A Briefe Introduction to SYNTAX.
Compendiously shewing the true vse, grounds, and reason of Latin construction. Collected for the most part out of Nebrissa his Spanish Copie.
With the Concordance supplyed, By I.H. Med. Doct. Together with the more difficult assertions, proued by the vse of the learned Languages.
London, Printed by Thomas Harper, for G. Emondson. 1631
TH
DEA CERES
DEA CERES
TO MY HONOVR'D FRIEND, Sir KENELME DIGBIE, Knight.
WEre it not well knowne to me, and more clearly to some singularly literate men, endowed with sublime wits (with whom great is your name) whose ingenuity, doctrine, [Page] iudgement, and iustice I have not without cause) in high esteeme. Were it not that the voices of all those Schollers who have occasionarily conversed with you, testifie your great gifts by nature, your enrichments by industry, methodically commenced in the Latine, Greek, and the mysticall Languages (rare instruments of universall knowledge) prosecuted in the liberall Sciences, perfected in the high and divine. I say your propitious nature, your named addictions, with attentions not ordinarily found in any so intensive, yea, and so immersed, by which the accomplishment of them, as also almost of all speculative and [Page] practique hath beene by you rarely acquired. Were you not knowne to be a great Animater to Learning, and hence affect and cherish all the wayes to the acquisition of it in favour of them, who yet are to bee bred; were there not yet over and above manifestations of your courteous respects to our family, my notable encouragement among these so many foresaid.
I should not have beene so bold to have presented this, alas, poore Introductory offering, so farre below you, so richly in this and other excellent parts endowed.
And lest yet I prove too too hardy in my presumptuous importunities [Page] upon the precedent named. I here crave humbly that I may under your wings coverture deliver these not formerly received in our kingdome, to this our countries view; yet such, as I am no wayes diffident, but will square to true, authentique, and genuine Latine construction, with evident perspicuitie, and easie manuduction, therfore profitable & full of encouragement to youth. All which will clearly appeare to your worthy selfe, as singular helpes, I say, to those who are not arrived to the habite of Latine construction.
Let but the luster of your incomparably endowed selfe appeare favourable to my labours, and many [Page] sollicitudes in this little compiled piece, then will Momists snarles easily be checkt, nipt, and intelligent men (such as are not preiudicated) to whose iudgements I humbly submit my selfe, will not disdaine the reading hereof, were it that they were solely allured by your acceptation. For further abilities cannot they acquire by this low subiect. Language already in them being spunged up from authentique Authors true fountaines.
And though small be my present, yet may not I give the attribute of the entire peece to my selfe. Should I be bold herein, it must necessarily be that I were a betrayer of the [Page] Truth. Though I may well say that I have not beene idle. The most part of the Regimen, as you reade it in Latine, was compiled by Nebrixa (a rare professour of Salamanca) His Spanish Comment, vindicatory of his texts truth, I turned into English. Yet have I strengthened the one and the other diversly, and in many places.
Whatsoever concerneth Concordance is mine, there being not found in the said Nebrixa, such as might ought profit, or exceeding little.
The totall cutting off the figures of Construction hath beene my attention; which I haue wrought to [Page] release the learner from innecessary perplexities: which both the truth and profit will plainly appeare to the intelligent, and will facilitate the ignorants taske.
The further reasons of all will appeare in the Preface which is drawne, at my request, by a friend, well versed in the learned Languages, importuned by me to confront the Latine with them. Vpon assurance was my request that there would bee found consonance and harmony in this Latine Language and them. I am satisfied in my friends integrity therein, that so they are found.
Be you (worthy Sir) iudge who [Page] are expert in them. And were it that the Latine Syntaxe should appeare divers from the construction of those Languages; yet notwithstanding, so delivered as it is, The Latine will answer in its true fountaine compleatly for it selfe.
Thus wishing happinesse, and all graces to your worthy selfe, Noble Sir, I humbly take my leave.
THE PREFACE to the READER.
IF that bee true which the Oratour writes in his first Booke, De Finibus, saying, that those who use liberality, get themselues good will: and (which is most important to live in quiet, Loue: I hope, yea am confident (courteous Reader) that both these will not bee wa [...]ting to this worthy Author, both in regard of the goodnesse of his cause, and the wisedome of thy Iudgement. For if you turne over all the writings both of ancient and moderne in this kinde, you will not finde any who communicates his knowledge more liberally [Page] and bountifully, I adde more willingly and courteously; onely desiring to deserue well of such as shall please to make use of these his usefull labours. Well in this case hath Ennius counselled, That what good may be done without our owne de [...]riment and losse, must not bee denyed euen to strangers, and such as are vnknowne to us. Nor are the gates of the Muses unlike to those of Hecale, which ever open made [...], An ever open house of bounty, according to Callimachus, their breasts as free from envy at others good, as full of desire to promote any thing commodious for their progresse. And let thy breast (good Reader) bee open in receiving what is here laid downe, thy minde courteous and well opinionated, and thy iudgement and candid censure voide of all malice. Be alike loving to him, whom the love of thy commodity hath drawne to these labours, [Page] and the apprehension of a certaine way and meanes wholly confirmed. For although the Author hereof is rather desirous to instruct such as desire it, then blame any other, yet must hee needs confesse, what with others hee cannot but acknowledge, that of so many, very few have either so farre as is requisite delivered the knowledge hereof, or with such perplexity, as that the over tediousnesse of it hath proved too oft the utter discouragement and confusion of the learner. Well saith the Arabian, [...] The lustre of speech consisteth in brevity. And the same being true in the deliverie of any art, being done without obscurity: it may well bee esteemed and iudged, how much the Author hereof (absit verbis invidia) hath excelled all in this kinde, as being not onely briefe in deliverie of rules, but also by the same having quite cut off and solved all [Page] grammaticall figures, so great impediments of the quicke progresse of the learner, and the causes of so much incertainty and ambiguity, either in understanding or writing. And verily if we take a view of other languages, wherein the Authors of grammer neither trouble themselues nor their Readers in like manner, we shall finde as hard constructions as may be found in Latine, solved by genericke rules. As what reason have we to say that this Saucis frontem is necessarily by Synecd. more then that of Homer, Il. a. [...] Iratus cor, for corde: or of Nazianz. [...] Deus quidnam sit naturam & rem, for natura & re? Or not to solve this, Omnes laudare, &c. by a common rule, as well as the Hebrewes doe the like: [...], & animalia ire & redire, [...]: that is as if one would [Page] say, Currebant & redibāt, sive [erant] currentes & redeuntes, or by a subintellection of an Indicative to the Infinitive: Currendo currebant, redeundo redibant. Or that this Sic ore locuta est, is a greater redundancie then that which is common to the Syrians, and in particular used, Luke. 2.4. [...], Ex domo eius & familia eius Davidis: i. Ex domo & familia Davidis. Or the use of the adiective for the adverbe, more figurative then of the meere adiective for a Substantive usuall in Arabique, as [...], Vniversitas hominis, id est, omnes homines. But if we should speake of the discordance (yet concordance) of the Nominative case and the Verbe, in number and gender common to the Hebrewes and Chaldaeans, the putting of the Future for the Participle, often used by the Syrians and Arabians, with many other kindes of speech no lesse usuall, wee [Page] may very well conclude, that as by generall rule such constructions no lesse difficult then in Latine are solved, and supplied; so in Latine with more brevitie by the like meanes may they well be satisfied.
2. Whereas in delivery of any Art, not onely truth, but a certaine [...], or congruitie of the precepts, as proper to the Art is required. For an absurdity it were in Geometry, to teach Arithmetike; or in Grammar, Logicke. Surely they erre, who in Grammar induce Prolepsis, Epanalepsis, Hyperbaton, and many other, being (as to one well considering may easily appeare) figures proper to Rhetorique.
3. Whereas all precepts ought to be proper, that is things generall to be spoken generally and once, things particular and speciall more oft and specially, as to make it plaine by this similitude. Sleepe is a naturall affect common to a man and a beast. If the naturall [Page] Philosopher therefore should explicate this affect in a man and a beast, specially taken, he should doe amisse, because hee should repeate a thing which generally might be said and satisfied. The cause of error in this kind, Cicero 2. de Legib. under the person of Lawyers thus expresseth. Lawyers, saith he, either to breede a mistake in their Auditours, whereby they may seeme to know things more in number, and more hard, and difficult, or (which is more likely) through the ignorance of teaching, often infinitely dissipate that which consisteth in one notion. Against this some Grammarians have offended in delivering a construction by rule, and after making the same figurative, as in Pars abiere, in one place by rule, in another by Synthesis: In criminibus terrere novis, by rule of subintellection, and Enallage, &c. In which act (me thinkes) they imitate that Medea, whom the Poets [Page] say in her flight out of Pontus to have scattered the limbes of her Brother in those places, by which her Father followed her, so forcing pittie out of an impious act, and by the enforced collection of them foreslowing his iust and desired revenge: so have the parts of this Art beene dissipated, so have the species beene placed without their Genera, and both confounded, that what by some things was meant, whereto others did appertaine, could hardly bee discerned. Whereby all speed in attaining any perfection in these kindes of studies was not onely hindered, but even all hope was utterly taken away.
Whereas to know aright according to that great light of knowledge (even Aristotle himselfe) is [...], to know the first grounds, or primary causes; this in regard of prepositions expressed, or with other parts together understood, hath beene qu [...]te [Page] left untoucht by other Grammarians, being here without comparison excellently expressed: to the great benefit & assurance of the Learner. And so well laid downe, that whether I seeke brevitie, proprietie both in the matter and manner of the deliverie, certaintie, (things being examined according to their first grounds and causes) or in a word whatsoeuer is requisite to this usefull and necessarie Art: I am enforced to say of this, what the Ithacan feared not to pronounce of his assisting Pallas. Hom. Odyss.
So is whatsoever may bee required fully satisfied, so doth fulnesse of matter seeme to contend with right order. So is brevitie ioyned with perspicuity, that I may well say of the Authour, what is commended by an ancient Father, He knew, to the end to edifie and profit others.
[Page]Now if we should a litle consider the learned Languages, I meane the Latin, Greeke, Hebrew, Chaldaie, Syriaque, and Arabique together, as we shal find some Idioms and proprieties of every one in particular; so shall we find them in most points of construction (for of Etymologie I say nothing) to agree together. That of all these the Hebrew was most ancient, besides Christians, Targum Hiersol. Gen. 11.1. averreth in these words: [...] that is, And all men of the earth were of one language, and one speech, for they spake in the holy or Hebrew tongue. And the Iewes Thalmud, Tract. Sanhedrin, cap. 23. In the beginning was the Law given to Israel in the Hebrew tongue. But when they were in banishment in the time of Esdras, they tooke the Assyrian Character, and Language, and left to the Samaritanes [Page] the Hebrew. From the Hebrew corrupted proceeded the Chaldaie, Syriaque, and Arabique. Now as man was first created in the East, and therein the Church first planted; so from hence were letters first derived, & the use of them brought into other Nations (as if a man say [...], &c. hee speakes Chaldaie) Reade the learned Tractates, De dijs Syris, and Sacer Aristarchus, you will confesse, that even the religious of the Greekes and Latines (to say nothing of other) came out of the East, and that so much as the names of the gods cannot otherwise be understood, then by the Easterne tongues. And as from these Languages are derived into the Latine, and Greeke, divers words, some of which you may finde noted by the learned Caninius, So doth the construction of all these for the most part agree. Let these therefore learne ‘—Risu cognoscere matrem.’ [Page] To imitate the other, and without such abundance of figures, creeping in by constructions lesse usuall, but in the other Languages no lesse usuall, as well as the other to be taught.
It is recorded in the Iewes Thalmud Tract. Bava bathra (or acording to them Basra) cap. 2. that there were two Schoolemasters, whereof one taught many things, but had no care of his Schollers how and how much they learned: The other taught few things, but was exceeding carefull of their progresse, which they explicate briefly and sententiously thus: [...]. The one read and tooke no care: the other tooke care and read not. The same, me thinkes, I see here imitated. Other Grammarians not regarding the time in learning, or the difficulty in retaining, have delivered multiplicity of rules, and added unnecessarie matter, which our Authour attending the [Page] commodity of the learner, hath more wisely, and with better reason quite cut off. And desiring indeed rather to profit then to arrogate any thing to himselfe, hee cert [...]fies the Reader that the Regimen herein contained is translated (for the most part) out of Spanish, written therin by one Aelius Antonius of Nehrissa, by the command of Philip the third. The notes [...]nferring the more learned Languages added by one who hath vowed and dedicated his seruice to so worthy a Gentleman. The Concordance for the better perfecting of the whole with the supplying of figures, adioyned by himselfe.
For these reasons (gentle Reader) kindly interprete this excellent Labour of this worthy Authour, intended for thy better progresse, which if he finde willingly, and gratefully received, you shall not onely move, but oblige and binde him to labour in [Page] other things necessarie to the same. Farewell, and to speake with Virgil: ‘Et nos, & tua dexter adi pede sacra secundo.’
Ad clarissimum virum, & amicum eius dignissimum, Dominum Iohannem Haukins, Med. Doct.
To my noble friend, the Author, vpon his worthy and vsefull Worke.
To my honour'd Friend vpon his Introduction.
QVantum respublica literaria solerti industriae tuae debeat, non tyrones modo, qui in literarum elementis haesitabundi ad fastidum usque desudant, sine re, sine spe: Sed & veterani etiam, qui cum compendium & perspicuitatem methodi tuae cum prioris aevi dispendio & obscuritate aequa libraverint lance, benedicent Deo & vigilijs tuis, qui è tenebrosa antiquitatis caligme lucem eruisti merėdiana clariorem, adeoque conspicuam, quòd lippus per eam deviare non poterit. Macte Domine, & progredere bonis avibus, ita quòd non coëtanei tui tantum, sed & nati natorum & qui nascentur ab illis, ubertatem calami tui poterint redolere: In tractatu ho [...] quem ad me misisti intētus haesi, & plurima reperi quae bonū commune meo iudicio multum possunt promovere; In cuius rei gratiam & tuam, licet poesi nuntium misi, soluta tamen oratione, inter amantissimorum tui iudicia & congratulationes quin & calculos meos subijcere non sustinui.
Ad clarissimum virum, Dominum Iohannem Haukins, Med. Doctorem.
Lector benevole:
Constructionis figuras (discentium maxima impedimenta & obices) corum commodo, quantum in nobis situm est, consulentes, regulis Syntaxi nostrae insertis, hoc modo supplemus.
- Appositio. p. 8. l. 10.
- Evocatio. p. 1. l. 14.
- Syllepsis. p. 2. l. 9.
- Zeugma. p. 1. l. 18.
- Synthesis p. 4. l. 13.
- Antiptosis p. 4. l. 2.
- Synechdocho p. 16. l. 12. & alibi.
- Ecclypsis p. 89. l. 12.
- Enallage ibid. l. 18.
Reliquas ad Rhetoricam potius spectantes, scientes omisimus. Vale & fruere.
SYNTAXIS EST PARS GRAMMATIcae vocum connexionem dirigens, estque vel Concordantia vel Rectio.
De Concordantiâ.
COncordantia est partium orationis in communibus affectionibus convenientia.
Concordantia est triplex; Nominativi & Verbi: Substantivi & Adiectivi, Relativi & Antecedentis.
Concordantia prima.
Nominativus & Verbum conveniunt numero & personâ: vt, Probitas landatur & alget. Suus cnique est mos.
Observatio.
Cum vnum verbum ad plures nominativos [Page 2] diversos repertum cum propiore numero & personâ convenit: vt, Hic illius arma, hic currus fuit. Aeneid. 1. Tu quid ego, & populus mecum desideret, audi.
Cum digniore personâ: vt,
Si tu & Tullia lux nostra valetis, ego & suavissimus Cicero valemus. 14. Epist. 5. Iam.
Plures nominativi coniuncti verbum plurale expetunt. Interdum etiam omissa copulativa, vt Frons, oculi, vultus persaepe mentiuntur, oratio vero saepissime. Cic. ad Quint. Fr.
Interdum singulari contenta sunt. Vt mens & ratio & consilium in senibus est.
Concordantia secunda.
Substantivum & Adiectivum conveniunt casu, genere, & numero: vt, Corrumpunt bonos mores colloquia prava. Quandoque bonus dormitat Homerus.
Tam in hac quam in praecedenti regula reperitur nonnunquam anomalia & irregularitas apud Poetas, sicut enim dicunt Graeci, [...] pro [...], sic & Latini, Virg. 2. Aeneid.
