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VVITH A DESCRIPTI
VVritten by Captaine SMITH, sometimes Go
WHEREVNTO IS ANNEXED THE proceedings of those Colonies, since their first departure from England, with the discourses, Orations, and relations of the Salvages and the accidents that befell them in all their Iournies and discoveries.
TAKEN FAITHFVLLY AS THEY were written out of the writings of
And the relations of divers other diligent observers there present then, and now many of them in England.
By VV. S.
AT OXFORD, Printed by Joseph Barnes. 161
Christopher Collumbus: that ever renowned Queene Izabell of Spaine, could pawne her Iewels to supply his wants; whom all the wise men (as they thought themVirginia, which might be, or breed vs a second India? hath not England an Izabell, as well as Spaine, nor yet a Collumbus as well as Genua? yes surely it hath, whose desires are no lesse then was worthy Collum bus, their certainties more, their experiences no way wan
VIRGINIA is a Country in America that lyeth betweene the degrees of 34 and 44 of the north latitude. Ocean. On the South lyeth Florida: on the North nova Francia. As for the West thereof, the limits are vnknowne. Of all this country wee purpose not to speake, but only of that part which was planted by the English men in the yeare of our Lord, 1606. And this is vnder the degrees 37. 38. and 39. The temperature of this countrie doth agree well with English constitutions being once seasoned to the country. Which appeared by this, that though by many occasions our people fell sicke; yet did they recover by very small meanes & continued in health, though there were other great causes, not only to haue made them sicke, but even to end their daies, &c.
The sommer is hot as in Spaine; the winter colde as in Fraunce or England. The heat of sommer is in Iune, Iulie, and August, but commonly the coole Breefes asswage the vehemencie of the heat. The chiefe of winter is halfe Deno extreame long continueth.
In the yeare 1607. was an extraordinary frost in most of Europe, and this frost was founde as extreame in Uirginia. But the next yeare for 8. or 10. daies of ill weather, other 14 daies would be as Sommer.
The windes here are variable, but the like thunder and Europe. From the Southwest came the greatest gustes with thunder and heat. The Northwest winde is coBarmadas, fogs and raines.
Some times there are great droughts other times much raine, yet great necessity of neither, by reason we see not but that all the variety of needfull fruits in Europe may be there in great plenty by the industry of men, as appeareth by those we there planted.
There is but one entraunce by sea into this country and Ccpe Henry in honour of our most noble
The north Cape is called Cape Charles in honour of the Yorke. Within is a country that may haue the prerogatiue over the most pleasant places of Europe, Asia, Africa, or America, for large and pleasant navigable rivers, heaven & earth never agreed better to frame a place for mans habitation being of our constitutions, were it ful
The mountaines are of diverse natures for at the head of that better iudgements then ours might haue beene perswaded, they contained more then probabilities. The vesture of the earth in most places doeth manifestly proue the nature of the soile to be lusty and very rich. The colour of the earth we found bole Armoniac, terra sigillata ad lemnia, Fullers earth marle and divers other such appea
The country is not mountanous nor yet low but such Savages inhabit: but all overgrowne with trees and weedes being a plaine wildernes as God first made it.
On the west side of the Bay, wee said were 5. faire and
navigable rivers, of which wee will nowe proPowhatan accoryet doe the shoules force the Channell so neere the land that a Sacre will overshoot it at point blanck. This river is navigable 100 miles, the shouldes and soundings are here needlesse to bee expressed. It falleth from Rockes farre west in a country inhaMonacan. But where it commeth into our discoverie it is Powhatan. In the farany higher. Thence in the running downeward, the river is enriched with many goodly brookes, which are maintained by an infinit number of smal rundles and pleasant springs that diApamatuck. next more to the East are the two rivers of Quiyoughcohanocke. A little farther is a Bay wherein falleth 3 or 4 prettie brookes & creekes that halfe intrench the Inhabitants of Warraskoyac then the riNandsamund, and lastly the brooke of Chisapeack. From the North side is the river of Chickahamania, the backe river of Iames Towne; another by the Cedar Isle, where we lived 10 weekes vpon oisters, then a convenient harbour for fisher boats or smal boats at Kecoughtan, that so conveniently turneth it selfe into Bayes and Creeks that make that place very pleasant to inhabit, their cornefields being girded therein in a manner as Peninsulaes. The most of these rivers are inhabited by severall nations, or rather families. Of the name of the rivers. They haue also in every of those places some Gouernour, as their king, which they call Werowances. In a Peninsula on the North side of this Iames
Werowances.
The first and next the rivers mouth are the Kecoughtans,
Paspaheghes on whose land is seated the English Colony, some 40. miles from the Bay haue not past 40. The river called Chickahamania neere 200. The Weanocks 100. The Arrowhatocks 30. The place called Powhatan, some 40. On the South side this river the Appamatucks haue 60 fighting men. The Quiyougcohanocks, 25. The Warraskoyacks 40. The Nandsamunds 200. The Chesapeacks are able to make 100. Of this last place the Bay beareth the name. In all these places is a severall comWerowance, except the Chickhamanians, who are governed by the Priestes and their AssiCaw-cawwassoughes. In somer no place affordeth more plentie of Sturgeon, nor in winter more abundance of fowle, especially in the time of frost. There was once taken 52 Sturgeons at a draught, at ano
Foureteene miles Northward from the river Powhatan,
Pamavnke, which is navigable 60 or 70 myles, but with Catches and small Barkes, 30 or 40 myles farther. At the ordinary flowing of the salt water, it divideth it selfe into two gallant branches. On the South side inhaYoughtanund, who haue about 60 meMattapament, who haue 30 men. Where this river is divided the Country is called Pamavuke,
Werawocomoco, where their great King inhabited when Captain Smith was deliuered him prisoner; yet there are not past 40 able men. But now he hath abandoned that, and liueth at Orapakes by Youghtanund in the wildernesse; 10 or 12 myles lower; on the South side of this river is Chiskiack, which hath some 40 or 50 men. These, as also Apamatuck, Irrohatock, and Powhatan, are their great kings chiefe alliance and inhabitance. The rest (as they report) his Conquests.
Before we come to the third river that falleth from the (some 30 myles navigable) that commeth from the Inland, the river is called Payankatanke, the Inhabitants are about some 40 service
The third navigable riuer is called Toppahanock. (This
is navigable some 130 myles) At the top of it inhabit the people called Mannahoackes amongst the mountaines, but they are aboue the place we describe. Vpon this river on the North side are seated a people called Cuttatawomen,
Moraughtacunds, with 80 able men. Beyond them Toppahanock with 100 men. Far aboue is another Cuttatawomen with 20 men. On the South, far within the river is Nautaughtacund hauing 150 men. This river also as the two former, is replenished with fish and foule.
The fourth river is called Patawomeke & is 6 or 7 miles in breadth. It is navigable 140 miles, & fed as the rest with Wighcocomoco & hath some 130 men, beyond them Sekacawone with 30. The Onawmanient with 100. Then Patawomeke
Quiyough treadeth north west, but the river it selfe turNorth east and is stil a navigable streame. On the weTauxenent with 40 men. On the north of this river is Secowocomoco with 40 men. Some what further Potapaco with 20. In the East part of the bought of the river, is Pamacacack with 60 meMoy owances with 100. And lastly Nacotchtanke with 80 able men. The river 10 miles aboue this place maketh his pas
The fifth river is called Pawtuxunt, and is of a lesse proAcquintanacksuak, Pawtuxunt and Mattapanient. 200 men was the greatest strength that could bee there perceived. But they inhabit togither, and not so dis
Thirty leagues Northward is a river not inhabited, yet nabole Armoniack the English called it Bolus. At the end of the Bay where du north 3 or 4. daies iourny froSasquesahanock. They are seated 2 daies higher then was pasSasquesahanocks, came to the discouerers with skins, Bowes, Arrowes, Targets, Beads, Swords, and Tobacco pipes for presents. Such great and well proportioned men, are seldome seene, for they seemed like Giants to the EngPowhatan. They can make neere 600 able and mighty men and are pallisadoed in their Townes to defend them from
Massawomekes their mortall enimies. 5 of their chiefe Werowances came aboard the discoverers and crossed the Bay in their Barge. The picture of the greatest of them is signified in the Mappe. The calfe of whose leg was 3 quar
On the East side the Bay is the river of Tockwhogh, & Ozinies with 60 men. More to the South of that East side of the Bay, the river of Rapahanock, neere vnto Kuskarawaock. Vpon which is seated a people with 200 men. After that is the river of Tants Wighcocomoco, and on it a people with 100 men. The peoAcohanock with 40 men, and they of Accomack 80 men doth Powhatan & speake his language, who over all those doth rule as king.
Southward they went to some parts of Chawonock and Mangoags to search them there left by S r Walter Raleigh; for those parts to the Towne of Chisapeack hath forM r Heriots and S r Raph Layne. Amongst those people are thus many severall nations of sundry languages, that environ Powhatans Territories. Chawonokes, the Mangoags, the Monacans, the Mannahokes, the Masawomekes, the Powhatans, the Sasquesahanocks,
Atquanachukes, the Tockwoghes, and the Kuscarawaokes. Al those not any one vnderstandeth another but by Interpreters. Their severall habitations are more plainSavages, and are set downe, according to their instructions.
