Theſe Kye doe giue at one time ſeauen or eight gallons of Milke, of Wine meaſure, and they are ſo tall, that the perſon which milketh them muſt ſtand vpright, or elſe ſtoope very little:Phaenitian Cowes. Aelianus neither ought this ſeeme incredible, for it is euident that the cowes of the Phanitians were ſo high, that a very tall man could not▪ Milke them execept he ſtood vpon a footeſtoole.

The manner is in Germany and Heluetia, that about Aprill ſome take Kye to hire, which haue none of their owne,Hiring of Cowes in Germany & Heluetia. and other buy Kye to farme them out to other: and the common price of a cow for ſixe monthes is payed in butter, and is rated of ſeuenty fiue pounds, twelue ounces to the pound; which payment is due to the owner, or money to that value: Other againe, buy Kye and let them forth to farme, reſeruing the calfe to themſelues, and if by the negligence of the cow-heard or farmer of them, the cow caſt the calfe, then is the hirer bound to anſwer the value, but if it miſcarry without his negligence (as oftentimes they may) then is the loſſe equall to the Locatour or Farmer. Yet it is noted, that the Kye of greateſt bodyes, are not alway beſt or moſt plentifull in Milke; for the Cowes or C • uae of Altinas in Italy, are of little bodies, but yet very full of Milke.

The vſe of Cow-milke.The principall benefit of cowes Milke is for making of Butter, for the Milke it ſelfe, the Cheeſe and Whay, are not ſo fit for nouriſhement of man, as are thoſe of ſheepe; and the reaſon is, becauſe the Milke of Kye is fatteſt of all other; and therefore the name of Butter, Pet▪ Creſcent Ariſtotle Marc: Virg: Food for Cows giuing milke. which is in Greeke Boutyros and Boutyron, and Butyrum in Latine, is deriued properly from this kind of cattell. The cow-heards doe alſo for their profit, obſerue the paſture and foode, which doeth aboue other multiply Milke: and therefore they giue their Kye Trifolie▪ or three leaued-graſſe: and Medica which [is a kind of clauer-graſſe] Vetches, pulſe and Beanes, for Beanes haue a great vertue to multiply Milke: likewiſe I haue ſeene bundels of Hemlocke, or an herbe much like vnto it, [which we call harts-tongue] giuen to milch Kye.

There is an hearb much like crow-foote, called of the Germanes Butterbloumen, and in Engliſh Butter-flower, which is vſed to colour Butter, for thereby is the whiteneſſe therof taken away: they will not eate wal-wort or night-ſhad [commonly called deaths herb] but if they eate hearbes whereupon falleth an Hony-dew, then will their Milke bee wonderfull ſweete and plentiful; there is no foode ſo good for cowes, as that which is greene, if the countrey will afforde it; eſpecially, Kye loue the wet and watery places, although the butter comming from the Milke of ſuch beaſtes, is not ſo wholſome, as that which is made of ſuch as are fed in dryer paſtures. The like care is had of their drinke, for although they loue the coldeſt and cleareſt waters, yet about their time of caluing, it is much beter for them to haue warmer waters,Palladius. & therfore the lakes which are heated and made to ſome by the raine, are moſt wholſome to them, and do greatly help to eaſe their burthen and paines in that buſineſſe.

Pauſanias reporteth a wonder in nature, of the Ryuers Milichus and Charadrus, running through the citty Patrae, that all the Kye which drinke of them in the ſpring time, doe for the moſt part bring forth Males, wherfor their herdmen auoyd thoſe places at that time. Ky for the moſt part before their caluing, are dry and without Milk [eſpecialy about Torona.] They are alſo purged of their menſterua in greater meaſure, then either Goates or ſheepe, which eſpecially come from them a little before or after they haue beene with the Bull; howſoeuer Ariſtotle ſaith, that they come from them after they haue beene fiue monthes with calfe, and are diſcerned by their vrine; for the vrine of a cow is the thinneſt of all other.

AelianusTheſe beaſts are very luſtfull, and doe moſt eagarly deſire the company of their male, which if they haue not within the ſpace of three houres after they mourne for it, their luſt aſwageth till another time. In a village of Egypt called Schuſſa (vnder the gouernment of the Hermopolites) they worſhip Venus vnder the title Vrania in the ſhape of a cow, parſwading themſelues, that there is great affinity betwixt that Goddeſſe and this beaſt; for by hir mournefull voyce ſhe giueth notice of her loue, who receiueth the token many times a Mile or two off, and ſo preſently runneth to accompliſh the luſt of nature: and for this cauſe doe the Egyptians Picture Iſis, with a Cowes hornes, and likewiſe a Bull, to ſignifie hearing. The ſignes of their bulling [as it is tearmed] are their cries,Signes of a cowes deſire to the Bul. and diſorderly forſaking their fellowes, and reſiſting the gouernment of their keeper. Likewiſe, their ſecret hangeth forth more then at other times, and they wil leap vpon their fellows as if they were males: beſides after the manner of mares, they oftner make water then at other times.

The moſt cunning heardmen haue meanes to prouoke them to deſire the bul,Secrets to prouoke luſt in cattel if they be ſlack, firſt of all they withdraw from them ſom part of their meat, (if they be fat,) for that wil make them fitter to conceiue: then take they the genitals or ſtones of a bul, and hold it to their noſe, by ſmelling whereof they are prouoked to deſire copulation; and if that preuaile not, then take the tendreſt part of Shrimps, which is their fiſh, and beat them in water til they be an ointment, and therewith annoint the breaſtes of the Cow,Collumella after they haue bene wel waſhed vntil it worke vpon her: And ſome affirme, that the taile of an Eele put into her hath the ſame vertue; other, attribute much force to the wild willow, to procure luſt and conception.

They are a great while in copulation,Signes at the copulation to know whither the calfe wil be Male or Female. and ſome haue geſſed by certaine ſignes at the time of copulation, whether the calfe proue male or female; for ſay they, if the bul leap downe on the right ſide of the cow, it wil be a male, if on the left, it wil be a female, which coniecture, is no longer true, then when the cow admitteth but one bul, and conceiueth at the firſt coniunction, for which cauſe the Egyptians decipher a woman bringing forth a maiden child, by a bul looking to the left hand, and likewiſe bearing a man child, by a bul looking to the right hand.

They are not to be admitted to copulation before they be two yeare olde at the leaſt, or if it may be foure; yet it hath bene ſeene, that a heighfer of a yeare old hath conceiued, and that another of foure moneths old hath likewiſe deſired the Bul; but this was taken for a monſter, and the other neuer thriued.

One bull is ſufficient for fifteenekie, although Varro ſaith, that he had two buls for threeſcore and tenkie; and one of them was two yeare olde, the other one. The beſt time for their copulation is about the time of the Dolphins appearaunce, and ſo continueth for two or three and fourtye daies which is about Iune and Iulye, for thoſe which conceiue at that time, will bring forth their young ones in a moſt temperate time of the year: and it hath bene obſerued, that an oxe immediately after his gelding, before he had forgotten his former deſire and inclination, his ſeed not dried vp, hath filled a cow, and ſhe proued with calfe.

They go with calfe ten monethes, except eighteene or twenty dayes;Ariſtotle but those which are calued before that time, cannot liue: and a cowe may beare euery yeare [if the country wherein ſhe liueth bee full of graſſe, and the calfe taken awaye from her at fifteene dayes olde.]

And if a man deſire that the calfe ſhould be a male,Meanes to cauſe the calf at the time of copulatiō to be eyther male or fem. then let him tie the right ſtone of the Bull at the time of copulation; and for a female binde the left: Others worke this by naturall obſeruation; for when they would haue a male, they let their cattel couple when the North wind bloweth, and when a female, they put them togither when the ayre is ſoutherly. They liue not aboue fifteene yeares, and thereof ten times they may engender. The beſt time to calue in is Aprill, becauſe then the ſpring bringeth on graſſe,The length of theyr age. both for themſelues, and to increaſe milke for the young ones.

They beare not but in their right ſide, although they haue twins in their belly, which happeneth very ſildome, and the beaſt immediately after hir deliuery, muſt be noriſhed with ſome good meat, for except ſhe be well fed, ſhee will forſake her young to prouide for her ſelfe: therefore it is requiſit to giue her vetches, Millet-ſeede, and milke mingled with water, and ſcorched corne; and vnto the calues themſelues, dried Millet in milk,A ſecret in copulation. in the maner of a maſh: and the kie muſt alſo be kept vp in ſtables, ſo as they may not touch their meat at the going foorth, for they are quickly brought to forſake and loath that which is continuall before them: and it is obſerued that when kie in the Summer time do in greater number aboue cuſtome goe to the bull then at other times, it betokeneth and foreſheweth a wet and rainy winter, for it cannot be (ſaith Albertus) that a beaſt ſo dry as is a cowe, can bee increaſed in moiſture, which ſtirreth vppe the deſire of procreation, except alſo ther be a mutation in the aire vnto abundance of moyſture. And to conclude this diſcourſe of a cow, in auntient time they were wont to cal light womē heighfers, harlots, and kine, by the reaſon of two famous harlottes of Athens, Cuina and Salamachha, & from this came the fiction of Io, whoſe fable is at large proſecuted by Ouid, how ſhe being the daughter of Inachus, was in a darkenes brought vpon hir by Iupiter, by him rauiſhed, which miſt being eſpyed by Iuno, ſhe diſcended to the earth, and Iupiter fearing his wiues iealouſy turned the ſaid Io into a heighfer, from which ſhape ſhe was afterward deliuered & married to Oſiris the king of Egipt, and after her death was worſhipped by the Egyptians for a god, and called Iſis, vnto whō they ſacrificed Geeſe which wer called Sacra Iſiaca. In the choiſe of kie, you muſt obſerue this direction, you muſt buy them in the month of March, 〈◊〉 the choiſ 〈…〉 . let them be young, not paſt their firſt or ſecond calfe, their colour black or red, ſildom brown, or white, bright coloured, ſpecialy red, brown legs, blackiſh horns ſmooth and beautifull, high foreheades, great eies and blacke, hairy and griſle eares, flat Noſtrils like an Apes, but open and wide, their backebone bending ſomewhat backewarde, blacke lips, long and thicke neckes, moſt broad faire creſts diſcending from the necke, wel ribbed, a great belly, the backe and ſhoulders verie broad, the Buttockes broad; with a long taile hanging downe to their heels, and theyr neather part in many places criſped or curled, wel ſet and compacted legs rough and ſhort: ſtraight knees, and their bunches hanging ouer: their ſmall feet, not broad but round, ſtanding in good diſtance one from other, not growing crooked or ſplay-footed, and their hoofes ſmooth and like one another euery way. Finally, •• ere a profitable thing to proſecute natures perfection in euery one of their ſeuerall parts, but I ſpare to ſpeake any more of the females, and returning again to the ſtory of oxen from which we haue digreſſed, leauing the readers who deſire to hear more of this diſcourſe of kie to other authors, whoe purpoſely deſcribe euery part more particularly.

