CAVALLRIE, ſo called ofDerived from the Latine word Caballus, and this from the Greek word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 . Cavallo; (which in the Italian and Spaniſh ſignifieth a horſe) is worthily eſteemed a moſt noble and neceſſarie part of the military profeſſion: which being the ſubject of my diſcourſe, it may be reduced to theſe foure heads.

In the levying of men, there be two things conſiderable; 1. The election of officers. 2. The election of ſouldiers.

Concerning the officers, they may be conſidered, 1. In generall, 2. In particular.

AS in politique government, ſo in this militarie profeſſion, every man by a naturall impreſſion is ready to conceive himſelf to be fit to command and govern others, though he never knew how to obey; whereas in every mechanicall trade or manufacture, an apprenticehood is firſt paſſed in the learning of it, before it be profeſſed and exerciſed. In this profeſſion of armes (Le plus relevé, le plus haſardeux, & le plus difficille ſubject du monde. Le meſtier des Nobles, la prattique des courageux, & l'exercice des Princes & des Roys; Monſieur Praiſſac. an art obtained with greateſt difficulty, and practiſed with moſt danger) men would be Captains before they be ſouldiers. And hereof the chief cauſe is ignorance, the fruitfull mother of all errours. For ſurely, if their end and aime were honour, and they knew how frail and mutable the eſtate of a ſouldier is; and that in a moment a man may looſe all the reputation obtained by many yeares induſtry; (In aliis rebus ſi quid erratum eſt, poteſt poſtmodum corrigi: Praeliorum delicta emendationem non recipiunt, cùm poena ſtatius ſequatur errorem; Cato apud Vegetium, lib. 1. cap. 13 the errours in warre admitting no amendment, as in other profeſſions; but carrying their preſent puniſhment with them) and had they ſeen many ſhamefully chaſed from the army, and proclaimed infamous; and others paſſe through the hands of the hangman; they would (doubtleſſe) ſtrive with much induſtry and diligence to enable themſelves, before they came to undertake the exerciſe of ſo dangerous an employment. And they are not a little miſtaken, which think theirNon repellatur imperator pauper ſi cum virtute ſit, quanquam claris ac illuſtribus majoribus ortus non ſit; Leo. Tract. cap. 2. 25. birth a ſufficient pretence to places of honour, without any qualification or merit; there being other things more reall and eſſentiall In legitimo duce quin que haec requiro; Scientiam, virtutem, providentiam, autoritatem, fortunam; Lipſ. polit. lib. 5. cap. 15. required in an officer; namely, Knowledge, experience, valour, dexteritie, &c.

To be under command for a time, depreſſeth thoſe vehement paſſions which nature exciteth, eſpecially in young men, which would be very dangerous in a chief or commander. Moreover, it accuſtometh a man to danger, andScientia rei bellicae dimicandi nutrit audaciam; Veg. lib. 1. cap. 15. maketh him couragious; ſo as being ſuddainly aſſailed, he can recollect himſelf without aſtoniſhment; a moſt neceſſary thing in a commander. Adde to this, that by uſing himſelf to travell and labour, watching, hunger, thirſt, rain, and froſt; and by

Mars is therefore called Gradivus (as Feſtus hath it) quia gradatim, & per ordinem militaria officia diſtribuenda ſunt.

And that this was the conſtant practiſe of antiquitie, is moſt apparent. Rufus diu manipularis, deia centurio, mox castris praefectus; Tacit. lib. 2. &c.

TOuching the particular officers, the Iphicrates reſembled an army to a mans body; calling the heavy armed the body, the light armed the hands, the horſe the feet, and the Generall the head; Plutarch. Generall of the horſe, as being one of the principall Chiefs of an armie, muſt be a ſouldier of extraordinary experience and valour; having in charge the nerve of the principall forces, and on whom the good ſucceſſe of many deſignes and actions dependeth, as being moſt uſually executed by the Cavallrie, eſpecially in battells: where the charging of the enemy in good order uſually giveth victorie; and contrariwiſe, the

Witneſſe the battell of Gembloers, deſcribed by Meteren. lib. 8. where the Infanterie is overthrown by their own horſe.

So did the Burgundians; Les hommes d'armes Bourguignons rompirent leurs propres Archers; Phil. de Comines. lib. 1. cap. 3.

THe charge of the Lieutenant Generall of the horſe hath ever been held of very great importance; and therefore muſt be ſupplyed by a perſon of great experience and valour: one that muſt be very carefull and diligent, becauſe he uſually marcheth and lodgeth with the Cavallrie. For which cauſe he ought to be well verſed in the opportunitie of the wayes, upon occaſion of meeting the enemy in marching.

Erat Philopoemen praecipuae in ducendo agmine locíſque capiendis ſolertiae atque uſus. Nec belli tantùm temporibus, ſed etiam in pace ad id maximè animum exercuerat. Ʋbi iter quopiam faceret, & ad difficilem tranſitu ſaltum veniſſet, contemplatus ab omni parte loci naturam, cúm ſolus iret, ſecum ipſe agitabat animo; cùm comites haberet, ab iis quaerebat, ſi hoſtis coloco apparuiſſet; quid ſi à fronte, quid ſi à latere hoc aut illo, quid ſi à tergo adoriretur, capiendum conſilii foret; T. Livius dec. 4. lib. 5. He muſt alwayes have his thoughts buſied about the motions of the enemie, diſcourſing with himſelf from what part they might ſhew themſelves, with what number of men, whether with Infanterie or not, in how many houres they might come upon him from their armie or garriſon, and whether they might preſent themſelves in a place of advantage; that ſo it might be prevented, as need ſhould require.

He muſt alſo adviſedly chooſe commodious places for the quarters or lodgings, providing good guards, cauſing the highwayes to be ſcoured or diſcovered, placing men on thoſe paſſages where the enemie might make head, not neglecting to ſend out rounders, and omitting no diligence to ſecure the quarter in which the Cavallrie findeth it ſelf expoſed to greater dangers then can befall it any other way, eſpecially being lodged without Infanterie.

He muſt alſo procure to have ſpies, not onely in the enemies army, but alſo upon their frontiers, to penetrate their deſignes and intentions, omitting no inventions which may ſtand him in ſtead to avoid inconveniences; knowing that diligence is the mother of good fortune.Cui enim tanta poteſtatis inſignia tribuuntur, cujus fidei atque virtuti poſſeſſorum fortunae, tutela virium, ſalus militum, rei publicae creditur gloria: non tantùm pro univerſo exercitu, ſed etiam pro ſingulis contubernalibus debet eſſe ſolicitus. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 10. His particular care is to ſee that the Captains wrong not their ſouldiers, that they keep their companies in good ſtate and well armed, and that themſelves and their officers do their endeavours, and obſerve good order and diſcipline.

Towards the ſouldiers he muſt be no leſſe affable, and readie to heare them willingly in their juſt complaints, and to help them in their neceſſities, then rigorous in puniſhing.

He ſhould alſo (himſelf being free from covetouſneſſe) give order to others to uſe noExtortions (of diverſe kindes) are puniſhable with death, by the edict of Marſhall law, publiſhed by the States of the united provinces; Artic. 41. extortion, whereby the country is ruined, and the ſouldier made odious, to the prejudice of the Prince his ſervice; it being evident that too great a libertie of the ſouldiers produceth nothing but very bad effects.