Uirginia doth afford many excellent vegitables and liSavages are some great Mulbery trees, and in some parts of the Countrey, they are found growing naturally
In some parts were found some Chesnuts whose wild fruit France, Spaine, Germany, or Italy, to their tasts that had tasted them all. Plumbs there are of 3 sorts. The red and white are like our hedge plumbs, but the other which they call Putchamins, grow as high as a Palmeta: the fruit is like a medler; it is first greene then yellow, and red when it is ripe; if it be not ripe it will drawe a mans mouth awrie, with much torment, but when it is ripe, it is as delicious as an Apricock.
They haue Cherries and those are much like a Damsen, Messaminnes, they bee fatte, and the iuyce thicke. Neither doth the tast so well please wheChechinquamins which they eRawcomenes, and doe eat them raw or boyled. Of these naThe walnuts, Chesnuts, Acornes, and
Chechinquamens are dryed to keepe. When they need them they breake them betweene two stones, yet some part of the walnut shels will cleaue to the fruit. Then doe they dry them againe vpon a mat ouer a hurdle. After they put it inPawcohiscora, and keepe it for their vse. The fruit like medlers Putchamins, they cast vppon hurdles on a mat and preserue them as Pruines. Of their Chesnuts and Chechinquamens boyled 4 houres, they make both broath and bread for their chiefe men, or at their greatest feasts. Besides those fruit trees, there is a white populer, and anoGumme like Turpentine, which some called Balsom.
Cedars and Saxafras-trees. They also yeeld gummes in a small proportion of themselues. Wee tryed conclusions to extract it out of the wood, but nature afforded more then our arts.
In the warry valleyes groweth a berry which they call Qcoughtanamnis very much like vnto Capers. These they Mattoume groweth as our bents do in meddows. The seede is not much vnlike to rie, though much smaller.
During Somer there are either strawberries which ripen Maracocks, which is a pleasant wholsome fruit much like a lemond. Many hearbes in the spring time there are commonly dispersed throughout the woods, good for brothes and sallets, as
The chiefe roote they haue for foode is called Tockawhoughe,
Savage will gather sufficient for a weeke. These rootes are much of the greatnes & taste of Potatoes. They vse to couer a great many of the
They haue an other roote which they call wighsacan: as Pocones, is a small roote that groweth in the mouMusquaspenne is a roote of the bignesse of a finger, and as red as bloud. In drying it
There is also Pellitory of Spaine, Safafrage, and diuers o
In the low Marishes growe plots of Onyons contai
Of beastes the chiefe are Deare, nothing differing from There is a beast they call Aroughcun, much like a badger, but vseth to liue on trees as Their Squirrels some are neare as greate as
A small beast they haue, they call Assapanick but we call them flying squirrels, because spreading their legs, and so An Opassom hath a head like a Swine, & a taile like a Rat, and is of the bignes of a Cat. VnMussascus, is a beast of the forme and nature of our water Rats, but many of the
Their Beares are very little in comparison of those of Muscovia and Tartaria. The Beaver is as bigge as Savages esteeme a great delicate. They haue many Otters which as the Beavers they take with snares, and esteeme the skinnes great ornaments, and
There is also a beast they call Vetchunquoyes in the forme of a wilde Cat, their Foxes are like our siluer haired Conies Their Dogges of that country are like their Wolues, and cannot barke but howle, and their wolues not much bigger then our English Foxes. Martins, Powlecats, weessels
and Minkes we know they haue, because we haue seen many of their skinnes, though very seldome any of them aliue. But one thing is strange that we could never perceiue their vermine destroy our hennes, Egges nor Chickens nor do any hurt, nor their flyes nor serpents anie waie pernitiAmerica they are alwaies dangerous and often deadly.
Of birds the Eagle is the greatest devourer. Hawkes Sparowhawkes,
Lanarets, Goshawkes, Falcons & Osperayes, but they all pray most vpon fish. Patrridges there are little big
Of fish we were best acquainted with Sturgeon, Grampus,
Porpus, Seales, Stingraies, whose tailes are very dangerous. Brettes, mullets, white Salmonds, Trowts, Soles, Plaice, Herrings, Conyfish, Rockfish, Eeles, Lampreyes, Catfish, Shades, Pearch of 3 sorts, Crabs, Shrimps, Creuises, OyS. George his Dragon, as pos
Concerning the entrailes of the earth little can be saide for certainty. There wanted good Refiners. for these that spare.
They diuide the yeare into 5. seasons. Their winter some call Popanow, the spring Cattapeuk, the sommer Cohattayough,
Nepinough, the haruest & fall of leafe Taquitock. From September vntill the midst of Nouember are the chiefe Feasts and sacrifice. Then haue they plenty of fruits as well planted as naturall, as corne, greene and ripe, fish, fowle, and wilde beastes exceeding fat.
The greatest labour they take, is in planting their corne, for the country naturally is ouergrowne with wood. To
In Aprill they begin to plant, but their chiefe plantatioAssetamens, which are the same they cal in Italy', Fagioli. Their Beanes are the same the Turkes cal Garnanses, but these they much esteeme for dainties.
Pausarowmena. Their old wheat they first steep a night in hot water, in the morning pounding it in a morPonap. The grouts and peeUstatahamen. But some more thrifty then cleanly, doe burne the core of the eare to powder which they call Pungnough, mingling that in their meale, but it never tasted well in bread, nor broth. Their fish and flesh they boyle either very tenderly, Spanish fashion, putting it on a spit, they turne first the one side, then the other, til it be as drie as their ierkin beefe in the west Indies, that they may keepe it a month or more without putrifying. The broth of fish or flesh they eate as commonly as the meat.
In May also amongst their corne they plant Pumpeons, Macocks. These increase exceedingly, & ripen in the beginning of Iuly, and continue vntil SeptemMaracocks a wild fruit like a lemmon, which also increase infinitely. They begin to ripe in Sep
The mildnesse of the aire, the fertilitie of the soile, and the situation of the rivers are so propitious to the nature & vse of man as no place is more convenient for pleasure, profit, and mans sustenance. Vnder that latitude or climat, here will liue any beasts, as horses, goats, sheep, asses, hens,
Muscovia and Polonia doe yearely receaue many thouSwethland for iron and copper. France in like manner for Wine, Canvas, and Salt, Spaine asmuch for Iron, Steele, Figges, Reasons, and Sackes. Italy with Silkes, and Velvers consumes our chiefe commodities. Holand maintaines it selfe by fishing and trading at our owne doores. All these temporize with other for necessities, but all as vncertaine as peace or warres. Besides the charge, travell, and danger in transporting them, by seas, lands, stormes, and Pyrats. Then how much hath Virginia the prerogatiue of all those florishing kingdomes for the benefit of our land, whenas within one hundred miles all those are to bee had, either ready provided by nature, or else to bee prepared, were there but industrious men to labour. Only of Copper wee may doubt is wanting, but there is good probabilitie that
The land is not populous, for the men be fewe; their far greater number is of women & children. Within 60 miles of Iames Towne there are about some 5000 people, but of able men fit for their warres scarse 1500. To nourish so haue surprised Captaine Smyth at Pamavuke, hauing but 15 to withstand the worst of their furie. As small as the proportion of ground that hath yet beene discovered, is in comparison of that yet vnknowne. The people differ very much in stature, especially in lanSesquesahamocks; others very little, as the Wighcocomocoes: but generally tall and straight, of a comely proportion, & of a colour browne when they are of any age, but they are borne white. Their haire is generally black, but few haue any beards. The men weare halfe their heads shaven, the Ambuscado in the Sommer. They are inconstant in everie Savage. Generally covetous of coppeer, beads, & such like trash. They are soone moved to anger, and so malitious, that they seldome forget an iniury: they seldome steale one from another, least their coniurers should reueale it, and so they be pursued and punished. That they are thus feared is certaine, but that any can reueale their offences by conBocone braied to powder mixed with oyle, this they hold in somer to preserue them from the heate, and in winter from the cold. Many other formes of paintings they vse, but he is the most gallant that is the most monstrous to behould.
Their buildings & habitations are for the most part by
Against the fire they lie on little hurdles of Reedes co
Men women and children haue their severall names ac
The men bestowe their times in fishing, hunting, wars &
Their fire they kindle presently by chasing a dry poinTocknough berries, fish and greene wheat. It is strange to see how their bodies alter with their diet, euen as the deare and wilde beastes they seeme fat and leane, strong and weak. Powhatan their great king and some others that are provident, rost their fish and flesh vpon hurdles as before is expressed, and keepe it till scarce times.
