Preceptes of Cato with annotacions of D. Erasmus of Roterodame very profitable for all menne
To the right worshipfull, sir Thomas Cauerden knight, Robert Burrant wisheth moche prosperous healthe and wealthe.
RIght worshipfull sir, all questions set a parte, the onely fame & good reporte, whiche ye doe right worthely deserue of your so very excellent giftes and qualities, and especially your vpright iudgemente, with moste prudent and sage wisedome in Marciall affaires annexed, seme not vnworthy the patronship of the preceptes of the antique & wittie Cato Forasmoche as ye dooe not onely imitate and folowe like circumspecte grauitie and pollicie, but also dooe with your like factes and propreties reuest and newly garnishe the wisedome of Cato. I suppose that if the fates and destinies would suffre Cato to reuiue again, and were certified into whose tniciō and saufe defence [Page] he were dedicate, he would either coumpt himself the moste fortunate of all other, or els would willingly surrender his right and title, that he could claime or demaūde in this his preceptes, vnto your discrecion. Cō sideryng that ye were hable to purchase vnto him a more ample inheritaunce of fame immortall, whom he would finde so legitimate & naturall a soonne, and heire of his politique wisedome, who for his merueilous inuencions and wittie coneighaunce in warrefare, is not onely of auncient Capitaines to bee folowed, and of young warriers to bee practised, but also of children to bee learned. And finally, for this his excellencie deserueth not onely of the Grecians, and Latinistes to bee read and knowen, but also to bee translated into the Oulgare toungue of all nacions.
Receiue therefore here your father Catons inheritaunce.
And with your like wisedome, caufe kept his substaunce.
To the reader.
AS often as I dooe by my foolishe witte and simple brain (moste beneuolent reader) somewhat earnestly considre the wittie, sage, yea, rather diuine and heauenly then humain and worldely sciōces of the antique Philosophers, thei dooe cause me not a litle to meruaile at the wounderfull giftes of God. For truely if a manne should iudge them onely in their monumentes and writinges, & there were no perseuerance of their names, times, or beliefe, I knowe not who would coumpt them vnworthie the names of perfect christians. Forasmoche as their preceptes and teachynges, their iudgementes and wittes, and (if Historiographers be to bee beleued) their honestie, ciuilitie, and moste brotherlike conuersacion, were so passyng and excellent. what Chistian is hable in this our time to comprehende like [Page] woorkes to that very Heathen Plato or Aristotle. Would to god (o Plato) thy faith might haue deserued the name of a diuine philosopher, as thy writynges did. Shewe me one of vs all (that haue rather the name then the true perfection of christiās) that is like, or in any part resembleth the humilitie and pacience that Socrates had? Diogenes was called a dog, either for some sluttishe cōdiciōs he had, or els for his barkyng at other mennes euill liuyng. But yet where is the perfeictest liuer of vs all that can vouchesafe with as glad a wil to forsake the worlde and his delightes and felicities, as that Dogge did? Shall we shewe our selues to bee of lesse perfecciō then this dog? truely we lacke soche a good barkyng curre now a daies, to barke at these mischeuous theftes, coueteousnesse, Lecherie, pride, periurie, and Deuilishe Simonie. But least any soche banddogge [Page] chaunce to open his mouth at vs now, we will bee sure to haue in our sleue either some litle corde to tie him vp in a kenell, or els we wil cast him a gobbet of meate to stoppe his throte, that he maie leaue his barkyng. But nothing, no bread or meat no cherishyng, or makyng moche of, could make this Dogge Diogenes ceasse his barkyng. Oh it was an exceadyng good Curre, and had many good propreties: to baite beares, that is, coueteous, lecherous, and proude persones, ye might vse him for a bā dogge or mastife. To kepe wolues, or other rauenyng beastes frō our shepe that is, extorcioners and oppressours from the simple people, he was as a good shepeherdes curre. To finde and put vp game, and to retrain thesame, that is, to seke out euil disposed persones, and openly to reprehende and rebuke them, there could be no better Spanell. To ouertake his game, that [Page] is, to peruert the naughtie purposes of euill liuers, there was no swifter Graiehounde. And for to pursue the steppes of the wicked, he was a passyng good bloudhounde, I praie to God that we bee not founde wourse, then this dogge, or at least waies hauyng that worse propretie of a dogge that is, retournyng to the flithie vomite of our sinfull life. I would to Christes passion there were no more desire of worldelie felicities in the Churche of Christ, then was in this simple Heathē dogge Diogenes. But yet Diogenes, nor any of all the philosophers, or of all the wise antique sage mē, had so singuler & perfeict giftes, nor pricked nigher the streight marke and poinct of a catholike man then this seuere and moste prudente Caton. Whose lacke of faithe & christianitie, there is no man of vnderstandyng and Iudgemente, but [...] moste pensiuely sorome and lam [...] [Page] Lette a man onely with good iudgement and sincere intelligence peruse this litle woorke of his Preceptes, he shall finde nothing to haue missed or wanted in this Cato, to the perfeccion of Christes religion, sauyng the hope and faithe that a christian man ought to haue in the bloudde of Iesu Christ. There is no degree emong mē but here thei maie learne their duetie and office towardes God and mā. All kindes & all ages hath here their lesson taught thē, how to behaue thē selues in all states and cōdicions. So that this litle boke dooeth worthely deserue to be had in fauour with man woman, and child. Forasinoche as in it is conteined the good instruccion & better reformacion of all their liues. He that will haue good and Godlie poses and titles, either in his armes badges, cognisaunces, or in the borders [...]his hanginges, in this booke ma [...] haue them, whiche bee right [Page] worthie to be grauen & written with goldē letters, or if there be any thing more precious. Howbeit we se many yea, to many (if it were the will of god) to ornate and decke their shildes armes, and houses with goodly and gorgeous letters, yet thei thē selues neuer a lote the better in their liuing So that thei haue fairer armes & walles, then soulles, & mindes. I would not therefore that thou shouldest painte thy house, and florishe thy armes, and leaue thy soulle filthie. But I would thou shouldest furnishe the behauiours of thy minde with these good lessons, and there is no doubte, but thou shalt auoide the occasion of many euilles, and attain to the perfeccion of many Godlie knoweleges and diuine Preceptes, and of no aucthour Heathen, then of Caton, more sincerely and perfe [...]ctly written.
THE PREFACE OF Cato his Preceptes.
AFter that I perceiued not a few to erre and misse in the true trade & waie of good nurtour, I thought to putte to my help yng hande and counsail in the repairyng of the same their ruine: for this intēr specially that thei might liue i some reputacion and honestie, and mighte therby attein and come to some promocion and prefermente. Here now (my deare beloued sonne) I shall instruct thee how to ordre thy self, and to furnishe the behauioures and the maners of the minde. Therefore read thou my preceptes and lessons with soche diligence, that thou maiest thorowly vnderstande them. For to read any thing, and not to vnderstande what it meaneth, is none other but thes [...] to neglect and despise.
Firs [...]fore I will the God to honour
[Page] And nexte him thy parentes haue in honor.
The chifest loue, zeale, and affeccion that ought (by teachers, fathers, and mothers, and all other bringers vp of youth) to be grauen and liuely fourmed in childrens hartes, should and must be the perfeict and feruent pitie and dasire towardes God & godlie thinges. And vnder this precepte is commaunded all vertue, first of all to bee infused and powred into the newe and freshe vesselles of tender Babes hartes. And after this loue ones perfaictly founded and rooted, to learne thē the true fauour and affeccion, with like obedience and humilitie, that ought of children to be geuen and shewed towardes their fathers and mothers. Wherein thei so brought vp, maie in more age [...] [...]owlege due reuerēce and duetie [...]heir [Page] rulers, superiours and betters.
The nexte loue to this, for to be had in dignitie.
Is the loue of thy aliance and consanguinitie:
Here is the third loue that oughte to be kindled in childrens stomaches that is, the loue of their kindrede. Whiche loue although the Lawe of God had geuen no precept to be obserued, yet very nature and reason would this loue to be had, seing that no smal bonde of frendship is thereby knit. And without it, no litle occasion of dissenciō maie be ministred For if this precepte were not obserued and kept: what tragical and mischeuous dissencion should there bee while the sonne resisteth the father? the ne [...]ewe the vncle, the brother his a [...] naturall brother As it appeareth in the historie of Thyestes & [Page] Atreus in Nero, and in other tragedies not vnlike these, or as bad altogether. But now it shalbe necessarie to declare in what thinges these thre loues doeth, and ought to consist, and how euery one of these oughte to bee reuerenced, and had in estimacion. Then the loue of God dooeth consist in geuyng true honour, true praise, & true sacrifice to him, of whom we receiue all thinges that are good. And this sacrifice canbe no purer, no cleaner, no pleasaunter, then to yelde vnto him a spirite sory for our offences and fully with a firme purpose to retourne no more to the filthe of sinne. The father and the mother, the ruler and superiour are loued, whē al thinges lawfully and godlie by them cō maūded are obeied and folowed. We dooe loue our kinsfolke (emong whō the nerest kinsman that we h [...]e, our neighbour is to bee chiefly rekened) when we dooe with mutuall benefites, [Page] offices, dueties, & honest familiaritie and cōuersacion one loue the other, one helpe thother: & one instruct the other, in good example of liuyng.
Feare thy master for to displease.
And with thy negligence dooe not him disease.
This teare is harde to finde, and chaunceth but to fewe children. And the cause theróf is sometime the masters negligence. And therefore this feare ought so to bee tempred, that it bee not compelled by threatenynges and stripes, nor diminished by remission and lenitie. I tought to bee soche that the Scholer should more feare the displeasyng and vexyng of his Master, then the sharpenesse of the [...]oode. In the olde time Princes and noble menne toke vnto theim informer [...]d instructours of their children [...] whom thei called Pedagoges, [Page] and whom wee now call Scholemasters. Soche a one was Aristotle with king Philip, teacher to Alexā der. Plinie to the Emperor Traiane And soche had Marcus Aurelius for his sonne Commodus. And many of these teachers were but bondmenne, whom noble men boughte to teache their soonnes. As it is witnessed of Diogenes in the Apothegmes, who was bought in the market of Xeniades, & was in the house with him teachyng his children to his liues ende, and was of his awne scholers buried
Whatsoeuer is committed to thy fidelitie.
Kepe it priuie, and dooe it not discrie.
Herein is euery faiethfull frende taught a lesson and rule how to kepe in truste, scilence and faithfulnesse, soche secrete matiers as shalbe committed and geuē to his fidelitie: how [Page] be it he maketh not his precepte, thinges to be kepte in Scilence and Huggermugger, but those thinges onelie that shal not offende either God, nor his Prince, as Heresie or treason. Yea and besides these, leat a manne haue a iuste respecte to his owne conscience, so that the hiding or the vttering of any secrete matier be to the wrongfull hurte of no manne, and speciallie of his owne soulle.
Be thou at al seasons in a redinesse.