Upon divers occaſions of ſending a good part of the Cavallrie to divers places, the charge is given to the Lieutenant generall; not onely of the horſe, but alſo of the foot which accompany them, according to the occurrences: for which cauſe he muſt alſo know how to command the Infanterie.

In abſence of the Generall the whole weight reſteth upon him; and to him are the orders ſent from the Lord Generall or Lord Marſhall, and to him (as Chief) reports are made of all the occurrences of the Cavallrie.

He may ſequeſter a Captain from his companie, upon juſt cauſe and demerit; but cannot reſtore him without order from the Generall, who firſt gives notice thereof to the Lord Generall.

He was wont to have a companie of lances, which uſually were lodged neare his perſon; whereof foure ſouldiers alwayes attend him. When he paſſeth by the quarters of Cavallrie the trumpets ſound, but not in the Generalls quarter, or where he is. When the Generall of horſe commandeth the whole army, and therefore takes his place (in fight) in the battell, the Lieutenant Generall placeth himſelf in the vanguard of the Cavallrie, where otherwiſe the Generall uſeth to be.

THe Commiſſarie Generall commandeth in the abſence of the Lieutenant Generall, and therefore muſt be a man of great experience. This charge was firſt inſtituted by Don Ferrand de Gonzagua, afterward continued by the Duke of Alva, and confirmed by the Duke of Parma, and ſo remained. He muſt be vigilant, and carefull to appeaſe diſſentions which grow among the ſouldiers, as he which dealeth moſt with them. He is to ſend and diſtribute the orders, and keep

The Romanes were very exact in keeping records and liſts of their forces, watches, duties, payes, &c.

Quotidianas (etiam in pace) vigilias; item excubitum ſive angarias de omnibus centuriis & contuberniis, quae viciſſim milites faciunt; ut nè quis contra juſtitiam praegravetur, aut alicui praeſtetur immunitas: nomina eorum qui vices ſuas fecerunt, brevibus inſeruntur. Veg. lib. 2. cap. 19.

SInce that theSo Melzo and Baſta teſtifie, and complain of it in their writings. Captains places have been diſpoſed of by the Prince (as the Captains in Flanders are appointed at the court of Spain) there are grown theſe two inconveniences upon it; Firſt, young and unexperienced gentlemen are made Captains. Secondly, many good ſouldiers are loſt, which ſeeing their hopes of advancement by degrees and merit cut off, abandon the ſervice. Whereas the charge of a Captain of horſe is of ſo great importance and qualitie in the army, as it ſhould not be given to any, but to men of ſingular valour and experience: for often it falleth out, that of themſelves, without orders or counſel of any other (as occaſion requireth) they muſt execute ſervices of great weight and conſequence.Dux itaque vigiians, ſobrius, prudens, &c. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 9. Sit agilis, magìs ad faciendum quàm ad loquendum paratus: qui ſuos ad diſciplinam retineat, & ad armorum exercitia cogat, ut bene veſtiti ſint, ut arma omnium defricentur ac ſplendeant; Cum admiratione equum poſſint aſcendere, equitare fortiſſimè, conto ſcienter uti, ad omnia eruditi quae equeſtris pugna depoſcit; Veg. lib. 2. cap. 14. He muſt be vigilant, ſober, continent, modeſt in his apparell, curious to have good horſes and arms, thereby to give example to his ſouldiers, and to ſee them punctuall in their ſervice, and exactly obſervant of diſcipline; for their excurſions and extortions cannot be remedied, unleſſe the Captain keep them in order: wherein if he be negligent, he looſeth his reputation with his ſuperiours. If he be covetous or given to gaming, he is ready to be drawn to lay hands (oftentimes) on the pay due to the ſouldiers; whereby he alſo overthroweth his reputation and credit. A covetous deſire of riches ſhould not enter into a generous heart. He muſt diligently and punctually obſerve the orders which ſhall be given or ſent him from his ſuperiours, and be at the place at the appointed houre with his companie, and others under his charge. On all occaſions he muſt be firſt on horſeback, and keep his company full and compleat. He muſt alwayes ſtrive by deſert to advance himſelf to higher places, alwayes ſtudying how to endammage his enemy; to this end he ought often toPraecipua res & utilitas ducis, eſt ut, adhibitis ex univerſo exercitu ſcientibus viris, de ſuis & hoſtium copiis ſaepius tractet, &c. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 9. conſult with his beſt experienced ſouldiers. He muſt endeavour to know every one of his ſouldiers by theirSciat etiam (ſi poteſt fieri) nominatim, quis comes, quis tribunus, quis domeſticus, quis contubernalis, &c. Ibid. cap. 10. names, that ſo he may diſtinctly name them upon occaſion of employment; it being an encouragement to them to be known by name of their Captain. Whatſoever ſhould befall, he muſtNam neceſſe eſt, ad fugam parati ſint, qui ducem ſuum ſentiant deſperare; Veg. lib. 3. cap. 22. take heed of diſcovering any feare, on whoſe courage and countenance the ſouldiers depend, and muſt alwayes ſhew a good reſolution in the orders which he ſhall give, without confounding himſelf; knowing that there is no place for counſel in him, who hath his diſcourſe of reaſon ſeazed by feare. He muſtStrenuos viros muneribus honorabis, &c. Ità enim fiet, ut majori fortiorí que animo ſint qui dimicabunt. Ʋbi enim honores & praemia habentur bonis, ſupplicia & poenae afferuntur malis, ibi bonam ſpem habebit exercitus; Leo, Tact. cap. 16. cheriſh his well deſerving ſouldiers, and caſhere the contrary; and it muſt be his care to have one or more of his ſouldiers wellTuum & hoſtilem exercitum, locorum ſitum, naturam regionis noſce; Livius, 22. skilled in the wayes of the countrey, to ſerve him as guides: (becauſe the boores are neither alwayes at hand, nor alwayes to be truſted) and to ſuch he is to give ſome allowance extraordinary. Out of his company he is to chooſe his Lieutenants, Cornets, &c. weighing onely every ones merit, without any paſſion; whereby he ſhall give content and encouragement to his ſouldiers, and ſhall be ſure not to be croſſed by the Generall in the confirmation of the ſaid officers.

The charge of the troops uſed to be given to the Captains of lances, as having a prerogative above other Captains of horſe, or to the eldeſt Captain: yet the Chief ought to have regard to their ſufficiencie for command, and to give the charge to them that are ableſt to perform it.

In abſence of the Captains of lances (when they were in uſe) the Captains of cuiraſſiers commanded; and in their abſence, the Captains of harquebuſiers. The Lieutenants obſerved the ſame rules.

IT is neceſſary, that the Lieutenant of a troop of horſe be a man of abilitie and experience, nouriſhed and educated in Cavallrie. To this office ſuch were uſually raiſed, which (for their deſerts) had been Corporalls and Cornets.