The deſcription of Oxen 〈◊〉 common.To begin therefore with their deſcription, becauſe among folded beaſtes they are of moſt dignity and worth, eſpecially in Italy, where the bounds of their beſt priuiledged & flouriſhing citties, were firſt of all declared and layed out, by the plowing togither of an Oxe and a Cow in one yoake, Mago Carthaginenſis teacheth, that the time to prouide or buy oxen, is beſt in the time of March, becauſe then in their leane bodies, they which ſell them cannot couer their faults ſo well, as if they were fatter, and alſo if they ſhould be vnruly and ſtubborne, 〈◊〉 beſt to prouide Oxē they may be the more eaſily tamed, before their fleſh increaſe their ſtrength.

Theyr notes or markes muſt be theſe, let them be young, hauing ſquare and great lims, a ſounde body, thicke and ſhort, hauing his muſcles ſtanding vp red and rounde, and all his body ſmooth,Outwarde markes of good Oxen. his hornes blacke, ſtrong, and large, without crooking or winding, after the faſhion of a halfe moone, great and rough eares, their eies and lips blacke, broad Noſtrils and flat vpward, a long thicke and ſoft necke, his creſt diſcending downe to the knee, a great breaſt, large ſhoulders, big belly, long ſtraight ſides, broad loynes, a ſtraite backe diſcending a little, and a round paire of buttockes, ſtraight, ſounde and ſinnewy, ſhort legs, good knees, great hoofs, and long tayles rough and griſly. And it is to be noted, that the oxen of a mans owne countrey breed, are better and to be preferred before ſtrangers, becauſe he is alredy naturaly fitted to the aire, food, water, and temper of the ſoile: for it is not good to bring them from the Mountaines to the valleyes, becauſe then they will grow lazie and fat, and ſo into diſeaſes; neither from the valleyes to the mountaines, becauſe they will quickly grow out of hart through want of their firſt deep and fat paſtur, and aboue all haue regard to match them equally in yoak, ſo as one may not overbeare the other. Oxen looſe their teeth at 2. or 3. year old, but not al as a horſe doth, their nerues are harder, but not ſo hard as a bulles, their fleſh is dry and melancholike, their horns are greater & larger then are a buls, for the ſame reaſon that Eunuchs and gelded perſons can neuer be bald:Their ſeurall parts. for copulation weakeneth the braine, only a Bul hath a ſtronger forehead then an oxe, becauſe the humour that ſhould grow forth into hornes, is hardned vnder the bone: and the horns of kie which are alſo bigger then a Buls; may thorough heat be made flexible with wax or water, and bend euery way: and if when they are thus made ſoft, you doe ſlit or cut them into foure, that is, euery horne in twoe, they will ſo growe afterwarde, as if euery beaſt had foure hornes, and ſometime thorough the thicknes of their ſcull, cloſing vp the part where the horne ſhould grow,The reaſon why ſome Oxen are polled. and the ſmalnes of their vaines in that place to feede the hornes, there come no hornes at al, but remaine pouled; And it is reported that they haue a little ſtone in their head, which in the feare of death they breath out. Their teeth do al touch one another, and are changed twice,Aelianus they chew the cud like ſheepe, wanting a rowe of their vpper teeth, that is foure of them,Ariſtotle their eies are blacke and broade, and their heart full of ſinnewes, yet without any bony ſubſtance, although Pliny affirmeth that ſometimes in the harts of oxen and horſes are found bones.

Their creſt called Palea commeth of Pilus their haire, and it is nothing elſe but longe ſtrakes in their haire, whereby the generoſity and ſtomacke of the beaſt is apparant. Pliny The parts of a Cow different from Oxen. A cow hath two vdders vnder her loines with fower ſpeans, like a goat and a ſheep, becauſe the concoction and iuice of their meat may better diſcend to the lower parts then to the vpper: their nauell is filled with many vaines, their haire ſhort and ſoft, their taile long, with harder haire then in the other parts of the body; their melt is long and not rounde, their rains are like the raines of a ſea-calfe, and by reaſon of their dry bodies they growe very fat, and this fat will not eaſily be diſſolued,Galen. but their manner of feeding maintaineth their ſtrength, for they which eat much are ſlowe in the chewing, and ſpeedie in the concoction, for they do better preſerue their fat which eate ſlowly, then thoſe that eat haſtily and with more greedineſſe.

It hath bene already ſhewed,The manner how Oxen feed fat. that ſome oxen will eat fleſh and teare wild beaſts in pieces; and the people of Praſias giue to their yoaked or working oxen fiſh,Herodotus. and alſo in the prouince of Aden, where their horſſes, ſheepe, and oxen, eat dried fiſh, by reaſon that the abundance of heat doth drie vp their paſture:Paul. venet. neither is any thing ſo plentiful among them as fiſh: the like is reported of the people Horotae, and Gedruſii, and of Moſynum a citty of Thracia, and in Friſland; in the prouince of Narbon, there is an herbe growing in waters, which is ſo much deſired of their cattell, that they will thruſt their heads into the water aboue their eares, to bite that to the roots: and the Oxen of the Northerne Ocean Iſlands of Germany do grow ſo fat, that they are indangered to die thereby.

The moſt common foode for oxen, is the ſame that is already ſpecified in the former diſcourſe of kie; namely, three leaued graſſe, clauer graſſe, all greene herbs, Hay, beans, Vetches, Chaffe, and in ſome places Barley and Straw. There is alſo a monethly dyet or food giuen to oxen, for in Ianuary and February, they giue them vetches, and Lupines, bruiſed in water among chaffe or peaſe ſo bruiſed and mingled, and where is want of ſuch pulſe, they may giue them preſſinges of Grapes dryed and clenſed, which is not turned into wine, and mingle them with chaffe for the cattell to eate, but the Grapes themſelues are much better before the preſſing, with their ſmall twigges or leaues, becauſe they are both meat and drinke; and will fat an oxe very ſpeedily.

The like may be added of Boughes, of Laurell, helme, and other leaues, and alſo nuts and Acornes, but if they be not wearied and fed with Acornes till they loath them, they will fall into ſcabs. In March and Aprill giue them hay, and from April vnto Iune giue them graſſe, and ſuch greene meat as may be found abroad; Afterward, all the Summer and Autumne, they may be ſatisfied with the leaues of Elme, bay, holme, and eſpecially, that kinde of oake which is without prickles, and therefore they cannot abide Iuniper: In Nouember and December, while the ſeede time laſteth, they muſt haue as much giuen them as they can deſire, either of the forenamed food, or elſe of ſome better if neede require; for it muſt be principally regarded, that the cartell fal not into leanneſſe in the winter time, for leanes is the mother of many ſickneſſes in cattel, and their vtter ouerthrow, and therefore the benefits by their full feeding are many, as may appeare by that cōmon prouerbe, Bos ad acervum, that is [an oxe to a whole heape,] to ſignifie ſuch men as liue in all plenty and aboundance. The like care muſt bee had of their drinke, for the Neat-heard muſt diligently looke vnto their drinke, that it may be alway cleare, and it is reported of the riuers Crathis and Sibaris, that the cattell which drinke of their water doe turne white, whatſoeuer colour they had in former times.

The time of Oxens ageThey will liue in ſtrength and perfection twelue yeares, and their whole life is for the moſt part but twenty, Kie liue not ſo long, the meanes to know their age is by their teeth and their horn, for it is obſerued that their teeth grow black in their age, and their horns waxe more circled as they grow in yeares, although I dare not affirme that euery circle betokeneth a yeares groweth, [as ſome haue written] yet I am aſſured the ſmooth horne ſheweth a young beaſt. Moreouer, although kie will endure much cold and heat both in Winter and Summer, yet muſt you haue more regard to your Oxen, and therefore it is required that they in the Winter cold weather be kept dry and houſed in ſtals, which muſt be of conuenient quantity, ſo as euery oxe may be lodged vppon ſtraw, the flooer made higher vnder their forefeete then their hinder, ſo as their vrine may paſſe away and not ſtand to hurt their hoofes: and there be alſo allowed for the ſtanding and lodging of euery Oxe eight foot in bredth, and a length anſwerable. The like regard muſt be had to theyr maunger and rack, whereof the ſtaues muſt not ſtand aboue one foot, or rather leſſe from one another, that ſo they may not draw out their meat, and ſtampe it vnderfoot.