To applie thy market and businesse.
¶ Wheras thenterpretours minde is that a manne should in those sciences moste chieflie occupie himself, whiche might helpe him to the knowelege of the lawe, forasmoche as in Catones time, and in our time also, the nexte & spediest waie to promotiō, is by soche meanes: Yet I dooe rather folowe his [...] minde and will, that is, for a man [...] applie himselfe to thinges present, [Page] and as the time serueth, according to the Prouerbe & common saiyng: Take thy market while time is, Least of thy price thou dooe misse. And then it be saied vnto the, thou comest a daie after the Faire.
with good menne euer let thy conuersacion be.
And then shalt thou get moch honestie
¶ It is communelie seen, that he that toucheth pitche, is of the same defiled, spotted, & carieth some token of it about him, either in sauour, or one parte or other of his garmentes is therwith distained. So it fareth with them that companie with euill disposed persones, that haūt suspected places, either thei smel of the same naughtinesse, or thei get vnto them as bad a name as though thei were naughtie packes in dede: for no man can let the peoples iudgement, whiche wil iudge [Page] accordyng to the behauiours of theim that thou art in companie withal. So that by the companie of good mē thou shalt euer be sure to lese nothing, but rather win somewhat, either in name or in perfeictnesse of liuyng.
Enterprise not to come in presence.
where thou seest men talke in scilence.
This lessō serueth not onely to the ignoraunt mindes of young children, but also to the rudenesse of some carterly and loutishe felowes, and to the malopert boldnes of some Iacke sauces. Whiche all for lacke of nurture, dooe sodeinly without all regarde or blushyng, thrust theimselues into the secrete counsall of wisemenne, and so disturbe them from their earnest matiers, with their vnlearned rudenesse.
In thy minde and bodily fauor.
Be thou cleane & of an honest behauor
Surely there is no better token of [Page] the disposicion of the minde inwarde, then is the fashion and behauiour of the bodie outwarde. And there is no readier meanes to furnishe the bodie, then first to decke & garnishe the mind with godlie vertues & nurtures. So that the one is in maner shapē by the other, and one the fairer for the beautie and ornament of the other. And in this the furniture of both is very expedient and for euery good Christian to be diligētlie obserued, but alwaies pride is to be abandoned, and to be ouer curious and picked.
whosoeuer thou dooest mete.
Gentlie & gladlie dooe him salute.
¶ There is no redier waie to get the loue & frendeshippe of many, then in metinges and communinges together, for a manne to behaue himselfe gentlie and lowlie in his speaking & gestures of his bodie, so moche that manne is of soche purenesse of nature [Page] that with gentlenesse he is soone pacified though he bee in neuer so greate a rage of furie. yea and by gentle intertainmente frendes are long time kept. Whom after we haue ones lost, is verie harde, yea nothing more harde to finde and get again.
when thou hast to dooe with one greater then thou art.
Yelde vnto him mekelie, for so it is thy parte.
¶ It is no smal strength and vertue that maie be ingēdred in the learning, and due obseruing of this precepte. Therefore it is necessarie for al degrees and states to herken vnto it. Learne here thou subiecte to forbeare thy rulers & their Officers: thou seruaunte, thy master: thou Scholar, thy instructour: yea, & thou wife thy housbande. For by contention of inequalities, that is the lower with the higher [Page] the weaker and porer with the richer and mightier, all occasion of mischief is wrought and ministred.
In strief thou that art superiour.
Be euer fauour able to thine inferiour.
A precepte hauyng no lesse strength of loue and prefeict amitie, then the other before. And would to God euery one of power and might would with litle childrē learne this lessō, I would the riche cobbe to fauour the poore sely labourer in the ieoperdous & peinfull wrastelyng of the Lawe. And I would to God that there might be indifferent sticklers set betwene theim, that is vpright iudges to se the poore man take no foule plaie at the mightie mannes hande. Likewise I would haue vsed in spirituall iudgementes, whose courtes for lacke of sande bee so slipperie, that excepte a man be the connynger, he is lightely tripped and laied on the fower quarters.
I am afraied least some kepe this rule to straight, and obserueth it with ouermoche diligence, for some there are that bee soche hinchers and pinchers, that thei had rather break their necke, then spende one ferthyng more then very shame driueth them to dooe and scarse then. Other there are, that nede more then one soche good lesson. And thei are those prodigall soonnes who will not sticke to spende their whole enheritaunce vpon a foule salowe queane, and to hassarde and dice out at sixe or seuen, their fathers purchase in one litle moment of an houre that he laboured for in all his whole life time, and then must thei go steale or take a staffe and a wallet, and goe begge.
whether thou be in the state of wedlocke or virginitee.
See that thou kepe thy self in chastite
¶ Great hede is to be taken, least this vice of the fleshe, that is to saie, lecherie dooe raine in the tendre age of any childe, or young manne, speciallie for that soche age is moste prone and readie to soche maner of vncleanesse, and then reason & feare lacking, the weake fleshe of young persones is sone by very litle temptacion ouer throwen: Yea leat not the elders disdaine herof to learne how to leade a life pure and immaculate, frō the [...]tlthie carreine and stencious rotteunes of carnal lustes.
In al thy businesse take good hede.
That thou applie the with good spede.
¶ The earnest desire and prompte wil in a seruaunt or scholar is moche regarded, for therof it cometh, that be [Page] the matier neuer so harde, yet by diligence and good wille it is easelis brought about, and with a good lucke ended: Where as by negligence there is nothing that spedeth, or is well brought to passe.
If thou wilt proue to bee a good scholer.
Be euer reading one booke or other.
¶ Longe life thou maiest haue and many thinges maiest thou by experience and practise learne, yet peraduē ture in reading some frutful woorke thou shalt perceiue more wit & iudgemente, then euer could by experiēce be attained vnto, or by any man hereafter inuented, forasmoche as graces and giftes are nothing so plentious, as thei were in the beginning of the worlde, when God did make manifest his woundreful power and might in the wittes of the Heathē, for the better instruction, and confirmation of [Page] the faithe of the christians to come.
whatsoeuer thou haste seen beare it in minde.
An forgette not thinges that bee behinde.
Some are of that opinion that thei thinke the perfeictnesse of learnyng to consist and be in the swift and hedlong readyng ouer of many aucthours There bee also some parentes of like iudgemente, whiche thinke their sonnes to haue profited nothing, if thei bee one yere in one booke, or one daie in one lesson, but both these are farre deceiued, for thei profeict in learnyng who dooeth throughly vnderstande what thei read, and the same so vnderstande, dooe firmely and surely fasten in their perfeict memorie.
¶ Seke not in another house what there dooeth want.
[Page] But prouide, that in thine awne be nothing scant.
There is many a busis bodie that will finde faultes in another mannes dooynges, although he himself bee in his awne matiers moste negligēt and ouerseen. And soche dooeth often times geue better counsaill to other mō then thei can geue vnto theimselues. But surely most quietnesse shalbe for euery manne, to haue to dooe in his awne causes, and to suffre other men to haue their willes and pleasures in their awne businesse. For brablets & intermedlers were euer causers of contencion and variaunce. And many there are that marke how litle meate another man hath in his dishe, but he findeth no fault with his awne cold cost at home.
¶ Behaue thy self gently to euery one.
And in felowship a good companion.
[Page] ¶ The behauiour of a manne or childe is moche commended, and excepted emong men of honest reputacion. And more is he sette by that is poore & gentle in his behauiour, & can plaie the good felowe, thē is the riche churle with his proude and disdeinful looke. But that is a special grace, and greatly estemed, when that the noble dooe humble theim to the felowelike companie of honest poore men: for so did King Philip exhorte his soonne Alexandre to dooe, whereby he wan the heartes of many a true subiecte.
without a cause, be not thou angrie.
Nor for a trifle driuen into a furie.
¶ There is no man, excepte he bee a very blockehead, but he hath some mocion and passion in him of anger, and displeasure, seeing that no man kepeth his nature so cleane, but it is corrupte, either with colere, fleume, or els with some other corrupte inatier. [Page] And as it is more like a stocke then a manne, not at all to be moued: So is it more nearer the propretie of cattes and dogges then men to braule and wrangle for euery wagging of a strawe, yea and some time vpō no occasion: soche is the waiewardenes of many frowarde & weiwarde weasels.
Disdeigne not the poore, no, nor yet skorne thou any bodie.
Nor for an others miserie, thinke thy selfe more woorthie.
¶ It is a wounderful thing to see some statelie merchauntes, whō God hath indewed with a speciall gift and qualite aboue many other, how thei abuse thesame grace in disdaining their euē Christians & felowes in the faieth and vocation of Iesus Christe, whiche made al of vile claie & dust, & to thesame hath promised vs that we shal returne. And then leat theim see [Page] how moche thei passe by their proude lookes, the poorest wretche that goeth by the high waies side.
when thy neighbour is fallen into miserie.
Reioise not, nor haue therin felicitie.
¶ To mocke and scorne at naughtie packes and vicious liuers, to cause thē to be ashamed of their leudnes, & abominable life, is to be commended but surelie to see thy neighbour or felowe in daunger of sickenesse, pouercie, or other mischaūces of this world thou hast more cause to wepe, then laughe, seing that thou maiest and hast deserued a worse thing to chaunce vnto thy selfe. Therefore saieth Marcus Aurelius on this wise.
It is geuen to euerie man of nature.
One to augmente anothers hurte and displeasure.
[Page] Lende if thou maie any thing spare.
Yet to whom thou lendest, see thou beware.
¶ There is choise and hede to bee takē in lending and geuing. For some times a manne maie either lende, or geue to his owne hurte, & the borower maie be made his enemie, whiche pretended to be his frende. Therefore to ouerie begger thou must not geue, nor to euerie borower & crauer thou maist not lende, but vnto a faiethful asker, or where wretched pouertie is, or vnto theim that thou thinkest woorthie, vpon whom a good tourne maie wel bee bestowed, or elles towardes whom thou bearest fauour and frendelie affection, there sticke not to extēde thy liberalitie and charite, least peraduenture otherwise thou maiest bee constreigned thus to saie.
when thy clientes matier is in trial of iudgemente.
Then stande faste at the barre & euer present.
¶ I would to Christes passion euery atturneie, outter harrester, councellous sergeaunt, & iudge of the lawe, would print in their vpright cōsciences this precepte, into whose handes is cōmitted the right suite, and splee of many [...] poore man, the whiche thei sometimes willinglie (when thei are of the contrarie parte wel bribed) and sometime neglectlie (when of their clientes thei are not largely and plentifullie rewarded (let the matier grow [...] to a nonesute, or driue him to sue [...] commission into the countrie, wher [...] [Page] by frendshippe and mastershippe the poore man betwene .ii. stooles lieth flat vpon the grounde. And thus the poore man is vtterly enbarred of his right, either by the negligence of the atturney in callyng slackly vpon the counsailers, or els by the coūsailers and sergeantes absentyng theimselues from the courte barre, or els the iudges themselues in deferryng iudgemente, or at least waie by the corrupt fauour of the countrey.
