The Anatomie of the simple members.

ANd if it be, asked you howe many simple members therebe, it is to be answered, eleuen and two that be but super [...] of members: and th [...]se be they, Bones, Cartilages, Nerues, Pannicles, Lygamēts, Cordes, Arteirs, Ueynes, Fatnes, Flesh and Skinne: and the superfluities be the heares and the nayles. I shal begin at the bone, because it is the foundatiō, and the hardest mē ­ber of all the body. The Bone is a c [...]nsimile member, sim­ple and spermaticke, and colde and dry of complexion, in­sensible, and inflexible: and hath diuers formes in mans body, for the diuersitie of helpings. The cause why there be many bones in mans body is this: Sometime it is néedeful that one member or one lymme should moue without ano­ther. Another cause is, that some defende the principall members, as doth the bone of the brest, and of the head: and some to be the foundatiō of diuers parts of the body, as the bones of the Ridge, and of the legges: and some to fulfill the hollow places, as in the handes and féete, &c.

The Grystle is a member simple and spermaticke, next in hardnes to the bone, and is of complexion colde and dry, [Page 7] and insen [...]ible. The grystle was [...]rdeyned for [...]ixe [...]auses, or profites that I fin [...]e in it: The first is, that the continu­al mouing of the hard bone might not be done in a iuncture but that the grystle should be a meane betwéene the Lyga­ment and him: The seconde is, that in the time of concussi­on or oppression, the soft members or limmes should not be hurt of the hard [...]: The thirde is, that the extremitie of bones and Ioyntes that be grystly, might the [...] be folded and moued together without hurt: the fourth is, for that it is necessary in some meane places to put a grystle, as in the throte bowel for the sounde: The fifth is, for that it is néedefull that some members be holden vp with a gry­stle, as the l [...]ds of the eyes: The sixth is; that some limmes haue a susteyning and a drawing abroade, as in the nose and the eares, &c.

The Lygament is a member consimple, simple, & sper­maticke, next in hardnesse hardnesse [...] the grystle and of com [...]lexion colde and dry, and is fle [...]ible and in [...]ensible, and bi [...]deth the bones together. The cause why h [...] is flexible and in­sensible is this: If it had béene sensible, he might not haue suffred the labour and mouing of the ioyntes: and if it had not béen flexible of his bowing, one lymme should not haue moued without another. The seconde profite is, that hee be ioyned with sinew [...]s, for to [...] Cordes and Brawnes: The thirde helpe is, that he be a resting pla [...]e to some sy­news: The fourth profite is, that by him the members that be within the body be susteined, as the matrix and kidneis, and diuers other, &c.

The Sinew is a [...] member, simple and sper­maticke, meane betwéene har [...] and soft, and in complexion cold and drye, and he is both flexible an [...] sensible, strong and tough, hauing his beginning from the braine, or from Mynuca, which is the [...] of the backe. And from the braine commeth, [...] payre [...]f Nerues se [...]satiues, an [...] from [Page 8] Mynuca commeth xxx. payre of Nerues moti [...]s, and one that is by himselfe, that springeth of the last spondell. All these senewes haue both féeling and mouing, in [...]ome more and in some lesse. &c.

A Corde or Tendon is a consimple or officiall member, compounde and spermaticke, synowy, strong, and tough, meanely betwéene hardnes and softnesse, and meanly sen­sible, and flexible, and in complexion cold and dry. And the Corde or Tendon is thus made: The synewes that come from the braine and from Mynuca, and goe to mooue the members, is intermingled with the Lygamentes, & when the synewes and Lygamentes are intermingled together, then is made a Corde. And thrée causes I perceiue why the Cordes were made: The first is, that the Synewe alone is so sensible that hee may not suffer the great labour and trauell of mouing, without the fellowshippe and strength of the Lygament that is insensible, & that letteth his great féeling, and bringeth him to a perfect temperaunce, and so the Cordes moue the limmes to the will of the soule. And this Corde is associated with a simple fleshe, and so thereof is made a brawne or a Muskle, on whom he might rest af­ter his trauell. And this Brawne is called a Muskle. Then when this Corde is entred into this brawne, he is depar­ted into many small thréedes, the which be called wylle. And this will hath thrée properties. The first is in length, by whose vertue that draweth it hath might: The second in breadth, by whom the vertue that casteth out hath might: The third in thwartnes, in whom the vert [...]e that holdeth hath might: and at the end of the Brawne those thréedes be gathered together to make an other Muskle. &c.

Nowe I will beginne at the Artere. This Artere is a member cons [...]myle, simple and spermaticke, hollowe and synowye, hauing his springing from the heart, bringing from the heart to euery mem [...]er blood and spirite of life. It [Page 9] is of complexion colde and drye. And all these Arteres haue two cotes, except one that goeth to the Lunges, and he hath but one cote that spreadeth abroad in the Lungs, and brin­geth with him to the Lungs blood, with the spirite of life to nourish the Lungs withall: and also that Artere bringeth with him from the lungs ayre to temper the fumous heate that is in the heart. And this Artere is he that is called Ar­teria venalis, because he hath but one cote as a vaine, and is more obedient to be delated abroad through [...]l the lungs, because that the blood might the sooner sweate through him: whereas all other Arters haue two cotes, because one cote may not withstande the might & power of the spirite of life. Diuerse other causes there be, which shalbe declared in the Anatomie of the brest. &c.

The Ueyne is a simple member in complexion cold and drye, and spermaticke, like to the Artere, hauing his begin­ning from the Lyuer, and bringing from the Liuer nutri­tiue blood, to nourish euery member of the body with. And it is so to be vnderstanded that there is no more difference betwéene these two vessels of blood, but that the Artere is a vessell of bloud spirituall or vitall. And the Ueine is a ves­sell of bloud nutrimentall, of the which Ueines there is noted two most principall, of the which one is called Vena porta, the other is called venacelis, of whom it is too much to treate of nowe, vntill we come to the Anatomie of the wombe. &c.

The flesh is a consimiler member, simple, not sperma­ticke, and is ingendred of bloud congeled by heate, and is in complexion hote and moyst. Of the which is noted thrée kindes of fleshes: that is to say, one is soft [...] pure flesh: the second is muskulus, or hard & brawny flesh: the third is glandulus, knotty, or kurnelly flesh. Also the commodities of the flesh be indifferent, for some be common to euery kind of flesh, and some be proper to one manner of flesh alone. [Page 10] The profites of the flesh be many, for some defend the body from colde as doth clothes: also it defendeth the body from harde thinges comming against it: also through his moy­sture he rectifieth the body in sommer, in time of great heate. Wherefore it is to be considered what profitable­nesse is in euery kind of fl [...]sh by himselfe. And first of sim­ple and pure flesh, which fulfilleth the concauities of voyde places, and causeth good forme and shape: and this flesh is founde betwéene the téeth, and on the end of the yard. The profite of the Brawny flesh or muskulus flesh, shall be spo­ken of in the Anatomie of the armes. The profits of the Glandulus flesh are these: First, that it turneth the bloud into a cullour like to himselfe, as doth the fleshe of a wo­mans paps turne the menstruall bloud into milke: second­ly, the Glandulus flesh of the Testikles, turneth the bloud into sparme: thirdly, the Glandulus flesh of the chéekes, that ingendreth the spittle. &c.

The next is of Fatnes, of the which I find thrée kinds: The first is Pinguedo, and it is a consimilar member, not spermatike, and it is made of a subtill portion of bloud congeled by colde: and it is of complexion colde and moyst, insensible, and is intermedled amongest the partes of the flesh. The seconde is Adeppes, and is of the same kinde as is Pinguedo, but it is departed from the flesh besydes the skinne, and it is as an oyle heating and moysting the skinne. The third is Auxingia, and it is of kinde as the others be, but he is departed from the flesh within foorth about the kidneys, and in the intrayles, and it helpeth both the kidneys and the intrayles from drying by his vnctio­sitie. &c.

Then come we to the skinne. The Skinne is a consi­mile member or officiall, partly spermatike, strong and tough, flexible and sensible, thinne and temperate, Wher­of there be two kindes: One is the Skinne that couereth [Page 11] the [...]utward members: and the other the inner members, which is called a Pannicle, the profitablenesse of whom was spoken of in the last Lesson: But the Skinne is pro­perly wouen of Thréedes, Nerues, Ueynes, and Arteirs. And he is made [...], because he should be a good dée­mer of heate from colde, and of moystnesse from drynesse, that there should nothing noy nor hurt the body, but it gi­ueth warning to the common wits thereof. &c.

The Hayres of euery part of mans body are but a super­fluitie of members, made of the grosse fume or smoke pas­sing out of the viscoues matter, thickned to the forme of hayre. The profitablenesse of him is declared in the Ana­tomie of the head. &c.

The Nailes likewise are a superfluitie of members, en­gendred of great earthly smoke or fume resolued through the naturall heate of humours, and is softer then the Bone, and harder then the Flesh. In complexion they be cold and dry, and are always waxing in the extremitie of the fingers and toes. The vtilitie of them are, that by them a man shall take the better holde: also they helpe to clawe the bo­die when it néedeth: Lastly, they helpe to deuide things for lacke of other tooles, &c.

The Anatomie of the compound members, and first of the head.