So much his name implieth: for the French word Lieutenant ſignifieth one which ſupplieth the place of another.In the Captains abſence he commandeth the companie, upon whom uſually all difficulties do reſt; becauſe (oft times) the companies are given to young gentlemen which want experience. He muſt be ſtrict in ſeeing the ſouldiers do their ſervice with all fitting punctualitie, and to have a care of their horſes and arms.The Lieutenant (with antiquity) was called Tergidux, that is, Reare-commander; and therefore the reare is fitly aſſigned him as his proper place. He alwayes marcheth in the reare of the companie, cauſing the ſouldiers to follow the Captain and Standard (or Cornet) in good order, well cloſed together, and to ſuffer none to depart from the troop. Upon occaſion of fight he is ſtill to be on the reare with his ſword drawn, encouraging the ſouldiers, and killing any that ſhall offer to flie or disband: but in caſe of the Captains abſence, he ſhall take the Captains place, appointing an officer to be in the reare. In the ordinarie marching of the companie, or paſſing by ſome place, or going to the allarm-place, or to the parado, the Lieutenant muſt not take the Captains place, but march in the reare, becauſe the lances and cuiraſſiers have their Cornets to leade them at the head of the companie. Among the harquebuſiers the Lieutenant was wont to take the Captains place, (according to Melzo and Baſta) becauſe then they had noAs the Velites among the Romanes, qui nec ſigna propria habuere, nec duces; Lipſ. ad Polyb. lib. 2. Cornets; but theſe laſt warres having given them Cornets, the rule holdeth for them as for the lances and cuiraſſiers.

The Romanes required it in their private ſouldiers, and to caſt account alſo.

In quibuſdam notarum peritia, calculandi computandíque uſus exigitur; Veg. lib. 2. cap. 19.

THe Cornet of horſe muſt be couragious. In abſence of the Captain and Lieutenant he commandeth the companie. His place of march is in the front, before the firſt rank, yet behinde the Captain. In fight, the Cornet of lances uſed to march even with the Captain, upon his left hand; and charging with him, ſtrove to break the ſtandard upon his enemy; which being ſo broken and falling to the ground,This is contrary to the uſe of Infanterie, among which the preſerving of the colours hath ever been prized above life: as appeared (among others) by one Jaques Martaeus, who finding himſelf forſaken by moſt of the ſouldiers, fought ſo long as he could; then wound himſelf in his colours and died; Meteren. lib. 4. But if the enemy ſhould get the cornet unbroken, then it were a great diſgrace; Baſta lib. 4. he was not to regard to get it up again (eſpecially not to alight for it.) If he were to charge a flying enemy (whether horſe or foot) he was alſo to aſſay to break his ſtandard.

The Cornet of cuiraſſiers in march hath his place at the head of the company, and alſo preſenteth himſelf in the allarm-place; but in fight he is to be in the middle of the troop, leaving ⅔ parts of the ſouldiers behinde him: Optimus cujuſ que decuria praponi, & ductor caeterorum omnium eſſe debet; Aelian. cap. 5. Curandum, ut etiam jugum ſecundum milite conſtet idoneo; Ib. cap. 13 The reaſon is, becauſe the firſt rank being the edge, it muſt be made good by the ſecond and the reſt, if occaſion be. thoſe before him muſt be of the beſt armed, and moſt couragious. He muſt alſo keep a liſt of the companie, to ſend ſo many to the guard as the Captain or Lieutenant ſhall appoint. Once a day, at the Lord Generalls firſt paſſing by the troop, he is to do obeyſance, by inclining the cornet towards the ground.

THe The particular Quartermaſters, the Romanes called Metatores; Veg. lib. 2. cap. 7. Alſo Menſores, qui in caſtris ad podiſmum dimetiuntur loca, in quibus milites tentoria figant, vel hospitia in civitatibus praeſtant; Ibid. Metatores ſive menſuratores praemittes, qui caſtrorum ambitum, in quo caſtra ponentur, dimetiantur; & certam quandam menſuram cum proportione juſta unicuique turmae tribuant; Leo Tact. cap. 9.7. particular Quartermaſters ſhould be men ſo qualified, as reaſonably they might pretend the Cornet, and (in abſence of the Cornet) might command the companie. When all the companies are lodged together, they accompanie the Quartermaſter Generall in making the quarters: but being to be lodged in ſeverall places (as often it happeneth) ſome accompanie the Lieutenant Generall, others the Commiſſary Generall. Where a Captain commandeth the quarter, the particular Quartermaſter of that reſpective company maketh the quarter. There is much fidelitie required in them, in conſideration of diſtributing the word, and the billets. They uſe alſo to diſtribute the ſouldiers pay, in the King of Spains warres; but on the States ſide the clerks of the companie onely meddle with the ſouldiers pay, and account to their Captain; having a cuiraſſiers pay, and being exempted from bearing arms, or doing the duties of a ſouldier.

In going with the Quartermaſter Generall to make the lodgings, the Quartermaſter muſt be very diligent, taking with him one or two ſouldiers (ſuch as the Lieutenant ſhall appoint him) which ſhall return to their companie, and conduct them to their quarter.

IT is not enough that a Trumpeter know how (exactly) to ſound all the ſeverall ſounds of the trumpet, but he muſt alſo be diſcreet and judicious; not onely to be fit to deliver embaſſies and meſſages as they ought, but (at his return) toNe manco ſi laſci troppo uſare la frequentia di venire trombetti & tamburri: perche in quel'eſſercito tall'-hora ſon huomini molto aſtuti & pratichi; da poterti nocere aſſai; G. Cataneo. di fortif. &' cap. 4. report what he hath obſerved concerning the enemies works and guards, and what he hath further gathered and ſpied. To do this, he muſt be wittie and ſubtile, knowing how to invent and affirm things which are not, artificially concealing whatſoever paſſeth among thoſe of his own ſide. He muſt ſound theThat is, ſet on the ſaddle; being the firſt ſound when the horſe are to march: the next is a chevall, that is, mount on horſeback: the third and laſt is a ſtandart, that is, repaire to your Cornet. See chap. 32. boutezſelle preciſely at the houre appointed him; and when the Cornet giveth him the liſt of the guards, he muſt ſignifie it unto them. One Trumpeter muſt alwayes lodge with the Cornet, to whom the Captain is to give means for his entertainment. He muſt alwayes have his trumpet about him, to have it ready at a ſudden allarm.

OF all things in the charge of the Provoſt Marſhall, his principall care muſt be about the victualls. He muſt be an honeſt man, and content with his fees. He is to look to the weights and meaſures, and to guard the victuallers (or ſutlers) from inſolencies. Himſelf or ſome of his men muſt alwayes be in the market-place, or where the victualls are ſold; and he is to inform himſelf where and at what price the ſutlers buy their victuall, that the Commiſſarie and Auditor may tax them accordingly. He muſt cauſe the orders to be ſtrictly obſerved which ſhall be publiſhed in the horſe-quarters: and thoſe quarters muſt he purge of rogues and theeves. He muſt alwayes carry his ſtaffe or truncheon in his hand, (the badge of his office) and having the ſame,See the States edict, Art. 78. it is death for any ſouldier any way to lay hands on him. If he be to take a priſoner, he muſt not enter the quarter without leave of the Chief, but the Chief is to cauſe the delinquent to be delivered to him. But if the offence be hainous, ſo as the delinquent is like to run away for it, he may (of his own authoritie) enter any quarter; but not carry the priſoner away without licenſe of the Chief of that quarter. In marching, he is to cleare the by-wayes of ſtragling ſouldiers, to prevent them of pillaging.

