A Treatise of the: Figures of Grammer and Rhetorike, profitable for al that be studious of Eloquence, and in especiall for suche as in Grammer scho­les doe reade moste elo­quente Poetes and Oratours:

Whereunto is ioygned the oration which Cicero made to Cesar, ge­uing thankes vnto him for pardonyng, and restoring again of that noblemā Marcus Marcellus, sette foorth [...]y Ri­charde Sherrye Londonar.

Londini in aedibus Ri­cardi Totteli.

Cum priuilegio ad impri­mendum solum.

HONORATISSIMO DOMINO Guilielmo Pag [...]tto, nobilissimi ordinis Gar­terit equiti aurato, domino de Beudesert, & illustrissi. nostrae reginae Maria cō ­siliario, Ricardus Sherryus sa­lutem optat perpetuam.

QVando ex omnibus deiHomo an [...] mal pres­tissimu [...] opt, Max creaturis nul­lum animal homme pre stantius [...]sse constat, Ho­noratissime domine, [...]ius [...]amen quanta sit digni­tas, cū ex aliis multis, tum vel [...]ine potissimum colligimus, quod cum c [...]ra fere corporis omnia cum brutis habeamus cōmunia, non tamē vt illa, (que natura prona, atque ventri obedientia finx­it) obtutu in terram desixo, incurui deuoluimur, sed erecta ad coelum facie, amplissimum huius mundi the atrū, & quid quid est cius ornatus sy­derei, id totū oculis per lustrantes, non sine magna quadam animi iucunditate, diligentissime per­discimus, & lubentissime contemplamur, Verum enimuero cum intellectus noster id sibi quasi pecu liare videatur habere, rerum causas perquirēdo, meditando, cogitando, complecti: sua ipsius subli­mitate [Page] cōtcta, seque, suisque bonis, suauissimis qu [...] dem illis, apud se tantummodo perfruitur. Atqui id ne semper fieret, sed maiorem stirps humana vt cap [...]ret vtilitatem, [...], id est, sermonem illi attexuit diuina benignitas, vt motus suos illos [...]o cur [...]ti addi inter nos, sua sibi mentis aeterna agitatione fabri­catos, in cōmunē hominis vsum, diserta oris, atque linguae interpretatione, postea proferret, &, in quā plurimos latissime diff [...]deret: adeo vt mihi rectis­sime iudicasse videantur, qui hanc hominis diffe­rentiā, quasique peculiarē notam esse existimaue­rūt, [...] id est, fādi cōpotem esse. Ceterum cum id a nonnullis simplicius fiat, atque rudius, nihil vt propemodum a mutis, ac brutis, differre videātur, certe in quibus vis illa diuina, atque dicendi facultas, vires suas abundantius, ac fortius exeruit, hos, certe tanto ceteris prestare iudicamus, quanto illa rationis [...]nargia, atque ser monis magnificentia, reliquis antecedunt, & plu­res in [...]ui admirationem adducunt. Huius gene­ris,loquentes [...]per exi [...] [...]unt. & si pauci extiterunt (si ad multitudinem respicias) extiterunt tamen vbique fere gentiūm nō nulli, maxime vere Graeci, atque Latini, quorum fama nunc in illu [...]ri posita, aeditis ad posteros cl [...] rissimis monumentis, aeternitatem sine dubio e [...] consequuta: Hi, & apud suos, & in republica sū ­mo semper cum honor [...] versati, id velin primis [...], [Page] atque adeo necessarium existimauerunt, Elo [...] quentiam excolere: cuius beneficia tantae, non modo tot retro seculis (ab immanitate videlicet ad humanitatem deducto [...]am humano genere [...]: me intelligebant homines nimirum prudētissimi, sed in posterum quoque tant [...]s eius commoditates exorituras, vt in longissimum, atque adeo ī etern [...] sint duraturae. Quod vt fieret, neue vt vlla tempoVtilitas, loquenti. per dur [...] r [...]. ris iniuria, aut edaci annorum serie aboleantur, cum a compluribus sedulo sit curatum, tum ab his certe haud leue momentum allatum esse vide tur, qui relictis posteritati luculētissimis preceptis Eloquentie! audem, atque memoriam, orbi commē datissimam esse, voluerunt. Quo [...]ū aliquot script [...] cum nuper leg [...]rem, atque ex his, quedam non te­mere annotata, excerperem, que, cum aliis multis, tum in ludo literario versantibus, in primis pros [...] tura existimo: ea quisquis iuuandi studio in me­dium protulerit, etiamsi laudē nullā fuerit conse quutus, procul tamē a sicophantarū morsibus [...]sseFigurar, & Trop [...] [...] cessaria. [...] positum. debet. Et certe si verū fateri volumus, absque Tropo rū, & Sch [...]matum perfecta cognitione, imperfecta plane omnis poetarum, simul & oratorum est pre­lectio. Quia vero de figurarū generibus, atque vo­bulis inter artis scripto [...]s non s [...]tis conuenit, a [...]is confusius, nonnullis cōscise nimis de illis tractan tibus, haud indignum opere laborem me suscep­turum [Page] putabam, si paulo acutius inspectis earū descriptionibus, ordine quam fieri potuit lucidissi mo, non quidem vniuersas, s [...]d maxime scitu dig n [...]s comprehenderem, & studiose iuuētuti, quasi [...]auilli [...]. in tabella spectandas, proponerem. Caeterum vt ca lumiatorum plena sunt omnia, ita non defuturos puto, qui hunc meum laborem vt leuiculum, con temnent, atque etiam vel hoc nomine irridebunt etiam, quod Anglice de Rhetoricis scribam. Inu [...] luit enim nescio quo modo, ac sepissime auditur stultissima ista quorundam, sibi quidem vt viden tur criticorū, opimo, negantium fieri posse, vt que [...]liena in lingua diserte scribūtur, maxime si dis ciplinas attingunt, ea, cum venustate aliqu [...] in nostrum sermonem posse transfundi. Horum ineptias, & si non sit difficile mul [...]is, eisque fortissimus argumentis refellere, vt tamen il lis ora obstruantur, non quidem meis vllis rationi bus, sed illius viri testimoni [...], cuius autoritate com pressi, postea ne hiscere quidem contra, nisi impu dentissime audebunt, placuit in medium profer re, que super hac re, eximius ilie Rodulphus Agri cola, & prudentissime iudicauit, & disertissime [...]n Episto [...]d Barbi [...]um de [...]nādo stu ī hec verba conscripsit Quicquid apud emedatos autores leges, vtilifsimum fuerit, idipsum quam maxime propriis, & idem significantibus verbis reddere vernaculo sermone. Hac enim ex [Page] [...]citatione assequeris, vt quoties dicendum tib [...] [...]iquid, scribendumue fuerit, quando concipiendis [...]erbis apud animum tuum sese quo natura fert vernaculus sermo protu [...]erit, statim quoque la [...]ina verbaiam pridē illic hoc vs [...] accommodata, sequantur. Ad hec quoque si quid scribere voles, optimum erit idipsum, quam plenissime, [...] meque, patrio sermone intra animum tuum for­mare, deinde latinis, pure, proprieque id signifi cantibus, explicare. Sic fiet, vt omnia aperte, & quam maxime plene, dicantur. Omnes enī si quid in dicendo est vi [...]i, facillime in eo perspicimus sermone, ad quem sumus nati, &, si quid vel dil [...] cide parum, vel breuius quam conueniat, vel con torte nimium, nec satis cum re proposita coherens dictum fuerit, in eosermone expeditius annotabit quisque, quem notissimum habebit. Hactenus Rodulphus. Ex quibus plane conuincitur, non modo; ex aliena lingua nostras versiones esse pro bandas, sed quanta quoque eius rei sit vtilitas, [...] ostenditur, Sed ad te reuertor Ho noratiss domine. Equidē munuscu [...]ū hoolonge īfra dignitatem tuam effe confiteor, qui pr [...] tua sapie [...] tia, & ante complures annos, & nunc ab illustris sima nostra regina Maria in consilium ascitus, in hoc munere longe [...], summo cu [...] bonore, & in grauissimis [...]uius regni negotiis feli [Page] [...]iter administrandis, pari cum fide, & integrit [...] t [...], versaris. Vt tamenislud qualecungue est D [...] minationi tuae offerrem, audaciam mihi fecit, sin gularis ille ammi tui candor, quo semper in stu­diosos omnes, tum in me priuatim benignissime vsus, vt de tuo in me animo, ac prop [...]nsa volūtate felicissima queque mihi promitterem, ac etiā op­time sperarem, effecisti Atque vt in his colligē ­dis ha [...]d omnino nullus fuit labor, ita c [...]rte mul­tis, que ad suscepti operis expolitionē pertinebāt, hoc tempore dificientibus, non vt volui, sed vt po­tui, [...]pusculum hoc, & quasi syluam vberioris ope­ris futuri, in publicum emisi: ampliaturus, fi mo­do vita, ociumque literis dignum contigerint, In­terim hunc meum qualemcunque laborem, si aequis lectoribus, maxime vero tuae pr [...]stā ­tiae, non ingratum sore intellexero, certe, & scriptionis huius abunde mihi magnum pretium cepisse videor, & hac vestra facilitate, ad maiora in posterū sus­cipienda, animabor, Dominati­onem tuam deus. Opt: Max. quam diutissime? seruet incolumen.

DE ELOQVVTIONE.

ELoquutio, quā [...] Graeci dicunt, vnde & Eloquentiae nomen or­tum esse putant, omni­um partiū vt pul [...]her­rima, ita quoque vtilis sima, atqu [...] difsicilima [...]st, in qua oratoris vis illa diuina cernitur, quā cum Cicerone optimo doctore, in partitionibus, copiose loquendi sapien­tiam definio, Nam et ea profusae & immensaere­rum omnium inuentioni varietatem, plenitudi­nemque addit: & certis dicendi luminibus, res in orationibus explicat, atque exornat: & flumen grauissimis, setētits, et optimis verbis, propriis, ap­te translatis, sonantibus, ad dicēdi g [...]nus addu­cit. Nec solum ex flumine isto eloquutionis eligere verba oportet, sed etiam collocare. Vis enim & fa­cultas orationis in simplicibus verbis, & coniun­ctis versatur, quarumilla inuemenda sunt, haec collocanda. Est enim quidam ornatus, qui ex sin­gulis verbis est: alius qui ex coniunctis constat. E­ligere autem & suo queque loco collocare, de sen­tentia Ciceronis, in oratore, & Fabij Quintiliani libro institutionum oratorium octauo, nequa­qua [...] [Page] facile est. Sic. M. Antonius dicere sole­bat disertos se vidisse multos, eloquentem adhue n [...]minim. Et M. [...]ullius (vt ait Fabius) inuen­tionem quidem & dispositionem prudentis ho­minis putauit, eloquentiam vero oratoris. Ratio enim inueniendi, & collocandi, communis omniū esse potest, qui vel antiquitatis clarissima monu­menta in codicillos referunt, atque historias lite­ris memoriaeque mandant, vel, qui de aliqua re loquuntur eloqui apte, destincte, ornateque di­cere, [...]modum paucis concessum est. Sed quoniā bipartita nobis eloquutionis est preceptio, pri­mum dicemus quas res omnis oratoria elocutio hab [...]re debet, que pars in sermone Latino atque perspicuo, & comp [...]sitione, & dignitate posita est: deinde quibus in dicendi generibus versa­tur. Eloqu [...]tio igitur commoda & perfecta, tres res in se habere debet: Sermonem Latinum, & perspicuum, compositionem, dignitatem.

De Latino & perspicuo sermone.

DE his autem que in Eloquutione posuimus, hec sit prima cura, vt Latine & perspi­cue ad rerum dignitatem a [...]que naturam lo­quamur, [Page ii] & verba efferamus ea, que, (vt ait Cicero de oratore) nemo iure repre [...]endat. Latinus autem sermo & prespicuus ex Gram­maticis discitur, qui orationem puram & ab omni vitio intermissam conseruat, & fa [...]it vt v­numquodque pure, & aperte, & dilucide di­ci videatur. Constat autem Latinus sermo vsitatis verbis, quae in vsu quotidiani ser­monis versantur, & proprijs, quae eius rei sunt, de qua loquetur. Nec vero proprieta­tes ad nomen duntaxat, sed multo etiam ma­gis ad vim significationis referri, ac potestatem oportet: nec auditu, sed intellectu perpendi. Ita translatio quoque, in qua fere maximus est Elo [...]utionis vsus, verba non suis rebus ac­commodat. Sed tamen aliquando habet eti­am in oratione inusitatum aliquod verbum, aut poeticum, dignitatem, quibus, loco positis (vt Ci­ceronis verbis vtar) grandior, atque antiquior or [...] ­tio sepe, vide [...]i solet. Poetas enim o [...]nino quasi alia quadam līgua loqui, nemo est qui ignoret. Vi tia denique in sermone, quo minus is Latinus sit,Barbaris­mus. duo enumetantur, Barbarismus, & Soloecismus, quorū ille, cum verbum aliquod vitiose effertur,Soloecism [...]. hic, cum verbis pluribus consequens verbum su­periori non accomodatur, committi solet.

A briefe note of Eloquution the thirde parte of Rhethorike.

Eloquution which the Greekes call Phrase, wherof also the name of Elo­quence doth ryse: as of all partes it is the goodliest, so is it also ye profitablest & hardest, in whiche is seen that diuine might and vertue of an oratour, which as Cicero in his oratorie partitions de­fineth, is nothing [...]ls but wisedom spea king eloquently. For vnto the maruay­lous great inuentiō of al thinges, both it addeth fulnes and varietie: it setteth out & garnisheth with certaine lightes of endighting the thinges that be spok [...] of, and also with very graue sentences, choyse wordes, proper, aptly translated and wel soūding, it bringeth that great floud of eloquence, vnto a certain kynd of stile. And out of this great streame of Eloquution, not onely must we choose apt & mete woordes, but also take hede of placyng and setting them in order. For the might & power of Eloquutiō, consisteth in wordes, considered by thē ­selues, & when thei be ioyned together. [Page iii] Apt wordes by searchyng must be foūd out, and after by diligence, cōueniently coupled. For there is a garnishyng, euē when they bee pure and fine by them­selues, and an other when thei be ioy­ned together. To chose them out fyne­ly, and handsomely to bestowe them in their places, after the minde of Cicero and Quintilian, is no easye thing. So Marcus Antonius was wont to saye, that he had knowen many well spoken men, but none eloquent. Tully & Quin tilian thought that inuention and dis­position, wer the partes of a witty and prudent man: but eloquence of an ora­tour. For how to fyude out matter and set it in order, may be common to al mē, whiche either make abridgementes of the excellent workes of auncient wry­ters / and put histories in remembrance, or that speake of any matter thēselues: but to vtter the minde aptly, distinctly, and ornatelye, is a gift geuen to verye [...]ew. And because we haue diuided Elo­ [...]uutiō into two partes, that is, wordes [...]imple, or considered by themselfes, and [Page] compound, or ioyned together in speach, according to this we say, that euery elo quent oratiō must haue in it. iii. pointes euidence, which belongeth to the fyrste part of eloquution, composition, & dig­nitie, which belongeth to the other.

Of Euidence and plaines.

Of these thinges that we put in elo­quutiō, let this be ye first care, to speake euidently after the dignitie and nature of the matter: & to vtter suche wordes, whiche as Cicero sayth in his oratour, no man may iustly reprehēd. The plain & euident speache is learned of Gram­marians, and it kepeth the oratiō pure, and without al fault: and maketh that euery thyng may seme to be spokē, pure ly, apertly, & clerely. Euery speach stā ­deth by vsual wordes, that be in vse of daily talke, and proper wordes that be­long to the thing, of whiche we shall speake. Neither bee properties to be re­ferred only to the name of the thyng, but much more to the strength & power of the signification: and must be consi­dred not by hearing, but by vnderstan­dyng. [Page iiii] So translatiō in the which cōmōly is the greatest vse of eloquution, appli­rth woordes, not to the selfe proper thynges. But yet an v [...]used woorde, or [...]oeticall, hath also sometyme in the o­ration his dignitie & being put in place, (as [...]icero sayth) oftē times may seme greater, & of more antiquitie. For that Poetes doe speake in maner as it were in an other tongue, it is right sone per­ceiued. Finally two fautes are commit­ted in euery language, wherby it is not pure, Barbarisme and Solecisme. Of the which that one is committed, when any worde is fautily spoken or writter, that other, whē in many wordes ioyned together, the woorde that foloweth is not well applied to that that goeth be­fore.

De vitiis orationis.

OMnis oratio bona & diserta, tres habere de­bet praecipuas virtutes. Vt sit pura, dilucida, & ornata. His totidem opponuntur vitia. Barba­ [...]um, obscurum, inornatum. Horum trium vitio sorum generum certae quaedam species sunt collec­t [...], [Page] quarum exempla subijciemus.

De Barbaro.

Barbarum vitium est, quando Barbaries que­dam in orationem inducitur. Eius tres sunt species.

  • Barbarismus.
  • Barbaralexis.
  • Soloecismus.

Barbarismus primum Eloquutionis vitium, est error in Orthographia, & prosodia.

In Orthographia peccatur, quando in dictione aliqua, litera, vel Syllaba, adijcitur detrahitur, immutatur, aut transponitur. Exemplum, cum de figuris Grammaticis agemus, post oftendetur.

Error in prosodia est, cum contra rectā vocum pronuntiationem, eam syllabam que erat eleuā ­da deprimimus, vel contra, quae deprimenda erat, eleuamus. Id ne fiat, diligenter a Grammaticis est prospectum: qui vnicuique syllabae suum tonū quo vel eleuatur, vel deprimitur, vel circumfle­ctitur assignarunt: primum acutum, secundum grauem, tertium circumflexum appellantes.

Barbaralexis est, quum barbara, & peregrinae [...]inguae vox Romano sermone inseritur.

Soloecismus. Hoc vitiū ad figur as constructi­ [...]nis pertinet, & antea in initio est definitum.

[Page v]Barbaro opponitur Latinitas, quae coeostat regula, [...]uthoritate, & consuetudine. Latine loqui lex nō est, sed obseruatio quedam excellentium virorū, cuius iud [...]ium pro ratione stat.

Faultes of an Cration.

Euery good a [...]d eloquent oratiō must haue three principall vertues: that it be pure, playu, and garnished. To these are there as many contrary vices. Barba­rous, dark, and vngarnished. Of which three generall vices, there bee gathered certayne kyndes, whereof exaumples shall folow.

Of Barbarous.

Barbarous is a fault, when a certein vnpurenes is brought into the speche, and it hath three kindes.

  • Barbarisme.
  • Barbaralexis,
  • Solecisme.

Barbarisine the fyrste fault of Elo­quution, is an errour in true writyng, and true accenting.

We misse in true writing, when in any word a letter or sillable is put too, taken away, chaunged, or transposed. [Page] Examples we will shewe afterwardes whē we speake of ye figures of Grāmer.

The fault in accenting is, when con­trarye to the ryght pronunciation of woordes, we put downe that syllable which should be lift vp: or contrary lift vp, which should be put down. And that we should not so do, the Grammarians haue made good prouision, which to e­uery syllable haue assigued their accēt, wherby it is eyther lift vp, put downe, or strayned: calling the first an accente acute, the seconde graue, the thyrde cir­cumflecte.

Barbaralexis, when a rude worde or of a straunge tong is brought into the Romain tonge. In the English speache there be so many, that some thinke we speake litle English or none at al.

Solecisme, this fault pertayneth to ye figures of construccion and is defined [...]fore in the begynnyng.

Contrary to barbarous is pure la­tin, which standeth by rule, authoritie, & custome. For to speake latin is no lawe, but an obseruacion of excellent men [...], [Page vi] whose iudgement standeth for reason.

De obscuro.

OBscurum est cum vel verborum, vel structu­rae vitio, obscuritas quaedem iuducitur. Eius [...]ecies sunt.

Improprietas, Cum dictio minimae propriae si­gnificationis, orationi ceu nubes, inducitur. Terentius. Nam quod tu speraspropulsabo faci­le, speras, pro times, dixit.

Ambiguitas verbi, aut orationis, vt: Aio te Eacida Romanos vincere posse. Hic vitio composi­tionis in ambiguo p [...]sita sententia. Nam vtri vi­ctoria promittatur incertum.

Hyperbaton, Perplexa, & impedita constructio v [...]l iustolongior, Qualis plerunque fit ab ineptis affectatorihus Periodorum.

Eclipsis, Quū necessaria dictio sententiae deest, ita vt perfectum sensum non referat. Vt in epi­stolis ad Atticum permulta sunt.

Brachylogia, Quū de re graui nimis breuiter & anguste loquimur, quae & longiorē, & aptiorem requirebat sermonem Est & orationis virtus, quū plura paucis complectimur.

Atque haesūt ferme species obscuritatis, cui op ponitur secūda virtus orationis, perspicuitas, cēstās [Page] proprietate, sensu, & compositione, Vt docet Fa­bius in octauo libro. Cap. ij.

Of obscuritie.

Obscuritie is, when through the fault of wordes, or of settyng them toge ther, a certayn darkenes is brought in, and hath these kyndes.

Impropertie, whē a worde is brought into the talke hauing nothyng at al his owne proper signification: [...]s when we say, you shall haue sixe stripes whiche you long for: when thei long for thē not one whit.