For fishing and hunting and warres they vse much their bow and arrowes. They bring their bowes to the forme of
For their wars also they vse Targets that are round and
Their fishing is much in Boats. These they make of one Pemmenaw, of these they make a thred very even & readily. This thred serveth for many vses. As about their housing, apparell, as also they make nets for fishing, for the quantity as formally braded as ours. They make also with it lines for angles. Their Accawmack vse staues like vnto Iave
In their hunting and fishing they take extreame paines; yet it being their ordinary exercise from their infancy, they esteeme it a pleasure and are very proud to be expert thereTartars doe, and goe to the most desert Ambuscadoes to kill them. When they haue shot a Deare by land, they folSmith in the discoverie of the head of the river of Chickahamania, where they slew his men, and tooke him prisoner in a Bogmire, where he saw those exercises, & ga
One Savage hunting alone, vseth the skinne of a Deare
When they intend any warres, the Werowances vsually Werowance, or some lustie felPowhatans are the Monacans, whose chiefe habitation is at Russawmeake, vnto whome the Mouhemenchughes, the Massinnacacks, the Monahassanuggs, and other nations pay tributs. Vpon the head of the river of Toppahanock is a
Mannahoacks. To these are contributers the Tauxsnitanias, the Shackaconias, the Outponcas, the Tegoneaes, the Whonkentyaes, the Stegarakes, the Hassinnungas, and diuerse others, all confederats with the Monacans though many different in language, and be very barbarous living for most part of wild beasts and fruits: Beyond the mountaines from whence is the head of the river Patawomeke, the Savages report inhabit their most mortall eniMassawomekes vpon a great salt water, which by Commada some great lake, or some inlet of some sea that falleth into the South sea. These Massawomekes are a great nation and very popu lous. For the heads of all those riuers, especially the Pattawomekes, the Pautuxuntes. The Sasquesahanocks, the Tockwoughes are continually tormented by them: of whose cruSmith and his company to free Massawomeks the discouerers encountred at the head of the Bay; whose Targets, Baskets, Swords, Tobaccopipes, Platters, Bowes and Arrowes, and euery thing shewed, they much excee
Against all these enimies the Powhatans are constraiWerowances, woMattapanient.
Having painted and disguised themselues in the fiercest Monacans, the other Powhatans. Either army had their Captaine. These as enimies tooke their stands a musket shot one from another; ranked themselues 15 a breast and each ranke from another 4 or 5 yards, not in fyle, but in the opening betwixt their fyles, So as the Reare could shoot as conueniently as the Front. Hauing thus pit ched the fields: from either part went a Messenger with these conditions, that whosoever were vanquished, such as escape vpon their submission in 2 daies after should liue, but their wiues and children should be prize for the ConMonacans decreaPowhatans charged them in the forme of a halfe moone; they vnwilling to be inclosed, fled all in a troope to their Ambuscadoes on whome they led them very cunMonacans disperse themselues among the fresh men, wherevpon the Powhatans retired, with al speed to their seconds; which the Monacans seeing, took that ad
For their musicke they vse a thicke cane, on which they pipe as on a Recorder. For their warres they haue a great Werowance, they spread a mat as the Turkes do a carpet for him to sit vpon. VpoPocones and oile, to be his bedfellow.
Their manner of trading is for copper, beades, and such like, for which they giue such commodities as they haue,
Every spring they make themselues sicke with drinking the iuice of a root they call wighsacan, and water, whereof wighsacan they ordinarily heal greene wounds. But to scarrifie a swelling or make incisi
There is yet in Uirginia no place discouered to bee so Savage in which the Savages haue not a religion, Deare, and Bow, and Arrowes. All things that were able to do theOke & serue him more
For their ordinary burials they digge a deep hole in the
In every Territory of a werowance is a Temple & a Priest 2 or 3 or more. Their principall Temple or place of superUttamussack at Pamavuke, neare vnto which is a house Temple or place of Powhatans.
Vpon the top of certaine redde sandy hils in the woods. There are 3 great houses filled with images of their kings and Divels and Tombes of their Predecessors. Those houSavages dare not go vp the river in boats by it, but that they solePocones into the river, for feare their Oke should be offended and reve
In this place commonly is resident 7 Priests. The chiefe differed from the rest in his ornaments, but inferior Priests
It could not bee perceiued that they keepe any day as more holy then other; But only in some great distresse of want, feare of enimies, times of triumph and gathering to
They haue also diuers coniurations one they made wheSmith was their prisoner (as they reported) to know if any more of his countrymen would ariue there, & what he there intended. The manner of it was thus. First they made a faire fire in a house; about this fire set 7 Priests setting him by them, and about the fire, they made a circle of meale. That done the chiefe Priest attired as is expressed began to shake his rattle, and the rest followed him in his song. At the end of the song, he laid downe 5 or 3 graines of wheat and so continued counting his songs by the graines, till 3 times they incirculed the fire, then they di
They haue also certaine Altar stones they call Pawcorances,
Pocones or such trash into the water, to pacifie that God whome they thinke to be very angry in those stormes. Before their dinners and suppers the better sort will take the first bit, and cast it in the fire, which is all the grace they are known to vse.
In some part of the Country they haue yearely a sacriQuiyoughcohanock some 10 miles from Iames Towne and thus performed. Fifteene Werowance being demanded the meaning of this sacrifice, answered that the children were not al dead, but that the Oke or Divell did sucke the blood from their left breast, who chanced to be his by lot, till they were dead, but the rest were kept in the wildernesse by the yong men till nine moneths were expired, during which time they must not conuerse with any, and of these were made their Priests and Coniurers. This sacrifice they held to bee so necessarie, that if they should omit it, their Oke or Divel and all their other Quiyoughcosughes which are their other Gods, would let them haue no Deare, Turkies, Corne, nor fish, and yet besides, hee would make a great slaughter a
They thinke that their Werowances and Priestes which Quiyoughcosughes, when they are dead, doe goe beyound the mountaines towardes the setting of the sun, and euer remaine there in forme of their Oke, with their heads painted with oile and Pocones, finely trim
To diuert them from this blind idolatrie, many vsed their best indeauours, chiefly with the Werowances of Quiyoughcohanock, whose devotion, apprehension, and good disposition, much exceeded any in those Countries, who though we could not as yet preuaile withall to forsake his false Gods, yet this de did beleeue that our God as much exceeded theirs, as our Gunnes did their Bowes & Arrows and many times did send to the President, at Iames towne, men with presents, intreating them to pray to his God for raine, for his Gods would not send him any. And in this la
Although the countrie people be very barbarous, yet haue they amongst them such governement, as that their Magistrats for good commanding, and their people for du subiection, and obeying, excell many places that would be counted very civill. The forme of their Common wealth is a monarchicall gouernement, one as Emperour ruleth oPowhatan, and taketh his name of the principall place of dwelling called Powhatan. But his proper name is Wahunsonacock. Some countries he hath which haue been his anPowhatan, Arrohateck, Appamatuke, Pamavuke, Youghtanud, and Mattapanient. All the rest of his TerriWerowcomoco, he was seated vpon the Northside of the riuer Pamavuke, some 14 miles from Iames Towne, where for the most part, hee was resident, but he tooke so little pleasure in our neare neighChickahamania betweene Youghtanund & Powhatan. His habitation there is called Orapacks
A mile from Orapakes in a thicket of wood hee hath a house in which he keepeth his kind of Treasure, as skinnes,
He hath as many women as he will, whereof when hee Opitchapan, Opechancanough,
Catataugh, and after their decease to his sisters. First to the eldest sister then to the rest and after the
He nor any of his people vnderstand any letters wherby to write or read, only the lawes whereby he ruleth is cuwerowances are tyWerowance which we call and conster for a king, is a common worde whereby they call all commanders for they haue but fewe words in their language, and but few occasions to vse anie officers more then one commander, which commowerowances. They all knowe their severall landes, and Werowances Powhatan, vnto whome they pay tribute of skinnes, beades, copper, pearle, deare, turkies, wild beasts, and corne. What he commandeth they dare not disobey in the least thing. It is strange to see with what great feare and adoration all these people doe obay this Powhatan. For at his feet they present whatsoever hee commandeth, and at the least frowne of his browe, their greatest spirits will tremble with feare: and no maruell, for he is very terrible and tyrannous in punishing such as ofGeorge Cassen. Their ordinary correction is to beate them with cudgels. Wee haue seene a man kneeling on his knees, and at Powhatans command, two men haue beat him on the bare skin, till he hath fallen senselesse in a sound, & yet neuer cry nor complained.
In the yeare 1608, hee surprised the people of Payankatank his neare neighbours and subiects. The occasion was to vs vnknowne, but the manner was thus. First he sent diAmbuscadoes inuironed al their houses, & at the houre appointed, they all fell to the spoile, 24 men they slewe, the long haire of the one side of their heades with the skinne cased off with shels or reeds, they brought away. They surWerowance. All these they present to Powhatan. The Werowance, womeWerowocomoco, shewing them to the Emglish men that then came vnto him at his appointment, they expec
And this is as much as my memory can call to mind worVirginia. Yet some bad natures will not sticke to slander the Countrey; that will slovenly spit at all things, especially in company where they caIames Town, or at the most but at the falles; yet holding it a great disgrace that
Some other there were that had yearely stipends to pass to and againe for transportation: who to keepe the myste
There were many in Virginia meerely proiecting, verbal
Virginia, lordly, necessitie it selfe could not compell them to passe the Peninsula, or Pallisadoes of Iames Towne, and those wittie spirits, what would they not affirme in the beEngland to get their passes. Thus from the clamors and the ignorance of false inforVirginia, and our ingenious verbalists were no lesse plague to vs in Uirginia, then the Locusts to the Egyptians. For the labour of 30 of the best only preserued in Christianitie by their indu strie the idle livers of neare 200 of the rest: who liuing neer 10 months of such naturall meanes, as the Country natuVirginia, that haue bin more diligent in such observations.
till this present 1612, with all their accidents that befell them in their Iournies and Discoveries.
