CHAP. I. Of the Cosm [...]graphicall discription of the World.

THat which the onely wise God made f [...] mans behoofe, euen all the world of nothing, Genesis the first, is said to be round by all moderne Writers: it is proued by reason, and the holy Scripture saith it, Psal. 98. It was di­uided in two parts by the same God, the part seene, and the part vnseene: But by faith search the Scriptures, there is the part and vse in this our Christian Nauigation discouered.

The part seene is well defined to bee a Booke, In which wee may see and learns to praise God in his workes. And is said to bee of two parts, Celestiall, and Elementall: In the Celestiall part may be considered the Arts, as Musicke, the harmony of the Spheres: of Soule and Body, for whose health Phisicke is next, in which we consider that Miraculous Medicine of preseruing life, be it Philo­sopher stone, Salt, Virgin-earth, or other denomination, or Mathe­maticall, as the knowledge of Points, Lines, Circles, Signes, Con­stelations, Planets, and their Influence and power ouer bodies Ele­mentall.

It may be said and that by good reason, I should begin at the Centor of the Earth, & so consider of the things contained there­in, [Page 2] with the Sea, The face of the Earth and Sea, and the things thereon; The Aire couering the other two, and the Fire inclosing them all, making one round body of these Elementall parts, being as a Centor to the rest, and so p [...]e vpwards vnto the first m [...]er, shewing the relation and agreement they haue together, I liuing now nearer the Centor of the Earth (as it is obserued) by many thousand miles. But if I end my worke so high may bee proud (as some are) or dazelled in the Celestiall brightnesse, being mor­tall, be cast downe with Pl [...].

In the name of God therefore, and in his feare, I will begin with the first mouer, which going with great violence, turneth the whole frame of the heauen within it, round in 24. houres, from East to West: Which heauen is said to haue no impression in it, being almost invisible, yet carrying the light and darknesse, making differ [...]nce of time in daies and nights, according to the difference of Longitude and Latitude of places on Earth.

In it are all the circles and points in the whole fabricke of the world said to be described, their plaines defending and meeting in the Centor of the Earth, or on their other Centors.

The two principall points, are the two poles of the world, the North pole eliuated with vs heere at London 51. degrees, 30. or there about; and the South pole is right opposite to it. There­fore depressed iust as much (vnder the horizon of which I will speake anon.) These [...] points are fixed fast and vnmoueable, betweene which and through the Centor of the Earth, there pas­seth▪ right line, which is called the Axe-tree of the world on which it turneth.

Now we must consider both this right line, and all other right lines, cords, signes, great circles and paralels, to be diuided into 360. degrees, each degree subdiuided into 60. minutes, each minute into 60. Seconds, each Second in 60. thirds, &c. as the case may re­quire.

The Herman is a great circle, whose Centor is in the middest of the Earth, and his plaine reacheth not onely to the face of the Earth, diuiding the vpper part from the lower, the day from the nights [...]ut through the Or [...]e [...] of the planits and fixed starres, euen to the first mouer. This circle hath two poles, one is called Zon [...]th, [Page 3] and is right ouer our head, from the which if a right line passe through the Center of the Earth, touching the concaue super­ficies of the first Mouer, it pointeth out the other Pole, called Mador. In this Circle we count the Amplitude of the Sunne or Starres; and the Point of the Compasse or Wind. All the Circles called Azimuthes, crosse the Horizon at Rectangles and passe through the Poles thereof: His Parallels are Circle [...] of Altitude, in which are obserued the position of the Planets and fixed Starres aboue the Earth, at all howres of the day or night: Or Circles of Depresion diuiding the length of twilight.

The Equator is a great Circle, deuiding the World into two equall parts, the North part and the South: His parallels sets out the Latitude of places on Earth, and declination in the Heauens. All the Meridians doe crosse the Equator at Rectangles and go through the Poles of the World. On this is counted the Lon­gitude of places on the Earth or Sea: For euerie 4 of equall time made by the equall motion of the Equator doth make 1 degree. And 7 deg. 30 min. of Longitude, either East or West, doth cause [...] houre difference in time of day or night, and they that dwell 15, or 30 deg. East haue it 12 or 11 a clocke, when we haue it 10 or 11, and those that dwell so much West of vs, haue it 10 or 11 when it is midnight with vs. These that dwell at the East part of our Horison haue it noone when it is but 6 in the morning with vs, and when it is noone with vs, it is 6 at night with them, but with them in the West part of our Horizon it is 6 in the morning. Our Antipodes haue it [...]oo [...]e when it is midnight with vs, and when it is Summer with vs, it is Winter with them.

All other Circles not yet named are likewise supposed to bee in the first Heauen, as in the rest of the inferior Orbes of which we suppose 11 after Maginus. And to good purpose: For the Lord of Heauen and Earth hath so layd the Foundations of the Earth that they cannot be moued, Ps. 14.2. Though Co [...] to bring some good purpose about hath imagined so.

Let the tenth Heauen be (if you please) the Wa [...]ers aboue the Firmament, for ther are so, Gen. 1.6, 7.

CHAP. II. Of the measure of the heauens

THe Zodiaque is a great broad circle crosing the heauens, like a b [...]n [...]re or girdle, of 12^d. broad at the [...]east; in the midest [...]hereof is a little circle called the ecliptique line, which crosseth the Equator at two opposit points, swar [...]eth from it 23^d. 30. at the least, as I ha [...]e [...]ound by obseruation this present yeare 1627. So the poles of the Ecliptique are distant from the poles of the world 23^d. 30. by reason of his obliquitie: Betweene which poles there passeth a right liue or Axetree on which the second [...]ouer or tenth heauen is carried in his owne motion (contrary to the first) from West to East, and is most slowe, making his re­uolution in 3434 yeares, and 10. daies.