Some make it part of his charge to provide guides, and to have regard to the baggage, both for the placing of it in the quarter, as alſo for the ſafetie of it; to that end ſending one of his men before, with the Quartermaſter Generall, by whom the baggage may be conducted to the place aſſigned. But this more properly belongeth to the office and charge of the waggon-maſter.

SOuldiers take their name from the Dutch word Soldye, which ſignifieth pay or ſtipend; profit being one of the ends why men undertake the military profeſſion, and honour not the onely Monſieur de la Noüe his ſouldiers, in ſervice of the States, ſo regarded their reputation, as (after ſome want of pay) news being brought that it was come, & they being to receive it, they made anſwer, it was not then a time to take money, but to attend the exploits which they had in hand; Meter. lib. 9. (though the chiefeſt) of their aimes. And therefore they which were of opinion, that the way to reform the Militia of Flanders, was to redouble the labours of the ſouldiers and ſhorten their pay, were much miſtaken. And it will rather be found, that the ſcanting of the ſouldiers profits and increaſing their toile, procured the corruption of their Cavallrie. The honeſt profit of a ſouldier may be twofold. 1. Ordinarie, which is ſet pay. 2. Extraordinarie, which are rewards for ſpeciall meriting ſervices; and theſe are joyned with honour.

Among the Romanes,Anno urbis conditae 349. decrevit Senatus ut ſtipendium miles de publico acciperet, cum ante id tempus de ſuo quiſque ſunctus eo munere eſſet. Livius. lib. 4. the Legionary ſouldiers had allowance of pay, corn, and apparrell, by a decree of the Senate 349 yeares after the building of the city; having till that time ſerved without pay, but not without many profits, and having all neceſſaries provided them of the publique. A horſe-mans pay was then a drachma or denarius a day (of our money aboutImperatoris miles, qui veſte & annonâ publicâ paſcitur. Veget. lib. 2. cap. 19. 7½) In Caeſars time it was doubled; (asJulio, cap. 26. Suetonius teſtifieth) and Auguſtus augmented it to 3. denarii a day. They had theirImperatoris miles, qui veſte & annonâ publicâ paſcitur. Veget. lib. 2. cap. 19. apparrell allowed them of the publique, and corn; namely wheat for themſelves and attendants, and barley and oats for their horſes,Polyb. lib. 6. being two medimni of wheat, and ſeven of barley and oats a moneth (the medimnus being about a buſhell and a half of our meaſure) They had alſo their ſhares of booties, which were very large and ample. Beſides, for extraordinarie rewards, they had oftentimesLivius, lib. 31. aſſignements of land, of inheritance, and houſes alſo; ſufficient to maintain them without uſing any trades. Moreover, they had rewards in money. At the triumph ofAppianus. Mithrid. Pompey out of Aſia, every private ſouldier had 1500 drachmas, (of our money 46 pounds 3 ſhillings 9 pence) and the officers in proportion. And ſhortly after, at the triumphIbid. de Bel civ. lib. 2. of Caeſar, every ſouldier had 5000 drachmas, (which is 156 pounds 5 ſhillings) &c. Furthermore,Lipſius de Milit. Rom. lib. 5. ex Polyb. they had many kindes of honourable rewards for ſignall acts, and thoſe beſtowed in great pomp at publique aſſemblies of all the commanders, by the Imperator (or Generall) himſelf, and a record kept of thoſe ſervices. Theſe rewards were of many kindes; as ſeverall ſorts of arms, horſes, rich trappings, jewels, golden bracelets; &c. Beſides, their ſeverall ſorts of crowns, as theirFor the ſeveral kinds of theſe Crowns (both for matter and form) ſee them repreſented in figure by Stewechius upon Vegetius. For what merits they were beſtowed Lipſius ſetteth down, lib. 5. de milit. Rom. Corona civica, obſidionalis, muralis, caſtrenſis, vallaris, navalis; &c. which crownes were put upon their heads in great ſtate and ſolemnitie by the Generall. Theſe they wore upon all publique occaſions; as at playes, in triumphs, in judgment, &c. Ʋrbanum verò magiſtratum non antè capere cuiquam fas, quàm decem ſtipendia militíae adimplerit. Polyb. for their militarie profeſſion made them the more capable (afterwards) of offices in the adminiſtration of the Common-wealth.

If but ſuch profits and encouragements were given to ſouldiers in theſe dayes, it were eaſie to keep them in good order and diſcipline. But what isA horſemans pay in the king of Spains armie. ſeven Phillips dallers (35 ſhillings engliſh) a moneth for a horſe-man, to maintain himſelf, his boy, and two horſes, and that but ill paid? whence ſhall he have meanes to provide himſelf apparrell? and if his horſe fail, how ſhall he be able to buy another? And whereas a horſe-man at the time when this pay was firſt ordered, could put himſelf inThe Romans (out of the publique treaſurie) allowed to every horſeman dena millia aeris (about 25 pounds ſterling) to buy his horſe: and bina millia (five pounds) to keep him, Livius, lib. 1. ſufficient equipage for 20 or 25 Phillips dallers (which is 5 pounds, or 6 pounds 5 ſhillings) now the price of all things is ſo raiſed, as he ſhall hardly accompliſh it with 60, which is 15 pounds ſtarling. As for extraordinarie rewards they are very rare, offices uſually being beſtowed for favour, if not for money. So that good ſpirits and honeſt men (ſeeing their way ofThus Melzo and Baſta complained, being both Lieutenant Generals in the king of Spains warres, in the Low countries. advancement cut off, and conſidering that without pillaging and robbing they cannot live) give over the ſervice. They which remain, infringing all diſcipline (many of them)Quibus ob egeſtatem & ſlagitia, maxima peccandi neceſſitudo eſt. Tacit. 3. Annal. fall to extortion and ſtealing: and if an officer ſhall puniſh them for it, he giveth occaſion of mutinies.

AS every Common-wealth is ſupported by reward and puniſhment, ſo to reform the Cavalrie (where there is need of reformation) there muſt be good laws, and good pay: for,Diſciplinam non potest ſervare jejunus exercitus. Caſſiod. to ſuffer a ſouldier to fall into want by not giving him competent maintenance, maketh him forget obedience and diſcipline. It were therefore better to diminiſh theirLa diſcipline manquante, plus y a d' hommes, plus y a de deſordre et confuſion. De la Noüe. diſc. milit. & polit. 13. number then their profits: That done, they may eaſily be brought to a ſtrict obſervation of diſcipline and obedience. The laws and articles which ought to be propounded unto them, ſhould compriſe all that is to be obſerved in militarie diſcipline: for brevitie ſake (preſuppoſing all good orders about the ſervice of God, the ſevere chaſtiſing of blaſphemers, the ſtrict forbiding of gaming (as the occaſion of waſte of money, and begetting quarrels) and ſuch like morall inſtitutions. It ſhall here ſuffice to touch upon ſome few of the moſt neceſſarie for the Cavallrie.

1The States edict intituled Crychs-recht &c. in the 17. article. Alle Capitetjuen &c. puniſheth every Captain with death that ſhall receive any ſouldier of another company without lawfull conſent of his former Captain. That no Captain receive any ſouldiers of another companie, or make any officers, without approbation of the Generall; to the end he may take notice of the qualitie of the perſon. And that ſuch ſouldiers as are diſabled to undergo the labour of the warre, through age, be removed to ſome caſtle &c. and be provided of ſome competencie, out of dead payes, or otherwiſe.