Ambiguitie, is of one word or of moe, as, I say the Eacida the Romains may ouercome. Here through the faulte of composiciō, it is in doubt to whom the victorie is promised.

An intricate construction, or lenger than should bee. Suche as oftentymes happeth to them that fondly labour to tell a good rounde tale.

Eclipsis is, when there lacketh a ne­cessary word in the sētence, so that it is not ful and perfecte. Many of these are in Ciceros Epistles written to Atticus

[Page vii]Brachylogia, when of a graue matter we speake too briefly, and that it requi­ [...]ed a larger, & more mete treatise. It is also a vertue in speache, when we com­prehend many thynges in fewe wordes.

Contrary to obscuritie, is playnesse, standyng in proprietie, sense, and compo sition, as Fabius dooeth she we in hys [...]yght booke.

De Inornato.

INornatum est quum velordo, vel dignitas ver bis decst, Species sunt hae.

Pleonasmus, Hoc est, adiectio verbi superuacui ad plenam significationem. Vt sic or [...] loquuta est. Nonnunquam tamen asseuer ationis gratia ad­hibetur. Vt apud Terēt. Hisce oculis ego [...]et vidi, [...]e nega.

Perittologia, verborū adiectio superuacua, si­ne vlla vi rerum. Est autem Pleonasmo vitium affinc, nisi quod haec in sensu, Pleonasmus in ver­ [...]is spectatur. Seneca, Habet inquit, hoc Monta­nus vitium. Sententias suas repetendo corrum­ [...]u, dum non est contentus vnam rem semel bene dicere efficit ne bene dixerit.

[...] Inutilis eiusdē verbi, aut cō ­ [...]ructionis iteratio, cū quid magno fastidio sepius [Page] ingeminatur, id quod inexercitatis fere accidit, vt eandem semper cantilenam canant.

Periergia, Quum in re [...]tenui multum ver­borum, & superuacaneā operam consumimus, ac nimium immoramur. Id quod copiam male affe­ctantibus accidit. Fabius superuacuam operosi­tatem vocat. Huic opponitur expolitio, qua iam virtus est, quum videlicet versamur sepe diuersis modis eadem, & in vna re, atque in eadem sen­tentia diutius commeramur.

Macrologia, quum aut tota oratio, aut ali­qua sententia fit iusto longior, vt audientem fa­tiget [...] Al [...] orationem esse dicunt, res non necessa rias complectentem. Fabius hoc exemplum [...] Liuio ponit, libro octauo. Iegati nōimpetrata pace retro domum vnde venerant, reuert [...]runt. Terē ­tius. Mea est sic ratio, & sic animum induco me­um. Sunt qui Macrologiam orationem esse ve­lint nimis cultam, aut l [...]nga descriptione pro­ductam sententiam. Mihi non absimile vitium esse periergiae videtur. Huic vicina Periphrasis, virtus habetur.

[...], Cum rei magnitudo, vel dignitas, verbi humilitate deprimitur.

[...] Cognatum superiori vitio, nisi quod pluribus verbis fit, vbi de re magna, & ar­du [...] [Page viii] iusto tenuior, & simplicior oratio, quam [...]es ea ferat.

[...] Miosi contraria, quum [...]es tenues ac leuiculae, quadam efferuntur ni­ [...]s tumida, & magnifica oratione. Qualem [...]omici pro decoro personae militibus gloriosis, & [...]arasitis tribuunt.

Asiatismus, hoc est Asianum genus orationis, [...]mmodicum, ac redundans verbis et figuris, sed [...]ebusinane.

[...] Quum vitio compositi­ [...]nis inuerecunda est oratio.

Cacemphaton, id est absurditas, vel absonum [...]uum duriter & deformiter inter se coherent li­ [...]ere vel syllabae. Vt, iuuat ire & dorica castra. Et [...]eca caligine soles [...] Tale est, O tite, tute tati. Fa­ [...]ius Cacephaton esse ait, cum aut mala consue­ [...]udine in obscoenum intell [...]ctum est sermo detor [...] [...]us, aut iunctura deformiter sonat.

[...]. Hoc est praua & peruers [...] affectatio, vt si quis eam orationem affectet, cui non sit par. Breuiter quoties ingenium iuditio caret, & specie boni fallitur. Vt recte quidam Cacozeliam esse dixerunt, per affectatim [...] decoris corruptam sententiam, quum eo ipso [Page] dedecoretur oratio, quo illam voluit autor ornar Hec fit aut nimio tumore, aut nimio cultu.

[...] Quū oratio omni ornatu ve [...] borū, et figurarum caret, vel contra, cum est inep [...] figurata. Nam in vitium ducit culpe fuga si ca [...] ret arte.

[...] Vbi nihil est in oratione varie tatis, aut suauitatis. hoc est, quum est vni for mis, et vbique sui similis oratio, & que nulla va rietate leuet taedium. Estque hoc vitium, & supe [...] riori finitimum, & sequenti contrarium.

[...] Vbi nihilest ī oratione rectū [...]ut propriū, sed omnia īmodice figurata, et nimi picturata Qualis est ferme sermo Apulaia [...]s

[...] Commistio inepta sermonis variis linguis & idiomati [...]us consuta.

Item, si quis poeticas figuras ora [...]ni solutae ad­misciat.

[...] Tractum genus dicendi, & ora­tio prorsus carens numeris, & compositione tole­rabili.

[...] Incōpositum, seu male collo­catum, hoc est, vbi verba male congeruntur, pe­nisque coherent, alioqui bona si in loco poner en­tur, vel Cacosyntheton est indecēs structur a ver [...] ­borum, et compositio vitiosa.

[Page ix] [...] Male dispositum, & in­distinctum, affine superiori vitium, quum nulla est in oratione oeconomia, sed omnia confusa sursum [...]eorsumque miscentur. Atque haec sunt breuiter descripta orationis vitia.

Of vngarnished.

Ungarnished is, when eyther there lacketh order, or beautifying in the wordes. The kindes be these.

Pleonasmus, the putting too of a su­perfluous worde, to a ful significacion: as, So she spake with her mouth. Som­tyme it is vsed for asseueracion, as, I sawe it with these eyes of myne: denye it not.

Perittologia, a superfluous addyng of woordes, without any pythe of mat­ter. It is like faulte to Pleonasmus, [...]aue that the one standeth in sense, the other is seen in wordes. Seneca. Mo [...] ­tanus hath this fault, that he marreth all by to much repetyng of sentences, & while he is not content to haue spoken a thing once, he maketh all nought.

Tautologia, an vnprofitable rehear­ [...]all of all one woorde, or construccioi [...]. [Page] when with great yrcksomnes we dou­ble the matter, whiche commonly they are wont to doe that bee not exercised, but therefore sing all one song.

Periergia, when in a small matter we spend many wordes, & labour much in vain, and tarry to long in it. Which thing happeth to them yt lewdly seke for copie. Fabius calleth it, vayne curiosi­ti [...]. [...]ontrary to this, is Expo [...]icion, which is a vertue, whē in dede we stād in one thing and sentence, turuyng the same diuers wai [...]s.

Macrologia, when eyther the whole oration, or some sentence thereof, is lenger then it should be, and weryeth the hearer, Fabius taketh this example out of [...]iuie, in the eyght booke. The [...]egates (peace not beyng obtayned) did returne home agayne from whence thei [...] came. Terence. This is my reason, and thus I thinke in my minde. There bee that call it Macrologia, when the oration is to trimme, & set out at lēgth with some godly descriptiō. Me thinks it is much like Periergia. Periphrasis [...] [Page x] which draweth uye to this, is counted a vertue.

Tapinosis, when a w [...]ightie & high matter is brought downe by bas [...]s of a worde: as if you would say to a king, And it please your Mastership.

Bomphiologia, contrary to Miosis, is when lighte and [...]sting matters, are set out with gaye and blasing wordes. Suche as in [...]ommedies are wont to be spoken, of crakyng souldiers, & smell feastes.

Asiatismus, a kynde of endighting v­sed of the Asians, full of figures, and wordes, lackyng matter.

A [...]schrologia, when through the fault of ioynyng wordes together, some vn­cleanly meaning may be gathered.

[...]acemphaton, when letters & sylla­bles hang euil fauouredly together: as if there be to many of this letter, r, or of t, which causeth a rough [...]es, or stamme ring.

[...]ozelia, a peuishe desyre to folowe suche a kynde of wrytyng as thou arte not inete for: defacyng the thyng [Page] which thou wouldest fayuest beauti [...]ie.

Asch [...]maton, whē in the oratiō there is no varietie, nor pleasauntnes, but it is all alike, and by no varietie taketh a­way tediousnes, a fault lyke to that y• goeth before, and contrary to thys that foloweth.

[...] When in the oratiō the [...] is nothing rightly and properly spokē, but all is to muche befigured and be­gayed. Such is the writing of Apuleius

[...] A foolishe mingling to­gether of wordes out of diuers langua ges. Also if a man in prose would vse fi­gures poeticall.

[...] A kind of endighting drawe out a long, vtterlye voyde of all swete and rounde composicion.

Cacosyntheton, when the wordes be euil heaped together, and be worse ioy­ned: beyng good if thei wer set in place.

[...] A faulte somewhat lyke the other: when there is no good disposicion of the woordes, but all are confused vp and down, and set without order.

De figuris Grammaticis Orthographicis.

APud Grammaticos, figurarum duo sunt ge­nera: alterum singulorū verborū, alterū con­structorum. Priores figurae a Grecis [...] nominantur, quia verba, transfor­mant. In prosa, his vti non licet, si barbarismi re­prehensionem volumus effugere. A poetis metre causa vsurpantur. In oratione soluta nihil impe­dit quo minus verba, acsyllabas integre pro­nunciemus, & scribamus: quod quia versibus nō fit, orthographicae etiam vocantur, quasi orthogra­phiam vitiantes. Et si autem Latinis, sed Grecis maxime in componendis versibus celebrantur, ta­men nostris quoque poetis non sunt infrequentes si quis eorum poemata cūratione perlegerit. Se [...] nunc ad figuras.

Defiguris orthographicis.

FIgura Orthographica est, cum a vulgarirati­one scribendi, aut loquendi, metri causa de­flectimus. Eius species sunt.

Prosthesis. Cum dictioms initio, litera, syllaba­ue additur. vt. Virg. Oscula libauit gnatae de­hinc talia fatur gnatae pro natae. Terentius. Pol [...]oc si scissem: nūquam huc tetulissem pedem, pro, tulissem.

Epenthesis cum medio.

[Page]Iuuenal. Rara auis in terris nigroque similli ma cigno pro, similima. Virgil. Romanus Gra iusque & Barbarus induperator. pro, imperator

Paragoge, cum aliquid fini additur.

Persius. At pulcbrum est digito monstrari, [...] dicier hic est. pro dici.

His totidem contraria sunt, vbi aliquid deest.

Apheresis. Cum principio dictionis aliquid adimitur. Virgil. Babit ille ruinas,

Arboribus, stragemque sans: ruet omnia la te ru [...]t, procruet. Horat. Et cetera ludicra pono pro depono.

Sincope, cum aliquid in medio deest. Virgil Sufstulit, exutas vinclis ad sydera palmas. pro vīculis, Idem. C [...]ngite fronde comas, & pocula por gite dextris pro, porrigite.

Apocope, Cum a fine aliquid adimitur. O [...]. Adfuit & certis tempora vinctus Hyme [...] pro Hymeneus.

Metathesis, transpositio quaedam literarum Virg. Nam tibi timbre caput Euandrius abst [...]lit ensis. pro timber.

Antisthecon. Literae pro litera positio. Virgiliū Olli subridens hominum sator atque deoru [...] Olli, pro, illi.

[Page xii] [...]

Sequuntur schemata prosodica, que in ver suum dimensione adhiberi solent.

Diaeresis, vnius syllabae, hoc est, diphthongi in duas syllabas diductio. Virg. Diues equum, diues, pictai vestis & auri.

Syneresis. Duarum syllabarum in vnam cō ­prehensio. Ouid. Notus amor Phaedra, nota est iniuria Thesei. Vbi. E. i. sonandum tanquam. i.

Hae due figurae in versuum scantione adhiberi solent.

Diastole, Syllabae breuis, aut ancipitis pro­ductio. Virg. Exercet Diana choros. Diana pri­ma producta dixit, quum sit alioqui breuis.

Systole, Cum longam syllabam corripimus. Virg. Connubio iungam stabili propriamque di cabo. Hic. nu. corripitur, quum tamen sit longae. Et hae due figurae ad syllabarum quantitatem pertinent.

THe like vnto these figures gen tel reader, vndoubtedly be foūd in oure Poetes, where for the Metre sake, they oftentymes bee fayne, to adde, to chaunge, to dyminyshe Letters, and Syllables, [Page] frō the true writyng and reading of theIn this verse, where is that false cruel ti­rant Ne­rown. woorde: as Chaucer sometyme calleth hym Nerown, whose name in dede is Nero: and that to make the Meter a­gree with the staffe that went before, & so addeth a syllable in the latter end of the woorde, as dooe the Latines, whan they saye Dicier for dici. And as here is added somewhat to the ende: so in thys verse, In wintars iuste returne whan Boreas gan his raygne: is taken awaye a syllable from the begyunyng, (gan) beyng put for began: but so yf he should haue sayde, than had the verse been to long by a syllable, although in deede the worde shoulde so haue been truelye written. Nowe because I am not well seen in Englishe Meters my self, ther­fore I coulde not, I confesse, wel exem­plifye in Englishe all these foresayde fi­gures in Latin. Uirgil sayde well. Non omnia possumus omnes. Whoso can do it, is worthy prayse, and worthy more praise yf he wyll doe it. But to say somewhat of these figures: whosoeuer thynketh them lyghtly to be passed ouer, iudgeth [Page xiii] ouer lightly. For truly it is not inough in expoūding Latin Poetes, to say, here figure: except he tell him also it is a faulte. But because of the Metre, in stede of fault it is called a figure. And the like is not to be vsed in prose, whan there is no necessitie why we shoulde not bothe write out the worde at lēgth and also pronounce it as it is wrytten. Who will saye, and say truely, porge dex­tram, for, porrige dex [...]eram: and yet so sayeth Uirgill before alleged, in the figure Sin­cope. And so of the reste. Thus muche I thinke sufficiēt to haue noted touching this matter.

De figuris constructionis.

FIgurarum Grammaticarum partem alteram in verbis coniunctis positam esse diximus, quae Syntaxis Grecis dicitur. Ea est ratio coniungen­dorum verborum, secūdum artis regulas, vt per­fecta inde conficiatur oratio. De eo, Grammatici plurima dederunt precepta. A duersus quae, viti­um qui commit [...]t, in Soloec [...]smum incidit. Ve­rum quia non temere, s [...]d certis de causis, ex­imij authores, a regulis illis declinant, pr [...] [Page] [...]tio figura est appellata.

Figura constructionis quid.

Est itaque figura Constructionis, cum a com­muni ratione loquendi, breuitatis, aut alicu­ius commoditatis gratia, non nihil deflectimus. Eius species sunt.

Eclypsis, cum ad legitimam constructionem, dictio necessaria deest, quae tamen vel consuetu­dine authorum subaudiri solet, vel quia ex cete­ris verbis precedentibus est certa, vt.

Post quam ventum est ad Pauli.
Templū.
Cur non recta introijsti.
Via.
Datae primo Ianuarij.
Litterae.
Tendebat in valle.
Tento [...]ū.
Laborat morbo quartane.
Febris.
Nemini bonus est preterquam suis.
Seruis.
Ex eo non cessauit insidias struere fratri!
Tempore.
Sunt qui te cursu antevortant.
Homines dictū est.
De his satis.

In his omnibus verba in margine posita sun [...] intelligenda.

Aposiopesis, cum aliquid sermonis integritati deest, vel affectu aliquo, vel trāsitꝰ causa ad aliud

Affectu sic. Sepius te huius errati admonui ve rū [...]isi caues. Hic per irā abscinditur [...]ententia.

[Page xiiii]Noui quando, & quo in loco, tis. Hic pudor [...] mpeditur sermo. Trāsitu sic, Quos ego Sed motos restat componere fluctus.

Zeugma est, quum in similibus clausulis com­ [...]unc aliquid in vna positum, in aliis non mu­atum, desideratur, Fitque multis modis.

Quod detrahitur, aut ipsum est verbum, aut a­liquid quod verbum vel precedit, vel sequitur. Et verbum quidem sic.

Non locus virum honestat, sed vir locum. In se­cunda clausula omittitur (honestat.)

Quod verbum precedit sic.

Probus non solum presentes amicos colit, sed eti­am absentes amicos obserant. Iterum supplend [...] (Probus.)

Quod verbum sequitur sic.

Vt probus absentes amicos tuetur, it [...] improbue [...]istituit. Subaudi amicos.

Variatur Zeugma & a loco vbi illud commu­ne ponitur. Nam si in priore clausula sit, vocatur Prozeugnia. Si in media. Mesozeugma. Si in vl­tima, vocatur Hypozeugma. Hoc modo.

Vicit pudorem libido, timorem audacia, ratio­nem amen [...]ia.

Forma & etate deflorescit, & morbo.

Forma, morbo, dolore, atque aetate deflorescit.

[Page]Diazeugma, cum vnaquaeque clausula suum [...] habet verbum, sic, Auaritia corpus ledit, anim [...] corrumpit.

Prolepsis, quum generale praecedens, diuiditur in partes, in quibus subauditur coniunctio, ve [...] copulatiua, vel discretiua. Vt, Aquilae volant, haec ab oriente, illa ab occidente, pro, & hec volat ab o­riente et illa ab occidente. Cepere captiuos, partim integros, partim sa ucios: pro, & partim cepere integros, & partim cepere saucios. Mire faciunt be duae figure ad breuitatem, tum loquendo, tum scribendo.

Appositio, duorum aut plurium substātiuorum ad eandem rem spectantium, quorum alterum declarat alterum, immediate facta coniuncti [...] vt Fluuius Tamesis in mare, influit.

Apposition is an immediate ioyning together of two nownes substantiues or moe, the one declaring the other. As, The floude Temmes floweth into the Sea.

Diuer sum ab his genus est, quod excessu con­stat. Pleonasmus generatim appellari solet. Acci­dit autem cum vna plures ve dictiones ad legiti­mā constructionem non necessariae, in oratione re­dundant, sic.

Meis egomet oculis vidi.
Sic ore loquutus est.
Vbinam gentium illum inueniam nescio.

Huc spectat Epanalepsis, qua, post aliquam [...]ulta interposita resumimus quod in principio [...]ollocauimus, cum alioqui sine [...]o, constructio suo­ [...]umeros ha [...]eret. Resumimus autem, vel verbis [...]sdem, vel diuersis, aut potestate paribus, vel ma is generalibus, Eisdem sic. C [...]ue existimes [...] (quanquam non est necesse illud ad te scribere) [...]aue putes probitate, constantia, cura Reip, quic­quam illi esse simile. Potestate paribus sic. Confir­ [...]nato illo, de quo, si verum dicit Philosophus. [...] [...] non possumus: hoc inquam stabilito, & fixo [...]llud excutiendum, quid sit dolore carere. Magis generalibus sic. Verum animum vincere, irra­ [...]undiam cohibere, victoriam temperare: Haec qui faciat, non ego eum summis viris comp [...]o, sed [...] milimum deo iudico.

Restant configurationes, quae non verborum [...] superiores, sed ordinis Grammatici, quasi pertur­bationem habent, cumque [...] hoc est, transeunt. Quo sit, vt apud Grecos generale no men & tanquā caput ad quod ipsae referuntur, ha beant Hyperbaton: quia ordo legitimus diction [...], clausularumue immutatur. Eius [...]ecies sūt hae.

Anastrophe, verborum ordo praeposterus.
Mare fluit insulam omnem circum.
Diu cum pugnatum esset.

Histerologia, cum preposuio nō casui cui serui sed verbo, quasi cum eo compositum sit, [...] [...] [...] qui adueneris vrbem Ft, atque rot summas leuibus, [...] labitur vnaas.

Hysteron proteron, hoc [...] a precedent quod illic, vocabulorum & e [...]rum tractationi [...] bic autem rerum ipsarum est transpositio. Cu [...], quod secundo loco fit, priorem in or ati [...] onis ordine locum possidet, Virg.

Postera Phaebea lustrabat lampade terras.

Humentemque aurora polo dimouerat vm­bram.

Tmesis. Cum composita [...]oce diuisa, dicti aliqua eius partibus interponitur. Terentius Qaeu meo cunque animo libitum est facere, fec [...] Cicero: Quam rem procul inquit dubio dixisset

Interposito, Sensus quispiam sermom, an [...] tequam absoluatur interiectus: qui quanquam eius viribus aliquid confert, tamen sublatus legitimum s [...]onem relinquit. Horat. Cetera de genere h [...]c (adeo sunt multa) loqucem delassare valent Fabium.

Of Grammatical figures we sayde [Page xvi] [...] other to be put in wordes, whā they [...] ioyned together, which in Greke is [...] construction. That is, a maner [...] way to set them together after the [...] of the Arte, that of them maye be [...] a perfecte and full oration. Of [...] the Grammarians haue geuen [...] preceptes. The faulte thereof in generall woorde is called Incongruite. But because this is openlye vsed of [...] authours, not at al aduētures, [...] for certayn causes, in stede of fault it is called a figure.