But all the diet and foode that the wit of man can ordaine, will do them no manner of good if regard be not had to their bodily health,the med • ins to preſerue an Oxe in ſtrength. and preſeruation of ſtrength, for which cauſe they muſt receiue an ordinary medicine euery quarter of the yeare, that is; in the end of the ſpring, Summer, Autumne, and Winter: which in ſome places is thus made and giuen in potion, they take o • Cypres, and Lupine-leaues an equal quantity, beat them ſmall, then ſet them in water in the open ayre a day and a night, and afterward giue vnto euery one for three dayes togither warmed as much as a wine pint.

Paxamus.In other places they giue them to prevent ſicknes, a raw Egge, a handfull of ſalte in a pint of wine: and other put into the meat of oxen, the foame of newe oyle mingled with water, firſt a little at once vntill they be accuſtomed vnto it, and afterward more, and this they do euery fourth or fift day. Cato reciteth a certaine vowe or prayer, which the olde idolatrous Romanes were woont to make for the health of their cattell,Vowes and ſuperſtitious medicins for the cure of Cattel. to Siluanus Mars, which was on this manner Firſt, they take three pound of greene wheat, and of Larde 4. poundes, and foure pound and a halfe of fleſhy ſinnewes, and three pintes and a halfe of wine, then put them into earthen pots with hony, & put in the wine by it ſelf, and this they did yearely, but no woman might knowe how it is made, or be preſent at the time of the preparation, and it being made muſt be preſently conſumed by fire: Vnto this ridiculous and ſuperſtitious ydle inuention, ſeruing more to expreſſe the folly of man, then to benefit either man or beaſt, I may adde that kind of ſacrifice made for beaſts, which Pliny calleth Daps, that was made in the ſpring time when the peare-tree did bloſſome, the maner whereof was thus. They did offer to Iupiter Dapalis a bowle of wine, on the ſame daye the heard-men and heards make their ſacrifice ſaying in this manner, O Iupiter Dapales, I offer vnto thee this cup of wine, in the behalfe of my ſelfe, family and cattell, if thou wilt perform that vnto them which belongeth to thee, be good to this wine beneath, be good to this my ſacrifice: Afterward the party waſhed his handes, and then dranke the wine ſaying; O Iupiter Dapales be good to this my ſacrifice, be good to this inferiour wine, and if thou wilt, giue part therof to Veſta: the ſacrifice being ended he took Millet-ſeed, Lentils, oxipanum, and garlick: Thus farre Cato, wherewith if any reader be offended, let him remember to pitty ſuch poore remedies, and commend his cattell to the true God, that ſaueth man and beaſt. The Druides of the Gauls, called a certain hearb growing in moyſt places Samolum: which being gathered by the left hand of them that were faſtinge, they gaue it for an Antidot to oxen and ſwine. And Galen telleth of another ſuperſtitious cure for oxen, when a man tooke the horne of a Hart, and layed it vppon the chappell of Pan, and ſet vpon it a burning candle which muſt not be forgotten, but alway thought vppon in the day time,The diſcouery of • he ſicknes of Cattel and the perticu •• r cure thereof. calling vppon holy Demuſaris, which fooliſh people haue thought as it were by a witchcraft, to cure the euils of their cattell.

But to let paſſe theſe and ſuch like trifles, let vs followe a more perfect deſcription and rule to cure all manner of diſeaſes in this cattel, whoſe ſafegard and health next to a mans, is to bee preferred aboue all other: and firſte of all the meanes whereby their ſickneſſe is diſcouered may be conſidered, as all Laſſitude or weariſomneſſe thorough ouer much labour, which appeareth by forbearing their meat, or eating after another faſhion then they are woont, or by their often lying downe, or elſe by holding out their tongue, all which and many more ſignes of their diſeaſes, are manifeſt to them that haue obſerued them in the time of their health, and on the other ſide it is manifeſt, that the health of an oxe may be known by his agility, life & ſtirring, when they are lightly touched or pricked, ſtarting, and holding their eares vpright, fulneſſe of their bellie, and many other wayes.

There be alſo hearbes which increaſe in cattell diuers diſeaſes, as herbs bedewed with Honie bringeth the Murrain, the iuice of black Chamaeleon killeth yong kie like the chine, blacke Helebore, Aconitum, or Wolfe-bane, which is that graſſe in cilicia, which inflameth oxen, herbe henry, and others: It is alſo reported by Ariſtotle, that in a piece of Thricia, not far from that citty which is called the cittie of Media, there is a place almoſt thirty furlongs in length, where naturally groweth a kinde of barley, which is good for men, but pernitious for beaſts. The like may be ſaid of Aegolothros, Orobanche and Aeſtur, but I wil haſten to the particular deſcription of their diſeaſes.

In the firſt place is the Malis or Glaunders already ſpoken of in the ſtorie of the Aſſe,The diſeaſes which infeit Oxen & Kye which may be known by theſe ſignes, the oxes haire will be rough and hard, his eies and necke hange downe, matter running out of the noſe, his pace heauie, chewing his cud little, his backe-bone ſharpe, and his meat loathſome vnto him: for remedie herof, take ſea-onoyns or Garlicke, Lupines or cypres, or elſe the foame of oile. And if a Beaſt care hogges-dung, they preſentlie fall ſicke of the Peſtilence, which infecteth the hearbes and graſſe they breath on, the waters whereof they drinke, and the ſtals and lodgings wherein they lie. The humors which annoy the body of oxen are many, the firſt is a moiſt one called Malis, yſſuing at the noſe, the ſecond a dry one when nothing appeareth outwardlye onely the beaſt forſaketh his meat, the third an articular, when the fore or hinder legs of the beaſt halte, and yet the hoofes appeare ſound, the fourth is Farciminous, wherein the whole body breaketh forth into matry bunches & byles, and appear healed til they break foorth in other places, the fift Subtereutanrus, when vnder the skinne there runneth a humour that breaketh forth in many places of the body: the ſixt a Subrenall, when the hinder legs halte by reaſon of ſome paine in the loines, the ſeuenth a Maunge or Leproſie, and laſtly a madneſſe or Phrenzy, all which are contagious, and if once they enter into a heard, they will infect euery beaſt if they be not ſeperated from the ſicke, and ſpeedy remedy obtained.

The remedies againſt the laſt ſeuen are thus diſcribed by Columella. Firſt take Oxipanum and ſea-holy roots mingled with fennel-ſeede and meale of beaten wheat rath-ripe: put them in ſpring water warmed with hony nine ſpoonfuls at a time, and with that medicine annoint the breaſt of the beaſte, then take the blood of a ſea-ſnaile, and for want thereof, a common ſnaile, & put it into wine, and giue the beaſt in at his noſe, and it hath bene approued to worke effectuall. It is not good at any time to ſtirre vppe Oxen to running,Curſus bonū ant ciet aluū aut febrim inducit. for chaſing will either moue them to looſenes of the belly, or driue them into a feauer, the nowe the ſignes of a feuer are theſe: an immoderat heat ouer the whole body, eſpecially about the mouth, tongue, and eares, teares falling out of the eies, hollownes of their eyes, a heauy and ſtooping drowzie head, matter running out of his noſe, a hotte and difficulte breath, and ſometime fighing and violent beating of his vaines and loathing of meat: for remedy whereof let the beaſt faſt one whole day, then let him be let blood vnder the taile faſting, and afterward make him a drinke of bole-wort ſtalkes ſod with oyle and lickquor of fiſh-ſauce, and ſo let him drinke it for fiue daies togither before he eat meat; afterward let him eat the tops of Lentils, and young ſmall vine braunches, then keepe his noſe and mouth clean with a ſpunge, and giue him colde water to drinke three times a day, for the beſt meanes of recouery are cold meates and drinkes, neither muſt the beaſt bee turned out of dores, till he be recouered: When an oxe is ſicke of a cold, giue him blacke wine and it will preſently helpe him.

If an Oxe in his meate taſt of hens doung, his belly wil preſently be tormented, and ſwell vnto death if remedie be not giuen: for this mallady, take three ounces of parſley ſeed, a pint and a halfe of Cummin, two pounds of honey, beat theſe togither and put it down his throat warme, then driue the beaſt vp and down, as long as he can ſtand, then let as many as can ſtand about him rub his belly, vntil the medicine worke to purgation: and Vegetius addeth, that the aſhes of Elme wood well ſod in oyle, and put downe the beaſts throat, cureth the inflamation of hen-dung. If at any time it happen, that an oxe get into his mouth and throate a horſe-leech, which at the firſt will take faſt holde, and ſucke the place ſhe holds [be it mouth or throat] till ſhe haue kild the beaſt: if you canot take hold on her with the hand, then put into the oxes throat a Cane, or little hollow pipe, euen to the place where the leech ſucketh, and into that pipe put warme oyle, which as ſoone as the leech feeleth, ſhe preſently leaueth hold.

