyeth twixt Northe andPelasgi. West, togither with the people Pelasgi, which running into Italy out of Cylene, Cylene. ar reported to haue setled with the Tyr­rheni in the same place. Ne [...]te to theseLatini. are the Latini, a glorious kynde of peo­ple, verie plentifull with goodnesse of soile and excellencie of wits, through the myddle wherof, the ryuer Tyberis run­neth,Tyberis. watering all the countrie aboute, and is at length receyued into a calme bosome of the Sea, at the towne called Hostia, the heade and principall ryuer ofHostia. al other, deuiding the noble and mightie [Page] Citie Rome, the chiefe sea and dwellingRome. place of our kings, and heade of all the worlde. Then followeth Compania▪ aCampania. pleasant countrie, & of other most plen­tiful, where the temples of Parthenope. Parthenope. are to be séene, who (as fame goth) was friendly receyued out of that strayt sea▪ Towards the south, vnder the hil Sere­nis Serenis. Silarus. Lucani. Bretij. Leucopetra. runneth the ryuer Silaris of Surrhen­tū now Sur [...]ento, where the Lucani and Bretij dwell, so far as Leucopetra, from whence northerly, & by west somwhat, the Locri be planted, who long ago cō ­mingLocri. A [...]ica. forth of A [...]ica into Italy, & being in loue with the plesantnesse of the coū ­trie, ioyned (as is sayd) in fellowship & frendship with the people of that place, building a citie there, which they called after their owne name, whose stock a [...] yet remaine th [...]near vnto y• ryuer Alex▪ Alex. Metapontini. Beyond them lythe Metapontini▪ whose citie is now called Relie [...], & notsar off them, the flourishing city Crotona nowCrotona. Cr [...]tone▪ [...]igh to the riuer Sarum, wher the renouined temple of Iuno, of Lacinia Iuno of La­cinia. Sybaris. now Cabo do Colone is builded: and vn­fu [...]tunate Sybaris, is reported to haue [Page] mourned, bicause of Iupiters displeasure against hir citizens, for vsing reproch­full wordes in the sacrifice of Alpheus▪ Alpheus. Samnites. Marsi. Tarentini But the Samnites are more within the land, and the Marsi, which in running are verie quicke of foote. The Tarentini whose countrie nowe Taranto, stand [...] nearer y• shore, possessing there a town, founded in times past by destruction of the Amyclaei. To whom [...]oyn the Cala­bri Amycle [...]. Cal [...]br [...] of apex stock. Hyrus. of the stocke of Iapix, reaching forth▪ [...] Hyrus, which lieth to the sea. And the [...]. Adriaticum beginneth to increase [...] ▪ Aquilia, now Algar castelium▪ & the citie▪ Aquilia. Tergestini. of the Tergestini now Trieste▪ lying at y• extreme [...], but whē it turnet [...] eastward thēce, first it li [...]keth the shoreLiburni. of the Liburni▪ & afterwarde beateth on all that countrie▪ oppressed with great darknesse, which lieth nigh [...], &Istm [...]. Bulemei. so rūning to the shore of y• Bulemei, so­ [...]nly stretcheth forth wt a verie large [...]hane [...] & [...] y• Illirici▪ now Sc [...]a­uoni, Illirici. Ceraunij. & [...] y• high mountain Ce­raunij▪ in which place are seene certaine ancient monuments after the maner of spires or pinacles, set vp as is taught byThe fable of cadmu [...]. [Page] Cadmus, and Hermione his wife, whoCadmus. béeing both come to extreame olde age, departed thyther from Ismenus, whereIsmenus. they were transformed into serpents. There is also séene in the same place, an other straunge wōder. For there be two pillers set, directly eche againste other,A vvonder. who so soone, as any daunger appro­cheth the people dwellyng nigh, do both méete, whith suche violence, as though they fought. At the south, a little on thys side Thracia, and beyond Horitia, a parteThracia. Horitia. Hellas. of Graecia, that parte called Hellas, en­treth with an hard rising, and a daunge­rous accesse, by reason of two sharpe Seas Aegaeum, and the straighte Sicu­lum. As also for two winds, vnto whome it lyeth very bleate, the Hesperian or Si­cilian wynde, whiche is West, and the Southeaste, whiche bloweth from the sea Aegaeum. Hereafter ensueth Pelops Ilande, called also Peloponesus, nowePelops Iland [...]a Moren, whiche differeth not much in forme from a Playn trée leafe. For it is broad in the beginning, and endeth with a sharp corner. At the farthest poynt to­wards the north, it resembleth a certain [Page] narowe Isthmus, & is (as it were) ioyned and fastened to Hellas, and intrenchedHellas. round on euery other side, with the sea,Triphylis. where on the west parte, the lande Tri­phylis lyeth, continually moystned with the plesant streames of the riuer Alphe­us. Alpheus. Whiche béeing as it were cut of, by the waters Mes [...]enius, and Eurotas, dooMes [...]enius. Eurotas. séeme neyther of them to flowe oute of any sea, but rather to spring out of the inner bowels of the earth. Alpheus par­teth the lande of the Clij. Eurotas passethClij. A miclaei. Erymanthus. Arcades. Melas. Crathis. Iaon. Ladon. Argiui. Lacones. through the Amyclaei. In the middle of the Ilande, in a valley, at the foote of the hil Erimanthus, dwel the Arcades, From which hill Melas, Crathia, and Iaon, thrée riuers do fall, and also auncient Ladon. Nexte vnto these, are the Argiui, and Lacones, whose countreis lye, one to the east, an other to the southe. The sides of this Isthmus, as is well knowne, are beaten with two seas, one on the East parte, an other on the West, vntill it drawe nearer, and narower aboute the places called Sacronida. But in syghteSacronida. of this same Isthmus, called Pelopone­ [...]us, and towarde the east syde thereof, [Page] boundeth the noble kingdome of A [...]ica. A [...]ica. the n [...]urce and mother of renoumed [...], and excellente witts, whome the diuine water Ilisus passeth by, where sometimeIlisus. Boreas and Orithya. Boetes. Locri. Thessalia. Macedonia. Emeus. Epirus Do­donea. Aetolia. (as Poets do fable) Boreas, state away his louer Orithya There do the Boetes, and the Locri inhabite. After this Thessa­lia and Macedonia are discouered, the [...]e where the snowye toppes of Emeus, in Thracia may be séene. Ouer directly a­gainst that, towards the Weste Epirus Dodonea butteth foorth, very long and large, and so do the Aetolia towards the South, through whose middle flowethAchelous. Tinacria. Echinadae l [...]an [...]s. Cephalleni. Phocis. the riuer Achelous with his siluer sands into the straytes of Tinacria, deuiding the Ilands called Echinadae, néere vnto the citties of the Cephalleni. Eastward, lyeth the countrey Phocis, whiche stret­cheth alōg to the North, vnto the mouth of the Thermopylae, vnder the toppe ofThermopilae Parnaius. Zephisus. snowy Parnaius. Out of whose middle, the riuer Zephisus runneth foorthe of a rocke, & féedeth the countrey nigh, wyth perpetuall moysture. Then followeth the lande Phiton, wonderously aboun­dingPhiton. with diuerse [...] straunge [...]dori [...]e­rous [Page] fauours. Where the Dragon ofThe dragon of Delphos. Delphos at Diotripodes, lyeth slayne, within the walles of the temple, at this day, horrible to be séene, for multitude and greatnesse of scales. Where Apollo Apollo. as often as occasion serued hym to tra­uaile from the Iles of Miletum, noweMiletum Clarum. Melasar, or Clarum, was wont to rest hymself, and put off his golden quyuer.

And thus muche is sufficient to haue declared, as briefly as we coulde, the si­tuation, and countreyes of Europe, and how the same lyeth, in respect of other partes of the worlde.

Of the Ilands in Europe.