Of the figure of Con­struction.

So then the figure of Construction is, when we somewhat turne away frō the common and vulgare maner of speaking, because of briefues or some cō moditie. The kindes be these.

Eclypsis, when to the iuste Con­struction a necessarye woorde lacketh, whiche yet is wont to be vnderstande eyther by the custome of authours, or because it is certayne by other wordes that go before: as.

After we wer come to Paules.
Churche.
Why went you not straighte in?
Waye.
Dated the fyrit of January,
Letters.
He pitched in the valley.
His tent.
He is sicke of a quariane.
F [...]uer.
He is good to none but to his owne.
Frēdes or seruātes.
Since that he ceased not to lye in wai [...] for his brother.
Tyme.
There be that wyll ouerrunne you.
Menne.
Inough of this
Is spoken.

In all whiche must be vnderstand the wordes put in the margent.

Aposiopesis is, when any thing lac­keth to the perfect [...]es of speache, ey­ther for some affection, or for p [...]ssing to an other thing, yt standeth vs more vpō.

For affecc [...]on thus. Often haue I war ned thee of this faul [...]e, but except tho [...] beware. Here the sentence is cut of for anger.

I know whan, and in what place thou­here is a stoppe, through shame. And thou also, if thou remember. But I say no more. Here for passing to an other matter, we breake of the tale.

Zeugma is, when in like clauses, some [Page xvij] common woorde or thyng, putte in one clawse, and not chaunged in the other, is yet left out, and vnderstand, and that many wayes.

That that is taken away, eyther is ye verbe it selfe, or somewhat that goeth before the verbe, or somewhat that fo­loweth. The verbe thus.

Not the place honesteth the manne, but the manne the place. In the seconde clawse is left out (honesteth.) That go­eth before the verbe thus.

A good mā loueth not only his frēdes presente, but maketh muche also of hys frendes absent. Here must be supplyed this worde (good man.) That foloweth the verbe thus,

As a good man defendeth frendes ab­sent, so an euill man forsaketh: vnder­ [...]tande (frendes.)

Zeugma is varyed also by the place, where that common woorde is putte.

For if it be set in the foreclawse, it is called. Prozeugma. If in the myddle, Mesozeugma. In the last. Hipozeugma in this wyse.

[Page]Lechery ouer came chastitie, boldnes, feare, madnes, reason.

Beauty, by age decayeth, & by sicknes

Beautie by sickenes, by sorowe, or [...] age decayeth.

Diazeugma, when of those thinges [...] which we speake, either both, or ech on [...] of them is cōcluded, with their certain verbe, thus: The people of Rome de stroyed Numāc [...], ouer threw Carthage cast down Corinthe, and raced Fregels Also, coue [...]ousnes hurteth the bodye, corrupteth the mind.

Prolepsis, when the generall word [...] going before, is diuided into partes where must be vnderstande a coniunc [...] tion copulatiue, as.

Aegles flee, one frō the East, anothe from the west: for, & the one flieth fro [...] the East, and the other from the West

Thei toke prisoners, partly hole, [...] ly wounded: for, and partlye they [...] hole, and partlye they tooke wounded Merueylouslye serue these figures [...] breuitie both in speakyng and writyng

Contrary to these, is that kynd [...] [Page xviij] standeth in excesse, called generallye, Pleonasmos, That happeth, whan one, or many wordes, not necessarye to the [...]ust and lawfull construction, doo [...] abounde thus.

I saw it with myne eyes.
He spake, it with his mouth.
I wote not in ye world wher to fynd hi

Epanalepsis, whē after some thinges put betwene, we repete agayne that we set in the beginning, the constructiō ne­uerthelesse beyng perfecte without it. And we repete it again either with the same wordes, or other yt be of like value or els more general. With thesame thus

Thinke not Brutus, how be it I haue no nede to write these thiges vnto the, that thou knowest wel ynough I think not, I say, any man like vnto him, in ver tue, constaunce and diligence. With o­ther wordes that be of like value thus.

This thing confyrmed, of whiche if the Philosophers saye true, we cannot doubt, when in death there is no suche vtter vndoing, that not yt lest suspiciō of sense maye remayne: this then I saye [Page] wel assured, we must discusse this, what it is to lack sorow. wt more gen [...]ral thus

But to ouercome thy mynde, to re­strayne thyne anger, to temper the vic­torie. Him that doth these thynges, I doe not compare to the noblest menne, but iudge most like vnto god.

De Hyperbato.

Nowe remayne those figures, which trouble the Grammaticall order: & ther fore as to ye chiefe are vnder this Greke worde, Hyperbaton, which is as muche to sa [...]e, of woordes and construction a troubled order. His kindes be these.

Anastrophe, a preposterous orderyng or setting of woordes, as: The sea flo­weth all Englande about. Long when they had fought.

Hysterologia when the preposicion is not put vnto the nowne where unto it serueth, but to the verbe, as though it were compound with it, thus.

He slydby with his wheles the vp­permost of the water: wher by is ioined to the verbe that properly belonges to the nowne, thus: He slydde with hys [Page xix] wheles by the ouer part of the water.

Hysteron proteron differs from the figure before, because there is but trans posiciō of the wordes: & here is a trans­posicion of thinges: that is, when that in the order of speaking is set in ye fyrst place, that was not firste done, but se­cond. Uirgil. Phebus lyghtned the earth with his golgē Lampe, and draue away the moyst shadow from the Pole.

Here is set in the seconde place, that whiche was fyrste done. For night was drieuen awaye before the Sunne gaue lyght vpon the earth.

Tmesis is, whē a compoūd word be­ing diuided, some other word is put be­twene ye partes, thus. What thinges soe uer pleased him to do, he did. Here (thin ges) diuideth this one word, whatsoeuer

Interpositio, a sense cast betwixte the speache, before the talke be al ended: which though it geue some strength, yet whē it is takē away, it leaueth the sen­tence perfect inough. Other that be of this sort (thei be so many) are able to wery babling Fabius.

De Tropis.

Antonomasia, quum pro nomine proprio cogno men quoddam extraneum studij, artis, officij, aut dignitatis ponitur. vt.

  • Philosophus. pro Aristotele.
  • Poe [...]a. pro Virgilio.
  • Seruator. pro Iesu.
  • Apostolus. pro Paulo.

Aut contra, nomina propria pro appellatiuis, [...]

Socrates pro sapiente.
Thraso pro iactabundo.

Itē [...] [...], pro his quae gēti attribuūtur. vt,

Cretensis, pro mendaci.
Scytha, pro inhumano.

P [...]phrasis est, cum quod vno vocabulo dici potest, pluribus verbis explicatur, [...]el decoris, vol necessitatis gratia, idque [...]pliciter, Nominis ex­plicatione. Vt cum pro philosopho studiosum sapi­entiae dicimus.

Rei [...], cum pro dialectica, disserendi rationem ponimus.

Notatione, hoc est, cum notis ac signis quibus­dam rem aliguam describimus, vt, Bilis efferues cit, pallet vultus: [...] oculi: tremor membra occupat, [...]. liem cum pro nomine proprio pat [...]am, sectam, aut facinus ponimus, Vt pro vir­gilio, [Page xx] Mantuanum vatem, pro Aristotele peri [...] pateticae, scholae principem, pro Scipione, Carthagi nis & Numantiae euersorem. Fit periphrasis tegendi, quae sordida sunt gratia, Sallustius, ad requisita nature. Et ornandi quae pul [...]bra sunt caussa, vt breuitatem splendide producat. Exem plum habes. Erasmi periphrases in Euangelia, Differt ab Antonomasia, quod in ea simplex ver bum simplici proprie commutatur, hic vnum pl [...] ribus explicatur.

De Tropis orationis.

TRopus orationis est, quum non vnius tantum verbi, sed omnium in constructione vocum significatio mutatur, Eius species sunt.

Allegoria, quae est oratio aliud verbis, aliud sensu demonstrans. Vt. Horat.

O nauis referent in mare te noui

Fluctus, ó quid agis, fortiter occupa portum.

Quo in loco (vt ait Fabius) nauim prorepublicae.

Fluctum probellis ciuilibus, portū pro pace & concordia voluit poeta intelligi subijciuntur al­ligoriae.

Aenigma, quae est oratio é qua propter obscu­ritatem nihil certi colligitur: vt, Mater me genuit, eadem mox gignitur exme. De glacie ex aqu [...] concreta, & rursus in eandem resoluta.

[Page]Paroemia celebre dictum scita quapiam [...] tate insigne. vt Auribus lupum teneo.

Iroma que non è verbis aeque ac pronuntiatio [...] ne, reiue natura intelligitur. Est aut [...]m [...] aliud verba, aliud sensus continent. Eius form sunt.

Sarcasmus, hostilis irrisio, & amara insultatio [...] En agros, & quam bello Troiane petisti, Hesperi [...] am metire iacens.

Astysmus, quum quid faceta [...]banitate [...] politur. Virg.

Qui Bauiū non odit, amet tua carmine Meui [...]

Atque idem iungat v [...]lpes, & mulgeat hircos

Mic [...]yrismus, Simulatus risus, non tamen [...] tens. Persius.

Non ego curo.

[...]sse quod Arcesilas.

Charientismus, quum duriora gratiosis verbi [...] molhuntur. Terent, Bona verba queso, quu [...] pistrinum deprecaretur Dauus.

De Tropis.

QVoniam Troporum cognitio pueris pernecess [...] ria est, & cū his figuris de quibus hactenu [...] disseruimus, coniunctam tractionem hahet, [...] eos explanando, ac diuidando, paucis per [...] [Page xxi] [...]uemur. Ab [...]is enim quasi ingressus ad ratio­ [...]em dicendi patefit studiosis eloquentie. Vt Grā ­ [...]maticus hic suam artem absoluere, Rhetor incho­ [...]are, ac tanquam fundamenta sua ponere videa­ [...]ur. Est igitur Tropus verbi, aut sermonis a pro­ [...]pria significatione in aliā deflectio. Et cst duplex dictionis, & orationis.

De Tropo dictionis.

TRopus dictionis, est figura transferens dicti­onem a propria & vulgata significatione e­iūs, ad non propriam, decoris, aut necessitatis cau­sa. Huius species sunt.

Metaphora, quum verbum ex eo loco in quo pro prium est, in eum, in quo aut proprium deest, au [...] trāslatū proprio melius est, ac significātius, (quiae propter similitudinē recte videtur posse fieri,) trās fertur, Idque multis modis. Primum a sensibus corporis ad animum. Vt.

A visu. Terent. Respice etiam tuam. pro curam age.1

Ab auditu. Idem. Herumne relinquam an 2 auscultem seni. pro obtemperem.

Ab olfactu. Num quid patri subolet? pro. patri 3 aborta suspitio.

A gustu. Cicero, Pau [...]rum dierum molestiam 4 [Page] deuorate. pro, [...] sensum perferte.

A bruto ad hominem. vt Cato Scipionem [...] 5 trare solebat. pro, conuitiari.

Ab animali ad nō [...]mmal, nunc omnis age [...] 6 nunc omnis parturit arbos.

Ab animali ad animal, vt si quis dicat sim [...] 7 am equo inequitare.

Abinanimato ad animatum. Cicero floret [...] 8 quentia.

Aliquando in simplici nomine est Metaphor [...] 9 vt, si quis hominem ventri deditum pecudem ap­pellet.

Interdum in epitheto, Vt si quis dicat, [...] 10 esse vitream.

Interdum in verbo. vt, auolat aetas.

Catachresis est necessaria nominis alieni vsurp [...] 11 tio pro proprio, vt quū paricidā appellamus, qu [...] vxorē occidit quū proprie sit qui occidit patrē. A [...] Metaphor a differt, quod abusio est vbi nomen de [...] fuit, translatio vbi aliud fuit.

Metonomya est quum rerum [...]de cognatar [...] nomina nominibus permutantur. sie.

Inuentor pro re inuenta. Teren. Sine Cerere & 1 Baccho friget Venus. Cererem pro cibo, Bacchu [...] pro vino. Ven [...]rem pro libidine dixit.

Possessor prore possessa, Terent. Hun [...] [...]ibi co­meden [...] 2 [Page xxii] [...]endum propino pro [...]uius hon [...].

[...]tor pro opere. Cicero sēp [...]r manibus habēdus 3 [...] pro exercitu. Hannibal ad Cannas sexagin 4 [...]illia hominum occidit.

[...]aciës pro facto. Hic melior remis. pro velocita­ [...]quae 5 fit per remos.

Continens pro c [...]ento. Armis Italia non po­ [...] 6 vinci, nec Grecia disciplinis.

[...]ignum pro signato. Cedant arma togae, conce­ [...]t laurea linguae.7

Differt a Metaphora quod ille proprium cumDifferentia inter Meta­phoram, C [...] tachresim, & Me [...]ony­miam. [...]eno. hec [...]rnandi caussa proprium proprio com­ [...]tat nectralatum verbum habens, nec factū, [...] sumptum ex vicino.

Metalepsis, cum nomen quod caussae debetur, [...]buitur effecto. Virg. Post aliquot mea regna [...]dens mirabor aristas. Vbi estates intelliguntur [...] faciunt aristas.

[...]ynecdoche, cum aliud ex alio intelligimus. V [...].

Ex vno plures. Penus fuit Hispanis auxilio, [...]. Peni.

Ex parte totum. Ridiculum caput.

Ex specie genus. Iracundior Adria.

Ex materie res confecta. Ferro eum confecit. [...] gladio, ex ferro facto.

Ex antecedētibus consequentia, Virgineā soluit [Page] zonam pro, deuirginauit.

Ex consequentibus antecedentia. Vt, in sud [...] vultus tui vesceris pane, pro, in labore.

Of Tropes.

Because the knowledge of Trop [...] is very necessary for chyldren, and t [...] teachyng of them ioyned with those f [...] gures, of whiche hytherto we haue ta [...] ked: therefore we wyll brieflye shew [...] expounde, and diuide them. For a [...] entraunce to Rhethorike, by them [...] made open to such as be studious of [...] loquence. So that the Grammari [...] here semeth to end his art, and Rhe [...] rician to begin, and as it wer to lay hi [...] foundacion. A trope thē is a bowing o [...] a worde or speache from his owne sig [...] nification into another. And is in tw [...] sortes, of a worde, and of oration.

The Trope of a worde.

The trope of a worde is a figure be [...] ryng the woorde from his proper a [...] vulgar signification, to an other tha [...] is not proper, eyther for pleasautnes o [...] necessitie. Whose kyndes be these.

Metaphora, whē a word is translate [...] [Page xxiij] of his proper place īto another, whe [...] either there lacketh a proper worde, [...] the worde translated is better, and of [...]ore significatiō, & may well be so done [...] a similitude. And that many wayes.

Fyrst from the senses of the bodye to, [...]e minde: as, from the sight. Terence.

Loke vpō your old age, for haue regard [...] From the hearing. Terence. Whe­ [...]er I should leaue my mayster, or her­ [...]en to the olde man, for obey.

From smelling, doth my father smel [...]ut any thing? for suspect any thyng.

From tasting. Cicero. Swallow vp [...]he payne of a fewe daies, for thinke ye [...]ele it not.

From the reasonable to the vnreaso­nable, as. When we applye the dede, or affeccion of man to any beast: and ma­ny suche be in virgil in Georgikes tou­ching Bees.

From the vnreasonable to the reaso­nable, as. Cato, was wont to barke at Scipio, for, to chide with him.

From the liuyng, to the lyuing: as if you wyll saie, that an Ape rydeth on [Page] [...]orsebacke.

From the lyuyng to the not [...] [...]s nowe all the fieldes laughe.

From the not liuing to the liuyng.

Sometime in a b [...]rbe there is tran [...] [...]acion. as, time [...]yeth away.

Catachresis is a necessarye abuse [...] like wordes, for the proper: as, when w [...] cal hym a manqueller, whiche ha [...]h kyl led any persō, man or woman, mother o [...] wife. This [...] differeth frō Metapho ra, because abus [...] is wher ther lacked a word: translation w [...]re an other was.

Metonymia, when in thynges that be syb together, one name is chau [...]ged for an other, as.

The finder for the thing that is foūd Terence. Without Ceres and [...]ac­chus Uenus is colde: where Ceres is put for meate, Bacchus for wy [...]e, and Uenus for Lechery.

The possessor for the thig yt is possessed: as, haue here this man to bee eaten vp for hys goodes.

The authour for the [...]orke: Cicero, must alwaies be had in out handes: for, [Page xxiiij] the workes of Cicero.

The captain for the host. Hannibal at Cannas killed. lx. thousand men: for, the hoost of Hanniball.

The cōteiner for that that is cōteined, Italie cānot be ouercome by warre, nor Grece by learnyng: for, the menne that [...]well there.

The signe for that that is signified, as Let weapons geue place to the gowne, and the Lawrel to the tongue.

This trope differeth frō Metaphora: because Metaphora chaūgeth a word of her own wt another, though the thinges be very diuers: but here as ye thiges must be very nigh, so must the wordes also be

Metalepsis, whē a word that is dew to the cause is ascribed to the effect.

Synecdoche, whē one thing is vnder­stande by an other, or we vnderstande more then we speake, as.

Of one many. The Carthaginian holp the spanyardes. for, the Carthaginians.

By the part the whole. O thou folish head, for foolishe man.

By the kinde the generall. as, If thou [Page] see thine enemies Alse, fall vnder hy [...] burthen, for cattell.

By the mater, the thīg yt is made of [...] as fleshe and bloude did not shewe thee this. Fleshe and bloude, is put for man made of fleshe and bloude.

By that that goeth before, the thyng that foloweth. As he vnlosed her vir­gins gyrdle. For he had her virginitie.

By that that foloweth the thing that goeth before: as, in the swet of thy face, thou shalt eate thy bread. For with la­bour.

Antonomasia, whan for the proper name, some other external is put, either of study, art, office, or dignitie, as.

  • Phylosopher. for Aristotle.
  • Poet. for Uirgil.
  • Sauiour. for Jesus.
  • Apostle. for Paule.

Or contrary, proper names, for appel­latiues, as.

  • Socrates. for Wiseman.
  • Thraso. for Boaster.

Also the name of nacion for the pro­perties attributed to the nacion, as.

  • [Page xxv]A Cretian. for [...].
  • A Scithian. for Cruel.
  • A Sybaritie. for Riotous,
  • A carthaginian. for League breaker.

Periphrasis is, when that, that may be spoken with one woorde, is declared in many, and that three maner wayes.

By explicacion of the name: as whē for this word Philosopher, we saye: a man studious of wisedom.

By diffinicion of the thyng, as for Logike, the art of reasoning.

By notacion, that is, when by cer­tain markes, and signes we do describe any thing: as, if a man vnderstandyng anger, wil saye it is the boylyng of the minde, which bringeth palenes vnto the countenaunce, burning to the iyes, trē ­bling to the partes of the body.

Also, when for the proper name we put the countrey, the sect, or some great act: as.

For Uirgil, the Poet of Mantua.

For Aristotle, the prince of peripateti­ [...]all schole.

For Scipio, the destroyer of Carthage [Page] and Numance.

Periphrasis is, to hide thinges th [...] be foule: as when we saye, I wyl goe [...] the priuie, for.

I will make water, for

And to garnish thinges y• be good [...] and to make that that is shorte, good [...] and long, as dothe Erasmus vpon t [...] gospels and pistles.

It differeth from Antonomasia, b [...] cause there, but one worde is [...] with another, here one worde is decl [...] red with many.

Tropes of Oration.

Trope of Oration is, when the sy [...] nification, not of one word only, but [...] al that be in the construction be chau [...] ged. The kyndes be these.

Allegoria, which is an oration, she [...] ing one thing in wordes, and another [...] sense. Horace. O ship, shal new floud [...] [...]arye thee agayn into the sea?

O what dost thou? take ye hauē lustil [...] Where ship is put for the cōmō welt [...] floudes for ciuil battell: hauen for pea [...] and concorde. He hath these kindes.

[Page xxvi]Enigma, whiche is an oracion, out o [...] [...]hiche for the darkenes, there can be no [...]ertaintie gathered: as. My mother be­ [...]at me, & of me anon is begotten again: [...]ent of yce frorē of water, and resolued [...]gayne into the same. Also the halfe is [...]ore then the whole. By which is com­ [...]ended mediocritie.

Paroemia, a saying much vsed, & no­ [...]able for some noueltye: as. I holde [...]he woulfe by the eares. Also the woulf [...]s in our tale.

Ironia, dissimulacion, not so muche [...]erceiued by the woordes, as either by [...]ronunciation, or by the behauior of the [...]ersō, or nature of the thing. His kinds [...]e these.

Sarcasmus, a scorne of our enemye, [...]nd a [...]ipping taunt. As the Iewes said [...]o Christ: now let him come down from [...]he crosse, and saue hymselfe, that saued other.

Astysmus, whan a thyng is po­ [...]ished with some mery conceit, as Uir­gil speaking of twoo foolishe Poetes, Mauius and Bauius sayde: He that [Page] hateth not Bauius, lette hym loue th [...] verses, O Meui, ioyne foxes, and mylk [...] he goates.