It fortuneth ſometimes that an oxe is ſtung or bitten with a Serpent, Adder, Viper, or other ſuch venimous beaſt; for that wound, take ſharpe Trifoly, which groweth in rocky places, ſtraine out the iuice and beat it with ſalte, then ſcarifie the wound with that oyntment, till it be wrought in. If a field-mouſe bite an Oxe, ſo as the dint of her teeth appear, then take a little commin and ſoft Pitch, and with that make a plaiſter for the wound: or if you can get another field-Mouſe, put her into oyle, and there let it remaine till the mē bers of it be almoſt rotten, then bruiſe it & lay it to the ſore, and the ſame body ſhal cure, whoſe nature gaue the wound. Oxen are alſo much troubled with a diſeaſe called the hidebound; for remedy whereof, when the beaſt is taken from his worke, and panteth, then let him be ſprinkled ouer with wine, and put peeces of fatte into his mouth: if then you perceiue no amendment, then ſeeth ſome Laurell, and therewith heat his backe, and afterward with oyle and wine ſcarifie him all ouer, plucking his skin vp from the ribbes, and this muſt be done in the ſunſhine, or elſe in a very warme place.

For the ſcabs, take the iuice of Garlicke, and rub the beaſt all ouer; and with this medicine may the biting of a Wolfe or a mad dogge be cured: although other affirme, that the hoofe of any beaſt with Brimſtone, oyle, Water, and Vineger, is a more preſent remedy; but there is no better thinge then butter and ſtale Vrine: When they are vexed with wormes, poure cold water vpon them, afterward annoint them with the iuice of onions mingled with ſalt.

If an oxe be wrinched and ſtrayned in his ſinnewes, in trauell or labour, by ſtumping on any roote or hard ſharpe thing, then let the contrary foot or legge be let blood, if the ſinnews ſwel: If his necke ſvvell let him blood, or if his necke be vvinding and vveake [as if it were broken] then let him blood in that eare to which ſide the head bendeth. When their neckes be bald, grind two tiles togither, a nevv one and a olde, and vvhen the yoake is taken off, caſt the pouder vpon their neckes, and afterwarde oyle, and ſo with a little reſt the haire vvill come againe.

When an oxe hangeth dovvne his eares and eateth not his meat, he is troubled vvith a Cephalalgie: that is, a paine in his head: for vvhich, ſeeth Thyme in vvine, vvith ſalt and Garlicke, and therevvith rub his tongue a good ſpace; alſo ravv barly ſteeped in Wine, helpeth this diſeaſe. Sometime an oxe is troubled vvith madneſſe, for vvhich men burne them betvvixt the hornes in the forehead, till they bleed, ſometime there is a Fly vvhich biting them continually, driueth them into madneſſe; for vvhich they are vvoont to caſt brimſtone, and bay ſprigs ſod in water in the paſtures where they feede, but I knovv not vvhat good can come thereby. When oxen are troubled vvith fleam, put à ſprig of black Hellebore throgh their ears, wherein let it remain til the next day at the ſame houre. Al the euils of the eyes are for the moſt part cured by infuſion of hony, and ſome mingle therevvith Ammoniacke, Salt, and Boeticke. When the pallat or roofe of their mouth is ſo ſwelled that the beaſt forſaketh meat, and bendeth one the one ſide, let his mouth be pared with a ſharpe inſtrument, or elſe burned or abated ſome other way, giuing them greene and ſoft meat til the tender ſore be cured: but vvhen the cheekes ſvvell, for remedy thereof, they ſell them avvay to the butcher for ſlaughter: it falleth out very often that there grow certaine bunches on their tongues, vvhich make them forſake their meate, and for this thing they cut the toong, and aftervvard rub the wound vvith garlicke and ſalt, till al the fleamy matter yſſue forth.

VVhen their vaines in their cheeks and chaps ſwell out into vlcers, they ſoften and waſh them with vineger and lees, till they be cured. When they are liuer-ſicke, they giue them Rubarbe, Miſhroms, and Gentian, mingled togither. For the cough and ſhort breath, they giue them twigs of vines, or Iuniper mingled with ſalt; and ſome vſe Betony.

There is a certaine hearbe called Aſplenon or Citterach, which conſumeth the Melts of Oxen, found by this occaſion: in creete there is a Ryuer called Protereus, running betwixt the two citties Gnoſon and Gortina, on both ſides thereof there were heards of cattell, but thoſe which fed neere to Gortina had no Spleene, and the other which fed neer to Gnoſon were full of Spleene: when the Phyſitians endeuored to finde out the true cauſe heereof, they found an hearbe growing on the coaſt of Gortina, which diminiſhed their Spleene; and for that cauſe called it Aſplenon. But now to come to the diſeaſes of their breſt and ſtomack, and firſt of al to begine with the cough, which if it be new, may be cured by a pint of Barly Meale with a raw Egge, and halfe a pint of ſod wine: and if the cough be old, take two pounds of beaten Hyſop ſod in 3. pints of water, beatē Lentils, or the roots of onyons waſhed and baked with Wheate meale giuen faſting, do driue away the oldeſt cough. For ſhortneſſe of breath, their Neat-heardes hang about their Necke deathes-hearb and hartſ-wort; but if their Liuers or lungs be corupted [which appeareth by along cough and leannes] take the root of haſell, and put it through the Oxes eare; then, a like or equall quantity of the iuyce of Onyons and oyle mingled, and put into a pint of Wine, let it be giuen to the beaſt many daies together. If the Oxe be troubled with crudity, or a raw euill ſtomach, you ſhall know by theſe ſignes; he wil often belch, his belly will rumble, he will forbeare his meate, hanging down his eies, and neither chew the cud or licke himſelfe with his tongue: for remedy whereof, take two quarts of warme Water, thirty ſtalkes of Bole-worts, ſeeth them together till they be ſoft, and then giue them to the beaſt with vineger.

But if the crudity cauſe his belly to ſtand out and ſwell, then pull his tayle downewarde with all the force that you can, and binde thereunto Mother-wort, mingled with ſalt, or elſe giue them a gliſter, or anoint a Womans hand with oyle, and let hir draw out the dung from his fundament; and afterward cut a vaine, in his tayle vvith a ſharp knife. When they be diſtempered with choler, burne their Legs to the hoofes vvith a vvhot Iron, and aftervvard let them reſt vpon cleane and ſoft ſtravv: vvhen their guts and intrals are payned they are eaſed vvith the ſight of a Duck or a Drake.

But vvhen the ſmall guts are infected, take fifteene cypres aples and ſo many gaules, mingle and beate them vvith their vvaight of old cheeſe in foure pints of the ſharpeſt Wine you can get, and ſo diuide it into foure parts, giuing to the beaſt euery day one quantity. The excrements of the belly doe depriue the body of all ſtrength and power to labour; wherefore vvhen they are troubled vvith it, they muſt reſt, and drinke nothing for three dayes together, and the firſt day let them forbeare meate, the ſecond day giue them the toppes of wilde Olyues, or in defect thereof, canes, or reedes; the ſtalkes of Lantiſke and Myrtill; and the thirde day a little Water, and vnto this ſome adde dryed Grapes in ſixe pintes of ſharpe Wine, giuen euery day in like quantity. When their hinder parts are lame through congealed blood in them, whereof there is no outward appearance, take a bunch of Nettles with their rootes and put it into their mouthes, by rubbing whereof the conderſate blood will remoue away.

When Oxen come firſt of all after Winter to graſſe, they fall graſſe-ſicke, and piſſe blood; for which they ſeeth together in water barley, bread, and larde, and ſo giue them altogether in a drinke to the beaſt: ſome praiſe the kernels of Walenuts put into Eggeſhels for this cure, and other take the bloody water it ſelfe and blow it into the beaſtes Noſtrils; and heard-men by experience haue found, that there is no better thing then hearb-Robert, to ſtay the piſſing of blood: they muſt alſo be kept in a ſtall within doores, and be fed with dry graſſe and the beſt hay. If their hornes be annoynted with wax, oyle, and pitch, they feele no payne in their hoofes; except in caſes where any beaſt treadeth and preſſeth anothers hoofe; in which caſe, take oyle and ſod Wine, and then vſe them in a whot barley plaiſter or poultaſe layed to the wounded place: but if the plough ſhare hurt the Oxes foote, then lay thereunto ſtone-pitch, Greaſe, and Brimſtone, hauing firſt of all ſeared the wound with a whot Iron bound about with ſhorne wool.

Now to returne to the taming and inſtruction of Oxen. It is ſaid that Buſiris King of Egypt was the firſt that euer tamed or yoaked Oxen, hauing his name giuen him for that purpoſe. Oxen are by nature meeke, gentle, ſlow, and not ſtubborne; bycauſe being depriued of his genitals he is more tractable, and for this cauſe it is requiſite that they bee alwaie vſed to hand, and to be familiar with man, that he may take bread at his hand, and be tyed vp to the racke, for by gentleneſſe they are beſt tamed, being thereby more willing and ſtrong for labour, then if they were roughly yoaked or ſuffered to run wild without the ſociety and ſight of men. Varro ſayth, that it is beſt to tame them betwixt fiue and three yeare old, for before three it is to ſoone, bycauſe they are too tender; and after fiue it is too late, by reaſon they are too vnwealdy and ſtubborne.