BEcause the head of man is the habitation or dwelling place of the reasonable soule of man, therefore with the grace of God. I shall fi [...]st speake of the Anatomie of the head. Galen sayth in the 2. Chapter De iuua­mentes, and Auicen rehearseth the same in his first preposi­tion and third chapter, prouing that the Head of man was made neither for wits, nor yet for the Braynes, but onely [Page 12] for the eyes For beastes that haue no heades, haue the or­gayne or instruments of Wits in their brests. Therefore God and nature haue reared vp the head of man onely for the eyes, for it is the hyest member of man: and as a behol­der or watchman standeth in a high Towre to giue war­ning of the enemies, so doth the eye of man giue warning vnto the common Wits, for the defence of all other mem­bers of the body. Nowe to our purpose. If the question be asked, howe many things be there conteyning on the head, and howe manie thinges conteyned within the head? As it is rehearsed by Guydo, there be but fiue conteyning, and as manie conteyned: as th [...]s, The [...]ayre, the Skinne, the Flesh, the Pannicles, and the Bone, neyther rehear­sing Ueyne nor Artere. The which Anatomie can not be truely without them both, as thou shalt well perceiue both in this Chapter, but specially in the next. And nowe in this lesson I shall speake but of Hayre, Skinne, Flesh, Ueynes, Pannicles, and Bones, what profitte they doe to man, euerie of them in his kinde. Of the Hayre of the head (whose creation is knowen in the Anatomie of the simple members) I doe note foure vtilities why it was ordeyned: the first is, that it defendeth the Brayne from too much heate, and too much cold, and many other outward noyances: The seconde is, it maketh the forme or shape of the head to séeme more séemelier or beautifuller. For if the head were not heyred, the face & the head should seeme but one thing, and therefore the heyre formeth and shapeth the head from the face: The thirde is, that by the cullour of the heyre is witnessed and knowen the complexion of the Braine: The fourth is, that the fumosities of the Brayne might assende and passe lightlyer out by them. For if there were a sad thing, as the skinne or other, of the same nature as the heyre is, the fumosities of the brayne might not haue passed through it so lightly, as it doth by the hayre.

[Page 13]The Skinne of the head is more lazartus, thicker, and more porrus, than any other Skinne of any other mem­ber of the bodie. And two causes I note why, One is, that it kéepeth or defendeth the braine from too much heat and colde, as doeth the haire: The other, it discusseth to the common wittes of all things that noyeth out wardly, sor the heyre is insencible: The third cause, why the Skinne of the head is more thicker then any other Skinne of the body, is this, that it kéepeth the braine the more warme, & is the better fence for the brayne, and it bindeth and kée­peth the bones of the head the faster togither.

Next followeth the Flesh, the which is al Musculus or Lazartus flesh, lying vppon pericranium without meane. And it is made of subtile Wille, and of simple flesh, Sy­newes, Ueines, and Arteirs. And why the flesh that is all musculus or lazartus in euery member of a mans body was made is for thrée causes: the first is, that by his thick­nes, he should comfort the digestion of other members that lye by him: The second is, that through him euery mem­ber is made the more formelyer, & taketh the better shape: The third is, that by his meanes euery member of the bo­dye draweth to him nourishing, the which others withold to put forth from them, as it shalbe more plainlyer spoken of in the Anatomie of the wombe.

Next followeth Pericranium, or the couering of the bones of the head. But here it is to be noted of a Ueyne & an Artere that commeth betwéene the flesh and this Peri­cranium, that nourisheth the vtter part of the head, and so entreth priuily through the commissaries of the skull, bea­ring to the Brayne and to his Pannicles nourishing: of whose substance is made both Duramater, and also Peri­cranium, as shall be declared in the partes conteyned in the head. Here it is to be noted of this Pannicle Pericra­nium, that it bindeth or compasseth all the bones of the [Page 14] head, vnto whome is adioyned the Duramater, and is al­so a part of his substance, howbeit they bee separated, for Duramater is nearer the braine, and is vnder the skull. This Pericranium was made principally for two causes: one is, that for his strong binding togither he should make firme and stable the feeble commissaries or seames of the bones of the head: The other cause is, that it shoulde be a meane betwéene the hard bone and the soft flesh.

Next is the Bone of the Pot of the head kéeping in the Braines, of which it were too long to declare their names after all Authors, as they number them and their names, for some name them after the Gréeke tongue, and some after the Arabian, but in conclusion al is to one purpose. And they be numbred seuen bones in the pan or skul of the head: the first is called the Coronal bone, in which is the Orbyts or holes of the Eyes, & it reacheth frō the browes vnto the middest of the head, and there it méeteth with the second bone called Occipissial, a bone of the hinder part of the head called the Noddel of the head, which two bones Coronal and Occipissial be deuided by the Commissaries in the middes of the head. The thirde and fourth bones be called Parietales, and they be the bones of the sideling partes of the head, and they be deuided by the Commisso­ries both from the foresaid Coronal and Occipissial. The fifth and sixth bones be called Petrosa or Mendosa: and these two bones lye ouer the bones called Parietales, on euery side of the head one, like skales, in whome be the holes of the eares. The seuenth and last of the head is cal­led Paxillarie, or Bazillarie, the which bone is as it were a wedge vnto all the other seuen bones of the head, and doeth fasten them togeather. And thus be all numbred: the first is the Coronal bone: The seconde is the Occi­pissiall: The thirde and the fourth is Parietales: The fifth and the sixth is Petrosa or Mendosa: and the seuenth [Page 15] is Parillari, or Bazillari. And this suffiseth for the fiue things conteyning.

In this Chapter is declared the fiue things contayned within the head.

NExt vnder the bones of the head withinfoorth, the first thing that appeareth is Duramater, then is Piamater, then the substance of the Braine, and then Uermy formes and Retemirabile. But first to speake of Duramater, whereof, and how it is sprong & made: First it is to be noted of the Ueine and Arteire that was spoken of in the last Chapter before, how priuily they entred through the Commissoris or seames of the head, & there by their vnion together, they do not onely bring and giue the spirite of life and nutriment, but also doe weaue themselues so togeather, that they make this pannicle Duramater. It is holden vp by certaine thréedes of him­selfe comming through the saide commissoris, running in to Pericranium or pannicle that couereth the bones of the head. And with the foresaide Ueyne and Arteire, & these thréedes comming from Duramater, is wouen and made this Pericranium. And why this panicle Duramater is set from the skul, I note two causes: the first is, that if the Duramater should haue touched the skul, it should light­ly haue béene hurt with the hardnesse of the bone: The se­cond cause is, that the matter that commeth of woundes made in the head pearsing the skul, should by it the better bée defended and kepte from Piamater, and hurting of the brayne. And nexte vnto this pannicle there is another pannicle called Piamater, or meeke mother, because it is so softe and tender vnto the brayne. Of whose creation it is to bée noted as of Duramater, for the originall [Page 16] of their first creation is of one kind, both from the Hart and the Lyuer, & is mother of the very substance of the braine. Why it is called Piamater, is, for because it is so soft and tender ouer the braine, that it nourisheth the braine & fée­deth it, as doth a louing mother vnto her tender childe or babe, for it is not so tough and harde as is Duramater. In this pannicle Pia mater is much to bee noted of the great number of Ueynes and Arteirs that are planted, rame­fying throughout all his substance, geuing to the brayne both spirite and life. And this Pa [...]nicle doth [...] or lappe all the substance of the brayne: and in some places of the braine the Ueines and the Arteirs goe foorth of him, and enter into the diuisions of the brayne, and there drin­keth of the brayne substance into them, asking of the heart to them the spirite of life or breath, and of the Liuer nutri­ment. And the aforesayde spirite or breath taketh a further digestion, and there it is made animal, by the eleboration of the spirite vitall is turned and made animal. Further­more, why there be mo pannicles ouer the braine then one, is this, If there had beene but one pannicle onely, eyther it must haue beene harde, or soft or meane betweene both: If it had beene hard, it should haue hurt the brayne by his hardnesse: if it had beene soft, it should haue béene hurt of the hard bone: and if it had béene but meanely neither hard nor soft, it should haue hurt the brayne by his roughnesse, and also haue béene hurt of the hard bone. Therefore God and nature hath ordeyned two pannicles, the one harde, and the other soft, the harder to be a meane betwéene the soft and the bone: and the softer to be a meane betwéene the harder and the braine it selfe. Also these Pannicles be colde and drye of complexion, and spermaticke.