Feastyng and bankettyng seldome dooe thou vse.
And theim to haunte often, vtterly refuse.
Whether of these twoo thou customablie dooest vse, thou shalte bee sure to haue a ready displeasure and hurte folowyng. As if thou bee a cō mune feast maker, it shall weare the hangelles of thy purse, and make thy [Page] liuyng full bare. And then loke whē all is spent, whiche of thy gestes wil bid the to so many feastés again? Also if thou bee a commune smelfeast, thou shalte by and by runne in the sclaunder and infamie of a pinchefist and a commune rauenyng dogge that thrusteth his head in euery mannes pot, and licketh of the crommes from euery bodies table. But now & then to feast thy frende, and thy frende to feast thee, is the signe of frugalenes and moche humanitie.
Slepe quietly, and take thy rest.
As moche as shalbee thought for nature best.
There are some soche sluggerdes, whiche put so greate delight & pleasure in slepyng, that thei thinke the onely felicitie & happinesse of this life to be in slepe, wheras thei are in very dede dead images, and the liuely [Page] pictures of death. And their saiyng is we thinke no man hurte, as long as we slepe soundly, although whē thei are wakyng, thei can speake as euill and as shreudely as the wourst.
whatsoeuer thou haste sworne with thy will.
Kepe thine othe and thy promise fulfill.
Behold christians the preceptes of an Heathen, against our customable and damnable othes and blasphemie that we vse. we maie be ashamed that very infideles shall passe vs in Godlie conuersacion of liuyng. Seeyng vnto them was geuen no rule or commaūdement, but soche as reason and nature did instruct them in. But how oft haue we of god himself commaū dement not to sweare either in vain, or to the mischeuous and naughtie purpose of any thing? Yea, when we [Page] dooe, or be caused of right to sweare, how litle truth and credence is there founde in our othe? Derely none but periurie aboundauntly. And in our promises, bee thei by neuer so greate an othe made, we are craftie & slowe performers, and subtile dealers with our neighbours.
Drinke wine with temperatnesse.
And in thy drinking vse no excesse
It is not vnknowen how many incommodities haue and dooe daiely ensue and folowe the great excessiue bibbyng and bollyng of wine. Some of these swilbolles haue their yies bleared & winkyng. Some haue rotten tethe and breath stinkyng. Some their faces empearied with rubies, & saphires of the tauerne. Some blobchekes and puffed faces. Some gore, bellies & slaggyng stomaches. There bee other that haue goutes, dropsies, their liuers cōsumed, yea, their brain [Page] and wit confounded and dulled And will ye haue fewe wordes? thei shorten their life, marre their youth, hasten and bring quickly olde age, and many times sodein death. And as for youth to drinke wine, is none other, then where there is a good fire and heate sufficiēt, to cast in oile to make the flame bigger.
If thou wilte needes fight, fight for thy countrey.
And trie thy manhode against thine enemie.
There are many braggers and crakers, that will for euery small trifle laie their handes vpō their daggers and be ready to kill God haue in [...] vpon his soulle, while thei are emōg their awne nacion, and shewe their strength like valiaunt and puissaunt champions, in defendyng their countrie from forrein enemies: But then [Page] soche braggers wilbe readier to crepe in at a bēche hole, then to shewe their heades, or bide one stroke in a fielde. There bee also souldiours that will proffer themselues to goe a warfare more for the lucre and vaūtage of the spoiles, robberies, and praies taken of their enemies, then for the loue and affeccion that thei beare towardes the saufegarde of their countrey.
whatsoeuer thou hearest, bee it good or badde.
Dooe not hastely beleue it vntill the trueth be had.
Suche is the nature and condicion of many one, that thei thinke euery tale of Robinhode and litle Ihon, to be as true as the gospell. And of this sort are the common people, who for lacke of reason and knowelege, report those thinges that firste come to their eares as thinges of very truth [Page] when there is in deede nothing more ferther from the trueth. And herof it cometh that tales, rumours, and tidynges bee in so shorte space conueighed into so sondrie and diuerse places and farre countries. For if euery man would take deliberacion and aduisement vpon soche thinges, as are tolde them. Newes & lies would not runne abroad with soche short spede.
I thinke many matiers would come to passe well.
If first of thine awne self thou wouldest take councell.
Many a man runneth from place to place to seke helpe and remedy of his griefes and troubles, where as perchaūce if he would somwhat depely ponder the occasions of soche vnquietnesse in his awne minde & conscience, he might with light cost and lesse peines, redresse & amende soche [Page] his troubles and displeasures, & neuer set steppe out of his awne doore. It is good therefore first to counsaill with the familier spirit of a mannes awne minde, & there see whether any ferther remedy bee to bee sought for, or not, and so accordyngly to procede.
If thou muste nedes other mennes counsaill take.
Bee sure to folowe the best, and the euill forsake.
Thou muste not take euery manne to bee thy counsailer, neither euery mannes counsaill is to bee folowed, but that counsaill muste thou chiefly sticke vnto, by the whiche thou shalt get spedy and sure remedy of thy businesse. For many there are that can geue counsaill, but fewe geueth coū saill profitable for their clientes, and many tourneth their coūsail to their awne commodities and profeictes. As [Page] witnesseth the tale of Esope, where the Crowe coūsaileth the Egle how to breake his coccle, by fliyng vp an high, and lettyng the coccle fal doune vpon the harde stones, whose counsaill when the Egle had folowed: the Coccle letten fall and brast, was by thesame Crowe cōueighed cleane out of the Egles sight.
Eschue harlottes & queanes company
And to verteous lerning thy self apply
There is no better meanes to restrain and kepe in youth frō the wanton and volupteous lust of the fraile fleshe, then earnestly to occupie thesame in some verteous and Godlie exercise. And of the contrarie part the onely prouoker, tickeler, and setted forwarde of filthie delites, is sluggishenesse, and idle wanderyng of the minde, who beeyng deliuered of all good and honest occupacion, draweth brittle fleshe to his moste corrupte [Page] and stinchious lustes and desires. So that one Egistus demaundyng of the Goddes vpon what occasion he was made an adulter. Answere was made him. Marie thou warte euer slouthfull and idle.
whatsoeuer of the shalbe demaunded.
By trueth alwaie, let it be answered.
In all ages, and in all degrees, liyng is a vice moste odious and detestable, and contrarie to the professiō of christianitie: but yet moste especially in a noble mannes child, whiche should bee the mirroure and example to the baser sort: liyng is abandoned as a thing chiefly dishonouryng and distainyng his nobilitie. There is no man that knoweth what a thief and a lier meaneth, and what their qualities bee, but will with all his harte bee ridde of a lier to take a thief, for of the thief he maie bee ware, of the other he cannot.
It would greue the to bestowe thy benefites, to haue nothing for theim again: but how moche more would it greue thee not onely to lese thy good tourne, but also for thesame, to bee requited and recōpensed with a shrewed tourne, and to haue for thy kindenesse and good wille, a churlishe prāke or shrowed touche plaied the? As thou shalt be sure to haue, if thou dooe good for a churle. Therefore, if thou looke to haue good of thy benefites bestowed, bestowe theim vpon good men, and vpon soche, whō thou knowest to haue kinde hartes, and cā beare in minde who haue dooen them good in times past.
Be thou no common checker nor railer.
[Page] Nor of other mennes deedes a sauci [...] deprauer.
Good it is, yea and christenlike to monishe and warne one another, whē any thing is amisse: But to raile at, skorne at, disdainfully to rebuke, or arrogauntly to checke and taunt one another, is not onely vnbesemyng, but also farre from the parte of any good menne, in whom any morsell or crūme of honestie or ciuile behauior dooeth abide. And what shall I doubt any thing at all, to exempt them out of the numbre of menne, and numbre thē emong the moste sauage & brutest beastes that be, the whiche haue any soche cōdiciō. For thei are the disturbers and breakers of al good ordre & vniformitie of al peace & trāquilliti [...]
In what estimacion soeuer thou bee in
Lose it not, but studie more to win.
A good estimacion & name passeth [Page] [...] numbre of riches, in so moche that [...]he preciousnesse of it, surmounteth [...]he value of the gooddes of the whole worlde, and no treasure is to be compared with it. What strong boltes & [...]kes, what bulworkes, munimētes [...]nd defences, what vigilante & watchefull kepers ought wee then to set about this incōparable treasure? and specially because the losse of it cā ve [...] [...]y hardely be gotten again: & seldome [...] is seen to be recouered, and to like [...]ignitie and fauour to be restored.
Let thy Iustice bee indifferent, and [...]hy Iudgement right.
Iudge wrong to no manne by power [...]r might.
Oh Cato Cato: if that thou couldest [...]arke & espie this faulte in the Iudges and Iustices of thy time, when onely the lawe of nature and reason [...]uled, and not the feare & knowelege [Page] of God: what wouldest thou now saie if thou shouldest beholde what false accusyng, what vniust pleadyng, and accordyng to thesame, what moste false condemnyng is of poore sely so [...]lles, and very innocēt persones?
If thy father and mother be displeased with thee.
winne thē again by pacient humilitee
Although thy father and mother dooe chastice thee somewhat sharplie and extremely, yet it shall not be thy part for to behaue thy self stubburnely or frowardly against theim, or els to go about by any meanes or waies how to exasparate theim, and to minister more occasiō of displeasure: but with meke, milde, and gentle wordes to molifie, pacifie, and quallifie their angre. For nature abhorreth in the very brute beastes, that the yong one should resist or hee in any thing displeasaunt [Page] vnto his damme, no not in the fierce Molues and Tigres, or in the venemous Serpentes.
If thou receiue of any man a benefite.
Remembre with like kindenesse, thesame to requite.
I dooe iudge him worthie, to whom not onely any good tourne ought to be geuē at any time after, but also to whō greate vnkindnesse ought to be shewed, the whiche will not knowelege himself to haue receiued a benefite at his frendes handes, or doth by negligence and ouersight forgette to requite and repaie, when he is hable, like kindnesse as he had in his necessitie and nede receiued. Surely many there are that remembre very well what thei dooe for other menne, but what other men do bestowe vpon thē that is quickly forgottē or slowly remembred, and nothing at al requited
Stande at the barre, herken what is there saied.
That thou maiest learne other mennes matiers to plead.
A very notable science and a learnyng moche estemed was the law in the time of Cato, so that the next and the spediest waie to promocion was then to haue a perfeicte sighte in the Lawe. And euen in these our daies it hath nolesse, yea, rather more aucthoritie, and is had in farre better estimaciō. Therfore this precept of Cato maie be well marked of the youth of this realme, who willeth and exhorteth thē to the knowelege of the Lawes, not for to auenge his awne wronges, with extreme sute, and not for to woorke iniurie, and to woe displeasure: but to maintein righte, to help the nedy and poore sely creatures to their true possessions and enheritaunce [Page] to see iustice ministred, and true causes alwaies preferred.