The third mouer or ninth heauen, hath his two poles in the two po [...]ts of the equator and ecliptique, and his motion is from North to South: making his reuolution in 1717. yeares and 5 daies. But it will be sufficient for our necessary vse here to obserue the moti­on of the 8. Sphere, wherein are all the Celestiall bodies of the fix­ed Starres placed: whose motion is from West to East, (some say but one degree in 100. yeare. But the Planets mone in their Or [...]es [...], as [...] in 30. yeare, ♃ Iupiter in 12. yeares, ♂ Mars in 2. yeare, [...] Sol in one yeare, ♀ Venus and ☿ Mercury like ☉, Luna ☽ in a month from West to East.

Diuers learned Mathematicions haue set downe the magnitude of the Starres to be farre bigger then the earth: making 6. diffe­rences in bignesse be sides du [...]ke and obscure. The Planets also are said to be of [...] bignesses and distances. The Orbe of ♄ is [...] miles, and his distance from ♃ 78721 [...] The Orbe of ♃ 189 [...]54 [...] m. His distance to ♂ 78721. m. That of [...] 2630 [...]800. m. his distance from ☉ 15725. m. ☉ 343996 4/ [...]. m. His distance from ♀ 23437 ½ m. The Orbe of ♀ 3274494 6/12. Her distance from ☿ 12812. m. ☿ Orbe 253372 [...]/ [...]. m. His difference from ☽ 12812, The ☽ to be in bignes 105222 [...]/11. her distance from the earth 15750. m. ♄ his bignesse com­pared to the Earth i [...] as 95. to 1. and his distance to the Firmament [Page 5] 2 [...]0445. m. [...] his magnitude to the Earth is a [...] [...] 91. to [...]. And ♂ as [...]. to 1. And the distant from the Fir [...] ment to the Earth 35 846 3½. m.

It hath appeared manifestly that both by Sea and Land, who so trauaileth 60. miles on a great Circle, altereth a degr [...]e in his Trauaile: which taketh 360. times tho number of the whole cir­cle, maketh 21600. miles the conpasse of the whole Earthland Sea. The Diameter then will be 6872 [...]/11. the semyd [...]amiter 3436 4/1 [...] m. which maketh the firmament to be from the Center of the Earth 361899 [...] [...]/ [...]. Therefore it seemeth there is something to worke vpon to measure these things by.

Likewise I may say, considering that from the earth to the Moone is 15750. miles, and the ☽ is the lowest Planet. There­fore the two vppermost elements of Ayre and Fire are both to­gether 15750 mi. in thicknesse: Againe, because the hill Atlas is said to reach to the midle region of the ayre, that hill (which I take to be Teneriffe) may easily be measured, and so the mea­sure of all the rest is had.

The motion of the Eclipticke causeth other foure circles to be described, two are described of the motion of the Poles ther­of, being distant from the [...]es of the world 23. degrees 30. min. making two round circles about them: that next the North pole is called the circle Articke, the other is called the circle Antarticke. The other two are described by the motion of the tow. Tropicall points of the eclipticke, that on the North side of the equanox is called the tropicke of Cancer, the other is cal­led the tropicke of Capricorne. The Zodiacke is diuided in 12. equall parts, beginning at the one intersection of the same with the equanoctiall circle, and so going round: And these are called the 12. signes of the Zodiacke, for as much as they extend them to the full breadth of the Zodiacke, and are the cause thereof.

There are two other circles also of speciall vse in this Art, one is the Equinoctiall colure, the other is the Solititiall colure: These two are great circles, the first parteth the Equator and Zodiacke euen, so as the North signes are from the South signes parted by the first point of the first signe, and the first point of [Page 6] the sca [...]outh signe: and these signes are called Aries ♈, and Li­bra ♎, beginning the Spring and Autumne, the other passeth by the two tropicall points of Cancer ♋, and Capricorne ♑, making the beginning of Summer and winter; both passing through the poles of the world, parting the Zodiacke in foure equall parts, and the equator also with all his paralels.

The first point of ♈, beginneth the Spring: that is, when the Sunne in his motion commeth first to that point, and going through three signes ♈, Taurus ♉, Gemini ♊: then comming to the first point of ♋, beginneth the Summer: and passing through other three signes ♋ Leo ♌, Virgo ♍, so commeth to Libra ♎, Scorpio ♏, Sagitarius ♐, to the first point of ♑: be­ginneth the winter, from thence through ♑, Aquarius ♒, Pisses ♓ making the whole yeares reuolution. And these 12. signes are called Constellations, and there are other Constellations, some North, some South, in which is had a number of Starres bearing names, according to their nature: and these constellati­ons beare rule ouer diuers Regions, Countries and Cities.

Now we may passe the Orbes of the other superior Planets, & onely note their friendly aspect as we passe by them: And con­sider the ☽ motion with the ☉ for the Eclipses of vse, for fin­ding of longitude on earth or Sea. Her monthly motion, full change and quarters, for the ebbing and flowing of the waters, spring and nepe tides: her aspect with the planets, good or euill, for Physicke: Her place in the Zodiacke, for bloud letting ei­ther for Man or Beast.

C [...]AP. III. Of the Elements.

FIre is the most noble and superiour of all the Elements, pure, subtle, most spirituall, putting heat into all substances, light­some, hauing motion Lionous, choloricke. Ayre is diuided into three Regions, that next the Fire is most hot, that in the middle most cold, vnto the which some hill tops doe clime, as hath been seene, the lowest is that in which wee liue, the Clouds and the [Page 7] Fowles doe flye, which God of his mercy make wholesome vn­to vs. God said let the waters vnder heauen be gathered into one place, and let the dry land appeare, Gen. 1.9. And God called the dry land Earth, and the gathering together of the waters, he (euen God) called Sea, ver. 10. Sea, which together with the earth make one huge massiue body, round, as may be proued by the artificall Globe,: but most truely by a perfect Artsman, who vsing his skill in his Trauell, both by Sea and Land, is able to salue such small irrigularities, as high tydes, lowe ebbes, high Mountaines lowe Vallies: For experience is the mother of Acts, and th [...] [...] partly conceiue in this (I hauing a brother in Saint Christo­phers Isle of the West Indies, who hath sent me Letters from Meri [...]rs Hope there) I went to Gresham Colledge in London of purpose to looke on the biggest Terrestriall Globe they had, and found such an Ile to lye in some 16. deg. of North Latitude, and in 321 deg. of longitude, or there about: But there I could finde neither Cape, nor Bay, Port nor Hauen; therefore no vniuersall Map will serue that turne: And Master ♄, being there with mee at that time, made a doubt, saying: How know I that Saint Chri­stophers Ile lyeth there except I had seene it, or know some body that had bin there? meaning no doubt some Arts-man, who (I confesse) may not onely obserue the longitude and latitude; but may also set out the Capes and Bayes, Ports, Bounds, Riuers, and giue the dimention of the superficis.