Observatio prima.
Cum unum Adiectivum ad plura substantiva diversa referatur cum propiore genere numero & convenit; vt, Locus et tempus constitutum est. Caper tibi salvus & haedi. Virg. 7. Ecl.
Cum digniore genere: vt,
Pater & mater mortui. Eun. Act. 3. Sc. 3.
Observatio secunda.
Substantivis rerum inanimatarum subijcitur saepe Adiectivum plurale neutrum: ut Divitiae, decus & gloria in oculis sita sunt.
Concordantia tertia.
Relativum & Antecedens conveniunt genere, numero, & personâ: ut, Literae placuerunt, quas ad me dedisti. Qui leviter saeviunt, sapiunt magis.
Observatio prima.
Si Relativum & Antecedens eidem verbo adiungantur, etiam in casu conveniunt; ut, Vrbem quam statuo, vestra est. 1. Aeneid.
Observatio secunda.
Relativum Qui, positum inter duo Antecendentia diversorum generum, nunc cum priore, nunc cum posteriore convenit: ut, Vnus erat toto naturae vultus [...]n orbe, Quem dixêre Chaos. Animal plenum rationis, quem vocamus hominem.
Ob [...]ervatio tertia.
In Concordantiâ quic quid in vicem Nominativi, substantivi, vel Antecedentis venit, casum, genus, numerum, & personam induere potest eius, in cuius vicem venit: vt, Divellimur inde Iphitus & Peiias mecum. Pars certare parati. Vbi illic scelus est, qui me perdidit.
Observatio Quarta.
Interrogatio & responsio eodem fere ponuntur casu: Cui Praeceptori dedisti operam? Platoni. Cuius est haec oratio? Ci [...]eronis. Quo morbo fuisti impeditus? assidua febricula.
[Page 5]Excipe quaestionem factam per Quanti; ut Quanti emptus est Liber? duobus denarijs.
Et Cuius, cum ad hanc respondendum est per pronomen possessivum: ut, Cuius est Liber? meus. Cuius puerum adduxisti? meum.
Et quando respondendum est per verbum variae Syntaxeos: ut Furtine accusas, an Homicidij? vtroque.
De octo Partium orationis Constructione Lib. vnicus.
BEfore ought bee commenced in the construction of a Noune and Verbe, that is to be noted in generall, that Rection or Gouernment of as many cases as the [...] are in Latine, is in three manners onely; either it is a Genitiue of Possession, the which dependeth necessarily of a Noune substantiue: I would say, that as often as you shall finde a Noune substantiue in the genitiue case, it must of force bee gouerned by some substantiue which is either expressed or vnderstood.
The second, all Verbs that are, do gouerne their Accusatiue, and the Accusatiue is gouerned by them.
[Page 6]The third, Prepositions gouerne their cases answerable to their Natures; The first rule hath two exceptions: for a Noune Adiectiue ma [...] gouerne a Genitiue; as Studiosus virtutis: but this is a Greeke construction.
Likewise Adverbs may gouerne a genitiue; as, satis temporis and then it is said, that they take the place of a Noune. In such sort that setting ap [...]rt these two exceptions, each genetiue is g [...]uern'd of a noune substantiue; each Accusatiue of a verbe, each other case what soeuer, of his preposition; if the case be capable of a preposition.
Secondly, it is to be obserued that the Nominatiue, Datiue, and Vocatiue are neuer gouerned of any: as for the relation which is betweene the nominatiue and the verbe, it is not called Rection, but Concordance: the datiue is alwayes of losse or profit, which we call a Datiue of Acquisition▪ the Vocatiue is that with which we speake, and to which wee addresse our speech. This will we examine by the following notes, in which the Reader shall be rationally inform'd, of some [Page 7] things said, against that which hath hitherto beene in vse: which notes shall serue for a comment; for there is no reason, that all other parts of the Art should be well po [...]sessed and yet there should remaine a deficiencie in the syntaxe, whereof there is m [...]st need. In the same notes, there shall be inserted, the particular constructions of some verbes, which we haue cut off from the generall Rules, because it hath seemed expedient, to many learned men, that the syntaxe should bee briefe, for that boyes may haue lesse to commit to memory.
The Notes that shall succeed vnder each occurrent are principally for learned men: for being to teach some things in the syntaxe against some receiued opinions, it is meet I should distinctly render account of them.
The grounds of them shall be rendered as is aforesaid: for if it should be taught according to the opinion of many learned men, that a superlatiue doth not make comparison, as hitherto hath beene said: and that Refert and Interest haue after them an accusatiue, and others in the same [Page 8] manner, it would be an argument of imprudence, not to declare the reason and ground of those things, and produce the Authours whom we follow. And because in this place a large exposition cannot be composed, we desire that the Notes may serue for a briefe Comment.
De constructione Nominis substantivi.
DVo Substantiva continuata, si ad eandem rem pertinent, eodem casu gaudent: ut, Vrbs Athenae.
Si autem ad diversas alterum cui sit possessionis nota erit Genetivus. Cic. In Pison. Supplicium est poena peccati.
1. Note.
Be you aduertised that the Genitive of Possession importeth action, or passion; as, Vulnus Achillis, hee would say, the wound that Achilles gaue to another; or the wound that was inflicted on him Achilles. The same haue you to vnderstand of the possessives, Meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester: Laurentius Valla without foundation [Page 9] teacheth the contrary. Cicero pro Marcel. Quis non intelligat tua salute contineri suam: where salute tua, is that which Caesar had; in such sort that tua is taken actiuely. Idem Cic. Philip. 10. An vero hoc pro nihilo putas, in quo quidem pro amicitiâ tua iure dolere soleo? where amicitia tua, is not what you haue, but what is had to you, for you, and in your behalfe; and so said Budaeus in his Comment. Pro amicitia tua, id est, pro amore quo tu diligeris. Answerable to Valla his doctrine, it should be rendred pro amicitiâ tui. This which we professe, Budaeus, Muretus, and most amply Franciscus Sanchez in his Minerva lib. 2. cap. 13. and others deliuer.
Si vero Genitivus laudem, vel vituperaetionem significet, in Ablativum mutari potest. Cic. 4. Fam. Neque te confirmare audeo maximi animi hominem, vel maximo animo. Adiectiva cum substantivè ponuntur, more substantivorum construuntur. Cic. Tantum cibi, & potionis adhibendum est, &c.
De Constructione Nominis Adiectivi.
ADiectiva, quae scientiam, communionem, copiaem, & his contraria significant, cum genitivo iunguntur: ut, juris peritus, consilii particeps, plenus officij.
Item, quaedam in ax, iüs, idus, & osus: ut, Philosophus tenax recti, nulliu [...] culpae conscius, avidus virtutis, studiosus literarum. Quibus adde memor, Immemor, securus: ut, Memor beneficij▪ immemor injuriae, securus rumorum. Hi casus reguntur ab adiectivis Graeco more.
Partitiva nomina, Numeralia, & quaecunque adiectiva partitionem significant, genitivum possessionis, vel ablativum multitudinis cum praepositione, E, vel Ex, vel de admittunt: ut, Nulla belluarum, unus militum multae arborum, vel ex arboribus: unus militum, id est, unus ex numero militum: ex numero, inquam, nam est partitio▪ Sic dicitur Animalium haec binis, illa quaternis pedibus incedunt.
2. Note.
The Grammer of this, is Vnus Militum, id est, unus ex numero Militum. And [...]o this [Page 11] genitive is of possession, for it is governed by the substantive Numero; which is to be vnderstood necessarily, for the being Partitives is nothing else, then for one particular, to be parted, and divided from the common number.
Superlativa.
Superlativum Nomen est, quod dissolvitur in Positivum, & Adverbium valdè, aut maximè: ut, doctissimus, valdè doctus, aut maximè doctus. Iungiturque cum genitivo plurali possessionis, vel singulari, qui multitudinem significet. Cic. 5. Tus. Theophrastus elegantissimus omnium. idem [...]ro Rab. Plato totius Graeciae doctissimus. Est autem doctissimus omnium, idem, quod, doctissimus ex numero omnium. Hic genitivus in ablativum cum praepositione E, vel Ex, vel De mutari potest. Cic. pro Cluen. Ex his omnibus natu minimus. Inter dum in accusativum cum praepositione, Inter. Senec. 2. Contro. Croesus inter reges opulentissimus.
3. Note.
Very learned men averre, that the genitive of the superlative is by way of comparison: [Page 12] others instance that there is no comparison in the superlative, but partitiō onely; which no body denieth: the difference is the first will that there be comparison, and partition; the second, that there be partition onely; And that there is not in the superlative any comparison, it appeareth evident, it being that comparison hath his force in these two particles, magis quam, more then: and the superlative admitteth not these, for the same resolved, is, Doctissimus, quasi valdè, or Maximè doctus, id est, most learned, or very learned. In such sort that this speech, Cicero is the more learned of the Romanes, is not to be thus rendred, Cicero doctissimus omnium Romanorum, but is to bee delivered by comparative, as hereafter shall be seene: for the word doth not comprehend in it a superlative; so as, Doctissimus omnium, shall import the same, that Doctissimus ex numero omnium, most, or very learned of the number of all. And the Castilian language must maintaine these said of necessity, for all acknowledge, that every superlative, is partitive: and is to be declared as partitive, so as the genitive shall be [Page 13] of possession. You will say that a superlative includeth alwayes excesse, which cannot be without comparison. I say that it alwayes containeth excesse, yet not comparative excesse, which consisteth in this particle, More, for from hence would it follow, that Magnus, which is a positive, might beare comparison.
Moreouer that the superlative includeth excesse without comparison is manifest by the Hebrew and Chaldaie circumlocutions, Gen. 1. [...] Chal. [...] valde bonum, id est, optimum. As who would say, exceeding good, or good beyond comparison. For so some Iewish expositors explicate the place.
Secondly, you will instance that these manner of speeches are in the Latine tongue very ordinary, Prudens, prudentior, prudentissimus; from whence it appeareth, that there is a comparative ascent received. I answer, that the Spanish is, to run, Prudente, mas prudente, prudentissimo, or muy prudente, and that it is a meere deceitfull folly to say muy mas prudente, for that the superlative importeth an excesse, beyond all comparison (so likewise in our [Page 14] English tongue is it found Prudent, more prudent, and most prudent: which though it expresse not the superlative, in one single word, yet most so added, adde excesse without all comparison) by what we have produced: for really if I were to make comparison, were it an hundred times, I should be constrained to repeate the word Prudentior, as Horace hath done, saying, Aetas maiorum peior avis, tulit Nos nequiores mox daturos Progeniem vitiosiorem, where as least according to the Grammarians Rules, hee should have put a superlative in the last. Yet be it observed, that whensoever there shall bee annexed any preposition, including any excellencie, then shall it haue comparison, as, Doctissimus ant [...] omnes, supra omnes, prae omnibus, more learned then all the rest.
Which comparison taketh his force from the preposition, as in the like case it doth in Greeke; Lucian de Galatea, [...], Ego ex omnibus pulcherrima visa sum: nor for this may it bee said to compare, for the positive hath the same, as, Formosus prae omnibus, more faire then all besides. The prepositions è, ex, de, [Page 15] inter, do not import excellencie, and even so say we, Doctissimus omnium, is the same that is ex omnibus & inter omnes.
Genitivus vel Dativus post Nomen.
Nomina quae similitudinem aut dissimilitudinem significant item Communis, Proprius, interrogandi, vel dandi casui haerent, Teren. Eunu. Domini similis, vel Domino. Cic. de Senect. Proprium senectutis vitium. Commune valetudinis, vel valetudini.
4. Note.
This construction, in that which concerneth the Genitive is Greeke, and the Dative is of acquisition, which is to be noted in all these like Nounes.
Dativus post Nomen.
Nomina quibus commodum, voluptas, graetia, favor, aequalitas, fidelitas, & his contraria significantur, iunguntur eleganter Dativo acquisitionis: ut, Consul salutaris, perniciosus Reipublicae. Iucundus, molestus, gratus, invisus, propitius, infestus civibus, fidus, [Page 16] infidus imperio: par, impar tanto oneri. Item verbalia in bilis: ut, Amabilis omnibus, & quaedam nomina, quae ex particula con, componuntur: ut, conscius mihi, consentaneus omnibus. Denique, quaecunque Adiectiva habent hunc Dativum acquisitionis. Pleraque autem eleganter efferuntur interdum cum accusativo, et praepositione ad: ut, accommodatus, appositus, aptus, habilis, Idoneus, utilis, natus huic rei, vel ad hanc rem.
Accusativus post nomen.
Adiectiva quae vel patriam, vel gentem, vel habitum, vel partē in homine significant, et à Grammaticis per praepositionem, secundum, exponuntur; apud Poetas saepius, in prosa oratione rarius, accusativum adsciscunt. Vir. 4. Aeneid.
Omnia Mercurio similis vocem (que) colorem (que), Et flavos crines, &c.
Tradunt in Misia feram esse quae Bon [...]sus vocatur, equina iuba, caetera tauro similem. Pl. l. 3.
Ablativus post Nomen▪ Comparativa.
Comparativum nomen est, quod unum vel [Page 17] plura quocunque modo superans dissolvitur in positivum, & adverbium magis: ut, Doctior, magis doctus; iungiturque cum ablativo, Cic. 1. Cati. Luce sunt clariora nobis tua consilia. Plin. lib. 36. cap. 9. de quadam navi. Omnibus, quae in mari visae sunt mirabiliorem. Est autem doctior omnibus, idem quod doctior prae omnibus. Quod apud Hebraeos magis patet, exprimunt enim comparativum per particulam [...], ex, five prae, ut Cant. 1. Boni amores tui [...] prae vino. Eodem modo caeterae linguae orientales cum Graeca lingua circumscribunt comparativum.
5. Note.
Hitherto it hath beene a wont to exclude comparatives, and this was held for false Latine, Cicero est doctior omnibus Romanis: saying that it should haue beene expressed by the superlative; yet so many authorities are there, which teach the contrary, that we were compelled to deliver the Rule as it is now. Plin. lib. 36. cap. 9. making mention of a ship, useth these words: Omnibus quae in mari visae sunt mirabiliorem. Valerius Max. speaking of three Dionisio's. Tertium te importuniorem habere [Page 18] caepimus. Ovid. 13. Metamorph. Omnibus inferior quas sustinet arduus aether; and 2. Praestantior omnibus Herse. Plaut. capti. Non ego nunc Parasitus sum, sed Regum rex regalior. Martial. lib. 11. Hic totus volo rideat libellus & sit nequior omnibus Libellis. Ovid treating of the fiue Zones. Quinta est ardenuor illis. Plin. lib. 36. cap. 7. writing of the Marmoles. Viride cunctis hilarius. Thus the Greeke often use the Comparative, as it were, insteed of the Superlative. [...]. Omnibus difficilius est praeesse animabus for difficillimum, Nilus. In confirmation of this, there might be brought in, many more testimonies: so as well shall this speech be delivered. Virgilius poetis omnibus politior est. Latinis excellentior, Graecis praestantior, Homero divinior, caeteris, cunctis, reliquis suavior. But marke well, that the Ablative of the Comparative is ruled by the Praeposition, Prae, which is understood, and so the Grammer is Doctior omnibus, id est, doctior prae omnibus: which Preposition, many cleerely expressed. Apulei. lib. 8. Prae ceterie feris mitior cerva. Ibid. Vnus prae ceteris fortior. Moreouer and aboue, that this [Page 19] Doctrine is of the learned Sosipater, Charifius, lib. 1. doth cleerely likewise teach it; and bringeth examples, wherewith hee doth ratifie it. And to make this Rule more generall, it is to be vnderstood, that how many soever they are, by vertue of a Preposition, one while it is ioyned to Verbes, sometimes to Nounes, Positives, Comparatives, or Superlatives. Plaut. Mostel. Nihil pendere omnes prae Philolache. Cic. Sulpitio. Prae nobis, beatus vir. O foelix una ante alias Priameïa virgo. Idem, Scelere ante alios immanior omnes. Sucton. Galba. Crucem statui iussit praeter caetera altiorem. Wee have spoken of the Superlative already, in his proper place. In such sort, that of two particles, that it hath which maketh comparison, viz. Magis quam, more then, the Comparative hath in himselfe the first place, for Doctior is the same, that is Magis doctus, and the rest it receiveth of a Preposition.
