Vindiciæ senectutis, or, A plea for old-age which is senis cujusdam Cygnea cantio. And the severall points on parts of it, are laid downe at the end of the follovving introduction. By T.S. D.D.

Vindiciae Senectutis, OR, A PLEA FOR OLD-AGE.

BOOK I.

CHAPTER I. Which conteynes the first imputation, and the answer thereunto.

THey disable this age1. Complaint. Old-age makes unfit for imployment. first for imployment in the necessary affaires of this life: as if men farre growne in yeeres, were altogether unprofitable both in respect of God and men. And is it so? are wee inAnsw. Old-age quite worne out and good1. Debaushnesse of youth causeth it. for nothing? certainly when any fall into such a debaushnesse, they may thanke their younger yeares for it. For the proverb is true, Erigere durum est, qui cadit juvenis, senem. A hard thing it is to make him stand firme in Old-age that fell in youth. Quis ullam spem ullius boni habebit in eo, cujus primum tempus aetatis fuerit ad omnes libidines divulgatum. Who (Cic ad Senatum post reditum. saith one) can have hope of any good in him, whose first yeeres have beene spent in all manner of lusts and luxury? Senes in melius mutari ab inolita vitiorum consuetudine, difficilimum est, (sayes De ordine vitae. S. Bernard.) Hard it is, Old-men after a long continued custome in viciousnesse, to be reformed. The young-mans intemperance must beare the blame of his deficiency when he is in yeeres. His idlenesse in youth, and wast of imployment then, in honest and profitable courses, is the cause of his inability for action when hee is aged. I except here the deficiency2. Many things which debilitat •… old-age, do the like to youth. that comes by sicknesse, or any other accident, which may and doth enfeeble the youngest and ablest body, as we see by dayly experience. But if it stand thus, why is Old-age blamed for that which younger yeares bring upon it?

Howbeit wee here stand upon •… . Elder yeeres best fitted for best imploymēts. our deniall, and doubt not to say that elder yeares are best fitted for the greatest and most important employments, and that when the former ages are brought into comparison with this, it may bee truly said, Euri •… in Androm. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , An Eagles old-age is better then the youth of a Lark. And to this purpose one saith more plainely, multis juvenibus antestat senex, cui mens adest generosa. An Old-man of a generous disposition, is to bee preferred before many youngmen.

If wee should deny this, experienceGreat things done by old-men. in sundry examples would confute us. The examples (I say) of not a few worthies, who in extreame age, either by their naturall constitution, or by their sobriety and temperance in the former part of their life, or by Gods hand and speciall working in them, have beene fit and able to mannage great matters. Deut. 34 7. Moses 1. Moses. lived to 120. and then his eye was not dimme, nor his naturall strength abated, and how wise, valiant, and industrious a captaine was he •… o that people? how faithfull also to God in a service so difficult, that when he considered the weight of it, and cast his eye from it to himselfe, he drew back, as wee know: Exod. 3. 11. Who am I that I should goe to Pharoah, &c. Behold him in the 31, and 32. Chapters of Deutrenomie, how hee carryes himselfe towards Ioshua, in putting courage into him, chap. •… 1. verse. 7, 8. and towards the Priests and Elders, Ibid. v. 9, &c. towards the whole people also throughout both the Chapters, and ye shall find him, even then, immediately before his death, extraordinarily strong, active, and every way able for that great service. Josh 24. Ioshua died at 110. and2 Ioshua. immediately before how did hee bestir him, in that his farewellspeech, to settle the people in a resolution to serve the Lord, to for sake the false gods, and to knit their hearts to God. Iosh. 14. 10, 11. 4. Cyrus. Caleb 3 Caleb at 85. was as able both for warre and government as when hee was but of 40. yeares. Cyrus lived to a great age: yet when he died, in his last words he professed that he felt himselfe at that time no weaker then in his youth. It is said of Agesilaus, that being extreamly •… . Agesilaus. old, hee was seene in winter to walke bare-foot, and without his garment, that hee might be a patterne of patience to the young men. Gorgius Leontinus that had •… . Gorgius Leontinus. Isocrates, and many others of rare wit for his schollers, being asked when he was aged 107. why hee would live so long; answered, Quia nihil habeo, quod senectutem accusem: because (said he) I have nothing whereof to accuse Oldage of, &c. Plin lib. 7 cap 48. Fabius Maximus we7▪ Fabius Maximus. read, that being very old, he quit himselfe in warre, as when he was young: and that he was Augur 62. yeares, being of ripe age when he entred that office. Isocrates was8. Isocrates 9. Plato. of 94. when he wrote that •… anathenaicum, and lived after it 5 yeares. Plato at 81. dyed with his penne in his hand. Sophocles 10 Sophocles. wrote tragedies in his dotage, if his sonnes might have beene beleeved. Massarissa the King of11. Massanissa. Numidia, at 90. went barefoot and covered not his head for any raine or cold. Wee may not passe by that worthy Patron of Old-age CATO MAIOR. Plinie sayes of12. Cato Major. him, that in his last dayes he was optimus Orator, optimus Senator, optimus Imperator. A most eloquent Orator, a most wise Senator and a most valiant and compleat Generall, touching whom also, it is a strong proofe that he had an able body, and was really industrious in Old-age, in that even then he learned the Greeke tongue, that most copious and hard language. A tedious task for such men: children being for this more apt, both because they may bee forced to it by discipline, and in regard of their flexiblenesse for pronuntiation. Whence is that proverb, senis mutare mores, noting a difficulty if not an impossibility of bringing Old-men to the childes yoke. In all these examples, studiorum agitatio, vitae aequalis fuit: that to which their studies had for many yeeres been accustomed and framed, went along with them to their lives end. Even as the course of waters in rivers or streames: Rusticu •… expectat dum deflui •… am •… is, at ille labitur, &c Horat. Epist. lib. 1 the simple rustick that beholds them gliding along, conceives that the channell will soone be dried up, which notwithstanding holds on in its wonted course. So some ignorants when men are growne old, suppose they have spent their store, and that all is at an end with them, but they are deceived. For by long use the agitation of their wits, studies and actions, becomes naturall to them, so that the current cannot be stopt.