OVre purpose nowe, is to intreate of the Ilands whiche be in Europe be­fore y• we come to any other part of the world, to describe it, which in widenesse contayneth almost the other twayne. Wherefore, to begin where Europe f [...]e lifteth vp his head, and Hercules pillers be erected, and deuide Libya from other parts, ye Ocean running betwéene: Gadi­ra, Gadira. [Page] first cōmeth to hande. For that being in times past possessed by the Phoenices, Gadira. which worshipped Hercules, was called of them Gadira, for before it was calledPhoenices. not Gadira, but Contimissa, by the Hibe­ri. Ne [...]te followe the Iles Gimnesiae, the nearest whereof is called Bausus. TheContimissa. Hiberi. Gymnesiae. Bausus. Baleares. other twain are called Baleares, for stin­ging, wherin the people there are much exercised. Whereof the one and bigger nowe Mallorea, hath in it the citie Tirra­cona nowe Tarragona, the other and les­ser now Menorca, ye citie Barcilona now Barchino lying to the North. Then fol­loweTarracona. Sardinia nowe Sardegne, and néereBarcilona. to that Cirnus lying bothe almoste direct ouer against Ostia, wherof the one whichSardinia. is Corsica, standeth a great deale high­erCirnus. Ostia. Corsica. and is mere inacce [...]ible, enuironed partly with high and craggy clyffes and rockes, partely with a mightie roughe wood, bothe of them verie good, for fruit­fulnesse of soyle, and plentie of dyuers commodities growing in the countrie. Consequently, there appeare certayne Ilandes, standing rounde, which beeing once in ye hands of king Hippota, which [Page] dwelte there, a most friendly king vnto straungers, were by him named Aeoli­des. Aeolides. The same, for the excellente vertues wherewith he was endued, (for be sur­mounted in godlinesse, and curtefie) was reported to haue obteyned of the gods, that he shold not only be lord ouer those Ilands, which are seuen in numbre, but also be ruler of the winds, where euer they blew, on any nauigable sea. These Ilāds also be called Plociae of the Greks. Plociae. But there is none nearer vnto these, than Tinacria, called also Sicilia, standingTinacria. Sicilia. in sight of Italy, and defended with thrée famous promontories, whereof one is called Pachynus, nowe Cabo Pacino, stan­dingPachynus. to the Easte, and hath at the foote, the noble citie Syracuse, nowe Saragosa Syracuse. de Sicilia, in foretime, a greate and stout seate of tyrants. The other is called Pe­lorus, Pelorus. which standeth northerly, and loo­keth to Italy, to whome the cittie Messa­na Messans. now Missetia, adioyneth. The thirde promontorie is Lilybaeus, arising againstLilybaeus. the surges of the west winde, and sea, where standeth also a cittie of the same name. But as touching, sayling from [Page] Pelorus, which lyeth towardes Italy: it is very daungerous, and almost present death: for the course is very narrow and crooked, & the sea kept within the straite not withoute greate force and violence: for the streame is there swallowed vp in voyde and déepe caues (which as some saye) were made by Eonius and Neptu­nus, Eonius. Neptunus. and there roreth and rageth with moste horrible bellowings. Forth of Si­cilia Southerly is the passage into Lybia at the begynning of one of the Syrtes. The other is quickly perceyued, in loo­king toward the shoare of Italy: In sight wherof, we may espie two Ilands, one Menix, the other Gortina, whiche are inMenix. Gortina. maner of an hauen into Lybia. In the elbowe of the sea Adriaticum, at the left hande towardes Iapygium, ryseth an I­lande,Iapygium. Diomedes. wherein bicause Diomedes some­tyme had buylded, and possessed it, wasDiomedea. called of him Diomedea. Whether (as the fame goeth) that valiant gentleman béeing driuen in a flaw, by force of wind and tyde, with certaine prisoners of the Hiberi, continued there through the en­ticement of a wicked woman, called Ae­gialaea. Aegialaea. [Page] Towarde the East afarre off, is there a course open to the Ilands of Ab­syrtes. Absyrtes. where (as reporte goeth) certaine men, whiche trauayled from Colchos, Colchos. Medea. brake in, whyle they pursued Medea, then running from them. Néere vnto these, the Lyburnides are planted. AndLiburnides. towarde the Southe, behinde the crags of the Mounte Ceraunius, there are cer­teinCeraunius. Ilandes discouered, which they call Amphraciae. Ther is also Corcyra, nowAmphraciae. Corcyra. Corfu, to be séene, a riche and plentyfull Iland, the noble and renoumed kyng­dome of aunciente Alcinous, and néereAlcinous. Neritia. Ithaca vlisses countrey. neyghbour to Neritia in Ithaca, a plea­saunt laye and countrey to Vlysses, with diuers other lying here and there, which the Riuer Achelous, whyle hée passethAchelous. Chaleis. from Chalcis, compasseth and watereth.

There bée many also towardes the Northe, whereof Aegyla is one andAegyla. Cythera. Caluaria. Carpathos. Creta. Cythera an other, and Caluaria and on the other syde towardes the Weaste, Carpathos. Also Creta, nowe called Candia, whyche lyeth not farre off, a goodly Ilande, and a plentyfull, and nurse to the great god Iupiter, abunding [Page] in fruit and pasture, and flowing wyth excellent good witnesse, in whiche stan­deth the famous wood Ida. florishing wt Ida. odiferous & soote cypers trées. It contai­neth many faire cities, and also prouin­ces not a fewe, which in foretime were al gouerned by that good olde king Mi­nos. King Minos Rhodos. Ouer against that lyeth the Ilande Rhodos; which was also builded by the Egiptians, and somtime a worthie colo­nieIalisij. Chelidoniae. Patareis. Cyprus. Pamphylia. Venus Dodo nea. Phaeoicia. Dyados. Suniados. Abantes. Salamina. Aegyna. of the Ialisij. But at the East lye the Chelidonlae, these be thrée, lying against the top of Patareis, nowe Patera. Also Cyprus in the bosome of Pamphilia, som­time the acceptable kingdome of Venus Dodonea. And not farre from Phaenicie standeth Dyados, within the large wid­nesse thereof, and in sight of the hi [...] Su­nrados, aboue y• Abantes, Salamina may be descried, and so maye Aegina▪ where the Sea Aegaeum is founde to be of a maruellous depth, although there be in it an innumerable sorte of Ilandes, di­uersly dispersed, disposed in such strange order, that they séeme almost there ra­ther planted by arte than by nature. They reache forthe vnto Hellespontus, Hellespontꝰ. [Page] nowe el far de Gallipoli, where as on the lefte hand at the ende of Europe, stan­deth Sestos, and on the right hand ouer­againsteSestos. Abydos. it Abydos where Asie begin­neth bothe towarde the North, places very muche renoumed [...] or two Louers, Leander and Hero, who dwelled there,Leander, and Hero. whose earnest desire could not be quen­ched in so small a streame, but that Lē ­ander must often attempt, escaping also as often the daunger, to swimme ouer that narrowe cutte by nyghte, vntill at last he was offered a wofull present to his sorowfull louers eyes, miserably cast vp deade vppon the shore. Nowe to Europe ward standeth Macris, in oldMacris. Scyros. Peparenthos. Lemnos. time builded by the Abantes, then Scy­ros, and Peparethos, verie muche obiect to the winde. And not far thence Lem­nos, nowe Sidrio Vulcanes kingdome, and auncient Thasos, nowe Taxo, thatThasos. Ceres. Imbri. worshippeth Ceres. Then the Imbri, nowe Stalimin, from whence the fa­mous Thracia, is immediatly discoue­red. And Samos nowe Samo, an aun­cientSamos. Lyrbantes. colonie of the Lyrbantes. But they whyche possesse the veris first en­trance [Page] and brow of Asie, dwelling roūd about Delos, bycause they stand in suchDelos. [...]euite, are termed by the Grecians Cyclades, who all are dedicated to A­pollo, Cyclades. Apollo. making sacri [...]ee vnto him, and le­ding daunces, chiefly at the entrance of the spring, when the Nyghtingale be­ginneth to sing vpon the top of the hils. These Ilandes stand so scattred, shew­ing themselues here and there in many places of the Sea, like brighte shyning starres in the cleere skye, vnto whyche the Ionides, nowe surquestan be borde­rers,Ionides. Caunos. Samos. where also Caunos standeth, and Samos nowe Samos, the moste pleasant seale of [...]uno Pelasgos. Nexte standeth Chios now Chio at the foote of the highChios. hill Pelmeus. Then appeare y• clyffes ofPelmeus. Aeolus Ilāds Lesbos and Tenedos. Aeolus Ilandes, Lesbos now Metelina, and Tenedos nowe Tenedo, raysed a great heigth out of the water, forthe of whom ryse two ryuers Melas and Col­phus, Melas. Colphus. Propontis. and runne into Hellespontus, and there about to the North, the Sea Pro­pontis is enlarged and wydned on eue­ry side, and there at the entrance of the Sea Euxinum, towarde the lefte handeA fable. [Page] there is an other famous Ilande séene, whiche in times past was an auncient dwelling of noble and worthie Gentle­men. For the report goth, that the soule of Achilles and other valiant men, doe wander in the deserts and craggie pla­ces of those huge mountaines, hauing obtayned for a rewarde of the Goddes, in consideration of their excellent ver­tues, to be immortalized, for so much as vertue is immortall, and néedes muste obtayne immortall glorie. This Iland of which we entreate, bycause it brin­geth forth cattel al white, the Grecians call it Leuca. And there is an other notLeucus. far from the same, large and of a greate circuite, which vnto those that sayle the rea die way into Cimerius Bosphorus, Cimerius. Bosphorus. appeareth before the rest ouer agaynst the fennes Maeotis, lying on the ryghte hande.