Pleraque Adiectiva iunguntur Ablativo quae significent Laudem, Vituperationem, vel Partem. Q. Cic. de petit. Consul. Nequaquam sunt tam genere insignes, quam vitijs nobiles. Sal, de Bel. Catil. Antonius pedibus aeger.
6 Note.
This Ablative is governed of the Preposition In, or of some other which may be commodiously vnderstood: which the Latines have forsaken, for elegancy sake; the reason of this is, that oftentimes they applied a Preposition to the same things.
Opus nomen substantivum eleganter Ablativo, vel Nominativo adiungitur: ut, Opus est mihi libro, opus est mihi liber. Mi obra, y negocio es ellibro.
7 Note.
Hitherto it hath beene taught that opus was a Noune Adjective, although it cannot be other then a Substantive, which is manifest, because sometimes it is found with an Adjective. Horat. sunt quibus vnum opus est, intactae Palladis vrbem, Carmine perpetuo celebrar [...]: this proposition, Opus est mihi Liber, is the same, that, Totum meum opus est liber, all my businesse and entertainement, is a Booke: the Greekes say [...] Opus est mihi Libro, id est, Totum opus [Page 21] meum est in libro positum: So doe learned men of the Vniversitie of Salamanca expound these speeches. In such sort, that Opus est mihi liber, doth not import, I haue need of a booke, but my businesse and entertainement, and my work, is a booke, as is seene in other like expressions. For as it is said, Opus est mihi liber, so likewise is spoken, Cura est mihi liber, a booke is my care; Senectus mihi est morbus; Pater mihi est taedium, imagine that you say, Liber est opus meum: All my businesse is a booke; the same likewise will it be, meum, being left out.
Cic. Atti. Huic tradita est vrbs nuda praesidio, referta copijs. Horum pleraque iunguntur etiam Genitivo, Graeco more: ut, dignus honoris. So say they, Hom. Il. [...] [Page 22] [...] Vnus vir medicus dignus multorum aliorum. So Chrysostome, [...]. Nihil dignum amici fidelis. Ablativus horum nominum pendet a varijs praepositionibus.
Alienus interdum cum dativo reperitur, ut pro Cec. [...]d dicit quod illi causae maxime est alienum. Vbi alienum est dativus acquisitionis incommodum significans.
8 Note.
The Ablative of these nounes dependeth ever more of a Preposition, for many Authors haue attributed it to them, and even it will be necessary sometimes to expresse the preposition, to avoid Amphibology: as liber servitute, may have two meanings, id est, liber a servitute, vel liber in ipsa adhuc servitute; so in the same manner, vacuus, vel ab ipsa cura, vel in cura ipsa, and so others.
Adiectiva diversitatis, & Numeralia Ordinis Ablativum cum Praepositione A vel Ab. admittunt, Cic. 4. Acad. certa cum illo, qui a te totus diversus est. Hir. de Bel. Alex. Imperio & Potentia secundus à Rege.
[Page 23]Item securus. Liber; vacuus. Purus, Nudus. Inops. Extorris. Cic. pro Dom. Tam inops aut ego eram ab amicis, aut nuda Resp. à Magistratibus.
De constructione verbi.
Omne verbum Personale, seu finitum, utrinque Nominativum habere potest, cum utrumque nomen ad eandem rem pertinet, maxime verbum substantivum, ut suo loco dicetur, & vocativum. Cic. de Orat. Qui habentur, & vocantur sapientes.
De Constructione verbi cognatae significationis, vulgo neutri.
Note that the intension is according to Syntax, which is handled, not Etymologie.
BEfore entrance be made in the Verbe, which is ordinarily stiled a Neuter, be advertised, that there be many learned mē, who with great reason thinke that there are no such verbes, rather that all they so called, are Actives: the ground is, for that [Page 24] Verbes are in two kindes: the one, whose action passeth not further then to an accusative, denominated Cognatae significationis, which is the same as if one should say, passeth not further then to an accusative, which declareth the action contained in the same verbe, for further clearnesse not expressed, but when he would have some thing more added: as vivo requireth this accusative vitam, and it needs not to be added for clearnesse, and if it had beene set downe, it would have beene a speech of Pleonasmus, and Redundance without necessitie; yet if I would expresse ought besides that which is signified by this acculative vitam, I must deliver it thus; Vivo vitam perdifficilem. And so Cicero had no cause why he should h [...]ve said, Gaudere gaudium, because it was in it selfe cleare; yet when he would adde more, hee expressed himselfe thus, Vt suum gaudium gauderemus; and Virgil: Furere hunc furorem. And likewise many others, as Cicero, Curro arduum cursum. Consimilem luserat ludum: dormit somnum Endymionis; Navigat navigationem asperam: The same have the verbes which all the world acknowledge [Page 25] to be Actives, Verbi gratia lego, iudico. With which it sufficeth to say, Legit Magister, Iudex indicat, for now is understood Lectionem, Iudicium, and surely as you will not professe, that this speech Legit Magister, is of a verbe Neuter, as little have you to averre of this. Nauta navigat.
And although some of these under the Active termination, have a passive signification, yet may they rightly bee stiled Actives, as in other languages in the same case they are. For Xenoph. speaketh thus: [...]: Ille à vobis interfectus est vir bonus cum esset. So in Hebrew in Active coniugations, the signification is plainly neuter and intransitive, as [...] in Piel festinavit [...] in Hiphil surrexit. So in the Chald. and Syriaque [...] pervenit, in Pael. [...] in Aphel regnavit. So in Arabique in the first coniugation meerely active, [...] contristatus est, in a passive and intransitive signification.
The other sort is of Verbes, which clearely all men call Actives, to which is added an accusative, because of incertaintie, as, Amo filium: Libros: Haereditatem: [Page 26] And if you shall answer, that to have one onely action, is not sufficient that they be called Actives: this answer satisfieth not the learned, for one action is enough to prove a verbe to bee active, without that very many of them have more then one action: of which we will lay before your view a briefe Catalogue, in the succeeding ninth Note, which hath reference to this Note. Finally, when an appropriate accusative was not found for these verbes, in lieu of action they applied their owne Infinitive: and therein, were many ancient formes, of speaking, grounded. Plautus, Pseudo. Pergitis pergere. Cic. in Arato. Post hunc ore fero Capricornus vadere pergit. Livi. lib. 22. Pergit deinde ire sequentibus paucis: and so were many others, as Iaceo jacere, perit perire, &c. which is the construction of the Greekes, who use much this kinde of action.
The Hebrew tongue and Chald. use the like manner of speaking, Gen. 2. [...], Ch. [...] mori morieris, cap. 3. [...], Non mori moriemini.
Finally, the Grammarians themselues, and Authors of Arts acknowledge, that all [Page 27] Verbes have no more, then action and passion: which you shall survay in the underwritten note, which I take out of the seventh Note of the third Booke of my Authour; and whilest they professe so much, yet make they so many divisions of verbes; not agreeing with their owne proper doctrine.
In conclusion, be it knowne, that these verbes besides the accusative of their proper action tacite, or expressed, many have other common cases which are Genitives of possession, Dative of acquisition, Ablative which dependeth of a preposition: which cases, although they may bee annexed to many verbes, yet with particular elegancie they are ioyned to those which are placed in the three following orders.
Verbs Deponents are so called, not for the reason delivered by some Grammarians, but for that anciently, there were many verbes in Or, which were common, [...]ignifying action and passion, and this in imitation of the verbe called mediū of the Greekes: yet now by custome they have forsaken their passive signification, abiding [Page 28] onely with the active, insomuch as it is all one, to name verbs deponents, as to say verbes actives deponents. For Amplector virtutem, is action, and so these verbes are actives. And those of these deponents which are stiled Neuters, are also Actives, & that there are no more verbes then actives and passives, the Grammarians themselves deliver, Priscian lib. 8. Verbum est pars orationis cum temporibus, sine casu, agendi, vel patiendi significativum. Hâ dissinitione omnia tam finita quam infinita verba comprehenduntur, & neutra etiam quae dicuntur absoluta; & Deponentia omnino naturali [...]er, vel in actu sunt, vel in passione. Antoninus de Nebrixa, lib. 3. professeth the same. Verbum est pars orationis declinabilis cum modis & temporibus agendi, vel patiendi significativa. Scaliger saith, Quibus manifestum est verba Neutra non esse ab activis seiuncta. Besides this all good Philosophers doe deliver, that in all actions there is Agere, vel Pati; for that these verbs which are called Neuters, have place in humane actions, which is all one, as if you should averre, that they neither have action nor Passion: and lesse have the deponents, [Page 29] unlesse it bee so farre forth as they are Actives.
9 Note.
Besides, an Accusative, which Verbs improperly called Neuters, have of their owne Action, as Vivo vitam, curro cursum, &c. Many others have Accusatives, though Neuters called: first it shall not be needfull to bring examples of eleven severall Verbs which are wont to be numbred in the neutrall order, since that all Grammarians confesse that they haue an Accusative. These are Antecedo, Anteeo, Antesto, Anteverto, Attendo, Praesto, Praecurro, Praeeo. Praestolor, Incessit, Illudo. And in truth, as these are, all the rest are, and I know not why they did not reckon the rest together with these eleven, since they have likewise an Accusative. Let us then draw up a Catalogue of these Verbs, giving them Accusatives, from the authority of very approued Authors.
Abstineo, Brutus ad Attic. Vt se maledictis non abstineat. ¶. Abnuo. Salust. Iugar. milites abnuentes omnia. ¶. Abutor. Teren. In [Page 30] prologis scribendis operam abutitur. ¶. Adoleo. Adolere verbenas auctores omnes dicunt. ¶. Adulor. Cice. 2. de Divi. Adulari fortunam alterius, & Tacit. lib. 6. Neronem adulari. ¶. Adversor. Tacit. lib. 17. Deos infaustam adoptionem adversantes. ¶. Aestuo, Papinius, Aestuat annum, quod dixit, Turnebo adnotante, ut aestum aestuare. ¶. Allatro. Livi. 38. Allatrare eius magnitudinem solitus erat. ¶. Ambulo. Cice. 2. Fin. Ambu [...]are maria, &. terram navigare, loquitur de Xerxe. ¶. Anhelo. Cice. 2. Cati. Anhelare Scelus. ¶. Annuo. Catul. Epith. Annuit omnia omnibus. ¶. Appello, is. Valer. Ma. lib. 1. cap. 7. cum ad littus navem appulissent. ¶. Ardeo, Virg. Coridon ardebat Alexinalij, ar det virginem, aurum, pecuniam, &c. ¶. Arrideo. Agelli. En. Flavius id arrisit. ¶. Aspiro. Virg, Ventosque aspirat eunti. ¶. Assentor. Terent. Eun. Imperavi egomet mihi omnia assentari: alij legunt assentare.
¶. Assentor, & Assentio; Plaut. Amph. Qui illud, quod ego dicam, assentiant. Cic. ad Octav. Timet multa, assentitur omnia. ¶. Attinet faciunt impersonale, sed est Attineo, attines, idem fere quod teneo, aut tango. Plaut. Capti. Nunc iam cultros attinet, & [Page 31] Tacit, lib. 1. Ni proximi prehensam dextram vi attinuissent.
Caleo. Plaut. Ego illius sensum pulchrè caleo; alij, calere virginem, id est, ardere, aut amare. ¶ Careo. Plaut. cur id, quod amo, careo: careo pecuniam, citat ex Catone-Scaliger. ¶ Caueo. Cic. Topic. cum mihi meisque multa saepe cavisset, & Cato. 5. c. Rei Rust. Scabiem pecori, vel iumentis caveto. ¶ Cede maiori, id est, locum maiori. Valer. Max. lib. 1. cap. 5. Ego tibi libenter meam sedem cedo. ¶. Certare cum aliquo, id est, certamen, sic legitur de Terentio, Multos incertos certare hanc rem vidimus. Coëo, Cicero alijque, coire socitatem, & societas coita. ¶ Coenare epulas, tritum: et Apule lib. 9. sacrificales epulas coenitabat. ¶ Collachrymo. Cice. p. Sestio, Histrio casum meum collachrymabit, ¶ Commisereor Agel. lib. 7. cap. 5. Commisereatur interitum eius. ¶ Conclamo. Ovid. 13. Metam. conclansat socios; Caes. Conclamare Victoriam. ¶ Conqueror, Cice. Pauperiem meam conqueror, & Plaut. Conqueri libidinem, vim. ¶ Consulo tibi, id est, utile, vel commodum. ¶ Consuesco. Lucret. lib. 6. Brachia consuescunt, firmantque lacertos; & Colum: Plaustro, aut aratro invencum consuescimus, [Page 32] Contendo, Virgil. Cursum contendere; contendere tormenta, Hastam, passim obvia. ¶ Crepo, Proper: Et m [...]nibus faustos ter crepuere sonos. ¶ Corruo, Plaut. Corruere divitias; & Propert. lib. 3. Voverat, & spolium corruit ille Iovis. ¶ Corusco, Virg. 10. Aeneid. Strictumque coruscat Mucronem. ¶ Curro, Cic. 3. offic. Qui stadium currit.
Declino. Plaut. Aulul. Declinavi paululum me extra viam, declinare mala, tritum est. ¶ Deficio, Horat. Animus si te non deficit aequus. Quod et Graeci dicunt, [...]. Degere vitam, tritum est, ¶ Degenerare a parentibus, id est, genus dedecorare, pervertere, vel quid simile. Colum. lib. 7. c. 12. Venus cambus carpit vires, animosque degenerat. ¶ Deliro, Lactan. de opificio cap. 6. Illius enim sunt omnia, quae delirat Lucretius. ¶ Despero, Cicer. Attic. Pacem desperavi. ¶ Disputo, Plaut. Men. Vt hanc rem vobis ad amussim Disputem: aisputare rationem, aliquoties dixit Cicero. ¶ Doleo, Ovid. Tu vero tua damna doles. ¶ Dormio, Endymionis somnum dormis; Adagium est: Cic. Edormi crapulam, & exhala, dixit, & Plaut. omnem obdormivi crapulam.
Egeo, Censorinus apud Agel. multa egeo: [Page 33] Varr. lib. 4. de ling. Lati. Dives a Divo, qui ut Deus nihil indiger. * Emergo, Cic. de Aru. Resp. ut sese emergit, & fertur illuc. * Emineo, Curti. lib. 4. Iamque paulum moles aquam eminebat. * Efflo, Ovi. 7. Meta. Vulcanum naribus efflant Aeripedes tauri, Virg. Latos afflarat honores. Lucret. lib. 5. Flaret e corpore flamma. * Eo, ire viam, tritum est, sic composita in Plaut. Rud. Abi tuam viam. Cice. pro Mur Redire viam, dixit, & ibid. Inire viam. * Erumpo, Cas. 2. Lib. portas sese foras erumpunt, & tribu. lib. 4. Erumpat terra liquores. * Eructo, Cic. 2. Cat. Eructant caedem honorum. * Evado. Suet. Tibe. Carmillus me evasit. Virg. Gra. dus evaserat, altos.
Fastidio, Virg. hi te hic fastidit Alexis. & Horat. Fastidire lacus, & rinos ausus apertos. * Festino, Virg. Iussa sybillae, Festinant. & Fleo, Ovid Flere funera. * Fluo Activum fecit Homer. Odys. 9. [...], Fluit [...]ons aquam limpidam. * Fruor, Apul. libr. 9. beatam illam, quae libertatem fruitur. Fungor, Tacit, lib. 4. Hominum officiae fungi. * Furo, Livius, Id furere, & Virg. Furorem furere.
Gaudeo, Stati. lib. 9. Tu dulces lituos, [Page 34] ululataqus proelia gaudes. * Garrio, Horat. Dum quidlibet ille garriret. * Gemo, Cice. p. Sestio Gemere plagam. * Glacio. Hor. lib. 5. Od. 10. Vt glaciet nives Iupiter.
Horreo, Cic. Horreo crimen ingrati animi, * Hyemo. Pli. lib. 19. cap. 4. Decoquunt alij aquas. mox & illas hyemant. * Hiulca, Catul ad Manli. Cum gravis exustos aestus hiulcat agros.