Myetirismus, a counterfayted laug [...] ter, but yet suche one as may be percey­ued. Persius. I care not, to be as Arte­silas is.

Charientismus, when thinges that [...] hardely spoken, be mollifyed with plea­saunte woordes. Terence. Sir I pray [...] you be good master to me, quod Dauus [...] whē yet he desired Simo, that he mig [...] not bee thrust into the bakehouse.

De Schematibus se [...] Figuris.

FIgurae siue Schema, est arte aliqua nouata di­cēdi forma, vt īquit Fabius. vel, cōformatio qu­dam orationis, remota a communi, & prim [...] se offerente dicendi ratione.

Figura duplex est, aut sententiarum, aut ver [...] borum. Saepe coeunt hae figurae, velut in illo Cic [...] ronis: Iam iam Dolabella neque tui me, neq [...] tuorum liberum, & quae sequuntur. Na [...] oratio a iudice auersa in sententia, iam iam, & [...]berum, in verbis funt Schemata, hoc est, Apo­ [...]ropha, [Page xxvii] sententiae figura. in, iam iam, Epizeuxis, [...] liberum, Syncopa, verborum figurae sunt. Est [...]utem hoc inter figuras discrimen, quod ver­ [...]orum Schema tollitur, si verba mutaris, senten­ [...]arum permanet, quibuscunque verbis vti ve­ [...]s.

De figuris verborum.

[...]Igura verborum est duplex, aut enim verbi significatio mutatur, & dicitur Tropus, de [...]uo superius a nobis dictum. aut verbi signifi­ [...]tio manet, idque vel in singulis vocibus, de [...]uo ipso quoque dictum est: aut in coniunctis, [...]uam orationem dicimus, de hac figura iam age [...]us. Est igitur hoc locofigura verborum, quu [...] [...]do situsque verborū, figuratur, & mutatur, ac [...]onnihil a vulgata constructione variat. Huiu [...] [...]ecies sunt.

Of Schemes of figures.

Figure or Scheme, is a facion of in­ [...]ighting made newe, by some crafte, as [...]yeth Fabius. Or a facioning of many [...]ordes remoued from the common ma­ [...]er of speaking, as it commeth out at [...]e fyrst.

Ther be two sortes of figures: of sētē ­ [...]s, & wordes. These oftē cum together [Page] As in this saying of Cicero, Now no [...] Dolebella, neyther doe I force of thee [...] nor thy children. For the oration turue [...] from the iudge, is in sentence, now no [...] and liberum, be Schemes in woordes: I [...] iam iam is Epizeuxis, in liberum, Syncopa. An [...] thei be figures of wordes. And this is [...] difference betwene these figures, tha [...] the Schemes of wordes be taken awa [...] if thou chaunge the wordes: but thei o [...] sentences remain vse what wordes tho [...] wilte,

Of the figures of woordes.

The figure of wordes is of. ii. sortes For ether the significaciō of the word i [...] chaūged, & is called a trope, of ye whic [...] we haue spoken afore: Or the sigu [...] ficaciō of the word reinayneth, & tha iu echeword alone, of the which also [...] haue spoken: or in wordes ioygned to gether, which we cal talke, or Oration Of this figure we wyll nowe speak So in thys place the figure of woorde is, when the order and settyng [...] woordes is chaunged, and varieth som [...] what from the common setting of the [...] [Page xxviii] [...]ogether. And hereof these bee the [...]yudes.

Repetitio est, cum continenter ab vno atque eo­ [...]em verbo primcipia sumimus, hoc pacto. Tibi [...]tud attribuitur: Tibi habendae gratiae: I ibi ista [...]es erit honori. Venusta & acris figura.

Repeticion is, when we take o [...]r be­ [...]innynges styll at one, and the selfe [...]ame woorde, thus. To thee this thing [...]s ascribed: To thee thankes are to be [...]euen: To thee it shall bee great ho­ [...]oure. This is a pleasaunt and sharpe [...]gure.

Conuersio, quae non ab vno atque eodem verbo [...]incipia sumit, sed eodem modo continenter o­ [...]ationem claudit: est que superiori contraria: vt, [...]x quo tempore concordia de ciuitate sublata est, [...]des sublata est, amicitia sublata est.

Conuersion is, which taketh not his [...]eginning at one, & the selfsame word, [...]ut with all one worde styll closeth vp [...]he sentence, and it is contrarye to that [...]ther before: as. Since the time that con­ [...]rde was taken away from the cytye, [Page] libertye was taken away, fidelitie [...] taken away, frendship was taken [...]

Complexio vtramque complectitur exornati [...] nem: & hanc, & quam ante exposuimus: vt [...] repetatur idem verbūsaepius, & crebro ad [...] postremum reuertamur: vt, Qui sunt qui faede [...] [...] ruperunt? Carthaginenses. Qui sunt qui [...] dele bellum in Italia gesserunt? Carthaginense [...] Qui sunt qui Italiam deformauerunt? Carthag [...] nenses.

[...], cōpriseth both two exorn [...] [...]ions, bothe this, and that we declare [...] before, that bothe one fyrste [...] shoulde bee often repeted, and that [...] should turne oftē to alone last word: [...] who were they that often [...] they Leagues? The Carthaginians. [...] made cruel warre in Italie? The [...]ar thaginians. Who defaced all Italie [...] The Carthaginians.

Anadiplosis, est finis versus, in principio alte [...] rius, repetitio, velquum prioris sententie [...] vltimum, ac insequentis primū est idem, vt, [...] tur pulcheri [...] Astur, Astur equo fidens, [...] [Page xxix] & oratores quoque hac figura vtūtur, Cic. Hic [...] men viuit, viuit? imo etiam in senatum venit.

Anadiplosis is, when the last woorde of a verse is repeted in the begynnyng of ye next verse, as in this verse of [...] gil. Then folowed fayre Astur, Astur bolde on horsebacke. The oratours also vse this figure. Cicero. And yet he li­ueth. Liueth? yea commeth into the coū sell house.

Conduplicatio est, cum ratione amplificatio­nis, aut commiserationis, vnius, aut plurium ver­borum iteratio, vt, Teren. Negat Phanium esse hāc sibi cognatam Demipho? Hāc Demipho negat sibi cognatam?

Reduplicacion is a rehearsyng again of one worde or moe, for the more vehe­mence or some pitie, as. Terence. Thys Phanium to be his cowsin, dothe De­mipho denye? Doth Demipho deny this Phanium to be his cowsin.

Nec multum ab [...] figura distat Interpreta­tio hoc tantum differens, quod in hac eadem ite­ratur sententia, verbis per figuram aliquam, aut [...] rationem commutatis. Cicero. Hic [Page] tu qua letitia perfruere? quibus gaudiis exultabi [...] quanta in valuptat [...] Bacchabere? Fit & singulis verbis. Nobiscum iam versari diutius non potes, non feram, non patiar, non sinam,

Interpretacion differeth not muche from this figure: herein onelye, that in this alone thing & sētēce is rehersed, the woorde by variacion beyng chaunged. Cicero. What gladues shalt thou fele? with what ioyes shalt thou leape? in how great rage of pleasure shalte thou be? It is also in seueral woordes, thus: Thou caust nowe be no longar in oure company. I wyl not beare it, I wil not abide it, I wil not suffer it.

Epanalepsis, quum eadem dictio & in princi­pio & in fine versus ponitur, vt. Multa super pr [...] amo, rogitans super Hectore multa. Sulpitius vi­ctor Epanalepsim esse ait, eorundem verborum, & eiusdem sententiae, post multa interiecta repe­titionē. Numeratur etiā inter figuras cōstructionis

Epanalepsis, whē al one word is pu [...] in the beginning & in the end of a verse: as. Many thiges thei axed of Priamus and of [...]ector many thinges. This fy­gure is spoken of hereafter among the [Page xxx] [...]igures of construction.

Epizeuxis, eiusdem dictionis sine medio conge­minatio, cū impetu pronuntiationis Cicero. Tu, tu Antoni, Cesari omnia permiscere cupienti, caussā belli cuilis dedisti.

The doublyng of one worde nothing being betwixt: with a swift pronuncia­cion. Cicero. Thou, thou Antony ga­ueste cause of ciuyle battaile to Cesar, willyng to turne al vpside downe.

Copulatio cognata repetitioni est, vbi idem ver­bum, aut nomen bis continuo positum diuersa sig nificat. Vt est illud. Sed tamē adillum diem Mē ­mius erat Memmius. Posterius, notat eius iam cognitos mores.

Copulatiō cosin to repeticion is, whē all one woorde beyng put twise strayte together, signifieth diuers thinges, as is this. Yet at that daie Memmius was Memmius. This later noteth his ma­ [...] [...]ers that wer well knowen.

Huc pertinet Refractio, quum idem verbum, repetitur [...]n contrario sensu sic. Scio totam hanc vi tam nihil esse quam amaritudinem, verum mihi quaeso da huiusmodi amaritudinem.

Refraction serueth to the like, when [Page] [...]ll one worde is repeted in a [...] sense, as I know all this life to bee but bitternes, but I pray you geue me such bitternes.

Traductio, quum eadem vox alio casu sepius repetita, non modo taedium nullum affert, verum concinniorem quoque or [...]em reddit, hoc pacto Diuitas sine diuitum esse, tu vero virtutem prae­fer diuitijs. Nam si voles, [...]rtutem cum diuiti­is cōparare, vix satis idoncae tibi videbuntur di­uitiae, que virtutis pedissequae sint.

Traduccion, when al one woorde re­peted in another case, not onely is not tedious, but also maketh ye oration more trimme, thus. Suffer riches to belonge to riche men, but preferre thou vertue before riches. For if thou wilt compare riches with vertue, thou shalte thinke riches scarse mete to bee handmay dens to vertue.

Diaphora, quū vox iterata iā aliud significat [...] prius. Ouidus. Talis erat matersi modo mater erat ꝓ, simaternū erga filiā animū geret. Idē. Et multos [...] Hectoras esse puta. pro, multos viros fortes & Hectoris similes.

[Page xxxi]Diaphora, whan the woorde rehear­ed again signifieth another thing than [...] did afore: as. Suche was his mother, [...] she were his mother, for, yf she bare a motherly mynde towarde her sonne. Also. Think many Hectors to be there, that is, many valiaunt men, and like vn to Hector.

Annominatio, est declinatio, quaedam in contr [...] [...]ium ex similibus literis additis, dēptis, aut [...] tatis, cū similia verba accōmodātur. Ea multis & variis rationibus conficitur: Et additis quidem hoc pacto. Hic sibi posset tēperare misi amori mal­let obtemperare. Demendis literis sic Si lenones tanquam leones vitasset, vitaese tradidisset. Con­mutandis hoc modo. Deligere oportet, quem veli [...] diligere.

Annominacion is a certain declining into a contrarye, by a likelihoode of let­ters, added, chaunged, or taken awaye: Added thus. If he had tēpered himself frō pleasure, he had not been thus [...] out of measure: By takyng away thus. If he had hated brokes, as wel as bookes, he had been aliue at this houre. [Page] by chaunging thus. Geue him a Bsble nay, geue hym a bable.

Asyndeton est, quae coniunctionibus sublati continuat or ationis partes. sic. Deum time: rege [...] vener are: parentibus obedito: bonos aemulare, im [...] becillos tolerato. Grauitatem addit praecipienti: & praecipue locum habet in Articulis, & Mēbris.

Asyndeton is, which kepeth ye partes of our speakyng together, without help of any coniunctions: thus. Feare God, reuerence the kyng, obey thy parentes, folow good men, beare with the weake.

Articulus est, [...] singula verba distinguntur cesa or atione, hoc modo. Rem, famam parentes, a­micos, deum, amisisti.

Article is, when eche woorde is sette from other by cutting the oratiō thus. Thou hast lost thy substance, thy name, thy parentes, thy frendes, and god hym­selfe.

Membrum or ationis est, quod pa [...]cis verbi [...] constructionem quidem absoluit, at sententiam non item, Vt, patrimonium prodegisti, parentes, i [...] [Page xxxii] luctum coniecisti: amicos abalienasti, famam cō ­caminasti: deum ad iram prouocasti, Vtraque fi­gura facit ad acrimoniam or ationis, quod veluti crebris ictibus ferit animum: & in vtrisque obseruandum, vt per gradus increscat oratio, ni­mirum, vt quod grauissimum est, sit postremo loco. Quod si non fit, erit congeries, nā ea turba premit magis quam incremento. Gratiam quoque in v­trisque addit Asyndeton.

Member of an Dracion is, whiche in fewe woordes maketh an ende in deede of the Construccion, but not of the sentence also, as. Thou haste wa­sted thy Patrimonie, cast thy parentes into sorowe, turned awaye thy frendes, defyled thy name: prouoked God to an­ger. Both these figures serue to sharp­nesse: because in maner they stryke the mynde with often strokes. And this muste be marked in both, that the spea­king grow by degrees, so that the grea­test bee set last. And if it so be not, then is it the figure called Congeries, whiche forceth more by heaping, thē by ēcrease. They bothe are well sette out by this figure Asynd [...]ton. [Page] Membris gratiam addit partium aequalitas. Cre­ci [...], Latini compar appellant, quae tae­men non digitis, sed aurium sensu quodam diiu­dicanda est, Puerile siquidem est numerare syl­labas, quum pauciores si productae sunt, frequen­ter aequent numero plures. Sed tantum affert vsus & exercitatio facultatis, vt animi quodam sensu par membraum superioeri r [...]ferre possimus. Quale est pro Lucio Valerio Flacco. Nominibusque reci­tatis homo audacissimus pertimuit, loquacissimus obmutuit, Item, in prelio pater mortem oppetebat, domi filius nuptias comparabat.

The equalitie of partes muche com­mendeth this figure called Membruin: whiche equalitte must yet be tryed by a certain secrete sense of the eare, and not by measuring vpon oure fyngers. For that is childish to tel the syllables, whē oftentimes a few long syllables match in measure many that be short. But vse and exercise doth so muche, that we may soone referre one member to another. As, for L. Ualerius Flaccus. Whē the names were recited, the bold man was aferde, & the great babler hild his tong. Also, the father died in warre, the sonn [...] [Page xxxiii] [...]as maryed at home.

Continuatio est dens [...] & continens frequenta­ [...]io verborum, cum absolutione sententiarum. Ea vtemur commodissime tripartito. In sententia, hoc pacto. Ei non multum obesse potest fortuna, qui sibi firmiu [...] in virtute, quam in casu praesidium collocauit. In contrario hoc modo. Nam si quis spei non multum collocarit in casu, quid est quod ei casus magnopere obesse possit? In conclusione, hoc pact [...]. Quod si in eos plurimum fortuna potest, qui suas rationes omnes in casum co [...]lerunt: non sū [...] [...]mma committenda fortunae, ne magnam nimis [...]n nos habeat dominationem.

Continuacion, is a continual heaping of woordes, the sentences also perfigh­ted: and it may be vsed three wayes. In sentēce thus. Fortune cannot hurt him muche, which more firinely trusteth in vertue, thē in chaūce. In cōtrary thus. For if a mā put not hopein chaūce, how shall chaunce muche hurte him? In con­clusion thus. And if fortune maye dooe muche [...] them, which hath put a [...] their accomptes vpon chaunce: all are not to be committed to fortune, lest for­tune haue to great a dominaciō vpō th [...]

[Page]Similiter cadens est, cum in eadem constructi­one verborū, [...]uo aut plura sūtverba, quaesimiliter [...]sdē casibus efferūtur, hoc modo. Hominē laudas egentem virtutis, abundātē f [...]licitatis. C [...]cero pr [...] Flacco. Nulla est in his varietas opinionis, null [...] voluntatis, nulla sermonis.

Falling like is, when in thesame con­struction of wordes, there be. ii. worde [...] or moe, which be spoken alike in the self same cases, as. Thou praisest a mā nedy of health, plētiful of wealth. Cicero for Flaccus. There is in thē no varietie of opinion, none of affection, none of com­munication.

Similiter d [...]sinens est, cū dictiones vel senten [...] similes babent exitus, vt. Turpiter audes facere nequiter studes dicere. Viuis inuidiose, [...] studiose, loqueris odiose. Haec duo ornamenta inter se vehementer cōueniunt, quorum alterum in ex­itus, alterum in casus similitudine versatur.

Ending alike, whē wordes or [...], haue like ēdinges, thus. Thou darest do filthily, and studiest to speake baudely. Thou li [...]st disdaifully, thou sinest pu [...] posely. Thou speakest hatefully. These two kindes of ornamētes, agree greatly [Page xxxiiii] together: of which the o [...]e is in lyke en­dinges: the other in [...]ke cases.

FIGVRAE RHETHORIC AE Secundi gen [...]s.

INterrogatio, Interrogationum duae sunt formae Simpl [...]x. vt. Sed qui vos tandem? quibus aut venistis ab oris.

Figurata multas habet species: Interrogamus enim nonnunquam, non sciscitandi gratia, sed in­standi, Cicero. Quousque tandem abutere Catili­nae patientia nostra? Aut miserationis caussa, V [...] Sinon apud Vi [...]gilium. Nā qu [...] me tellus, quae me nunc aequor a possunt accipere? Aut indigna­tionis. Et quisquā numen [...]nonis adore [...] Praete­re [...]. Aut admirationis. Dij boni, quid illic homi­nū litigat. Aut acrius imperādi gratia. Nō armae expedient, [...]otaque ex vrbe sequentur? Seruit haec figura multis & var [...]s affectibus. Tū vero cōmo­dissime adhibebitur, [...]ū quid argumētis est euict [...]

Of demaundes there bee two sortes. One plaine, as. I pray you tel me what you be, or frō what coa [...]es you do come

The figuratiue hath many kindes. For somtime we are, not to haue an answer, [Page] but to set our purpose more for [...] thus. Cicero. Then Latiline, how lōg wylt thou abuse our paciēce? Or for p [...] ­tie sake, as Sinon doth in [...]. Alas what grounde, what sea may nowe re­ceyue me? for anger also. And wyll anye man hereafter worshippe the power of Juno? for meruaylyng. Terence. O Lorde what a sort now goe to the law? or more sharpelye to commaunde them. Wyl they not nowe bring foorth they [...] harnes, and folowe me through all the citie? This figure serueth to many af­fections, but speciallye whan we haue wonne by reasonyng.

Subiectio, quum ipsirespondemus nostrae inter­rogationi, vt, Ideone studia deseremus, quod mag nus in his subeundus labor. Nequaequam, Item, Quero vnde iste diuitias nactus est? An amplum patrimonium relictum est? At patris bona [...] ­runt, Hereditas aliqua obuenit? non potest di [...]. I­mo a necessarijs omnibus, exhaeredatus est.

Subiection is, when we aunswer to our owne demaunde thus. Shall we therfore forsake studies, because greate [Page xxxv] payne must be taken in them? No vere­lye. Also, I axe where this felowe gate this riches. Had he any great patrimo­nie left him? May, al his fathers goodes wer solde. Had he any thing by enheri­taunce? it cannot bee sayde, for he was disherited from all thynges necessarye.

Exclamatio est, quae conficit significationem do­ [...]ris, aut indignationē alicuius, per hominis, aut [...] cuiuspiam compellationem. Cicero, O fallacem [...]ominum spem, fragilemque fortunam, & inanes nostras contentiones quae in medio spacio saepe frā ­guntur, & corruunt, & ante in ipso casu obruun [...] [...], quam portum conspicere potuerunt.

Exclamation is, whiche sheweth the [...]ignification of sorowe, or anger for [...]omewhat, by callyng vpon any manne [...] thyng: thus. Cicero. O deceyuable [...] of men, and frayle fortune, & oure [...]ayne contentions, whiche often tyme [...]re broken in the midde way, and rushe [...]owne, and in the verye fall are ouer­ [...]helmed before they can see the hauen.

Execratio est, cum aliquid detestamur propter [Page] ingentia quaesecum affert mala, sic. O [...] idololatriam, quae a [...]o aignum honorem aufer [...] peccatoribus creaturis illam tribuens, & idol [...] per hominum manus fabricatis.

Execration is, when we deteste any thing, for the great euils that it bring eth with it, thus. O detestable Idol [...] trye, whiche taketh awaye the honour dew to God, and geueth it to sinne [...] creatures, and ymages made by man handes.

Dubitatio, quum dubitare nos significamu [...] vel vnde suma [...]us exordium propter rerū mu [...] titudinem, vel quid potissimum agamus dolore [...] liquo affecti. Cicero pro Roscio. Quid primum q [...] rar, aut vnde pot [...]ssimum Iudices exordiar? a [...] quod, aut a quibus auxilium petam? Tale est, [...] loquar an sileam?

Dubitation, when we signifie that w [...] doubt either where to take our be gy [...] uyng for the multytude of thynges or for sorowe say, wherat shal we fyrst [...]egī. Cicero for Roscius. Of what sh [...] I first complain [...]? Or, O iudges, whe [...] shal I first begin: What, or of whō sh [...] I cal for help?

[Page xxxvi]Cōmunicatio, quū aut ipsos aduersarios cōsuli­nus, aut cū iudicibus deliberamus, qui [...]faciēdū [...]t aut quid factū oportuerit. vt, Cedo si vos eo loco [...], quid tādē faceretis aliud? Et, in hoc turbu entissimo rerum statu, date consilium quid mihi [...] faciendum.