Next is the Braine, of which it is marueilous to be con­sidered and noted, how this Piamater deuideth the sub­stance of the Brayne, and lappeth it into certaine selles or [Page 17] diuis [...]ons, as thus: The substance of the Brayne is deui­ded into thrée partes, or ventrikles, of which the foremost part is the most: the seconde or middlemost is lesse: the third or hindermost is the least. And frō eche one to other be issues or passages that ar called Meates, through whom passeth the spirite of life too and fro. But here yee shall note that euery Uentrikle is diuided into two partes, and in euery parte God hath ordained and set singular and se­uerall vertues, as thus: First in the foremost Uentrikle God hath founded and set the common Wittes, otherwise called the fiue Wittes, as Hearing, Séeing, Féeling, Smelling, and Lasting. And also there is in one parte of t [...]is Uentrikle, the vertue that is called Fantasie, and he taketh all the formes or ordinances that be disposed of the fiue Wittes, after the meaning of sensible thinges: In the other parte of the same Uentrikle is [...] & foun­ded the Imaginatiue vertue, the which receiueth of the common Wittes the fourme or shape of sensitiue things, as they were receiued of the common wittes withoutfoorth representing their owne shape and ordinances vnto the memoratiue vertue. In the middest sel or ventrikle there is [...]ounded and ordeined the Cogitatiue or estimatiue ver­tue: for hee rehearseth, sheweth, declareth, and déemeth those thinges that bee offered vnto him by the other that were spoken of before. In the thirde Uentrikle and last there is founded and ordeined the vertue Memoratiue: in this place is registred and kept those things that are done and spoken with the senses, and keepeth them in his trea­surie vnto the putting foorth of the fiue or common wittes, or orgaynes, or instruments of animall woorkes, out of whose extremities or lowar partes springeth My [...]uca, or marowe of the spondels: of whome it shalbe spoken of in the Anatomie of the necke and backe. Furthermore it is to bee noted, that from the foremoste Uentrikle of the [Page 18] brayne springeth seuen payre of sensatiue or féeling se­newes, the which be produced to the Eyes, the Eares, the Nose, the Tongue, and to the Stomacke, and to diuers o­ther partes of the bodye: as it shal be declared in their A­natomies. Also it is to bee noted, that about the middest ventrikle is the place of Uermi formis, with curnelly flesh that filleth, and Retemirabile, or wonderfull caule vnder the Pannicles, is set or bounded with Arteirs only which come from the heart, in the which the vital spirite by his great labour is turned and made animal. And yee shall vnderstande that these two bee the best kept partes of all the body, for a man shall rather dye, then anye of these shoulde suffer any manner of gréefes from without foorth, and therefore God hath set them farre from the heart. Héere I note the saying of Haly Abbas, of the comminge of small Arteirs from the heart, of whome (sayeth hée) is made a marueylous net or caule, in the which caule is in­closed the Brayne, and in that place is layde the spirite of féeling, from that place hath the spirite of feeling his firste creation, and from thence passeth to other members &c. Furthermore yee shall vnderstande that the brayne is a member colde & moyst of complexion, thin, & meanly vis­cous, & a principal mēber, & an official mēber & spermatik. And first, why he is a principall member, is, because he is the gouernor or the treasurie of the fiue wits: And why he is an officiall member, is, because he hath the effect of fée­ling and stering: And why hée is colde and moyst, is, that hée shoulde by his coldnesse and moystnesse abate and tem­per the exceeding heate and drought that commeth from the heart: Also why it is moyst, is, that it shoulde bee the more indifferenter and abler to euery thing that shoulde bee reserued or gotten into him: Also why it is softe, is, that it shoulde giue place and fauour to the vertue of ste­ring: And why it is meanely viscous, is, that his se­newes [Page 19] shoulde bée strong and meanely tough, and that they shoulde not bee letted in their woorking through his ouermuch hardnesse. Here Galen demaundeth a questi­on, which is this, Whether that féeling and moouinge be brought to Nerues by one or by dyuers? or whether the aforesayde thing bee brought substancially or radically. The matter (sayeth hee) is so harde to searche and bee vn­derstood, that it were much better to let it alone and passe ouer it. Aristotle intreating of the braine, sayeth: The Brayne is a member continually moouing and ruling all other members of the bodye, giuing vnto them both fee­ling and moouinge: for if the Brayne hée let, all other members bée let: and if the Brayne bée well, then all o­ther members of the bodye bee the better disposed. Also the Brayne hath this propertie, that it mooueth and fol­loweth the moouing of the Moone: for in the waxinge of the Moone the Brayne followeth vpwardes, and in the wane of the Moone the Brayne discendeth downwardes, and vanisheth in substance of vertue: for then the brayne shrinketh togeather in it selfe, and is not so fully obedi­ent to the spirite of feeling. And this is prooued in men that be lunatike or madde, and also in men that bee epu­lentike or hauing the falling sicknesse, that bée most grée­ued in the beginning of the newe Moone, and in the lat­ter quarter of the Moone. Wherefore (sayeth Aristotle) when it happeneth that the Brayne is eyther too drye, or too moyst, then can it not woorke his kinde: for then is the bodye made colde: then are the spirites of life melted and resolued awaye: and then followeth féeblenesse of the Wittes, and of all other members of the bodye, and at the last death.

The Anatomie of the Face.