But if any be taken more wild and vnruly, take this direction for their taming: firſt, if you haue any old tamed oxen,how to tame or yoke wild Oxen. ioyne them together [a wilde and a tame] and if you pleaſe, you may make a yoake to holde the Neckes of three oxen; ſo that if the beaſt would rage and be diſobedient, then will the old one both by example and ſtrength draw hlm on, keeping him from ſtarting aſide, and falling down. They muſt alſo be accuſtomed to draw an empty cart, waine, or ſled through ſome towne or village, where there is ſom concourſe of people, or a plow in valloed ground or ſand, ſo as the beaſt may not be diſcouraged by the waight and ſtrength of the buſineſſe, their keeper muſt often with his owne hand giue them meate into their mouth, and ſtroke their Noſes, that ſo they may be acquainted with the ſmell of a man; and likewiſe put his hand to their ſides, and ſtroke them vnder their belly, whereby the beaſt may feele no diſpleaſure by being touched. In ſome countries, they waſh them all ouer with Wine for two or three dayes togither, and afterward in a horne giue them wine to drinke, which doth wonderfully tame them, although they haue beene neuer ſo Wilde: other put their Neckes into engins, and tame them by ſubſtracting their meate: other affirme, that if a wilde oxe be tyed with a halter made of Wooll,Raſis. he will preſently waxe tame: but to this I leaue euery man to his particular inclination for this buſineſſe; onely, let them chaunge their oxens ſides, and ſet them ſometime on the right ſide, and ſometime on the lefte ſide, and beware that he auoide the Oxes heele, for if once he get the habite of kicking, he wil very hardlye be refrained from it againe. He hath a good memory, and will not forget the man that pricked him whereas he wil not ſtirre at another, being like a man in fetters, who diſſembleth vengance vntill he be releaſed, and then paieth the perſon that hath grieued him. Wherefore it is not good to vſe a young oxe to a goad: but rather to awaken his dulneſſe with a whip.

The vnderſtanding of Oxen.Theſe beaſts do vnderſtand their owne names, and diſtinguiſh betwixt the voice of their keepers and ſtrangers. They are alſo ſaid to remember and vnderſtand numbers, for the King of Perſia had certaine Oxen, which euery day drew water to Suſis to water his Gardens,Guidus. their number was an hundred veſſels, which through cuſtom they grew to obſerue, and therefore not one of them would halt or loyter in that buſineſſe, till the whole was accompliſhed:Aelianus but after the number fulfilled, there was no goad, whip, or other meanes, could once make them ſtir, to fetch another draught or burthen. They are ſaid to loue their fellowes with whom they draw in yoake moſt tenderly, whom they ſeeke out with mourning if he be wanting.The loue of oxen to their yoke-fellow It is likewiſe obſerued in the licking of themſelues againſt the haire, (but as Cicero ſaith) if he bend to the right ſide and licke that, it preſageth a ſtorme; but if he bend to the left ſide,of the licking of Oxen, natural obſeruations. he foretelleth a calmy faire day: In like manner, when he lowgheth and ſmelleth to the earth, or when he feedeth fuller then ordinary, it betokeneth chang of weather: but in the Autumn, if ſheep or Oxen dig the earth with their feet, or lie downe head to head, it is held for an aſſured token of a tempeſt.

Their aptnes to go aſtray.They feede by companies and flockes, and their nature is to follow any one which ſtraieth away; for if the neat-heard be not preſent to reſtraine them, they wil all follow to their owne danger. Being angred and prouoked they will fight with ſtrangers very irefully,The anger of Oxen & kye. with vnapeaſeable contention: for it was ſeene in Rhaetia, betwixt Curia and Velcuria that when the heardes of two villages meete in a certaine plaine together, they fought ſo longe, that of threeſcore, foure and twenty were ſlaine, and all of them wounded, [eight excepted] which the inhabytantes tooke for anill preſage or miſchiefe of ſome enſuing calamitye, and therefore they would not ſuffer their bodyes to bee couered with earth: to auoyde this contention, skilfull Neate-heardes giue their Cattell ſome ſtrong hearbes, as garlike and ſuch like, that the ſauour may auert that ſtrife They which come about Oxen, Buls, and bugils, muſt not weare any red Garments, Gillius Oxen prouoked by coulours. by cauſe their nature ryſeth and is prouoked to rage, if they ſee ſuch a colour.

There is great enmity betwixt Oxen and Wolues, for the Wolfe [being a fleſh-eating-creature] lyeth in waite to deſtroy them; and it is ſaid, that there is ſo great a natural feare in them, that if a Wolues tayle bee hanged in the racke or manger where an Oxe feedeth, he will abſtaine from eating. This beaſt is but ſimple, though his aſpect ſeeme to be very graue; and thereof came the prouerbe of the Oxen to the yoke,Raſis. which was called Ceroma; wherewithall Wraſtlers and Prize-players were anointed, but when a fooliſh and heauy man was annoynted they ſaid ironically Bos ad ceroma.

Againe the folly of this beaſt appearerh by another Greeke prouerbe, which ſaith, that An Oxe raiſeth duſt which blindeth his owne eyes: to ſignifie, that fooliſh and indiſcrete men ſtirre vp the occaſion of their owne harmes. The manifold Epithets giuen this beaſt in Greeke and Latine by ſundry authors, doe demonſtratiuely ſhew the manifold conditions of this beaſt; as that it is called a Plower, Wilde, an earth tiller, brazen footed, by reaſon of his hard hoofes [Cerebrons] more brayne then wit; horned, ſtubborne, horne-ſtriking, hard, rough, vntamed, deuourer of graſſe, yoake-bearer, fearefull, ouertamed, drudges, vvry-faced, ſlovv, and ill fauored, vvith many other ſuch notes of their nature, ordination, and condition.

There remaine yet of this diſcourſe of Oxen, tvvo other neceſſary Tractats;The naturall vſes of the ſeueral parts of Oxen. the one naturall & the other morral. That vvhich is natural, contayns the ſeueral vſes of their particular parts: & firſt for their fleſh, which is held ſingular for noriſhment, for which cauſe, after their labour which bringeth leanneſſe, they vſe to put them by for ſagination, or [as it is ſayd] in Engliſh for feeding, which in all countries hath a ſeuerall manner or cuſtom.How to fattē cattaile. Sotion affirmeth, that if you giue your cattell when they come freſh from their paſture, Cabbage leaues beaten ſmall with ſome ſharpe vineger poured among them, and afterward chaffe winowed in a ſiefe, and mingled with branne for fiue daies together, it will much fatten and encreaſe their fleſh, and the ſixth day ground barley, encreaſing the quantity by little and little for ſixe dayes together.

Now the beſt time to feede them in the Winter is about the cock-crowing, and afterward in the morning twy-light, and ſoone after that let them drinke: in the Summer let them haue their firſt meate in the morning, and their ſecond ſeruice at noone, and then drinke after that ſecond meate or eating, and their third meate before euening againe, and ſo let them drinke the ſecond time; It is alſo to be obſerued that their water in winter time be warmed, and in the Summer time colder. And while they feede you muſt often waſh the roofe and ſides of their mouth, for therein will grow certaine Wormes which will annoy the beaſt and hinder his eating, and after the waſhing rubbe his tongue wel with ſalt. If therefore they be carefully regarded they wil grow very fat, eſpecially if they be not ouer aged or very young at the time of their feeding: for by reaſon of age their teeth grow looſe and fall out, and in youth they cannot exceede in fatneſſe bycauſe of their groweth: aboue all heighfers and barren Kye will exceed in fatneſſe, for Varro affirmeth, that he ſaw a field Mouſe bring forth young ones in the fat of a cowe hauing eaten into her body ſhe being aliue: the ſelfe ſame thing is reported of a Sow in Arcadia:A ſtrange report of a fat Cow, if true. Kye will alſo grow fat when they are with calfe eſpecially in the middeſt of that time. The Turks vſe in their greateſt feaſtes and Marriages, to roſt or ſeeth an Oxe whole, putting in the oxes belly a whole Sovv, and in the Sowes belly, a Gooſe, and in the Gooſes belly an Egge, to note forth their plenty in great and ſmall things: but the beſt fleſh is of a young oxe, and the worſt of an olde one, for it begetteth an ill iuyce or concoction, eſpecially if they which eate it be troubled vvith a cough or reumy fleame, or if the party be in a conſumption, or for a woman that hath vlcers in her belly, the tongue of an oxe or cow ſalted and ſlit aſunder, is accompted a very delicate diſhe, vvhich the prieſtes of Mercury ſayd did belong to them, bycauſe they vvere the ſeruants of ſpeech, and hovvſoeuer in al ſacrifices the beaſts tongue vvas refuſed as a prophane member, yet theſe prieſts made choiſe thereof, vnder colour of ſacrifice to feede their dainty ſtomacks.

The hornes of oxen by art of man are made very flexible and ſtraight whereof are made combes, haſts for kniues, and the ancients haue vſed them for cups to drinke in, and for this cauſe was Bacchus painted with hornes, and Crater was taken for a cup, which is deriued of Kera a horne: In like manner the firſt Trumpets were made of hornes as Virgill alludeth vnto this ſentence, Rauco ſtrepuerunt cornua cantu, and now a daies it is become familier for the carriage of Gun-pouder in warre. It is reported by ſome husbandmen, that if ſeede be caſt into the earth out of an Oxes horne (called in old time cerasbola) by reaſon of a certaine coldneſſe, it well neuer ſpring vp well out of the earth, at the leaſt not ſo well as when it is ſowed with the hand of man. Their skinne is vſed for ſhooes, Garments, and Gumme, becauſe of a ſpongy matter therein contayned, alſo to make Gun-pouder, and it is vſed in nauigation when a ſhot hath pierced the ſides of the ſhip, preſently they clap a raw Oxe hyde to the mouth of the breach, which inſtantly keepeth the Water from entring in: likewiſe they were wont to make Bucklers or ſhieldes of the hides of Oxen and Bugils, and the ſeuen-folded or doubled ſhield of Aiax, was nothing elſe but a ſhield made of an Oxe hyde, ſo many times layed one piece vpon another, which cauſed Homer to call it Sacos heptaboeion.