The same is it in whiche Phena­gora Phenagora. Hermonassa Ionij. and Hermonassa, two Cities are builded, whiche the Ionij who builded thē do possesse. And these be al y• Ilands which are of any name or renoume, ly­ing wyth the Leuant Seas, so farre as [Page] wée coulde haue any vnderstanding of them. Notwithstanding, for asmuch as in the large Ocean, ther are many con­teined in bignes [...]e, commodities, or [...]ame nothing inferiour to ours: I thought it vnséemly to passe them ouer with silēce.

Of the Ilandes in the Oceane.

WHerfore I will firste speak of thatThe Atlan­ticum sea. Erythia. which lyeth in y• middle of the At­lanticū sea, called of ye Grecians Erythia, now Berlingas, a very faire Ilande, and aboundyng with cattell, endued with such benignitie of ayre, that it preser­ueth the lyues of men vnto very many yeres, and maketh them almost immor­tall. The Ethiops, which be nygh, inha­biteAethiopes. the same, who came fyrst thither (as they say) after that Hercules had s [...]ayneHercules. slevve Geri­one. the Gyant Geryone, But at the very top of Europe, which the inhabitantes call Sacrum, that is to saye holy, the famous Ilandes, called Hesperidum insulae, areHesperidum insulae. descryed: Of whome it is not altogither fabulously spoken, that they yelded eue­ry [Page] yeare golden apples. Since of truth they be very rich, in plentie of gold, and bring forth welnigh, all kinde of metal, in great abundaunce. The Hiberi, theirHiberi. neyghboures haue them in possession. And not farre off but somwhat more to­ward the north, the Iles of Britannia areBritannia praysed. Rhenus. séene, ouer agaynst the mouth of Rhe­nus, or Rhine, very large, and surpassing the rest in wydene [...]se: neyther is there any one, to whome it is inferiour in a­ny kynde of wealthe, store of cattaile, or varietie of people. Ther is also found in vaines of the earth, moynes of tinne, lead and brasse of diuers sorts. Also plē ­tie of golde and siluer, with yron, brim­stone, saltpeter, bitumen, and such like. And among many kinds of cattaile and rudder bea [...]tes, wherof they haue plen­tie, certain beastes of so soft and fyne a fléese, that it maye be easily drawne so small, till it be comparable to a spyders webbe. They bréede also many horses, not vnapt for labour. But where it ben­deth more to the weast, turnyng (as it were) a brow or point to Hiberia, whichHiberia. Hibernia commended is now called Hibernia, that is Ireland, [Page] inhabited once by the people Hiberi. The same bringeth forth more store of horses, and th [...]se of suche nature, that they séeme rather naturally to haue ler­ned to walke with a pleasant & séemely pace, and to moue themselues forward with protestatiō and state after the ma­ner of & guise princes. Within the earth is found a lumpie masse of mould, mixt with sulphur, much like to coale, which the Smithes and generally all the coū ­tr [...]e▪ and their borderers nigh vnto thē, do vse for their fire. The countrie brin­geth forth no venomous beast, nor fo­streth any. The people are very stoute, and apte to warres, who being of body faire and tall, sturdie of lym, and beuti­full of hue, are no deale behind in wit, and promptnesse of tong. There are al­so not farre distant from these other I­landes, as namely the Amitae, worship­persAmitae. of Bacchus, in which the wines of ye most worthy and substanciall men, be­ing crowned with garlandes of [...]uie, with the b [...]rries hanging downe in knots about them, do [...]sape and spring, as though they were aprehended with [Page] furie, crying on Bacchus wt a loud voice,Bacchus. and doing hym sacrifice in the nighte, according as [...]s the custome. For the inhabitantes on ye shore of the lake Bis­ton Biston. in Thracia, do cal accustomably on their God Bacchus, in no more solemne sorte. Neyther the Indian children, at the ryuer Ganges do daunce with moreGanges. shryll noyse, than these women of whō I speak, do clatter, shout, and sing when they celebrate the feastes of Bacchus, and say their deuotions while they be dauncing. But not farre from this I­lande there lyeth an other, whiche is called the farthest Tile, where as whenTile. the hote somers Sun approcheth to the northern Pole, their nyghtes be like vnto perpetuall daye, in fairenesse and brightnesse, vntill he return [...] a­gayne to the South. From thence if a man sayling towards Scythia turne his shippe to the East, he shall fynde Chry­sia, Scythia. Chrysia. whiche is an other Ilande of the Ocean, in the whiche also the Sunne shyneth very clearly: then if he returne him contrarie to the [...]outh, immediatly [Page] he shall discouer Taprobana, a great andTaprobana. large Iland, and plentifully replenished with all maner riches, and a brooder of many Elephants, which from thence are transported into Asie. This same is es­pecially dedicated to Venus, and to hir doth sacrifice. They lye directely vnder the lyne of Cancer, which is ouer theyrCancer. heades, a very hot and burning signe, continually turning about, and almoste burning vp the countreye with heate. They haue whales in their seas, and fy­shesWhales and great fishes. of inestimable bignesse, which fee­ding fyrst in the redde sea, afterwardes doe come thyther, monstrous thyn­ges in déede, and of such greatnesse, that they come to the shoare lyke great moū ­taines. Their backes are very sharpe, with long rewes of finnes. They be ve­ry hurtfull vnto children, if they chance to méete any vpon the shoare: And not vnto them onely, but vnto others al­so. For none can well escape theyr iaws, yf they may once sée them. Whose deformed mouthes are of suche wyde­nesse, that dyuers tymes they deuoure whole shyps with men and all. Which [Page] wofull plague is thoughte to chaunce vnto menne for none other cause: butGod plageth diuers ways. onely for our offences and wickednesse, whyche whyle wée lyue wandring in thys vale of miserie, God doth reuenge with suche horrible monsters.

Besides this, there is also an other I­land,Aeoli. Ogyris. King Ery­thrax. Carmanis. called by the Aeolij, Ogyris, an an­cient monumente of kyng Erythrax, ly­ing ouer against the Promontorie Car­manis, from which, if a man turne nor­therly, & to y• Persicū sea, he shall by & byIcarus. Tauropola. finde Icarus, wherin Tauropola, the faire tēple of Diana, is to be séene, wondrous for antiquitie, but more maruellous ofA straunge sighte. the straungenesse of a sighte therin. For there ryseth alwayes a smoke withoute any fyre at all, very dampishe, and hurt­full to those that come néere it. And these bée also the Ilandes whiche are of any name in the Oceane. Howe­beit I denye not, but that there be many mo there, whereof some be in the reach Lybicum, some in the sea Asiaticum, also aboute Europe, and within the Oceane. Whereof howebeit many bée habita­ble, and yelde pleasaunt harbour some­tyme [Page] to shippes that saile that way: ye [...] bycause, they haue continued vnrenow­med and vnknowne vnto our countrey­men, it was not only harde for me, but also séemed superfluous to declare ey­ther their names or situation. Wherfore I will nowe speake of Asie.

The description of Asie.