Ignosco, Cic. hanc culpam ei facile ignoscamus. * Illuceo, Plaut. Bacchi. Dij diem illuxere. * Impendeo, Ter. Phorm. Tanta te imparatum impendent mala. * Impono, Cic. 2. de Nat. Onera bestijs imponimus. Cum audis, alicui imponere, id est, engannar a alguno, propriè est, tratar le como a un iumento, deest enim, clitellam. * Incubare de avibus, id est, ova. * Incumbo, Salust. 3. Hist. citante Frotone, Arma sua quis que incumbere [...]. * Indigeo, Var. lib. 1. cap. 31. quod indigent potum poma dicta. * Indulgeo, Sueto. Domit. Exilium indulsit. * Inservio, Plau. Mostel. Non est meretricium unum inservire Amantem. * Insanio▪ Proper. Lynceus ipse meos seros insanit amores. * Insuesco. Horat. Insuevit pater optimus hoc me, sic legit Turneb. & docti omest tametsi Lambinus aliter. * Insulto, Tac. [Page 35] lib. 4. Qui patientiam senis, & segnitiem iuvenis insultet. * Insisto. Cic. 3. Orat. Quonam igitur modo tantum munus insistemus: & Plaut. Mili. Insiste hoc negotium. * Insto huic rei, id est, operamdo, Virg. lib. 8. Marti currumque rotasque volucres Instabant. * Invideo tibihoc, vel illud. tritum est. * Intendere animum, omnes sciunt. * Iurare alicui, id est, iusiurandum: Cice. Atti. Qui te negat, & iuravit morbum. Ovid. Stygias iuravimus undas.
Laboro, Cic. Atti. Ad quid laboramus res Romanas? * Latro, Horat. Catullus cervinam pellem latravit. * Luceo, Plaut. Cass. Lucebis novae nuptae facem. * Ludo, Sueton. Troiam lusi [...] turma duplex. * Manent me damna, tritum.
Mano. Horat. Manare Mella. Plin. Manat picem. Idem, sudorem purpureum emanat. * Medeor, Cic. 12. Fam. Epis: 15. Haec mederi voluerunt. * Medicor, Plaut. Most. Ego istum medicabor metum. Virg. 7. Aen. Medicari cuspidis ictum, * Mereo, pro, milito, deest stipendium, vel aera: Ovid. i. Am. Iussit & in castris aera merere suis. * Metuo. Cic. 3. Ver. Pupillo metuo calamitatem. * Micare hastam: poetae passim. * Migro, [Page 36] Agel. lib. 2. cap. 19. Cassita nidum migravit. * Milito, deest, militiam: Lactan. lib. 7. cap. vltim. Militiam infatigabilem deo militemus. * Moereo. Cic. 1. Tus. Cum graviter filij mortem moereret.
Nato. Mart. lib. 14. Ipsa suas melius carta natabit aqua. ¶ Nitor, Virg. 12. Aen. Nitentem gressus. ¶ Navigo, Cice. 2. Fin. Terram navigasset. ¶ Noceo, id est, noxam; sed praeterea Plau. Mi. Iura te non nociturum esse hominem. Seneca 5. Controu. Dum filium vindico, ubi me gravissimènocere possit, ostendit. ¶ Nubo, Arnobi. lib 3. contra Gen. Quod aqua nubat terram appellatus est Neptunus. Virg. Comas obnubit amictu. Columella in Hort. Tellus, cupiens se nubere plantis.
Obire mortem, diem, legationem nemo negabit ¶ Obedio. Apul. lib. 10 Haec omnia perfacile obediebam. ¶ Obsequor omnia, dixit Teren. Adel ¶ Obstrepo, Virg Culic. Vox obstrepit aures. ¶ Occumbere mortem, dixit Cic. 1. Tusc ¶ Officio, Plau. iam ego hercle. te hic affatim officiam. ¶ Oleo, Horat. Pastillos Ruffillus olet, Gorgonius hircum. ¶ Terent. Olet Vnguenta.
Palleo, Persius, Eupolidem palles: Horat. Mediasque fraudes palluit audax *. Parco, [Page 37] Agel lib. 16. cap. 19. Vitam sibi ut parcerent. Terent. Nihil parcunt seni. * Pareo, Statius. Parchimus omnia matri. *. Parturio, Horat. Neque parturunt imbres perpetuos *. Pascor. Virg. 4. Geor. Pascuntur & arbuta passim. * Paveo Pavesco, Luca, lib. 7 Pavere pugnam: Tacit. li. 1. seditiosum exercitum pavescerent. *. Pecco, Cic. 1. de Nat. Xenophon eadem ferèpeccat. *. Penetro, Plaut. Amph. In fugam se penetrare. *. Pereo, Plaut. Truc. Tres unam pereunt adolescentes multerem. *. Plangere pectus, usitatum est. *. Plaudere choreas. Virg. 6. Aen. Cic. de Ora. Pedem supplosit. *. Pluit lapides, & sanguinem trita in prodigijs. *. Potiriurbem, Cic. [...]uscul. *. Praesideo. Tacit. lib. 4. sociorum manus littora Oceani praesidebat. * Procedo, id est, Iter, vel viam. *. Propero, Virg. Pro perare iussa. & properat mortem per vulnera. *. Proficiscor, id est, viam, Fest, Pom. Profecturi viam. *. Prospicio tibi, & Provideo tibi, id est, u [...]ile. * Pugnare proelia Horat. 4. Carm.
Quadro, Horat. & quae pars quadret acervum. * Quiesco, Apul. lib. 9. somnum humanum quievi. *. Queror calamitatem, pauperiem, obvia.
[Page 38]Regnare, id est regnum possidere: regnata rura. Horat. idem regnata Bactra. * Requiesco, Virg. Ecl. 8. Requierunt flumina cursus. *. Resideo, Residēt Esuriales ferias, dixit. Plaut. Capt▪ & Plin. l. 34. c. 14. dixit, residere poenitentiam ¶. Ro [...], Plin. lib. 17 cap. 10. Si roraverit quantulumnumque imbrem. ¶ Ruc, id est, ruinam, & item a [...]ia. Teren. Adel. Caeteros ruerem, agerem, [...]nderem▪ & prosternerem. ¶ Rutilo, Val. Max. lib. 2. cap. Capillos cinere rutilarunt.
Salto, Horat. Pastorem saltaret uti Cycopla rogabat. *. Sapio rem meam, multa ungues demorsos obvia. * Satisfacio, Cato. Rei Rust. cap. 149. Donicum pecuniam satisfecerat. *. Sitio, Cice. 5. Phil. sanguinem nostrum sitiebat. * Somnie, Sueton: Galb. somniavit speciem fortunae. * Sono, Virg. Nec vox hominem sonat. *. Spiro, Virg. 1. Aen. comae spiraverunt odorem. *. Studeo, Cic. de Reditu, cum verè literas studere caepit: Plaut. Mil minus has res studebant: Cic. 6. Phi. unum omnes studetis: Teren. Quin tu hoc stude. *. Stupeo, Virg. 2. Aen. Pars stupet donum Minervae. *. Sudo. Virgil. Quercus sudabunt mella. *. Succenseo imuriam, dicit Agel. li. 16. cap. 11. Supersideo, Agel. lib. 2. ca. 29. [Page 39] operam supersident. *. Suspiro, Tibul. lib. 4 suspiret amorem: Horat. lib. 3. Od. 2. Illum adulta virgo suspiret.
Taceo, Plaut. Mil. Taceo te. Teren. Eun. Ne hoc quidem tacebit Parmeno. *. Tendo, Plaut. Pse. tenes, quo [...]sum haec se-tendant. Titillo, Cice. Fin. Voluptas titillaret sensus: Hora. ne vos titillet gloria. *. Tono, Plin. Pref. Quanto tu ere patris laudes tonas? & Virg. Tercentum tonat ore Deos.
Vescor, Plin. lib. 8. cap. 50. Caprinum iecur vescantur. *. Vivo, Plaut. Paenu. Vivimus vitale aevum. ¶. Vlulo, Luc. lib. 1. Vlularunt tristia Galli. ¶ Vtor, Teren. Mea bona utantur: Plaut. Asin. Caetera, quae v [...]lumus uti, Graeca mereamur fide.
So many examples we have brought in, to the end that we might banish the abuse of these Verbes Neuters. This Note belongeth of due unto the great diligence of Francis Sanchez, the collector of them, and many more examples, in the third booke of his Minerva: And although in that his booke, there hath beene taken great paines, yet it hath seemed expedient to compile this note. For we understand that this Art will draw together more [Page 40] hands b [...]sides these of Minerva. We have left other many examples and Verbes, for hardly is there any verbe of these, in which is found no action: and it is not necessarie that a Verbe to be active, should have all the accusatives, that are, those that every one confesseth to be actives, have them in as little measure; for to say, Agere ve [...]ba, would be Barbarisme, to say Accuso parietem furti, would be innecessarie: and an infinite of others of the same sort. [...]nd answerable to what hath beene said, it is not needfull that a verbe active haue as many accusatives, and actions as there are in the world.
The reason of this construction is verie probably the active and transitiue signification of these verbes. For so we finde in like manner in other tongues, [...]hat verbes absolute and intransitive governe an accusative. For the Greekes sa [...], [...] privor bona, for bonis. So the Syriaque, Ioh. 7. useth the passive participle, [...] in the active signification, and ioyneth it with an accusative. The reason of this is, that the signification becometh transitive. So where it is said, Coelos splendido [Page 41] coruscat astro, id est, facit coelos coruscare. In the Greeke, the preposition [...] is understood. In the Syriaque is the like subintellection, which in Heb. 1. Sam. 12. is expressed.
De Genitivo.
Interest, & Refert Genitivo possessionis iunguntur, Cic. 1. Fini, Interest R [...]gis recte facere, id est, recte facere est inter officia Regis.
Item his Accusativis, Mea, Tua, Sua, Nostra, Vestra; Teren. Hecy: Tua quod nihil refert, percontari desinas, Mea▪ interest id▪ est, est inter mea, videlicet, officia, aut munerae.
Item his Genitivis, Magni, Parvi, Tanti, Quanti. Cice. 6. Tir. Magni ad honorem nostrum interest, me ad urbem venire; Caetera huiusmodi per Adverbium adduntur. Cice. Theodori nihil interest. Cuia, v [...]l cuius interest pereleganter dicitur.
Verbum interest loco genitivi potest accusativum cum praepositione recipere. Cic. Et quidem ad laudem nostram non multum video interesse.
Verbum est impersonale pro licet, fieri potest, [Page 42] vel fas est quandoque accipitur, & tunc infinitivum asciscit. Virg. Aeneid. 6.
Nec non & Tityon terr [...] omnipotentis alumnū Cernere erat▪ id est, licebat. Plin.
Nocturnorum animalium veluti felium in tenebris fulgent radiantque oculi, ut contueri non fit.
10. Note.
These words, Mea, tua, sua, &c. according to some, are Ablatives of the singular number, and that the meaning is, Mea interest, id est, mea re interest, mea re refert. But if this be as is delivered, wee might likewise say, Meo interest, id est, meo negotio interest. Caelius Calcagninus, lib. 1. Epist. Iulius Scaliger de causis: and Franciscus Sanchez in his Minerva, avouch with great confidence, that these words are accusatives, of the plurall number, and neuter termination: and that the sense is Mea interest, est inter mea negoria, aut officia, aut munera. And indeed the Greekes often expresse a preposition after the verbe Est impersonall, as Nazi. [...] Non est ad virum bonum, id est, non est viri [Page 43] boni. For that the Ancients with more facilitie supplie words of the neuter gender then any other. In the same manner, Mea refert, is, Refert mea negotia, munera, aut officia, id est, Repraesentat, as Ego refero patrem, id est Repraesento. For that these being Accusatives, as these Authors determine, there cannot be other meaning, then what is delivered. In the same manner, Donat. Phorm. Terent. upon those words, Quid tua, malum, id refert, professeth clearely, that these are accusatives: and addeth, that they are governed of a preposition which is to be understood, not unlike said Horace, 1. Ser. villa.—Quae superest Claudi cau pona, id est, quae est super Claudi caupona. The sense of this preposition: Regis interest, aut ref [...]rt, is this: Est inter officia Regis: Refert, id est, Repraesentat officia Regis: and so the Genitive is of possession. Satago etiam Genetivo adiungitur. Terent. Heaut. Clinia rerum suarum satagit.
11. Note.
This Genitive is governed of the Adverbe sat, or satis, of which the verbe is [Page 44] compounded, and so the meaning will be, Ago aut agito satis mearum rerum. Plaut. Bacchid. treating of those things of fate; Nunc agitas tute sat tuarum rerum.
Other verbes there are, to whom there is not onely annexed a genitive, but other cases, and so as verbes of exception wee place in the 12. Note.
12. Note.
Misereor is ioyned sometime with a genit [...]ve. Cic. Qui miserere mei: another time with a dative. Senec. Controv. Misereor tibi puellae. The genitiue is ruled of the accusative vicem, which is understood: Misereor tui, id est, vicem tui. The Dative is of acquisition. Obliviscor, Recordor, Reminiscor, are ioyned sometimes to a Genitive, some times to an accusative. Cic. 3. Tuscul. Ob livisci suorum, vel sua, to which is added, Memini, when it doth signifie the same that doth Recordor. Cic. de Senect. Omnia quae curant senes meminerunt, vel omnium. The same Memini when it signifieth Mentionem facio, sometimes is ioyned to a Genitive, sometime to an Ablative with [Page 45] the Preposition De. Quintil. lib. 11. cap. 2. Neque omnino huius rei meminit usquam Poeta: vel de hac re.
De Dativo.
Verba, quae auxilium, adulationem, commodum, incommodum, favorem, studium significant, iunguntur Dativo Acquisitionis: (praeter Iuvo & Laedo quae accusativo gaudent) ut, Auxilior▪ Adulor, commedo, incommodo, faveo tibi, studeo Philosophiae▪
Vide 29. Note.
Dativo item adhaerent composita ex verbo sum: & quae obsequium, obe dientiam, submissionem, Repugnantiam significant: ut, Prosum, obsequor, obtempero, servio, repugno tibi.
Item quae eventum significant. Cic. i. offi. Quod cuique obtigi [...], id quisque teneat. Teren. Facite, quod vobis libet. Praeter Attinet, Pertinet, Spectat ad me.
Multa denique composita, ex verbis cognatae significationis, & praepositionibus Ad, Con. In. Inter. Ob. Prae. Sub ut, Assurgo, consentio, Immineo, illacbrymor, intervenio, obversor, praeluceo, succumbo oneri.
[Page 46] In the ensuing 13. Note, we doe put the Verbe Incumbo, Consulo, Interdico, because [...]hey are particulars. Concerning those Verbs which others use to dispose in this place which sometimes have a Dative, sometimes an Accusative, as Praesto tibi, vel te, we treate of in the 9. Note in the beginning.
13 Note.
Incumbo, when it doth referre it selfe to things importing Addiction of the mind, as studie, it is joyned with the Preposition In or Ad, Cic. lib. 10. Fam. Mi Plance, incumbe toto pectore ad laudem. Consulote. I aske counsell of you: Consulo tibi, I give counsell to you, id est, Consulo tibi utile, vel commod [...]m. Interdico, hath an Accusative, and a Dative of Acquisition. Sueton. Domit. Interdixit histrionibus Scoenam. Liui. 34 Foeminis duntax at vsum purpurae interdicamus. Likewise it hath a Dative, and an A [...]lative. Coesar. Gall. Ariovistus. omni Gallia Romanis interdixit: where the Dative is of Acquisition, and the Ablative is governed of the Praeposition, id est, ab omni [Page 47] Galliâ: for that Plin. lib. 39. cap. 1. said, Interdixit tibi de Medicis, and [...]ice. pro Caecin. Praetor interdixit de vi hominibus armatis.
De Ablativo.
Cic. ad Q. Fr. Incredibile est, mi, frater, quam egeam tempore. In his omnibus Ablativus pendet a Praepositione.
This Verbe utor signifying the same that utilitatem capere, according to Stephanus, or usum habere, may have the Preposition Ex or Cum, very well vnderstood, which in other Languages is expressed, as Psal. 51. verse 1. [...] the Chalde Paraphrase explaineth it thus, [...] postquam usus est, cum Bathsheba, id est postquam usum habuit.
Eruor, according to Donatus in Eunuch. [Page 48] Ter▪ being the same that a frumine vesci, and servius, expressing that of Virgil 7. Aeneid. Frui colloquio deorumi, pasci, may very well have the Preposition (a) understood, as the Iewish Rabbines say. [...] Fructus est ab hoc, id est, utilitatem cepit. Fungor is expressed by the Greeke, [...] id est, finio, so that fungi officio may have the Preposition In understood, and import as much as Finio in officio. The like or more plainely of the rest.