2 That, to avoid theThe baggage, the Romanes called impedimenta; becauſe of the hinderance which it bringeth to the armie marching. trouble of much baggage, which much ſlackeneth the motion of the Cavallrie, no man carry aAmong the militarie inſtitutions of the Emperour Frederick the firſt (an̄o. 1152) recorded by Guntherus, this is one; Non erit in noſtris nobiſcum foemina caſtris. &c. woman into the field. That no ſouldier have above one horſe of ſervice for his baggage, unleſſe ſome perſon of qualitie, with whom the Commiſſarie Generall may diſpenſe. And that no officer of a companie have a waggon, but onely the Captain, and he to have onely one.

3 That rewards and honourable recompenſes be eſtabliſhed for ſouldiers of ſpeciall deſert, and puniſhments for ſluggards: in particular, about attending the Cornet and obedience to the ſound of the trumpet.Die marcherende &c. ſyn vaandel oft Cornette ſal veriaeten, ſal (ſonder alle genade) metter doot geſtraft worden. Ibid. artic. 24. And that ſuch as forſake the ſtandard (or cornet) whileſt it is advanced, be puniſhed with death. That in fight, when the trumpet ſoundeth a retreat,Cyri miles hoſti imminens repreſſit enſem, ſimul receptui canere audierat. Plutarch. Lac. Inutilis miles qui ſignum receptui datum negligit. Seneca de ira. cap. 9. whoſoever preſently retireth not, be puniſhed with ſeveritie. And that the Captain (as oft as the Cornet entereth the Corps-du-guard) himſelf enter with it, all excuſes ſet aſide.

4So ſaith the ſaid edict. totidem verbis. artic. 38. And that on pain of death. That the ſouldiers be kept from ſtragling here and there, and have the companies readie upon all occaſions: the officers are bound not to abſent themſelves from their companies without leave of their ſuperiours.To this agreeth the edict; whether it be under pretence of forraging, or any other colour whatſoever. Artic. 22. And if any ſouldier depart without licenſe, he is to be puniſhed with death.

5 That good order be obſerved about diſtribution of bootie; whereof ſhall be treated in the chapter following.

6All Mutiners or acceſſaries thereunto, all cauſers of unlawfull aſſemblies, or ſuch as are preſent at any ſuch, or that ſhall utter words rending to mutinie &c. the ſaid edict commandeth to be puniſhed with death. Art. 6. 7. 10. 11. &c. That mutinies be prevented: and whoſoever is found to have a hand in any, is to be proclaimed infamous, and perpetually baniſhed.

ALlThe Romanes had excellent laws for diſtributing of bootie. It was all brought to the Queſtor, and by him ſold. The Tribunes divided it equally among the ſouldiers. At the taking of any town by aſſault, none left their ſtations but ſuch as were appointed to pillage, becauſe they were ſure of their juſt ſhare Spe enim lucri inter omnes certâ, ſive maneant, ſive pradas agant, nemo locum ordinémque deſerit. Polyb. lib. 10. The States, in their edict for Martiall law, have eſtabliſhed many excellent laws about the taking, regiſtring, ſelling and diſtributing of bootie as may be ſeen, Crychs-recht Artic. 41. 59, 60, 61, 62, 63, 64. Alſo about taking and ranſoming of priſoners. ibid. bootie (whether it be given by occaſion of defeating the enemy, or going out upon parties, &c.) is free to them that take it, whether they be priſoners, or any thing elſe, the Lord Generall being in the field. But otherwiſe, it is to be ſhared among them that were employed in the action.

One part is for the Infanterie, and two for the Cavallrie: and it is death to him that ſhall let go any priſoner, or horſe, or other bootie, or ſhall uſe any fraud whatſoever: and they that ſhall not diſcover it (knowing of any ſuch deceit) ſhall looſe their ſhares. The Captains, being preſent at the taking of bootie, uſe to have five ſhares, and two for two pages. The Lieutenants three. and the Cornets two, and either of them one for a page. But of later times the Captains take ten parts, the Lieutenants ſix, the Cornets foure, according to the places which they have in forage.

The bootie being reparted, every company giveth 10 per centum to their Captain of what is gotten, though he were not preſent: to the chief of the troop (though but a private ſouldier) two parts, and ſo to the guides.

All the bootie being brought together, they chooſe two of the diſcreeteſt ſouldiers to cauſe the bootie to be ſold: theſe keep accompt of the money taken for it, certifying the Chief thereof, who ordereth to every man his due proportion. The trumpets muſt have leave of the chief Commander of the place to ſell the ſaid bootie, and the buyer is to give one of every twenty to the trumpeter, for his pains in the ſale: which money is to be divided among the trumpeters which were employed in the taking of that bootie; they having no other ſhare.

If one or more horſes were hurt or killed in the combat, or any ſouldiers chanced to be hurt in the ſaid action, thoſe horſes muſt be made good, and the ſouldiers are to be recompenſed, before the bootie be divided, at the diſcretion of the Chief.

If any ſouldiers horſe fall lame, after the troop be marched a good diſtance from the quarter, ſo as he be forced to return back, yet ſhall that ſouldier have his ſhare of the bootie, as if he had been preſent at the taking thereof.

Moreover, concerning the taking of priſoners, becauſe other authors are ſcant in this particular, it will not be amiſſe (for the better ſatisfaction of ſuch as are not acquainted with that language) to adde ſomething out of the States edict, as followeth.

Artic. 59 Every ſouldier (of what condition ſoever he be) ſhall forthwith, and before evening, bring all ſuch of the enemy as are taken priſoners before him, which commandeth in the quarter; upon pain of looſing his priſoner, and being puniſhed with death.

Artic. 60 And if any ſhould take ſome eminent officer, or commander of the enemy priſoner, or other perſon of qualitie; they ſhall be bound to preſent the ſame (or cauſe him to be preſented & delivered) immediatly to the Lords the States generall, or the Councel of ſtate, receiving for them (as alſo for other priſoners which the ſaid States ſhall take to themſelves) ſome reaſonable recompence, according to the qualitie or abilitie of the ſaid priſoners; yet not exceeding the ſumme of 500 pounds, whereby the ſaid priſoner ſhall remain at the diſpoſing of the ſaid States: and they which took him, ought to have no further pretence to him.

Artic. 61 It ſhall not be lawfull for any man to cauſe a priſoner to be killed, or ſet at ranſom: nor (after ranſom be paid) to ſuffer him to depart, without leave of the Generall, or of him that commandeth in the quarter, on pain of being diſarmed, and baniſhed out of the provinces.

Artic. 62 And if any priſoner be found to walk about the leaguer or place of garriſon, without leave of the Generall or Commander in that quarter or garriſon; the partie which had taken him ſhall forfeit his ſaid priſoner, to the profit of him who firſt ſhall apprehend the ſaid priſoner.

All lawfull booties are to be certified by the takers thereof, to the Commander of the quarter within three houres after their arrivall; and are to be regiſtred, and ſold in the open market &c. upon pains of forfeiture, and of corporall puniſhment, &c.