Communication, when eyther we [...]re our aduersaries counsaile, or delibe rate with ye iudges, what is to be done or ought to haue been done. as. Tel me [...]f you were in the like state, what other thing would you doe? And in this trou­blous worlde, geue me counsell, what you thinke best to be done.

Permissio, quoties aut dissimulationem, aut as­ [...]euerationem habet, tum demum figura est. As­ [...]euerationem sic. Perfrica frontem, & dicte dig­ [...]iorem qui pretor fieres quam Catonem. Dissimu [...]ationem. vt apud Terentium. Quid isthuc? Si ti­ [...]i isthuc placet, profundat, perdat, pereat, nihil ad [...] attinet. Haec enim artificios [...] prohibitio est, per [...]ronicam concessionem.

Permissiō, whē it hath a dissimulatiō or an affirmatiō, than in dede is it a fy­gure: asseueratiō thus. Rub thy forehed [...] say thou art more worthy to be cōsull [Page] then Cato. Dissimulation thus. T [...] rēce. What meaneth this? If it so pleas thee, let hym wast, let hym destroie, an [...] be destroyed, I haue nothing to do wit [...] it. This is a crafty forbidding, by a mo [...] king graunt.

Licentia est, quum mitigamus liberius dicta, n [...] auditorem offendant, hoc pacto. Si molesta est or a [...] tionis acerbitas, cogitate graues morbos, non sa [...] nari leuibus pharmacis.

Licence, when we mitigate thinges spoken freelye before, leste the heare [...] should bee offended, thus. If my bytte [...] woordes greue you, remember, that sor [...] sickenes is not eased with lyght reme­dies.

Diminutio, cum quod in nobis, aut in his quo [...] defēdimus est egregium [...]ne qua significetur arro­gans ostentatio, diminuitut, & attenuatur orati­one, sic. Nam hoc pro meo iure Iudices dico, me l [...] bore & industria curasse, vt disciplinam milita­rem non in postremis tenerem. Hic si quis dixisse [...] vt optime tenerem, tametsi vere dixisset tamen a [...] rogans visus esset. Nunc & ad muidiam vitan­dam & ad laudem comparandam, satis dictum [Page xxxvii] est Porro, vt licentia prestat, neoffendat libertas: it [...] Diminutio facit, ne quod necessario dicitur, arro­ganter, dictum videatur.

Diminution, when any thyng that is excellent in vs, or in those that we de­fende, is by woordes diminished, to a­uoyde boastyng, thus. For this dare I boldely saye, you Iudges, that I haue trauayled and laboured to vnderstande the feates of warre, not with ye worst. Here if a manne shoulde haue sayde to bee as good as the beste, althoughe he shoulde haue sayde trewe: yet he should haue been thought proude, and arrogāt. Now to auoide disdayn, and get praise, ynoughe is spoken. Further, as this fi­gure Licentia, causeth that our free spe­kyng doth no displeasure: so doth dimi­nution make that whiche is necessarily spoken, seme not spoken proudly.

Reiectio est cum eludimus aliquid ab aduer­sario contra nos propositum: ad quod respondere difficile fuerit, & significamus vel indignū esse de quo dicatur, vel quod adrem nihil pertineat, [...] seruaturos nos in alium opportumorem locū, [Page] hoc modo. Hac de requid attinet dicere, quan [...] ad institutum non multum facit. Huiusm [...]di es [...] pro Milone. Quid enim odisset Clodium Mito, se­getem ac materiam gloriae suae? Nam vel princi­pale argumentum Clodianorum elud [...]t tantu [...] Cicero, non diluit.

Reiection is, when we trifle out a thing brought against vs by our aduer­sarye, to the whiche it is hatde to aun­swere, and then say either it is not wor thy to be spoken of or that it pertaineth [...]t to the purpose, or that we wyll kepe it till another meter time, thus. What neede me speake of this matter, seing it maketh not muche to the pur­pose. Like is in the oration for Milo. For why shoulde Milo hate Clodius, seing he is the gro [...]d and chief cause of his glorie. Here did Cicero trifle out euen the principal argument of the Clo dians, and did not solue it.

Gradatio est, quum consequentia membra ab [...]isdem oriuntur verbis, quibus antecedentia [...]laudiuntur: atque ita velut gradibus quibusdā [...]ectitur oratio, vt, Africano virtutem indu [...] [Page xxxvii] [...]ria, virtus gloriam, gloria aemulos comparauit. Grauior hic est, quia res ipsa gradus habet. Est aliquando in verbis gradatio. Vt, Torua Leenae [...]upum sequitur lupus ipse capellam. Haud dissi­mile est Anadiplosi, de qua dictum est antea.

Gradation is, when the wordes that goe before, be forthwith repeted, and so [...]unneth as it wer from steppe to steppe, thus. Industrie to Affrican gat vertue, vertue glorye, glory disdayne. Here the matter hath degrees, and therefore is more graue. Sometime it standeth in woordes, as. The Leeues foloweth the woulf, the woulf the goate. It is much like Anadiplosis, whereof we spake be­fore.

Commutatio fit inuerso sententiae ordine. vt, Non est viuendum vt edas, sed edendum vt viuas. Huius generis est illa non sine causs [...] laudata sententia. Si quid turpe facias cum voluptate: voluptas abit, turpitudo manet: si quid bonestū facias cū labore, labor abit, honestū mane [...]

Commutation is, when the order of the sentence is tourned, thus. We must not liue to eate, but eate toliue. Of this suit is this sētēce most worthily praised [Page] If thou dooe any sinne with pleasure, the pleasure goeth awaye: the synne re­maineth: if thou dooe vertuously with labour, thy labour goeth away, the ver tue remayneth.

Contentio est commoda contrariorum inter se relatio. Fitque vel verbis inter se pugnantibus: vel sētentiis cōtrariis. Sic qui suis rationibus ini­micus semper fuerit, eum quomodo alienis rebus amicum fore speres? Hic in sententiis est pugna. Assentatio iucunda principia, eadem exitus a­marissimos habet. Hic in verbis.

[...]ontention is a proper settyng to­gether of contraries. And eyther it is in woordes that be contrarye, or in cō ­trarye thinges, thus. He that alwaye was enemye to his owne reckonynges, how shoulde we hope hym to be a fre [...]d to other mennes matters? Here is con­trariety in sētences. Flattery hath plea­saunt begynnynges, and thesame bitter endynges. Here is the strife in wordes.

Occupatio, tacitae obiectionis refutatio est: vt cū ipsi ammaduertentes quid obsit nobis, prius id di­luimus, [Page xxxix] quā obiici possit. Vt Ciecro dicitscire se [...] [...]ri quosdam, quod is qui per tot annos defender [...] [...]ultos, leserit neminem, ad accusandum Verrē escenderit. Dein ostendit hanc ipsam accusati­ [...]em Verris, sociorum esse defensionem.

When perceyuing aforehande an ob­ [...]ction that might be layde agaynste [...] [...]nd hurte vs, we wipe it away or euer [...] bee spoken, as. [...]icero sayeth: that he [...]noweth some mē wil meruayle, syth so [...]any yeres he defended many and hurt [...]ne, he doth now come to accuse verres [...]hen dothe he shewe that this accusa­ [...]on of Uerres. isa defence of theyr [...]lowes.

Anthipophora, quum respondemus ad obiectio [...] [...]m quae Hypophora dicitur. Cicero. In verrem: [...]t enim haec ita commissa sunt abisto, vt non cog [...]ta sint ab omnibus. Hominem esse arbitror ne­ [...]nem, qui nomen istius audierit, quin facta qu [...] [...]e eius nefaria commemorare possit. Virg. Verū [...]ceps pugnae fuerat fortuna: fuisset. Quem me­ [...]i moritura?

Anthypophora, whē we make answer an obiection that is layde agaynste [Page] vs, thus. [...]icero agaynst Uerres. Yea [...] but you say he hath done these thinges so, that all men knewe it not. I thinke there bee no man whiche hath heard of his name, but can also rehearse his mis­cheuous actés. Uirgil. But the chaūce of fyght woulde haue been doubtfull. What then? Whom feared I whiche was ready to dye.

Confessio, cum quedam largimur aduersario, vt reliqua magis exagger ari possint, vt. Esto san [...] fueris aliquando amicus, vna militaueris, sint a­liqua tua in eum béneficia, quid tum? An non potuit dissilire gratia?

[...]onfession, when we graunte some thinges to our aduersarye, that the rest may bee made the more greuous, thus. Bee it that thou wast once his frende, his felowe in warre, and that thou hast done somewhat for hym. What than? Myght ye not therfore falle out?

Paradiastote, cum ita aliquid conceditur, vt, vicinum quiddam detrahi possit. vt, Veritas la [...] borare potest, opprimi non potest.

Paradiastole, whan we so graunt [...] [Page xl] [...]omewhat, that we take awaye some thing that is nere vntoit, thus. Trouth maye be in ieopardy, but neuer opprest.

Aetiologia, cum propositi alicuius statim caus­sam subijcimus. Cicero pro Archia. Si quid est in me ingenij, &c. Vendicabit iure Archia. Si quid mihi princeps ad suscipiendam rationem borum studiorum.

Aetiologia, whan we shew by and by the cause of oure purpose. [...]icerd for Archia. This witte that I haue (you Iudges,) Archias may iustly cha [...]nge it vnto hym. For he was the [...] and principal, that made meto set my self to these maner of studies.

Dicaeologia, cum aliquam officij rationem expo [...]nimus, aut excusationem, quod videlicet iure id, et honeste faciamus, aut alioqui caussamur [...]qui [...]atem: vt, Lapsus sum sed adolescens, & inter ta­ [...]les versatus, inter quos non potui non corrumpi.

Dicaeologia, when we thewe some cause of ourt duetye, or some excuse that it is honeste so to dooe, Or laye [...]ome reason for oure selfe, thus. I dyd [Page] amisse, but I was yonge, and in suche coumpanye, where I must of force bee naught.

Anangeon, cum allegatur necessitaes, quae vim in deliberando summam habet, vt, Amicum deserui, fed coactus a legibus. Cōseruaui amici [...] fidem dum per leges licuit, nunc ab illo ab alie­nauit me, non voluntas, fed legum vis.

Anang [...] when we aledge necessity, which in de libe ration is of great force, as. I forsooke my frende, but the lawe compelled me: I kept frēdship as long as the lawe suffred me, now I am tur­ned from hym: not by wyll, but by fore [...] of lawe.

De postremo figurarum genere.

PArtitio est, quum id quod generatim dici p [...] ­terat, per partes latius explicatur. Vt si dica­mus, Cyclopediam absoluit. Hanc sententiam ex­plicare potes hoc modo: Mire poetarum om nium fabulas tenet, Rhetorum flosculos, Grammatico­rum laboriosos canones, Dialecticorum argurias Phisices arcana, vltramundanae sapientiae ar du [...]

[Page xli]Theologorum abdita, Mathematicas apodixes, a [...] strorum motus, numerorum rationes, verborū, mō tium, fluminum, fontium, situs, nomina, interual­la, vocum cōcenius, antiquitates, nouitates, grece atque latine: denique quicquid vnquam eruditi­onis ab egregiis autoribus repertum, ac traditum fuit, id vniuersum vnus hic absolute perceptum cognitumque babet, ac meminit.

Partition is, when that that might be spoken generally, is more largely de­clared by partes. As if we would say: he is perfectly seen in al sciences. Thys sentence thou mayest declare by partes in this wise. He knoweth merueylous­ly well the fables of Poetes, the flow­ers of Rhetorique, the painefull rules of Grammer, the subtilties of Logiti­ [...]ns, the secretes of natural philosophy, the hardnes of wisedom supernatural, the misteries of diuinitie, the mathema­ticall demonstrations, the mocions of [...]tarres, the reasons of nūbers, the mea­ [...]uring of ye earth, the situations, names and spaces of Cities, Mountaynes, Floudes, and Fountaynes, the dyffe­ [...]ence, and harmonies of Tunes, histo­ries [Page] olde, and newe: antiquities, nouel­ties, Greke and Latine: finally whatso­euer good learnyng hath been founde and taught of good authours, all that wholy hath this one man perfitlye per­ceyued, knowen, and remembred.

Enumeratio est, quando singulatim ea cōmemo­ramus, per quae ad exitum rei peruentum est, vt hanc sententiam, Cicero Catiline conatus oppressit ita potes locupl [...]tare. Catilinae nefarios conatus per iuuenes perditissimos, totius ciuitatis Romanae in ternecionem molientes, Marcus Tullius Cicero consul sua sagacitate statim odoratus est, singulae­ri vigilantia peruestigauit, summa prudentia de­prehendit, miro in Remp. studio prodidit, incredi­bili eloquentia conuicit, grauissima autoritate, ar [...] mis, atque felicitate sustulit.

Enumeratiō is, whē we reherse those thynges seuerallye, by which ye matter was brought to passe: as. That Cicero oppressed the purposes of Catiline: thus you maye sette it foorth. Th [...] myschieuous enterprises of Catiline, by moste vngracious younge menne, whiche wente about the vtter destruc­tion [Page xlii] of Roome, Marcus Tullius the Consull, by hys foresyghte dyd quickelye smell oute, by his [...]uguler vigilance soughte out, by his hyghe prudence founde out, by hys meruay­lous loue to the common wealth shew­ed out, by his incredyble Eloquence proued oute, by hys graue authory­tye, power, and happynesse, thruste out.

Distributio est, cum īplures res, aut psonas certas negotia quedam dispertiuntur, hoc modo. Senatus officium est consilio [...]uitatem iuuare, Magistra­tus officium est, opera & diligentia; consequi [...] senatus: populi officium [...]st, res opti­mas, & homines idoneos maxime suis sententijs, eligere, & probare. Cicero pro L. Murena: Hic ve­ [...]ro iudices, & fuit in Asia, & viro f [...]rtissimo pa­renti suo, magno adiumento in periculis, solatio in laboribus, gratulationi in victoria fuit.

Distribution is, when businesse are dyspersed into many thynges, or certain persōs, thus. It is ye office of the senate to help ye citie wt coūsel: of ye magistrate [Page] with laboure and diligence to dooe the wil of the Senate: of the people to chose out the best thinges, and to chose and a­lowe men that be moste metest. Cicero for Lucius Murena. And this man, you iudges, bothe was in Asia, and greatlye holpe that good man his father in pe­rils, dyd cōfort him in sorowes, and re­ioysed in his victories.

Descriptio nominatur, quae rerum consequenti [...] continet perspicuam & dilucidam cum gra­uitate expositionem, hoc modo. Nam neminem ve strum fugit quirites, capta vrbe, quae miseriae con sequi soleant: arma qui contra tulerunt, statim cr [...] delissime trucidantur: caeter [...], qui possunt per [...] & vires laborem ferre, rapiuntur in seruit [...] ­tem: qui non possunt, [...]ita priuantur: vno denique atque eodem tempore, domus hostili flagrat incen­dio, & quos natura, aut volunta [...], necessitudine, aut beneuolentia coniunxerit, distrahuntur, Libe­ri, partim é gremijs parentū diripiuntur, partim in sinu iugulantur, partim ante pedes construpā ­tur. Nemo iudices est, qui possit satis rem conse­qui verbis, n [...]c referre oratione magnitudinem calamitatis.

[Page xliii]It is called Description, which con­teyneth a playne and euidente settyng out of thinges that folowe after, and that with a certayne grauitie, thus? You knowe ryght wel, you people, whē the citie is taken, what miseries be wōt to folow. Such as fought against them, are by and by most cruelly kylled, other whiche be so strong that they be hable to laboure, are made bondeslaues: they that cannot, are slayne: at one tyme bee our houses burnt, our kynsmenne and acquaintaunce pulled awaye from vs. Younge chyldren, some are pulled from their mothers lappes, and some are threatled in their mothers armes, and some defiled before their fete: you iudges, there is no man hable toexpresse in woordes or writyng the great sorow and calamitie.

Demonstratio, quam Greci Hypotyposin vocant, [...]st oratio exprimens rem, personam, affectum, mo­ [...]res, sermonem, ac circunstantiam, ita clare, & [...]opiose, vt lectori ab oculos ea quasi presens verse­ [...]ur veluti viua pictura. Huius species sunt.

Roi descriptio, cum non contenti summatim aue [Page] [...]enuiter rē exposuisse. sic illā subijcimus oculis, v [...] nō narrari, sea geri, & lector eā nō audiuisse, sed oculis aspexisse videatur. Talis est aescriptio Dilu uij ī primo Metamorphosis, et: T [...]pestatis in secund [...]

Prosopopoeia, [...]ua homo quispiam depingitur. Si cut Plutarchus illustres Graecos, & Latinos, Suc­tonius item duodecini Cesares. Quanquam Rhe­tores fere latius vtuntur vocabulo prosopopoeie, ni­mi [...]um, vt has se [...] species sequentes complectatur

Characterismus, effictio, vel pictura corporis, aut animi, Sic Dauus effingit Critonem. Choerea senem illum importunum.

[...], fictio personae. Quae duas ha­bet species. Prior est, pers [...]nae fictae descriptio: poetis propria, oratoribus rara. Vt, Virgilius fingit Sy­byllam furentē fingit personas apud inferos. Al­tera f [...]rma est, quum [...]ei mutae, aut incorporeae af­fingimus personam, & sermonem, & affectum hominis, aut animalis, quem admodum Harpy [...]s, f [...]riis, demonibus, somno, f [...]i, [...]nuidiae, f [...]mae i [...] [...]uti, & similibus personam, vel se [...]monem affing [...] re p [...]eta s [...]lent. Item, [...]uū aut Remp. oratores loquē ­tē inducūt, aut defunctos quasi ab inf [...]ris excitā

Ethopoeia ꝓprietas, vel expressio morū, et affectu [...] mitiū. Hu [...]tis us tres sut formae. Prima expressio mor [...] prolixior, velut īgeniorū, artiū, virtutū, vitiorū. Si [...] [Page xliiii] vanū ostentatorē exprimit, I hrasonē Terentius, militē Plautus. Atque haec forma propria Comoe­dijs, atque dialogis est. Secūda forma est expressio naturaliū propens [...]onū, ac natura insitarū affectio­onū. Vt est expressio amoris paterni erga lib [...]ros: cō iugū, & amicorū inter sc: cōiūctionis aequaliū, ho­spitum, vicinorū: disiunctioms, hostium inter se. In qualibus effigēdis mirus est apud Latinos artifex Liuius. Peculiariter [...]nī historia animorū cupidita tes, cōsilia, & res gestas, fere sine tragi [...]is [...] mo­tibus depīgi. Tertia sorma est, expr [...]ssio affectionū leniorum, quae nō ita perturbāt animos, neque prae cipitāt. Vt siquando letiores affectus hominum erga nos, aliosue captamus: & blandiēdo elicimus vt quum animus in spem, in loe [...]itiam erigitur, & in ris [...]n quoque.

Pathopoeia, id [...]st, vehemētiorū affectuum, & p turbationum expressio. Huius duae sūt f [...]rmae. Pri or, quā Imaginationē vocāt, qua metus, dolor, ira, furor, odium, [...]nuidia, eff [...] enis cupiditas, libido [...] modica, sp [...]s, īmoderata letitia, perturbatioque ani mi describitur, & excitatur. Huius exempla sunt passīobuia in Tragoediis. Alter a forma est Cōmi seratio: qua eliciuntur lachrimae, vel mouetur mise ricordia, vel captatur venia. Huius exēpla sunt ob uia in perorationibus Ciceronianis, in querelis [...]pud Poetas.

[Page]Sermocinatio, quoties̄ person [...] affingitur or [...]io breuis, vellonga, pro decoro eius. Cuiusmo­di sunt conciones Liuianae, & apud alios Histori­cos. Quum personae quam fingimus sermonem per petuum attribuimus. Conformatio est, Quum per sonae quam fingimus, propositis subinde respon­demus, Sermocinatio est.

Mimisis, imitatio sermonis, vel morum, qua [...] modo personae orationem, sed etiam gestum effin­gimus. Has praedictas sex species, Fabius atque [...], subiiciunt Prosopopoeie.

Topographia, loci descriptio, vt Carthaginis in primo Aeneidos, Huc refer Cosmographiam.

Topothesia, loci fictio, quum d [...]ribitur locus, qui fortasse nō est vspiam in rerum natura. Huius exemplum habes Thoma Mori Vtopiam, vel sal­tem non est talis qualis fingitur. Vt in sexto Aene idos inferorū, & Elisii descriptio. Huc refer A­strothesiam, apud Aratum, Higinium, Mani­lium, Pontanum.

Chronographia, descriptio temporis, vt. Noctis in quarto Aenesdos, Pacifici seculi ī quarta Ae gloga Virgilii. Quatuer etatum, in primo Meta­morphoseos.

Demonstratiō is, when we so plainly [Page xlv] [...]nd copiously expresse a thing, a persō, & an affection, maners, speach, and circū ­staunce, that the reader, semeth to se [...] it before his eies, as though it wer liue­lye paynted in a table. The kyndes bee these.