14 Note.
Egeo, Indigeo, Potior, are also ioyned to a Genitive, Cic. 6. Phil. hoc bellum indiget celeritatis. Potior, Vescor▪ Fungor, Pluit are found oftentimes with an Accusative. Teren. Adelph. Ille sine labore, patria potitur commoda. Neuters oftentimes admit an Ablative, which signifieth part Cic 2. de Orat. In principijs dicendi tota mente, at que omnibus artubus contremisco. All the Ablatives of this third ranke, depend on divers Prepositions, howbeit as use hath abandoned them altogether, with difficulty [Page 49] may they be found out, yet this is proued, for that many of this kinde are ioyned with a Preposition, Cic. 1. nat. Deo. Homo qui ex animo constat & corpore. Idem de offic. Iudiciorum ratio, ex accusatione, & defensione constat. Idem 3. de Fin. Gloriari de vitâ. Idem pro Mil. Cuius in vita nitebatur salus civitatis. Apulcius, Fons ex aqua redundans, So it is said, Laetari de aliqua re, &c. Marke that there are many other Verbes put in this ranke, which wee passe, that for they are altogether common cases, which appertaine to Instrument, Manner, or Action:
De constructione Verbi substantivi.
Sum utrinque Nominativum Substantivum habet: ut, Senectus ipsa est morbus. Virgilius est Mantuanus, id est, civis, vel vir; Adolescentis est maiores natu vereri, id est, Maiores natu vereri est officium adolescentis.
Cum hoc verbo iocum non habent illi Genitivi mei, tui, sui, nostri, vestri: pro quibus utimur. Meum, tuum, suum, nostrum, vestrum: ut, nostrum est senes vereri; id est, senes vereri est nostrum officium.
15 Note.
The rest of this Verbe wee doe reduce to the Notes, for being a common construction, when it signifieth to bee esteemed, it is ioyned with the Genitives, Magni, Maximi, and with those of price and estimation, Cic. lib. 15. Fam. Magni crunt tuae literae. So likewise is annexed to it a Dative, of Acquisition, as sum pater tibi natura, & consilijs: and then they use to expresse it by the Verbe habeo, as Habes me patrem natura, & consilijs. Or by two Datives, as, mihi hoc est molestiae, which is the same with A [...]sicior molestia. It is associated also with a Genitive or an Ablative, of Praise or Dispraise, Plin. lib. 4. Epist. Erat puer acris Ingenij, vel acri ingenio.
De constructione Verbi Activi.
Verbum activum, vel potius Accusativum, cuiuscunque id demum positionis sit, post se Accusandi casum postulat; ut, Deum cole, imitare Divos. Novi animi tui moderationem, non decet ingenuum pueru [...] scurrilis iocus. Vivo vitam perdissicilem.
[Page 51]Every Verbe Active doth governe only an Accusative, and whatsoever other case is ioyned thereunto, is a common case, & there may be added foure. A Genitive of Possession, Dative of Acquisition, Accusative according as it is governed by some Preposition, and an Ablative which is likewise ruled by a Preposition. Of all these, reason is, and shall be given.
De Genitivo praeter Accusativum.
Verba accusandi, absolvendi, damnandi, praeter Accusativum admittunt Genitivum Possessionis, qui poenam crimenve significet. Cic. p. Rab. An non intelligis quales viros summi sceleris arguas. Teren. Eu. Hic furti se alligat, id est, furti crimine.
Genitivus, qui crimen significet, in Ablativum cum praepositione, De, mutari potest, maxime cum his verbis Accuso, Arguo, Appello, Absolvo, Damno, Condemno, Defero, Postulo, Livi. 6. bel. Pun. Blactius de proditione Dasium appellabat.
Hoc nomen Crimen Ablativo sine Pr [...]positione eleganter effertur, a qua tamen pendet. Cic. 2. Fam. Ego te eodem crimine condēnabo.
[Page 52]Dicimus eleganter, capite aliquem Damnare, Punire, Plectere.
Absolvo etiam, Libero, Alligo, Astringo, Obstringo, Mulcto, Obligo, Ablativum significantem poenam, crimenue tacitâ praepositione admittunt. Liu. lib. 1. Ego me etsi peccato absolvo, supplicio non libero.
Miseret, Miserescit, Piget, Poenitet, Pudet, Taedet, Genetivo praeter accusativum efferuntur, sic, Miseret me tui, id est, misericordia tenet me tui. Eodem modo Pigritia, Poenitentia, Pudor, Taedium.
16 Note.
The Genitive of these Verbes, is gouerned of the Ablative Crimine, which is understood, and the reason is, because many times the Authors cleerely dispose it so, Martial. lib. 11. Arguimur lentae crimine pigritiae. Val. Max. lib. 4. cap. 2. Incesti crimine a Tribus Lentulis accusatus, and lib. 6. cap. 1. Crimine impudicitiae damnatus est. From hence is conceived the reason of two things. The first that disposing of all Nounes which import Crimen in the Genitive, the same name Crimen [Page 53] alone is put in the Ablative, for all the rest are ruled by it, and all of them are genitives of possession. The, second that this speech shall be approved in Latine: Accusasne illum superbiae? an avaritiae? an altero tantum? an utroque? an ambobus? for that Crimine, or Criminibus is understood. That which we say of the verbe Miserescit ▪ and the rest; that it is the same, Pudet me tui, that is, Pudor me habet tui, is the opinion of Priscian.
Verba pretij & Aestimationis.
Verba Pretij, atque Aestimationis praeter Accusativum hos fere Genitivos possessionis assumunt, Magni, Maximi, Pluris, Plurimi Parvi, Minoris, Minimi, Tanti, Tantidem, Quanti, Quanticunque. In his Grammatica est: Emo, aut Aestimo pallium tanti, id est: Emo, aut Aestimo pallium pretio tanti aeris.
Dicimus etiam Magno, Permagno, Parvo, Nonnihilo, & magno pretio aestimare. Vale: Max. lib. 5. Magno ubique pretio virtus aestimatur. Parvo aestimatur, id est, parvo pretio Sic etiam tanto, quanto, quantocunque, Minore pretio. Livi. 2. Bel. Pun. Non minore [Page 54] pretio redimi possumus.
Nauci, Flocci, Pili, Assis, Teruntij, Nihili, iunguntur eleganter cum verbo facio, sed & cum multis alijs; ut, Flocci te facio, aut aestimo, id est, pretio flocci.
17. Note.
All these Genitives are of possession, for they are governed of the Ablative of price or estimation not expressed; which Horace 1. Sermon ▪ expresly setteth downe; Nonnunquam pretio pluris licuisse licebit. And it is a pregnant argument, that Authours doe oftentimes adde with these Genitives an Adiective, in an Ablative case; which necessarily must agree with the Ablative of price, there understood. And so said Plaut. Epid. 1. Quanti emi potest? minimo, id est, pretio minimo. And Cic. ad Attic. Id propè dimidio minoris constabit, id est, dimidio pretio minoris. It being declared how they governe these genitives, it is necessarie to know with whom these that are adiectives concord. Let it be noted that this genitive Aeris, must be supplied, and so Aestimo to magni will import, Aestimo te pretio magni [Page 55] aeris, although for elegancie the Latines have forsaken pretio, and aeris. Columel. delivered them clearly▪ lib. 3. cap. 3. Quem vulgus parvi aeris posse comparari putat. The reason why this Genitive is supplied, is because a noune adiective, as we have avouched in the third booke, cannot stand alone by himselfe, and when it is alone some substantive is to be understood, on whom it relyeth. And that rather the genitive aeris, then any other is to be understood, is because as Authors affirme, Apud veteres omnia pecunia aestimabantur. Supposed that these are common cases, these speeches shall be said; Amo te tanti; Doceo pluris; lego minoris, Maximi iter facio, &c. And it is collected from the same Authors of Arts, who hitherto have beene, that these are common cases: for they deliver this Rule: Quaelibet verba Ablativum admittunt significantem pretium, vel hos Genitivos tanti, tantidem, quanti, quanticumque, pluris, minoris, and they extract more then these Genitives. Then I demand when Cicero said 3. Offic. Emit tanti, could not he haue pronounced, Emit magni? Finally marke that [Page 56] in place of pretio, there may be substituted Ablatives of other things, like unto those of price, as, Emi hoc quinque talentis, quatuor drachmis, duabus minis, aere, argento, auro, &c.
Note also that these genitives, tanti, quanti, &c. after verbes of estimation may be said to bee used in imitation of the Greekes, who use the like after verbes of estimation and permutation, as, [...] Aurea aeneis permutare, Demosth. [...], Aestimo hoc plurimi.
De Dativo praeter Accusativum.
Verba omnia Dativum habent acquisitionis, ut, Amo haereditatem filio meo, explico lectionem discipulis. Sed imprimis hunc sibi eleganter adiungunt verba Dandi, Reddendi, Committendi▪ Promittendi, Declarandi, Ant [...] ponendi, postponendi. Teren. And. Facile omnes, cum valemus▪ recta consilia, aegrotis damus. Sic, Facio tibi fidem. Miner, minitor tibi mortem.
Multa denique composita ex praepositionibus, Ad, in, ob, prae, sub; ut, Adimo, impono, obijcio, praeficio, subtraho tibi materiam.
[Page 57]Sunt etiam, quibus geminus Dativus, & uterque acquisitionis, praeter accusativum eleganter apponitur▪ ut, Do tibi hoc laudi; Vitio, Culpae, crimini, pignori, faenori: vertis id mihi stultitiae. Ducis honori, damn [...].
18. Note. Vide 29.
The Dative is of acquisition, and it is even common to as many verbes, as there are, yet with particular elegancie, the Authors have placed it with them, which are in this ranke.
De altero Accusativo praeter primum Accusativum.
Moneo, doceo cum compositis: item Flagito, posco, reposco, rogo, interrogo, celo, praeter primum accusativum sibi alterum adiungunt qui pendet à praepositione. Cicer. 1. Fin. Sapientia nos omnes docet vias, id est, docet nos iuxta omnes vias.
Vtraque ratione similem habent constructionem Graeci Aeschin in Ctesiphont. [...], Decet rogare deos bona, & alteri accusativo expressa praepositione, [Page 58] ut vulgo dicitur, [...], petere ab aliquo bona.
Vide 19, 20. & 21. Notes.
19. Note.
Adm [...]neo, commoneo, commonefacio, are annexed also to a genitive after an accusative, Quintil. libr. 4. Grammaticos sui officij commonemus.
20. Note.
Likewise is observed this particular elegancy, Moneo, admoneo, commoneo, doceo, edoceo, erudio te de haec re, id est, commonefacio, certiorem facio. Likewise these, Interrogo, and celo, Cic. Partitio, Ego te ijsdem de rebus interrogem? Idem Bassus noster me de hoc libro celavit, vel mihi celatus est liber.
21. Note.
Many learned men say, and with much assurance, that the second accusative of verbes of this order, is ruled of some preposition, which is understood, Per, iuxta, [Page 59] secundum, in, circa, ad, &c. And so when Pla [...] ▪ said in Amphi. Haec heri immodestia cogit me, is the same, that Heri immodestia cogit me ad haec. Stati. 10. Theb. Quae te leges, praecepta (que) belli—Erudijt genetrix, id est, erudijt te iuxta leges, & praecepta belli. The reason of this is, because wee see Authours many times to the same noune doe take away, and adde the preposition. Cic. 4. Attic. Epist. penu [...]t. Ad quid laboramus res Romanas? and the same expres [...]eth he in a thousand places, Quid laboramus hoc, vel illud, &c. Plin. in Panag. In tantum diligo optimum principem, in quantum invisus fui pessimo. Others will say, Tantum quantum. Which Livie wrote lib. 4. In aeternum urbe condita, & in immensum crescente, Virgil. expressed, sedet aeternumque sedebit infoelix Theseus, for these are not Adverbes, as some mistake, but Adiectives, which concord with some substantives, as, Tempus immensum aeternum, &c. Secondly, this speech may be very well said: Doceo te iuxta omnes vias sapientiae: although the preposition be taken away, yet it shall be governed by it, and it is oftentimes an elegancie to put a preposition; alwayes when [Page 60] to the second noune there shall be put an Adiective, as, Moneo te ad praestantissima consilia, ad exitus belli difficillimos, ad literas capessendas, ad improbos labefactandos. Thirdly, when these speeches are turned, as, Tu doceris à me vias sapientiae, it can never be penetrated, of whom that accusative is governed, if it be not of some preposition, id est, Tu doceris, monerisque à me ad vias sapientiae. Verbi gratiâ, [...], id est, [...], Romanus patriam, id est, secundum patriam. Fourthly, it is apparant, that this is an imitation of the Greekes, who oftentimes put accusatives, which are ruled by the preposition Kata, which is understood in the speech. And if any one shall obiect, that tho [...]e things which have beene here delivered, may beare another sense, V. G. Haec, heri immodestiae cogit me, id est, cogit me haec facere. As well shall any body rise up against such an one and instance: Doceo te literas id est, Doceo te s [...]ire, aut intelligere literas. Haec subintellectio Graecis perquam familiaris est, Basil. [...]. Cain à Diabolo doctus est caedem, scz. facere. By the delivered premisses some [Page 61] phrases of the Poets will be understood, as Vultum sermone movetur, aut expleri mentem nequit, aut carpitur attonitos sensus, the Accusatives are governed of a Preposition.
De Ablativo praeter Accusativum.
Verba implendi, vestiendi, Onerandi, Liberandi, & his contraria ac multa praeterea Privandi, praeter Accusativum Ablativum asciscunt ut, Compleo, Exhaurio; Induo, Exuo, Onero, Exonero; Libero impleo, privo. Cic: Atti. Aegritudo me somno privat.
Vide 22 & 23 Notes.
The Verbes which besides an Accusative haue an Ablatiue with a Preposition, we place in the foure and twentieth Note; for that many learned men iudge that there ought not to bee made a particular order of them, it being understood, that they are altogether governed by a Preposition.
22 Note.
Induo, Dono, Impertio, Aspergo, may [Page 62] besides an Accusative, admit likewise a Dative or an Ablative, as Dono te corona, vel tibi coronam. Cic. lib. 1. sibi torquem induit, vel se torque.
23 Note.
The Ablative of this Ranke is ruled by a Preposition which is understood, and so said, Plaut. Libera te ex onere.
24 Note.
That which others use to dispose in the 6 Order of Actives, wee place it among the Notes, for that it belongeth altogether to a Preposition, and so hath it beene iudged by the learned. Then, all those Verbes have an Ablative with a Preposition, after an Accusative, which are of this Tenor. Petendi, Percontandi, and many others, Auferendi, Removendi, Abstinendi, Accipiendi, as Peto, Quaero, Aufero, Removeo, Abstineo, Faeneror, Mutuor abs te pecuniam. Likewise those Verbes of understanding, receive the Preposition Ex, and many others, as Cognosco, Avello, Expello, Quaero, [Page 63] Percontor, Sciscitor a te, vel ex te. Cic. Poma ex arboribus, fieruda sint, vi avelluntur. To others after an Accusative is ioyned an Ablative, with a Preposition, or a Dative, as Furor, Surripio, Eripio, Aufero tibi, vel a te pecunias.
Finally, all Verbes may have this Ablative with a Preposition: here wee will recite some, besides those which are usually reckoned. ¶ Affero. Cic. de sen. Eique dona a socijs attulisset. ¶ Amo. Plaut. Pseud. Vbi sunt isti, qui amant a Lenone? Idem in Poenu. Amat a Lenone hic. ¶ Defendo, Virg. Teneras defendo a frigore Myrtos. ¶ Deijcio. Cicer. Deiecere oculos a republica. ¶ Facio. Cic. de orat. A se aliquid facere.—Cic. de. Invent. Quod nihilo magis ab adversarijs, quam a nobis faciet. Habeo, &. Lego. Cic. pro Cluent. Itaque ei testamento legat pecuniam grandem a filio. ¶ Mitto. Cic. Attic. Ab illo mittas mihi. Munio. Tacit. lib. 10. Saevus ille vultus & rubor, a quo se contra pallorem muniebat. ¶ Numero. Cic. pro Flacco. A Quaestore numeravit. Promitto. Cic. 2. orat. Ne ipse aliquid a me promisisse videar. ¶ Reddo, Cic. Litteras a te mihi stator tuus reddidit. Cic. 5. Attic. a me [Page 64] solvere. & libr. 7. ab Egnatio solvat: & pro Plancio. Ab aliquo persolvere. Not these Verbes onely, but all other have this Ablative, with a Preposition, and as the Authors of Arts hitherto have reckoned Verba Petendi, &c. they might also have cited these: then it stands with good reason, that there should not bee assigned a particular order of these Verbes, be it that it bee taught in generall, that this is a common case, and that it may be applied to any Verbs. These examples haue likewise beene produced, for that they make, to the purpose of what shall be spoken in the following Note.