Of the innumerable multitude of creatures in the Sea, and of her riches, I will not speake; but the artificiall making and vse of Shipping therein is admirable, as may appeare in the whole Art of Nauigation: A wonderfull secret thereof is the variation of the compasse; a cause thereof is imagined to be the hollow­nesse of the Earth or depth of the Sea, and for that nature abhor­ring emptinesse, the excellent vertue of the Load-stone doth al­wayes draw towards it in all places, where the needle being touched therewith shall draw most neere; but I thinke it is a speciall gift of God, sent for mans vse, but farre aboue his knowledge. Sea and earth are diuided as the heauens: the be­ginning of the Equator or first Meridian being with Saint Mi­chael and Saint Maries Iles, the circle of the equator passing by [Page 8] Saint Thomas Ile, Abasa [...], the famous Ile of Sa [...]ta, B [...]rni [...], Pap [...]os, New Guinny, G [...]na [...]s, and fo round, from Meridian to Meridian Eastward we count Longitude on any paralell: but La­titude is counted from the Equator towards the Poles of the World on the Meridian or colure. The Paralels sets out the Zones and Climates.

Of creatures without life, or such as are in the earth onely, are Gold, Siluer, precious Stones, Minerals, Mettals. But the Bo­dies which shall one day rise againe, are chiefely to be conside­red. Of Creatures with life, some are fixed, as Plants, Hearbes, Flowers, Spices, Trees, bearing fruit, without fruit. Gen. 2.19. Out of the ground God formed beasts and fowles: and in another place it is said All flesh is grasse. Therefore of mouing things some are in the Earth, as Wormes, Serpents, Moles, Co [...]e [...]: some in the Ayre, as Fowles: in the Water, as Fishes. Mon­sters on the face of the earth, as all manner of Beasts and Cattell wilde and tame. The most excellent thing made is man (a shame for him to become so wicked) Being wonderfully made, Psal. 139. an epitomy of the whole World; to seeke and set forth Gods glory: surely flesh and bloud cannot set forth his glory, whose workes doe amaze the sences of the most learned. Therefore be not proud O ye learned, nor vaineglorious O ye wise; but seeke and set forth Gods glory, that the vnwise and vnlearned, may see, marke, and learne: and be incouraged O thou that art igno­rant (of which I am chiefe) to see the workes of the Lord in heauen and in earth, and his wonders in the deepe Sea, Ps. 107.

CAHP. IIII. The gound of the Art, the Instrument, Astronomycall propositions, with the Geographicall and Hidrographicall description of the Earth and Sea.

REason doth teach, and this 36. yeares experience I haue had, that to the gaining of these knowledges, quantitie is to bee considered, either Geometrically or Arithmetically, or most vsual­ly of both together. Arithmeticke is the Art of numbering, and [Page 9] euery number is expressed by certaine Characters, figures, and Ciphers, as: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 0. or: 2^•. 3^d. 30. 50. 20l: (powerof3)+ (powerof2)+ (powerof1)=to (powerof5)−n. But the figures and Ciphers whe­ther they be abstract or contract, haue a double signification to expresse them, which is called their numeration, Psal. 90. ver. 12. O Lord, teach vs so to number our daies, that we may apply our hearts vnto wisedome. Figures do either signifie themselues onely, as 1. is one, 2. is two, &c. or are valued according to their place: Posi­tion of this kinde is knowne as men read the Hebrew tongue. This Art giueth the numerall solution in all dementions, and hath these kindes: Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication, Diuision; and these all haue a diuers property in their vse, either in working proportion, or otherwise. Another Arithmatique there is (not of numbers) but of parts of number, hauing like species, proper­ties and passions, and fetch either their beginning from vnity, but with a difference, for as number increaseth in multitude Infinit­ly: so doe Fractions decreaseth infinitly but most com­monly, as in this worke, they are compound: for if I take in account of Time, Motion, Measure, Signes, Degrees, Mi­nut [...], Seconds, &c. As in reckoning of the ☽ place, Thus: suppose the ☽ in the day of ♂ to be in the first degree of ♈; and a [...] 20. daies old, I would know her place; say if the ☽ go in one day 12. degrees from the ☉, and the ☉ goe each day one degree, There­fore the ☽ goes in 20. dayes 260^d. which diuided by 30^d. giueth 8^•: 20^d. where [...]. is the number 20, the Fraction, and his place the 20^d. of Sagitarius: But where deg. are taken for numbers, there Minuts, Seconds, Thirds, are Fractions: as 15^d. to an houre 4. to a degree, or 20^d. is as much as one houre 20: or 20^d. 50. 30. is as much as 1250 miles ½: and generally all circles and paralels, are numbered with these kinde of Astronomicall Fractions or numbers.