The description of a thyng, when not content, lightly and briefly to haue shewed it, we so set it before the Rea­ders eyes, that it semeth not to be told, but to be done: & the reader not to here it, but se it. Suche is the description of the floude in the firste booke of Meta­morphosis, & of a tempest in the second

Prosopopoeia, when any man is de­scribed. As Plutarche dothe the noble men, both Grecians and Latines. Sue­tonius also the twelue Emperours. How be it, the Rhethoricians vse thys woorde, Prosopopoeia largely to com­prehende these syxe kyndes folowyng.

Characterismus, the [...]pression or painting out, eyther of the body or mind So Dauus fetteth out [...]rito: & [...] the troublous olde man.

Prosopographia, the fayning of a per [Page] son. This hath two kindes. The fyrste is the description of a feined person pro­perlye belongyng to Poetes, syldome vsed of Oratours. As Uirgil fay­neth S [...]bbill to bee madde, and per­sones beneath in hell. Another fourme is, when vnto a thyng that is dumme, or without a bodye, we f [...]yne a per­sone, speache, and affection of a manne, or some lyuyng thyng, as to the byrdes called Harpyans, Furyes, Deuilles, Slepe, Hungar, Enuye, Fame, Uertewe, and lyke, the Poets bee [...]woonte to fayne a persone, and speache. Also when Oratours make the common wealthe speake, or as it were rayse vp agayne dead men.

Ethopoeia, propertye, or expres­syon of mylde maners and affections. Of thys there bee three kyndes. The fyrste, a large settyng out of maners, as of w [...]ttes, artes, vertues, or vy­ces. So Terence setteth out boastyng. Thraso, Plautus, a crakyng soul­dyoure. And thys facyon properlye belongeth to [...]ommoedies, and Dia­logues. [Page xlvi] The seconde fourme is a [...] [...]pressyon of naturall incl [...]nations, and affections naturall, as of the fa­thers loue towarde the chyldren, the housebande and wyfe, of frendes a­mong them selues, of compaygnions, geastes, neyghbours: of hatred also, and of enemyes. In expressyng of these among the Latines, Ciuius is very [...]uit [...]yng. For an Hystorye chyeflye setiet [...] out the desyre of myndes, purposes, and deedes, without anye greate out­cryes, and rages. The thyrde kynde is a settyng oute of colde and mylde affections, that dooe not so greatelye trouble the mynde nor tosse it: as whē we goe aboute gentely to geat mennes loue and fauoure, or that the mynde is broughte into hope, myrthe, or laugh­ter.

Pathopoeia, that is an expression of vehemente affections and pertur­bations. Of this there be two kyndes. The fyrste is called Imagination, whereby, fe [...]re, sorowe, anger, furye, [Page] hatred, enuy, vnbrideled desyre, lust im­moderate, hope, or gladnesse, and the passions of the mynde is described and styrred vp. Exaumples of these bee e­uerye where in Tragedies. There is an other facion called Commiseration, whereby we make menne wepe, moue menne to mercye, or to pardon an of­fence. Readye exaumples of these are in the perorations of Cicero, & in Po­etes, in their complaintes.

Sermocination, is when we fayne a person, and make hym speake lytle or muche according to comlines. Suche be the Concions of Liuie, and sermones or orations made in other Historiogra­phers. When the person that we feyn, speaketh all hym selfe: the figure is cal­led Conformation. But when we now and then aunswere to demaundes that he putteth vnto vs, it is called, Sermo cination.

Mimisis, an imitation of speache or manours, whereby we counterfayte, not onelye what one sayde, but his ge­sture also. These foresayde sixe kyndes, [Page xlvii] Quintilian and other put vnder Pro­sopopoe [...]a.

Topographia, the discription of a place, as of Carthago in the fyrste of Eneidos. Hyther referre Cosmogra­phie.

Topothesia, the faynyng of a place, When a place is descrybed, as parad­uenture suche none is. Exaumple of this is the Utopia of Spr Thomas Moore. Or elles is not suche a place as it is, fayned to bee. As, is hell, and heauen in the syxte of Eneidos. Hy­ther pertayneth the situaciō of starres, in Aratus, Higinius, Manilius and Pontanus.

Chronographia, the discription of tyme, as of nyght in the fowerth of E­neidos. Of the peace worlde in the fourth Egloge of Uirgil. Of the foure ages in the fyrste of Metamorphoseos.

Magna pars Eloquentiae sita estin augendo, ac diminuendo. Omnis autem amplificatio ac dimi­nutio, petitur aut ex rebus, aut ex verbis. Ex verbis sic.

Quum commutamus vocabulum, pro vero po­nentesatrotias. [Page] Vt si occisum dicamus eum, qui cae sus tantummodo fuit.

Augemus per incrementum, sic. Facinus est vinciri [...]iuem Romanum, scoelus verberari, parici dium necari, quid di [...]am in crucem tollere?

Increscit oratio per Congeriem, In cetu vero po­puli R [...]ni, negotium publicum gerens, magister equitum, frustis esculentis vinum redolentibus, gremium & totum tribunal implere, an non tur­pissimum? Differt a priore, impetu.

Per comparationem quoque in [...]rescit oratio. Fi­ctione, et exempli collatione. Fictione sic. Si me fer ut isthoc pacto metuerent, vt te metuunt omnes ciues tu [...]: domū meā mihi relīquend [...] putarè. Ex­empli collatione sic. An vero vi [...] ampli [...]imus Sci­p [...]o Tyberiū Gracchū mediocriter labe [...]ctáté Rēp­priuatus inte [...]fecit: Catilināorbem terrae, cede, & incendio vastare cupi [...]ntem, nos cōsules pferemus?

Amplificamus per coniecturas sic. Maro de Polyphemo. Trunca manus pinum regit. Hinc e­nim coniicimus, quantae fuerit totius corporis mag nitudo, eum pro scipione haberet pinum arborem.

Incrementum maius sumitur ex rebus, quas semper comitantur circumstantiae. Persona, has h [...] bet. Nationem, patriam, sexum, aetatem, educatio­nem, habitum corporis, fortunam, conditionem, a­nimi natur am, anteacta, nomen. Exempla. Natio, [Page xlviii] Si ꝙ eius nationis proprium estcontēnit, grauius est vt Angl [...]m sagittādi peritiā contēner [...], culpabilius est quā Gallū. Patria, non sīpli [...]iter auget. Sed exē ­pli gratia de Deo sic loqui licet, Voluit nasci ī ciui [...]ate longe celeberrima; quo velut ī excelso theat [...] positus, latius sua virtute diluceret, Sexus. In mu li [...]re turpiloqutum turpissima res est. A etas. Libi do senem maxime dedecet. Educatio, Bene a pri­mis annis institutus fuit Nero a Seneca, pinde post degenerasse grauius fuit Habitus corp [...]ris Cum [...]e deus corpore pulchro crearit, cur tā turpia patras? Fortuna, Ex obscuro factus es nobilis, & sic īsoles­cis? Conditio, priuat [...]s es, et tamen magis [...]ratui r [...] sistis, Animi natura. Cum te magnanimū crearet deus, cur tā pusilla sectaris. Anteacta, Iā desidē esse, cuius priora tā egregia fuerunt facinora, dede cus est, Nomē. Vigilātiū ī [...]e tāta dormire decebat Rerum circumstātiae hae sunt. Caussa, Locus, Tem pus, īstrumentum. Caussa, ad paricidium primus impul sti, grauior ergo est tua culpa Locus. In tem plo virginem contaminauit. Tempus. Carnibus iū vescebaris, quando publicūfuit indictum ieiu­nium. Instrumentum Gladio peior [...], lingua serpens Euāoccidit Et haec est ꝑ circūstantias amplificatio

A great part of Eloquence standeth by increasing and diminishing. And all amplification is taken either of thinges [Page] or woordes: by wordes thus.

When we chaunge the very woorde, and in stede thereof put a bygger, & say: Thou hast killed him: where peraduen­ture he gaue hym but a fewe stripes.

An other kynde of Amplification is, [...]hen oure woordes increase one byg­ger then other, thus. It is offence to bynde a Citezin of Rome, haynous-to beate hym, manslaughter to kyll hym. What shall I cal it to hang hym?

We amplify also by heapyng thinges faste together. In the companye of the people of Rome, hauyng a common of­fice, Mayster of the horse, there to caste vp thy stynkyng gobbettes, and to fyl [...] thy lappe and the iudgemente seate, is not this a shame? This differeth frō the other, because it goeth a pace: and the other by steppes and distinctions.

We amplifye by comparison: and se [...] one exaumple to an other: or fayne as though such thyng had happened, thus: If my seruauntes dyd feare me in suche wyse as all thy Citezins feare thee, I would think it good to leaue my house. [Page xlix] By comparyng one exaumple to an o­ther, thus. Cicero. Did I pray you that noble man Scipio beyng a priuate per­son kyl Tiberius Gracchus, which sha ked the common wealth but a litle: and shal we being Cōsuls suffer Catiline, y• goeth about to wast the whole world with murther and fyer?

We amplify by coniecture thus Uir­gil speaking of Polyphemus. He helde in his hande the bodye of a pyne tree. By this we coniecture what a greate body he had, when he had a pine tree for his staffe.

A greater am [...]lification of thynges. Which alwaies haue their circumstan­ces with them. A person hath these. Na cion, countrey, kinde, age educatiō, ha­uour of the body, fortune, condicion, na­ture of mind, forededes, and names. Ex amples. If a man despise any thing that properlye belongeth to his nation, it is more greuous, as. For if an English mā doe despise the feate of shooting. The c [...]untrey doth not alwayes cause am­plification: but we may say of God. He [Page] would be borne in the goodliest part of the world, yt as it wer in an opē playing place, his might & power, myght shine more abrode. Kind. As filthy talke is a foule thing in a womā. Age. Lechery be­cōmeth not an old man, Educatiō. [...]ero [...] his first yeres was wel brought vp, it wastherfore ye more shame to [...] afterwardes. The hauior of the bodi. Sith god hath made the a faire psonage, why dooest thou so filthily? Fortune. Thou art of low degree becū a noble mā, the worse is now thy pride. Cōdiciō. Thou art a priuate man & darest thou resist the magistrates? The nature ofthe mind. God hath created ye of an high & noble heart, why thē fekest thon for so small trifles. Fordedes. Now to be a sluggard which be fore hast done so goodly actes, is a [...] shame. Name. To slepe in so gret a mat ter, & to be named waker, was this [...]

The circūstances of thinges be these. Cause, place, time, instrument. Cause. Thou wast the first that moued to this murther, the fault therfore is the greter Place. He defiled ye virgin in ye [...]. Time. Thē eate he flesh, whē ther was [Page l] proclaimed opē fasting, Instrumēt. The serpēt killed Eue wt his tōg worse then any sword. Thus now may yon se what Amplificatiō riseth by the circumstan­ces belonging to persons, & thynges.

Frequētatio est, cū res in tota caussa dispersa, co gūtur [...] in locū, quo grauior aut acrior, aut cri­minosior oratio sit, hoc pacto A quo [...] abest [...]ste vitio? quid est, Iudices, cur velitis eū liberare? suae pudicuiae ꝓditor est, insidiator alienae, cupidus, in tēperans, petulans, suꝑbus, impius in parētes, īgra [...]us ī a [...]icos, infestus in cognatos, in supereores cō ­tumax, in aequos, & pares fastidiosus, in inferi­ores crudelis, denique in omnes intollerabilis.

Frequentatiō is, whē the thinges that [...] dispersed through al the cause be [...] together into one place, that the [...]ratiō may be the moregraue, sharper, or [...]fuller, thus. What vice hath he [...]ot? why should you deliuer hī you iud­ [...]s? His own chastity he setteth forth cū whose wil, he lieth ī wait for others, he [...] intēperate, wanton, proud, vnnatural [...] his [...], [...] to his frendes, [...]roublesō to his kinsfolkes, stubberne to [...]is betters, dis [...]ful to his felowes, [Page] cruel to his inferiours, vntollerable to all men.

Congeries est multiplicatio verborum, aut sen­tëtiarūrem eandem velut inculcantium. Hoc di [...] fert ab Incremento, quod illic per gradus incresci [...] oratio, hic velut aceruo. Cic. Quid enim ille tuu Tubero districtus in acie Pharsalica gladius a­gebat? cuius latus ille mucro petebat? Qui sensu [...] erat armorum tuorum? Quae tua mens, oculi, m [...] nus, ardor animi? Quid cupiebas? quid optabas Quam multae voces hic sunt idem fere significan tes. Vt, gladius, mucro, a [...]ma, Sensus, mens, ani mus, cupiebas, optabas. Tum quot sententiae eode [...] spectantes, distringere in acie gladium, latus p [...] tere, sensus armorum. Eiusdem generis est sed a [...] fectum habens mitiorem, quod [...]st apud Virgili [...] 3. Eneid, Quid puer Ascanius, superatne & v [...] citur aura Aetherea? nec adhuc crude [...]bus oc [...] bat [...]mbris? Nihil enim aliud querit nisi an a [...] huc supersit Ascanius, sed affectus est, quod re [...] eandem ter expressie.

[...]ongeries, is a multiplication [...] wordes, or sentences, as it wer beatyn in all one thing. It differeth frō ēcrea [...] in this point, because the oration the [...] groweth as it wer by degrees, and he [...] [Page li] [...]y heapes. [...]icero, Tubero, what dyd thy drawē sweord in ye battail of Phat sal [...]a? whose side did the point strike at?

What was the meanyng of thine ar mour. What mēt thy mind, eyes, hādes [...]ury of mind? What diddest thou couet? What diddest thou wish? Howe manye wordes be there here signifying almost all one thing? as: sweorde, pointe of the sweord, weapons, sense, minde, ent [...]nte, diddest couet, diddest desire. Further, how many sentences bee there tendyng to one point, a [...]: to drawe thy sweord in the fielde, to runne at his side, meanyng of weapons. Of the same sort is, but ha uyng a more milde affection, that is in [...]irgil in the. iii. of Eneid. Howe doeth the childe Ascanius, is he on the earth; doth he eate the breath Ethereal? doth he not yet lye belowe in the cruel dark places? He axeth nothing els, but whe­ther Ascanius be aliue, but it is the af­fectiō that expresseth one thing thrise.

Diuisio est, quae rem semou [...]ns are, vtramque [...]bsoluit ratione subiecta, hoc modo. Cur ego nunc [...]bi quicquam obijciam? Si probus es nō. meri [...]sti [Page] sin improbus non commoueris. Et illud. Quid nunc ego de meis proprijs meritis preaicem? Si me ministis, obiundam: sin obliti estis, cum [...]e nihil e­gerim, quid est quod verbis proficere possim?

Diuision is, whithe remouyng one thing from another, endeth thē both by shewing a reason, thus. Why should I nowe then lay any thyng to thy charge? If thou be good thou hast not deserued it: if thou be naught, thou carest not for it. Also, what should I nowe speake of myne owne proper merites. If you re­member them I shal but trouble you: if you haue forgot them, when I haue done nothing by dede, what may I pro­fite by wordes?

Correctio est, quae tollit quod dictum est, & ali­ud magis i [...]oncum iu eius Iocum reponit, Sic Quod si iste suos amicos rogasset, imo innu [...]sset do, hoc facile perfici possit,

Correction is, whiche taketh away that that is spoken, and putteth a mor [...] meter thyng in his place, thus. That i [...] he had prayed his frendes, yea had n [...] more but beckte, this thyng myght eas [...] ly haue been done.

[Page lii]Definitio est, qua rei alicuius propria vis explic [...] rur, breuiter et absolute hoc modo, Nō est ista dili gētia sed auaritia: eo ꝙ diligētia est accurrata cō seruatio suorū, auaritia n̄uriosa appetitio alienorū

Difinition is, wherby the proper pith of any thyng is declared briefly & per­fectly, thus. This is not diligence, but couetousnes: decause diligence is an he­dy conseruation of that that is his own couetousnes is an iniurious desyer of other mennes goodes.

Transitio est, qua monemus breuiter quid dictū [...]it, & quid cōsequatur, vt, In patriā qualis fuerit habetis: nunc in parentes qualis extiterit, accipite

Transition is, whereby we do brief­ [...]y shew what is spoken, & what should [...]olowe, thus. You haue heard howe he [...]ath behaued hymselfe to hys countrey [...]ow what he hath been to his parentes I wyll tell you.

Exēplū est rei gestae est cōm [...]moratio, & ad nostrā aussā accōmodatio. Huius ergo materia est factū el res gesta, ab aliquo homine: Sic, Quem admodū [...]amillus rem Romanam in extremam pernitiem [Page] adductam, restituit: Sic Laurentius lationas lite­ras barbarorum inscitia f [...]re extinctas, in pristi­num nitorem reuocauit. Porro comparatio ostendie exemplum, quod adductum est, aut simile, aut dissimile, aut contrarium. Rursum, aut par, aut minus, aut maius. Quod in similibus quoque ef­ficitur.

Exaumple is the rehearsal of a thing that is doone, and applying of it to our cause. So the grounde and matter of an exaumple is an acte done of any maune, thus. As Camillus restored ye Romain common wealth being brought into ex­treme ieopardye: So Laurence Ualla broughte agayne into the olde pure­nesse, the Latine toungue, whiche tho­rowe ignoraunce of the Babarians, was almoste quite loste. Further, Compa­ration sheweth the exaumple that is brought, either to be like, vnlike, or co [...] trary. And agayne, equall, lesse, or big­ger. Which thing is also done in para­bles, or similitudes.

Similitudo est collatio rei mutae, vel inanimat [...] ad nostr ā caussa accommedata vt, Nauis pro ve [...] [...]rum ratione velum tollens, aut contrahens, ī ho [...] [Page liii] [...]ut illud latus transferens: parabola est, quae do­cet sapientem tempor [...] cedere ae rebus presenti­bus sese accommodare. Sicut ergo exemplum a facto hominis, & persona historiae petitur, sic col­latio a qualibet re preter hominē, & preter homi­nis factum, sumitur.

Similitude is a mete conferring of a dumme thyng or that hath no life, vnto oure purpose, as. A shippe lyftyng vp, taking downe, or turnyng his sayles on this side or that side as the windes blo­weth, is a parable: which techeth a wise manne to serue the tyme, and doe as the worlde goeth. So than as an exaumple is taken of the de [...]e of a manne, and of some person in an historie: So a simili­tude is taken of any thyng saue of man, or mans acte.

Imago minimum differt a similitudine. Vt si dicas Achillem ignis aut solis instar armis re­lucentem venisse in p [...]oelium. Aut alique [...] more draconis aut leonis in hostes insil [...]isse. Imago est potius quam simili [...]udo. Du [...]itur au­tem Imago ab ammantis forma: Vt si homi­nem rapacem ac virulentum depingas similem [Page] [...]ubatae dr [...]coni, qui oculis ardentibus, d [...]ntibus acutis, vnguibus aduncis, biante rictu, per om [...] circumspiciens si quem reperiat, cui possit ali­quid mali faucibus afflare, quem ore attingere, dentibus dissecare, lingua aspergere, vnguibus dilacerere.

Image very litle differeth frō simili­tude. As if thou say that Achilles came into the field in harneys glistryng like fyer, or the sunne beames: Or that one flew vpon his enemies, like a dragon or lion, it is an image or resēblance rather then similitude. And a resēblance is ta­ken of the fourine of a beaste, as yf you wil paint out a rauening, or poysonous man like to a crested dragō, which with burning eies, sharp teeth, croked nailes gapyng mouth, loking euery where, v­pon whom he may blowe out his poysō whō he may gape at, bite with his teeth poisō with his tōg, teare wt his nayles.

Ad exemplorum genus refertur Autoritas, [...] est alieni dicti, aut sententiae collatio ad nostram caussam accommodata. Cuius species sunt.

Sententia, dictio ad mores, vel res communes pertinens, que commoda breuitate demonstrat, [Page liiii] quid in vita sit agendum, aut quid fieri soleat, vt Lahor improbus omnia vincit, &, Heu nihil inui tis fas quenquam fidere diuis. Tales sunt Solomo nis, & Catonis sententiae.

Enthymema, sententia ex contrarijs. vt, Sibonis placere magna laus est, certe malis hominibus pro bari ignominia est. Item obsequiū amicos, veritas odium parit. Nam hic Enthymema non est species argumentationis dialectice.

Epiphonema, rei narratae, vel probatae, sūma ac clamatio, hoe, est, amplificatoi quedāhonestatis, dig nitatis, vtilitatis, difficultatis, aut fimiliū fere re­rū in fine addita, ad augendum admirationē, vt Tantae molis erat erat Romanā condere gentē, quae est narrataerei acclamatio e. Adeo a teneris consu esceremultū est. Probataerei acclamatio. Vt pro li­gario. Quorūigitur impunitas Cesar tua clemētiae laus est, eorūte ipsorū ad crudelitatē acuet oratio?

Noenia, quum tecte significamus, ꝙ auditor ex se ipse diuinet, vel sētētiosū scōma, detortū in [...] aliquā, cuius mores, & ineptiae notentura?