De constructione Verbi Passivi.
Verbum passivum habet eum Nominativum, qui in Activa Accusativus fuerat. ut, Colitur Deus; Cui etiam saepissime eleganter adiungitur Ablativus cum praepositione A, vel Ab. Cic. Attic. An tu existimas ab ullo me malle legi, quam a te.
Vide 25, 26, 27, Notes.
25 Note.
There are many who thinke that the Ablative of the Passive with A, or Ab, is the same that the Nominative of the person Agent is in the Active. Others say, that the Ablatiue be it now in the Active, now in the Passive, alwaies signifieth something to bee done in the behalfe of some body. As when Cic. said ad Attic. A Bruto legi Antonij edictum, hee would say, I haue read the Edict of Anthony, which came from the part of Brutus: which speech if it should be made in t [...]is sort, Lectum est edictum a Bruto, would it not bee the same that Brutus legit? these are the two opinions. It is certaine that there are an infinite number of speeches in the Passive, which turned into the Active, will not expresse the same, V. G. Caesar the 2. Civil. Tecta munita ab ictu telorum is not ictus telorum munijt tecta; Cic. 1. leg. Veritas à te postulatur, is not, tu postulas Veritatem, Emuntur a me Libri, is not, Emo, rather Vendo, & alij emunt: from whence it appeareth, that this Ablative which is [Page 66] ruled by the Preposition, is not a Person which doth, for wee see that those that have it in the Passive, retaine it in the Active. Plaut. Poen. Amat a Lenonc. Plaut: Rudem praedam ab eo emerat. Cic. Senect. Dona a socijs attulisset. Idem Atti. A Bruto legi Antonij edictum. Idem Bruto, Nullas adhuc a te literas habemus. Idem 13. Attic. Ab illo mihi mittas. Idem pro Flacco. A Quaestore numeravit: and all the rest of which wee have spoken in the precedent Note, which is the 24, in order, in all these it is found, even as it is in the Active. This Ablative is not a person that doth, as little will it bee in the Passive, it is onely a Case gouerned by a Preposition. And if any will instance that these speeches in the Passive have two meanings, Verbi Gr. Petitur a me, id est, Ego peto, vel alij a me petunt, it would be a very great Amphibology, from which the Latines doe so much flye; that they use Reciproques, & a thousand other Rules. I say that it cannot bee denyed, that there are some Passive speeches, in which the Ablative with a Preposition, is the person which doth, as Diligitur a Patre meo, Filius genitus est a [Page 67] Patre, & Filius missusest a Patre, & spiritus sanctus mittitur a Patre & Filio: and others innumerable, in which cleerely the Ablative with a Preposition, is the person which doth, yet according to the Latines, it is likewise ordinary, that the said Ablative with a Preposition, is not the person which doth, as hath beene said: and it is seene in an Infinity of speeches; and for the obiection which is made of Amphibology, it is answered, that this will bee understood & avoided by the precedents, and subsequents, as it falleth out in many other speeches, in which there is some equivocation or amphilogie; for that a Verbe or a Noune, hath divers significations, which noune is acquitted, and understood, by the Antecedent and Consequent. And it is to be observed for many other respects, that in these Notes, Documents and Rules are given, for Grammarians and Latine Authors. And if in the Scripture there have been found Phrases, which are not conformable to them, the Scripture neither is, nor ought to be tyed to the rules of Grammarians. And the fault of many Grammarians hath [Page 68] beene, to seeke to declare places of Scripture by their rules, and examine, if the translation from Greeke into Latine, bee good or bad, it being not their parts to sift this It belongeth to them to give rules, to understand the Latine Authors: and let them leave to declare the things and speech [...]s of the Scripture, to them to whom they appertaine, and who understand them better then they doe.
26 Note.
It is very much received, that Vapulo, Veneo, Fio, Exulo, Liceo, are Verbs Neuter Passives, and they say that they are construed with the Preposition, A vel Ab: of the two last wee will not speake, for that many Authors of Arts have already forsaken them, finding that it is false: we will speake of the first three. Many Authors have used this Verbe Vapulo, and no body hath ever given it this Ablative, only Quintilian, lib. 9. cap. 2. in these words; Testis rogatus, an ab reo fustibus vapulasset? & innoceni inquit. But let it bee observed, that this Authority is mistaken, for that [Page 69] Tullius Rufianus, a most ancient Rhetoritian, speaking of the figure Apophasis delivereth these words in this manner▪ Testis interrogatus ab reo, num fustibus vapulasset? innocens inquit, adding this; that no other hath assigned this ablative, it seemeth that it convinceth clearly, that this Verbe hath not a passive construction.
Secondly, obserue that Vapulo doth not signifie, to be beaten; it is the same that Perire, velire in malam crucem, it cometh out of the Greeke verbe [...]. It is no marvell that this was not knowne untill now, for that we wanted the greater part of Festus, which we now enioy, much restored by the diligence of Ioseph Scaliger. And for Erasmus in the Adagie, Vapula Papyria, doth acknowledge that he cannot understand what it meaneth, for that he wanted Festus his booke. Festus then saith thus. Vapula in proverbio antiquis suit, de quo Sisinius Capito sic refert, tum dici solitum esse, cum vellet minantibus significare se eos negligere, & non curare fretos iure libertatis. Plaut. in Faeneral. Heus tu in barbaria quo [...] dixisse dicitur liberta suae patronae, ideo dico [...] liberta salve, Vapula Papyria: in Barbaria est [Page 70] in Italia. Aelius hoc loco, vapula positum esse, ait, pro Dole, Varro pro pe [...]i, teste Teren. in Phor. Non tu manes S. Vapula P. id tibi quidem iam siet. Et Plaut. Cucul. Reddin, an non mulierem priusquam te huic meae machaerae obijcio mastigia? S. Vapulare ego te vehementer iubeo, ne me territes; haec Festus; By these words you shall clearely see, what we have delivered.
In the word Veneo, likewise, the ill writing of Quintilian hath deceived us, who in the 12. lib. cap. 1. taketh this saying from Fabricius, A cive se spoliari malle quam ab hoste vaenire; It is to be beleeved that the place is false, for that Cic. 2. de Orat. citeth that which Fabricius speaketh in this manner: Malo compilari quam venire. Behold how Francis Sanchez doth expound this word in his Minerva.
The Verbe Fio is the same, that a verbe substantive, and the Greekes esteeme it for the same. So they often take it for esse, Plut. [...]: Darius dicebat se in periculis fieri, sive esse prudentiorem. If sometimes it bee found with an Ablative and a preposition, it is an Ablative of part as we say: Hic amat [Page 71] à patre suo, anciently it had a passive termination, as also the verbe Venio. Priscian libr. 8. bringeth authorities hereof. Postquam dintius fitur, & Graeco ritu fiebantur saturnalia. So as you will rather call it a verbe substantive, as Iulius Scaliger termeth it, then a neuter passive. And as is said, Hoc est à te, likewise is said, Hoc fit à te. Obserue that when it is said, Quid me fiet, it is the same that is, Quid de me fiet. As hath marked Father Manuel Alvarez. For Cice. 2. Attic. wrote, Quid de P. Clodio fiat ne scribe. The same is to be understood of the verbe Facio. Cice. 3. in ver. Quid hoc homine faciat. Teren. And. Nec quid me nunc faciam scio, id est, de me.
27. Note.
We have left the verbes common, for except the participles of them, they are little used. When Cic. said, A te fictis aggrederer donis, it is a passive of the verbe Aggredio; which was used very long since, and in these dayes it is seene in some ancient Authors: the same is observed in others: for if Cic. said, Ne nos adulari sinamus; [Page 72] the same likewise used the active adulo, before they were verbes commons. But after those which wee call deponents, left the passive signification, there are found no verbes commons, but as we have professed, they are passives, for there is not any of those which we call Verbes commons, which one time or other doe not notifie their active signification. Onely there hath remained a relique of these verbes commons in some participles: who have action and passion, as these underwritten, Abominatus, cohortatus, confessus, dimensus, execratus, meditatus, populatus, testatus, veneratus.
Communes verborum Constructiones.
Interrogatio & Responsio caesu cohaerent. Cui praeceptori dedisti operam? Flatoni.
Genitivus semper est possessionis, pendetque à nomine substantivo tacito vel expresso.
28. Note.
A Genitive is alwayes common, and is [Page 73] ruled of some noune, as partly hath been seene in the verbes of price, and accusation. When it is said, Potiri rerum, there is wanting Imperium. Caesar. 1. Gall. Totius Galliae sese posse potiri sperant, a little before he said, Totius Galliae imperio potiri. In verbs of memory, is wanting memoria, mentio, &c. Cic. pro Arch. Pueritiae memoriam recordari ultimam. And how be it you will say, Pueritiae Recordari: it hath Memoriam to be governed of. These formes of speaking, Desine irarum, abstine querelarum, are according to the Greekes, who say, [...]. Desine laborum pro [...]. à laboribus: as likewise these, Pendeo animi, discrucior animi, although in these it might bee said, that the sense is, Pendeo animi mente, in the same manner as Plaut Cist. delivered. Nullam mentem animi habeo; and Lucret. Animi vix mente videmus. In the verbe substantive is wanting Munus officium, aut negotium: Regis est gubernare, id est. officium Regis est gubernare. In those verbes, Miseret, Miserescit, paenitet, taedet, piget, pudet me tui, the meaning is, Pudor habet me tui; and so doth Priscian expound. Impleo granarium frumenti; he [Page 74] would say, I fill the Granary, which is for wheate: As, Impleo pateram Regis. The Poets oftentimes imitate the Greeks, Virg. Implentur veteris Bacchi.
De Dativo Communi.
Dativus ubicumque reperiatur semper est acquisitionis, est enim in cuius gratiam, commodum, vel incommodum aliquid fit. Livi. 2. ab urb. condi. Magno illi ea cunctatio stetit. Eadem ratio est, si iungatur cum verbis passivis, Cic. Neque senatui, neque populo, neque cuiquam bono probatur. Vbi dativus est acquisitionis, non persona agens, idem enim in activa invenitur. Cic. pro Balbo: Non ut vobis rem tam perspicuam dicendo probaremus.
29. Note.
Every dative is of acquisition, for if it be in this, Amo haereditatem filio meo, why not in this, Do tibi pecunias: peradventure it is not profitable to give ones money to any. And because this dative is common to all verbes, it is found most often with verbes actives. Plaut. Asin. Pergin precari [Page 75] pessimo? Caesar. 3. Gall. Cum tela nostris deficerent. Cic. de orat. Id deceat prudentiae tuae. Plaut. Amph. Nostro generi non decet. When two datives are present, they are also of acquisition. The same is to be observed in passive speeches, as, Deus colitur mihi, where mihi is not a person doer, but a dative of Acquisition; for in the same manner, you may say in the Active, Cole Deum mihi; I honour God to my good, or God is honoured to my benefit. In Virg. Neque cernitur ulli, is that same that is, Nulli est conspicuus. The dative of Acquisition, is the dative of losse or profit. Be advertised by the way, that as little the person doer is put in the passive signification, in an accusative with the preposition Per. For it is onely a case of the preposition: which you shall as well put in the active signification, in the same manner and sense. When Cic. ad Attic. lib. 2. said, Per Praetores Consules creantur, you might say, Populus creat Consules per Praetores, by meanes of the Pretors: and also he deliuered the same. Nihil interest per procuratorem agas, an per te ipsum, and when he said, Res agitur per eosdem creditores, hee hath not desired to [Page 76] say, Ipsos creditores agere, sed amicos Regis per creditores.
De Accusativo communi.
Accusativus, praeter eum, qui regitur à verbo activo, semper est communis, pendetque à praepositione tacita, vel expressa▪ ut videbitur in sequentibus.
Tempus, si per quam diu fiat interrogatio, effertur accusativo, tacita, vel expressa praepositione. Livi. Romulus septem, & triginta regnavit annos, vel per triginta annos. Idem; Obsidio vix in paucos dies tolerabiles, vel paucos dies.
Dicimus etiam abesse bidui, tridui, sed tum aut per tempus, aut iter, aut viam subintelligimus quod exprimit Cicero Cat. Aberam ab Amano iter unius diei. Caesar Be. Gall. Cum bidui viam processisset.
Distantia omnis aut dimensio, Accusativo etiam efferuntur tacita vel expressa praepositione. Caes. Planicies patebat tria millia passuum, id est, per tria millia passuum. Lactan. de Phoenice: Per bis sex ulnas eminet ille locus. Varro. de re Rust. libr. 3. cap. 5. Ad duos pedes altum à stagno, latum ad quinque: vel, duos [Page 77] pedes altum, latum quinque. His omnibus eleganter adimes praepositiones, cum velis.
Accusativus cum praepositione Per, communis est omnibus verbis, tam activie, quam Passivis, & in Passivis non erit persona agens. Caes. 3. Civi. Pompeius frumentum omne per equites comportaverat, vel comportatum erat frumentum per equites.
Vide 29 Note in fine.
De Ablativo Communi.
Tempus, modo per Quamdiu, modo per Quando fiat interrogatio, Ablativo effertur, praepositione tacita, vel expressa. Verres depopulatus est Siciliam uno triennio, vel in uno triennio, tribus annis, vel in tribus annis. Ter. Andria. In diebus paucis, quibus haec coacta sunt, vel diebus paucis.
Distantia quoque, & Dimensio Ablativo effertur. Abest itinere unius diei. Locus latus duobus pedibus.
Omnibus verbis addi potest Ablativus is, qui vulgo absolutus dicitur, qui tamen re vera pendet a praepositione; ut, Rego Philippo pax floret, id est sub Rege Philippo.
30 Note.
That which they call an Ablative Absolute is governed of a Preposition, for it is found with a Preposition most often. Rege Philippo, id est, sub Rege Philippo. Pers: satyr. 5. Marco sub iudice palle [...]. Stat. in Syl. Cerealia dona coronae Sub te teste tuli. Virg. Sole sub ardenti resonant arbusta cicadis. Plin. lib. 18. de muribus, said, sub Authore Aristotele. Other times the Preposition Cum is supplyed, as Musis faventibus. Livi. lib. 1. Dec [...] 3. Agite cum Dijs bene invantibus. Plaut. Pers. sequere hac mea guata cum dijs volentibus. Ennius apud Cic. Doque volentibus, cum magnis Dijs; as well might other Prepositions bee supplyed. Observe that this speech. Me consule hoc feci is good, and Latine, which some hold for barbarous. Cic. in Bruto. Se Audiente locuples author scribit Thucydides. Idem 15. Fam. Non potes effugere hnius culpae poenam te patrono. Quintil. Decla. 4. Te volente misisti. Luca: libr. 5. Et laetos fecit se consule fastos. Ovid. Lachrymas quoque saepe notavi, Me Lachrymante tuas. Plaut. Mil. Te vidente vides. Of [Page 79] this kinde there are very many examples, and in them all, the Preposition Sub is understood.
Ablativus Instrumenti, Causae, Excessus, aut Modi, quo aliquid fit, omnibus verbis adiungitur, qui semper pendet a praepositione. Teren. And. Hisce oculis egomet vidi. Cic. ad Q. Fra. Vestra culpa haec accidunt. Idem. Scipio omnes sale, facetijsque superabat. Idem de senec. Sapientissimus quisque aequissimo animo moritur. Causae, Excessui, aut Modo eleganter saepe praepositionem constitues. Instrumento non ita eleganter.
31 Note.
The Instrument also is governed of a Preposition, for sometimes it is accompanied with it. Plin. lib. 9. cap. 28. Cirricum quibus venantur, this is the ancient and true reading of Pliny. Ovid. 4. Fast. verrebat raro cum pectine pratum. There is not wanting, who changeth this Verse for fault of observing that which we are about to say. Virg. Exercere solum sub vomere. Colum lib. 9. cap. 1. Semperque de manu cibos & aquam praebere. The Ablative of cause [Page 80] likewise is ruled of a Preposition. Teren. And. Laborabat e dolore. Cic. 4. Acad▪ Maria sole colluent, and of excesse. Idem Democritus. Huic in hoc similis, uberior in caeteris. And of manner, Teren. otiosum ab animo. Plaut. Trun. Ab ingenio est improbus. Plaut Cap. Rem de compacto geri.