THe means to have theſe and other good orders duly obſerved, is (as is above ſaid) by giving to the ſouldiers their pay in competent meaſure and due time.On the Spaniſh ſide they were wont to allow no Cornet to the Harquebuſiers (as is elſewhere ſhewed) and therefore no pay is here ſet down for him; but that courſe is ſince altered, and his pay is only 1/12 part inferiour to the pay of a Cornet of Cuiraſſiers. The proportion which was obſerved on the king of Spains ſide, ſince the end of the late truce with the States of the united provinces, is as followeth.

Every place is worth 13 ſtuyvers (about 16 pence Engliſh) of theſe 13 ſtuyvers, 10 are paid for forrage, and 3 for ſervice. Half of the ſaid 13 ſtuyvers is paid to the ſouldiers in money, the other half in 16 pound of hay,Picotins. three ſmall meaſures of oats, and two bundles of ſtraw, which are ſufficient to keep a horſe for a day.

At the end of the accompts, every ſouldier is abated half a reall (3 pence) upon every place.

The ſeverall payes given by the States of the united Provinces at this day, being reduced to Engliſh money, are much about this proportion following.

FOr the reforming of the Cavallrie, there is moreover required a ſingular care, that the companies be ſupplied with good horſes: wherefore it will be neceſſarie, that when the Cavallrie is retired from the field, the Captains make ſale of ſuch horſes as be unfit for ſervice, and buy better. When the companies be entered into garriſon, the ſouldiers which are on foot muſt preſently be remounted; that ſo, in the time of winter, they may at leiſure fit their horſes for ſervice: for being only remounted at the time of their going into the field, the Equos aſſuluo labore convenit edomari. Veg. lib. 2. cap. 14. horſes are not fitted for ſervice, and being yong and not uſed to the bridle, by any little toile they become unprofitable: beſides, when a man is put (on the ſuddain) to buy ſuch as he findeth, they prove not onely the worſer, but the dearer. Moreover, thoſe ſouldiers which want horſes are of no ſervice; and theſe are they (uſually) which ſtraggle disbanded, and do moſt miſchief about the quarters. And becauſe oftentimes there is not money aſſigned apart to remount the ſouldiers, it were good that among the companies there were a brother-hood or fellowſhip erected, (which the Spaniſh call Platta) which conſiſteth in making a caſh, wherein the money which is gathered to that end, is kept; as followeth. Firſt, the ſouldiers of every companie chooſe foure of their moſt judicious fellows, with conſent of the Captain. Theſe, with the farrier of the companie, muſt view all the horſes of their companie, priſing every one according to his value, and concealing it from the ſouldiers, to avoid diſputes: and of this priſing they muſt keep a record, that ſo, if any horſe happen to die, it may be known what is to be allowed; provided alwayes, that they go no higher then 50 crowns. To raiſe this caſh, the Captain muſt give order, that a crown be defalked out of every ſouldiers firſt pay, foure realls out of a third of pay, and eight out of the contributions of a moneth: or elſe this proportion to be for the firſt beginning, and afterwards the moytie; or more or leſſe as need ſhall require.

Every horſe dying in ſervice, or by miſchance, without the ſouldiers fault, ſhall be made good to the ſouldier that loſt him.

If a ſouldiers horſe be killed, or otherwiſe die whileſt he is abroad (with the Captains or Officers leave) about his private buſines, he ſhall not be allowed for the ſame.

If a ſouldier by negligence or malice hurt his horſe, or uſe him ſo ill that he die; he ſhall not onely beare the loſſe of him, but be chaſtiſed by his ſuperiours, and chaſed from the companie.

The Captains muſt take care that the ſaid deputed ſouldiers and the farrier viſit all the horſes of the companie once every week: and finding any not fit for ſervice, to ſell them, and buy others.

The ſaid deputies muſt admoniſh the ſouldiers to give their horſes good uſe, as is fitting, giving them oats ordinarily; and againſt ſuch as they finde to do otherwiſe, to proceed as aboveſaid.

Theſe courſes will be found very available to preſerve the horſe; but when the companies are in the field, by occaſion of combats, ſometime twentie, or twentie five, or more horſes being loſt in a day out of one entire companie, in ſuch caſes the ſaid caſh is not of ſufficiencie to ſupplie them, but the Prince is to furniſh them.

THey which preferred the Lance before any other kinde ofThis kinde of Cavallrie was borrowed from the Grecians, & Romanes, which were called Haſtati, being armed with a cuiraſſe, a head-piece, a lance, and a ſword; ſome of them alſo bore a ſmall target. Polyb. lib. 6. 471. Cavallrie, gave this double reaſon. 1 Becauſe the Lancier requireth more exerciſe and pains both for himſelf and his horſe: 2. Becauſe he muſt haue a horſe of a higher price then the reſt.

His arms were a cloſe caſque or head-piece, gorget, breaſt, piſtoll proof (as all the cuiraſſe in every piece of it) and calliver proof (by addition of the placcate) the back, pouldrous, vanbraces, 2 gauntlets, taſſets, cuiſſets, culets, or guard-de-rein; all fitting to his bodie: A good ſword (which was to be very ſtiffe, cutting, and ſharp pointed) with girdle and hangers, fo faſtened upon his cuiraſſe as he might readily draw it: a buffe coat with long skirts to weare between his armour and his cloathes: his lance, either after the wonted manner, or (as VValhauſen hath it) after the manner of a pike, onely ſome what thicker at the but end, the head of it to be either three-edged or otherwiſe like a pike-head, made ſtrong and ſharp, the length to be about

Becauſe it hath been uſually objected (to ſuch as ſtand for the continuance of the lance) that it is of no effect againſt foot, becauſe of the length of their pikes.

Walhauſen here would take a way that argument, by having the lance made of a length exceeding the pike: but how any man (ſo laden with arms) ſhould be able (with one hand) to weild a lance of 18 foot long. I leave to the conſideration of the judicious.

THe Cuiraſſier is to be armed at all points, and accounted with a buffe coat under his arms, like the Launce.By the Edict for muſters publiſhed by the States, neither cuiraſſier, nor harquebufier, is allowed to have his horſe under 15 hand high. His horſe not inferiour in ſtature and ſtrength, though not ſo ſwift. He muſt have two caſes with good firelock-piſtols, hanging at his ſaddle, having the barrell of 18 inches long, and the bore of 20 bullets in the pound (or 24 rowling in) a good ſword ſtiffe and ſharp pointed like the Lancier. This ſort of Cavallrie is of lateNamely by the Germanes, il leur faut donner l'honneur d'auoir mis les premiers en vſage les piſtoles. De la Noüe. Diſcours. 18. invention: for when the Lanciers proved hard to be gotten; firſt,Another (if not the chief) reaſon, why the Lances were left, is becauſe they are of no effect, or uſe, but in a ſtraight line, and where they may have leiſure and room for their careere: whereas the Cuiraſſier is not ſubject to either of thoſe inconveniences. by reaſon of their horſes, which muſt be very good, and exceeding well exerciſed: ſecondly, by reaſon their pay was abated through ſcarcitie of money: thirdly and principally, becauſe of the ſcarcitie of ſuch as were practiſed and exerciſed to uſe the lance, it being a thing of much labour and induſtry to learn: the Cuiraſſier was invented, onely by diſcharging the lancier of his lance. He is to have a boy and a nagge (as is other where ſaid) to carry his ſpare arms, and oat ſack, and to get him forrage. His ſaddle and bit muſt be ſtrong, and made after the beſt manner. He is alſo to weare a skarf, as hath been ſhewed cap. 20. He is to have his bridle made with a chain, to prevent cutting; and he muſt be very carefull to have all his furniture ſtrong and uſefull.