Geometry giueth a punctuall termination to all dementions, ei­ther in length, bredth, or thicknesse: which number many times cannot doe; as in diuiding a line by extreame and meane propor­tion. But number and parts do helpe Geometry to expresse the quantitie, bee it in length, bredth, or thicknesse. Linne [...]mall as angles right lined, of Sphericall: & may serue to tel some distance [...] [Page 10] Instruments necessary in any worke, are of necessity, and to this worke which conteineth so many Arts, it may be obiected that one poore though of a good capassity shall be neuer able to attaine. Say not so man, for the best instrument in any worke is a willing minde: Againe, shall I be ashamed to indeuour to doe well, because some more learned then I, will despise my simpli­city and weakenesse in knowledge? No sure, the vertuous will commend it, God bee thanked there are as many good Instru­ments as Arts, let euery man bee content with such as hee hath, and God no doubt will blesse the good indeauours of the godly honest. 2^s. 6^d. on a paire of Compasses, and two pence on a straight ruler is not much: with these thou maiest beginne in spending some spare houres time to worke thus: first make a circle, diuid it in 360. parts, or ¼ into 90, and besides abundance of necessary conclusions, which the malicious ignorant will not beleeue, these following are not the least, and are most meet to be knowne: Radius or any signe, cord, arke, Tangent, Secant, great circle, parralell: example: I did take the ☉ height, May the 26. 1627. and so found his declination 22^d. 30. North, his place being in 15^d ♊. right assention, 61^d. 30. difference assenti­onall 28^d. 15. height of the North pole 51^d. 30. Amplitude 37^d. 30 North. oblique assention 33^d. 15.: semydiurnall arke 118^d. 15. semynocturnall arke 61^d. 45. his course from rising to his setting, 15 houres 40. length of twilight 8 houres 14. length of the night darke 0. houre. Likewise about December the 12. 1627. ☉ place 0 ♑ merid height 15^d. declination 23^d. 30. South, amplitude 40^d. 30. south, right assention 270^d. oblique assencion 298. deg. 30, difference assencional 28. d. 30. Likewise may the fourth 1629. suppose the sonnes place which is his lon­gitude, found by the rules before going to be 53. d. or the 23. of ♉. in the latitude of 51. deg. 30. min. his merid. height is found by these rules to be 55. deg. declination 18. deg. north, amplitude 28. north, right assention 50. deg. oblique 27. deg. difference as­sentionall 23. deg. semydiurnall arke 7. hou. 32. min. semynoctur­nall arke 4. hou. 28. min. length of twilight 2. hou. 4. min. from noone to euening shut in 9. hou. 33. min. length of the day 19. hou. 6. min. night darke 4. hou. 54. min. Son rise at 4. hou. 28. m. [Page 11] setteth at 7 hou. and 32. min. Sun aboue the Horizon 1 [...] hou. 4 min. vnder the Horizon 8 hou. 56 min.

And here remember, that, The workes of the Lord [...]p g [...] sought out of all them that haue pleasure therein. Ps. 111.2. The mercifull and gracious Lord hath so done his maruilous workes, that they ought to be had in remembrance, v. 4. The Lord is high aboue the Heauens, Ps. 113.4. Who is like the Lord our God, that hath his dwelling so high, and y [...] humbleth himselfe to behold the things that are in Heauen and in Earth, v. 5. He taketh the simple out of the [...]st. v. 6. The Heauens declare the glorie of God, and the Fir [...] sheweth his handiworke, Ps. 19.1. As Arcturius Orio [...] pleades the hiden Chambers of the South, the great Lauiathan that mo [...]eth in the water, but beyond all our Redemption in Christ, God commanded Noah to build an Arke, and to build Shiping were but vaine except God blesse it and bee the Sea-mans guide. Say then, is it not a great blessing we receiue from him in guiding our Ships and Selues both by Sea and Land with such excellent Rules of Art: Surely the learned in the Geographicall, Hidro­graphicall and Nauticall Sciences must needs confesse it, espe­cially those that trauell.

Neither need any be so sottish as to thinke it a shame to spend ten min. of his idle time euerie day to some such good purpose, which may add him more comfort perhaps in distresse, then all the friends in the world besides. By the Seale made on a straight Ruler and Compasses distance is had easily without measur­ing to them, for make a Circle and diuide it in foure equall parts with straight lines ouer the Centor, then diuide ¼ in two equall parts, and ech of them in 3 then againe these subdiuision [...] in 3 and lastly those into 5, so is one quarter of the Circle diuided in­to 90 deg. by the same reason you may diuide a right line as your Ruler into Foots, ech Foot into Inches or Tenths, ech 10 into [...] 3. 4. 5. 7. 11. 12. 16. 20 parts or what you please, and then begin to worke thus, Imagin to stand on some Hill as at High [...] from thence to all the highest Hilles round about you cast your eye, and by your Circle diuided you may take the quantitie of the Angle from your eye to the two next Hilles from you and neerest one to another. Suppose that Shutors Hill and [...]urfleet [Page 12] Hill doe make an Angle of 1/ [...] of the quadrant or 30 deg. Or Har­row Hill and Saint Albones make an Angle of 40 deg. and the distance between High-gate and Shuters Hill to be 10 mil. more or lesse, and from High-gate to Harrow 12 mil. you shall goe to Shuters Hill and obserue the Angle between High-gate and Pur­fleet, be it right or oblique, acut or obtuse make 2 lines, whereof one to be laid downe by the Scale on your Ruler of the iust di­stance between your 2 first stations, at the one end make the first Angle, at the other end make the other looking one towards the other, and the two lines continued will point you our Purfleet, doe so by the other and it will point you out Saint Albones, then by your Scale you may know their distance, hauing them distan­ces you may easily find all the distances and angles of position or situation of all the Hilles, Townes, Riuers, Borders, in any one Countie, and from thence ye may doe the like by the rest, and so take a true su [...]eigh of a Kingdome, and of all the Iles, & Rockes in the Sea, and Kingdomes adioyning, as Scotland with his Iles, and ouer the Sea, as Ireland with his Iles, likewise from Douer to Callice, and so take the Countrey and Kingdome of France, with his Riuers, Iles, Rockes, and euerie remarkeable thing that commeth in view of your eye.