Ex [...]plū Liuius habet. Atheniēses [...]dē literis, ver bisq̄bellū aduersus Philippū gerebāt. Quo noem [...] te Liuius salse notat ībellē loquacitatē Graeculorū

Chria, breuissima exposuio alicuius facti, vel dicti, cū autoris nomine citato, Hác Cicero in pre­fa [...]ione [Page] tertū officiorum pertractat, Scipionem dic [...] re solitumse nunquam minus ociosum esse, quam cum ociosus: nec minus solum, quam cum solus. [...] dictum vel sententia ex apologo sumpta­qualia sunt Epimithia, id est, apologationes, & allegorie interpretantes apologos & corum vsum indicantes.

Oraculum id est dictum ab ore dei exceptū, vel ex mandato dei prolatum, qualia sunt omnia fer [...] quae in Biblijs dicuntur, & praecipiuntur.

Unto exaumples is referred autho­ritie: that is a mete conferring of an o­ther mannes saying or sentence to oure cause. The kindes be these.

Sentence, is a saying pertayning to maners, or to common practises of the world which with proper br [...]efnes, shew eth what is to bee done, or wont to bee done in this life, as. Continual labor o­uercommeth al thing. And no man may hope for any thing against goddes wyl. Such be the sētences of Salomō, & Cato.

Enthymeme, a sentence made of con­traries: as if it bee a greate prayse to please good menue: to be alowed of e­uil, is gret reproch. Also flattry getteth [Page lv] frendes, trueth hatred. Neither is it here a kind of argumētacion dialectical

Epiphonema, is an acclamacion of a­ny matter that is tolde, or alowed: that is to say, an amplifying of honestie, dig­n [...]tie, profite, difficultie, or suche other like, put at the ende for the more [...] ling, as. As so w [...]ightie a matter it was to sette vp the Romaine nacion. Here is an acclamacion of a matter told be­fore. And so great it is to accustome our self from youth.

An acclamation of a thing that is told thus, as for Ligarius. Cesar, whose per don is praise of thy mercye, shall there woordes sharpen thee to cru [...]?

Noema, when we signifye [...], that which the hearer maye coni [...] by himselfe. Or it is a taunt, spoken a­gainst any person, whose folye, and ma­ners are reproued. Liuie hath suche an [...]aumple. The Athenians by letters & wordes fought agaynst Philip. Wher­by, Liuius dyd secretely reproue the vn warlike babling of the Grecians.

[...], a very short exposicion of any [Page] [...]ede or saying, with the autours name beyng recited. This is well handled of [...] in the preface of the third boke of his Offices: that Scipio was wont to saye, he was neuer lesse alone then whē he was voyde of the common wealthe matters, and neuer lesse alone, thē whē he was alone.

AEnos, a sayng or a sentence taken out of a tale, as are the Morals & Alli­gories interpretyng fables, & shewyng there vse.

Oraculum, any worde that is recey­ued at the mouth of God, or spoken by his commanndement, as are common­ly all thynges that are spoken and com­maunded in the Bibles.

Expolitio est, c [...]m in eodem loco manemus, & alt­ud atque aliud dicere vi [...]emur. Ergo huiusmodi vehementer ornata poterit ess [...] expolitio, quae con­stabit exfrequentibus verborum exornationibus, & sententiarum hoc pacto, Ita vti contēnendus est, qui ī n [...]uigādo, se, quā na [...]im mouult incolu­mem: ita vituperandus, qui in Reip. discrimine, suae plusquam communi saluti, cōsulit. Naue en [...] fracta muli incolumes eu [...]serunt: exnaufragio [Page lvi] patriaesal [...]us nemo potest enatare, Quod mihi bene videtur. Decius intellexisse, qui se deuouisse dici­tur, & pro legionibus in hostes misisse medios, Vn de amisit vitam, & non perdidit. Re enim vilissi­māet paru [...], maximā i edemit: dedit vitā, accepi [...] patriā, amisit anim [...], potitus est gloria, quae cūsū ­ma laude prodita, vetustate quotidie magis [...]ni­tescit.

Expolition is, when we tary still in one place, and yet seme to speake diuers thinges. So that it may be a very good ly expolition, which shal stand of many exornations of woordes, and sentences, thus. Wherfore as he is to be despised which beyng on the sea had rather haue himself safe thē the ship, so is he to be re buked which in the [...]eopardy of the cōmō wealthe, prouideth more for hym setfe, then for the safety of the cōmon wealth Whiche thyng me thynketh D [...]cius did wel perceiue, when he bente hymself to die, and for the sauing of his souldiours to haue runne into the middes of his e­nemis. Wherby he let his life go, but he lost it not. For with a smal thing & of li­tle: price he redemedathīg of gret valu [...] [Page] he gaue his life, but he receiued his coū ­trey: he lette passe his life, but enioyed glory, which declared with great praise the elder it shall waxe, dayly the more and more it shall shine.

Breuitas est res ipsis tantummodo verbis ne­ [...]essariis ex [...]edita, hoc modo. Lemnum praterien [...] cepit, inde Tharsi presidium resiquit, post, vrbem in Bythinia sustulit, inde pulsus in Hellespontum statim potitur Abido.

Breuitie is, whē the matter is quick ly tolde, with no moe wordes but those that be necessary, thus. As he passed by, he toke Lemnum, then he left a garrisō at Tharsus: after he toke a city in By­thinia, drieuen from thence, forthwith he wanne Abydus.

Atque haefere sunt senten [...]arum figurae: queis rerum, & orationis copia mirabiliter augetur Ceterum a Rhetoribus appellantur vari [...]s nomi­nibus, vt a Fabio alicubi argumenta, quum sun [...] partes caussarum, quae omitti commode non pos­sunt alicubi or namenta, & amplificationum for­mae, & virtutes orationis, & lumina, & colores­tum videlicet, quum non sūt partes caussarum, [...] vel eximi, vel omitti possunt; boc est, quando non [Page lvii] probandi, sed ornandi gratia caussis inseruntur. Cicero vocat exornationes sentemiarum A lij no­minant argumenta rerum, quod his non solum o­rationis, sed & caussae corpus augeatur, & incres­cat. Verum quoniam nomina declarandis rebus seruiunt, expositis rebus, de vocibus non est cur anxij magnopere simus. Haud ignoro esse & alia pleraque ornamenta, & figuras orationis. Verum nobis precipua sunt pro virili collecta, & quae ma xime digna annotatu visa.

And these in maner be the figures of sentences, whereby the copye, bothe of wordes and matter, is wonderfully in­creased. Howbeit they bee called of the Rhetoricians by diuers names, as some where of Qui [...]tilian they be named ar gumentes, and maners of amplificatiō, vertues also of an oration, and lightes, and colours, euen then in dede whē thei be not partes of the matter, but eyther may be taken out, or quite left of: that is to say, when they be not put in mat­ters, to proue any thyng, but to garnish it. Cicero calleth them exornations of sentence. Other name them ornamētes of matter, because by them, not only the [Page] oration and wordes, but the body of the matter groweth and is increased. But because names dooe serue to declare thinges, the matters declared, we nede not to take much thought touchyng the woordes. I know there be many other ornamentes also, and figures of oracion But to my power I haue gathered the chief, and that wer thought most mete to bee noted.

De Tribus Generibus dicendi.

COmmonstratis de ornatu, & Eloquutione prae­ceptis, atque figuris, reliquae muneris, ac insti­tuti nostri partes erunt, vt in quibus omnis or a­toria institutio, debeat esse generibus, dicamus. Es se enim diuersa dicendi genera, quae Graeci [...], nos figuras appellamus, in quibus omnis oratio non vitiosa consumitur, neminem arbitror ne mediocriter quidem doctum, fugit, [...] tot artium scriptores, & Grecos, & Latinos, quos priora seeula tulerunt, stylum, dicendique genus orationis plerunque dispar, atque dissimile se­quutos, vid [...]us. Sunt autem dicendi [...] tria potissimum animaduersa, Grande, Tenue, [Page lviii] Mediocre, Grande, illustre, vehemens, & ple­num dicendi genus, diuino quod [...] genere o­rationis, atque incredibili, caussis grauioribus ad hibetur: Habet enim cum am [...]a matestate, orna­tissima verba, propria; translata, extranea, ita ta­mē, vt ad vnamquanquam rem accōmodata sint: & graues sententias, quae in amplificatione, & cō miseratione tractantur, & exornationes cum ver­borum, tum sentētiarum, quibus maximam vim in or ationibus tribuunt, ac grauitatem. Sunt au­tem qui hoc genere vtuntur, vehementes, varij, co­piosi, graues, ad permouendos, & conuertendos a­nimos instructi, & parati. Vsus est Ciecro in ora­tione pro Aulo Cluentio, pro Sylla, pro [...]ito Annio Milone, pro Caio Rabirio, in Catilinam, in Verrē, in Pisonem, Sed huius imperiti sepe in vitia inci­dunt, cum grauis oratio illis videtur [...], que tur­get, & inflata est:quae nouis, aut duriter a [...]unde translatis, aut priscis, & ab vs [...] quotidtani sermo nis iam [...], aut grauioribus quam res postulat verbis, vtitur hoc modo. Nam qui perduellionibus venditat patriam, non satis sup­pl [...] dederet, si preceps in Neptunias [...]pultus erit Lacunas.

Tenue genus dicendi, subtili quadā & pr [...]ssa, atque [...] oratione fertur, caussis pa [...]lo [Page] acutioribus, quam in vsu, vulgari sermonis ver­santur, est accommodatum. Est enim gaenus or atio­nis demissum, vsque ad vsitassimam puri, diluci­d [...]ue consuetudinem sermonis: habet sententias tenues, subtiles, acutas, omnia docentes, & diluci diora, non ampliora, facientes. In eodemque genere (vt in oratore [...]) alij callidi sunt, sed impoliti, et consulto rudium si [...]les, & imperitorum: alij in eadem ieiunitate concinniores, id est, faceti, floren tes etiam, & leniter ornati. Vsus est Cicero in phi losophi [...]is disputationibus, in or atione pro Quintio, pro Rosco Comedo, & Terentius & Plautus in suis Comoedus, Errant, qui non possunt in illa fa­cetissima verborum attenuatione commode versa­ri, & veniunt ad aridum, & exangue gaenus ora­tionis, quod non alienum est exile nominari, cuius modi est. Namistic ad balneas accessit, ad hunc postea dixit: Hic tuus seruus me pulsauit. Posteae dixit hic illi, Considerabo, Post ille conuicium fe­cit, & magis, magisque presentibus multis cla­mauit.

Mediocre & temperatum dicendi gaenus ex hu [...], neque tamen ex infima, & pervulgatis­sima verborum & sententiarum dignitate, cōstat. Estque recte dictum genus sermonis temperatum quod admodum vicinum sit tenui, & grandi: at­que [Page lix] ita [...] in neutro excellat, sed vtriusque sit par ticeps, v [...]l potius expers, cum neque hoc, neque il­lud haebeat, sed interiectam, moderationem perse­quatur, atque temperië. Idque vno tenore, vt aiunt in dicendo fluit, nihil preter facultatem afferens & aequalitatem, omnemque orationem ornamētis modicis cum verborum, tum s [...]ntentiarum distin guens. Vtitur eo Cicero in oratione pro lege Ma­nilia, pro Aulo Cecinna, pro Marco Marcello, [...] ximeque in Libris Ofsiciorum. In hoc [...]itiosum est, peruenire ad cōfine genus eius, quod fluctuans & dissolutum appeliant, eo quod sine neruis, & ar­ticulis, fluctuet huc & illuc, nec possit confirma­re, nec viriliter sese expedire, id est huiusmodi. So­cij nostri cum belliger are nobiscum vell [...]t, [...] ratiocinati essent etiam atque etiam quid possent facere siquidem sua sponte facerent, & non habe rent hic auditores multos, & malos homines & audaces solent enim diu cogitare omnes, qui mag na negotia volunt agere. Non potest [...]smodi ser mo tenere attentum auditorem. Difflluit enim to tus, neque quiequam comprehendens perfectis verbis amplectitur.

Of the three kyndes of stile or endighting.

Now yt we haue shewed the [...] and figures of garnishing, & eloquntiō, it is our office & duety, to shew in what kindes, al oratorie ought to be. For that there be thre sundry kindes called of the Grekes Characters, of vs, figures, in which euery oration not fawtie, is occu­pied, I trowe there is no man meanely learned, but he knoweth: namelye when we se so many writers of sciences, both Grecians, & Latines, which haue bene be­fore time, to haue folowed for the most part sūdry kindes of writing, one vnlike the other. And there hath been marked inespeciall three kindes of endighting. The great, the smal, and the meane.

The great kind.

The great, the noble, the mighty, & the ful kind of endighting, with an incredi­ble, and a certein diuine power of oratiō is vsed in [...] causes: for it hath with an ample [...], very garnyshed wordes: proper, translated, and [...] [...] tences, which are handled in amplifica­tiō, & [...]: and it hath crornati [...] both of woordes and sētēces: wher [Page lx] vnto in orations they ascribe very gret strength and grauitie. And thei that vse this kind be vehemēt, various, copious, graue, wel and throughly appointed, to moue and turne men to their purpose This kinde dyd Cicero vse in the orati on for Aulus Cluencius, for Sylla, for Titus Annius Milo, for Caius [...], agaynst Catiline, against Uerres against Piso, but they that cannot skyll of this, oftentimes fal into fautes, when vnto thē yt semeth a graue oratiō, which swelleth and is puffed vp, which vseth straūge words, hardly trāslated, or that be to old, and that be now long sythens lefte of from vse of daylye talke, or more graue then the thyng requireth.

The small kinde.

The small kynde of endightyng is in a subtile, pressed, and fyled oration, mete for causes that bee a litle sharper then are in the common vse of speaking. For it is a kynde of oration that is lette dowue euen to the moste vsed custome of pure, and cleare spea­kyng. It hath fyne sentences, subtilo, [Page] sharpe, teachyng all thynges, and ma­kyng them more playn, not more ample. And in this same kind (as Cicero saieth in his oratour) some be crafty, but vnpo lished, and of purpose like the rude and vnskilful. Other in yt leanes are trim, that is, mery cōceited, florishing also, & a litle garnished. Cicero vsed this kind in his philosophical disputacions, in the oration for [...], for Roscius the comedie player: and Terence, and Plau tus in their Comedies. Such as cannot handsomly vse themselfes in that mery conceited slendernes of wordes, fal in­to a drye, & feble kind of oration, which may be called aweake, and feble writīg, thus. He came to the balenes: after he said vnto him. This thy seruant strake me. I will consider. After that he chode and cryed more and more manye beyng present.

The meane kind.

The meane and temperate kind of in­ [...] standeth of the lower, and yet not of the lowest, and most cōmō words and sentences. And it is rightly called ye [Page lxi] temperate kind of speaking, because it is very nigh vnto the smal, and to the gret [...], folowing a moderation and tem­per betwixt them both. And it foloweth (as you would say) in one tenor distin­guishing, all the oration with smal or­namentes both of wordes and sētences. Cicero vseth this for the law of Mani­lius, for Aulus Cecinna, for Marcus Marcellus, and most of al in his bokes of Offices. In this is fawtye to come to the kind that is nie vnto it, called dis­solute, because it waueth hyther & thy­ther, as it wer without synewes and iointes, stāding surely in no point. And suche an Oration cannot cause the hearer to take anye hede, whē it goeth in and out, & cōprehendeth not any thyng with per­fecte woordes.

FINIS.

THE ARGVMENT OF the oration for Marcus Marcellus.

GNeius Pompeius being ouercome in ye bataile at Phar salia, of those men that toke his part, some [...] into A­frike to the armye of Juba, and Acti­us, to renewe the bataile againe, as dyd Scipio and Cato: other thiking thēselfes ouercome, fought no more, as did Mar­cus Cicero: some kept a meane, as dyd Marcus Marcellus, one that had be [...]e cōsull, and a singuler wise man, whiche alwaies did much distrust ye victory of Pōpey. The gret multitude for his gret & singuler vertues loued this man, and therfore desyred y• he should be restored. But ye inuin [...]ible stomake of his would not be restored by Cefar into his coūtry because he would not se at Rome, those thinges that greued his hert. Cieero be cause he was his familier, and frend e­uen of a child, did oftentimes exhort him to geue place to the time, & obey necessi [Page lxii] which is alwaies the point of a wise mā [...]is brother Caius Marcellus, moste hartily praied him that he would come, & cōtinually praied Cesar for to saue his brother. In the Senate, Cesar being pre­sēt, whē Lucius Piso made mētion of Marcus Marcellns, & whē his brother Caius Marcellus had cast hīself at the fete of Cesar, al the Senate rose vp toge ther, & lowly came to Cesar, to pardon Marcus Marcellus. Then made Cesar an oration in the Senate, in the which o­ration he accused the bitternes of Mar­cus Marcellus, that when he warred in Gallia, thē Marcus Marcelius being cō sul, called him thefe, and that he wēt in hand with the coūsel, that Cesar should be iudged an enmy of his coūtrey, o [...]les he would put of his armour, & that Mar [...]us Marcellus also did beate we roddes the Decurian of Nouumcomū, (which to be fraunchised Cesar had brought to Rome) to declare that this [...]ecurion was no Citezin, and so to disproue the dede of Cesar For to beat the Citizens of [...]ome with roddes it was forbiddē by [Page] the lawe that Portius made, For the Citizens of Rome, both wer the [...] fraun thisers, and brought out of other coun­treys, there to enhabite. Beside this he shewed also other displeasures that Marcellus did vnto him. [...]eahe added that some there wer that lay in wait to kil him. But he said as touching nature I haue liued ynough, and as touchyng glory too. Then sodainly otherwise thē al thei loked for, as touching Marcellus he said he would not denie it, no not for his own sake. And so he gaue hun to the Senat, and to the cōmon wealth. The senatours being demaunded what they thought of his iudgem [...]t, gaue thankes to Cesar. Cicero which had appoynted for the desyre of his old dignitie, to hold his peace, moued by Cesars highnes of mind, and mercye, and that the Senate did their duetic, chaunged his purpose. Therfore in this Oration he geueth greate thankes to Cesar. So is thys the argum [...]t. First he sheweth the cause why he had determyned for euer to hold his peace among the counsaylers: and [Page lxiii] that Cesars mercy in restoryng his eit­mye Marcellus, was the cause why he chaunged his purpose. For then Cesat gaue a signe that all shoulde be well in the common weale. He dothe preferre Cesars actes before all the actes of the Emperours of the people of Rome, of outward nations, of moste mightie peo­ple, and most ercellente kinges. But he sayeth that he hath gotten muche more glorye, because he hath vanquished his owne minde, repressed his anger, & tem­pered his victorye (which by nature is insolent and proud) and because he hath restored his enmy to his old dignity. In this victory so great was Cesars mo­desty, that he shewed he had rather not to haue fought then to haue ouercome, in that he restored again, & loued those that counsayled to peace, amonge the which was Cicero. If Pompey had o­uercome, his victorye would haue bene cruel: in the victory of Cesar ther was no cruelty, there was no man killed, but the armed men in the fight. Wherefore the immortall gods seme to haue refer­red [Page] al the safety of the peo [...]le of Rome and of the cōmon wealth, to the wisdom and mercy of Cesar, seing thei haue hol­pē his victory. He taketh awaie the sus­picion of Cesar, that any man should lye in wai [...] to slay him, but yet he counsels him to take hede. He denyeth that he e­uer feared any suche thing to happen to Cesar, but yet he sayeth the v [...]certayne happes of lyfe, and frailtye of mans na­ture to be feared. He exhorteth Cesar to set vp agayne the commō wealth, which through the violence of warre needes was decayed. And because Cesar said he had liued long inough touching nature, and glory: yet sayth Cicero, that for hys countrey, for which he was borne, he had liued but a litle, which if he wil now set in order agayne, the glorye of his diuine vertue shall remayn for euer. He desy­reth Ce [...]ar to loke to his own lyfe, and safetie. He promiseth in his own name, and in the name of the reste of the Se­natours, that they wyll not only watch for hym, but also put their own bodies in i [...]opardye to saue hym.

A THANKES GEVING to Caesar for the restitucion of Marcus Marcellus.