Of the teeth of Oxen I know no other vſe but ſcraping and making Paper ſmooth with them; their gall being ſprinkled among ſeede which is to be ſowen maketh it come vppe quickly, and killeth field-miſe that taſt of it, and it is the bayne or poyſon of thoſe creatures: ſo that they will not come neere to it, no not in bread if they diſcerne it; and birds if they eate corne touched with an Oxes gall put into hot water firſt of all, and the lees of Wyne, they wax thereby aſtoniſhed: likewiſe Emmets will not come vppon thoſe places where there remaineth any ſauour of this gall; and for this cauſe they anoynt heerewith the rootes of trees. The dung of Oxen is beneficiall to Bees if the Hyue bee annoynted therewith, for it killeth Spiders, Gnats, and drone-bees; and if good heede be not taken, it will worke the like effect vpon the Bees themſelues: for this cauſe they vſe to ſmother or burne this kinde of dung vnder the mouthes of the Hiues in the ſpring time, which ſo diſplayeth and diſperſeth all the little enemy-bees in Bee-hiues that they neuer breed againe. There is a prouerbe of the ſtable of Angia; which Angia was ſo rich in cattell, that he defiled the countrey with their dung, whereupon that prouerbe grew: when Hercules came vnto him he promiſed him a part of his countrey to purge that ſtable, which was not clenſed by the yearely labour of 3000. Oxen, but Hercules vndertaking the labour turned a Ryuer vpon it, and ſo clenſed all. When Angia ſaw that his ſtable was purged by art, and not by labour, he denyed the reward; and becauſe Phyleus his eldeſt ſonne reproued him for not regarding a man ſo well deſeruing, he caſt him out of his family for euer.

The manifold vſe of the members of Oxen and Kye in medicyne, now remaineth to be briefely touched. The horne beaten into pouder, cureth the cough, eſpecially the types or point of the horne, which is alſo receiued againſt the ptiſicke, or ſhort breath made into pils with Hony. The pouder of a Cowes horne mixed with vineger, helpeth the morphew, being waſhed or annoynted therewith. The ſame infuſed into the Noſtrils, ſtayeth the bleeding: likewiſe mingled with warme water and vineger, giuen to a Splenet • cke man for three dayes together,the medcins of the ſeueral parts of oxen and Kye it wonderfully worketh vpon that paſſion: pouder of the hoofe of an Oxe with water put vpon the kings euill helpeth it, and with Water and Hony it helpeth the apoſtemes and ſwelling of the body: and the ſame burned and put into drinke, and given to a Woman that lacketh Milke, it encreaſeth milke and ſtrengtheneth hir very much. Other take the tongue of a cow, which they dry ſo long till it may be beaten into pouder, and ſo giue it to a woman in white wine or broath. The duſt of the heele of an oxe or ancle bone, taken in Wine and put to the gummes or teeth doe faſten them,Raſis. and remoue the ache away: The ribbes of oxen beaten to pouder doe ſtay the fluxe of blood,Fu • nerius. and reſtrain the aboundance of monthly courſes in women. The ancle of a white cow layed forty daies and nightes into wine, and rubbed on the face with white linnet, taketh ſpots and maketh the skinne looke very cleare.

Where a man biteth any other liuing creature, ſeeth the fleſh of an oxe or a calfe, and after fiue dayes lay it to the ſore, and it ſhall worke the eaſe thereof. The fleſh being warme layed to the ſwellings of the body, eaſeth them: ſo alſo doe the warme blood and gall of the ſame beaſt.

The broath of beefe healeth the looſneſſe of the bellye, comming by reaſon of choler; and the broath of cowes fleſh, or the marrow of a cow, healeth the vlcers and chinkes of the mouth. The skinne of an oxe [eſpecially the leather thereof] worne in a ſhooe, burned and applyed to pimples in the body or face, cureth them. The skinne of the feete and Noſe of an oxe or ſheepe, ſod ouer a ſoft and gentle fire, vntill there ariſe a certaine ſcumme like to glue from it, and afterward dried in the cold, windye aire, and drunk, helpeth [or at leaſt] eaſeth burſtneſſe very much.

The marrow of an oxe, or the ſewet, helpeth the ſtraynes of ſinnewes if they be anointed therewith. If one make a ſmall candle of paper and cowes marrow, ſetting the ſame on fire vnder his browes or eye-lids which are balde, without haire, and often annoynting the place, he ſhall haue very decent and comely haire grow thereupon. Likewiſe the ſewet of oxen helpeth againſt all outward poyſon: ſo in all Leproſies, botches, and ſcuruineſſe of the skinne, the ſame mingled with Gooſe greaſe, and poured into the eares, helpeth the deafeneſſe of them. It is alſo good againſt the inflammation of the eares, the ſtupidity and dulneſſe of the teeth, the running of the eyes, the vlcers and rimes of the mouth, and ſtiffeneſſe of the neck. If ones blood be liquid and apt to runne forth of the body, it may be well thickned and retayned, by drinking Oxe blood mingled with vineger: & the blood of a cow poured into a wound that bleedeth, ſtayeth the blood. Likwiſe the blood of Oxen cureth the ſcabs in Dogs.

Concerning their Milke, volumes may be written of the ſeuerall and manifold vertues thereof, for the Arcadians refuſed all medicine, onely in the ſpring time when their beaſts did eate graſſe, they dranke cowes Milke, being perſwaded, Pliny A Hiſtory that the vertue and vigour of al good hearbs and fruits were receiued and digeſted into that liquor; for they gaue it medicinally to them which were ſicke of the Priſicke, of conſumption, of an old cough, of the conſumption of the raynes, of the hardneſſe of the belly, and of all manner poyſons which burne inwardly; which is alſo the opinion of all the Greeke Phyſitians: and the ſhell of a Walnut ſod in cow-milke and layed to the place where a ſerpent hath bitten, it cureth it, and ſtayeth the poyſon.

The ſame being new and warme Gargarized into the throate, helpeth the ſoreneſſe of the kernels, and all payne in the arteries, and ſwelling in the throate and ſtomacke: and if any man bee in danger of a ſhort breath, let him take daylie ſofte pitch with the hearbe Mummie, and harts-ſuet clarified in a Cup of new Milke, and it hath beene proued very profitable.

Where the paynes of the ſtomacke come by ſadneſſe, Melancholy, or deſperation, drinke Cow-milke, Womans Milke, or Aſſes-milke, wherein a flint-ſtone hath beene ſodden. When one is troubled with a deſire of going often to the ſtoole, and can egeſt nothing, let him drinke cow-milke and Aſſe-milke ſod together; the ſame alſo heated with gads of Iron or Steele, and mingled with one fourth part of water, helpeth the bloody flix; mingled with a little Hony and a Buls gall, with cummin and gourds layed to the Nauell: and ſome affirme, that cow-milke doth help conception, if a woman be troubled with the white fluxe, ſo that hir wombe be indaungered, let her drinke a purgation for hir vpper partes, and afterward Aſſes milke, laſt of all let her drinke cow-milke and new wine, (for forty daies together if neede be) ſo mingled that the wine appeare not in the milke, and it ſhall ſtay the fluxe. But in the vſe of milke, the rule of Hipocrates muſt be continually obſerued, that it be not vſed with any ſharpe ot tart liquor, for then it curdleth in the ſtomack, and turneth into corruption. The whay of cow-milke mingled with Hony and ſalt, as much as the taſt will permit and drunke, looſeneth the hardneſſe of the Belly.

The marrow of a cow mingled with a little meale, and with new cheeſe, wonderfully ſtayeth the bloody flixe. It is affirmed, that there is in the head of an oxe, a certaine little ſtone, which onely in the feare of death he caſteth out at his mouth, if this ſtone be taken from them ſuddenly by cutting the head, it doth make children to breed teeth eaſily, being ſoone tyed about them. If a man or woman, drinke of the ſame water, whereof an oxe drunke a little before, it wil eaſe the head-ache: and in the ſecond venter of a cow there is a round blacke Tophus found, being of no waight, which is accounted very profitable to Wommen in hard trauailes of child-birth. The Liuer of an oxe or cow dryed, and drunke in pouder, cureth the fluxe of blood. The gall of a cow is more forcible in operation then all other beaſtes gals whatſoeuer. The gall of an Oxe mixed with hony, draweth out any thorne or point of a needle or other Iron thing out of the fleſh where it ſticketh. Likewiſe it being mingled with alome and Myrrhe as thicke as hony, it cureth thoſe euils which creepe and annoy the priuy partes; laying vpon it afterward Beetes ſod in Wine.

It will not ſuffer the Kings euil to grow or ſpread it ſelfe if it be laied vpon it at the beginning. The hands waſhed in an oxes gall and water, are made white how blacke ſoeuer they were before time; and if pur-blind eyes be annoynted with the gal of a blacke cow, one may read any writing the more plainely: there is in the gal of an oxe a certaine little ſtone like a ring, which the Phyloſophers cal Alcheron, [and ſome Guers and Naſſatum] which being beaten and held to ones Noſe, it cleareth the eyes, and maketh that no humour do diſtil to annoy them: and if one take thereof the quantity of a lintell ſeed, with the iuyce of Beetes, it is profitable againſt the falling euil. If one be deafe or thicke of hearing, take the gal of an oxe and the vrine of a Goate; or the gall of a Gooſe: likewiſe, it eaſeth the head-ache in an Ague, and applyed to the temples prouoketh ſleepe, and if the breaſts of a woman be annoynted therwith it keepes her milke from curdling.