But note, that if you measure such great distances, you must haue regard to Longitude and Latitude, for if you shall measure from France to Spaine, Portugale, and so ouer the mouth of the St [...]i [...] of Guib [...]ater into Barbarie, Guiny, by the Coast of Saint Thomas Ile, Monomotapa, Cape Good-hope, the Coast of Saint Latence, Mosamque, Prester Iohn, the head of the ancient Riuer Nilus, the Arabian, Iudean, Notalia, Grecian, Italian Countreys, so come to Germany, Polonia, and all those North parts to the Pole if you can, or to Sweden, Moscouia, and the North part of Tartaria, and th [...] way discou [...]r all the North parts round about the Pole, and so if you can come into North America, if not, then come ouer Land neere the Caspian Sea, Parthia, Persia, Ormuse, Gus [...] Goa, Cochin, and all the Iles to the South thereof, the Gulph of Bengala, Malaca, Sumatra, the Strait of Sunda, Iaua maior, Iaua minor, new Ginny, Papoos, Hiland, Timor, so to Beach, and to the discouerie of the parts of Maletor Kingdome [Page 13] to the South Pole if you can, or by the Moluce [...]e, Bernie, Ca [...] ­bia, Cochin China, Iapan China, to Cathay, from thence East a little North to the Straits of Annian, and so into the most West­erly parts of North America, Portray all that new world, to be short, come by the Gulph of Mexico down to the Strait of Land called Noua Hispaniola to Peru, goe ouer the [...]trait of Ma [...] ­nica and discouer all the vnknowne Land round about the South Pole.

Which thing may be done by Gods permission no doubt, and when thou hast done this most truly, with all the Coasts of the Seas, thou wilt say the circompherence of the Sea is also had [...] True, yet neuerthelesse ye shall neuer be able to lay the true seme­try of both Earth and Sea on a plaine superficies by this way.

The like may you proue by the Hidrographicall discription of the Sea, by the common Sea Card. And here note, that this may serue likewise to proue that the Earth and Sea make one round Body.

CHAP. V. Of certaine considerations to be remembred, briefly set downe.

AS I conceiue, there are these three things to be considered, without which fayling cannot be performed. The first, is an exact obseruation of the Sunne, Moone, and Starres. The second, is the perfect finding out of the vari [...]tion of the Compasse. Lastly, a true reckoning of the Ships way. These all doe helps one another, and should be precisely had. Againe, the Earth and Sea making one round Body, we may consider that to sayle be­tween 2 places, may be either by a Par [...]a [...]ll, a Rui [...], or a gr [...] Circle, as ye may perceiue by the artificiall Globe. Therefore if ye can draw some blanke Charts to carrie with you in your voy­ages, such whose Meridians and Parralels beare such proportion one to the other in ech Latitude, as those in the Globe, you shall doe well.

In the Globe you may perceiue the degrees in the Equator to agree and be equall with the degrees in the Meridian. Now the [Page 14] degrees in the Meridians [...] where equal, but the degrees in the Parralels to the Equator are lesse and lesse, so that a degree of Longitude in the 60 deg. of Latitude is but ½ of that degree of Longitude in the Equator, and as the whole signe is to the number of parts in a degree of Longitude at the Equator, so is the fight of the complement of any Latitude to a fourth number (by the rule of proportion of geometricall demostration) which number tels you how many parts of a degree of the Equator serueth a degree of Longitude in that Latitude, but in a plaine Card where the Meridians are all Parralels, there because the de­grees of Longitude in ech Latitude are equall, you must increase the degrees of the Meridian in ech Latitude in such proportion as is aboue said, which is easie to be done with the Scale on your Ruler.

This to looke on to the eye will be strange, and to such as loue to st [...]oke to their old errors, in the plaine Card they will thinke it cleane against reason, but let such describe some portion of the world in it, they may compare it with a Globe, and see it beare a true semetry, but in their plaine Card it will appeare monstrous. Here is now a view of the world from Centor to Circomference, Here is an entrance to the meanes of obtaining to some abilitie in the vse and practise thereof: But aboue all and in all things giue vnto the Lord the glorie due vnto his name, Ps. 29.2. And this indeed is the verie thing wherein we ought to reioyce, and for which God made vs, namely, to seeke his glorie, which is wonderfully seen: and for forth in the frame of the World, but most mightily in the part vns [...] but by Faith, with which eye thou must looke into Heauen by viewing here on Earth Gods holy Word, and hearkening with the eare of Faith, to the Mini­sters of his Word, who doe breake the Bread of Life vnto the faith [...] [...]reable virgins strong meat vnto men, & [...] vn­to babes, so shalt thou be the better able to worship the Lord in the beautie of his holinesse, Ps. 19.2.

It appeareth, G [...]. 1.14. that God made the Lights in the Fir­mament to diuide the day from the night, and to be for signes and seasons, dayes and yeeres. And v. 15. to giue light vpon the Earth, according to the roundnesse of the Earth, and motion of [Page 15] the ☉ the light and darkenesse doe differ, for the Sunnes body being bigger then the body of the Earth, maketh that the Sunne being at the Equator, although from Sunne rysing to Sunne set­ting be iust 12 howres, yet the light will appeare from breake of day to euening shut in 14 h. 24 m. and the darkenesse will con­tinue 9 h. 36 m. Now if two men be one vnder the North Pole, another vnder the South Pole, they shall both see the Sunne in their Horizon, if the ☉ decline towards the North, he will rise aboue the Horizon to him in the North, but to him in the South the ☉ setteth and when the ☉ is in the tropicke of ♋ it is noone with him in the North, but with him in the South it is midnight (& contra.) By this it appeareth the time betweene Sunne rising and Sunne set to either of them is about 436. houres, on [...]/ [...] yeere, sauing that the Lords louing kindnesse hath been of old, Psa 5, 6 to this Christian part of the world, in placing the Suns Apoge in this part, by which we receiue a double benefit, the one of light so much the longer by the Sunnes slow motion, the other, that when the Sun is come so neere our Zeneth, it hath pleased God to draw it vp neerer Heauen and further from the Earth, that we be not burned with his heat, as it is written, The Sunne shall not burne thee by day, nor the Moone by night, Ps. 121.6. Et [...] in the South part of the World among the Heathen that know not God. But in the Poles the twilight lasteth so long as the Sun is within 18 deg. of the Horizon, which is about the first of May, so the darke night lasteth 1968 h. and the twilight is about 1200 h. that is 50 dayes with vs. From these two differences in a right Spheare you may make to your selfe a Theoricke of the oblique by considering the difference of light betweene any number of degrees from the Equator to the Poles as you please, or after this example: I did obserue the height of the Sunne this yeere 1627, and found him to be more then 62 deg. in Meridian height, proues that the Sun hath more then a [...] deg. 30 min. de­clination, or else the Poles eleuation to be lesse then 51 d. 30 m. here at London, which the learned haue likewise proued in the [...] most exact obseruations, but for the lesse learned, and the honest Sea-mans vse, the declination of 23 d. 30 m. will make no [...]. Now that in a Countrey of knowne Latitude you may fin [...]lly [Page 16] the height of the Sun his Azimuth and declination in any Longi­tude, by which you may find the variation of your Compasse at all houres of the day, or by the day of the month the Suns Me­ridian height being giuen, is had the Latitude of the place, or height of the Pole, then the amplitude or azimuth as before, and to speake truly, these prepositions depend on one another, and what is said of the Sun, may likewise be done by the Stars being knowne, their Longitude, Latitude, and Declination being like­wise had.