OF this long sylence, whiche I vsed in these troublous tymes, not for any feare, but part­ly for sorowe, partely for shame, honourable fathers, this presente daye hath made an ende: and made me begin again after myne olde maner, to say my wyl and mynd. For so gret meke­nes, such mercy as neuer was heard of, suche moderation where one may do al, finallye suche incredible, and in [...] heauēly wisdō, [...] no wise I may passe o­uer wt silēce. For Marcus Marcellus, ho norable fathers, now restored to you, & to the cōmō welth, I think not only his voice & autoritye, but mine own also to be conserued, and restored agayn to you and to the cōmō wealth. For I was so­ry honourable fathers, yea & very sory, so noble a man, being in the same quarel y• I was, not also to be in as good a case [Page] as I am: neyther coulde I fynde in myne hearte, nor yet thynke it lawe­ful,A Meta­phore. to runne in this your old rase, and syt among you counsaylers, the chyefe louer of my studyes, and labours, and as it were my felowe, and company [...] pulled awaye from me. Wherefore Cesar, bothe haste thou geuen agayne vnto me myne olde facion of Iyfe, and haste sette vp to all these menne as it wer a banner of hope, that all shal beA trāslatiō taken of the maner of marre. wel in the common wealth. For I haue perceyued in manye, chiefly in my selfe, and of late in all: sythe thou haste resto­red Marcellus to the Senatours, to the people, and to the common wealth, specyally also rehearsing the greues by hym done vnto thee, that thou settest more by the reputation of this order, & honoure of the common wealthe, then eyther by thyne own sorowes, or suspi­cions. And verely of al hys lyfe past he hath receiued the gretest fruit, and most honorit is vnto him: that all the Senate hath made intercessiō, and that besides also, by thy most graue and sage iudge­ment, [Page lxv] he thought to doe honour to thee and to the common wealth, Wherby veAn Epipho neme to the prayse of Marcellu [...] rely thou doest perceiue, yt sith in recey uing the benefit it is so gret praise, how much more glorious it is to the to haue geuen it. In dede happy is he, for whose saftie, no lesse gladnes in maner cōmeth to all men, then to himself. And thys he wel deserueth. For who is more excel­lent thē he, in noblenes, in vertue, in stu­dy of the best sciences, in true meaning, or in any kynd of thing worthy prayse? No mans wit is so great, no man so h [...] ble eyther to write or speake, that once can declare, much lesse garuish and ga [...] ­ly set out thine actes, O Cesar. Yet by thy leaue, this dare I boldly say, that for nothyng that euer thou diddest, thou e­uerHe cōpareth the victorie of C [...]sars an g [...]r to his o­ther victo­ries, & pre­ferreth it be fore thē all. gattest greater prayse the thou hast this day. I am oftē wont to remembre, and gladly much to speake of, how that all the actes of our Emperours, of fo­rein nations, of most mightye people, of most noble kynges, are not woorthy to be compared with thyne, neither for the greatnes of the quarel, neyther in num­ber [Page] of battailes, neither in diuersitie of countreys, nor in spedy perfourmance, nor in diuersities of fightes: & that no countreys, were thei neuer so farre di­staunt, would more quickly be gone vn­to on foote, then thei wer made famous I wil not say with thy spedy iourneys, but victories. which thinges verely ex­cept I would confesse to be so great, y• scarce any mans mynd, or thought wer able to comprehend them, I might wor­th [...]ly be counted witles. And yet for all that, there be other thinges muche grea­ter. For as touching y• praises of warre, some bee wont to [...] them with woordes, and to plucke them from the captaines, and part thē wt the souldiers that the captaines should not haue all. And verely in battaile the manhode of the souldiers, the cōuenience of y• place, the succours of confiderates, shippes, vitailes, and suche other, doo [...] help very muche: and the greatest part of all For­tune chalengeth by good right, & what soeuer is done prosperously, al that al­most she counteth her own. But of this [Page lxvi] [...], O Cesar, whiche ere whyle thou [...]ast gotten, none is associate with thee. At this asmuche as it is (and sure­ly great it is) I [...] all is thine owne,Repetition and coni [...] sion ioygne [...] together. The centnrion can plucke nothing, the captain can plu [...] nothing, [...]he [...] of sould [...] can plucke nothing, nor the horsemen can plucke nothing vnto them selues. No not Fortune the Lady of al, will be felowe with thee in this praise: she [...] place to thee, she sayeth it is all thine, and thine alone. For neuer is hastines and wisedom [...]oyned together, nor casualtie put to [...]. ThouA cōp [...] bet [...] the causes of for titude and mercye. hast tamed nacions outragious in fiers­nes, [...]merable in multitude, infinite in places, aboundyng in welthynesse: but yet thou haste ouercome such thin­ges, as by their nature and co [...]on might be ouercome. For neuer was ther such [...]reugth, nor such multiude, but by sweord and v [...]lence, it might be weake­ned, and broken. But to ouercome wyll, to represse anger, to moderate victorye, thyne aduersarye [...] no­ble, wittie, v [...]tuous, hym not onelye [Page] [...]o help from misery, but also to auaūce to his olde dignitie: hym that dooeth these thynges, I compare, not to the hyest me [...]ne, but iudge hym moste lyk [...] Mercy is a [...]oue con­quest. a God. Therefore [...]esar, thy warlyke prayses shal be famous, not only in our writynges, but in the mouthes almoste of all nations, and shall b [...]e spoken of euen to the worldes ende. But yet such thynges, I wotte not how, euen whyle they be heard, and while they be readde, seme to bee alowed wyth crye of soul­dyers, and sounde of trumpettes. But [...]rely when either we heare or reade, a­ny thing to be done mercifully, mekely, iustly, moderately, wisely, in anger spe­cially, (which is enemy to discretion) & in victorie (whiche of nature is insolent & proud,) Oh howe bend we our herts to it, not onely in matters done in dede, but in fayned also: that often tymes we loue them whome we neuer sawe. But he whome we see presente, whose mynde, meaning, and face, we behold, wylling by thy mercy to saue that, that warre would haue destroyed, how may [Page lxvii] we prayse thee, how may we loue thee, sufficientlye? By my faith [...]esar, theHyperbol [...]. walles of the counsaile house me thyn­keth leape for ioye, and seme to praise the, because within them, and in theyr s [...]ates, there shall nowe come agayne the woorshippe and authoritie of oure olde au [...]cestours. Uerely when I saw, and so did you as well as I, the teares of [...]aius Marcellus hys good and lo­uyng brother fall from his eyes, anon the remembraunce of all the Marcelli­ [...]ns perced my heart, which now beyng dead, by sauing Marcellus thou haste restored againe to their olde estate, and deliuered almost, from vtter decaye, a very noble house and family, beyng now brought to a fewe. This daye therefore thou maist worthily preferre, before al thy most valyant, & innumerable actes. For this is [...]esars praise onelye: other actes that wer done, thou beīg captein, were great in dede, but yet a great com pany were partakers thereof. O [...] thys thou art bothe captayne and compani­on: and verelye it is so greate, that no [Page] time shall euer ende it, as it dooeth o­ther signes and toke [...]s of thy triūphes and victories. For there was neuer thing made by woorkemanshippe and hand, but tune will marre, and consume it. But this thy [...]nitie, and mercye of mynde, shal florishe euerye daye more and more, and tha [...] encrease by processe of tyme, where Images s [...]tte vp in to­kens of thy victories, by time shall bee consumed, and wasted awaye. And in dede al other victories of ciuil battailes nowe before this, thou haste ouercome by equitye and mercy. But this daye thou passest thyne owne selfe. I feare leste that, that I wyl saye, cannot bee so well perceyued by hearing, as vn­derstande in mynde. Thou semeste toAmplifica [...]io aboue the hyest de gre [...]. haue ouercome victorye it selfe, when she by conqueste woulde haue slaine, whome thou by mercye dooest pardon. For where by the propertye of victory, all we that were ouercome, by ryght shoulde haue dyed: by thy iudgemente of mercye, nowe are we saued. Thou then only must be called vnuanquishe [...] [Page lxviii] vy whom, yea the very state, & strength of victorie it selfe, is ouercome andAmplifi [...] tiō by grea [...] nes of the be nefite. vanquished. And this iudgement hono­rable fathers, howe farre it stretcheth, heare I praie you Al we, whiche were compelled to arme our felues, I wote not by what miserable and deadly de­stenye of the common wealth, although we bee in some faulte of mannishe er­rour, yet bee we not giltie of any [...] act. For where, honorable coū ­failers, at your intercession, he hath sa­ued Marcus Marcellus for the comm [...] wealth, he hath restored without anye prayer me to my selfe, and also to the cō mon wealth, and other noble men also to themselues, and to their countrey, of whome you see a greate and honou­rable companye, here nowe at this pre­sent sessions. He hath not brought ene­mies into the counsels house, but hath declared, the ciuil warre to haue been ta kē in hād of y• most part, rather through ignoran̄ce, false, & vaine feare, thē coue­tousnes, or crueltie. In which warre I thought it euer best to ētreate of peace; [...] [Page] was sorye, not onelye peace, but the Oration also of the Citezens crauyng peace alwayes to be refused. As for me, I neuer desired this, ne yet anye other ciuile battailes, but alwayes haue coū ­sailed to peace, and not to warre. I fo­lowed Pompey for his frendlinesse to­warde me, not for any cause that he had [...] so good to the common wealth. I was not so mad, ether for desire, or hope, willingly and wittingly to runne to de stroy my self: only was the remēbrance of a thankefull minde great with me. And well knowen was the counsel that I [...]ue. For both here in this house, whē al thinges wer yet well, and in the time of warre also, I was all in one minde, yea euen then, when I was in ieopardy of my life. There is none therefore that will iudge so euill, as to doubt [...] of Cesars mynde touchyng warre, when straight waies after the battaile, he determined to saue the counsaillers to peace, and was angrye with the o­ther. And this would seme the lesse marueile peraduenture then, when the [Page lxix] [...] was vncertaine, and the fortune of battail doubtful. But he that loueth the authours of peace when he hath the victorie, forsooth declareth that he had rather not to fight, thē to be victor. And of this I can beare Marcellus witnes. For as alwaies of peace, euen like of warre also, were we of one mind. How often, and how sorowfully, did I se him feare, partly the proude statelines of ce [...] tain men, and chiefly the crueltie of vic­torie it selfe. Wherefore Cesar, the more acceptable ought thy gentlenes to bee vnto vs, whiche foresawe the cru­eltie of the other parte. For nowe muste we compare together, not the causes, but the victories. We haue seen thy victorie ended with warre, & no sweord drawen in the citie, in time of peace. The Citizens that bee loste, bee ouer­throwen by battail, not by anger of the victor. So that no man can doubt, that if it were possible, Caius Cesar woulde raise again manye that bee dead, sithe [...] the same armie, he saueth whome he [...] And of the other parte I will [Page] saye no more, but that we all feared, the victorye woulde haue been to angrye. For some there wer that threatned not onely suche as were in harnesse, but them also that styred neuer a whit: and that it was to be considered, not what men thought, but where they were too: in so muche me thinketh that the im­mortall goddes, though they would pu­nishe the people for some faulte, & haue raysed vp this woefull ciuile battayle, that yet nowe eyther pleased, or once at the last fylled: they haue turned all to ye [...]erey and wisedome of the eōquerour. Wherefore [...]esar, reioyce in this thynae excellent goodnes, & be glad in thy good fortune and praise, and also in thy gen­tle nature and maners, whereby greate pleasure, and profite commeth to a wyse man. Other of thy valiaunt actes whē thou shalt remember, although thou maist reioy [...]e in them, yet for thy happi­nes thou maist be glad: but as often as thou shalt thinke of vs, whom itpleased thee to saue, and to haue with thee in [...] common wealthe, so often [...] [Page lxx] thou thinke of thy great benefites, in­credible liberalitie, and singuler wyse­dome, whiche I maye boldlye call, not onelye excellent good, but vndoubted­lye good alone. For in true prayse, there is suche bryghtnesse, in noblenesse of hearte, suche honour, that these seme to bee geuen of vertue, the other [...] of fortune. Be not weary then in sauyng good menne, specially whiche haue not fallen throughe [...]uyil desyre, and leu [...] ­nesse, but by well doyng in theyr opin [...] ­on, foolyshe [...], yet not cuyl, but as it were for the common wealth. For it is not thy faulte if some feared thee, and contrary thy great praise, that some thinke thee not to be feared at al. Now I come to thy most greuous com plaint, & suspiciō, which must be ware­ly taken hede of, not so much of thee, as of all [...]itizens: vs inespecial, whō thou hast saued. And although I truste it be fal [...]e, yet will I neuer make it lesse by wordes, then it is in dede. Prouision for thee, is prouision for our selfes. And if I shoulde [...] in the one, or the other, I [Page] hadde rather seme to feareful, than notHe resoneth [...]y this fi­ [...]ure Dialy­ [...]s. very ware. But who is so madde as to lye in wayte to slaye thee? any of thyne own? How [...]eit, who be more thine own then they, whome thou haste saued vn­looked for? Or is he oue of them, that was in thy bende of souldiers. It is not credible any to bee so madde, that sythe by the he gatte asmuche good as coulde bee, he woulde not sette more by thy life, then by his owne. Well, [...]f thyne owne thinke thee no harme, yet muste thou beware of thyne enemyes? What enemies? For all that were, ey­ther through stubbernes they haue lost theyr lyues, or by thy mercye haue thei [...] lyues, so that either none of thine ene­myesBy this fi­ [...]ure permis sion, he reaso [...]eth more [...]trongly that [...]ll should be marde if Ce [...]ar were not [...]aued. dooe remayne, or they that doe, be thy very frendes. But sithe in m [...]nes myndes bee suche cor [...]ers, and farr [...] fetches, well lette vs encrease thy sus­picion, for so we shall encrease also ou [...] dyligence. For who hath so litle ex­perience, who is so vnskylfull of the common weale, who so lytle thyn­keth vpon hys owne safetye, or vpon [Page lxxi] all others, whiche perceyueth not hys safegarde to be thyne, and onely vpon thy life, all other mennes wealth to de­pende? I verelye as I am bound, thin­kyng vpon the daye and nyghte, feare suche chaunces as happen to manne, the vncertainē happes of healthfulnes, and the frai [...]tie of our common nature: and I am sorie, that where the common wealth shoulde bee immortall, it doeth stande vpon the life of one mortal man. But if to those chaunces of manne, and vncertaine happes, there bee ioyned a consente of a mischieuous conspiracye, what God, if he woulde, should we be­leue to bee hable to helpe the common wealthe? Al muste bee holpen and hol­den vp, by thy hande onely [...]sar, for nowe throughe the violence of warre, all good order is ouerthrowen, and ly­eth flatte on the grounde. Processe in lawe muste bee hadde agayne, true dea lyng muste bee called agayne, lecherye muste bee suppressed, honeste generati­on encreased, all that is slipte awaye, must bee bounde vp againe with stray [...] [Page] lawes. It coulde not bee chosen in [...] great a [...]iuile battayle, but that the cō mon wealthe beyng sore shaken, howe so euer the warre ended, shoulde lese manye ornamentes of her honour, and succours of her suertye: and that the captaynes would dooe many thinges in warre, whiche thei themselues had for­bidde in peace. All whiche woundes of warre thou muste heale, for beside the no man can helpe them. Therefore that most wise and excellent saying of thine. I was sorye to heare: howe that thou haddest liued long inough bothe to na­ture, and glory. Inough if thou wilt so haue it, paraduenture to nature, and yf it please you, I say also to glory. But to that point that is greatest of all, euē for thy countr [...]y sake thou hast liued but a litle. Wherfore leaue of I pray the this wisedome of learned men in despysyng death, be not wise to our harme. For it often commeth vnto myne eares that thou speakest of this to much, how thou hast liued long ynough for thyne owne part. But thē would I beleue it if thou [Page lxxii] diddest liue, but for thy self alone, or els were borne but for thy selfe alone: but nowe sythe thyne actes doe contain the safetie of all the Citizins, and of al the cōmon wealth, thou art so farre of frō perfourmaunce of thy greatest workes, that yet thou haste not layde the foun­dacions thou wenest for. [...]ilt thou thē prescribe an ende of thy lyse, not in the sauegard of the common wealth, but by indifferēce of thine own mind? What & if this be not inough, no not for thi glor [...] of which (although thou be wise,) thou canste not yet denye but that thou ar [...] most desirous? Thou wilt say thē. WhyThe figure occupation. shal we leaue behind vs but litle glory? yes verely for other, were they neuer so many, ynough: litle, for thee onely. For whatsoeuer it is, thoughe it bee greate, surely it is but litle then, when there is anye thyng that is greater. And if Ce­sar, thys shoulde haue been the ende of thyne immortall actes, that thyne aduersaryes beeyng ouercome, thou shouldest leaue the common wealthe in that state, in whiche nowe it is: [Page] mar [...] I praie thee whether that [...] excellente valiauntnes of thiue, were not more to be meruailed at, then praise woorthy [...]. For glorye is a famous, and [...]he defini­ion of glory common reporte of many and great be­nefites done, either to the Citizens, or to the countrey, or to all men. This th [...] yet is left, this parte remayneth, in thys must ye labour, to staie and settle the [...] mon wealth, and that thou chiefly maist liue ioyfully in it, after it is set in gret rest, and quietnes. And when both thou hast payed thy countrey that thou owest her, and hast satisfied nature by liuyng at ful, then saie if thou list, thou hast li­ued long inough. For what is this that we call long, seing there is somewhat that is laste? and when that commeth, al pleasure past, is as nothing, because af­terwardes it shalbe nothing. Howbeit, this high courage of thine, was [...] cōtēt to be within these straites, which nature hath geuen vs to liue, but was alwaies on fier to liue euerlastynglye. Neither is this to bee counted thy life, whiche is in breath & bodye: but Cesar, [Page lxxiii] that is thy lyfe, I say, that is thy lyfe, whiche shall florishe worldes euerlas­ting, whiche posteritie shal nourishe, & eternitie alwayes behold. For this thou must serue, for this thou muste auaunce thy selfe: which life now all ready hath many thinges to merueile at, and loo­keth also, for that she may prayse. [...]re­lye they that come after shall wonder at thyne Empires, at thy prouinces, howe thou madest a bridge ouer the floud Rhene to come ito Germany, how thou diddest transport thine army ouer the occean into Brittain, how thou hast ioyned battaile with thine enemies fif­tye times, thei will wonder at thyne in­credible victories, images set vp, great rewardes geuen vnto the for thy man­lines, tr [...]phes for thy victories, I say, theiwil wonder, whan thei shal heare, & rede these thinges. But except this city bee stablished by thy counsayles, or­dinances, and statutes, thy name shal do no more but wāder farre abrode, no sta ble seat nor certain house shall it haue to dwel in. Emong them that shal come [Page] after also, there shal be great dissension as there hath been among vs: whē some shall praise thine actes aboue the mone, and some again shall finde faulte, yea in this point chief of al, if thou quench not the fier of ciuile battaile, by sauing thy countrey in so muche that thy victorye might seme to bee ascribed to deste [...]ye, the quietnes of this citie to thy policie and wisedom. Serue therfore those iud­ges also, which shal iudge of the manye yeres herafter, and peraduenture more iustly than we. For they shal iudge both without loue and flattery: & also with­out hatred and enuy: and although that (as some men thinke falsely) shall then nothyng perteyne vnto the, yet nowe it dooeth perteine that thou shouldest bee such one, whose praises should neuer be forgotten, Diuers wer the willes of the Citizens: and diuers was their talke. For we differd not onely why, and wherfore we should fyght, but also with whom, & on whose syde we shoulde fyght, But there was a doubte, and a variaunce a­mong the noblest capteins. Many doub­ted [Page lxxiiii] what was beste to bee done, manye what was good for themselues, manye what was comely, and some also what was lawfull. The common wealthe is past this miserable, and fatall battayle: he hath ouercome, whiche by his good fortune wyll not encrease hatred, but by his goodnes appease it: nor will not iudge al thē whom he was angry with, eyther woorthye of [...]anishmente, or of deth. Som haue laid down ther weapōs, from some thei haue been taken awaye. He is bnkind, and vniust, which beyng deliuered from the peryl of harnes, wil yet kepe an harnest minde: so that he is better which died ī the field, thē he that shed his bloude in mainteinyng the qua rel. For som shal thinke yt to be stubber­nes, which to other may seme constance But because now all dissension is bro­ken by battayle, and put out by gentle­nes of the victor: it remayneth that all, which eth [...]r be be wise, or in their wits, should be all of one mynde. For excepte thou be safe, Cesar, and be in that mind; in which before thou hast bene, and art [Page] at this day most of al, we cannot bee sa­ued. Wherfore al we, which woulde all wer wel, both exhort the, & hartely pray the, to haue regard to thi life, and al we, (to speake also for other that I think of my self,) because thou thinkest there is some priuie matter that thou oughtest to be ware of, I say, we doe promise, not onely to watche, and ward for thy safe­gard, but euē to set our owne sides and bodies against thine enemies. But to end there as I began, Cesar, we al geue the most hearty thankes in wordes, & in our heartes be more bound vnto the. For yt we be al of one mynde, thou maiste per­ceiue by the prayers, & wepinges of vs al. But because it nedeth not, eche man that standeth here shoulde speake, they would that I should tel the tale, which in mauer of necessitie must doe it, bothe because their wil, and pleasure so is, and because thou hast restored againe Mar­cus Marcellus to the senate, to the peo ple, and to the cōmō wealth: therefore I perceiue, that chiefly I ought to do this thing. For I see all men reioyce, not for [Page lxxv] the safety of one man, but as it wer eu [...] for the life of vs all. As touching my gret good wil toward him, which al m [...] haue so knowen, that scasely his good, and louing brother Caius Marcellus hath loued him better: seyng I shewed it by taking thought, care, and payne, so long as it was in doubte whether he should liue, or not, verely nowe at thys time, being deliuered frō care, grief, & so rowes, Iought to shew this my b [...]uo lence a great deale muche more. There­fore Cesar, I geue thee thankes, not only for y• thou hast conscrued me to all my goodes, but also hast set me in more honor than euer I was before, & to these thyne innumerable benefites towarde me, (when I thought it impossible that any more might be done) yet by thys thy dede haste encreased thy good­nesse, and heaped vp thy gen­tlenesse vpon me more and more, with thy graci­ous fauour con­tinuallye.

Imprinted at London in Flete ­strete within Temple barre, at the sygne of the hand and starre by Richarde Tottill. the. [...]. daye of Maye, the yeare of oure Lorde. MDLV.

Cum priuilegio ad impri­mendum solum.

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