Soche gifte and qualite as God hath to the lent.
See that with discretion it bee spent.
¶ If God haue indued the with manhode and corporal strengthe, this gifte is not to be tourned into the vse of auenging euerie iniurie, and displeasure, not to quareling & fighting for euerie light matier, not to bloudsheding and manslaughter, but to the defence of thy prince and countrey, to the mainteinaunce of thy wife & children, by dooyng soche labours and occupacions as thy strength maie well susteine and beare, yea in whatsoeuer gifte and qualitie thou dooest excel, it is not to be vsed for any forceable oppression by might, nor for any disceitful detrusion by gile and policie.
Tempre thine angre, and Lefraine [Page] thy displeasure.
And the same to auenge, take respecte and leasure.
¶ His councel was heretofore not to be angrie for euerie wagging of a strawe. And now his ferther and better aduise is, in no case to bee offended, or displeased; but then to punishe and then to auenge, when anger and malice dooeth not blinde reason and expel godlie charite.
At the toppe & scourge let thy plaie be
And from the dice, see that thou flie.
¶ The toppe & scourge is a plate moste agreable and welbeseming for children, dicing was of an euil report and moche abandoned emong the very Heathen and Gentiles.
Dooe nothing according as thou art of power and might.
But lette thy dooynges be of iustice [Page] and right.
¶ What can there be more apperteining to a very tiraunte then for a man putte in aucthorite, to haue onely a respecte and regarde what he is able to dooe, and not what thing becometh him, or is lefull for him to dooe. And in soche a persone maie well be verified the saiyng of the Poete.
Thy inferiour dooe thou not dispise.
Neither yet him refuse in any wise.
¶ To beare either hate, displeasure or disdaine to a manne, being of lesse abilite and power then thou thy lesse art of, is a verie euident signe & moste manifest token of a proude arrogant and presumpteous minde and not of a lowelie and kinde harte.
An other mannes gooddes dooe thou not craue.
[Page] And by vntrueth, desire not them to haue.
¶ There is no one thing that dooeth more manifest and declare the brickle and fraile nature of manne then that he rareth neither what, nor whose gooddes thei be, nor by what meanes he hath theim, so that he maie gette them ones to be his owne.
Loue thy wife with a true affection
For at al saies she must be thy companion.
¶ A worlde it is to see the diuerse affections of menne in chosing and hauing of wiues, but this one thing remēbre that thou oughtest to take thy wife of loue, and neither for gooddes nor beautie, and then louinglie to vse her, remēbring that of .ii. ye are made but one bodie, least it be said emōg vs
Emong the Heathen Matrimonie was wel estemed.
[Page] And emong vs Christians litle regarded.
Instructe thy children to vertue, and vnderstandyng.
And in ignoraunce and blindnes let them not be wandring.
¶ I dooe not onely marueile, but rather woundre what phantased folie reigneth in the heades of many fathers the whiche either altogether witholde their children from the education and bringing vp in honest disci [...] lines and knoweleges, or elles will sette theim to no other maisters, but to soche as maie and can tendrelie, yea, rather wantonlie and negligentlie instructe them and teache them.
Loke what thou dooest make vpon other.
Be not agreued in thy selfe thesame for to suffre.
[Page] Soche measure as thou makest, soche looke thou receiue again.
when thou art sitting at thy meate and table.
Of diuerse and many thinges, dooe thou not bable.
Talke litle, and let it be with aduisemente.
¶ Let euer thy studie and endeuer be. About that, that is iust & honestie
¶ Endeuour your selues with an earnest desire and diligence to folowe and doe those thinges wherof cometh no rebuke, shame, or dishonestie.
No mannes loue haue thou in disdaine.
But euerie mannes good wil, endeuer to obteine.
[Page] ¶ All meanes and waies are of a quiete harte and minde to bee sought how to auoide the displeasure and hatred of the least childe that gooeth in the strete. For asmoche as there is nothing so precious as loue, and no manne dooeth possesse better riches, then he that hath the loue of many.
¶ The preceptes of Cato with annotaciones of D. Erasmus added therunto.
¶ Erasmus. The commune people did reckē that God was pleased with sacrifices of beastes, and with soche exteriour woorkes. But in asmoche as God him selfe is a spirite incorporal, therefore it is moste likelie that he deliteth in soche thinges as he himselfe is. And therefore ought he chieflie to bee honoured in puritie of harte.
Erasmus. ¶ Seing (as Plinie saieth) that our life is but a waking time, thē lose not that time by slepe, considering also that slouth is noifull bothe vnto the bodie and vnto the soulle.
Erasmus. ¶ The chiefest of al vertues is, to refreine thy tounge, and to speake nothing vnaduisedlie, for god the father of al wisedome speaketh but seldome, and that is necessarie, therefore he is accoumpted nerte vnto God, whiche can ordre his speache by soche discretion.
Erasmus. ¶ He that is repugnaunte to himselfe can neuer agree with other. And he that dooeth not ordre his life according to some rule or ordre, is not meete to kepe any mannes companie.
Erasmus. ¶ Al menne lightelie marke othee [...]nennes faultes and looke not vpon [...]heir owne. And yet there is no man [...]ut and if he were well tried, there [...]ight be spied enough in him, wherefore he might iustlie be blamed.
Erasmus. ¶ Some time it is expedient to [...]eparte from those thinges that wee [...]earelie loue, if there be ieoperdie in [...]he keping of theim, as to geue golde [Page] & siluer to saue thy life, & to forbeare thy pleasure to recouer thy health.
Erasmus. ¶ A manne maie wel chaunge his maners as time and place requireth, As sometime it shalbe expedient for the to be hard and stiffe in thy cause, & another time to be easie and softe.
Erasmus. ¶ It is moste the propertie of all women to sette their housbandes at debate with their seruauntes. Therefore he warneth them that thei shall not beleue to lightly soche cōplaintes
Erasmus. ¶ If thy frende offende, thou oughtest not to geue him a light warning, and so let him alone, but still to laie vpon [Page] him to amende it, if it bee any soch [...] thing, as dooeth perteine either [...] his honestie, or to his profeicte.
Erasmus. ¶ If thou argue with wise-menne thou shalt not neede to spende manie woordes. But if thou medle with [...] foole, thou shalt neuer haue dooen.
Erasmus. ¶ Dooe so to thy frendes that thou be moste frende vnto thy self, & so doe for other, that thou lacke not thy self.
Erasmus. ¶ Spreade no tidinges nor tales emong the people, for often times he that so dooeth, hath cause to repente.
Erasmus. ¶ That whiche thou hast thy selfe thou maiest be bolde to promise, but if thou truste to anothers mans woorde, thou maiest chaunce to bee deceiued, for it is the condicion of many men, to promise more in a daie, then thei wil fulfil in a yere.
Erasmus. Beleue not him that so will flatter thee, but searche thine awne conscience and see whether it bee so or no. And if thine awne conscience shewe the that thou art farre other then he maketh the, then beleue not him, but beleue thy self.
Erasmus. If thou hast doen a good tourne vnto [Page] another man, it is not thy honestie to speke moche of it, for that in a maner is halfe a castyng in the teth vnto him, to whō thou hast doen it. But if thou haste receiued any benefite of another man, if thou speakemoche of that, it is a token of thankfulnesse.
Erasmus. Old men that haue seen many thinges in their time, vse oft to speake of soche thinges. And therefore wee ought so to directe our youth that we maie speake therof in our age, to our worship and honestie.
Erasmus. Although thou se men speake softly, or round to other, dooe not by and by imagine that thei speake of thee; for that were a token that thou were giltie in some faulte.
Erasmus. When thou art in moste prosperitie then beware of aduersitie, for fortune vseth euer to chaunge, and of a ioious beginnyng, chaunceth a lamē table endyng. Therefore, when thou art in moste wealthe, then oughtest thou moste to premeditate, how to take aduersitie, if it chaūce to come: least if it sodeinly chaūce to the, thou be therwith miserably oppressed.
Erasmus. This lesson is good for heires and executours, for thei gape after other mennes deathes, for many times it cometh to passe, that thei that looke after other mannes deathes, bee the first that die, albeit that thei be ferre younger and stronger then the other
Erasmus. A gift ought not to be estemed accordyng to the value onely, but accordyng to the minde of him that gaue it, for we read ofdiuerse princes that haue receiued sometime alitle water or an apple, or soche a small trifle, aswell and as bemngly as though it had been a greater treasure.
Erasmus. If we cōsidre how nature bringeth vs al naked into the worlde, we maie thereby perceiue that richesse is not our awne, nor dooeth not of nature belōg vnto vs. If thou shouldest lose a membre or a ioincte, thou haddest then a cause to be sory therefore, thou haddest then lost somewhat of thine awne: But if thou lose thy gooddes, neuer vexe thy self therefore, for as concernyng those thinges that a mā maie saie are his awne, the poore mā hath asmoche as a King, wilte thou knowe truely what thing thou maist cal thine awne? Remēbre what thou haddest when thou waste borne, and that is thine awne and no more.
Erasmus. He that so sore feareth his death, can therby neuer the soner escape it, but besides that he loseth his health, and the life which he hath: for to liue alwaies in soche agonie, it were as good to haue no life at all.
Erasmus. There is nothyng more greuous then ān vnkinde frende, whiche if it so chaunce thee, yet that ought not to be imputed to god as though it were his fault, for some menne vse, that if thei be not rewarded for their deedes (accordyng to their mindes by & by) thei blame GOD as though he were vniust, and yet the faulte is in theim self, that toke no hede for whom thei did good vnto.
Erasmus. Euer kepe somewhat in store, for feare of lackyng another daie, & trust not to moche vnto thy self, but euer reken that thou maiest well enough come to necessitie in thy age.
Erasmus. A mā ought neuer to promise more then he can perfourme. And to make many promises of that which he wil not perfourme, is but crakyng and [Page] boastyng, and no good maner at all.
Erasmus. Vse gile with him that vseth gile to the, for it is better to entertein soche a feigned frende with faire wordes, then vtterly to make him thy enemie
Erasmus. The faire speakers bee euer to bee suspected, nor yet esteme men accordyng to their faire wordes, but accordyng to their true deedes, for he that speaketh faire goeth about to deceiue the. And remembre that by soche dissimulacion are the poore birdes beguiled. And so likewise by flatterie is many a man deceiued.
Erasmus. Science serueth not onely in euery [Page] countrey, but also it helpeth in euery fortune. Therefore it is a sure cōclusion, that wheresoeuer thou come, if thou haue sciēce thou shalt therwith be hable to get thy liuyng. But now a daies many people bryng vp their children like lordes soonnes, whereby thei be brought vp in slouthe and idlenesse. Ferthermore, that whiche he here saieth to poore menne, that would I counsaill princes to dooe, to bring vp their children in some craft or science, wherby thei should attein a double profite, for first when youth is vsed to bee occupied, it hath the lesse leasure to learne vice, and another is, that if fortune should chaūge and bring theim to pouertie, as it is possible to bee seen▪ Yet then thei should not bee compelled to begge, nor to get their liuyng vnhonestly.