The melt of an oxe is eaten in hony for eaſing the paynes of the melt in a man, and with the skin that a calfe caſt out of his dammes belly, the vlcers in the face are taken away: and if twenty heads of Garlicke be beaten in an oxes bladder, with a pinte of vineger and layed to the backe, it will cure the melt. It is likewiſe giuen againſt the Spleene, and the cholicke made like a plaſter, and layed to the nauell til one ſweat.

The vrine of an Oxe cauſeth a cold ſtomacke to recouer, and I haue ſeen that the vrine of a cow, taken in Gargarizing, did cure intollerable vlcers in the mouth. When the bee hath taſted of the flower of the corne-tree, ſhe preſently dyeth by looſeneſſe of the belly, except ſhe taſt the vrine of a man or an Oxe.

There are likewiſe many vſes of the dung of Oxen made in Phyſicke, whereof authors are full, but eſpecially againſt the goute, plaſtering the ſicke member therewith whot and newly made: and againſt the Dropſie, making a plaſter thereof with Barley meale and a little Brimſton aſperſed, to couer the belly of a man: And thus much for the natural properties of this kind, now we will briefely proceed to the morall.

The morral and external vſe of Oxen both for labour & other induſtry.The morall vſes of this beaſt, both in labour and other things doth declare the dignity and high account our forefathers made heereof, both in vintage, harueſt, plowing, carriage, drawing, ſacrificing, and making Leagues of truce and peace; in ſomuch as, that if this fayled, al tilage and vintage muſt in many places of the world be vtterly put down; and in truth, neither the Foules of the aire, nor the Horſſe for the battaile, nor the Swine and Dogges could haue no ſuſtenance but by the labor of Oxen: for although in ſome places they haue Mules, or Cammels, or Elephants, which help them in this labour, yet can there not be in any Nation a neglect of Oxen; Ʋarro. and their reuerence was ſo great, that in auncient time when an offendor was to be fined in his cattel [as al amerciaments were in thoſe daies] the Iudge might not name an Oxe, vntil he had firſt named a Sheepe; and they fined a ſmal offence at two ſheepe and not vnder, and the greateſt offence criminal, at thirty oxen and not aboue, which were redeemed, by giuing for euery oxe an hundred Aſſes, and ten for euery ſheepe.

It is ſome queſtion among the ancients, who did firſt ioyne Oxen together for plowing:Heraclides ſome affirming, that Ariſteus firſt learned it of the Nymphs, in the Iſland Co: and Diodorus affirmeth, that Dioniſius Sonne of Iupiter, and Ceres or Proſerpina, did firſt of al inuent the plow. Some attribute it to Briges the Athenian, other to Triptolemus, Oſiris, Habides a King of Spaine; and Virgill affirmeth moſt conſtantly, that it was Ceres as appearreth by this verſe; Prima Ceres ferro mortales vertere terram, Inſtituit, &c.

Whereunto agreeth Sernius: but I rather encline to Ioſephus, Lactantius, and Euſebius, who affirme; that long before ceres was borne, or Oſiris, or Hercules, or any of the reſidue, their was a practiſe of plowing, both among the Haebrewes and the Egyptians; and therefore as the God of plowing called by the Romaines Iugatinus (becauſe of yoaking Oxen) was a fond aberration from the truth, ſo are the reſidue of their inuentions, about the firſt man that tilled with Oxen: ſeeing that it is ſaide of Cain and Noah, Auguſtinus that they were husbandmen and tilled the earth. The Athenians had three ſeuerall plow-feaſtes which they obſerued yearely, one in Scirus, the other in Rharia, and the thirde vnder Pelintus: and they called their marriage feaſts plow-ſeaſons, becauſe then they endeuored by the ſeed of man to multiply the world, in procreation of children, as they did by the plow to encreaſe food in the earth.

The Graecians had a kind of writing called Bouſtraphedon, which beganne, turned, and ended as the Oxen doe in plowing a furrow, continuing from the left hande to the right, and from the right hand to the left againe, which no man could read, but hee that turned the Paper or table at euery lines end. It is alſo certaine, that in auncient time, the leagues of truce and peace were written in an Oxes hide, as appeareth by that peace which was made by Tarquinius, betwixt the Romaines and the Gabij, the which was hanged vp in the Temple of Iupiter, as Dioniſius and Pompeius Sextus affirme (in the likeneſſe of a buckler or ſhield:) and the chiefe heads of that peace remained legible in that hide, vnto their time, and therefore the ancients called the Oxes hide a ſhield, in regard that by that concluſion of peace, they were defended from the wars of the Gabij.

And there were certaine people called Homolotti by Herodotus, who were woont to ſtrike vp their leagues of peace after Warre and contention, by cutting an Oxe into ſmal peeces, which were deuided among the people that were to be vnited, in token of an inſeperable vnion. There be that affirme, that a Teame or yoake of Oxen, taking ſix or eight to the Teame, will plow euery yeare, or rather euery ſeaſon a hyde of ground; that is, as ſome account, 20. Manſa, or in Engliſh and German account, 30. Acres: which hath gotten the name Iugera from this occaſion, as Euſtathius, and varinus report.A Hiſtory When Sychaeus the husband of Dido, who was Daughter of Agenor and ſiſter to Pigmalion, wandered too and fro in the world with great ſtore of treaſure, hee was ſlaine by Pigmalion ſecretly, in hope to get his wealth: After which time, it is ſaide that he appeared to his wife Dido, bidding her to ſaue her life from her cruell brother; who more eſteemed money then nature, ſhe fled into Lybia, taking with her ſome Tyrians, among whome ſhe had dwelled, and a competent ſum of money: who being come thither, craued of Iarbas King of Nomades, to giue her but ſo much land as ſhe could compaſſe in with an oxes hide, which with much ado ſhe obtained, and then did cut an Oxes skinne into ſmal and narrow thongs or liſtes, wherewithall ſhee compaſſed in ſo much as builded the large citty of carthage, and firſte of all was called the newe cittye, and the caſtle thereof Byrſa; which ſignifieth a Hyde.

Euſtathius alſo reporteth another ſtory to the building of this citty, namely that it was called carthage of one of the Daughters of Hercules, and that when Eliſa and the other companions of Dido came thither to digge for the foundation of the citty, they found an Oxes head, whereupon they were diſcouraged to build there any more, ſuppoſing that Omen betokened euill vnto them, and a perpetuall ſlauery in labour and miſery, ſuch as Oxen liue in, but afterward they tryed in another corner of that grounde, wherein they found a Horſſes head which they accepted for a good ſignification of riches honor, magnanimity, and pleaſure, becauſe Horſſes haue al food and maintainance prouided for thē.Clemens Among the Egyptians they paint a Lyon for ſtrength, an Oxe for labor, and a horſe for magnanimity and corage, & the Image of Myrtha which among the Perſians ſignifieth the Sunne, is pictured in the face of a Lyon holding the hornes of a ſtriuing Oxe in both hands, whereby they ſignifie that the Moon doth receiue light from the Sunne,Gyraldus when ſhe beginneth to be ſeperated from her beames.

There is in the coaſtes of Babylon a gemme or precious ſtone like the hearte of an Oxe, and there is another called Sarcites, which repreſenteth the fleſh of an Oxe.Pliny. The auncientes had likewiſe ſo great regarde of this Beaſt, that they would neither ſacrifice nor eate of a labouring Oxe; wherefore Hercules was condemned when he had deſired meate of Theodomantis in Dyropia for his hungry companion the Sonne of Hyla, becauſe by violence he tooke from him one of his Oxen and ſlewe him. A crowned Oxe was alſo among the Romanes a ſigne of peace, for the Souldiors which kept the Caſtle of Anathon neere the riuer Euphrates againſt Iulianus and his Army, when they yeelded themſelues to mercy,Marcellus they diſcended from the Caſtle, driuing before them a crowned Oxe: from this manifold neceſſity and dignity of this beaſt came the Idolatrous cuſtome of the Heathens and eſpecially the Egytians, for they haue worſhipped him inſtead of God calling him Apis and Ephaphus:Idolatry cō mitted with Oxen and Kye, of the choiſe of Apis. whoſe choyſe was on this ſort. He had on his right ſide an exceeding ſplendant white ſpot, and his Hornes crooking togither like the newe Moone, hauing a great bunch on his tongue, which they call Cantharus: neither do they ſuffer him to exceed a certaine number of yeares or grow very big, for theſe cauſes they giue him not of the water of Nilus to drinke, but of another conſecrated well, which hindereth his growth: and alſo when hee is come to his full age, they kill him, by drowning him in another conſecrated well of the Prieſts: which being done they ſeeke with mourning another (hauing ſhaued their heades) to ſubſtitute in his place, wherein they are neuer very long but they finde one, and then in a holy ſhippe ſacred for that purpoſe, they tranſport and conuey him to Memphis. And the Egyptians did account him a bleſſed and happy man, out of whoſe folde the Prieſtes had taken that Oxe-God. He hath two Temples erected for him, which they cal his chambers, where he giueth foorth his auguriſms, aunſwering none but children and youthes playing before his Temples: and refuſing aged perſons eſpecially Women, and if any not ſacred happen to enter into one of his Temples, he dieth for it, and if into the other it fore-ſheweth ſome monſtrous curſſed euent, as they fondly imagine.