THe plateforme of Asie, being as some men say, of one fashion, and as other say of another: yet is it well knowne, that it resembleth very muche a wedge. For it beginneth with a certaine large bases, or foundation, and so goeth foorth along to the ende, where the pillers of Dionysius whiche was borne at Thebe, Dionysius. Indi. are séene standing, and where the Indi, which dwell in those vttermoste parts: are reposed within the hilles. And also where the riuer Ganges, with his whiteGanges. streames, falleth downe to the banks of Nyseum, nigh a large chanell. The sameNyseum. Taurus. is deuided frō the mounte Taurus, which is the nearer, and not thought cōparable in bignesse to the other, neither in shew lyke vnto it. The same is it, which hath [Page] the sea flowing into it, and bearing su­perioritie therin. The other, which is the wyder, is much mingled with y• Ocean: which boyling forth thrée streames, ma­keth thrée seas, Per [...]icum, Hircanum, and Arabicum, wherof the last twayne, lye forth to the south. The other reacheth to­wards the north, and the sea Aphricū to Euxinum, where as there dwell kinds of people almost innumerable, forasmuch as betwéene them bothe, there lyeth a great Isthmus, conteyning a very large plot of ground. But the mounte Taurus which as I haue said diuideth the whole through the middle, beginneth at Pam­philia, Pamphilia, and stretcheth forth to the Indie, which rising in some places into greater heigth than other, and turning on bothe sydes, much like the crookes of a Bulles hornes, whiche is gréedie of his foode, is by similitude thereof called Taurus, that is to saye, a Bull. Out of this mounte there doe aryse almoste infinite springs and waters, whereof some runne East, some West, some North some Southe, which by reson they passe by diuers coū ­treys, are called also by diuers names. [Page] Also the mount it selfe, during the spac [...] of continuance thereof, is not alwayes termed one, the Indi call it Hiamos, theHiamos. Praenyphates Cragus Parthi, praeniphates, the pamphyli, Cra­gus, & where it riseth in greatest height it is named Caucasus. But it is no ea­sieCaucasus. matter to declare bothe the names of it, whereby it is notified in dyuers languages, or of the waters therefore flowing. That care take they who in­habite the néere places, it only remay­neth to mée, to declare those ryuers and nations, whereof we coulde attayne any lyght of vnderstanding. In recytal whereof, I will not quaile so far as my poore abilitie shall serue me. Where­fore the people of Maeorae, and Sauroma­tae, Maeotae. Sauromatae. whiche possesse the vppermost parte of Asie, which loketh to the north, come nowe firste vnto hande, that I muste néedes prefer them in this beadroll be­fore all others. These be they whiche dwel about the fennes Maeotis, and dis­cended lineally (as is sayde) from the Amazones, for the reporte goeth, thatAmazones. when they ranne awaye from theyr countrie, and had pytched their tentes [Page] néere the ryuer Thermodon, they com­paniedThermod [...]. with the Sauromati, to the intēt that the children that were then begot­ten, shoulde be stout men, and warlike, and so they alwayes continued. They dwell in the middest of a vast and huge wood, full of thycke and bushye trées, through y• middle therof, the ryuer Ta­nais Tanais. nowe Tana, runneth foorth, and fal­leth into the fenne neare thereto. The same is the water whiche also parteth Europe from Asie, leuing Europe at the West, and Asie at the East. Forth of it run many springs and streames, which falling downe vppon the rockes and valleys of Caucasus, doe cause a greateCaucasus. murmur. But the larger ryuer whiche glydeth forthe through Scythia, and en­creasethThe mise­ries of Scy­thia. muche towarde the Northe, with wynde and water, carieth downe with it great store of Ise, and muche a­noyeth the neare dwellers, making thē altogyther vnfortunate. For so soone as the northern wind beginneth to blow, and the colde to encrease, immediately they sée before their eyes their horses and Mules fall downe deade, and their [Page] rudder beastes frosen to death, and their cattell which wander in the woods, my­serably bidding their Maisters farwel, with their h [...]eles vpwarde. The men themselues can scarse abyde safe with­in their inner dennes and houses vnder grounde, but starue togither with their beastes, vnlesse they obserued a tyme, and ioyned their wagons, and departed in hast into some more temperate coū ­trie, leauing their owne to the furious North wynde. Such manner of people are they, which are alotted to the coun­tries nigh Tanais, but the people whichTanais. dwell neare to the Sauromatae now Sar­matae, are called Sidi, and Cimmerij andSidi. Cimmerij. Cercetij. Oretae. Xanthus. Simois. Cercetij, with Oretae, neare to the Sea Euxinum. Also those who as they say, de parting frō the riuer Xanthus, & Simois, which rūneth nigh Abydus, after y• de­struction of Troy▪ wer caried thither by cōtrarie winds, & draue the Achaei thēce,Achaei. Eniochi. Zigij. Pelasgi. vnto whō y• Eniochi & Zigii are neygh­bours, which came also thyther from a­mong the Pelasgi. And at the vttermost extremitie of the sea lie the Tyndaridae, &Tyndaridae. Colchi. ye Colchi, which ioyne to Caucasus, who [Page] before time came sorth of Egipt, where Caucasus ryseth alofte with high tops, neare to the streyghts of Hyrcanū, wher the riuer Phasis glyding by the backe ofPhasis. Circeum. Circeum nowe Circellum, turneth to the Sea Euxinum. But at first it ryseth out of the hill Armenus, whyche passingArmenus. forewarde betwéene the Northe and East, maketh a certayne Isthmus, in­cluded within the Seas Caspium, and Euxinum, which the Iberes of late haueIberes▪ possessed, those I meane whiche depar­ting once from the mountes Pyrrhenaei, Pyrrhenaei. brake into that part of the East, menn [...] giuen to warlike affairs, & very hurtful to the Hyrcani their neighboures, withHyrcani. whome before they haue hadde cruell warres. Then the Tamaritae, who notTamarit [...]. onely receyued Bacchus when he retur­ned with victorie whiche he hadde ouer the Indians, but also apoynted vnto himIndi. solemne sacrifice, dauncing roundes a­boute their wyne presses, vntill they fome with newe wine. They are gir­ded with thonges of lether, and weare on them buck [...]kinnes, crying out, eho Bacchus, eho, lyke mad people.

[Page]The Sea Caspium commeth neare vn­to them, which I truste easly and wyth expedition to discribe if God will giue me grace, not as one that hath séene those places (by traueling▪ thether to view the platfourme or situation of thē, as many men haue accustomed to doe, whiche thinke there is none other feli­citie, but to heape vp ryches by wan­dring about the worlde, thereby to deck themselues vp wyth Golde, to glyster with Pearles and precious stones, to adorne their Palaces with sumptuous buildings, for so muche as I was neuer instructed by my Parentes in trade of marchandise,) but like him who from his tender yeares, hath ben brought vp in studie of good learning, whereby it commeth now to passe, that those things whiche are very farre distant, I doe be­holde as present, and can conceyue eue­ry place throughly in my mynde and cogitation without any errour.

Of the Sea Caspium.