Erasmus. Despise thou, that other menne delight moste in. And set by that, that thei least set by, so shalt thou not bee a nigarde to thy self, for that that a manne setteth not by, he forceth not how sone he spendeth it, nor other mē shall not thinke the to bee coueteous when thou dooest not couet, nor art gredie of soche thinges, that thei would so fain haue, for cōmonly the people set moche by riches, and care litle for vertue and learnyng, for euery thing is valued accordyng as mennes mindes list to take it, but be thou of contrary Iudgemente to the comon sort, as for example: the moste part of people esteme Phesante, and [Page] Partriche to be a very deintie dishe, but esteme thou theim but for grosse and reken thou that egges, milke, and these be the deintiest meat, that thou canst finde. And so thou shalte liue a pleasaunt life thy self, sit he thou hast that, which thou demest best, nor thou shalt neuer care to take other mēnes pleasures from them, in so moche as thou accoumptest thē nought worth.
Erasmus. It is a foule faulte for a manne to blame another for soche thinges as he himself moste vseth, for the sinfulnesse [Page] of the preacher minisheth greatly the aucthoritie of his woorde.
Erasmus. Euery man is not to be required but he that in maner ought to graunt thy request, nor euery thing is to be craued, but soche thinges as a man maie aske with honestie.
Erasmus. Chaunge not thold for the new, neither thy old frend for a newe, nor thy old trade of liuyng for a new, whiche thou knowst not, for that which thou hast already tried, thou canst tel how to vse thē. But as for the newe, thou wotest not how thei will proue, for often it happeneth, that those which at the beginnyng seme very good, in the ende will proue the contrarie.
Erasmus. ¶ Seing our life is so vncerteine, and subiecte to so many daungers, we maie reken euerie daie well wonne that we haue freelie escaped, for there passeth vs no day, in whiche we might not haue chaunced to die, nor we had neuer no warraunt of our life. Therefore feeing there hāges so manie ieopardies ouer vs, it is meruaille that we escape any daie.
Erasmus. ¶ This saiyng is as true as can bee for if thou sometime breake thy owne wil and folowe other mennes mindes thou shalt acquire great beneuolence. But some be so stiffe minded, that thei wil contende & striue with their frendes, and that for a matier of no weight and had rather bee at vtter destaunce with his frende, then ones breake his wilful minde.
Erasmus. ¶ Frendeshippe must be vsed vpon [Page] bothe sides, for as the common Prouerbe saieth.
Erasmus. ¶ Bee well ware, thou fall not out with thy frende, for soche dissention breadeth great hatred, therefore to thy frende thou oughtest to vse all gentlenesse.
Erasmus. ¶ Beate not thy seruaunte in thy angre, for ire can dooe nothing well. Therefore first tempre thy wrathe, as a Philosopher saied ones to his seruaunte, & I were not angrie (quod he) I would surelie now walke thy coate. And so vpō a time Plato was angrie with his seruaunte and he tooke vp a staffe: one asked him what he would dooe: Marie, quod he, beate this intemperate persone, meaning himselfe that was so ouerseen by angre.
Erasmus. ¶ It is one of the chiefest verities to suffre thine aduersarie, when thou maiest ouercome him, for emonges al vertues, that is one of the greatest.
Erasmus. ¶ It is good to labour and gette to haue wherwith no liue honestlie, for he that truelie so getteth his liuing, [...] [...] [...] into necesserie, [Page] but he that laboureth for the entent, that he would after liue the more prodigallie, maie sone be oppressed with pouertie.
Erasmus. ¶ When thou art riche, spende some of thy riches vpon thy frendes, but yet spende so, that thou lacke nothing thy selfe another date, and be a frende to thy frende, but yet see that thou most of al be thine owne frende.
¶ The seconde booke of Cato.
Erasmus. ¶ Euerie diuerse aucthour teacheth diuerse thinges, as Virgill in his boke of Georgikes, teacheth the feacte of housbandrie. Macer the Poete writeth the propretie of al maner of herbes, Lucan writeth of the euil warres betwixte, Cesar and Pompeie. Ouide teacheth of all matiers apperteinyng vnto loue with her daliaunce. But if thou list to learne the crafte or science how to liue wel and verteouslie, then read this litle booke whiche teacheth the no trifling matiers, but the very waie and meanes of verteous liuing and high perfection.
Erasmus. ¶ We ought not onelie to dooe for our frēdes, but also sometime to dooe for straungers, and to endeuer our selues to gette their keneuolence, for it is better to gette the many frendes, then to winne a whole kingdome, as for a kingdome a man maie lose, but a frende wil helpe a manne in his necessite. And surelie those persones shalbe more stedfast vnto the, that thou winnest with gentlenesse and beneuolēce, then those whiche thou constreignest with power and might.
Erasmus. [Page] As Socrates writeth, that whiche is aboue vs, belongeth not vnto vs. Wherefore this aucthour here willeth that we should leaue the high studie of natural Philosophie, and studie those thinges, whiche belōg vnto our owne life, as to vse good & verteous waies and to pourge our mindes, from all euil affectes.
Erasmus. Thesame sentence is in the firste booke, he that is euer in sorowe for thinking of his death, dooeth foolishlie, for first by his feare he cannot amende [Page] it, beside that he looseth all the pleasure of his life in the meane while.
Erasmus. Pyrrhus wonte to warne the young Souldiours, that thei be not angrie, then moche more ought thei to auoide anger, that shal dispute any cause, for he that is without anger, shal the better iudge. And on the other side, anger blindeth the right iudgemente of the minde.
Erasmus. ¶ That cost whiche must nedes be dooen, doe it with good wil, seme not for to grudge at it, for sometime a mā must needes dooe some cost, as at feastes, buriynges, or weddinges, and also vpon thy frendes.
Erasmus. [Page] ¶ A meane fortune is surer, then is a high estate, like as the shippes be surer, that are in the smal riuers, then thei that bee tossed vp and doune in the maigne Sea.
Erasmus. ¶ If thou hast dooen amisse, make no boast of it, & if thou dooe any thing whiche thou wouldest bee ashamed to haue it knowen, let no other see it nor knowe therof. But in thy dooing any soche thing, looke that thou be prudēt and secrete therin.
Erasmus. Thinke not that the wicked shalbe vnpunished, for thei maie well for a time hide their wickednesse; but at lengthe it wil be knowen, for time at the last openeth euerie thing.
Erasmus. Despise not thine enemie, though he be but small of stature, for many a time, he that is weake of strengthe, is of great wit and sapience. And therefore we must not esteme a manne according to the robustiounes of his bodie, but according to the clearenesse of his vnderstanding.
Erasmus. ¶ If thou perceiue that thou hast to dooe with him, that is stronger thē thy selfe, then geue him ouer a while, & suffre him for a season, to haue the victorie, for another time maie come, when thou shalt bee euen with him again, for ofte it chaunceth that he whiche before was ouercome, maie haue aftrewarde the vpper hande, and sometime the weaker ouercometh the stronger. But some be so stiffe harted, that either thei wil winne al, or elles lose all at once.
Erasmus. [Page] He taught thee thesame lesson before, when he warned thee, that thou shouldest not striue with thy frendes for sometime for a fewe wordes, thei that were frēdes fall at great discord
Erasmus. Enquire not to knowe thy destenie neither by witchecraft, nor by other vnlawfull actes, for GOD will not haue a manne, to knowe his secretes, nor yet calleth he thee to counsaill, when he ordeineth any thing to thee. And if his wil were, that thou shouldest knowe it, he would then haue [Page] called thee to counsaill therin.
Erasmus. Go not to proudely, nor shewe not thy self to stately, to cause other to haue enuie at thee, for though their enuie cannot hurt thee, yet it is a displeasure, to haue the euill will of menne, and it is a greate coumforte to haue the good will of men, though there come no profite therof.
Erasmus. Be not cleane discomforted, if thy aduersarie ouercome thee in the lawe by vnrighteous iudgement, for surely, he shal not long enioie it, for god shall reforme soche wicked iudgemēt
Erasmus. If a concorde and a louyng ende be ones made, thou oughtest to forgette all the old debate, for when the cause [Page] is ones determined, then ought also the malice to be finished, for he that dooeth otherwise, is alwaie called a man of a doggishe minde
Erasmus. Neither praise, nor dispraise thy self for in dooyng of either of theim, is a signe of him that coueteth vainglory for he that dooeth dispraise him self, doeth it because he would haue other men to praise him.
Erasmus. When thou hast substaunce, wast it not so sone, for a thing is euer soner spent then gotten.
Erasmus. Sometime a manne must set a side grauitie, as in sportes and plaies, where sometime a manne muste geue ouer wisedome, and plaie the fooles parte, and specially emong fooles, a manne must plaie the foole, and yet shall not be afoole in deede, for it is an high poincte of wisedome, for a manne to applie himself, accordyng to the time.
Erasmus. Prodigalitie and coueteousnesse be twoo vices, wherof either is repugnaunt vnto other, therefore, he that will haue a good name, must eschewe them bothe, for the coueteous menne be called nigardes, and the prodigall spenders, be called vnthriftes.
Erasmus. Faithe is not by and by, to bee geuen vnto those menne, that bring alwaie some newes, and tell somewhat of other mennes deedes. Thei are [Page] scarsly to bee beleued, that bable of many thinges, for because that vanitie was wonte to bee coupled vnto this vice.
Erasmus. The common sort of men is wont after this sorte, to excuse their faultes. The wine was thoccasiō or cause I saied this, when I was well whitled: But dooe thou impute it to thine awne self, and not to the wine, whiche fault was by thine awne naughtinesse, and not of it.
Erasmus. In thinges secrete, and to be kepte in silence, beware thou aske not euery mannes counsaill, but his onely, whose trustinesse in secrete matiers thou hast righte well approued, least he dooe not onely helpe thee, but also hinder and slaunder thee: Nor yet shewe thou the infirmities of thy bodie to euery one, but vnto a Phisiciō of an assured and knowen faiethfulnesse, whiche maie kepe thy diseases priuie and heale theim.
Erasmus. [Page] Lette not the prosperitie of other greue thee, whiche hath often chaunced to the vnworthie. For Fortune dooeth not fauour theim, but lieth in waite, and ticleth theim forwarde, that afterwarde, she maie dooe them more hurte and displeasure.
Erasmus. Whatsoeuer maie happen vnto mā pondre thesame with thy self, before it dooeth chaunce, that it maie not be sodein, if at any time it shall happen. For those euilles dooe lesse trouble, whiche dooe not chaunce to a mā vnawares.
Erasmus. When fortune wexeth cruell, strengthen thy self with a good courage, & saue thy self for thinges prosperous and luckie, & cast not awaie thy hope which forsaketh not a mā euē diyng. For as long as there is life within the bodie, there is hope. And in the boxe of Pādora only hope did cleaue in the brimme. And Ouide saieth.