The manner of his anſweres is priuately to them that giue him meat, taking it at theyr hands, and they obſerue with great religion that when Germanicus the Emperour came to aske counſell of him, he turned from him and woulde not take meate at his hande, for preſently after he was ſlaine. Once in a yeare they ſhew him a Cow, with ſuch markes as he hath,A hiſtory and alway they put him to death vpon the ſame day of the weeke that he was founde, and in Nilus neere Memphis there was a place called Phiala where were preſerued a Golden and a ſiluer diſh, which vpon the birth or caluing daies of Apis, they threw down into the riuer and thoſe daies were ſeauen, wherein they affirme that neuer man was hurt by Crocodils. The Egyptians do alſo conſecrate an Oxe to the Moone, and a Cow to Vrania. It is reported that Mycerinus K. of Egypt, fell in loue with his own Daughter: and by violence did rauiſh her, Herodotus a hiſtory shee not able to endure the conſcience of ſuch a fact, hanged her ſelfe: whereupon the King her impure father, did bury her in a wooden Oxe, and ſo placed her in a ſecret place or chamber, to whome daily they offer many odours, but the mother of the maiden did cut off the hands of thoſe Virgins or women that attended on her Daughter and would not reſcue her from ſo vile a contempt. There were alſo many other picturs of Oxen,Of the pictures of Oxen. as in corcyra and Eretria, and moſt famous was that of perillus which he made and preſented to Phalaris the Tyraunt of Agrigent, shewing him, that if he would torment a man, he should put him into that Oxe ſet ouer a fire, and his voice of crying shoulde bee like the loughing of a Heighfer, which thing being heard of the Tyraunt to shew his deteſtation of more ſtrange inuented torments then he had formerly vſed, he cauſed Perillus that preſented it vnto him to be put into it aliue, & ſo ſetting it ouer a fire, made experiment of the worke vpon the workeman, who bellowed like a Cow, and was ſo tormented to death for that damnable and daungerous inuention, which cauſed Ouid to write thus.

When an Oxe or a Cow in auntient time did die of themſelues, (Viz:) if it were an Oxe, they buried him vnder the wals of ſome Citty, leauing his Hornes ſticking viſibly out of the earth, to ſignifie the place of his buriall, for when his flesh was conſumed, they tooke it vp againe, and buried the bones in the Temples of Venus in other places: but the body of a deade cowe they caſt into ſome great Riuer neere adioyning. The Poets haue fained a certaine Monſter called Minotaurus, hauing in part the forme of a man, and in part the forme of a Bull; and they ſay that Paſiphae the Daughter of the ſonne and wife of Minos King of creet fell in loue with a Bull,Of the monſter minotaurus and by the helpe of Dedalus ſhe was included in a wooden heifer couered with a cows hide, and ſo had copulation with the bul, and ſo came that monſter minos included in a laborinth, and conſtraind the Athenians who had ſlain his ſon Androgeus to ſend euery year ſeauen young men, and 7. maides to be giuen to that monſter to feede vppon, for hee woulde eate mannes fleſh. At laſt Theſeus ſonne of Aegeus, king of Athens came into that laborinth, and ſlewe that Minotaure, and by the helpe of Ariadne eſcaped out of the laborinth. Other relate the ſtory in this manner; that when the Cretenſians woulde haue expelled Minos from his kingdome, hee vowed that whatſoeuer likeneſſe firſte appeared out of the ſea for ſigne of victorie vnto him, he vowed ſacrifice it to the goddes, if hee did enioy his regiment: and thereuppon a goodly Bull came vnto him out of the ſea, wherewithall he was delighted: But after hee had recouered his kingdome in quiet, he kepte that Bull in his owne handes and ſacrificed another, and that by this Bull was the Minotaure begotten on his wife Paſiphae. But the trueth is, that when Minos was in daunger to looſe his kingdome, one Taurus, a valiant Prince and Captaine, came with a Nauie of good ſouldiours, and eſtabliſhed him in quiet. Afterwarde falling in loue with Paſiphae king Minos wife, he lay with her in the houſe of Daedalus: which Daedalus wrought with the Queen to giue him his pleaſure, and that the Minotaure was a monſter in Creete that had the face of an Oxe, and the other members like a man, ſuch an one was ſeene in Ariſtotles time. Although other take it for a fiction; becauſe the Romaines had it pictured in their enſignes of warre, vntill Caius Marius altered it to an Eagle, which remaineth to this day. Alciatus yeeldeth this reaſon why the Romans gaue ſuch an armes, to ſignifie that ſecrecy becommeth a captain, and that proud and crafty counſels do hurt the authors of them.

It is reported alſo, that when Cadmus went from Delphos to Phocis, an Oxe did directe him in the way and was his guide; which Oxe was bought out of the heards of Pelagon, hauing in both his ſides a white ſpot: it muſt needs be vnderſtood of the moone, for Cadmus flying by night hauing the moone to ſhine vpon him (which is hyeroglyphically deciphered by the Oxe,) gaue him light and direction to another city. It were endles to proſecute the ſeuerall ſpeeches, prouerbs, alluſions, emblems, playes, prizes, hyeroglyphicks, and deuiſes, made vpon Oxen; whereby, not onely men and women, cities, regions, and people haue taken denomination from Oxen; but alſo ſome of the ſtarres in the firmament: therefore I will not proceede to thoſe deuiſes, but onely touche the ſacrifices made with Oxen, and ſo conclude this story.

It cannot be denied that the prime inſtitution of ſacrifices, was from, by, and for the ordinance of god, to teach the world to woorſhip him in bloud for ſin, which coulde not be expiated but by the bloud of the onely immaculate ſon and lambe of god; and therefore I wil but remember how corruption polluted that ordinance, which was purely without idle cerimonies inſtituted by the euerlaſting god; and yet was by mans inuention made wretched, horrible, and damnable, through abuſe of the fact that otherwiſe by diuine conſtitution (as appeares in holy ſcripture) was heauenly, honourable, and bleſſed.

To begin therefore with the originall of that heatheniſh and paganiſh ſacrifice, inſtead of god the only true and deuine eſſence, to whom al ſacrifice and deuine worſhip was due, and whoſe creatures both men, oxen, and all other liuing and viſible things are, they offered vnto all the hoaſts of heauen, the ſun, and ſtars, the heathen gods Iupiter, Mars, Minerua, Pandriſus, and others: and if the ſacrifice were coſtly and ſumptuous, it was called Hecatombe. Now before their ſacrifice they made praiers, burnd incenſe, for odors preſented Prothymes (as they were termed) certaine preparations and cakes made of barley and ſalt, (called Vlochytae.) After which, the prieſte turned him ſometimes to the right hand, and ſometimes to the left, and then began to take the griſtle haires growing on the Oxes forehead betwixt his horns, making a taſt of them, and caſting them in the fire to begin the sacrifice. Then did he giue into the hands of the people ſtanding by, little pots of wine likewiſe, to taſte for ſacrifice, and then hee which killed the beaſte drewe his knife, or axe, or cleauer, from the heade to the tayle of the beaſte. Nowe in euery ſacrifice they hadde burning torches, which were lawfull for none to carry but for men, and not women, then the prieſt commaunded to kill the ſacrifice, which ſometime they did by knocking him on the head if the beaſt were to be ſacrificed to hell, and thoſe that weere therein, for they ſacrificed a barren Cowe, or a blacke Sheepe to thoſe ghoſtes. But if the ſacrifice were for heauen, and to the powers thereof, they lifted vp his heade and cut his throate: then put they vnder him their Sphagian veſſelles to receiue his bloud, and when the beaſt was falne downe, they flayed off his skinne.

Then did the Prieſt or Flamen deuide the intrals, that ſo he might m •• e his auguriſme (the bowels being proued at the altar.) Hauing loked into the bowels, they took out of euery gutte, member and part, a firſt fruites, moulded them together in the meale of greene wheat corne, then was it giuen to the Prieſt, who put thereunto frankincenſe, herbe mary, and fire, and ſo burned them altogether, which was called a perfect hoſte. But if they ſacrificed to the gods of the ſea, then did they firſt of all waue the bowels of the beaſte in the ſea flouds before it was burned. The beſt ſacrifices were fatted and white Oxen or Kine, ſuch as had neuer been vnder yoake, for the beaſt vſed to labour was accounted vncleane: they neuer offered in ſacrifice one vnder thirty dayes olde, nor ouer fiue yeares by the lawes of the Prieſts. When the Spartanes ouercame their enimies by ſtratagem, they ſacrificed to Mars an oxe, but when by open force, they ſacrificed a cocke, for they eſteemed more of an vnbloudy then a bloudy victory. When a man ſacrificed a Cowe to Minerua, he was bound to ſacrifice a Sheepe and an Oxe to Pandryſus.

When the Locrenſians in a publike ſpectacle woulde make a ſacrifice, they wanted an Oxe, for which cauſe they gathered together ſo many ſticks of ſmall woode, as made the image of an Oxe artificially conioyned togither, and ſo ſetting it on fire burned it for an offering: whereuppon a Locrenſian Oxe, was an ironicall prouerbe for a ſacrifice of no weight or merrite. It is alſo reported that an Heyfer being brought to the altar of Minerua to be ſacrificed did there Calue, wherefore the Prieſts would not meddle with her, but let her goe away free, becauſe Minerua was the goddeſſe of procreation; holding it an impious thing to kill that in ſacrifice which had broughte foorth a young one at the altar: to conclude, as Vegetius ſaith, that on a time Iuſtice was ſo offended with men becauſe they imbrewed euery altar with the bloud of Oxen and cattell, that therefore ſhe lefte the earth, and retired back againe to dwell among the ſtarres: ſo will we in this diſcourſe ceaſe from any further proſecution of the morrall or natural deſcription of theſe beaſts, leauing their lawfull vſe to the neceſſity of mankinde, and their abuſiue idolatrous ſacrifices to him that loueth all his creatures, and will require at mans hand an account of the life and bloude of brute beaſtes.