THE Front or the Forhead containeth nothing but the Skinne and Musculus flesh, for the pannicle vnderneath it is of Pericranium, and the bone is of the Coronall bone. Howbeit there it is made broade as if there were a double bone, which maketh the forme of the Browes. It is called the Forhead or Front from one eare to the other, and from the rootes of the eares of the head before vnto the browes. But the cause why the browes were set and reared vp, was, that they should defende the Eyes from noyance withoutfoorth: And they be ordained with hayre to put by the humour or sweate that commeth from the head. Also the Browes doe helpe the Eyeliddes, and doe beautifie and make faire the face, for he that hath not his Browes heyred, is not séemely. And Aristotle sayeth, that ouer measurable Browes be­tokeneth an enuious man. Also high browes and thicke betokeneth hardnesse: and Browes with little hayre be­tokeneth cowardnesse: and meanly signi [...]eth gentleness [...] of heart. Incisions about these partes ought to bee done according to the length of the bodie, for there the Muscl [...] goeth from one Eare to the other. And there if any in­cis [...]on shoulde bee made with the length of the Muscle, it might happen the Browe to hang ouer the Eye without remedie, as it is many times seene, the more pitie. The Browes be called Supercilium in Latine, & vnder is the [...]yelids, which is called Cilium, & is garnished with hairs. Two causes I find why the eyelids wer ordained: the first is, that they should kéepe & defend the Eye frō du [...]t & other outward noyances: the second is, when the eye is weary or heauie, then they should be couered & take rest vnderneath thē. Why the haires wer ordained in thē, is, that by them [Page 21] is addressed the [...] or [...] of vi [...]ble things vn­to the apple of the ey [...]. The eare is a member séemely and grystly, able to be folden without, and is the orgaine or instrument of hearing: It is of complexion colde and drye. But why the [...] was set vp out of the [...]ad, is this, that the soundes that be very f [...]itiue, should lurke [...]nd abide vnder his shadowe, till it were taken of the instrumentes of hearing: Another cause is, that it should kéepe the hole that it standeth ouer from things falling in that might hin­der the hearing. Th [...] synewes that are the Orgaynes or Instrumentes of h [...]aring, spring each from the Brayne, from whence the seuen payre of synewes doe spring, and when they come to the h [...]le of th [...] Care, there they writh like a wine presse, and at the ends of them there be like the head of a worme, or like a little [...]eate, in which is receiued the sounde, and so caried to the common wits. The Eyes be next of nature vnto the s [...]le: for in the Eye is séene and knowen the disturbances and griefes, gladnesse and ioyes of the Soule, as loue, wrath, and other pa [...]ions. The Eyes be the instruments of fight. And they be compounde and made of ten thinges: that is to saye, of seuen Tunicles or Cotes, and of thrée humours. Of the which (sayth Galen) the Brayne and the head were made for the Eye, that they might be in the hyghe [...] place, as a beholder in a towre, as it was rehearsed in the Anatomie of the head. But diuers men holde diuers opinions of the Anatomie of the Eyes: for some men account but thrée tunicles and some six [...]. But in conclusion they mean [...] all one thing: For the very truth is, that there be counted and reckoned seuen Tunicles, that is to say, Sclirotica, Secondyna, Retyna, Vnia, Cor­nua, Arania, and Coniuncti [...]a: and these thrée humours, That is to say, humor Vitrus, humor Albigynus, and hu­mor Crystallinus. It is to be knowen how and after what manner they spring: You shall vnderstande that there [Page 22] springeth of the brayny substance of his foremost Uentri­kles, two senewes, the one from the right side, and the other from the left, and they bée called the first payre, for in the Anatamie they bée the first [...] payre of senewes that appeare of all seuen. And it is shewed [...]y Galen, that these senewes bée hollowe as a réede, for two causes: The first is, that the visible spirite might passe freely to the Eyes: The seconde is, that the forme of visible thinges might freely be presented to the common wittes. Nowe marke the going foorth of these senewes: When these se­newes goe out from the substance of the Brayne, he com­meth through the Piamater, of whose substance hee ta­keth a Pannicle or a Cote: and the cause why hee taketh that Pannicle is to kéepe him from noying, & before they enter into the skull, they meete and are vnited into one senewe the length of halfe an inche: and then they de­parte againe into two, and eche goeth into one eye, en­tring through the brayne panne, and these senewes bee called Nerui optici. And thrée causes I finde why these Nerues are ioyned in one before they passe into the Eye: First, if it happen any diseases in one eye, the other should receiue all the visible spirite that before came to bothe: The seconde is, that all thinges that wee see shoulde not seeme two: for if they had not béene ioyned together, eue­ry thing shoulde haue séemed two, as it doth to a worme, and to other beastes: The thirde is, that the Senewe might stay and helpe the other. But here vpon Lamfranke accordeth much, saying, that these two Senewes come together to the Eyes, and take a Pannikle both of Pia­mater and of Duramafer, and when they enter into the Orbyt of the Eye, there the extremities are spread abroad, the which are made of thrée substances: that is to saye, of Duramater of Piamater, and of Nerui-optici. There be engendred thrée Tunikles or Cotes, as thus: Of the sub­stance [Page 23] that is taken from Our amater is ingendred the first cote that is called Secondina: and of Nerui optici is in­gendred the thirde cote that is called Retina: and eche of them is more subtitler then other, and goeth about the humours without meane. And it is to be vnderstood, that eche of these thrée Tunicles be deuided, and so they make sixe: that is to say, iij. of the par [...]s of the brayne, and thrée of the parts outwards, and one of Pericranium that coue­reth the bones of the head, which is called Coniun [...]iua. And thus you maye perceiue the springing of them: as thus, of Duramater springeth Sclirotica and Cornua: of Piamater springeth Secondina and Unia: and of Nerui optici springeth Coniunctiua. Now to speak of the humors which be thrée, & their places are the middle of the Eyes: of the which the first is Humor Uitrus, because he is like glasse, in colour very cleare, red, liquit, or thinne, & he is in the inward side next vnto the brayne: and it is thinne, be­cause the nutritiue blood of the Christalin might passe, as water through a sponge should be clensed & made pure, and also that the visible spirit might the lightlyer passe through him from the brayne. And he goeth about the Cristaline humour, vntil he méete with Albuginus humour, which is set in the vttermost part of the Eye. And in the middest of these humours Uitrus, & Albuginus, is set the Crystaline humour, in which is set principally the sight of the Eye. And these huinors be separated & inuolued with the Pan­nicles aforesaid, betwéene euery Humor a Pannicle. And thus is the Eye compound and made. But to speake of euery Humour and euerye Pannicle in his due order and course, it would aske a long processe, and a long Chapter, and this is suffici [...]nt for a Chiru [...]gion. Now to begin [...] the Nose: You shall vnderstand that from the brayn there commeth two senewes to the holes of the braiupan, where beginneth the concauitie of the Nose, and these two be [...] [Page 24] properly synewes, but orgaynes or instrumentes of smel­ling, and haue heades like teates or paps, in which is re­ceiued the vertue of smelling, and representing it to the common wits. Ouer these two is set Colatorium, that we call the Nosethrils: and it is set betwéene the Eyes, vnder the vpper part of the Nose. And it is to be noted, that this concauitie or ditch was made for two causes: The first is, that the ayre that bringeth foorth the spirite of smelling might rest in it, till it were taken of the orgaine or instru­ment of smelling: The second cause is, that the super [...]ui­ties of the Brayne might be hidden vnder it, vntill it were clensed: And from his concauitie there goeth two holes downe into the mouth, of which there is to be noted thrée profits:. The first is, that when a mans mouth is close, or when he eateth or sléepeth, that then the ayre might come through them to the Lunges, or els a mans mouth should alwayes be open: The seconde cause is, that they helpe to the relation of the forme of the Nose: for it is sayde, a man speaketh in his Nose when any of these holes be stopped: The third cause is, that the concauitie might be [...]ensed by them when a man snuffeth the Nose, or draweth into his mouth inwardly. The Nose is a member consimple or of­ficiall, appearing without the face, somewhat plicable, be­cause it should the better be clensed. And it is to be percei­ued that it is compound and made of skin & lazartus flesh, and of two bones standing in maner trianglewise, whose extremities be ioyned in one part of the Nose with the Co­ronall bone, and the nether extremities are ioyned with two grystles, and another that diuideth the Nosethrilles within, and holdeth vp the nose: Also there be two conca­uities or holes, that if one were stopped the other should serue: Also there is in the Nose two Muskles, to helpe the working of his office. And Galen sayth, that the Nose sha­peth the Face most: for where the Nose lacketh (sayth he) [Page 25] all the rest of the face is the more vnséemely. The Nose should be of a meane bignes, and not to excéede in length, or breadth, nor in highnes. For Aristotle sayth, if the Nose­thrilles be too thinne, or too wyde, by great drawing in of ayre. it betokeneth great straightnesse of heart, and indig­nation of thought. And therefore it is to be noted, that the shape of the members of the bodie, betokeneth and iudgeth the affections and will of the Soule of man, as the Philo­sopher sayeth. The temples be called the members of the head, and they haue that name because of continuall mo­uing. And as the science of the Anatomie meaneth, the spirite vital is sent from the heart to the brayne by Ar­teirs, and by veines and nutrimentall blood, where the vessels pulsati [...]es in the temples be lightly hurt. Also the temples haue dents or holes inwardly, wherein he taketh the humour that commeth from the brayne, and bringeth the eyes asléepe, and if the saide holes or dentes be pressed and wroung, then by trapping of the humour that conti­nueth, he maketh the teares to fall from the Eye. The Chéekes are the sideling partes of the face, and they con­teyne in them Musculus flesh, with Ueynes and Arteirs, and about these partes be many Muscles. Guido maketh mention of vij. about the chéekes and ouer lip. And Haly Abbas sayeth, there be twelue muscles that moue the ne­ther Iawe, some of them in opening, and other some in closing or shutting, passing vnder the bones of the tem­ples, And they be called Temporales: And they bee right noble and sensatiue, of whose hurt is much peril. Also there be other Muskles for to grinde & to chewe. And to all these Muscles commeth Nerues from the brayne to giue them féeling and mouing: and also there commeth to them ma­ny Arteirs and Ueines, and chéefly about the temples, and the angles or corners of the Eyes and the Lippes. And as the Philosophers saye, the chéefe beautie in man is in the [Page 26] chéekes, and there the complexion of man is most knowē, as thus: If they be full, ruddy and medled with temperate whitenesse and not fat in substance, but meanly fleshly, it betokeneth hoat and moyst of complexion, that is, San­guin and temperat in coller. And if they bee white colou­red, without medling of rednesse, and in substance fat and soft, quauering, it betokeneth excesse & superfluitie of colde and moyst, that is flegmatike: And if they be brown in co­lour, or cytrin, yelowe, redde, and thinne, and leane in sub­stance betokeneth great drying and heate, that is chole­rike: And if they be as it were blowen in colour, & of litle flesh in substance, it betokeneth excesse and superfluitie of drynes and cold, and that is Melancolie. And as Auicen sayeth, the Chéekes doe not onely shewe the diuersities of complexions, but also the affection and wil of the hart: for by the affection of the heart, by sodaine ioye or dread, hee waxeth either pale or redde. The bones or bonye partes, first of the chéekes be two: of the Nose outwardly, two: of the vpper Mandible, two: within the Nose thrée: as thus, one diuiding the Nosethrils within, and in ech Nosthrill one, and they seeme to be rowled like a wafer, and haue a hollownesse in them, by which the ayre is respyred & dra­wed to the Lungs, and the superfluitie of the Brayne is purged into the mouthwardes, as is before rehearsed. But Guydo and Galen saye, that there be in the face nyne bones, yet I cannot finde that the nether Mandible should be of the number of those nyne: for the nether Mandible accompted there, proueth them to be ten in number. Of which thing I will hold no argument, but remit it to the sight of your eyes. The partes of the mouth are fiue, that is to saye, the Lippes, the téeth, the tongue the Uuila, and the Pallet of the mouth. And first to speake of the lippes, they are members consimile or officiall, full of Musculus flesh, as is aforesaide, and they were ordeined for two [Page 27] causes, one is, that they shoulde be to the mouth as a doore to a house, and to kéepe the mouth close til the meate were kindly chewed: The other cause is, that they shoulde bee helpers to the pronouncing of the speache. The téeth are members consimile or officiall, spermatike, and hardest of any other members, and are fastened in the chéeke bones, & were ordayned for three causes: First that they shoulde chewe a mans meat, er it should passe down, that it might be the sooner digested: The seconde, that they shoulde be a helpe to the speach, for they that lacke their téeth doe not perfectly pronounce their wordes: the thirde is, that they should serue to beastes as weapons. The number of them is vncertaine, for some men haue mo, and some lesse, they that haue the whole number haue xxxij. that is to saye, xvi. aboue, and as many beneath, as thus: two Dwallies, two Quadripulles, two Cannines, eight Morales, & two Can­sales. The Tongue is a carnous member, compounde & made of manye Nerues, Lygaments, Ueynes, and Ar­teirs, ordayned principally for thrée causes: The first is, that when a man eateth, the Toung might helpe to turne the meate til it were well chewed: The seconde cause is, that by him is receiued the taste of swéete and sower, and presented by him to the common wittes: The thirde is, that by him is pronounced euery speache. The fleshly part of the tongue is white, and hath in him nine muskles, and about the roote of him is Glandulus, in the which be two welles, and they be euer full of spittle to temper and kéepe moyst the tongue, or else it woulde waxe drie by reason of h [...]s labour, &c. The Uuila is a member made of a spon­geous flesh, hanging downe from the ende of the Pallet o­uer the gullet of the throat, and is a member in complex­ion colde and drie, and often tymes when there fal­leth rawnesse or much moystnesse into it from the head, then it hangeth downe in the throat, and letteth a man to [Page 28] swallowe, and it is broad at the vpper ende, and small at the nether. It was ordeined for diuerse causes, One is, that by him is holpen the sounde of speache, for where the Uuila i [...] lacking, there lacketh the perfect sound of speach. Another is, that it might helpe the prolation of vomites: Another is, that by him is tempered & abated the distem­perance of the ayre that passeth to the Lungs: Another is, that by him is guided the superfluities of the brayne that commeth from the coletures of the Nose, or else the su­perfluities should fall downe soudenly into the mouth, the which were a displeasure. The Pallet of the mouth con­teineth nothing else but a carnous Pannikle, & the bones that be vnderneath it haue two diuisions, One along the Pallet from the diuision of the Nose, & from the opening of the other Mandible vnto the nether ende of the Pallet, lacking halfe an inche, and there it deuideth ouerthwart, and the first diuision is of the Mandible, and the seconde is of the bone called Paxillarie or Bazillarie, that sustay­neth and byndeth all other bones of the head together. The skinne of the Pallet of the mouth is of the inner part of the stomacke and of Myre, and of Ysofagus, that is the way of the meate into the stomacke. The way howe to knowe that such a pannicle is of that part of the stomacke, may be knowen when that a man is touched within the mouth, anon he beginneth to tickle in the stomacke, and the néerer that he shall couche vnto the throte, the more it abhorreth the stomacke, and often times it causeth the [...]omacke to yeeld from him that is within him, as when a man doeth vomite. Also in the mouth is ended the vpper­most extremitie of the Wesande, which is called Myre or Isofagus. And with him is contayned Trachia arteria, that is, the waye of the ayre whose holes be couered with a lap like a tongue, and is gristly, that the meate and drinke might slyde ouer him into Isofagus: The which [Page 29] grystle when a man speaketh it is reared vp, and couereth the waye of the meate: and when a man swalloweth the meate, then it couereth the way of the ayre, so that when the one is couered the other is discouered. For if a man open the waye of the ayre when he swalloweth, if there fall a crum into it, he shall neuer cease coughing vntil it be vp againe. And this suffiseth for the face.

The Anatomie of the Necke.