Also the Salvages discourses, orations and relations of the Bordering neighbours, and how they be
Vnfolding even the fundamentall causes from whence haue sprang so many miseries to the vndertakers, and scandals to the businesse: taken faithfully as they were written out of the writing of Thomas Studley the first prevant maister, Anas Todkill, Walter Russell Doctor of Phisicke, Nathaniell Powell, William Phettyplace. Richard Wiffin, Thomas Abbay, Tho: Hope, Rich: Polts and the laboure of divers other diligent observers, that were residents in Virginia.
And pervsed and confirmed by diverse now resident in England that were actors in this busines.
By W. S.
AT OXFORD, Printed by Joseph Barnes. 1612.
Richard Pots, since passing the hands of many to pervse, cha
But this discourse is no Iudge of mens manners, nor ca
Virginia is) and a people so tractable, would long ere this haue beene quietly pos
Captaine Bartholomew Gosnold, the first mover of r
Edward-maria Wingfield, Captaine Iohn Smith, and diverse others who deChristopher Newport, a Marriner well practised for the westerne parts of America. But their orders for gouernement were put in a box, not to be opened, Virginia.
On the 19 of December, 1606. we set saile, but by vnprosperous winds, were kept six weekes in the sight of England; all which time, M r Hunt our Preacher, was so weake and sicke, that few expected his recove
Dominica; three weekes we spent in refreGwardalupa we found a bath so hot, as in it we boiled porck as well as over the fire. And at a little Ile called Monica,
Mevis, Mona, and the Virgin Iles, we spent some time, whereVirginia, the compaRatcliffe (Captaine of the PinCape Henry; where ancM r Wingfeild, Gosnoll, and Newport, with 30 others, recreating themselues on shore, were assalted by 5 Salvages, who hurt 2 of the English very dangeBarthelomew Gosnoll, Edward Wingfeild, Christopher Newport, Iohn Smith, Iohn Ratliffe, Iohn Martin, and George Kendall, were named to bee the Councell, and to choose a President amongst them for a yeare, who with the Councell should governe. Matters of moment were to be examined by a Jurie, Wingfeild was chosen Precident, & an oration made, whie Captaine Smith was not ad
Now falleth every man to worke, the Councell contriue the Fort, the rest cut downe trees to make place to pitch their Tents; some provide clapbord to relade the ships, some make gardens, some nets, &c. The Salvages often visited vs kindly. The Precidents overweening iealousie would admit no exeroise at armes, or fortification, but the boughs of trees cast together in the forme of a halfe moone by the extraKendall, Newport, with Smith, and 20 others, were sent to disPowhatan, consisting of some 12 houses pleasantly seaPowhatan, and his people Powhatans, to this place the river is naIames towne, they gaue iust cause of iealousie, but had God not blessed the discoverers otherwise then those at the fort, there had then beene an end of that planta
Herevpon the President was contented the Fort should be pallisadoed, the ordinance mounted, his me
I referre to the readers consideration. Six weekes being spent in this manner, Captaine Newport (who was hited only for our transportation) was to return with the ships, now Captaine Smith, who all this time from their departure from the Canaries was restrair
Hunt reconciled them, and caused CapSmith to be admitted of the Councell; the next day all receaved the Communion, the day following the Salvages voluntarily desired peace, and Captaine Newport returned for England with newes; leaving in Virginia 100. the 15 of Iune 1607.
What happened till the first supply.
Ratcliffe in his place, (Gosnoll beKendall deposed, Smith newly recovered, Martin and Ratliffe was by his care preserved and re
And now where some affirmed it was ill done of the Councel to send forth men so badly prouided, this incontradictable reason will shew them plainely they are too ill advised to nourish such il conceipts; first the fault of our going was our owne, what coulde bee thought fitting or necessary wee had, but what wee should finde, what we should want, where we shoulde be, we were all ignorant, and supposing to make our passage in two monthes, with victuall to liue, and the advantage of the spring to worke; we weare at sea 5. monthes where we both spent our victuall & lost the opportunity of the time, and season to plant.
The new President, and Martin, being little beloSmith: who by his owne example, good words, and faire promises, set some to mow, others to Kecoughtan, where at first they scorWeraskoyks, in the meane time those at the fort so glut
Smith perceiving (notwithstanding their late miseChickahamine yet what he carefully provided the rest carelesly spent. Wingfield and Kendall liuing in disgrace, seeing althings at randome in the absence of Smith, The companies dislike of their Presidents weaknes, & their small loue Martins never-mending sicknes, strengthened theSmith had appointed for trade) to alter her course and to go for England. Smith vnexpectedly returning had the plot discovered to him, much trouble he had to preKendall. These brawles are so disSmith. The Spanyard never more greedily desiChickahamine where hundreds of Salvages in diuers places stood with baskets expecting his coSmith, for not discovering the head of Chickahamine river, and taxed by the Councell, to bee too slowe in so worthie an attempt. The next voyage hee proceeded so farre that with much labour by cutting of trees in sunder he made his passage, but when his Barge could passe no farther, he left her in a broad bay out of danger of shot, commanding none should goe ashore till his returne, himselfe with 2 English & two Salvages went vp higher in a Canowe, but hee was not long absent, but his meGeorge Casson, & much failed not to haue cut of the boat & all the rest, Smith little dreaming of that accident, being got to the mar shes at the rivers head, 20 myles in the desert, had his 2 men slaine (as is supposed) sleeping by the Canowe, whilst himselfe by fowling sought them victuall, who finding he was beset with 200 Salvages, 2 of them hee slew, stil defending himselfe with the aid of a Salvage his guid, (whome hee bound to his arme and vsed as his buckler, till at last slipping into a bogmire they tooke him prisoner: when this newes came to the fort much was their sorrow for his losse, fewe expecting
His relation of the plentie he had seene, especially at Werowocomoco, where inhabited Powhatan (that till that time was vnknowne) so revived againe their dead spirits as all mens feare was abandoned, Powhatan haSmith to haue concluded with ar
Hunt our preacher, M. Anthony Gosnoll, a most honest, worthie, and industrious gen
The arrivall of the first supply with their pro
Newport: the other by Captaine Nelson, an honest man and an expert marriner, but such was the leewardnesse of his ship, (that though he were within sight of Cape Henry) by stormy contrarie windes, was Newport got in, and arived at Iames towne, not long after the redemption of CapSmith, to whome the Salvages every other day brought such plentie of bread, fish, turkies, squirrels, deare, & other wild beasts, part they gaue him as pre
So he had inchaNewport, whom he tearmed to them his father; of whose arriSmith. The President and Councel so much envied his estimation amongst the Salvages (though wee all in generall eNewports greatnes, (wherewith Smith had posPowhatan) especially by the great presents Newport (often sent him, before he could prepare the Pinas to go and visit him; so that this Salvage also desired to see him. A great bruit there was to set him forwarde: when he went he was accompanied, with captaine Smith, & M r Scrivener a very wise vnderstanding geWerowocomo Newports coSmith, to make appeare was needlesse, which 20. men
with 10. others whose names I haue forgotten, These being kindly receiued a shore, with 2. or 300. Salvages were conducted to their towne; Powhatan strained Powhatan: the next day Newport came a shore, and receiued as much content as those Thomas Savage was then giuen vnto Powhatan who Newport called his son, for whom Powhatan gaue him Namontacke his trusty servant, and one of a shrewd subtill capacity, 3. or 4. daies were spent in feasting dancing and trading, wherin Powhatan carried himselfe so prowdly, yet disNewport in this manner.
Captain Newport it is not agreeable with my great werowans, Therefore lay me down all your commodities togither, what I like I will take, and in recompence giue you that I thinke fitting their value. Captaine Smith being our interpreter, regarNewport as his father, knowing best the disposiPowhatan told vs his intent was but to cheat vs; yet captaine Newport thinking to out braue this SalPowhatan having his desire, valued his corne at such a rate, as I thinke it better cheape in Spaine, for we had not 4. bushels for that we expected 20. hogsNewport seeking to please the humor of the vnsatiable Salvage; Smith to cause the Salvage to Powhatan many Trifles who fixed his humour vpon a few blew beads; A long time he importunatly desired them, but Smith seemed so much the more to affect theSpechanchynough king of Pamaunke whom alM r Hunt our preacher lost all his library, and al that he had (but the cloathes on his backe,) yet none ever see him repine at his losse. This hapned in the winter, in that extreame frost, 1607. Now though we had victuall sufficient, I meane only of Oatemeale, meale, and corne, yet the ship staying there 14. weeks when shee might as well haue been gone in 14. daies, Skrivener and Smith did their best to amend what was amisse, but with the PreSmith would not apMartin and tell him, except he would shew
Newport a reWing field & Cap. Archer with him for England to seeke some place of better imploiment.
The arivall of the Phoenix, her returne, and other accidents.