Erasmus. As often as fortune doeth offer the any commoditie, whiche is meete for the, streighte waie take it: for occasion hath an hearie foreheadde, so that in that part, she maie be holden fast, but if she ones tourne her backe, behinde in the polle, she is as bare as a [...]oote, that a man maie haue no hand fast in her. That is, oportunitie whē it chaunceth, it maie bee holden and kepte, verely, it dooeth not retourne, when thou wouldest, if thou regardest it not.
Erasmus. Surmise and gather of thinges presente, what are to come. Take counsaill of thinges, either good or euill, past and goen, how thou maiest with stande those that are to come. After thexample of that Romishe God Ianus, whō the antiques did feigne to haue had twoo foreheaddes or faces. For asmoche as it behoueth a wise man, to haue yies in his forhead, and behinde in his polle. Thesame thing truely dooeth folowe vs, whiche is alreadie past and goen.
Erasmus. Diete the maner of thy liuyng, rather after the meane & waie of helth and good welfare, then of pleasure. For we must not onely in disease and sickenesse, beware of intemperauncie but also when we are in good health we must vse all thinges measurably, as slepe, drinke, meate, the pleasure of the bodie, plaie, least wee fall into sickenesse. Although some thing is to be geuen to pleasure, yet moche more is to be geuen to health, whiche ones lost, all pleasure perisheth withall.
Erasmus. The best thinges dooe neuer please the common sorte, yet it is wisedome [Page] for a man alone, not to striue against al. For he is wise to no purpose, whiche is alone, and to himself wise, where as he semeth to all others, to date and plaie the foole.
Erasmus. Before all thinges haue regarde of thy health, least that if through thine intemperauncie and euill diete, thou fallyng into any disease, afterwarde for very shame, dooest put the blame in the vnwholesomenesse of thaire or place, as the common sorte of people is wont to dooe. For the moste parte [Page] of sickenesse, dooe chaunce vnto vs, through the euill dietyng of our bodies.
Erasmus. Some with ouermoche supersticion obserue and marke their dremes, and of them doe iudge of thinges to come Where as the dreames of theim that slepe, come of themselues, when thei are wakyng. Thei dooe not signifie what is to come, but thei dooe represōt vnto thee sleping, what thou hast before thought.
¶ The .iij. booke of Cato.
Erasmus. This is in the stede of a Proheme or Preface. Without the waie and reason how to liue well & godlie our life is no life, but the image and picture of death. These verses do teache [Page] the, verie profitable and necessarie rules, how to liue vprightelie, if thou hast any affection and wil, to learne & vnderstande. But if thou regarde them not, thou shalt contemne and despise thy selfe, and not the writer. For the matier perteineth vnto the, and not vnto him.
Erasmus. If that euil disposed persones speake not well of the, when thou dooesh no hurte, holde thy selfe contente, with the vprighte conscience of thy good doinges. For in the it lieth, that thou dooe well: but in thy power it is not, how and what, this, or that, men shal talke of the.
Erasmus. If thou be called for a witnesse, in thy frendes cause, thou shalt to thy power concele and hide his euil deede, but to that thou hurte not thine owne good name. And thou shalt geue asmoche scilence vnto amitie or frendeshippe, as thy honestie, and thy othe of testimonie and witnesse, will suffre and beare with the.
Erasmus. The communication of trueth, is [Page] simple and plain. The faire & smoth speaker, is ful of deceipte. Therefore it ought of wise menne alwaies to be suspected.
Erasmus. A slothful and an idle life, is to be abandoned. And the imperfectnes of the minde, dooeth also bring an vnlustinesse & feblenesse vnto the bodie. Also the exercise of the minde, dooeth help moche to the health of the bodie.
Erasmus. The minde weried with serious and earnest businesse, is sometime to bee solaced, with honestie & moderate pleasures & pastimes, so that the spirite quickened and refreshed, it maie be able to sustein al maner of labours
Erasmus. Whatsoeuer thou dooest to other, of other thesame shalbe dooen to the [Page] again. If thou can gladlie reproue other mennes deedes or woordes, other will vse thine awne example against thy selfe.
Erasmus. Whatsoeuer dooeth happen vnto the, by the Testamente and bequest of thy frendes, that keepe, least euery mannes mouthe be ful of the. For the common people is wonte to mutter against theim that come sodeinlie by their gooddes and possessions.
Erasmus. [Page] This fault is peculiar to olde men that the more nerer thei be to deaths dore, the more catching and hauing thei bee. Therefore dooe thou then geue vnto thy frendes, that thei maie nourishe, and helpe the with their almose deedes.
Erasmus. For the basenesse and vilenesse of the aucthour and geuer, good & wholsome counsail, is not to bee despised. Nor it is not to bee regarded, who speaketh it, but what the thing is that is spoken.
Erasmus. Thy fortune or estate diminished & made lesse, thou maiest not vse like galauntnes as afore. But thou shalt be contente with that kinde of life, that thy presente fortune, and degree dooeth geue the. And thou shalt take that wel a woorthe, that now is presente.
Erasmus. Take hede thou wed not a wife for the sake or cause of her dowrie. And if thou dooe marrie one riche and wel dowred, reteine her not for the respecte of her dowrie, if she be a shrewe [Page] but her dowrie set a parte, thou shalt forsake her. How be it emong Christē menne this precepte is not to bee folowed, nor ought to be allowed.
Erasmus. Thei that learne by their owne pecilles & losses what is mete for them: thei paie beare for their learning. A wise man doeth take counsail of anothers liuing how to liue. This deede gotte him an euil name, I shal beware least I dooe a like. This thing framed wel with him, I wil folowe and dooe after him.
Erasmus. First proue what thy power and strength is, before thou settest vpō any businesse, least aftrewardes being ouermastered with the difficultie and hardenes thereof, thou shalt forsake that to thy shame, whiche so vnaduisedlie thou tokest vpon the.
Erasmus. Dissemble thou not, if thou knowest any thing not to be wel doen, for thou shalt bee thought to allowe it, when thou kepest it priuie. For cloking and scilence keping doeth sometime seme [Page] to be consenting and agreing.
Erasmus. If thou bee oppressed with a wicked lawe, that is with a streight and vngētle lawe. Fle to the iustice of the iudge. For this is not against the lawes, but is the minde and meaning of the lawes, that thei be reduced and tempered by iustice. It is an vniuste lawe; when it is sued to the extremitie. As if a poore manne should be cast into prison because he doeth not finde his father, wheras the lawe saieth. Let the children mainteine, and kepe their fathers and mothers, or els let them be committed to warde. Some time the lawe is the streighter for to cast men into a feare. In these thinges [Page] the iudge (that is) the maister or chief gouernour maie helpe and be a meane.
Erasmus. A displeasure that chaunceth vnto the, through thine owne faulte, thou shalt impute it to none other then thy selfe. And when thou feelest thy selfe giltie, reproue thy selfe, and bee thine owne iudge, & thinke thy selfe woorthie of that punishemente.
Erasmus. ¶ Reade thou many and sondrie thinges, but yet with a iudgemente. For al thinges are not true, the which thou dooest reade in Poetrie.
Erasmus. In the courte of lawe is a place of eloquence, in the chambre of scilēce in feast and at meate, it is comelie and meete to vse moderate communications one with the other, and thei also pleasaunte and merie. Some mē while thei goe about to bee seen curious, be troublous to the other of the geas [...]es with their babling, to whom thei dooe leaue no space and time to commune.
Erasmus. Women haue their teares in a readinesse. With theim thei ouermaster their housbandes. Therefore he geueth councel that thei be nothing moued with soche maner weping & wailing. For thei dooe often times faine theim, that thei maie deceiue their housbandes. As women dessemble thē selues to bee greued with Ialousie, that thei maie cloke their owne alnoutrie: or els when thei faine theim selues to be angrie with him, whom thei entirelie loue.
Erasmus. Vse and occupie soche thinges as thou hast gotten, and dooe not abuse them, least when all thy gooddes are wasted and spent, thou be constrained either to aske other mennes shamefullie, either to liue of anothers mans in bondage, or elles to steale other mennes gooddes, not without thy great peril and daunger.
Erasmus. Death, and it be but for this thing onely, is not to be feared, forasmoche as she is the ende of euilles of this life.
Erasmus. ¶ Litle trifling faultes, are to be borne withal in our frendes, if thei be in other poinctes good. As in the wife if she be any thing talkatiue, or of her tounge any thing saucie, it is to bee suffred, if she bee in other condicions chast and profitable (that is) dooing the duetie of a good houswife. Speciallie for because the disease of the tounge is propre and naturall to that kinde. He is a frowarde person, that cannot kepe scilence, speciallie seeing it is a light and easie thing for one to holde his peace, for by this meanes thy wife shall ceasse to chat and prate, if thou geuest her neuer a woorde to aunswere, as Socrates was woont to dooe.
Erasmus. Mercie, loue and reuerence is due vnto thy parentes, thy countreie, to God, & any that shal occupie the place of thy parentes. There are some that loue their parētes as though the lawe constrained them therto, but loue thou them dearelie, & not fearefullie, that is constrainedlie or for veraie shame, but chearefullie and with good harte. And if there fortune any strife betwene thy parentes, bee thou so diligent to please the one that thou offende not thothen, that thy gentlenesse maie remoue all griefes and troubles.
¶The .iiij. booke of Cato.
Erasmus. This is the Proheme or preface to the .iiii. booke. If thou wilte be free and voide frō all vices, and wilt liue guiltie to thy self of no faulte, haue thou these preceptes alwaies ready and at hāde. In the whiche thou shalt finde wherin thou maiest vse thy self for a master and teacher, that is, how thou thy self maiest rule and moderate thy self, beyng holpē with these preceptes.
Erasmus. He biddeth vs not to cast awaie richesse, but not to make muche of thē. For thei that dooe enhaunce theim, that is, highly esteme and regard thē while thei dare not vse, and occupie those gooddes that thei haue: And dooe alwaies heape vp somewhat, yet dooe thei alwaies begge, that is, thei be pinchyng and crauyng.
Erasmus. If thou dooest measure thine expē ses,[Page]accordyng to thy nede, that is, to thy necessitie, and not to thy ambiciō nor yet to wanton pleasure, the commodities & pleasures of nature shall neuer faile thee, whiche nature is cō tent with fewe thinges, wheras carnall lustes and delites desire out of measure.
Erasmus. If thy matiers come euill to passe by thine awne negligence, dooe not put the blame in fortune, that thou maiest call her blinde, where as thou thy self tookest but small hede.
Erasmus. To loue money for mannes vse and nede, is the poinct of a wiseman: To loue it, that the coigne therof maie fede and delite a mannes yies, is the signe of a coueteous and a mad man. All menne would haue money: euill men onely desire the coigne therof.