THE Necke followeth next to be spoken of. Galen prooueth that the necke was made for no other cause but for the Lungs, for al things that haue no Lungs haue neither necke nor voyce, except [...]sh. And you shall vnderstande, that the necke is all that is conteyned be­twéene the head and the shoulders, and betweene the chin and the brest. It is compounde and made of foure things, that is to saye, of Spondillus, of Seruicibus, of Gula, and of Gutture, the which shal be declared more plainly here­after, and through these passe the waye of the meate and of the ayre, but they bee not of the substance of the necke. The Spondels of the necke be seuen: The first is ioyned vnto the lower parte of the head, called Paxillarie or Ba­zillarie, and in the same wise are ioyned euery Spondel with other, and the last of the seuen with the firste of the Backe or Ridge: and the Lygamentes that keepe these Spondels together are not so harde and tough as those of the backe: for why? those of the necke be more féebler and subtiller: The cause is this, for it is necessarie other w [...]ile that the head moue without the necke, and the neck with­out the hea [...], the which might not well haue béene done i [...] they had béene strong and boystrous. Of these aforesayde seuen Spondels of the necke, there springeth seuen payre [Page 30] of Senewes, the which be deuided into the head and into the Uysage, to the shoulders, and to the armes. From the hole of the first spondel springeth the first payre of Se­newes, betwéene the first spondel and the seconde, and so foorth of all the rest in like manner as of these. Also these senewes receiue subtil wille of the senewes of the Brayn, of the which wille, & senewes, and flesh, with a pannicle, make the composition of Muskels, Lazartes, & Brawnes, the which thrée things are all one, and be the instruments of voluntarie mouing of euery member. The Muskels of the necke after Galen are numbred to be xx. mouing the head and the necke. Likewise it is to be noted, that there bée thrée manner of fleshes in the necke: the first is Pix­wex or Seruisis, and it is called of Children Gold hayre, or yellowe haire, the which are certaine longitudinales lying on the sides of the Spondels from the head downe to the latter Spondel. And they are ordained for this cause, that when the Senewes bée wearie of ouermuch labour with mouing and trauayle, that they might rest vpon them as vppon a bedde. The seconde flesh is musculus, from whome springeth the Tendons and cordes that mooue the head and the necke, which be numbred twentie, as is afore declared: The thirde flesh replenisheth the voyde places, &c. The thirde parte of the necke is called Gutture, and it is the standing out of the Throte boll. The fourth parte is called Gula, and the hinder parte Ceruix, and hath that name of the Philosophers because of the marrowe com­ming to the Ridge bones. It is so called, because it is as it were a seruaunt to the Brayne: For the necke recei­ueth and taketh of the Brayne influence of vertue of mo­uing, and sendeth it by Senewes to other partes of the bodye downwardes, and to all members of the bodye. Heere you shall vnderstande, that the waye of the meate, and Mire, or Isofagus is all one thing, and it is to be no­ted, [Page 31] that it stretcheth from the mouth to the stomacke, by the hinder parte of the necke inwardlye, fastned to the spo [...]dels of the necke, vntill hée come to the fifth spondel, and there hée leaneth the spondel and stretcheth til he come to the foremost parte of the brest, and passeth through D [...] ­afragina til it come to the mouth of the stomake, and there he is ended. Furthermore, it is to bee noted, that this Wesande is compounde and made of two Tunikles or Cotes, that is to saye, of the inner, and of the vtter. The vtter Tunikle is but simple, for he néedeth no retentio [...] but onely for his owne nourishing: but the inner Tuni­kle is compounde and made of Muscuius Longitudinall Will, by which he may drawe the meat from the mouth into the stomacke, as it shall be more plainly declared in the Anatomie of the stomacke. Furthermore, Cana pul­monis via trachia arteria, all these be one thing, that is to say [...], the throte boll, and it is set within the necke be­sides the Wesande towardes Gula, and is compounde of the grystle knitte eache with other. And that pannikle that is meane betwéene the Wesande and the throte boll, is called Ismon. Also yee shall vnderstand, that the great Ueines which rame [...]e by the sydes of the necke to the vp­per part of the head, is of some men called Gwidege, and of others Vena organices, the incision of whome is peril­lous. And thus it is to bee considered, that the Necke of man is compounde and made of skinny flesh, Ligaments and bones. And this sufficeth for the Necke & the throte.

The Anatomie of the Shoulders and Armes.

AND first to speake of the bones: It is to bee no­ted, that in the shoulder there bee two bones, that is to saye, the shoulder bone, and the Cannel [Page 32] bone, and also the adiutor bone of the arme are ioyned with the shoulder bones, but they are not numbred a­mong them, but amongst the bones of the armes. In the composition of the shoulder, the first bone is Os spatula, or shoulder blade, whose hinder part is declined towardes the chinne, and in that end it is broad and thinne, and in the vpper part it is rounde, in whose roundnesse is a conca­uitie, which is called the boxe or coope of the shoulder, into which entereth the Adiutor bones, and they haue a byn­ding togither with strong flexible Sene wes, and are con­teyned fast with the bone called Clauicula, or the Cannel bone: and this Cannel bone stretcheth to both the shoul­ders, one ende to the one shoulder, and another to the o­ther, & there they make the composition of the shoulders. The bones of the great arme, that is to say, from the shoul­der to the [...]ngers e [...]des, be xxx. The first is the Adiutor bone, whose vpper ende entreth into the concauitie or boxe of the shoulder bone: It is but one bone hauing no felow, and it is hollowe and full of marowe, and it is also croo­ked because it should be the more habler to grype thinges, and it is hollowe because it shoulde bee lighter and more obedient to the steering or moouing of the Brawnes. Fur­thermore, this bone hath two emynences, or two knobs in his nether extremitie, or in the iuncture of the Elbowe, of the which the one is more rising than the other, and are made like vnto a Polly to drawe Water with, and the endes of these bones enter into a concauitie proportio­ned in the vppermost endes of the the two Focel bones, of which two bones, the lesse goeth from the Elbowe [...]o the Thumbe, by the vppermoste parte of the arme, and the greater is the nether bone from the Elbowe to the little finger. And these two bones bee con [...]ey­ned with the Adiutor bone, and bee bounde with strong Ligamentes, and in like manner with the bones of the [Page 33] hande. The which bones be numbred. viii. the foure vpper­most bee ioyned with the foure nethermost most towardes the handes: and in the thirde warde of bones, be fyue, and t [...]y are call [...] Ossa patinis, and they are in the palme of the h [...]nd [...] to them be ioyned the bones of the fingers, and the [...], as thus, in euery finger in bones, and in the Thombe two bones, that is to say, in the fingers and thombe of euery hand, xiiii. called Ossa digitorum, in the palme of the hand [...], called Patinis, and betweene the hand and the [...] Racete, and from the wriste to y^• shoulder iij. [...] all which being accompted together, y [...] shall [...] bones in [...] hand and arm [...]. To speake of Senewes, Lega [...]ntes, C [...]rdes, and Braunes: Heer [...] [...]rst ye shall vnderstande that there commeth from My [...]-ca thorough the [...] of the necke ii [...] senewes, which [...] in [...] commeth in to the [...] of the [...], [...] into the [...] part and one into [...], [...] another into the vtter [...] of the [...], and they bring from the braine and from [...] both féeling and [...] into [...] armes, as thus: The [...] that [...] from [...] braine and from the Marrow of the [...], when [...] come to the [...] of the [...] they are [...] with the Ly­gaments of the selfe [...], and there the Lygamentes receaue both féeling and mouing of them, and also in their medling together they are made a [...] or a Tendō. Thrée causes I finde [...] the [...] with the Ly­gaments, The [...] is, [...] the [...] of the [...], which [...] made [...] by their con­tinuall [...], should be [...] the [...] of the [...]: [...] is, that the littlenesse of the [...] be [...] through the quantitye of [...]: The [...], the [...] of the Se­newe [...] [Page 36] And thus it is to be vnderstoode, that of vena Sephalica springeth vena occularis, and of vena Bazilica springeth ve na Saluatella, and of the two veynes that méete springeth ve na Mediana, and in rame [...]ing from these fyue principall Weines springeth innumerable, of the which a Chirurgion hath no great charge, for it suffiseth vs to knowe the prin­cipals.

To speake of Artiers, you shall vnder stand, that where soeuer there is founde a Ueine, there is an Arteir vnder him: and if there be founde a great Ueyne, there is found: a great Arteir, and whereas is a litle Ueyne there is a litle Artier: For whersoeuer there goeth a Ueine to giue nutri­mēt, there goeth an Artier to bring the spirit of lyfe. Wher fore it is to be noted, that the Artiers lye more déeper in the [...]eshe then the Ueynes doe: for they cary and kéepe in them more precious bloode then doth the Ueyne, and therefore he hath néede to be further from daungers outwardly: and therefore God and nature haue ordeyned for him to be clo­sed in two cotes, where the Ueyne hath but one &c.

The beest or Thorar is the Arke or che [...] of the spiritu­ [...]ll members of man, as saith the Philosopher: where it is to be noted, that there be [...]oure things conteining, and viij. conteined, as thus, The foure [...], are, the Skinne, Musculus fleshe, the Pappes, and the bones: The partes conteyned, are, the Har [...]e, the Lunges, Pa [...]icles, Ligamē ­tes, Nerues, Ueynes, Artiers, Mire or Iso [...]agus. Now the skinne and the fleshe are knowen in their Anatomye: It is to be noted, that the fleshe of the Pappes, differeth from the other fleshe of the body, for it is white, glandulus, and spō ­geous: and there is in them doth Nerues, Ueines and Ar­teirs, and by them they haue Coliganes with the hart, the Lyuer, the braine, and the generasiue members. Also ther is in the breste, as olde Authors make mention, lxxx. or xc. [Page 37] [...], for some of them be [...] to the Neeke, some to the shoulderes, and to the Spades, some to diafrag­ma or the My [...]riffe, some to the Kibbes, some to the backe and some to the Brest it selfe. But I find certaine profita­blenesse in the creation of the Pap [...], aswell in man as in woman: for in [...] it defendeth the spirituals from annoy­aunce outwardly: and another, by their thick [...]s they com fort the naturall h [...]te in [...]nce of the spirits. And in wo­men there is the [...] of milke: for in weo [...]en there commeth from the Matrix into their Brestes many veyns which bring into them [...] bloode, the which is tour ned through the [...] from red [...] into white like the colour of [...], euen as Chylley comming from the [...] to the Lyuer is tourned into the colour of the Lyuer. Nowe to speake of the bones of the brest: they be saide to be triple or [...], and they be numbred to be seauen in the Breaste before, and theire [...] is according to the breadth of the brest, and their extremeties or endes be gristlye, as the [...] be And in the vpper ende of Thorax is an hole or a contauitie, in which is sette th [...] foote of the Furklebone or Canel bo [...]e, and in the nether ende of Thorax, against the mouth of the stomach, hangeth a gristle called Ensiforme, and this gristle was ordeined for two causes: One is, that it should defende the stomach from hurte outwardly: The second is, that in time of fulnesse it should geue place to the stomach in time of néede when it de sireth. &c.