Martin and the still sickSkriuener and Capt. Smith divided betwixt theNelson arived with his lost Phoenix (lost I say, for that al men deemed him lost) landing safely his men; so well hee had mannaged his ill hap, causing the Indian Iles to feed his company
Smith and M. Skriuener to discover & search the commodities of Monacans countrie beyound the Falles, 60 able men was allotted their number, the Smith had so well traiMartin to every thing, but only to fraught his ship also with his phantasticall gold, as Captaine Smith rather desi
Powhatan to expresse his loue to Newport, when he departed, presented him with 20 Turkies, conditionalSmith with the like luggage, but not finding his humor, obaied in sending him weapons he caused his people with 20. devises to obtain them, at last by amSmith, who without farSmith to redeliver 7. Salvages which for their villanies he detained prisoPowhatan, to obPocahuntas to exSmith had giuen the prisoners what correction hee thought fit, vsed them well a day or two after, & then deliuered thePocahu ̄tas, for whose sake only he fained to saue their liues and graunt them liberty. The patiSmith for his cruelty, yet none was slaine to any mans knowledge but it brought them in such feare &
Smith shee was quickly reladed; M r Scrivener was neither Idle nor slow to follow all things at the fort, the ship falling to the Cedar Ile, captaine Martin haPaspahegh a place neere 7. miles from Iames towne, but lest the dew
The accidents that happened in the Discove
Smith and Scrivener had a while tyed both Martin & him to the rules of proportion, but now Smith being to depart, the Presidents authoritie so overM r Scriveners discretion as our store, our time, our strength and labours was idlely consumed to fulfill his phantasies. The second of Iune 1608. Smith left the fort to performe his dis
These being in an open barge of two tunnes burSmiths, Iles the first people we saw were 2. grimme and stout Salvages vpon Cape-Charles with long Acawmacke the habitation of the We rowans where we were kindly intreated; this king was the comliest proper civill Salvage wee incountred: his country is a pleasant fertill clay-soile. Hee colde vs of a straunge accident lately happened him, and it was Two dead children by the extreame passions of their parents, or some dreaming visions, phantasie, or affePowhata ̄
wherein they made such descriptions of the bay, Iles, and rivers that often did vs exceeding pleasure. Passing
Wighcocomoco,
Wighcocomoco. Being past these Iles, falling with a high land vpon the maine wee found a great pond of fresh water, but so exceeding hot, that we supposed it some bath: that place we called Point ployer, being thus reLimbo. Repairing our fore saile with
Kuskaranaocke, by it inhabit the people of Soraphanigh, Nause, Arsek, and Nauta quake that much extolled a great nation called Massawomekes,
Bolus, for that the clay (in many places) was like (if not) Bole-Armoniacke: when we first set saile, some of Ralfe Lane, how his Morattico, alleaging, they had yet a dog, that beMassawomekes, found Patawomeck, or the head of this great water you conceit to be endlesse. 3 or 4 daies wee ex
The 16 of Iune we fel with the river of Patawomeck:
Onawmament where all the woods were laid with AmbuscaIames Watkins was sent 6 myles vp the woods to their kings habitaPowhatans direction, and hee so diPatawomeck Cecocawone & divers other places, but at Moyaones Nacothtant and Taux, the people did their best to content vs. The cause of this discovery, was to search a glistering metPatawomeck, (the which Newport assured that he had tryed to hold halfe siluer) also to search what furres, metals, riuers, Rockes, nations, woods, fishings, fruits, victuals and oChesapeack, but there not to be caught with frying-pans. To expresse al our
Toppahannock. But our boate (by reason of the ebbe) chansing to ground vpon a many shoules lying in the entrance, we spied many fishes lurking amongst the weedes on the sands, our captaine sporting himRussels applyed, ete night his tormenting paine was so wel asswaged that he eate the fish to his supper, which
pyankatanck, & Pamavnke rivers, the next day we safely arrived at Kecoughtan. The simMasawomeekes, this rumor went faster vp the river theweraskoyack the 20. of Iulie, where trimming her with painted streamers, and such devises we made the fort iealous of a Spanish frigot; where we all safely arrived the 21. of Iuly, there wee found the last supply, al sicke, the rest, some lame, some bruised, al vnable to do any thing, but complain of the Ratliffe should be deposed, & that captaine Smith would take
M r Scrivener his deare friend in the Presidencie, equally distributing those private provisiScrivener, (who then lay extreamelie tormented with a callenture) & in regard of the weak
What happened the second voyage to discover the Bay.
THE 20. of Iuly Captaine Smith set forward to finish the discovery with 12. men their names were
The winde beeing contrary caused our stay 2. or 3:
Kecoughta ̄
the wer
feasting vs with much mitth, his people were perswaded we went purposeMassawomeckes, in the evePalawomecks riuer, and hasted for the riuer Bolus, wee went not much farther before wee might perceiueiue the Bay to devide in 2. heads, and arriving there we founde it Massawomecks, we seeing them preKecoughtan, the rest (being all of the last supply) were sicke almost to death, (vntill they were seasoned to the country) hauing shut them vnder our tarpawling, we put their hats vpon stickes by the barge side to make vs seeme many, and so we thinke the Indians suppoTockwoghs the which they confirmed by shewing their green wou
Entring the River of Tockwogh the Saluages all arPowhatan who perswaded the rest to a friendly parly: but when they see vs furnished with the Massawomeckes weapons, and we faining the inuention of Kecoughtan to haue taken them perforce; they conducted vs to their pallizadoed towne, mantelled with the barkes of trees, with Scaffolds like mounts, brested about with Barks very formally, their men, women, and children, with dances, songs, fruits, fish, furres, & what they had kindly entertained vs, spreading mats for vs to sit on, stretching their best abilities to expresse their loues.
Many hatchets, kniues, & peeces of yron, & brasse, we see, which they reported to haue from the Sasquesahanockes
Massawomeckes; The Sasquesahanocks, inhabit vpon the chiese spring of these 4. two daies iourney higher then our Barge could passe for rocks. Yet we prevaiSasquesahanocks to come to visit vs, for their language are different: 3. or 4. daies we expected their returne then 60 of these giant like peoWerowances came boldly abord vs, to crosse the bay for Tockwogh, leaving their men and Canowes, the winde being so violent that they durst not passe.
Our order was, dayly to haue prayer, with a psalm, at which solemnitie the poore Salvages much wonMassawomecks; But wee left them at Tockwogh, they much sorrowing for our departure, yet wee proAtquanahucke, Massawomecke, and other people, signifying they inhabit the river of Cannida, and from the French to Powhatan then his name, and he as little of them.
Thus hauing sought all the inlets and rivers worth noting, we returned to discover the river of Pawtuxunt, these people we found very tractable, and more ci Patawomecks, the next yeare to revenge them of the Massawomecks. Our purposes were crossed in the discoverie of the river of Toppahannock, for wee had much wranFetherstone) where in Fetherstons bay we buried him in the night with a volly of shot; the rest Payankatank, and set saile for Iames Towne; but in crossing Iames Towne, the 7 of September, 1608. where wee found M. Skriuener and diverse others well recovered, Skriuener the harvest gathered, but the stores, provision, much spoiRatcliffe) but only this discoverie; wherein to expresse all the dangers, acci
The Presidencie surrendred to Captaine Smith, the arrivall and returne of the second sup
Smith received the letters patents, and tooke vpon him the place of President, which till then by no meanes he would accept though hee were often imRatcliffes pallas staide as a thing needlesse; The church was reMonacan, how, or why, Captaine Newport obS r Walter Rawley I know not, nor why he brought such a 5. pieced barge, not to beare vs to that south sea, till we had borne her over the mountaines: which how farre they extend is yet vnknowne) as for the coronation of Powhatan & his presents of Bason, Ewer, Bed, Clothes, and such costly nouelties, they had bin much better well spared, then so ill spent. For we had his favour much better, onlie for a poore peece of Copper, till this stately kinde of Newport we only accounted the author, vvho to effect these proiects had so gilded all our hopes, vvith great promises, that both compaWaldo, and Captaine Winne two anRateliffe vvas also permitted to haue his voice, & M r Scrivener desirous to see strange countries, so that although Smith was President, yet the Councell had the authoritie, and ruSmiths obiections, how pitch, and tarre, wanscot, clapbord, glasse, & sope ashes, could be provided to relade the ship; or provisiNewport vndertook to fraught the Pinnace with corne, in going and returWerawocomoco; also promising a great proportion of victuall from his ship, inferring that Smiths proposiSmith had vsed to the Salvages, in his absence, might occasion them to hinder his designes; For which, al workes were left; and 120 chosen men were appointed for his guard,
Smith, to make cleere these seeming suspicions, that the Salvages were not so desperat, as was pretenNewport, and how willing he was to further them to effect their proiects, (because the coPowhatan; to intreat him to come to Iames Towne to receiue his presents, accompanied only with Captaine Waldo, M. Andrew Buckler, Edward Brinton, & Samuell Collier; with these 4 hee went over land, against Werawacomoco, there passed the river of Pamavuke in the Salvages Canowes, Powhatan being 30 myles of, who, presently was sent for, in the meane time his women entertained Smith in this manner.
In a faire plaine field they made a fire, before which Powhatan with all his power came to surprise them; but the beSmith to their lodging, but no sooner was hee within the house, but all these Nimphes more tormented him then ever, with crowding, and pressing, and hanging vpon him, most tediously crying, loue you not mee. This salutation ended, the feast was set, consisting of fruit in baskets, fish, & flesh in wooden platters, beans and pease there wanted not (for 20 hogges) nor any Salvage daintie their invention could devise; some at
The next day, came Powhatan; Smith delivered his Namontack, desiring him come to his Father Newport to accept those presents, and conclude their reMonacans, wherevnto the subtile Salvage thus replied.