If any man shall say, I haue discouered my wants herein, he saith truly, if my malice my good will, let him know I care not, if any man will further my willing mind, to him I will send this Boaste for Patronage, and for euer pray for him, if any fleare and scoffe at mee, it were much better for his Soule that he were at prayers, and leaue scoffing. Euerie good man may if please him, amend this, and so further me. If no ignorant man will profit by it, yet let such as are honestly minded, suffer this to liue with me, because all that I haue, or can doe, is but to imploy my time in such meane knowledge as I haue, to Gods glorie, and the benefit of my Countrey. Wherein if knowledge and a purse did agree with heart and good will, I would striue with the best Subiect. In the meane time I will striue to doe my best, as my dutie doth bind me.

CHAP. VI. Of Shipping and going out of the Harbor.

THese things afore spoken of, are most vsefull, and now I hold it a good method to examine your Ship whether shee be for your turne or not, in all things well appointed for the Sea, if new, how well built, and strong, and how well fitted in her ge [...]re, if old, whether she be able to indure the surging waues of the Sea, to goe another voyage, and likewise for her burthen, proportioned according to the businesse ye vse her for. But if ye wi [...] build a new Ship in any proportion assigned, ye shall iudge [...] better how to haue it done, by learning so much in Arithme­ticke, [Page 17] as to be able to extract the Square and Rube root, then may you doe after this example next following, or otherwise at your pleasure. Let the proportion be as two to one, and suppose you haue a Ship of 100 tun, in all things so well framed, that thou doest desire to haue one of 200 tun, and like to the other to do this, first take the measures of your first Ship, which suppose to be these, the Keele 44 foot, at the Beame 20 foot, in Houle 9, foot, her Rake afore 13 foot, after 7 foot, here is giuen sixe num­bers, and the proportion assigned, and seeing the proportion is to be doubled, therfore take ech number & cube it, then double that cube number, and extract the cube root of that number, and you shall find the second Ship must haue in Keele 55½ foot neere, and Beame 25 and about ½, in Houle 11½, Rake afore 16 [...], after almost 9, and her burthen will be 200 tun, or this may be found by that excellent Instrument of the memorable Mast. Edmund Gu [...]r, lately set forth by him in his life-time, and is called a Sector, his proportionall Ruler and Crosse-staffe is well knowne to bee an excellent Instrument for these purposes following, and also for many other, Take in equall parts of the Sector 44, and fit it ouer in the Cubes at 44, the Sector so resting, take with your Com­passes the distance ouer in 88 of the Cubes, and apply it to the equall parts, giueth 55½, as before, do so by the rest, and you shall find the like numbers.

But say it be demanded to haue her of any other proportion, namely, as 20 to 15, or 4 to 3, take the measures of the first, an before, and cube them, then say, if 15 giue such a Cube, what Cube shall 20 giue, it will giue a number, whose Cube root in the number sought. But by the Sector take the numbers [...] &c. in equall parts, and fit them ouer in 15 of the Cubes, then take the distance ouer in 20 of the same lines, and that applyed to the equall parts, giueth the number sought.

And now being fitted with a Ship for thy purpose and hauing launched, and going downe the Riuer take heed to the set of [...] Tyde, not onely for running fowle of other craft, but least ye bring your selfe on ground on a Lee shore, on a Shelfe, Sand, or Shole, as Barking shelfe, a Shole against Grayes, Blacke shelfe, the Piles below Tilberie, Milton shore, or in a darke night gape [Page 18] for a sho [...]e, and thinke to gaine the point, but run your Ship cleane out of the Thames as I see one had done, the 18 Decemb. 1627, and layd her on the March below Greene-hiue in Kent. Going out or in any Riuer whatsoeuer, note what marke yee see with the opening of any Point, as Yoke on a Wall, Tree, House, Hill, Wood, Wind-mill, Steeple, Castle, or Towne, and learne to describe the Semetry of it, and note it in a Booke, remembring to sound the depth, and note it likewise, and what grounds for ancoring good or bad, with the swiftnesse and indraft or outlet of the waters, ye may also describe the windings thereof by the Compasse, with the lengths and breadths on a Paper, and be sure to note the magniticall Azimuth, for your variations, be it of the Sonne or Starres, which to be able to do, learne so much in Geo­metry, as to be able to describe the Spheare in plaine, and to know the vse of the Globes, or at least to vse your plaine Scale, and keep your trauice on your Card, & a Iournall or daies Book, and know both in Riuer and at Sea, thou must make vse of these two Globes, namely, the Scriptures where the good shine like Starres, and Christ Iesus is the true Load-stone.

CAHP. VII. Of the Iournall, obseruation, and proiection.