Now to speake of the partes of the backe behyndefoorth: There be twelue Sp [...]ndels, through whom passeth Mynu ca, of whom springeth xij. paire of Nerues, bringing both féeling and mouing to the Muskles of the Brest aforesayde. And here it is to be noted that in euery side ther be twelue Kibbes, that it is to say. vij. true and v. false, hecause these [...] [Page 40] the Braine, and there he is turned into a further digestion, and there he taketh another spirit, and so is made animal, and at the Lyuer nutrimentall, and atthe te [...]ticles gene­ratiue: and thus it is made a Spirit of euery kinde, so that he being meane of al maner operations and workings ta­keth effect. Two causes I finde why these Artiers haue two cotes, One is, that one cote is not sufficient nor [...]ble to withstand the violent mouing and steering of the spirit of lyfe that is caried in them: The seconde cause i [...]: that the thing that is caried about from p [...]ace to place, is of so preci­ous a treasure that it had the more néed of good [...]. And of some Doctors, this Artier is called the Pulsatiue veyne, or the beating veyne,: for by him is perceyued the power & might of the Hart. &c. Wherfore God and Nature haue or­dayned that the Artiers haue two cotes, Also there is in the Harte thrée Pelikeles, opening and closing the going in of the Harte blood and spirit in conuenient time. Also the harte hath two lit [...]e Eares, by whom commeth inand passeth out the aire that is prepared for the Longes. Also ther is found in the Harte a Cartilaginus Auditament, To helpe and strength the selfe Harte. Also the Harte is couered with a strong Pannicle, which is called of some Capsula Cordes, or Pericordium, the which is a strong case, vnto whome commeth Ner [...]es, as to other inwarde members. And this Panicle Pericordiū springeth of the vpper Pannicle of y^t Midriffe. And of him springeth an other Pannicle called Mediastinum, the which departeth the brest in the middest, and kéepeth that the Lunges fall not ouer the Harte. Also there is another Pannicle that couereth the [...]ibbes in­wardlye, that is called Plura, of whome the Midriffe ta­keth his beginning. And it is said of many Doctors, that Duramater is the originall of all the Pannicles within the body: and thus one taketh of an other,

The Anatomie of the Lungs.

THE Lungs is a member spcrmatike of his first creation, and his naturall complexion is colde and drye, and in his accidentall complexion he is colde and moyste, lapped in a Neruous Pannicle, because it should gather togeather the softer substance of the Lungs, and that the Lungs might féele by the meanes of the pan­nicle, that which he might not féele in him selfe. Nowe to proue the Lungs to be colde and drye of kind, it appeareth by his swift stéering, for he lyeth euer wauing ouer the heart, and about the heart. And that he is colde and moyst in rewarde, it appeareth well, that hee receiueth of the brayne many colde matters, as Cataries, and Rumes, whose substance is thinne. Also I finde in the Lungs thrée kindes of substance: One is a Ueyne comming from the Liuer, bringing with him the Crude or rawe parte of the Chytle to féede the Lungs: Another is Arterea venealis, comming from the heart, bringing with him the spirite of life to nourish him with: The thirde is Trachia arteria, that bringeth in ayre to the Lungs, and it passeth through all the left part of them to doe his office. The Lungs is deuided into fiue Lobbes or Pellikels, or fiue portions, that is to saye, thrée in the right side, and two in the l [...]fte side. And it was don for this cause that if there fel any hurt in the one part, the others should serue and doe their office. And thrée causes I find why the Lungs were principallye ordeined: First, that they should draw cold wind, & refresh the heart: The second, that they should change & alter, and purifie the aire before it come to the heart, least the heart were hurt & noyed with the quantitie of the aire: The third cause is, that they should receiue from the hart the fumous [Page 42] superstuities that he putteth foorth with his breathing, &c. Behind the Lungs toward the Spondels, passeth Mire or Isofagus, of whom it is spoken of in the Anatomie of the neck. And also there passeth both Ueynes and Arteirs, & al these with Trachia arteria, doe make a Stoke, replete vnto the Gullet with Pannikles, and strong Lygaments, and glandulus flesh to fulfil the voyd places. And laste of al is the Midriffe, and it is an officiall member, made of two Pannikles, and Lazartus flesh, and his place is in the middest of the body, ouerthwart or in bredth vnder the re­gion of the spirituall members, departing them from the matrix. And thrée causes I finde why the Midriffe was or­dained: First, that it should diuide the spirituals from the nutrates: The second, that it should kéepe the vital colour or heat to dissend down to the nutrates: The last is, that the malicious fumes reared vp from the nutrates, shoulde not noy the spirituals or vitals &c.

The womb is the region or the citie of all the Intrails, the which reacheth from the Midriffe down vnto the share inwardly, and outwardly from the Keynes or Kydnes, down to the bone Pecten, about the priuie partes. And this womb is compound and made of two thinges, that is to say, of Syfac and Myrac. Syfac is a Pannicle, and a mem­ber spermatik, official, sensible, senowy, compound of sub­til wil, and in complexion cold and dry, hauing his begin­ning at the inner Pannicle of the Midriffe. And it was or­deined because it should conteine and bind togither all the Intrals, and that he defende the Musculus so that hee op­presse not the natural members. And that he is strong & tough, it is because he should not be lightly broken, & that those things that are conteyned go not foorth, as it happe­neth to them that are broken, &c. Myrac is compound and made of foure things, that is, of skin outwardly, of fatnes, of a carnous pannicle, and of Musculus flesh. And that it [Page 43] is to be vnderstanded, that all the whole from Syfac out­ward is called Myrac, it appeareth well by the wordes of Galen, where he commaundeth, that in all wounds of the wombe to sewe the Sifac with the Myrac, and by that it proueth that there is nothing without the Sifac but My­rac. And in this Myrac or vtter part of the womb, there is noted eight Muscles, two Longitudinals. procéeding from the shéeld of the Stomacke vnto Os Pecten: two Latitu­dinals comming from the backwardes to the wombe: and foure transuersè, of the which two of them spring from the Ribbes on the right side, and go to the left side, to the bones of the Hanches, or of Pecten: and the other two spring frō the ribbes on the left, and come ouer the womb to the right partes, as the other before doth. Here it is to be noted, that by the vertue of the subtil wil that is in the Musculus lon­gitudinal, is made perfect the vertue attractiue: and by the Musculus transuerse is made the vertue retentiue: and by the Musculus latitudinal is made the vertue expulsiue. It is thus to be vnderstood, that by the vertue attractiue is [...]rawen down into the Intrals al superstuities, both wa­ [...]r, wynd, & dyrt: By the vertue retentiue all thinges are withholden and kepte, vntill nature haue wrought his kinde: And by the vertue expulsiue is put foorth al things, when Nature prouoketh any thing to bée done. Galen sayeth, that woundes or incisions bee more perillous in the middest of the wombe then about the sydes, for there the partes bée more tractable than anye other partes bee. Also hee sayeth, that in woundes persing the wombe there shall not bee made good incarnation, except Sifac bee se­wed with Mirac. Nowe to come to the partes conteyned within: First, that which appeareth next vnder the Sifac is Omentum, or Zirbus, the which is a Pannicle coue­ring the stomacke and the Intrals, implanted with many Ueines and Arteirs, & not a little fatnes ordeined to kéepe [Page 44] moyst the inward parts. This Zirbus is an official mem­ber, & is cōpound of a veyne & an Arteir, the which entreth & maketh a line of the vtter tunikle of the stomacke, vnto which tunikle hangeth the Zirbus, and couereth all the guttes down to the shayre. Two causes I finde why they were ordained: one is that they shoulde defende the nutra­tiues outwardly: the second is, that through his owne po­wer and vertue he should strength & [...]omfort the digestion of al the Nutrates, because they are more féebler then other members be because they haue but a thin womb or skinne &c. Next Zirbus apeareth the Intrals or guttes, of which Galen sayeth, that the Guttes were ordeined in the first creation to conuey the drosse of the meate & drinke, and to clense the bodie of their superfluities. And here i [...] [...] [...]o be [...] noted that there be sixe portions of one whole gutie, which both in man and beast beginneth at the nether mouth of the stomack, and so continueth foorth to the end of the fun­dament. Neuer the lesse he hath diuers shapes and formes, & diuers operations in the body, and therefore he hath dy­uers names. And here vpon the Philosophers saye, that the lower wombe of a man is like vnto the womb of a swin [...]. And like as the stomack hath two tunikles, in like maner haue all the Buttes two tunikles. The first portion of the Guttes is called Duodenum, for he is xij. ynches of length, and couereth the nether parte of the stomacke, and recei­ueth all the drosse of the stomacke: The seconde portion of the Guttes is called Ieiunium, for he is euermore emptie, for to him lyeth euermore the chest of the Gal, beating him sore, and draweth foorth of him al the drosse, and cleanseth him cleane: The third portion or gutte is called Yleon, or small gutte, & is in length xv. or xvi. Cubites. In this gutt oftentimes falleth a disease called Yleaca passio. The iiij. gut is called Monoculus, or blind gutte, and it séemeth to haue but one hole or mouth, but it hath two, one néer vnto [Page 45] the other, for by the one all things go in, and by the other they go out againe: The fift is called Colon, and receiueth al the drosse depriued from al profitablenes, and therefore there commeth not to him any veynes Miseraices, as to the other: The sixt and last is called Rectum, or Longaon, and he is ended in the Fundament, and hath in his [...]ether end foure Muscles, to hold, to open, to shutt, and to put out, &c. Next is to be noted of Mesenterium, the which is no­thing else but a texture of innumerable veynes Mifer ai­ces, ramefied of one veine called Porta epates, couered and defended of Pannicles and Ligamentes comming to the Intrals, with the backe ful of fatnes & glandulus flesh, &c.