THe Harquebuſier was firſt invented in France, at the time of the warres of Piedmont; whom Melzo and Baſta would have either not armed (though they confeſſe themſelves contradicted therein by others) or but ſlightly (onely with a head-piece & breaſt) and thoſe but ſome few of the formoſt. But the printed edict of the States of the united provinces expreſly commandeth, that every Harquebuſier be

Which condemneth the late practice of our trained Harquebuſiers to be erroneous; which have wholly left off their arms, and think themſelves ſafe enough in a calfs skin coat.

It was otherwiſe with the Romanes, for which Vegetius giveth this reaſon; Neceſſe enim est, ut dimicandi acriorem ſumat audaciam, qui munito capite & pectore non timet vulnus. lib. 1. cap. 20.

THeOne De Renol. hath (not long ſince) publiſhed a book which he calleth Milice Royale, or Infanterie voiante, wherein he is earneſt to have the Carabines or Harquebuſiers put down, and Dragoniers uſed in their ſtead: their muſkets having the barrell of 2 foot 9 inches long, but wider bore then the musket: their pikes but 13 foot &c. He is very confident in his conceits, for the ordering of them for fight, but ſuch as can judge, hold him frivolous. Dragon is of two kindes; Pike, and musket. The pike is to have a thong of leather about the middle of the pike, for the more commodious carrying of it. The musketier is to have a ſtrap or belt faſtned to the ſtock thereof, almoſt from the one end to the other, by which (being on horſe-back) he hangeth it at his back, keeping his burning match and the bridle, in the left hand. His horſe is of the leaſt price, the uſe thereof being but to expedite his march, allighting to do his ſervice.

THe Romanes called an army exercitus, Exercitus ex re ipſa atque opere exercitii nomen accepit, ut ei nunquam liceret obliviſci quod vocabatur. Veg. lib 2. cap. 1. Legio ab eligendo. ib. a word derived ab exercendo, of exerciſing, and not without reaſon: for, in every battell, not ſo much the multitude and untutored ſtrength of men, as art and exerciſe, uſe to give victorie: (asLib. 1. cap. 1. Exercitus dicitur, quòd melior fiat exercitando. Varro. Vegetius teſtifieth) for which he giveth this reaſon, (among the reſt) that the knowledge of that which belongeth to warre, giveth courage. Nema facere metuit (ſaith he) quod ſe bene didiciſſe confidit; No man feareth to do that which he hath well learned how to do.

The benefit of this exerciſe is ſuch, as the ſame author doubteth not to affirm, that nothing is more firm, nor more happie or commendable, then that common-wealth in qua abundant milites eruditi, in which skilfull ſouldiers abound. To this end antiquitie maintained their campi doctores, teachers for the field, by whom the young and new-entertained ſouldiers wereManè & poſt meridiem. Nam pro tyronibus habendi ſunt, qui pugnare longo tempore deſierunt. Veg. lib. 3. cap. 9. Neque enim longitudo atatis, aut annorum numerus artem bellicam tradit, ſed continua exercitationis meditatio: poſt quanta volueris ſtipendia, inexercitatus miles ſemper eſt tyro. Ibid. lib. 2. cap. 23. exerciſed twice every day ad omne genus armorum, at all kindes of weapons and arms; and the old practiſed ſouldiers ſine intermiſſione ſemel in die, once a day without intermiſſion. To which purpoſe they had very ſpacious buildings, within which (in winter, or upon occaſion of unſeaſonable weather) they could exerciſe both horſe and foot. The Graecians were they which gave a pattern to the Romanes in the practice of this art, for ſo ſaithLib. 3. cap. 10. Diſcat miles in otio, quod proficere poſſit in bello. Animos ſubitò ad arma non erigunt, niſi qui ſe ad ipſa idoneos, praemiſſâ exercitatione, confidunt Theod. apud Caſſiod. The Imperatores themſelves (as Valerius, Pompey, Trajan, &c.) continually exerciſed among their ſouldiers: Omnia inter infimos militum munia haud gravatè abeundo. ſaith Livie of Valerius. And of Pompey Plutarch reporteth thus (in Pompeio) in bello civili jam ſenem & duo de ſexaginta annos natum, peditem atque equitem, ſe inter ſuos aſſiduè exercuiſſe. Vegetius: Artem bellicam quondam, relictis doctrinis omnibus, Lacedaemonii, pòſt coluere Romani. Among other examples tending to this purpoſe (wherein all hiſtories abound) that is worthy of obſervation, which is teſtified of the inhabitants of the Balearie iſlands (now called Majorca and Minorca) where the women would not ſuffer their children to eat any meat, but that which they could hit at an appointed diſtance, with a ſtone caſt out of a ſling: by which means they grew ſo expert at it, as that people are ſaid to be the inventers of that weapon, and therein to have excelled all others. Every mean trade requireth exerciſe for the obtaining of it; how much more the art militarie? which is rebus omnibus potior, per quam libertas retinetur, & dignitas provinciae propagatur, & conſervatur imperium: that is, by which libertie is continued, the dignitie of the province is propagatd, and the empire preſerved. And this is confirmed by Joſephus (Exid. lib. 3.) to be true, that not fortune, but the good orders of the Romanes in their Militia, made them maſters of the world: whoſe forces (even in times of peace, and (as it were) to keep their hands in ure) were 32000 foot, 2400 horſe; but upon occaſions they could make 70000 or 80000: and at a view taken of their own forces, and their allies, in Italy, there were found 700000 foot, and 70000 horſe. Auguſtus maintained 23 legions; Tyberius 25. In Galbaes time the State maintained 31 legions: ſo that ordinarily in thoſe and later times, there were (of legionarie and auxiliarie ſouldiers) maintained 372000 foot, and 37200 horſe: whoſe ordinary pay (beſides corn and apparrell) at one denarius a day for the foot, and three for the horſe (beſides the increaſe of wages given to the officers) amounteth to five millions, five hundred ſixteen thouſand ſixtie two pounds, and ten ſhillings, by the yeare: which is more (as Sr. H. Savile obſerveth) then the great Turk at this day receiveth in two yeares towards all charges. Beſides theſe, they maintained a guard of many thouſands for the Prince, with double pay, and others for other employments; and yet they never mutined for lack of pay.Virtus militaris praeſtat caeteru omnibus. Cicero, pro Mur. Nobilis res atque inprimis utilis, militaris est ſcientia. &c. Leo. Tact. cap. 20. O viros ſummâ admiratione laudandos (may be ſaid of them, as Vegetius ſaith of the Lacedemonians) qui eam praecipuè artem ediſcere voluerunt, ſine qua aliae artes eſſe non poſſunt! that is, O men worthie to be praiſed with higheſt admiration, which would principally learn that art, (ſpeaking of the art militarie) without which other arts cannot ſubſiſt! But now, if we ſhall compare our times with theſe, muſt we not be forced to cry out withDe militia Rom. lib. 5. Lipſius, O pudor, O dedecus!