De constructione verbi infiniti.
Verbum infiniti modi post se nominativum habet, cum res ad nominativum praecedentis Verbi pertinet. Cicer. 1. de Nat. Nolo esse longior: Atsi Accusativus antecessit, & sequatur necesse est. Cic. 1. Cat. Cupio me esse clementem.
Infinitum Esse accedente verbo Licet, Dandi, vel accusandi casui haeret, cum caeteris verbis fere accusandi. Cic. 1. Attic. Mihi negligenti esse non licet, vel negligentem, (subintellecto me) Terent. Heau. Expedit nobis esse bonas, (subintellecto nos.)
Infinitivus saepe construitur cum alio verbo & resolvitur per, Vt. Virg. Dederatque comas diffundere vento, pro ut diffunderentur vel se diffunderent.
32 Note.
For that I know that learned men in this faculty doe like a sufficient ground of the construction of the Infinitive; I will speake here how these Budeus comment. Linguae Graecae. Muret. in Ca [...]ul. Fran. Brocen. in Miner. Lambi. in Horat. Henr. Steph. Iul. Scaliger declare it, all who are most learned men. The infinitive of it selfe, and according to the Latine [...]ules, alwaies requireth an Accusative, Tacite, or expresse before it, as volo scire, volo me scire. After it, it requireth another Accusative, of any sort whatsoeuer, one while Me, Te, Se, may precede; some other times not. Sometimes a Verbe of the same subordination, may be placed before, sometimes not, Cic. pro Quint. Ne ut par quidem sit postulat, inferiorem esse patitur. Curti. Ad vestras manus confugio, invitis vobis salvum esse nolo. Plaut. Cist. Quia ego nolo meretricem dicier. Of such like there are many examples, some Budeus produceth pro & con: in such manner, that answerable to the rules of the Latines, it should be said, [Page 82] cupio esse clementem. But these Authors d [...]learnedly adde, that the Authors have sought ordinarily to forsake their rules, in this particular, and endeavour to use the construction of the Creekes, for this cupio esse clemens, is a Greeke, not a Latine construction; the reason is, for that the Greekes doe use oftentimes to governe o [...]e case onely, and to ioyne another for elegancy, although it be not governed of the same part, the first was, and so they say, Vt [...]r libris quibus habeo, egeo librorum qu [...]rum non habeo. Of these speeches there are an infinity among the Greekes. Then in this speech, Cupio esse clemens, these Authors learnedly say, that the word Clemens, trahitur a particula, ego, quae subaudit ur in verbo, Cupio. From hence the reason of this kinde of speaking is easily apprehended. Licet mihi esse negligentem, the which goeth answerable to the rules of the Latines. But this speech, Licet mihi esse negligenti, is altogether a Greeke speech, where the word Negligenti is drawne from the particle Mihi.
Appen. Cum manetur in eadem persona, accusativus non proprius casus est infinitivorum, [Page 83] sed potius nominativus tam apud Latinos quam Graecos, Ovid. 13. Met. Retulit Aiax Esse Iovis pronepos—2 Tristium Acoeptum refero versibus esse nocens, Plutarch in Apothegme: [...]. Pericles dicebat vsque ad aram amicus esse, id est se amicum fore.
De Gerundijs.
Gerundiae, quae passionem non significant, casus suorum verborum admittunt: ut, tempus obliviscendi iniuriarum, ignoscendi inimicis, coercendi cupiditates, abstinendi maledictis.
Gerundijs in Di, adduntur substantiva, ut, tempus, causa, &c. Et nonnulla Adiectiva, ut peritus, cupidus. Cicer. de sen. Efferor studio patres vestros videndi. Idem 2. de orat. Sum cupidus te audiendi.
Gerundijs in Dum, praeponuntur praepositiones Ad, Ob, Inter. Cic. Tus. Conturbatus animus non est aptus ad exequendum munus suum. Ante, etiam praeponitur interdum, sed rarò.
Gerundia in Do, modo sine praepositione adhibentur: ut, Non sum solvendo. Cic. lib. 13. Attic. Plorando defessus sum, modo [Page 84] praeposi [...]iones assumunt. A, Ab, De, In, nonnunquam, E, vel Ex, Cum, Pro, Quint. lib. 1. Scr [...]bendi ratio coniuncta cum loquendo est.
Gerundia, quae passionem significant, nullum post secasum admittunt. Quin. lib. 2. Memoria excolendo augotur.
Ratio variandi Gerundia.
Gerundia, quae Accusativo casis gaudent, in passiva hac ratione commutantur. Studios [...]u d [...]fendendi Remp▪ studiosus Reip. defendendae. Plaut. Epid. Epidicum quaerendo operam dabo frequentius Epidico quaerendo.
33 Note.
At the end of the Gerunds, observe that this phrase is very usuall among the Latines. Tempus est legendi librorum. Plaut. Aulul. Nominandi tibi istorum, magis erit, quam eundi copia. Cic. de Inventute. Fuit exemplorum eligendi potestas. Idem de univers. Reliquorum syderum, quae causa collocandi fuerit. Sueton. Aug. Permissa iocandi licentia, diripiendique pomorum, & obsoniorū, & missilium. Plin. in Epist. Cum illorum [Page 85] videndi gratia, me in forum contulissem. The Grammer of these speeches is, Tempus est legendi librorum, id est, lectionis librorum. So learned men expound.
Participiale in Dum.
Participiale in Dum, accedente verbo substantivo, dativo iungitur, post se habet casum sui verbi. Cic. 2. Tusc. Tuo tibi iudicio utendum est; si tamen casus verbi, fuerit accusativus, mutabitur oratio hoc modo; Petendum est tibi pacem, petenda est tibi pax.
34. Note.
It is to be noted, that the dative of this Participiall is of acquisition: and so, Docendum est mihi, is not, I must teach, but there must be teaching for my good. Docendum est discipulis, there must [...]e Indoctrination for the profit of the Schollers, and it is evident, for the Ancients expressed. Petendum est tibi pacem; Const [...]tuendum est paenam latronibus. Figendum est crucem malefactoribus, id est: There must be required peace for thee; There must b [...] [Page 86] constituted punishment for Theeves, &c. which are ren [...]red in this manner: Petenda est tibi pax; Constituenda poena latronibus; Figenda crux malefactoribus. And this selfe s [...]me dative you may put in the Active, Serviendum mihi est Deo. Serviam Deo mihi.
De Supinis.
Supina in um, amant verba, quae motum adsignificant, & ante se nullum, post se suorum verborum casum habent. Teren. Phorm. Me ultro accusatum advenit.
Voces illae, quae vulgo dicuntur Supina in V. nominibus adiectivis haerent. Virg. Mirabile visu.
35. Note.
Many learned men there are, who exclude that which we call the last Supine, saying that it is a noune, and it seemeth they faile not therein. First because they may be datives, for that Virg. who wrote Mirabile visu, in another part said, Oculis mirabile monstrum. Where Mirabile visu will be the same that Mirabile visui. And [Page 87] there is no inconvenience that it be so; for even as the Latines say, Parce metu, pro me tui, they may likewise say, Mirabile visu, pro visui. Secondly, we see these nounes concord with adiectives, Quint. lib. 8. Rebus atrocibus verba etiam ipso auditu acerba magis conveniunt. Agellius lib. 12. Eos versus assiduo memoratu dignos puto. Stati. 9. The [...] log. Longo defessa redibat Venatu. Of these are many examples. The which some answer, saying that, Res digna memoratu, is the last Supine: yet that Res digna magno memoratu, is a noune, doth not satisfie, for, if I would onely say a thing worthy of memorie, I will say, Memoratu. If I desire to adde ought else, I will say, Magno memoratu, incredibili, ingenti, &c. From whence it will appeare to bee now a noune. Thirdly, the connexion of speeches in forme, that these are Nounes. Wherefore the Authors (it seemeth without doubt) would ioyne two Nounes, in the subsequent speeches. Livi. lib. 31. Id dictu quam re facilius. P [...]in. lib. 7. Parvum dictu, sedimmensum aestimatione. Cice. in Piso. Quis enim te auditu, quis ullo honore, quis denique communi salute dignum putavit. [...]acit. [Page 88] lib. 1. Lucos visu, ac memoria deformes. This reason hath more force with the Grammarians, that a coniunction ioyneth the like cases. Fourthly, the Spanish phrases are so hard, with which are declared these speeches, that they give the matter in hand to be understood as false. For this is Spanish, Affabilis dictu; Affabile de ser dicho, o, aefable que se diga. Affable to bee said, or affable that it be said. Explicabile dictu. Explicabile do ser dicho, to be explicable to be spoken. How much better it is. Explicabile dictu, id est, dictione vel sermone. Explicable with a word. Some bodie will demand, what nounes are these, since there is no dictus, dictus, dictui. To this is answered, that many of these are entire Nounes, as Venatus, cubitus, &c. And [...]thers are de [...]ective, which the Ancients onely in the datives, and ablatives singuler, as Vis, Vim, à Vi. Opis, opem, ab ope, and many others.
De Participijs.
Participia eosdem casus habent, quos verba à quibus proficiscuntur. Livi. lib. 1. ab Vr. [Page 89] Anius, ingenti praeda potitus, Romam redijt.
Exosus, perosus, pertaesus, cum accusativo efferuntur. Livi. 3. Ab ur. Plebs regum nomen perosa erat.
Participia praesentis cum fiunt nomina, & nonnulla quae dicuntur praeteriti, interrogandi casu gaudent. Cice. Atti. 9. Boni cives amantes patriae. Sallu. Cat. Aliem appetens, profusus sui.
Appendix.
Aliquando id quod in oratione deest, foris omnino petendum est, Cic. In Verrem 5. Ridere convivae, cachinnari ipse Apronius, scz caepit Hoc apud Graecos frequenti venit usu, Mat. 4. [...], Iacobus Zebedaei▪ scz. [...], filius. Sic dicitur Deiphobe Glauci. Hectoris Andromache, &c quod explicat Par. Sy. [...] Iacobus filius Zebedaei, &c. ibidem.
Aliquando una pars orationis ponitur pro alia, ut Virg. Horrendum stridens pro horrendo, Graeca est haec constructio.
De Pronomine.
Possessiva Meus, tuus, suus, noster, vester, [Page 90] genitivo iunguntur tam substantivorum, quam adiectivorum. Cic. 2. Phil. Tuum hominis simplicis pectus vidimus. Mea unius interest. Rempublicam defendere.
Vbi mei & [...]ui genitivi primitivorum in possessivis constructionem aperiunt.
36. Note.
In the first example the genitive Hominis is ruled of pectus. the second hath alreadie beene handled in the 10. Note, on the verbe Interest.
Nomina Numeralia, Partitiva, comparativa, & superlativa genitivos nostrum, vestrum habent. Nostri tamen & vestri caeteris iunguntur. Curt. l. 8. Nolo singulos vestrum excitare. Cic. 4. Cat. Habetis ducem memorem vestri, oblitum sui.
Reciproca, sui, sibi, se.
Reciproco, sui, utimur, cum tertia persona transit in seipsam, etiam accedente verbo. Cic. Qui à me petierit, ut secum, & apud se essem quotidie.
Suus, etiam utimur, cum tertia persona [Page 91] transit in rem à se possessam, Cice. 5. Verb. Aiebat multa sibi opus esse, multa canibus suis.
Cum duae tertiae personae in oratione praecedunt, sui, & suus tantummodo utemur, cum ad verbi suppositum prius, aut principalius referimus. Sed si nulla sit ambiguitas, hoc praecepto non astringimur. Cic. 2. Phi. Hic rogat civem, ut secum coeat societatem.
37. Note.
These rules of Reciproques are onely to eschue Amphibology, and so they may bee left wheresoever there shall not bee found this hazard, for in Latine may bee well said: Cepi columbam in nido suo, v [...]l eius vel ipsius, supposed that there bee no danger of Amphibologie. So the Greekes expressing this Reciproque, Suus, a, um, in the singular number, masculine, and neuter genders, use the genitive [...], or [...]. In the feminine [...] or [...]. In the plurall number [...] or [...], in all genders and cases. Ioh. 3. [...]. Sic Deus dilexit mundum, ut filium suum unigenitum daret, &c. Some there are who have [Page 92] taught, that to say in Nido suo, is a solecisme, in which they erre: Ovid. in Epist. Aspice Laerten, ut iam sua lumina condas. Cic. 2. In Verrem: Vt non modo in auribus vestris, sed in oculis omnium sua furta atque flagitia defixurus sim. Seneca ad Albinam matrem. Puer ad tuum formetur arbitrium, multum sibi dabis, etiamsi nihil dederis praeter exemplum. Plin. Vinea si marcuerit, sarmenta sua comburito. Valer. Max lib. 4. ca. 3. Alexander Diogenem gradu suo divitijs pel lere tentat, suo, id est, Diogenis. Some of these examples, and others of other Authors, as are, Virg. Salust. &c. Laurentius Vala, for that he hath not observed, what hath beene here delivered.
Note also that when two persons come in the same sentence, the ancients have used another Pronoune to take away ambiguitie. So speaketh Quintil. in his declamation: Non sic repugnassei si illum Tribunus voluisset occidere. For if he had said (se) it could not be understood whether was meant the man accused, or the Tribune. Like as in this: Rogavit Nero Epaphroditum ut se occideret▪ A man cannot tell who is meant, Nero or Epaphroditus.
De constructione Prepositionum.
Verba composita saepe casum Praepositionis habent, tacita, vel repetita Praepositione. Cice. Fin. Pythagoras Persarum Magos adijt vel ad Magos.
Versus suo casui postponitur. Cic. Arpinum versus, Itemque, Tenus, iungiturque Genitivo plurali, vel Ablativo singulari: ut oculorum tenus, capite tenus.
In, cum quies, aut aliquid fieri in loco significatur, vel ponitur pro Inter, Ablativum amat, alioquin Accusativum: ut sum in templo, deambulo in foro. Cicer. Ami. Nisi in honis amicitia esse non potest. Brutus fuit pius in patriam, crudelis in liberos.
Sub pro Circiter, Per, Paulo, Ante, Post, & cum tempus adsignificat, accusativum amat. Cice. 10. Fam. Sub eas literas statim recitatae sunt tuae; sub vesperum, sub noctem, sub Lucis ortum: sub idem tempus. Eadem cum verbis Motus Accusativum, cum verbis Quietis Ablativum petit, ut, Clodius se sub scalas tabernae librariae coniecit. consedimus sub umbra platani.
Super, Accusativo servit: Ablativo vero [Page 94] cum pro De, ponitur, & interdum cum verbis Quietis. Tegula cecidit super caput. Cice. Atti. lib. 16. Hac superre scribam ad te. Virg. 1. Ecl. Fronde super viridi.
Subter ferme Accusativum poscit, sive quietis▪ sive motus verbis adiungatur. Cic. 1. Tus. Plato cupiditatē subter praecordia locavit.
38 Note.
Some of these Prepositions, by learned men are held for Adverbs, as Versus, for in this Italiam versus, the Preposition is understood Ad, Id est Ad Italiam versus. And this is the cause wherefore wee have left out, from the number of Prepositions, both seous and usque.
De Adverbio.
En & Ecce Nominandi, & Accusandi casibus adhaerent, qui semper pendent ab aliquo verbo, ut, En turba, id est, En turba adest, En hominem, id est, en, vide hominem: similiter in Adverbio, Ecce.
39 Note.
These cases are governed of some Verbe, which commodiously may bee understood. An Argument hereof is, that Authors have used them so a thousand times. Teren. Adelp. Ecce autem hic adest senex noster. Plaut. Merca. Ecce illum video.
Adverbia Loci.
Adverbia, quibus interrogamur, sunt haec, Vbi, Vnde, Quò, Quâ, Quorsum.
De Adverbio vbi.
Cum Interrogatio fit per Adverbium, ubi, si respondendum sit per nomina propria Pagorum, Castellorum, Vrbium, Provinciarum, Insularum, Regionum: primae, vel secundae, declinationis ponuntur in Genitivo: ut, Sum Romae, Brundusij, Siciliae, Cretae; Qui Genitivus regitur a subintellecto nomine Vrbe, Oppido, Loco, Provincia, Regno, Insula, & Grammatica erit▪ Sum Romae, id est, In Vrbe Romae; Siciliae, id est, In Insula Siciliae.