Erasmus. When thou art in ieopardie of the healthe of thy bodie, dooe not then spare thy richesse and gooddes. For he that dooeth not finde a remedy for his disease, least he should diminishe his money: Soche a one hath, but he hath not himself, wheras he is sicke and euill at ease. He had rather haue [Page] his money saued then himself, & to haue the vse and occupiyng of them, then of himself.
Erasmus. Thou werte beaten of thy Master whē thou diddest go to schole. Moche more it becometh thee to suffre, whē thy father doeth chide the with wordes. Thou diddest take well a worthe the tirannie of thy Teacher, beeyng moche more cruell: Forbeáre the rule or Emperie of thy father, who although he be angrie, yet he woeth refraine from fightyng.
Erasmus. Of what thinges thou art in doubt dooe them not, dooe those thinges of whom thou dooest trust for a gain, in those thinges by whom thou maiest be deceiued, and is in doubt whether thei will dooe good or euill, with thē dooe thou not medle.
Erasmus. Geue willingly if thou maiest geue any thing. For it is gaines, & no losse what thou dooest best owe vpon good men. And he in bestowyng taketh a good tourne, whiche geueth to one deseruyng it. For it cometh again with an ouerplus the whiche thou bestowest [Page] vpon good men.
Erasmus. Soche thinges as haue any suspicion of euil, those set thou not light of, but straight waie examine them, & serche theim out what maner thinges thei are. For in the beginnyng thou shalt easely finde remedie, if there bee any euill: but a thing not regarded, doeth wexe more and more, and dooeth afterward moste hurt of all. As if thou suspecte thy frend to be of a straunge minde towardes thee, sette not thou light of it, what it should meane, but trie out wherof this thing did first arise. And if there bee any soche thinges, by and by stoppe the displeasure while it is yet in growyng.
Erasmus. Beware thou double not thy grief for one maie somewhat bee suffred, twoo at ones cānot be borne. To liue fleshely is a damnable thing, and dā nable is gluttonie. That if at ones thou be troubled with bothe euilles, it remaineth that thou bee broughte straighte waies to pouertie. He calleth gluttonie, the study and affecciō of deintie meates, & thesame he calleth the frend of the bellie, for by her the bellie is fatted, and the substaūce and good name diminished.
Erasmus. Forasmoche as thou dooest thinke in thine awne minde, all wilde beastes to bee feared, by my counsaill thou shalte chiefly feare one beaste (that is) a manne. For no wilde beast dooeth more hurte and displeasure, then one man another.
Erasmus. It that nature hath geuē the strēgth of bodie, thou shalt not be a strōg mā by and by, excepte thou ioigne therevnto witte & discrecion, that is wise dome, by the whiche thou maiest vse well the strength of thy bodie.
Erasmus. Thou dooest open vnto the Phisiciō, the diseases of the bodies, shew vnto a faiethfull frende the griefes of the minde. That man that is the Phisicion dooeth heale with medicines, and this manne (that is thy frende) with wordes: or els if any sicknesse happē rather call thy frend then a phisicion
Erasmus. The people of old time did beleue a [Page] mischeuous deede, to be purged with killyng of a beast, the which had doen no faulte. And an innocent creature was ponished for anothers offence, when he rather oughte to haue been slain whiche did offende, then the beast offred vp in Sacrifice. Truely thei did foolishly hope and trust that anothers death should be their helth, wheras euery man ought to ponishe his awne misdeedes of himself.
Erasmus. A frende whom thou wouldest take vnto thy familiar acquaintaunce, is not to bee estemed by his substaunce, but of his good maners. Thesame must be dooen in chosyng wiues.
Erasmus. Thou haste gotten thy gooddes in vain and to no purpose, that darest not vse and occupie theim, and emōg greate substaunce and treasure, thou liuest bare and nedie. For it auaileth the nothing to haue, if those thinges whiche thou hast, dooe profite thee neuer a deale the more, then those whiche thou hast not.
Erasmus. If thou be willyng to saue vpright [Page] thy honest and good name, loue not thou vnhonest, and filthy desires and pleasures, as gluttonie, lecherie, and soche other like.
Erasmus. When accordyng vnto thy age, thy witte and policie of minde is quicke and pregnant, scorne not old age, the whiche is not so ripe & ready in wit and vnderstandyng, for euery old mā dooeth dote, and retourne to his childishe foolishenesse. Therefore, the fault of old age is to be borne withal and not to be mocked and skorned.
Erasmus. Some chaunce or other, doeth many times plucke awaie richesse from a man, as by fire, thefte, warre, shipwracke: but cunnyng cannot be takē awaie. Therefore, that is the surest possession, the whiche maie alwaie and euery where maintein thee.
Erasmus. Nothing doeth more shewe and declare the life and disposicion of man then his communicaciō. That is the sure and ready glasse of the minde. Therefore if thou wilt knowe a man what maner of felowe he is, ponder with thy self what his talke is. The speche doeth open the maners of the [Page] mā, if he speake hartly. And thesame dooeth hide and couer them, if either he holde his peace, or speake faintly.
Erasmus. As discipline and learnyng doeth vanishe awaie, except thou confirme thē by experience, so a crafte must be stablished by practise lest it be forgottē.
Erasmus. If thou wilte be from the feare of death, learne not to make moche of thy life. And as Aristotle doeth clerkely teache, the fruicion and hauyng [Page] of nothing is not pleasaunt, excepte that after a sorte thou hast despised the same already.
Erasmus. Learne not of euery bodie, but of them that can teache thee. Also what soeuer of other thou doest learne, the same to other teache thou again. The knowelege of good & profitable thinges, is not to be kept in huggermugger, but is to be deliuered.
Erasmus. So that shorte pleasure, and felicitie of this bolling and bibbing doeth often times gette vnto a manne a greuous and a long disease.
Erasmus. Thou shalt be thought light and inconstant, if that thou hast praised before many, thesame that afterwarde thou dooest reproue. Therefore if thou hast chaunged thy minde, see thou holdest thy tounge.
Erasmus. Be thou not without al feare, and care when fortune is good and luckie but take hede of a storme to come. Again when fortune is cruel, faint not, but be of good harte, vpon hope of a better chaūce to come. In thinges prosperous and luckie, aduersitie is to be feared, least a manne should be careles. In aduersite, thinges more pleasaunte are to be trusted for.
Erasmus. [Page] According to the same minde of Solon we must were older, alwaies learning one thing, or other, for singular & excellent wisedome dooeth chaunce to a manne by longe vse, that is by longe experience of age or yeres. Howbeit it pleaseth me better, that this bee the meaning or vnderstanding. Learne alwaies, for by studie wisedome encreaseth, for there are fewe that proue wise by experiēce of thinges, either because it dooeth happen fewe to liue long, or elles for that, that very fewe extirpe, and putte of their foolishnesse by this waie of experience. The moste surest & readiest waie to wisedome is learning and knowelege.
Erasmus. [Page] Praise not thy frende ouermoche of whom thou hast made no proufe, for he being often times praised of the, in one daie or other, he shall shewe himself to haue been another maner of felowe, then thou hast praised him for.
Erasmus. Some of a certain foolishe shame had rather alwaies to bee ignoraunte then ones to learne any thing. Whereas to knowe, is a faire thing, and a shame to wil to learne nothing. Therfore it is an honest poincte to desire knowelege.
Erasmus. Picke out what is good, flie whatsoeuer is euil therunto coupled, drinke and good chere maketh a man merie, & putteth awaie cares, vse this commoditie. But again dronkennesse prouoketh to brauling and chiding, that beware. And lecherie delighteth, but it hath with it wrangling and quareling Loue therefore without strife & debate.
Erasmus. Eschewe these solemne and still felowes, for thei seeme to cōpasse some great thing. Like as the floud is to be auoided in that parte, where it is most [Page] calme. For that is woont to be depest. So Cesar did more feare Brute & Cassy being pale & stil, then dronkē Anthony.
Erasmus. As often as thou art werie of thy state and condicion, matche it with other mennes fortunes, and thou shalt perceiue thy selfe, neuer a deale the wourse, that is more vnhappie then many other.
Erasmus. [Page] Set vpon, and goe about sure matiers, rather then great. For it is more safegarde and suretie to rowe by the shore, & to vse oares, then with broade sailes to bee in ieoperdie in maigne seas. Nor truelie the windes of good chaunce and fortune dooeth fauour euery manne.
Erasmus. Striue not peruerslie, that is, maliciouslie and frowardlie with a iuste manne, for God doeth neuer leaue that vnauenged.
Erasmus. If riches dooe happen vnto the, be glad therof, if thei be taken from the, be not thou vexed and troubled, but then vse wisedom & discretion. Truelie thei haue not so moche goodnesse, that thei neede greatlie to be sorowed, if thei be lost, nor again so moche euil, that thei be not to be receiued, if peraduenture, thei happen to the.
Erasmus. If a frend be displeased with speaking a woorde, it is to be suffred, but the damages & losses of thinges, fewe can suffre paciētlie. Therefore in soche [Page] a case, it is to be taken hede of, least we hurte our frende.
Erasmus. No man can promise himselfe long life, seeing that death dooeth folowe a man, whersoeuer he goeth none otherwise, then the shadowe foloweth the bodie.
Erasmus. God reioiseth not in the slaughtee beastes, therefore Sacrifice is to bee [Page] doen vnto him with frankencens, that is, with a thing that offendeth not, & is of litle coste. But now a daies, the moste parte of Christien men, although the maner of offring beastes be take awaie from emōg them, yet thei thinke God and his sainctes, in maner to bee bounde vnto them, if their hange vp before them precious stones, golde, siluer, and silkes, either onely to shewe, or els to be tourned into the riote of a fewe, remembring not these thinges alwaies, of holie menne to haue been despised, and if peraduenture any soche thinges did chaunce, straight waie thei would bestowe theim to the vse, & behoufe of the poore and needie.
Erasmus. He that hath to dooe with greate menne, forasmoche as thei maie dooe a manne pleasure many waies, it is necessarie that sometime he hushe iniuries doen vnto him: that is, that he suffre thē pacientlie, making no woorde. For some time men of aucthoritie doe displeasure, and vse to deale truelie. Heare therefore, a wise man shal geue place vnto him, that aftrewarde he maie profite him. For if by his wrasteling with them, he make them his enemies, she shalbe able to doe good, neither to himself, nor to any of his.
Erasmus. Whereas thou dooest perceiue thy selfe to haue dooen amisse, by and by [Page] punishe thy selfe, and forgeue not thy selfe. Chide thy selfe, and ioine thy self in penaunce to dooe some labour. For in curing and healing woundes, one grief is healed by another grief, so least the wooundes should ake, thou pourest in sharpe and bitter thinges whiche doe gnawe and bite. So thy reprouing and rebuking, although it bee bitter & greuous, yet it dooeth heale the vice of the minde.
Erasmus. With whom thou hast had long familiar [Page] acquaintaunce, perchaunce he is wexen another maner of felowe, & hath chaunged his olde condiciones, thou shalt attribute that to the necessitie that thou hast been in, in times past least thou rebuke him, although he bee not woorthie to be beloued.