If your king haue sent me presents, I also am a king, Monacans, I can revenge my owne iniuries, and as for Atquanuchuck, where you say your brother was slain, it is a contrary way from those parts you suppose it.
Smith returned with this answer.
Vpon this Captaine Newport sent his presents by Namontacke they would doe him no hurt.) But a fowle trouble there was to make him kneele to receaue his crowne, he neither knowing the maiestie, nor meaning of a Crowne, nor bending of the knee, indured so many perswasions, examples, and instructions, as tired them all. At last by leaning hard on his shoulders, he a little stooped, and Newport put the Crowne on his head. When by the warning of a pistoll, the boates were prepared with such a volly of shot, that the king start vp in a horrible feare, till he see all was well, then reNewport. But perceiuing his purpose was to discover the Monacans, hee laboured to divert his resolution refuNamontack, and so (after some complementall kindnesse
Newport with a heape of wheat eares, that might co
The ship having disburdened her selfe of 70 perNewport with al the Councell, and 120 chosen men, set forward for the discovery of Monacan, leauing the President at the fort with 80. (such as they were) to relade the shippe. Arriving at the falles, we marched by land some forty myles in 2 daies and a halfe, and so returned downe to the same path we went. Two townes wee discovered of the Monacans, the people neither vsing vs well nor ill, yet for our securitie wee tooke one of their pettie Werowances, and lead him bound, to conduct vs the way. And in our returne searched many places wee supposed mynes, about which we spent some time in refining, having one William Callicut a refiner, fitted for that purpose, from that crust of earth wee digged hee perswaded vs to beleeue he extracted some smal quan titie of silver (and not vnlikely better stuffe might bee had for the digging) with this poore trial being conIames Towne. Trade they would not, and find their corn we could not, for they had hid it in the woods, and being thus deluded we arrived at Iames Towne, halfe sicke, all complaining, and tired with toile, famine, and dis
No sooner were we landed, but the President disGabriell Beadell, & Iohn Russell the only two gallants of this last supply, and both proper gentle
By this, let no maScrivener, Captaine Waldo, and Captaine Winne at the fort, every one in like manner careM r Persey after him with the next barge that arChickahamina that dogged nation, was too wel acquainted with our wants, refusing to trade, with as much scorne and insolencie as they could exPowhatans polM r Persies, that not long after vs arriued; they having done the best they could to content vs, within 4. or 5. daies we returned to Iames Towne.
Though this much contented the company (that then feared nothing but starving) yet some so envied his good successe, that they rather desired to starue, the
All this time our old taverne, made as much of all l.
Those are the Saint-seeming worthies of Virginia,
Virginia (that hath observed any thing) which knowes not this to be true, and yet the scorne, and shame was the poore souldiers, gentlemen and carelesse gover
M r Scrivener was sent with the barges and Pinas to Werawocomoco, where he found the Salvages more reaNamontack got 3. or 4. hogsheads of corne, and as much Red paint which (then) was esteemed an excellent die.
Captaine Newport being dispatched with the tryM r Scrivener at point Comfort, & so retur
Those poore conclusions so affrighted vs all with famine; that the President provided for Nansamund,
Winne & M r Scrivener (theNewport), these people also
Powhatan) til we were constrained to beIohn Laydon and Anna Burrowes, being the first marriage we had in Virginia.
Long he staied not, but fitting himselfe & captaine Waldo with 2. barges, from Chawopo, weanocke and all parts there, was found neither corne nor Salvage, but all fled (being Iealous of our intents) till we discovered the river and people of Appametuck, where we founde M r Persie, and M r Scrivener went also abroad but could finde nothing.
The President seeing this procastinating of time, was no course to liue, resolved with Captaine Waldo, (whom he knew to be sure in time of need) to surprise Powhatan, and al his provision, but the vnwillingnes of Captaine Winne, and M r Scrivener (for some private respects) did their best to hinder their proiect: But the President whom no perswasions could perswade to starue, being invited by Powhatan to come vnto him, & if he would send him but men to build him a house, bring him a grinstone, 50. swords, fome peeces, a cock and a hen, with copper and beads, he would loade his shippe with corne, the President not ignoraunt of his devises, yet vnwilling to neglect any opportunity, prePowhata ̄, to effect this proiect he took orWaldo to second him if need requiScrivener he left his substitute; and set forth with the Pinnas 2. barges and six and forty men which onM r Scriveners ill sucSmith would not returne empty howsoever, caused many of those that he had appointed, to finde excu
Captaine Smiths iourney to Pamavnke.
THE 29 of December hee set forward for Werawocomoco, his company were these.
This company being victualled but for 3. or 4. daies
Weraskoyack; where the PresiPowhatan, but perSmith, you shall finde Powhatan to vse you kindly, but trust him not, and bee sure hee haue no opChowanoke, for he would send a present to that king to bind him his friend. To perMichael Sicklemore, a ver
Walter Rawley, and silke grasse: then wee deSamuell Collier his page to learne the language.
The next night being lodged at Kecoughtan 6017 daies, the extreame wind, raine, frost, and snowe, cauKecoughtan, But departing thence, when we found no houses, we were not curious in any weather, to lie 3 or 4 nights togeAnth. Bagly, and Edward Pising, did kill at 3 shoots. At Kiskiack the frost forced vs 3 or 4 daies also to suppresse the insolencie of those Werawocomoco, where the river was frozen neare halfe a mile from the shore; but to neglect no time, the President with his barge, so farre had approached by breaking the Ice as the eb left him amongst those oozie shoules, yet rather then to lie there frozen to death, by his owne example hee taught theRussell (whome none could perswade to stay behind) being somewhat ill, and exceeding heavie, so overtoiled him selfe, as the rest had much adoe (ere he got a shore) to regaine life, into his dead benummed spirits, quartePowhatan for provision, who sent vs plentie of bread, Turkies, & Venison. The next day hauing feasted vs after his or
Captaine Smith seeing the intent of this subtil SalPowhatan, though I had many courses to haue made my provision, yet beleeving your promises to supply my wants, I neglected all, to satisfie your desire, and to te
The king hauing atteSmith, (saith the king) some doubt I haue of your coPowhatans.
Powhatans intent, then little doubting his honestie, nor could ever be certaine of his villany, till neare halfe a yeare after.
Whilst we expected the comming in of the counMonacan, the king exceeding liberall of that hee had not yeelded him Monacan. Wherewith each seeming well contented; Powhatan began to expostulate the diffe
Captaine Smith you may vnderstand, that I, hauing seene the death of all my people thrice, and not one liOpichapam, Opechankanough, and Kekataugh, my two sisters, and their two daughters, are distinctly each others successours, I wish their expeNansamu ̄d that you are come to destroy my Countrie, so much affrighteth all my people, as they dare not visit you; what will it availe you, to take that perforce, you may quietly haue with loue, or to destroy them that proSmith, then must I flie I knowe not whether, and thus with miserable feare end my mise
Seeing you will not rightly coIames towne, are entertained with their bowes and arrowes with
Manie other discourses they had, til at last they be
Captaine Smith, I never vsed anie of Werowances, so kindlie as your selfe; yet from you I receaue the least Newport gaue me swords, copper, cloths, a bed, tooles, or what I desired, ever taNewport you call father, and so you call me, but I see for all vs both, you will doe what you list, and wee must both seeke to content you: but if you intend so friendlie as you saie, sende hence your armes that I may beleeue you, for you see the loue I beare you, doth cause mee thus nakedlie forget my selfe.
Smith seeing this Salvage but trifled the time to cut his throat: procured the Salvages to breake the ice, (that his boat might come to fetch both him and his corne) and gaue order for his men to come ashore, to haue surprised the king, with whom also he but trifled the time till his men landed, and to keepe him from suspition, entertained the time with this reply.
Powhatan, you must knowe as I haue but one God,
By this time Powhatan hauing knowledge, his men Smith, with his Pistol, Sword & Target, he made such a passage amongst those naked divels, that they fled be sore him some one waie some another, so that withPowhatan to excuse his flight, and the suddaine coSmith, our Werowans is fled, fearing Brinton to kil fowle for Powhatan (as by his messengers he importunately desired) and left directions with our men to giue Powhatan all the content they could, that we might inioy his comPamaunke.
How we escaped surprising at Pamavnke.