The Low-countreys are (without all controverſie) worthily ſtiled the Academie of warre, where the art militarie (if any where) truely flouriſheth; and yet, in compariſon of the Romanes, the ſaid Lipſius is conſtrained to ſay (who would not ſpeak the worſt of his own countrey (Exercitium nobis neglectum, &c. Ubi campi doctores nostri ſunt? ubi quotidianae meditationes armorum? &c. With us (ſaith he) exerciſe is neglected. Where are our teachers for the field? where are our daily practiſings of arms? Or whereas otherwiſeOmnes artes in meditatione conſiſtunt. Athleta, auriga, venator, propter exiguam mercedem, vel certè plebis favorem, quotidianâ meditatione artes ſuas aut ſervare, aut augere conſueſcunt. Militem (cujus eſt manibus ſervanda reſpublica) ſtudioſiùs oportet ſcientiam dimicandi, usúmque rei bellicae jugibus exercitiis cuſtodire. Cui contingit non tantùm glorioſa victoria, ſed etiam amplior praeda, quémque ad opes ac dignitates ordo militiae & imperatoris judicium conſuevit evehere. Veg. lib. 2. cap. 24. no man profeſſeth any art which he hath not learned, ſhall the militarie art be onely that which men ſuppoſe they can leap into, and be expert in, both at an inſtant? Tympanum ſonuit &c. The drumme beats, they runne together, and enter their names with the Clerk of the band, ſomething they change in their habit, and their gate; they ſwagger and drink; ecce jam miles, behold (ſaith he) here is a ſouldier alreadie. Another complaineth after the like manner.Voyla que c' eſt de noſtre milice et diſcipline militaire, et principalement de ceſte partie, tant noble; Vn ruſtault chargé d'armes, et monté a cheual, c'eſt aſſez pour la Cavallerie. Walhauſon. Diſciplina hodie non dicam languet apud nos, ſed obiit: neque mala, ſed nulla eſt. Lipſ. Politic. lib. 5. cap. 13. Hodiernam militiam triſti oculo intueor; pudendam lugendámque nobis, hoſti ridendam aut ſpernendam. Ibid. cap. 8. See (ſaith he) what our militia and militarie diſcipline is come to, and principally this ſo noble a part of it. (ſpeaking of the horſe) A clown is laden with arms, and mounted on horſe back, that is enough for the Cavallrie.

Now if we ſhould bring our trained bands (eſpecially the horſe) to the touchſtone, and trie what alloy they be of, I feare we may ask (with Lipſius) haec ridenda, an miſeranda ſunt?

A principall defence and bullwork of the kingdome, conſiſteth in having the trained bands (horſe and foot) well choſen, well armed, and well diſciplined. But how this is generally in every part neglected is too ſhamefully apparant. Whether for want of good laws, or of good men to ſee them ſtrictly executed, it is not for me to determine. Sure I am, there is great need of reformation. But my zeale tranſports me beyond my bounds, and I digreſſe from what I intended; therefore, for this matter, hîc terminus eſto.

THe Cavallrie being to be exerciſed, muſt be inſtructed how to manage their horſe and their arms.

Concerning the horſe (preſuppoſing him to be of ſufficient ſtature and ſtrength, nimble of joynts, and ſure of foot &c.) he muſt (of neceſſitie) be made fit for ſervice, ſo as you may have him ready at command to pace, trot, gallop, or runne in full careere; alſo to advance, ſtop, retire, and turn readily to either hand, and all with alacritie and obedience. Now, to bring him to this readie turning, he is to be ridden the ring, and figure 8, firſt in a great compaſſe, and ſo in a leſſe by degrees; firſt upon his pace, then on the trot, and ſo to the gallop and careere. Theſe things he may be taught by uſing the hand, leg and voice. For the hand (obſerving not to move the arm, but onely the wriſt) if you would have him to face to the left, a little motion of the little finger on that rein, and a touch of the left leg) without uſing the ſpurre) doth it: if to face (or turn) to the left about, a harder, &c. If you would have him to trot, you are to move both your legges a little forward; for the gallop, to move them more forward, and for the careere to yerk them moſt forward, and to move the bodie a little forward with it. After every motion performed, it were good to keep him a while in that motion, as when you bid him ſtand, to ſtand a while, &c. Alſo it were not amiſſe, after every thing well done, to give him ſome bread or graſſe as a reward. For the voice, you may uſe the vvords, Advance, hold, turn, or the like, but becauſe the voice cannot alwayes be heard, it were good to uſe him chiefly to the motions of the hand and leg. It will alſo be very uſefull to teach him to go ſidewayes: this he may be brought unto by laying his provender ſomewhat farre from him in the manger, and keeping him from turning his head towards it. He muſt alſo be uſed to the ſmell of gunpowder, the ſight of fire and armour, and the hearing of ſhot, drummes and trumpets, &c. but by degrees and vvith diſcretion. When he is at his oats (at a good diſtance from him) a little povvder may be fired, and ſo nearer to him by degrees. So may a piſtoll be fired ſome diſtance off, and ſo nearer: in like manner a drumme or trumpet may be uſed. The groom may ſometime dreſſe him in armour, and he may be uſed (novv and then) to eat his oats from the drumme head. It vvill be very uſefull ſometime to cauſe a musketier to ſtand at a convenient diſtance, and both of you to give fire upon each other, and thereupon to ride up cloſe to him: alſo to ride him againſt a compleat armour, ſo ſet upon a ſtake, that he may overthrovv it, and trample it under his feet: that ſo (and by ſuch other means) your horſe (finding that he receiveth no hurt) may become bold to approach any object. He may alſo be uſed to mountanous and uneven vvayes, and be exerciſed to leap, ſvvimme, and the like. But for further directions for the art of riding and managing the horſe, I referre the reader toBeſides many of our owne writers; Pierre de la Noüe in his Cavallerie Franchoiſe et Italienne. alſo Inſtruction du Roy (de France) en l'exercice de monter a Cheval, par Antoyne de Plubinel. lately publiſhed, and divers others. them vvhich have vvritten of horſe-manſhip ex profeſso, vvhoſe books are every vvhere obvious.

ALthough it be ſuppoſed and expected that no horſe-man will preſume to mount his horſe to repaire to his cornet before his piſtols, harquebuſe, or carabine be ſpanned, primed, and laden: his caſes furniſhed with cartouches and all other equipage

THe Dragon was invented for ſpeciall ſervices to aſſiſt the Cavallrie as Infanterie; conſidering there be many exploits which cannot be effected by the Cavallrie alone.

The musketier muſt exerciſe himſelf to give fire on horſe-back, as the Harquebuſier. Being come to guard a paſſage, or to do any other the like ſervice, they are to allight, and to demean themſelves as Infanterie. Whereof it ſhall be needleſſe here to enlarge, ſeeing we have books in ſuch abundance upon that ſubject, as they are able rather toBy reaſon of the frivolous impertinences, and manifeſt errours which abound in many of them. diſtract, then inſtruct the reader; and (in my opinion) had need of an Index expurgatorius.

Being ſo allighted to do their ſervice (as aboveſaid) every of them is to caſt his bridle over the neck of his ſide-mans horſe, in the ſame order as they marched: keeping them ſo together, by the help of ſuch as are thereunto eſpecially appointed.