THe fourme and fashion of the Sea Caspium is suche, that it lyeth al­most [Page] rounde lyke a circle, for it is most sure that it rysethe from the Ocean, which at the Northe side, beateth vpon the shoare of Scythia from whence run­ningScythia. foorthe, at fyrste through dese [...]es and places vnhabited, stretcheth forthe to the Southe in very narrowe streits, vntill that encreasing more and more in wydenesse, at length it approcheth to y• foote of mount Caucasus. This Sea isCaucasus. nauigable, and in that respect very com­modious to the countries nigh altimes of the yeare, excepting thrée moneths onely, in the whiche when the Northe wynde bloweth, the coast of the Ocean Sea ryseth agaynst it with wonderfull [...]. It bringeth forthe many things of greate pryce and admyratio [...], for a­mong dyuerse other whiche come from thence, are the Chrystall and IasperChristal and Iasper stones stones, whyche being of the coloure of a ch [...]h [...]eass, is thought to be good a­gaynste vayne fantasies and feares in the nyght. There dwell nations about it, almoste in number infinite. But to beginne at that syde which lyeth to the north, the fyrst that come to knowlege [Page] are the Scythae, nowe [...]artar [...]; and thoseScythae. especially whiche lys to the sea Saturni­um, towarde▪ the mouthe of Caspium. Nexte the Vn [...] then the Caspij themsel­ues,Vni. Caspij. Albani. Cadesij. and the Albani▪ who are all of na­ture wylde and sauage, and gréedie of warre and bloudshed. The Cadesij dwel among the sharpe mountaynes, whose neighbors are the Mardi, and so the Hyr­ [...] Mardi. Hyrcani. Appi. Mardus. and Appi, whome the riuer Mardus flowing foorth along by, and moystning with his gentle streame, watereth also the Dercebii and the Bactrae; rūning be­twéeneDercebij. Bactrae. them both, and falling at length into the Sea, Hyrcanum▪ As for the Ba­ctr [...], they inhabite the countrey, whiche lyeth at the foote of Parnasus, and [...]gheParnasus. Dercebii. there aboute. The Dercebij in an other place, are w [...]kened with beating of the Caspium sea waues. Beyonde whome, towardes, the Cast, on the other syde of Araxis, there dwelleth a people cal­led,Araxis. Messagetae. Massagetae, whose studie is wholly to wearie and consume themselues wyth shootyng, very hurtefall to straungers, and not able to kéepe league of fayth or friendshippe wyth theyr neyghboures. [Page] They knowe not the vse of Corne, or Wyne, but they drinke mylke myng­led with bloude of horses. More to the Northe dwell the Chorasmi, nexte vn­toChorasmi. Sundia. whome ensueth the lande of Sundia, through the mydst of whych rūneth the ryuer Oxus, leauing the mount Homo­lus Oxus. Caspia. Saccae. Iaxarta. behinde, and hastening into Caspia. Then the Saccae, whiche dwell chiefly vppon the shoare of the Ryuer Iaxarta, a people also verie experte in shooting, and so readie therein throughe dayly practise, that it séemeth they can be o­uercome or matched by none other. For they thinks it a great shame, if a­ny of them shoote an arrowe negligent­ly and almoste vnwares, and hit not the marke. Then followe the Tochari, Tochari. Phurij. Seres. and then the Phurij, and the Seres, na­tions altogyther barbarous, neyther instructed in any kynde of learning, neyther gyuen to studie, or exercise of any thyng, but onely wandring in wylde and deserte places, doe gather a certayne floure, wherewyth they stayn theyr garments wyth dyuers co­lours, much like to ye floures of nettles, [Page] And their garmentes are wouen wyth so fyne thréed, that it is thought they sur­passe the spinning of any spider. There be also many other nations of the kinde of Scythians, whose names and maners doe remayne vnknowne, by reason of the sharpnesse of place where they dwel, and the vneasy accosse vnto them, with the extremitie of the ayre, and bytter colde, wherwith those countreys which lye to the vttermoste part of the earth, for the moste parte are molested. And these be the countreis, which as we sayd lye to the north, about the sea Caspium. Hereafter I wil entreate of those, which lye towards the west from Golchis▪ andColchis. Phasis. Phasis, on this side, and dwell vpon the shoare of the sea Euxinum, and also of them which in habite, as farre as Trai­cium, Traicium. Chalcidos. where the land of Chalcidos lieth.

Of countreys in the west.

In this rehersall the Byzeres shall beByzeres. Bechyres. Macrones. Phylires. first, and nexte the Bechyres and Ma­crones, and then the Phylires, who as yet do retayne their aunciente Cities and [Page] woodden cotages, which they builded lōg since. Vnto these do ioyne the Thibareni, Thibareni. noble shipmasters, nexte to these sit the Chalybes a very harde people, who ha­uingChalybes. obtayned a cuntrey, which for im­moderate drouth, is vnapte, for any til­lage, haue very much profited in the arte which they haue learned. For they neuer rest from hammeryng and forgyng of weapons and armoure for warre. In so much, that all the countrey béeing co­uered with smoke, séemeth as though it were on syre, and clattereth with conti­nuall knocking, & bearing of yron. Thēre we procéede to Astyria, whiche is wat [...] ­redAssyria. Thermodo [...] Armenus. Amazones. by the riuer Thermodo [...], falling frō the mounte Armenus, and from thē [...]e runneth to the Amazones with a swif [...]e streame, who as the reporte goeth, follo­wingSinope. Sopida. Sinope from Sopida▪ at commaun­dement of Iupiter, who entirely louing hir, had transported hir, though unwil­ling, out of hir owne countrey, and had placed hir nigh within his quarters, and curteously appoynted a place, where she mighte cōtinually bewayle the absence of hir parēts. In which place, afterward [Page] she builded a citie, and called it Sinopaea, Sinopaea. now Sinopi after hir owne name. About the banks of this riuer, there is chrystalChrystall. hewed very pure and white like yce, and there also is found the Iasper stone. AndIasper. Iris. Halis. not very far off, y• riuers Iris & Halys rū ­ning along, do make the coūtry moyst & plesant: & both of them gliding towardes the north, frō the hil Armenus, wher theiArmenus. issue, [...]o lick the land along nigh the hill Carabis. Then next be ye Paphlagons castCarambis. Paphlagones off somwhat néere the shore, & so forth to the holy land of y• Mariandyni: where (as it is reported) the furious thrée headedMariandyni dog, whom yt hardie hand of valiāt Her­cules. ouercame and led away out of hel,Hercules vā ­quished the three headed dog. vomited forth a certaine deadly kinde of frothie venime, which poysoned all the countrie wt infectiō. After ye Paphlagons and Mariandyni, we passe into Byth [...]ia, Bithynia. now y• great T [...]urchia, a plesant country, & fulfilled with al plētie, whō the noble water Rhebas moistneth with his swéetRhebas. streame, vntil he fal into y• sea, which is at hād, beingin al y• earth no water more plesant, or y• bringeth to ye [...]e greter de­lectatiō. And these be ye coūtrei [...] & people [Page] whiche (as I haue saide) do inhabite the Weast partes of the sea. The other, of whiche I intreated laste before, be Scy­thians, and lye to the north.

Of the third part of Asie.