The stomacke is a member compound and spermatike, seno [...] [...] sensible, and there in is made perfecte the firste digestion of Chile. This is a necessarie member to all the body, for if it faile in his working, all the members of the body shal corrupt. Wherefore Galen sayeth, that the sto­macke was ordained principally for two causes: The first, that it shoulde bee to all the members of the bodie, as the earth is to all that are ingendred of the earth, that is; that it shoulde desire sufficient meate for all the whole bodye: The second is, that the stomack should be a sacke or [...]hest to al the bodie for the meate, and as a Cooke to all the mē ­bers of the body. The stomacke is made of [...] panm­cles, of which the inner is Nerueous, and the vtter Car­neous. This inner pannicle hath m [...]sculus lōgitudinales that stretcheth along from the stomacke to the mouth, by the which he draweth to him meate and drinke, as it were hands. And he hath Tranuers wyl, for to witholde or make retention. And also the vtter pannicle hath Latitu­dinall wil, to expulse and [...] ou [...]: and that by his heate he should helpe the diges [...]iue vertue of the Stomacke, and by other heates giuen by hie neighbours, as thus. It hath the Liuer on the right side, cha [...]ing and heating him with his [Page 46] lobes or figures: and the Splen on the lefte side with his fatnes, and veynes sending to him melancolie, to exercise his appetites: and aboue him is the Hart, quickening him with his Arteirs: Also the braine, sending to him a branch of Nerues to giue him feeling. And he hath on the hinder part, dissending of the partes of the backe manye Lyga­ments, with the which he is bound to the Spondels of the back: The forme or figure of the stomock is long, in like­nes of a gowrde, crooked: and that both boles be in the vp­per part of the body of it, is, because there should be no go­ing out of it vnaduisedly of those thinges that are receiued into it. The quantitie of the stomacke commonly holdeth two pitchers of water, and it may suffer many passions, & the nether mouth of the stomack is narrower than the vp­per, and that for thrée causes: the first cause is, that the vp­per receiueth meat great and boystrous in substance, that there being made subtile it might passe into the nether: The second is, for by him passeth al the meates, with their chilositie from the stomacke to the Lyuer: The thirde is, for that through him passeth al the drosse of the stomack to the guttes. And this suffiseth for the Stomacke &c.

The Lyuer is a principal member, and official, and of his first creation spermatike, cōplete in quantitie of blood, of himself insencible, but by accidence he is sencible, and in him is made the second digestion, and is lapped in a Se­nowy pannicle. And that he is a principal member, it ap­peareth openly by the Philosophers, by Auicen and Galen. And it is official as is the stomacke, and it is of spermatik matter, and senowy of the which is ingendred his veines. And because it was little in quantitie, nature hath added to it crudded blood, to [...] [...]omplishment of sufficient quantitie, and is lapped in a senowy pannicle. And why the Lyuer is cruded, is, because that Chile which com­meth from the Stomacke to the Lyuer, shoulde be turned [Page 47] into the colour ofbloud. And why the Lyuer was ordey­ned, was, because that all the nutrimentall bloud shoulde bee ingendred in him. The proper place of the Lyuer is vnder the false Kibbes in the right side. The forme of the Lyuer is gibbous or bunchie on the backeside, and it is some what hollowe lyke the insyde of an hande. And [...]hy it is so shapen, is, that it shoulde bee plyeable to the stomacke, like as a hande doeth to an apple, to comforte her digestion, for his heate is to the stomacke as the heate of the fyre is to the Pocte or [...]auldron that hang eth o­uer it.

Also the Lyuer is bounde with his p [...]llikles to the Di­afragma, and with str [...]nge Lygamentes. And also hee hath Colyg [...]s with the Stomacke and the Intrals, and with the Harte and th [...] [...]ynes, the Testicles and other members. And [...] in him fiue Pellikles like fiue fingers. Galen calleth the Lyuer Massasanguinaria, con­teyning in it selfe fo [...]e substances, Naturall and Nutri­mental The naturals is sent with the bloud to all partes of the bodye to hée ingendred and nouri [...]hed. And the [...] and sent to places ordeyned for [...] These are the places of the humors, the [...], [...] in the chest of gal, Melancoli [...] to the [...], [...] to the Lungs and the Iun [...]ures, the [...] to the [...] and the Uesike. And [...]. [...], and sometime they putrifle and [...], [...] put [...] the skinne, and [...] by [...], by [...], or by [...] all [...], that is to [...], [...], [...], [...], and Flegme, bee [...] and [...] in this manner: First [...] shall vnderstande that [...] the Spermatike, matter of the Li­uer [...], there is [...] two great veynes, of the which the first, & the greatest is called Porta an̄d commeth [Page 48] from the concauitie of the Lyuer, of whome springeth all the small veynes Miseraices, and these Miseraices bee to Vena porta as the branches of a trée be to the stocke or trée For some of them be contained with the botome of the stomacke somè with Duodenum, some with Ieiunium, some with Yleon, and some with Monoculus, or Saccus. And from all these guttes they bring to Vena porta the suc­cozitie of Chiley going from the stomacke, and distribute it into the substance of the Lyuer. And these veynes Mise­raices be innumerable. And in these vaynes is begon the second digestion, and ended in the Lyuer, like as is in the Stomacke the first digestion. So it proueth that Vena porta and Vena Miseraices serue to bring all the succozitie of the meate and drinke that passeth the Stomacke to the Liuer, and they spread themselues thorough the substance of the Liuer inwardly, and all they stretche towardes the gibbos or bowing part of the Liuer, and there they méete and go al into one vnitie, and make the second great veyne called Venaculis or Concaua, or Vena ramosa, al is one, & he with his rootes draweth out al the bloud ingendred frō the Liuer, and with his branches ramefying vpwardes & downwards, carryeth and conueyeth it to all other mem­bers of the body to be nourished with, where is made per­fect the third digestion. And also there goeth from the Li­uer veynes bearing the super [...]uities of the third dig [...]tion to their proper places, as it shalbe declared hereafter.

Now to speake of the [...]al, or the chest of the [...]al: it is an official member, and it is spermatike and [...], and hath in it a sub [...] wil, and it is as a purse or a pa [...]cular [...]esike in the holownesse of the Lyuer; about the middle peric [...] or lobe, ordeyned to receiue the Cholerike super­fluities which are ingendred in the Lyuer. The which purse or bagge hath thrée holes or neckes: by the first hee draweth to him from the Lyuer the choler, that the bloud [Page 49] be not hurt by the choler: by the seconde necke he sendeth to the bottome of the stomacke Choler to further the dige­stion of the stomacke: And by the thirde necke be sendeth the choler regularly from one gutte to another to cleanse them of their superfluities and drosse: and the quantitie of the purse may containe in it halfe a pinte, &c.

And next is the Splen, or the Milte, the which is a sper­matike member, as are other members, and official, and is the receptorie of the melancolious super fluities that are ingendred in the Liuer. And his place is on the l [...]fte syde, transuersly linked to the stomacke, and his substance is thinne. And two causes I find why he was ordained there: The first is, that by the melancolious superfluities that are ingendred of the Lyuer which he draweth to him, hee is nourished with: The second cause is, that the nutritiue blood should by him be made the more purer & cleane, from the drosse and thicking of melancolie, &c.

And next of the Reynes and Kidnes: It is to be vnder­stoode, that within the region of the Nutrites backwards, are ordeyned the Kidnes, to clense the blood from the wa­terie superfluities, and they haue eche of them two pas­sages, or holes, or neckes: by the one is drawen the wa­ter from Uenakelis by two veynes, which are called ve­na emulgentes, the length of a finger of a man, and issueth from the Lyuer: and by the other is sent the same water to the Bladder, and is called Poros vrithides. The sub­stance of the Kidnes is Lazattus flesh, hauing longitudi­nal wil. And their place is behinde on eache side of the Spondels, and they are two in number, and the right Kid­ney lyeth somewhat higher than the left, and is bound fast to the backe with Lygaments. The Philosopher sayeth, that mans Kidneys are like to the Kidneys of a Cowe, ful of harde knottes, hauing in him many harde concauities, and therefore the sores of them be harde to cure. Also they [Page 50] are more harder in substaunce then any other fleshly Mem­ber ber, and that for two causes, one is: that he be not much hurt of the sharpnesse of the vrine: The other is, that the same vrine that passeth from him might the better be altered and clensed through the same. Also there commeth from the harte to eache of the kidneys an arteire, that bringeth with him bloud, heate, spirit, and lyfe. And in the same maner there commeth a veyne from the. Lyuer, that bringeth blood to nourishe the kydeneys. called blood nutrimentall, The grease of these kydneys or fatnes is as of other inward mē ­bers, but it is an officiall member, made of thinne bloude, congeled and cruded through colde, and ther is ordeined the greater quantitie in his place, because it should receaue and temper the heate of the kydneys, which they haue of the by­ting sharpnesse of the water. Now by the kydneys vpon the Spondels passeth Venakelis, or venacaua, which is a veine of great substaunce, for he receyueth all the nutrimentall bloud from the Lyuer, and from him passeth many small pypes on euery side, and at the Spondell betwéene the shol­ders he deuideth him selfe whole into two great braunches the one goeth into the one arme, & the other into the other, and there they deuide them selues into manye veynes, and braunches: as is declared in the armes.

The Anatomy of the Haunches, and their parts.