Powhatan returned, and sent Adam and Francis (2. stout Dutch men) to the fort, who faining to Captaine VVinne that al things were well, and that Captaine Smith had vse for their armes, wherefore they requested newe
Powhatan as his chiefe affeSamuell their other consort, Powhatan kept for their pledge, whose diligence had provided them, 300. of their kinde of hatchets, the rest. 50. swords, 8. peeces, and 8. pikes: Brinton, & Richard Salvage seeing the Dutch-men so strangly diligent to accommodate the Salvages these weapons attempted to haue got to Iames Towne, but they were apprehended; within 2. or 3. daies we arrived at Pamavnke, the king as many daies, entertained vs with feasting and much mirth: & the day he appointed to begin our trade, the PresideM r Persie, Mr West, Mr Russell, Mr Beheathland, M Powell, Mr Crashaw, Mr Ford, and some others to the number of 15. went vp to Opechancanougs house (near a quarter of a mile from the river,) where we founde
Opechancanough the great loue you professe with your tongue, seemes meere deceipt by your actions;
The king seemed kindly to accept his offer; and the better to colour his proiect, sold vs what they had to our own coM r Phetiplace) the President with his old 15 marched vp to the kings house, where we fouM r Russell brought vs in news that we were all betraied: for at least 6. or 700. of well appointed Indians had invironed the house and beset Russell related, we could wel perceiue how the extremity of his feare bewrayed his intent: whereat some of our companie seeming dismaide with the thought of such a multi
Worthy countrymen were the mischiefes of my
I see Opechancanough your plot to murder me, but I
The king, being guarded with 50 or 60 of his chiefe Smiths suspition of vnM r Persie and M r VVest to make good the house, tooke M r Poell and M r Beheathland to guard the dore, and in such a rage snatched the king by his vambrace in the midst of his men, with his pistoll ready bent against his brest: thus he led the trembling king, (neare dead with feare) a
Pamavnkies the great desire you haue to Pamavnke; I am not now at Rasseneac (halfe drownd with mire) where you tooke me prisoner, yet then for keeping your promise, and your good vsage, & saving my life, I so affect you, that your denials of your treaM r Beheathland and M r Powel to accept their presents; but some Salvage perceiving him fast asleepe, and the guard carelesly dispersed, 40 or 50 of their choice meM r Crashaw and some other charging in like manner, they thronged faster backe, then before forward. The house thus
Now in the meane while since our departure, this hapned at the fort, M r Scriuener willing to crosse the surprizing of Powhatan; 9 daies after the Presidents deWaldo (though the President had appointed him to bee readie to second his occasions) with M r Anthony Gosnoll and eight others; but so vior Skriuener and others with a Skiffe.Waldo and 100 others doubted as it hapned. The Salvages were the first that found their bodies, which so much the more encouraged them to effect their proiects. To advertise the President of this heavie
M r Wiffin vndertooke alone, the performance therer Wiffin his iourney to the President.Powhatan) perceived such prepa
Now so extreamely Powhatan had threatned the Smith, that the next day they appointed the Countrie should come to trade vnarmed: yet vnwilM r Persie, Mr West, & M r Russell armed, he went ashore, others vnarmed he appoin ted to receiue what was brought; the Salvages flocSmith standing with his 3 men readie bent beholding them, till they were within danger of our ambuscado, who, vpon the word discovered themselues, and he retiring to the banke; which the Salvages no sooner perceived but away they fled, esteeming their heeles for their best advantage.
That night we sent to the fort M r Crashaw and M r Foard, who (in the mid-way betweene Werawocomoco and the fort) met 4 or 5. of the Dutch mens confedePowhatan, the which (to excuse those gentlemens Suspition of their running to the Salva
The Salvages hearing our barge depart in the night were so terriblie affraide, that we sent for more men, (we having so much threatned their ruine, and the ra
Yet notwithstanding this kindnesse and trade; had their art and poison bin sufficient, the President with M r West and some others had been poysoned; it made theWecuttanow a stout yong Potavncat—) so prowdlie braved it, as though he exWecuttanow (being son to their chiefe king but Powhatan) and told vs if we would shew them him that brought the poyson, they would deliver him to vs to punish as wee pleased.
Men maie thinke it strange there should be this stir for a little corne, but had it been gold with more ease we might haue got it; & had it wanted, the whole colYoughtanund and
Mattapamient, where the people imparted that little they had, with such complaints and tears from womeMonacan was made, we might haue fraughted a ship of 40 tuns, and twice as much might haue bin had; from the rivers of Toppahannock, Patawomeck, & Pawtuxunt. The maine occasion of our temporizing with the SalPowhatan to fly; by whom we now M r Wiffin and M r Coe, a shore to discover and make waie for his intenPowhatan to abandon his new house, and werawocomoco, and to carrie awaie all his corne & provision; and the people, they found (by their means so ill affected, that had they not stood well vpon their guard, they had hardlie escaped with their liues. So the President finding his intention thus frustrated, & that there was nothing now to be had, and therefore an vnfit time to revenge their abuses, helde on his course for Iames Towne; we having in this Iornie (for 25l of copper 50l of Iron and beads) kept 40 men 6. weekes, and dailie feasted with bread, corne, flesh fish, and fowle, everie man having for his reward (and in consideration of his commodities) a months provisi
Those temporall proceedings to some maie seeme too charitable; to such a dailie daring trecherous peo
It was the Spaniards good hap to happen in those parts, where were infinite numbers of people, whoe had manured the ground with that providence, that it afforded victuall at all times: and time had brought them to that perfection, they had the vse of gold and silver, and the most of such commodities, as their couVirginia, their proper labours (it is likely) would haue
Virginia bin peopled, planted, manured, and adorned, with such store of pretious Iewels, & rich commodities, as was the Indies: then had we not gotten, and done as much as by their examples might bee expected from vs, the world might then haue traduced vs and our merits, & haue made shame and infamy our recompence and reward.
But we chanced in a lande, even as God made it. Where we found only an idle, improvident, scattered people; ignorant of the knowledge of gold, or silver, or any commodities; & carelesse of any thing but froM. Hacklut, and tell mee how many ever with such smal meanes, as a barge of 2 Tunnes; some
And if in the search of those Countries, wee had hapned where wealth had beene, we had as surely had it, as obedience and contribution, but if wee haue o
How the Salvages became subiect to the English.
Countrimen, the long experience of our late mise
All this time the Dutchmen remaining with Powhatan,
Iames Towne) where was the randavus for all their vnsuspected villany, 40 men they procured of Powhatan to lie in Ambuscadoe for Captaine Smith, who no sooner heard of this Dutchman, but hee sent to apprehend him, who fouPowhatan, Captaine Smith presently disPaspaheigh, a most strong stout Salvage, whose perswasiWin had not rightly vnderstood them, and for their dealings with Powhatan, that to saue their liues they were constrained to accommoPowhatan, but all returned that the Dutchmen would not returne, neither did Powhatan stay them, and bring them fiftie myles on their backes they were not able; daily this kings wiues children, and people, came to visit him with presents, which hee liberally bestowed to make his peace, much trust they had in the Presidents proWin thinking to purSmith hearing of this, in returning to the fort tooke two Salvages prisoners, the one called Kemps, the other Kinsock, the two most exact villaines in the countrie; with those, Captaine Win, and 50 chosen men attempted that night to haue regained the king, and revenged his iniurie (and so had done if he had followed his directions, or bin advised by those two villaines, that would haue betraied both their king and kindred for a peece of copper, but hee trifling away the night, the Salvages the next morning by the rising of the sunne, braved him come a shore to fight, a good time both sides let flie at other, but wee heard of no hurt, only they tooke two Canows, burnt the kings house and so returned.
The President fearing those bravadoes, would but incourage the Salvages, begun himselfe to trie his coIames Towne for his owne vse; and nowe resolved not to cease till he had revenged himselfe vpon al that had iniured him, but in his iourney passing by Paspaheigh towards Chickahamina, the Salvages did their best to draw him to their ambuscadoes; but seeing him regardlesly passe their Countrey, all shewed theOcanindge, whose worthie discourse deserveth
Captaine Smith, my master is here present in this company thinking it Captaine Win, and not you; and of him hee intended to haue beene revenged, having never offended him: if hee haue offended you in escaSmith left the Countrie.
Ariving at Iames Towne, complaint was made to the President ihat the Chickahaminos, who al this while Smith could make a man aliue that is dead; these and many other such pretty accidents, so amaPowhatan and all his people that from all parts with presents they desired peace,
Powhatan and his people) haue sent them backe to Iames Towne to receiue their punishment, and all the countrie became absolutely as free for vs, as for themselues.
What was done in three monthes hauing victuall. The store devoured by rats, how we lived 3 monthes of such naturall fruits as the countrie afforded.