VVHen you are come into the Sea, begin your Iournall on this wife: In the Name of God, Amen. The daies Booke for the Voyage intended, for Saint Christophers, and C [...]e de Mine. The 24 of May wee came out of Portsmouth, and [...]cored in Stokes Bay. The 25 wee weighed, and with a g [...]e Basterly. The 26 we put thorough the Needles. The 27 wee put in at Dartmo [...]th, the wind South South West, verie fo [...]e. And you may make a [...]alender after such like order a [...] this.

heare though I haue set but some dayes of the mouth: yet I meane you should set downe each day, and in the last space to note each dayes variation, and which Pole is eliuated in the end, say: This 31. of Iuly, saying on an east winde by Gods protection, we had sight of Matalena, and at noone our latitude found by the Sunne pea­ring thorow the Vane of your Instrument 15. de. 3. mi. and by the North Starre the next morning the like: so at noone the South East part of Matalena South, and the Meridian distance from the Li­zard 1009 leagues, and diference of longitude 57. de. and domini­co South end 58. de. and in your way note thus, for example in a booke by it selfe: May the 24. from the 23. at noone, from South to East 10. de. 17. mi. latitude 23. de. 18. mi. ☉. magnitude, A­zimuth 130. de. 5. mi. True Azimuth 117. de. 12. mi. the variati­on 12. de. 53. mi. as in chap. 4. and set downe whatsoeuer is re­markable in your way, as well in the Sea as else for example being in the Latitude of 46. S. the body of the Iles of Babe North East, 7 leagues being to the North of the Maine shole that lyeth in mid way betweene Mintain and Iles Babe the West Land of Babe Iles North West ½. North 5. leagues from the South Ile of Babe towards the East by North. 20. leagues in Latitude 20. is a dry shole that hath to the W. N. W. of it a shole or Ledge that is 3. leagues off. Also from the dry shole is on to the N. E. and from the dry shole another to the E. S. E. from the dry shole the pike of Pasamond Hill 31. de. Mag. E. to N. 42. miles, which I found by obseruation: for being 6. miles from shole, my Angle of shole and Hill 85. de. and the Angle from shole to hill and Ship 87 de. from Hill to Shole and Ship 8. de. by which the distance was found, and the Hill appeared thus.

And for the soundings doe thus, Aprill 29. euening Bautum hill 17. de. 2. mi. from S. to W. 14. fatham Poloubaus and neare point 26. from S. to W. 14. fatham, at the same time A. N.E. by [...]. 3. leagues. 4. fatham.

And now left any should say I haue prescribed many things to others, and can doe nothing my selfe; I will make an euident and plaine demonstration of most of these things, wherein I shall make more easie the booke of M. Thom [...]s Addison, sometime of Ratcliffe▪ in his life time a good Sea-man, and Mr. of the Ship called the [Page 22] [...] [Page 23] [...] [Page 18] [...] [Page 19] [...] [Page 20] Palsgraue, bound to the East-Indies in the yeere 1624. where he dyed before he had diuulged them: his widdow not knowing what to doe in the matter, and I hearing of the same, did purchase the said bookes at my owne charge: Thinking it but my duty to quick­en and raise vnto life for the benifit of my Country-men, according to the minde and intent of the Author, that which would haue dy­ed, or at lest was like to haue dyed in the shell.

First, the [...]efore as I haue spoken of the cirkles of the m [...]tteriall Spheare and Globe, so I would haue vnderstand them, though they be described in plano after this manner. This discription is common: but I haue described the parralell lines with prickes, the horison and cirkle of depression with blacke, the almacanter with the other parralells are red, the sigments within are to shew the houre lines as that which croseth the equator as it were at r [...]ct An­gles: that which croseth the horizon: likewise to shew the Azimuth and that which croseth the Ecliptike to shew the Longitude and Latitude in the Heauens, and though there 3. inscribed sigments be somthing hard to doe by Geometricall demonstration, and for so much as they are of singular vse: Therefore when thou wilt finde the true Azimuth, Longitude, or houre on a parralell; Take thy Sector (see chap. 6.) and open it to the distance of the Semidiame­ter of that parralell in the totall Sine, then take the distance in the Sine giuen, and apply it in the paralell from the centor it sheweth the true place.

Now I haue giuen a rule before for finding the Sunnes place in the Zodiack, see chap. 4. which we will for examples sake suppose to be the 30. day Aprill 1629. which is by the Tables of Origanus 19 de. 21. m. 2. se. of ♉. and by my rule iust 19. de. the point in this demonstration for that place is at B. and this point is found by the cirkle deuided as is before spoken of, chap. 4. by taking fromward the poies of the Zodiack, the Sunnes Longitude in degrees, which in this example is 49. de. hauing the day of the month, and the ☉. place found, the rest followeth most easily: For a parralell drawne to the equator thorow the point at B. sheweth the declination at C. from A. right Ascencion B. C. Amplitude A. D. Meridian height F. H. the difference Ascencionall C. D. and all the rest followeth, and are measured by degrees on the limbe. By the same I may say [Page 21] if the declination be giuen, as from A. in the Centor, to C. the ☉ parralell, which by Origanus for the 30. day of Aprill 1629. [...] 17. de. 46. m [...]. and by this it is 17. de. 30. which is but little lesse; and that was by the neglect of the minute in the Sunnes Longitude.

I will giue one demonstration more, and that shall suffise for this paper, for my purpose is to include all this worke within these few sheets.