THe Haunches are the lower parte of the wombe, ioy­ning to the Thyes,, and the secrete members. And thrée things there are to be noted thereof, the first is of the partes conteining: the second is of the partes contei­ned: and the thirde is of the partes procéeding outwardes, The partes conteining outwardly, be Myrac and Sifac, the [Page 51] Zirbus and the bones. The partes conteined inwardly, are the Vezike, or bladder, the spermatike vessels, the Matrir in women Longaon, Nerues, Ueynes, and artiers, dissen­ding downewardes, The partes procéeding outwardes, are The Buttockes, and the Muscles discending to the Thies of which it is to be spoken of in order. And first of the parts conteining: as of Myrac, Sifac, and Zirbus, there is e­nough spoken of in the Anatomy of the wombe. But as for the bones of the Hanches, There be of the parts of the backe thrée Spondels of Ossa sacri, or of the Hanches, and thrée cartaliginis spondeles of Ossa caude, called, The Tayle bonne. And thus it is proued, that there is in euery man xxx. spondels, and thus they are to be numbred: In the necke seauen, in the Ridge twelue: In the Reynes fyue: and in the Hanches six, And it is to be noted, that euery Spondell is hollowe in the middest: through which hollowenesse pas­seth Nuca from the brayne, or the marrowe of the backe. And some Authors say, that Mynuca is of the substaunce that the Brayne is of, for it is lyke in substance, and in it selfe geueth to the Nerues both the vertue of mouing and féeling. And also euerye Spondell is holed on euerye side, through the which holes both artiers and veynes, doe bring from the Harte and the Lyuer both lyfe and nourishement, lyke as they doe to the Brayne: and from the pannicle of Mynuca or the Marrowe of the backe, through the holes of the sides of the Spondels, springeth foorth Nerues motiues and there they intermeddle themselues with the strong Ly­gaments that be insencible, and so the Lygamentes rece [...]ue that feeling of the Nerue, which the Nerue taketh of My­nuca. And by this reson many Authors proue, that Mynuca is of the same Substaunce that the Brayne is of, and the Pannicles of the Nuca is of the same Substance of the Pannicles of the Brayne. &c. And eche of these spondels be bound fast one with an other, so that one of them maye [Page 52] not wel be moued without another. And so al these spon­dels togither, contayned one by another are called the Ridgebone, which is the foundation of all the shape of the body. They with the last spondel be conteyned or ioyned to the bones of the Hanches, and they be the vpholders of all the spondels. And these bones be small towardes the tayle bone, and broad towardes the Hanches, and before they ioyne and make Os pectinis. And so they be broad in the partes of the Iles, and therefore some Authors calleth it Ilea. And ech of these two bones toward the Liuer hath a great round hole, into the which is receiued the bone cal­led Vertebra, or, The whorle bone, Also besides that place there is a great hole or way, through the which passeth frō aboue Musculus, veynes, and Arteirs, and goe into the Thyes. And thus it is to be noted, that of this bone Pe­cten, and the bone Vertebra, is made the iuncture of the Thye.

Now to speake of the partes conteined, the first thing that commeth to sighte, is the bladder, the which is an officiall member, compound of two neruous Pānicles, in complex­ion colde and drye, whose necke is carnous, and hath mus­cles to withholde, and to let goe: and in men it is long, and is contained with the yard, passing through Peritoneum, but in women it is shorter, and is contained within the Vulua. The place of the bladder is betwéene the bone of the Share and the tayle gutte called Longaon, and in wo­men it is betwéene the foresaid bone and the Matrix. And in it is implanted two long vessels comming from the Kidneis, whose names be Porri vrichides, bringing with them the Urin or water from the Kidnes to the Bladder, which priuily entreth into the holes of the pannicles of the bladder, by a natural mouing betwéene tunicle & tunicle, & there the vrin findeth the hole of the nether tunicle, and there it entreth priuily into the concauitie of the bladder, [Page 53] and the more that the bladder is filled with vrin, the strai­ter be the two tunicles comprised togéether, for the holes of the tunicles be not euen one against another, and there­fore if the bladder bee neuer so full, there may none goe backe againe. The forme of it is rounde, the quantitie of it is a pitcher full, in some more, and in some lesse, &c. Also there is founde two other vessels called vaza semina­ria, or the spermatike vessels. And they come from Uena­kelis, bringing bloud to the Testikles, as wel in man, as in woman, in the which by his further digestion it is made sparme or nature in men. They be put outwarde, for the Testikles bee without, but in women it abydeth within, for their Testikles stande within, as it shalbe de­clared hereafter.

Nexte followeth the Matrix in women: The Matrix in woman is an officiall member, compounde and Nerueous and in complexion cold and dry. And it is the féelde of mans generation, and it is an instrument susceptiue, that is to say a thing receauing or taking: & her proper place is betwéen the bladder and the gutte Longaon, the likenes of it, is as it were a yarde reuersed or turned inwarde: hauing testi­cles likewise, as aforesayd, Also the Matrix hath two con­cauities or selles, and no moe, but all beastes haue as many selles as they haue pappes heades. Also it hath a long necke lyke an vrinall, and in euery necke it hath a mouth, that is to say, one within, and an other without. The inner in the tyme of the conception is shutte, and the vtter parte is open as it was before: and it hath in the middest a Lazartus pan­nicle, which is called in Latin Tentigo. And in the creati­on of this Pannicle, is founde two vtilities: The first is, that by it goeth forthe the vrine, or els it should be shedde throughout all the Vulua: The second is, that when a wo­man doth set her thies abroade it altereth the ayre that com meth to the matrix for to temper the heate. Furthermore [...] [Page 56] Furthermore, it is said, that of this Embreon is ingendred the Hart, the Lyuer, the Brayne, Nerues, veines, Arteirs, Cordes, Lygaments, Skinnes, Gristles and bones, recei­uing to them by kindly vertue the menstruall bloud, of which is ingendred both flesh and fatnes. And as writers say, the first thing that is shapen be the principals, as is the Hart, Lyuer, and Brayne. For of the Hart springeth the Arteirs, of the Lyuer the Ueines, and of the Brayne the Nerues: and when these are made, Nature maketh & sha­peth bones and grystles to keepe and saue them, as the bones of the head for the Brayne, the Brest bones and the Ribbes for the Hart and the Lyuer. And after these sprin­geth all other members one after another. And thus is the child bred foorth in foure degrées, as thus: The first is, when the sayde sparme or séede is at the firste as 'it were mylke: The seconde is, when it is turned from that kinde into another kinde, is yet but as a lumpe of blood, and this is called of Ypocras, Fettus: The third degrée is, when the principals be shapen, as the Hart, Lyuer, and Brayne: The fourth and laste, as when all the other members bee perfectly shapen, then it receiueth the soule with life and breath, and then it beginneth to moue it selfe alone. Now in these foure degrées aforesaid, in the first as milke it con­tinueth vii. dayes: in the second as Fettus ix. dayes: in the thirde, as a lumpe of flesh ingendring the principals the space of ix. dayes: and the fourth vnto the tyme of full per­fection of all the whole mēbers, is the space of, xviii. dayes: So is there, xlvi. dayes from the daye of conception vnto the day of full perfection and receiuing of the soule, as God best knoweth.

Now to come againe to the Anatomie of the Hanches: Then come we to Longaon, otherwise called, The tayle gutte, whose substance is panniculer, as of al the other bo­wels, the length of it is of a span long, stretching nigh to [Page 57] Raynes, his nether parte is called Annis, that is to say, the Towell. And about him is founde two Muscles, the one to open, the other to shutte. Also there is founde in him fyu [...] veynes or braunches, of veynes, called Vena Emoraidales, and they haue colliganes with the bladder. wherefore they are parteners in their gréenes. And when this Longaon is raised vp, then ye may sée the veynes and arteires, and se­newes, how they be braunched and bound downe to the ne ther partes. The partes procéeding outwardly, are, Didi­mus, Peritoneum, the Yard, the Testicles, and the But­tockes, And fyrst it shalbe spoken of the Yarde, or o fmans generatiue members, the which dureth vnto tha t parte that is called Peritoneum, the which place is from the Coddes vnto the Fundament, wherevpon is a seame. Wherefore sayth the Philosopher, Mans yard is in the ende and terme of the share. The yarde is an officiall member, and the til­ler of mans generation, compounde and made of skinne, brawnes, Tendo [...], veynes, arteirs, senewes and greate Lygamentes: and it hath in it two passages, or principall issues, one for the sparme, and an other for the vrine. And as the Philosophers say, the quantitie of a common Yarde is, viii, or, ix. ynches, with mesurable bigenesse proportio­ned to the quantitie of the matrix. This member hath, as sayth Auicen, thrée holes, through one passeth incensible po­lissions and wynde, that causeth the yarde to ryse: the other two holes is declared before. Also the yarde hath a skinne, & about the head thereof, it is double, and that men call Pre­pusium, and this skinne is moueable, for through his conse­cration the spermaticke matter is the better and sooner ga­thered together, and sooner cast forth from the Testicles: for by him is had the more delectation in the [...]ing. And the formost parte of the heade of the yarde before is made of a Brawny fleshe, the which if it be once loste, it is neuer re­stored againe, but it may be well s [...]nned. &c. [...] [Page 60] he is without a fellowe, and he is full of Marrowe, and is rounde at either ende: The roundnesse that is at the vpper ende is called Vertebrum, or Whorle bone, and boweth in­wardes, and is receaued into the boxe or hole of the hanche bone: and at the lower and towards the Knée there it hath two roundes, which be receaued into the concauities of the bone of the legge, at the knée, called the great Fossels. Ther is also at the knée a rounde bone called, The knée panne. Then followeth the legge, wherein is two bones, called Focile maior, and Focile minor, the bigger of them passeth before, making the shape of the shinne, and it is called the shinne bone, and passeth downe making the inner ancle. The lesse passeth frō the knée backwards, dissending down to the vtter ankle, and there formeth that ankle. &c. The bones of the foote are, xxvj. as thus, Fyrst, next the ankle bone is one, called in Latine Orabalistus: nexte vnder that towardes the Héele is one, called Calcany: and betwéene them is an other bone called Os Nauculare: In the seconde ward there be foure bones, called Raceti, as be in the hands. In the third and fourth warde be, xiiij. called Digitori: and v. called Pectens at the extremities of the Toes, next to the nayles. And thus be there in the foote, xxvj. bones with the Legge from the Ankle to the Knée, two in the Knée, and one rounde and flatte bone, and in the Thye one. And thus shall you finde in the whole Legge and Foote, xxx. bones. And this suffiseth for young Practicioners.[Page]