Erasmus. That thou maiest bee acceptable to al menne, be thou kinde and thankeful in offices, that is, in benefites & good tournes. For the name of a churle is hated with al menne. For so menne cal him, vpō whō a good tourne bestowed [Page] is lost. Surelie nothing is so euill lost, as that whiche is bestowed vpon a [...] vnkinde persone.
Erasmus. He whiche dooeth imagine & surmise, some peril towarde him, he liueth al the daies of his life a wretche. Nothing therefore is more meter for him, then death, for asmoche as he can not liue a merie daie.
Erasmus. So vse and handle thy seruauntes although thei bee bought, that thou haue in minde, that thei are menne, & no beastes. That thei bee bought, it was through chaunce & fortune, that thei be menne, in this poincte thei be thy equalles and felowes.
Erasmus. Oportunite and occasion, whom before Cato saied, to haue an hearie fore hed, is streight waie to bee snatched vp, least it withdrawe it selfe, and thou dooest aftrewarde to no purpose seeke for that, whiche before thou [Page] diddest not regarde, or passe of.
Erasmus. ¶ If euill liuers and vicious persones die sodeinlie, it is a thing rather to be lamented and forowed, then to be laughed, and reioised at. Wee ought sooner to be glad, & merie in the death of good menne, whose death is happie and fortunate.
Erasmus. [Page] If thou beyng a poore man, hast a wife, of whom men speake shreudely suppose the name of a riche frend, to bee auoided as enemie to thy good fame and honestie. For thou shalte seme vnder this cloke, to set out thy wife to plaie the harlot, for some lucre and gaines. And by this meanes dooe riche men allure vnto theim the wiues of poore men.
Erasmus. The more thinges thou hast learned, bee so moche the more studious, to learne and knowe mo thinges, lest thou seme vnapte to bee taughte any thing.
Erasmus. A sentence or vnderstandyng of a thing, is to bee expouned with plain woordes. For we dooe better cary awaie in our remembraunce, those thinges that bee brief and shorte. Therefore it pleased the aucthour, to comprehende one precept, in euery twoo verses, in plain wordes, that it might be the more open and brief.
WHen I had read the Prudent woorke of aunciente Cato, with the annotacions of the greate Clerke Erasmus vpon thesame, (my louyng Burrāt) whiche into our maternall and Englishe toungue, by you translated of late, you sente me, and whiche ye haue with no lesse labour, then politique profite, set forth and caused to bee diuulgate, whereby many take not onely pleasure in the readyng thereof, but also learnyng, wisedome, and ferther vnderstandyng yet thei maie not onely learne, how to teach other: but also how to frame and order themselues in euery condicion: I thought it mete or rather necessarie, to moue you to set your ferther industrie and diligence, to communicate therwithal, the sage saynges of the seuen wisemen, whiche if [Page] thei he in like sort set foorthe, in our vulgare toungue, thei shall not onely stirre men (for the greate poinctes of wisedome therein conteined) to like wisedome, knowelege, and good maners: but also to instructe them in diuerse feactes of worldely pollicies, whereby thei maie auoide daiely, diuerse and sondrie daungers, as these wise menne haue proued, whiche had long experience of the same.
In consideracion wherof, when I had pondered this with the commoditie of Philosophie, whiche in their saiynges, is full plentie: & perceiued how that in all troubles, it is a presente remedy: and an inwarde liuely coumfort, to haue the posies & dicties of wisedome, afore mennes yies, as that excellent Philosopher Aristotle in his pollitiques dooeth testifie, saiyng: if a man desire by himself to bee coumforted, let him seke that remedy from none other where, then of Philosophie. And how that these preceptes [Page] of wisedome and good nurture (as Faustus and other dooe testifie) was brought by Socrates first vnto light emong men, wherby men be brought from carnall and sensuall affeccions to a humain & honest trade of liuyng: I thought it my part to signifie vnto you, of these .vii. wisemen, their coū trey, nature, and behauiour, to the intent you should bee more willyng to ioigne them with your former boke, whiche thing I dooe not so largely amplifie and set foorthe in length, as I mighte dooe, or as hereafter (if it shalbee thought expedient) maie bee dooen, for because that it might bee thought of some other, not so necessarie, or els to tedious.
But to speake of our .vii. wisemen, whose names after the common sorte and acceptacion bee these, Thales Milesius, Solon Salaminius, Chilon Lacedemonius, Pittacus Mitileneus, Bias Prienensis, Cleobulus Lindius, Periāder corinthius. These [Page] be the .vii. wisemen, that commonly be so named, although that some writers (as Hirnippus in his booke de Sapientibus) dooeth adiotgne vnto these aforesaied, Epimenidem, Anacharsim, and other mo. So likewise Hippobotus in his descripciō of philosophers, dooeth numbre & accoūpt, Orpheus, Linus, Epicharmus, and Pithagoras with other mo, emong these seuen. Neuerthelesse these seuē first named haue gotten the garlande, and are as chief allowed & receiued.
Thales named Milesius, was called the first wiseman (as Plato doeth testifie) as afore the other, and hath his surname of Miletus, a Citie in Grece, from whence the moste precious woulles and felles doe come: beyng of a noble family and stocke, called familia Theledarū, he was after a Citezen of Miletus, a Citie in the borders of Ionia in Grece. This Thales, after long experience, had in the affaires of the citie, gaue himself to [Page] the studie and contemplacion, of naturall thinges, a man excellētly learned in Philosophie and Astronomie, whiche wroughte of the progression and mocion of the sunne. &c. And the Equinoctiū, the first emong thē that searched out the secretes of Astrologie (as some dooe write) whiche was the first likewise, that comparing the Moone & her substaunce to the sunne affirmed the Moone to bee the seuen C.xx. part of the Sunne. The first also estemed of them, that discribed the triangle: the first that founde out the course and time of the yere, diuidyng it into .iii. C. lxv. daies, as some dooe affirme and saie, with other thinges mo. This Thales affirmed himself moche bound to fortune for .iii. thinges. Firste, that he was borne a man, and not a beast: the second, a man and not a woman: the thirde a Greke and a free man, and not a Barbarous or bonde man. He florished aboute the seuen .C.xl. yere afore the birthe of [Page] Christe. And in long experience of worldly wisedome, and knowelege of naturall thinges exercised, after died beyng of the age of .xc. yeres as Socrates dooeth write.
Solō called Salaminius of Salaminia an Islāde in the sea called Euboice, of the whiche Virgill in the firste twoo verses of the .vi. booke of Aeneidos, maketh mencion, directly almoste against Athens. This Solon ordred moste holie and godlie lawes emong the Atheniens, & moste abhorred tirannie, & decreed that thei that did not coumforte and fede their parētes, should be takenfor castawaies likewise those that sold their landes and patrimonie: And that the childrē of all soche, as did die and perishe in battaill for the common wealthe, should of the communes be broughte vp and nourished: whereby men were wonderfully animated and couraged to fight for their countries. He florished aboute .vii. C. xiiii. yeres, afore [Page] Christes birthe, and was a while Prince of Athens: At whiche time he gaue and ordred certain Lawes emong thē full of wisedome. He liued lxxx. yeres, and died in Cipres, an Islelande of greate fame, sette in the sea, betwene Cilicia and Siria about iiii. C. xxvii. miles in compasse, commaundyng his folkes (as Diogenes dooeth testifie of him) to cary his bones into Salaminia his awne countrie, there to burne theim to Ashes, and to cast them abroade therin.
Chilon called Lacedemonius, of a toune in Peloponest, made very good Preceptes, whose counsaill ye shall reade herafter. He was brief in speakyng and sentencious, and so of him came the Prouerbe, Chilonia Breuitas, he was about seuen hundred and xiiii yeres before Christ.
Pittacus called Mytileneus, of Mitilene, a citie in the Islelande of Lesbos, of which citie now the whole coūtrie of Lesbos is called Mitilene [Page] after that citie. He was ordeined of them of Mitilene his citie, the chief gouernour thereof, whiche when he had gouerned .x. yeres, he gaue it ouer frely. When his soonne Tirrhous by chaunce, sat in a Barbours shoppe at Cumes, & by an axe cast at him was slain: the partie so taken and bounde for a murderer, was brought to this Pittacus his father for iudgemente: whiche lo [...] him and let him go, saiyng, pitie is to be preferred afore vē geaunce: shewyng in this and other like, greate clemencie and pitie, to be shewed in factes ignorauntly dooen. He was seuen .C. yeres and mo afore Christe, and liued the full age of. lxx and so died, and at Lesbos is buried.
Bias called Prienes of Priene, a water toune, sometime vpon the sea side situate. This Bias of some is preferred for wisedome afore the other. This Bias wrought for the defence of his countrie and citie this feacte. when that his countrie was besieged [Page] of one Aliaet, he caused twoo Mules to be throughly fed, and so presented thē to Aliaet the king, whiche wondered that thei had yet beastes lefte emong them so fatte, wherby he was minded to leaue his besiegyng therof And sēt a spie into the citie, to view their state & condicion, whiche, whē Bias perceiued a spieto come emong them, he caused greate heapes of grauell, to be couered with wheate, and shewed theim to the kinges messenger. Then the king therupon entered with theim, and concluded together a peace, and so by his policie the citie was saued. He was a very earnest Orator, and medled but in good causes he died in the lappe of his nephewe, whom the Citie honourably buried: whose counsailles are many and full of witte and prudēce. He was in the time of the other aforesaied.
Cleobulus an Asiā, borne in the citie of Lindus in Caria, a Region of the lesser, Asia, betwixt Lisia & Ionia, beyng [Page] in the middest of the Sea. As in his awne Epistle directed to Solon (as in Diogenes ye maie reade) he plainly declareth. He was a cleane persone of strength and comelinesse, he wrote (as Diogenes testifieth) iii. C. verses and sentences of wise doine. He liued seuentie yeres, full of experience and humain wisedom, leauyng many monumentes & testimonies of his wisedome behinde.
Periander Corinthius, borne at Corinthus a citie of Achaia in the Easte. There were three of the name (as Apollidorus doeth write) the first in Thessalia: The seconde in Epiro now called Albania, & sometime Me lossa: the thirde in Elide, nobilitated greatly by the Epistles of S. Paule directed to the menne therof, a citie sometime of greate fame and richesse This Periander of great fame emōg them, wrote two hundred verses and sentences of prudēce, a man of great power. He liued (after some writers) [Page] fower skore yeres, and then deceassed whose diuerse sentences Diogenes dooeth ferther at large describe and gather.
Thus partly I haue opened the condiciō of these seuen wisemen: to you resteth onely their prudent counsailes, to bee diuulgate, wherein if you take peines, as you haue dooen with prudēt Cato, you shall not onely get your self a name immortall: But deserue of God merite, and of learned and vnlearned worthie thankes, for so commune and publique a benefite.