This proiection is of that chapter the 4. May the 4. 1629. ☉. place the 23. d. 12. m. 41. se. ♉. Origanus Tables, declination 18. d. 32. mi. N. ☉. Longi. 53. de. 12. mi. 41. se. but by this proiection, Suns place 23. de. and A. C. declination 18. de. 30. mi. Longitude 53. de. and at B. from A. A. D. the Amplitude [...]8. de. E. F. the Meridian height 55. de. B. C. right Ascencion 50. de. C. D. diffe­rence Ascencionall 23. de. 0. mi. B. G. Obligue Ascencion 27 de. o. mi. D. E. semydiurnall arke 7. ho 32. mi. D. E. semynoctur­nall arke 4. ho. 28. D. H. length of twilight 2. ho. 4. mi. H. E. time from noone to euening shut is 9. ho. 33. mi. that double is the length of the day. 19. ho. 6. mi. This last taken from 24. leaueth the length of the night darke 4. ho. 54. mi. Sun riseth at D. 4. ho. 28. mi. seteth at 7. ho. 32. mi. Time from rising to setting 15. ho. 4. from Sun setting, to his rising 8. ho. 56. mi. Height of the Pole N. R. 51. de. 30. mi. Though many more propositions may be wrought by this kinde of proiection, yet to make some good vse of this marke, the last which is the height of the Pole found, so that if ye doe but remember the day of the month; which you must needs doe by your Kalender in the beginning of this chap. or his declina­tion: take his amplitude Azimuth, or Meridionall height, hauing with you your Compasses: Compasse, crostafe, Sea-quadrant, Card, and some good Tables of the fixed Starres, that yee may vse them for obseruation in the night: and by all meanes I would haue you get the reconing of your Ships way by that excellent way of Mr. Addisons of the [...] glasse, the Log-line, and also by what true way soeuer the experienced Sea-man can bring to light; and then may you cast vp your Trauerse by that excellent way of the Arith­meticall Nauigation, by your Card and Trauerse bord, and by this Kalender, whose vse is this; Iune the 23. being in Latitude 48. de. 14. found by obseruation, we failed vntill the 24. noone that is [Page 22] 24. [...]. there is the month, day, houre, in the 2 first columes vpon a course of 33. de. from S. to W. 20. leagues, the winde being N. N. E. all this is in the 3. next columes: the Latitude then obserued to be 47. de. 25. mi. Longitude in miles 88. from Lizard west and the variation 12. de. 53. [...]. depth 90. fatham, (if it were sound so) and these in the 2. last columes, and from Iuly the 19 in Latitude 17. de. 40. mi. to Iuly the 21. noone, that is 48. ho. we sayled on a course of 18. de. from W. to S. 74. leagues. The winde being at E. N E. which brought vs into the Latitude of 16. de. 35. mi. and into Longitude 1834. miles: or 611 1/ [...]. leagues W. from Lizard vad 10. de. 0. mi. Depths 60. fatham, S. W. 7. leagues a Rock, & S. by W. land thus. Note that if you get your height and course exactly, it will correct your way, height and way will correct your course: course and way will correct your height: but striue to doe all as exact as posible you can, to doe which, note what followeth.

Propositions of Nauigation, Arethmetically, Geometrically, and Instrumentally shewed. Chap. 8.

Chapter the 9.

CHAP. X. Of the motion of the Moone, and comming into the Harbour.

I Might here have added many and manifold propositi­ons, and chiefly those which doe concerne the great cir­cle distance betweene any two places howsoever scitu­ate; but I will first see thy kinde acceptance of this: which if you receive thankfully, I shall be ready to shew thee many more to thy great satisfaction, with the Geome­tricall demonstration, which I have gathered into a booke in Folio.

And now I will finish this worke with the Moones mo­tion; supposing you are come in sight of your wished port in safety: which I doe heartily wish to all honest Seamen of my Country, that travell the seas to good ends.

And admit you are in a strange coast, you may the better come to finde the time of a full sea, at a spring tide, to bring your good shippe over a barre or shole: so I shall end my worke where Mr. Addison began his: then having read this, you may reade his which is hereto joyned; giving you to understand, if you learne well these propositions of mine, they will make even the hardest things in his booke easy for thy understanding.

Let the full sea at your place of being be at a S Moone on the day of conjunction as at a, and the Sunne going in 4 degrees, as from a to c, the Moone removing in the meane time 48 de­grees from the Sunne, as to d, doth make 3 houres 12 mi­nutes after noone for the time of high water; and in 16 dayes more the Sunne going from c to e, that is [...]0 degrees from a: in the meane time the Moone going from d to f, that is 260 degrees from a, which maketh 17 houres 20 minutes, then substract 12 houres 0 minutes from 17 houres 20 minutes, the remainder 5 houres 20 minutes; out of which take 1 houre 20 minutes for the time of the Sunnes motion in 20 dayes, re­mainder 4 a clocke for the true time of full sea the Moone be­ing 20 dayes olde; if you perceive not the reason hereof in­quire futher, and so you may examine the truth hereof.

Therefore to the ignorant and honest Seaman I say, joyne these things in practise with those things thy Master doth teach thee at sea: And to those things you learne at sea by ex­perience joyne the practise of the things taught in this booke, and you shall be able in short time, through Gods grace, no doubt, to take charge thy selfe to thy great commendations.

To conclude, you may doe most of the things taught in this booke as afore spoken of chapter the 4, with rular and com­passes; which if you practise and make your selfe able to per­forme, (wishing to every good man that is willing to follow these rules, that I were at his elbow to make him a more plaine demonstration) he shall be able in a short time, to doe such service, which without those will not be performed in ten times so much time.

And so I pray thee to accept of this my labour, for unto such as are ignorant and honest, that would learne, onely doe I write this booke: And be sure to reade it all before you judge, so shall you see that such a thing there is, then reade it over againe, and you shall see what manne [...] of thing it is, so you may judge of the good will of the Authour, and reade it over the third time to thy singular profit.

As in Ecclesiasticus chapter the 22. verse [...]3, it i [...] [...] neighbour, so I say to thee of thy friend to Navigation; [...]

Be faithfull to him in his poverty, that you may rejoyce with him in his prosperity, abide stedfast with him in the time of his trouble, that you may be heire with him in (this his little book) his heritage: for a meane estate is not alwayes to be contemned, nor the rich that is foolish to be had in admiration.

Now I besech Almighty God of his mercy in Christ Ie­sus, that wee may so profit in Christs schoole, that wee may bee able thereby to passe the waves of this sea of glasse, that we may all arrive at the haven of eternall happinesse. Amen.