40 Note.
Marke first that the names of Provinces, Islands, and Kingdomes, may be also put in the Gen [...]ive. Varro. lib. 1. cap. 7. [...]retae ad Cortiniam dicitur Platanus esse. Cice. in Verram. Sicilia cum essem Idem, Attic. Cum Cor [...]yrae [...]pala [...] essemus. Val. Max. lib. 4. cap. 1. Duos egregiae indolis fil [...]os suos a Gabinianis militibus Aegyptio o [...]eisos cognovit. Sal. Iug. Romae Numidiaeque facinora eius memorat. Wee have set downe the rule as it runneth, and the same doctrine is kept in the following rules. And it is good that they who learne, know that these formes of speaking are delivered very elegantly in Latine. Sum Siciliae, vel in Siciliâ Eo Siciliā ▪ vel ad Siciliam. Eo Romam, vel ad Romam, venio Sicilia, vel ex Siciliâ. Venio Roma, vel ex Româ; for some have an opinion, that to say: sum Siciliae, eo ad Romam, venio ex Roma, &c. are solecismes, some answere that it is least used. To this I say, that in Titus Livius, and the best Historians and Poets, it is ordinary to leave out Prepositions in Provinces, and to use them to [Page 97] Cities, and Cic. doth so most often, and there is none of these things, of which there are not more then 500. examples, and Suetonius saith of Caesar, that hee put alwaies Prepositions to names of people, for that hee liked well, that his language should be cleere. And if by the authority of Quintilian onely it was taught that Vapulo was a Neuterpassive, it being not, it is no wonder that this is taught here, ratified by so many authorities as there are produced.
Secondly, observe that these genitives are of Possession, for they have their Rection of some Substantive understood: which sometime Authors have expressed. Cic. 5. Attic. In oppido Antiochiae. Idem Phil. 4. Albae constiterunt in urbe opportuna. And so the Grammer is, sum Romae, id est, in urbe Romae. Siciliae, id est, in Provinciâ Siciliae. Athenis, Babylone, id est, in Athenis, in Babylone. Sueton. Cal. cap. 8 in Treviris.
Thirdly, note this word Ruri, of which mention is made below, is no Dative, as many opinionate, but an Ablative, for that the Ancients ended Ablatives in E, oftentimes in I. Plaut. Men: Satur nunc loquitur [Page 98] de me & de parti m [...]â, Cat. cap. 37. Ex segeti vellito ebulum. Virgil. Eclog. 6. serta procul tantum capiti delapsa iacebant. Auson. de occasione. Heus tu, occipiti calvo es. In this manner it is found in many, Vesperi pro Vespere: in that which concerneth the noune Domus: be it knowne, that it may be said, sum domi, vel in domo: Eo domum, vel ad domum, venio domo, vel, ex domo. The same in the noune Rus; of all these are many examples in the Authors, which Franciscus Sanchez hath spoken of in his Minerva.
Si propria tamen fuerint tertiae Declinatinationis, vel Pluralis numeri, sexto casu utendum est. Cic. Divi. Babylone Alexander mortuus est. Idem. Atti. 16. Athenis esse. Hic casus pendet a praepositione In.
Sed nomina Provinciarum, Insularum, & Regionum frequenter sunt in Ablativo cum praepositione in, quibus ad haerent nomina Appeliaetiva, ut, sum in Sicilia, in Creta, in foro, in Vrbe. Dicimus etiam Rure, vel Ruri in Ablativo. Plaut. Bacchi. Si illi sunt virgae ruri, at mihi tergum domi est.
Propria sequuntur appellativa quatuor Humi, Belli, Militiae, Domi, quorum postremo [Page 99] adiungi possunt, Meae, Tuae, Suae, Nostrae, Vestrae, Alienae. Cic. Tusc. Theodori nihil refert humine, an sublime putrescat.
Si responsio fiat per Adverbia, redduntur haec. Hic, Isthic, Illic, Ibi, Inibi, Ibidem, Alibi, Alicubi, Vbique, Vtrobique, Vbilibet, Vbivis, Vbicumque: Passim, vulgo, Intus, Foris, Nusquam, Longe, Peregre, & supra, subter, Infra, Ante, Post, Extra, Cic. 6 Fam. Nemo est, quin ubivis, quam ibi ubi est, esse malit.
De Adverbio Vndè.
Cum per unde fit interrogatio, si respondetur per propria Vrbium, aut Provinciarum, utemur Ablativo, tacita, vel expressa praepositione, ut venio Roma, Brundusio, Carthagine Athenis, Sicilia, Creta, Rure, Domo: vel ex Roma, ex Brundusio, ex Carthagine, ex Athenis, ex Siciliâ, ex Cretâ.
In Appellativis semper exprimitur praepositio, ut, Ex foro, ex Vrbe.
41 Note.
It is not onely said Venio Roma, Carthagine, [Page 100] &c. but likewise, A Roma, a Carthagine, ab Athenis, &c. Cice. 1. Acad. Venisse ab Roma. idem Phil. 8. Ab Alexandriâ discederet. Fla. Bacch. Ex Epheso huc ad sodales literas misi, & Pseud. Ex Sicyone huc pervenisti. Martial. lib. 13. Haec de vitifera venisse picata Vienna.
Secondly, it is not only said, Venio ex Italia, but also Italia. Sueton. Vespasian, ut eo tempore Iudaea profecti rerum potirentur, & Aug. Decedens Macedonia. Cic. Attic. Si Pompeius Italia cederet. Val. Max. lib. 1. cap. 7. Paenorum exercitum Italia pelleret; From whence you may collect, that they are governed by a preposition, expressed or tacite.
Si per adverbia fiat responsio, redduntur Haec, hinc▪ isthinc, illhinc, indidem, aliunde, undelibet, undevis, undique, undecumque, alicunde, utrinque, Eminus, Cominus, superne, inferne, peregre, intus, foris. Terent. Heau. Vide, ne quò hinc abeas longius.
De Adverbio Quo.
Quando per Adverbium Quo, fiat interrogatio, [Page 101] nomina propria urbium, & Provinciarum reddentur in accusativo, tacita, vel expressa praepositione: ut, Eo Romam, Brundusium, Carthaginem, Athenas, Siciliam, Cretam, Rus, Domum, Vel, ad Romam, ad Brundusium, ad Carthaginem, ad Athenas, ad Siciliam, ad Cretam.
42. Note.
It is not onely said, Eo Romam, but likewise, Ad Romam. Cic. de Sen, Miles profectus sum ad Capuam, quintoque anno post ad Tarentum. Quaestor. Caesar. 3. Civil. Cassius ad Messanam navibus evocavit. Propert. lib. 3. Ad doctas proficisci cogor Athenas Plaut. Bacchi. In Ephesum hinc abij, & Epid, Quando hinc iturus est in Seleuciam.
Secondly, it is not onely said, Eo Italiam, but likewise In Italiam. Cic. pro lege Manilia. Sardiniam cum classe venit. Suet. Aug. ca. 17. Ab Actio cum Samum Insulam, In Hybernia se recepisset. Iustin. lib. 20. Aegyptum primo profectus Cretam contenderat. Tacit. lib. 2. Germanicus Aegyptum pro ficiscitur. Mela. lib. 3. cap. 6. Aegyptum tendere. Virg. Tendimus Italiam. There are [Page 102] very many examples of this kind in Livi.
Thirdly obserue, that somtimes nounes Appellatives are found without a preposition, but it is not good to use it ordinarily, Virg. l. 6. Devenere locos laetus, & amaeno vireta. Apul. lib. 9. Proximam civitatem deducere consueverunt.
Appollativis additur praepositio: ut, Ad forum, ad urbem.
Vide 42. Note.
Adverbia reddentur haec: Huc, istuc, illhuceo, eodem, illo, aliquo, alio, n [...]utro, utroque, quoque, quocumque, quovis, quolibet, intro, foras, peregre, longe, nusquam. Teren. Hecy. Abi Parmeno intro.
De Quâ.
Si per Qua fiat interrogatio, per propria respondentes, Ablativo utemur, vel accusativo cum praepositione, Per: ut, Qua iter fecesti? Roma, Brundusio, Carthagine, Athenis, Rure, Domo: vel, per Romam, per Brundusium, per Carthaginem, per Athenas.
43. Note.
Observe first that there are very learned [Page 103] men that h [...]ld Qua, which ordinarily is held for an Adverbe, to be the Ablative of Quis, supplying Via, as, Qua iter fecisti? id est, Qua via iter fecisti? this appeareth very probable; for that all these which a [...]swer to it, are such to which Via may be supplied, as, hac via, &c.
Secondly, it is to bee noted, that not onely may it bee said, Feci iter Roma, but also Per Romam. Howbeit of the one and the other there are few examples; for ordinarily they expressed it by other wayes, as, Cum transirem Romam, praeterijssem Brundusium, Attigissem Capuam, &c.
Proprijs Provinciarum, & Appellativis clare additur praepositio Per: ut, per Siciliam, per Cretam, per forum, per Vrbem.
Cum rogamur per Qua, reddemus etiam Haec. Hac, isthac, illhac, aliqua, qualibet, quacumque. Terent. Eun. hac, illhac, perfluo.
De Adverbio Quorsum.
Si per Quorsum fiat interrogatio, quaecumque sint nomina ponuntur in accusativ [...], cum hâc voce, versus, Vt Quorsum tendis? Romam [Page 104] versus, Siciliam versus.
Redduntur etiam haec Adverbia, Horsum, istorsum, illorsum, aliorsum, sursum, deorsum, dextrorsum, sinistrorsum, laevorsum, prorsum, rursum, introrsum, vel introrsus, re [...]rorsum vel retrorsus, quoquoversum vel quoquoversus, Teren. Phorm. Horsum pergunt.
Satis, abunde, affatim, parum, i [...]star, ergo pro causâ. Genitivum postulant: Teren Phorm. satis iam verborum est.
Pridie, & postridie, & genitivo & accusativo eleganter iunguntur. Pridie eius [...]iei venit. postridie ludos Apollinares.
Propius, & proxime accusativo adhaerent. Propius urbem▪ proxime Italiam, id est, ad Vrbem, ad Italiam.
Some insert here a large Catalogue, how some Adverbs are to be used, which you shall see in the 45. Note.
44. Note.
In the Adverbes Propius and proxime, the preposition Ad is understood, by which the accusative is ruled: which sometimes the Latines doe conceale for [Page 105] elegancie, and others have expressed it. Cic. in Partit. Accedere propiús ad sensum alicuius, & 1. de natura Deo. Ad similitudinem enim Deo propius accedebat humana virtus, & pro Mil. Proxime ad Deos accessit Clodius. For if these governe an accusative, why say they not, that Proximus also doth governe an accusative, since Plaut. said in Paenul. Proximus te sum? But here and in the rest the preposition ad, ought to be understood, which Ovid expressed when he said, Proximus ad dominam nullo prohibente sedeto.
45. Note.
Vt, when it signifieth Postquam, is ioyned to an Indicative: Cic. Vt ab vrbe discessi: and when it importeth the same that Quomodo, with a certaine admiration. Ter. Vt falsus es animi!
Vt, after these words, Adeo, ita, sic, tam, talis, tantus, tot, is ioyned ordinarily to the Subiunctive moode, Cic. Non sum ita hebes, ut ista dicam.
Antequam and priusquam, are ioyned to an Indicative and a Subiunctive. Cic. Priusquam [Page 106] de Rep. dicere incipio, vel incipiam ▪
Ne, when we command that any thing be not done, is put with a Subiunctive and an Imperative. Ne jures, ne jura.
Nae, id est, profectò, if it shall be put before any Pronoune is ioyned to an Indicative; or a Subiunctive. Teren. Adelph. Nae ego sum infaelix. Cic. 1. Ph. Nae tu, si id fecisses, melius famae tuae consuluisses.
The adverbes in um, and these words, Per, perquam, quam sanè ▪ and others such like, are ioyned with positives nounes, as, Perfacilis. Cic. 2. Fin. In rebus apertissimis nimium longi sumus.
Adverbs ending in, O, are ioyned with comparatives. Multò and Longè to comparatives and superlatives, Cice. 1. Offi. Quanto superiores sumus, tantò nos submissius geramus. Idem in Ver. Arrogantia ingenij est mul [...]ò molestissima. Idem in Brut. Servilius longe post natos homines improbissimus.
It is likewise said, Facile doctissimus, and Quam doctissimus.
Note that Adiectives signifying time, are as well by the Latine as Greeke Poets often put in place of the Adverbs, as, Virg. 3. Georg. Nec gregibus nocturnus obambulat, [Page 107] id est, nocturn [...] vel noctu: so Aenead. 8. Nec minus Aeneas se matutinus agebat, for manè: so Homer. Il. 13. [...]; Non decet virum consiliarium dormire nocturnum, id est, per totam noctem. And sometimes in Prose. Plin. Haec singula & matutina & vespertina dantur, pro mane & vesperi.
De Interiectione.
O, Heu, & Proh. Nominandi, Accusandi, & Vocandi casibus junguntur, ut O pietas, Heu cladem, Proh Iupiter.
Hei, & vae Dativo gaudent: ut, hei mihi; vaetibi. Omnes hi casus aliunde reguntur, quam ab Interi [...]ctionibus.
46 Note.
To an Interiection are ioyned the said Cases, for it seemeth not probable that they governe them. The Nominative is never governed of any, onely it concordeth. It cannot bee understood how a Vocative should rule, since it is that to which the speech is directed. In all other [Page 108] Cases something is inexpressed, as, Vae tibi, id est, Vae tibi imminet supplicium, vel quid simile, &c. O, me miserum, id est, O, poena manet me miserum, &c. O, Iupiter, id est, O, ubi es Iupiter, insomuch as Virg. O, ubi campi, id est, O, ubi sunt campi. And this is evident, for without any preiudice of the speech, the Interiection may be left out: as Me miserum quantis assicior! Iupiter quid mali foci! Misero mihi, quanta me premunt mala! Then behold you from whence these cases be governed, when there is no Interiection, which when they have them, shall be governed by the selfe same part: from whence commeth it, that in good Prints, is put alwaies after an Interiection, a Comma, or rather signe, which would not be done, if the case following should bee governed thereof, as Vae, mihi misero, O Iupiter.
De Coniunctione.
Coniunctiones copulativae & disiunctivae Orationes coniungunt, disiunguntque, casus etiam similes, cum ad idem verbum referuntur, sed hoc non necessario: ut, Caesar pugnat, & Cicero scribit; forma & gloria fragilis est; [Page 109] Horatius. Aut ob avaritiam, aut misera ambitione laborat. Cic. 4. Epist. Me, & tibi exire ex urbe necesse sit.
47 Note.
It was wont to be said, that a Conjunction ioyneth necessarily alike Cases, which is false, as well appeareth by the two last examples of Horace, and Cicero, as also for that construction requireth oftentimes the contrary, V. Gr. fuisti Romae, an Athenis?
48 Note.
Etsi, Tametsi, Quanquam, in the beginning of a speech, are very elegantly ioyned to an Indicative, but in the middle, and end of a speech, they are ioyned to an Indicative, or to a Subiunctive. Cic. pro Milone. Etsi vereor Iudices. Teren. And Obtundis tametsi intelligo, vel intelligam. Etiamsi Quamvis, Licet, ut, when it is taken for Quamvis, require a Subjunctive. Cice. de Amici. omnia brevia, & tolerabilia esse debent, etiamsi maxima sunt.
Tam and Quam are ordinarily annexed to positives, sometimes to superlatives, very seldome to Comparatives, Tam Doctus, quam Sapiens.
De ut, and Ne, after the Verbs, Timeo, Metuo, Vereor.
When we feare what we desire not, wee must say, Timeo ne; when wee feare what we desire, Timeo ut, as, Timeo ne pater veniat, when I desire not his comming. Timeo ut pater veniat, when I desire his comming. Timeo ne non, is the same that Timeo ut, (and not the same as Timeo Ne, as some teach) for that two Negatives make an Affirmative. Cic. Attic. 9. Timeo non impatrē, id est, timeo impatrē. Yet Timeo, ut non, vel Timeo, ut ne, or some other negative whatsoever: as, Timeo ut nolit, Timeo ut nihil faciat, in all these it is the same, as Timeo ne. Finally adding the third negation, it is understood, that one hath no kinde of feare. Cic. 6. in Ver. Non vereor ne hoc officium Servilio non probem, id est, non dubito quin hoc officium meum sim probaturus Servilio. The same which hath beene said in Timeo, is to be understood in Metuo, and Vereor.