NOw I must go through with y• third part of Asie whiche boundeth to the sea, & looketh to the south, & discouering y• entrāce into Hellespōtus, openeth ye sou­therly course into ye sea Aegaeum, & but­teth forth into Syria & Arabia And first ofSyria. Arabia. Chalcedo­nes. Bizantium. Bebryces. Mysia. Cius. Hylas. al, the Calcedons apere at y• very mouth looking ouer directly to Bizantū, whose borderers are Bebryces, & the mounts of Mysia▪ out of which y• riuer Cius yeldeth forth his plesant water: wher it is said, yt the Nimphs in time past stale away the beutiful child Hylas being then attendāt vpon great Hercules. From thence there lieth open a gret vent into Hellespontus, in Phrygia y• lesse. The one is situate far­therPhrygia. wtin a great deale & is farre larger, néere to the riuer Sangarius. And thys,Saugarius. which is the larger, and lieth forth to the east, is very fruitfull for corne & grasse, & [...]ingeth vp great store of good horses. [Page] The other which looketh to the west, is descried at the foote of the renoumed Ida, Ida. hauing at the one syde the noble and fa­mousTroye. Ilium. citie of Troy, called also Ilium, so muche spoken of, so large and so wyde, the nourse and brooder of many a vali­ant Gentleman, buylded (as it is thou­ght)Neptunus. Appollo. Iuno. Pallas. Xanthus. Simois. Aeolia. by Neptunus and Apollo but after­ward destroyd by the aduis [...] of Iuno and Pallas: planted faste by the riuers Xan­thus and Simois of Ida. Hereto lyeth Ae­olia, nigh aboue Hellespontus▪ towardes y• shore of the sea Aegaeum, in which also y• Iones be included: and the memorable riuer Meander glyding thorough withMeander. Miletus. Prienes. his gentle streame, parteth also Miletus, and wide Prienes. Wherof that whiche is in the middle, and lyeth moste to theEphesus. north, al that wholly Ephesus doth pos­sesse, lying to the sea syde, sometyme the glorious citie of quiuered Diana▪ & to hirQuiuered Diana. The temple of the Ama­zones. de [...]ated▪ Wher (as [...]ame telleth) in old time the Amazones [...]uylded a temple of wonderful workmāship vpon the sto [...]k an Elme [...]ree, and for that [...]ause was had in greate admnation amongest all peo­ple, & allages▪ From this next forth to [Page] the East, lieth Meonia, vpon a stéep rockMeonia. Tmolus. vnder the side of the mount Tmolus, out of whiche the Riuer Pactolus, runnethPactolus. with his sande all of golde, and maketh therwith the whole countrey to glitter. Vppon whose bankes when once the spring tyme of the yeare is come, there are Swannes herd continually singing,Singing swannes. whiche féede there commonly raunging on the riuers side, with such harmonie, that nothing can be more pleasant to the eare, their foode dayly encreasing vpon the shoare. And the Riuer also Enister Enister. spryngeth vp, and bestoweth his water plentifully in diuers places of the coun­trey. Moreouer it bringeth foorthe very faire women, who many tymes accor­ding to their custome, hauing their loy­nes girded with girdles of gold, do make pastyme among them selues, leadyng straunge formes of dauncing, cast round into a ring or circle, chéefly whē they ce­lebrate their accustomed feastes of Bac­chus, Bacchus feasts. once euery yeare, in daunces, and other myrthe: Where wenches of flou­rishing yeres, being mingled with them lyke wanton kiddes and lambes, dance [Page] and play togither, & raise no small plea­sure (while they be daūcing) to ye behol­ders. For the winde somtime huffeth vp their garmēts, & their order in dauncing ingēdreth a certain plesant noyse, much deliting ye minds of the hearers. But let vs leaue these things to the mē of Lydia, whose practise & study is on them, y• ha­uingLydia. allotted a coūtrey ful of pleasures, they may also intēd to folow ye same, no­thing degenerating frō nature, or theyr coūtry maners. Consequently the Licij Licii. enioy ye next shore, chiefly where ye riuer Xāthus cōmeth down, & the moūt Taurus Xanthus. beginneth by litle to decrease, towardes Pamphylia▪ & to change name, béeing no longer called Taurus but Cragus, whereTaurus. Pamphylia. Cragus. Eurimedon. standeth also a town by ye riuer Eurime­don, y• inhabitāts wherof do worship Ve­nus, & do accustomably offer vnto hir the bloud of swine, & other beasts. Ther fo­low other cities of Pāphilia, as Corycus, Corycu [...]. Pergae. Phaselis. Lycaones. Pergae, and Phaselis, very much through blown with winds. Amōg the thickest of whom towards the easte: lye the Lycao­nes men also very fit for warre, and well practised in shooting. Whose neighbours [Page] are the Pi [...]idei, whose principall cities bePi [...]idei. Termesus. Lyrbae. Selgae. Amyclaei. these, Termesus, Lyrbae, and Selgae, which they say, was of aunciente time founded by the Amyclei. From thence, when to­wards the east, the sea commeth in with a round reache like a circle, all the lande that lyeth neare therto, must neads also resemble the same shape, & for that cause it is not muche vnlike to the sea Euxinū. In that nooke be the Cilices, very farreCilices. into the East, the aunciente records of antiquitie since our forefathers dayes, called that place, the straights of Asie. The streits of Asie. That cuntrey is muche moystned, with many riuers, not all rysing there, but comming from other places, whereof there be thrée chiefe, Pyramus, Pinarius, Pyramus. Pinarius. Cydnus. Tharsus. and Cydnus, which only amōgst the rest rūning through y• midst of Tharsus, deui­deth y• citie with his cōfortable stream, a citie most noble for beutiful buildings, where they say lōg ago, the famous horseA fable. Pegasus. Tharson. Bellerophon Pegasus left his hoofe, & therof y• citie was called Tharson▪ And also where (ye report goth) Bellerophō was cast down by him, & so departed to Iupiter, whereby y• place becā renoumed wher he had cōtinuedlōg [Page] before, sequestred from all companie of man. There are to be séen also many other cities of Cilicia, standing here andCilicia. there, among whiche Lyrnessus is one,Lyrnessus. Malos. and Malos, by the sea side. Diuers also there are which stande partely within the lande, and partly on the shore. The land Comogena, is neare hereto, andComogena. Syria. the cities of Syria nowe Suria, a large countrie and wide, reaching vnto the Sea, but the side whiche lyeth to the West, stretcheth to the foote of mount Casius. Who so vnderstandeth wel theMounte Ca­sius. situation and fourme hereof, with stu­die and diligence shall soone perceyue howe the other parts of Asie lye. For the fourme thereof consisteth of foure angles, the parte that lyeth easterly, surmounteth the other in multitude. We declared howe that all Asie was deuided into twayne, and that it stret­ched forth to the mount Indus, whicheMounte In­dus. is one of the boundes therof, especially where it lyeth to the North, and Nilus Nilus. an other where it runneth to the west. The Ocean standeth in steade of the rest, whiche is called Indicus, on what [Page] parte it loketh to the East, and boundeth at south on the read sea, called Mare Ru­brum Mare ru­brum. But Syrie, wherof we speake but nowe, béeing thrust, as it were almost into the middes and bowels therof and touching the sea both at East and south, hath within it that way many citties. Which bicause it standeth lowe, and is enclosed with two very high hilles, Ca­sius, at the west side, and Libanus at theCasius. Libanus. east: y• inhabitaunts cal it in their tōgue, a valley. And bicause it séemed vnto thē more commodious, and far more frute­full than any other, for grasse, corne, and such like, and easie to be passed vnto by ship: many noble mē, and such as were of great abilitie, chose that place to dwel in, building there citties, & townes, and distinguishing them by diuers names. For those which dwell more within the conunent land, are by one name called Sirij But they whiche lye nigh the SeaSyrij. Phoenices. Erytheri. side, are Phoenices▪ which in times pa [...]e, comming from the Erytheri: are thought to haue bin the firste, which assayed the Sea with shippe, and inuented the trade of marchandise, whereby men might be [Page] pronoked to conetousnesse, and desire of riches. And firste also, which founde out the motions of the heuens, and course of the starres, with the supernall bodies, by the excellencie of their witte and in­dustrie. These are the inhabitours of Ioppes now Iaffa, Gaza and Elicides, andIoppes. Gaza. Elicides. Tyrus. which of long continuaunce, haue posses­sed the fayre and aunciente citie Tyrus, nowe Sur, builded from the beginning. Then they which founded the watry ci­tieyblon. Sydon. Bostrenus. Tripolis. Orthosides. Marathon. Laodex. Neptunus. Daphne. Apamia. Byblon nowe Gae [...]a and windy Sidon now Sidoni, vpon the banke of the calme riuer Bostrenus, who possesse also Tri­polis now Tripol de la Suria, Orthosides, and Marathon nowe Maugath, and the noble citie Laodex nowe Lyche, builded as they say, by Neptunus, where Daph­ne was weaned. Also the people of Apa­mia within the mayne lande where the riuer Orontes, nowe Tarfaro, runningOrontes. Antiochia. towardes the Easte, parteth Antiochia in twayne. And generally all Syria is very riche, and plentyfull, abounding with corne and pasture for grazyng of cattell, at whose inlande partes, which are to the Southe moste adiacent, lyeth [Page] the entrance to the sea Arabicum, which washeth the shoares of both Arabia and Syria continually: howbeit by little and little turning to the east, approcheth the Elani, where as the Arabes lye, posses­singElani. Arabes. a countrey of all other moste ry­thest and precious. It standeth highe, and is enuironed with two seas, Persi­cum, and Arabicum, and lyeth also open vnto two wynds. For the Arabicum re­quireth a Western wynd, and Persicum an Easterne. But that parte of Arabia whych lyeth to the east and south, is wa­shed also with the Red sea, called Mare rubrum.

Of this countreye I wyll speake somewhat, bycause it conteyneth many regions, whose power and wealth, all other doe wonder at, and are amazed to beholde their greate store and abun­daunce.