Keinps and Tassore, were fettered prisoners, and daily wrought, and taught vs how to order and plant our fields. Whome now (for want of victuall) we set at libertie, but so wel were they vsed, that they little desired it; and to express their loues, for 16 daies continuance, the Countrie brought vs (when least) 100 a daie of squirrils, Turkies, Deare, and other wild beastes; but this want of corne occasioned the end of all our workes, it being worke sufficient to provide victuall. 60 or 80 with Ensigne Laxon were sent downe the river to liue vpon oysters, & 20 with leiftenant Percie to trie for fishing at pointM r West with as many went vp to the falles, but nothing could bee found but a fewe berries and acornes; of that in the store every one had their equall proportion. Till this present (by the haTockwough roots in a day, as would make them bread a weeke, so that of those wilde fruites, fish and berries, these lived very well, (in regard of such a diet) but such was the most strange condition of some 150, that had they not beene forced nolens volens perforce to gaPowhatans, 50 myles from our fort, though he bought neere halfe of it to satisfie their humours, yet to haue had the other halfe, they would haue sold their soules, Dyer, a most craftie knaue, and his ancient maligner, whom he wor
Powhatan (at this prePowhatan, nor that I wil longer forbeare to force you from your Idlenesse, and punish you if you raile, you cannotdeny but that by the hazard of my life, many a time I haue saued yours, when, might your owne wils haue pre
This order many murmured, was very cruell, but it caused the most part so well bestir themselues, that
Win, and M r Ley, they di
So well those poore Salvages vsed vs, (that were thus Billited) as divers of the souldiers ran away, to Kemps our old prisoner. Glad was this Salvage to haue such an occasion to testifie his loue for insteed of entertaining them, & such things as they had stolne with all the great offers and promises they made theSmith, First he made himselfe sport, in shewing his countrymen (by them) how he was vsed; feeding them with this law who would not worke must not eat, till they were neere starved, continuallie threatning to beate them to death, neither could they get from him, til perforce he brought them to our Captaine, that so we conten
M r Sicklemore well returned from chawonock, but Walter Rawley. So that Nathaniell Powell & Anas Todkill, were also, by the Quiyoughquohanocks, conducted to the Mangoages to search theBentley an other fugiWillia ̄ Volda (a Switzer by birth) with pardons and promises to regaine them. Litle we then suspected this double villanie, of anie villanie, who plainlie taught vs, in the most trust was the greaSpanyard, to whom they intended to haue done good service. But to begin with the first oportunitie, they seeing necessiPowhatan to lend them but his forces, and they would not onlie destroie our hogs, fire our towne, and beThomas Douese & Thomas Mallard, whose christian harts much relenting at such an vnchristian act, voluntarily reveaSmith: who did his best it might be concealed, perswading Douese and Malard to proceed in the confederacie: onlie to bring the irreclamable Dutch men, and inconstant Salvages in such a maner amongst his ambuscadoes, as he had prepared, as not manie of them shoulde ever haue returned from out our penisula. But this brute coPowhatan. M r Wiffin and Iefra Abot were sent to stab or shoot them; but these Dutch men made such excuVolday whom they supposed had revealed their proiect, as Abbot would not, yet Wiffin would, perceiving it but deceipt. The king vnderstanding of this their imploiment, sent presentlie his messengers to Captaine Smith to signifie it was not his fault to deArgall to fish for SturValdo his villany, but certainlie hee had not escaped had the President continued.
By this you may see, for all those crosses, treacheAfrica, and America, as in the most partes of Europe and Asia by land or sea had taught him much, yet in this case he was againe to learne his Lecture by experience. Which with thus much a doe having obtained, it was his ill chance to end, when hee had but onlie learned how to begin. And though hee left these vnknowne difficulties, (made easie and fami
The Arivall of the third supply.
De-la-ware. Who for his deputie, sent Sr
Thomas Gales, & Sr
George Somers, with 9 ships & 500 persons. they set saile from England in May 1609 a smal catch perished at sea in a Herycano. The AdmiRatliffe,
Sickelmore, Martin, and Archer. Who as they had been troublesome at sea, beganne aSmith, that they mortally hated him, ere ever they see him. Who vnderstanding by his scouts, the arivall of such a fleet (little dreaming of a
M r Persie had his reM r West with 120 went to plant at the falles. Martin with neare as Nansamund, with their due proportions, of all provisions, according to their numbers.
Now the Presidents yeare being neere expired, he made Martin President, who knowing his own insufSmith, and at Nansamund thus proceeded. The people being contributers vsed him kindly: yet Iames
M r West hauing seated his men at the Falles, preIames Towne, the President met him by the way as he followed him to the falles: where he found this company so inconsiderately seaPowhatan, to sell him the place called Powhatan, promising Monacans, and these should be his conditions (with his people) to resigne him the fort and houses and all that countrie for a proportion of copper: that all stealing offenders should bee sent him, there to receiue their punishment: that every house as a custome should pay him a bushell of corne for an inch square of copper, and a proportion of Pocones as a yearely tribute to King Iames, for their pro
But both this excellent place and those good conWood, Captaine Web, Captaine Mone, Captaine Phitz-Iames, M r Partridge, Mr White, Mr Powell and divers others. When they perceived the malice and condition of Ratliffe, Martin, and Archer, left their factions; and ever rested his faithfull friends: But the worst was, the poore SalSmith he had brought theMonocans themselues; which though till then, (for his loue) they had indured: they desired pardon, if hereafter they defended themselues, since he would not correct them, as they had long exIames Towne: now no sooner was the ship vnder saile but the Salvages assaulted those 120 in their fort, finPowhatan, in their Salvage fort they built and pre tilie fortified with poles and barkes of trees sufficient to haue defended them from all their Salvages in Virginia, drie houses for lodgings 300 acres of grounde readie to plant, and no place so strong, so pleasant and Virginia, for which we called it nonsuch. the Salvages also he presentlie appeased; redelivering to every one their former losses. Thus al were friends, M r West, whose good nature with the perswasiIames Towne with his best expedition, but this hapned him in that Iournie.
Sleeping in his boat, (for the ship was returned 2 Iames Towne cauMartin, Ratliffe, and Archer, being to haue their trials their guiltie coM c Persie (to stay) and be their President, and within lesse then an howre was this mutation begun and concluSmith would leaue them. & see the rest in Armes called Presidents and councellors, divers began to fawne on those new commanders, that now bent all their wits to get him resigne them his commission, who after many salt and bitter repulses, that their confusion should not be atVirginia, nor our lawfull authoritie, but at as deare a price as we had bought it, and paid for it. What shall I say? but thus we lost him, that in all his proceedings, made Iustice his first guid, and experience his second; ever hating basenesse, sloth, pride, and indignitie, more then any dangers; that never allowed more for himSmith, for effecting whereof, 3 weekes lon
Now all those, Smith had either whipped, punish
The mutiners at the Falles, complained hee caused the Salvages assalt them, for that hee would not reCoe & Drer, that should haue murdered him, were highly preferred for sweaPowhatan say, that he heard a man say: if the king would not send that corne he had, he should not long enioy his copper crowne, nor those robes he had sent him: yet those also swore hee might haue had corne for tooles but would not. The truth was, Smith had no such ingins as the king demanded, nor Powhatan any corne. Yet this argued he would starue them. Others complained hee would not let them rest in the fort (to starue) but forced theIames Towne to haue got their own victuall. Some propheticall spirit calculated hee had the SalvaPocahontas, Powhatans daughter. It Smith, that ever loved and vsed all the Countrie well, but her especially he ever much respected: & she so well requited it, that when her father intended to haue surprized him, shee by stealth in the darke night came through the wild woods and told him of it. But her marriage could no way haue intitled him by any right to the kingdome, nor was it ever suspected hee had ever such a thought, or more regarded her, or any of them, theRichard Pots, VV. P.
When the ships departed C. Davis arived in a smal Pinnace with some 16 proper men more, to those Iames Towne vnder the command of Captaine Ratliffe to inhabit Point comMartin and M r West hauing lost their boates, and neere halfe their men amongst the Salvages, were reIames Towne, for the Salvages no sooner vnderstood of Captaine Smiths losse, but they all reSmith had only for his owne company, for the rest had consumed their proportions. And now haue we 20 Presidents with all their appurtenances, for M r Persie was so sicke he could not goe nor stand. But ere all was consumed, M. West and Ratliffe each with a pinRatliffe and his men were most slaine by Powhatan,
M r West finding little better successe, set saile for England. Now wee all found the want of Captaine Smith, yea his greatest maligners could then curse his losse. Now for corne, provision, and contri
But God that would not it should bee vnplanted, sent Sir Thomas Gates, and Sir George Sommers, with a r Tho. Gates with 150.Berondoes to preserue vs. strange it is to say how miraculously they were preserved, in a leaking ship, in those extreame stormes and tempests in such overgrowne seas 3 daies and 3 nights by bapling out water. And having giveGeorge Somers, having line all that time cuning the ship before those sawlowing waues, discovered those broken Iles, where how plenVirginia, I refer you to their owne printed relations.
But when those noble knights did see our miseries Iames Towne set saile for England.
But yet God would not so haue it, for ere wee left Lord de-la-ware, then governour for the couIames Towne, the 9. of Iune, 1610. accompanied with Sir Ferdinando Wainman, and diGeorge Somers, and Captaine Argall he presentlie dispatcheth to require the Bermondas to furnish them with provision: Sir Thomas Gates for England to helpe forward their sup
In this time Argall not finding the Bermondas, haGeorge Somers at sea, fell on the coast of Sagadahock, where refreshing himselfe, found a conIames towne, from whence the Lord De-la-ware sent him to trade in the river of Patawomecke, where finding an English boy those people had prePowhatan, by his acquaintaIames Towne, and so for England with the Lord governour, yet before his returne, the adventurers had sent Sr
Tho. Dale with 3 ships, men and cattell, and all r Tho Dale.
Againe, to second him with all possible expedition
r
Tho Gates, 6 tale ships with 300 men, and 100 kyne, with other cattel, with muniIames towne.
Sr
George Somers all this time was supposed lost: but thus it hapned missing the Bermondas, hee fell also as r George SoArgall with Sagadahock, where being refreshed, would not content himselfe with that repulse, but reWhitchurch in Dor
Argall.
The Lord governour himselfe doth confidently deSmith, for that they haue beene printed from time to time, and published to the world, I cease farther to trouble you with any repetition of things so well knowne, more then are necessarie. To conclude the historie, leauing this assu
CAptaine Smith I returne you the fruit of my laM r Croshaw requested me, which I beVirginia with you. The pains I took was great: yet did the nature of the argument, and hopes I conAnak: al is open for labor of a good and wise inhabitant: and my prayer shall e