And I wyll not omitte, that béeing verye muche delyghted with Sacrifice, there is no one parte of all the coun­trey but dothe smelle of Parfume and Myrrhe, and of soote smellyng Calamus, whiche are caste into the fire to burne. [Page] Who will not take it for an vndoubted truth, that Iupiter, being father to Dio­nysius, tooke him foorth of his thinghe, atIupiter fa­ther to Dionysius. the celebration of whose natiuitie, he re­plenished the whole countrey with fra­grant odoures? And that those shéepe, wherwith Arabia aboundeth, obteyned that guift, that while they were féeding, they should be clad in thick and fine flée­ses? and the pondes and waters swarme with varietie and multitude of Fishes? And that so many flocks of birds forsoke the deserte, and came thither, bringyng with thē boughs of precious Cinamom wherwith that coūtrey now is wonder­fully stored? Moreouer, that this Diony­sius after that he was borne, and some­what sprong vp, wearing on the skinne of a yong Goate, and hauing his lockes tressed vp with yuie, and vine leaues, & his belly ful of good wine, went wande­ring about all the countrey, rather pou­ring foorth vnmeasurablye, than besto­wing moderatly great riches, & sowing golde like séede, to bryng foorthe fruite which should neuer perish? And for that cause all that region vntill this daye is [Page] thought to abound with such commodi­ties, that the very hilles yeld forth gold, and the Riuers siluer, and theyr shores and bankes balme and soote herbes, and the inhabitants be very rich, and weare none other garments than of pure gold, or fyne silke. They whiche dwell vppon the browe of the hill Libanus, the sameLibanus. Nabathaei. Chalbasii. Agrees. Chatramis. Persis. Minaei. Sabae. Cletabei. be those, which they call Nabathaei: And those whiche ioyne to them Calbasii, and Agrees, and next, the lande Chatra­mis, whiche lyeth in sight of Persis. But the Minaei, and the Sabae, lye on the redde sea shoare, and the Cletabei, nighe vnto them. And these bée all the kingdomes and nations in Arabia, whiche I suppo­sed to be woorth memorie. Howebeit, ther be some more rude, & altogither wt ­out any fame, and neyther for maners, nor learning, woorthie to be accompted among the Arabes. For towardes the Weast, and vttermoste syde of Arabia, dwell a people called Erembi, a rougheErembi. and wylde nation, dwelling vppon the hilles and mountaynes, and haue none other houses than dennes, and ragged hollowe rockes, going all naked, and [Page] hauing no kind of felicitie, or happinesse that aperteyneth to mā, and being dryed vp with sharpnesse of liuing: haue bur­ned their skinne with blacke coloure. And if there happen vnto them anye trouble: they betake not themselues to armour, not to their arrows, not to their weapons as other do, but like wilde and sauage beastes, run through woods ouer hilles and dales, not like the other Ara­bians, whome nature hath indued wyth such and so many benefits. But on the other side of Libanus, which lyeth to theLibanus. East, there openeth another parte of Sy­ria, butting foorth to Sinopes now Sinopi, Sinopes. which boundeth on the Sea coast. In the midst whereof the Cappadoces, mē trulyCappadoces. who for the stoare of fine horses whiche they haue, and continuall exercise of ry­ding theron, do become therin very per­fecte, and singular. The Assyrij, lying toAssyrij. Thermodon the sea, do kepe the mouth of Thermodō. Forth of whose hilles, and chiefly to the north, the noble riuer Euphrates breketh vp, first falling from the mounte Arme­nus. Euphrates. But when it hath continued a long time there, running among the hilles of [Page] Assyria, toward the south, and afterward turning to the east, washeth through the midst of Babylon, and last of all, lickethBabylon. Theredon. the citie Theredon, and maketh hast into the sea Persicum. And not far in the east, the riuer Tigris floweth forth not alto­githerTigris. so big as Euphrates but incompa­rable swifte. For it runneth so fast, that in one day it riddeth so much grounde, as any swifte man is able to runne ouer in seuen. And so gliding forward, not farre, till he come into a plaine groūde, where like as he were wery, and willing to rest himselfe awhile, gathereth togither into a rounde circle like a boule, and there a­bideth, whiche place the nigh dwellers call Thomitida. Yet dothe hée not longThomitida. continue so, but rising (as it were) from sléepe, and béeing ashamed of so muche idlenesse: sodenly riseth vp, and begin­neth a great deale swifter course thā be­fore. The lād which lyeth betwene Eu­phrates, Mesopota­mia. and Tigris, is called Mesopo­tamia of the Grecians, nowe Halapia, whyche is of suche sorte and nature, that there is no sheapheard, or grazer, what euer he bée, though he were of [Page] counsell with Pan the god of shepherds, can in any parte fynde faulte with that countrey for goodnesse of pasture: nor a­ny planter iustly condemne the frutes whiche grow there wylde in the hedges and woods, either for lacke of store, va­rietie or pleasantnesse of verdure. For there is suche plentie of all thing gro­wing, and suche abundaunce of herbes and floures, that the country is accomp­ted blessed and verye acceptable to the gods. Also the countrey which is next, lying to the north, is very good and rich, the Armenei possesse it, which dwell inArmenei. Euphrates. sight of Euphrates, a people very stoute and hardie, very expert in feates of chi­ualrie, abounding in wealth and riches. At the South stādeth Babylon, of whomBabylon. we haue spokē, which as histories do re­port, Semiramis ye queene of ye Medi, whē Semiramis. she had cōquered the whole countrie, be­ing delited with the pleasantnesse of the place, enuironed it wt an vnpregnable wal, & within the toures & forts of the ci­tie builded strong and warlike houses, wrought curiously with fyne gold, siluer and Iuorie: the countrey is right noble [Page] and frutefull. It bringeth foorthe dates, sweter than are in any other place. It hath also in it the stone called Berillus, Berillus. more precious than golde, whiche gro­weth chiefly about the top of the hill O­phietis. Ophietis. But aboue Babylon towards the north, dwell a people called Cissi. AndCissi. Massabate [...]. Chaloni [...]ae. neare vnto them, the Massabateae & Cha­lonitae. About ye hilles Armeni, towards the East, lye the Tempea (whiche areTempea. plesant woods, wyth waters running through them) of the Medi, wherof they at north are called Geli: and the Mardi, Geli. Mardi. Atrapatini. and Atrapatini are there at hande. And at the south side, who euer of the Medi, at any time florished, do dwell there, or that procured thēselues empyre, or foun­ded citties. For they say, that these des­cended of the noble family of Heriona, Heriona hir history daughter to Osta. Pandion. Illisius. a famous gentlewoman, and daughter to Osta the good king. Howbeit she is not cleare without spot, for she slewe hir sonne Pandion▪ wyth strong poyson, at the shoare of the riuer Illisius, hir owne selfe. For whyche facte, béeing verye much ashamed, she ran from thence pri­uily, and came into that countrey, which [Page] is called now by hir name, being not far from Colchis, and neuer durste returne home agayne to beholde hir Parentes wéeping eyes, whose wrathe she muche feared. Wherefore the people there vntyll thys daye, are muche enclined to Magicke, Witchcrafte, and Sorcerie. The countrie is verie large, and hath in it manye Hilles and Mountaynes, wherein the precious stone Narcissites Narcissites. is found, being somwhat of colour and & hauing vaines in it lyke an Iuie leafe. But some chose rather the plain to dwel in, being delyghted with pleasant pas­tures and flockes of cattell, whiche rea­cheth forthe vntill we come to the gatès Caspiae, whiche loke to the East, and ly­ing beneath vnder the high Mountains, doe open the passage for trauellers into the Northe and South. For at the one side lyeth the way Hircana, on the otherThe way Hyrcana. Parthi. the Mounts of Persia, vnder whose féete dwell the Parthi, a warlike nation, ànd verie experte in shooting, of whome I thinke it not amysse to say somewhat, for they are such as neuer learned to dig or plowe the ground, or otherwise to til [Page] it, nor yet to passe by Sea into any other countrie, or to get any thing by trafique of marchandise. Neyther is there any among them that followeth or féedeth any heardes of cattell. But so soone as euer they be of any yeares, eyther they take a bowe in hand and learne to shoote, or else they practise running on foote, or horsebacke, vntill they become maruel­lous readie therein. For that countrie is alwayes ratling and crackling with Dartes, broken launces, or strokes of arrowes. There is also continually hearde the noyse whiche fierce and cou­ragious horses do make whē they méet and fyght togyther. And it is not lawful for any there to go to supper before that with suche like exercise all his body be in a sweat. They lyue chiefly by hun­ting, whiche they followe, darting or shooting, in whiche and also for theyr sa­uage demeanoure, howbeit they séeme inuincible, yet being ouercome by y• Ro­main Captaine, were compelled to obey the Fasces, béeing a fewe rods bounde a­boutThe Ro­mane Fasces. an axe, & so borne before y• officer, ye peculiar scepter of y• Romaine Empire. [Page] But I will nowe declare into how ma­ny kinds of people that kingdome is di­stinguished, & with what Riuers moyst­ned, and with what hilles enuironed. They only and first hadde among them the title and honour of a king. And they only surpassed all other in power and strength, after that they had ouerrunne Meonia and Sardinia nowe Sardengne, Meonia. Sardinia. and sacked them, for after that time they vsed in warres, armour and weapons of golde, with golden brydles and trap­pings, wyth other furniture for their horses, and shoed them with siluer shoes, bringing such treasure away with them in y• conquest, that euery one [...]lowed in ryches. Persia is entrēched on euery sidePersia. Portae. Caspiae. with high stéepe mountaines, beginning (as I sayde) at the gates Caspiae, where the way lyeth to the south, and reaching to the Sea whiche is of the countrie cal­led Persicum, it is inhabited especially in thrée places. For there are some that dwelt towarde the North, cleaning vn­to the dark and shadowy hilles of ye Me­di: Others in the middle whiche possesseMedi. the inlande countrie, and some contra­riwise [Page] in the Southe nighe to the Sea Persicum, of whiche I spake right nowe. The first are the Sabae, nere vnto whomSabae. Passagardae. Tasci. lye the Passagardae, and the Tasci and ma­ny moe, whose countrie is washed with diuerse riuers which run forth in many turnings and crooked channels. On the one side runneth Corus, an other Choas­pes, Corus. Choaspes. Susa. which rising out of the Riuer Indus, and watering the cittie Susa, sheweth the precious stone called an Achate, lyingAn Achate. white as mylke, among the sandes, long and rounde, after manner of a Cilinder, which the streame bringeth down from the hill to the plaine: fruites be there al­wayes gréene by reason of the temperatayre. But nowe I must entreate of the other parts of Asie, which lye to the east, and cloase vp the bounds and ends ther­of. Wherefore about the shoare of the Sea Persicum, which is Eastwarde, the Carmani are planted, possessing twoCarmani. Persis. countries not far from Persis, for some haue desired to dwel neare the sea coast, which other mislyking, haue rather cho­sen to inhabite farther with in the land. Among which the Gedrossi nowe Tur­questan, Gedrossi. [Page] whiche lye easterly, are nigh to the Oceane, and be also borderers vnto those Scythiās, which I sayde were south, nigh the riuer Indus, that runneth into the read Sea, ouer against it, wyth two mouthes. But before that it fall into the sea, it passeth by many townes, and regi­ons, & wandreth along and croked way. It riseth foorthe of the mounte Caucasus Caucasus. towards the north, but it turneth to the south and embraceth the Ile Patelenes, Patelenes. with two armes, and after that conuer­ting his course to the west: deuideth the Oritae and Erebes, & the Arachotae, whichOritae. Erebes. Arachotae. Satraide. Parpausus. Arieni. weare none other than linnen garmēts. And so, foorth it runneth to the Satraidae, and to all those people, that lye about the mouth Parpausus, who are all called by one name Arieni. These inhabite a very wilde, and vnciuile countrey, the mould béeing very sandy, and not méete for a­nye tillage, hauyng notwythstandyng some singular giftes and commodities of Nature. For there are founde com­monly Corall stones of all kyndes, andCoral stones Saphyres. Saphyres are digged oute of the vay­nes of the hilles, lying in mouldes lyke [Page] shelles, of a brownishe yelowe coloure. In the East lyeth the countrie India, India. whiche althoughe it be the farthest and last, yet it is of all other most pleasant, and is as it were betwéene the lyppes of the Ocean. Whiche so soone as euer the Sunne beginneth to ryse and lyfte vp his heade out of the Ocean Sea, is the firste lande that it toucheth with his beames, making the people blacke and grosse of nature. They haue verie thicke woods, and trées not muche vnlike to a Iacint in colour. But bycause they dyg there in many places for Golde, dyuers of them become great gayners thereby. Others weaue linnen cloth, some shaue and cut Elephantes téeth, many search the chanels of Riuers, loking if they can espie eyther a Berill glittering in theBerill. Diamond. Iasper. Topase. Amatist. sande, or a Diamond, or a Iasper, or a wheyish Topase, or lighte on an Ama­tist beeing of coloure purple, or lyke bloude.

These are their practises for the most parte, for the countrie is full of Riuers, whyche maketh them verie ryche in suche Iewels. There are also Gardens [Page] and medowes verie faire and fruitfull, which are greene through out the yeare, some florishing with goodly woods, with red boughes and twigs, some bearing a grayne called Myllet. But I musteMyllet. nowe speake of the fourme and situation hereof, with what Ryuers it is washed, with what hilles enuironed, and finally how many nations it hath in it.

The description of India.

IT consisteth of foure angles, whiche runne almost into the fourm of a Tri­angle, whose sides do meete, and so it be­commeth well nigh rounde. The Ryuer Indus, of whome I spake, runneth at theIndus. Ganges. Caueasus. West parte thereof, and Ganges at the East. Caucasus lyeth to the North atthe going downe of the Beares. Many no­ble and worthie menne haue dwelled in this countrie, not in one place, nor of one name. For some went to one side, some to an other, as nature, custome, & desire moued them. Some planted them selues nigh Indus, which are called Dar­danes, Dardanes. Hydaspis. where the Ryuer Hydaspis recey­ueth [Page] into his bosome Acesma, an otherAcesma. Riuer rysing harde by out of the rocks. For Hydaspis is a verie wyde and déepe streame, able to beare any shippe, and washing that part of the West whereto the Riuer Cophes is neare, and moyst­nethCophes. the same with mylke white water, betwéene whome the Sabae lye, and the Toxili, with the Scodri. Then the coun­triesSabae. Toxili. Scodri. Peucanei. Gargaridae. Hypanis. Megaros. of the Peucanei, and the Gargaridae, which worship Bacchus, where Hypanis, and Megaros, carie downe golde, two the moste rychest Ryuers of all other. These ryse out of the mount Haemodus, and runne towards the coast of Ganges, at last bending to the South, neare the Ile Colidos, which standeth in the Oce­an,Colido [...]. falleth into the Sea. This Ile stan­deth so highe and stéepe, that no birdes will flye thether, and therefore is called of the Grecians, [...], to say, without birdes. And it was called Colidos, by­cause it is dedicated to Venus. Not farre from thence towards Ganges also, there appeareth an other place, counted holy of the inhabitants for a strange chaunceA Fable of Bacchus. which befell there. For on a tyme when [Page] Bacchus was mad, he came thether and abode, sodenly turning the Vine leaues wher wt they which followed him, were clad into aspes, their speares into yron, their girdles which were made of tender shootes of vines, into fierce and puffing Dragons, bycause the people there ab­horring his maners, had contemned his sacrifice. Who being thereat muche a­fraide, called the way first of him Nysea, Nysea. and determined that they togyther with their children, woulde offer sacrifice, be­ing crowned with Garlandes of Iuie. Whiche being done, when he had thus subdued those nations, immediately he ascended to the Mounte Haemodus, onHaemodus. whose foote the East Ocean beateth, and there ouer their heads as it were at one ende of the earth, he erected two pillers, following the example of his countrimā Hercules, and at length wente downeHercules and Bacchus con­ [...]men. like a conqueroure to the bankes of the Riuer Ismenus. These be all the coun­tries & nations which possesse the whole Earth, especially suche as we coulde vnderstande to be of any fame or excel­lencie. Howbeit I confesse that there be [Page] many moe lying in dyuerse quarters, partly fléeting & hauing no certain place of abode, partly blinde & obscure, remay­ning vnto this day without name, which I thought not much to be estéemed, & of no man able to be recited but of God on­ly,God know­eth al things. who séeth & knoweth al things. For it is he which layd first the foundations of the world, & disposed it in this goodly order, who discouered to men the pathes and entrance into the wide sea, and gaue vnto vs all the commodities of this life, as healthe, ryches, honors, and prefer­mentes: Who also distributed vnto euerie starre and planet what power and influence he lyst. Inclining thereby some menne to tylling the Earth, there­by to gather ryches, some to traffique the Sea, eyther to gette their lyuing by fishing or changing marchandise, others to studie Philosophie and other Scien­ces, whereby they may rise to renoume and honour. And graunting vnto diuers the gyft, with power & authoritie to rule and gouerne other. Wherefore it is no maruel, if mē haue not only diuers for­tunes, but also natures, seing y• there is [Page] lyke varietie among countries, some bringing forth men as white as mylke, some more browne, some ta [...]nie, & some burnte cole blacke, like vnto the many­folde floures which Assiria bréedeth. ForAssiria. so God hath ordained, that men as well as other things, should be of sundrie na­tures and dispositions, and that euerie one shoulde be contente with his owneThe conclu­sion. chaunce. Wherefore O all ye Landes, and Ilandes of the Earth, which lye vn­to the Sea, nowe fare ye well. Also ye Waters of the Ocean, and surging waues of the noble Sea, with Riuers, fountains, springs, and hilles, fare ye well likewise. I haue sufficiently dis­coursed on you all, which haue obtayned any fame or renoume among men. And I praye God, that for this my trauel, if it please him he will requite me wt some reward.

FINIS.
[figure]

Imprinted at London by Henry Bynneman, dvvelling in Knight­ riders streete, at the signe of the Mermayde.

ANNO. 1572.

And are to be sold at his shop at the Northwest dore of Poules Church, at the signe of the three Welles.

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