But for the further manifesting of this point, it would be considered, what the workes are in which men may profitably bee imployed in this life. Wee will take it as granted, that they are either publique or private. Let us looke into them: but first in the generall.

Wee may not thinke that theseOld-mens abilities in the graces of the mind. affaires are managed by bodily strength and agility (Prov. 10. 29. the youngmans glory) so much as by the vertues and graces of the minde, the crowne of elder yeeres. An Old-man sees better a farre off then a younger. So by the inward eyes of his minde, he reaches further then the other, both backward through experience, and forward by providence and forecast.

What shall wee thinke; is theAbilities of the mind, the best. body made of the dust of the earth, and adjudged thither to returne, of greater use and ability then that immortall substance, and farre better part of man, the soule? thatThe soules excellency soule by which the body (before but as a livelesse statue or image) receiv'd life, when by the Spirit of God it was breathed into it: through which also man became the principall living creature, being furnished not onely with life, but sense and reason, and with all the indowments that might make him like to his Creator? that soule, the losse whereof our Saviour tells us can no way be recompensed? the soulè which Physitians define to bee principium & causa functionum viventis corporis: the originall and cause of the functions or offices of the living body? Certainely the body to the mind is but a meere instrument, no more then the axe or the hammer to the carpenter.

Is want of bodily strength anyAbilities of the body cōmon to wicked and to beasts. great disparagement? why, God gives this strength often to the wicked whom he regards not, and many times more then to his deere children. Yea, many brute beasts, as the Lion, Hart, Elephant, Bull, Camell and some others, go farre beyond men in this gift. Homil. ad pop 40. tom. 4. Chrysostome therfore expostulates with such as are proud of their bodily strength in this manner. Art thou strong and lifted up in regard thereof? I tell thee that the thing whereof thou vauntest is base: for the Lyon is bolder then thou, and the Bore stronger: yea, robbers, theeves, and ruffians, and thine owne servants doe herein excell thee, and dost thou then count this a thing so much to be esteemed? And as for agility and swiftnesse, wert thou as nimble as Asael, yet the Deere and Hare would out-runne thee.

God hath made us men: andMans glory wherein it consisteth. therefore extreame folly it is to boast of that, or to make any great account of it, wherein the very beasts goe before us. God hath made us Christians: let us know our place and condition, and not think that the want of such things as the Heathen have excelled us in, doth disable us to doe our Creator service in whatsoever calling. Let us observe the counsell Cic de Senect. of him that advises us, when we have this bodily strength, to use it: when it leaves us, to count it no great want or losse.

Arist in fine Physiog. The Philosopher tells us that great and strong men ordinarily have lesse wit and wisedome then others, in which respect we may with Themistocles, liken many of them to the sword-fish, which hath a weapon but is heartlesse, they proove many times no better then that foole of Salomons, in whose hand there is a price, but his heart failes him. Great strength when wisedome and grace is not answerable, breedes such a spirit in men as was in Lamech, Nimrod, Goliah, the An •… chims, and the like giants. It is not the vast bignesse or largenesse of the body that makes a man compleat, but the largenesse of his heart, as in Salomon, 1 Kings. 4. 29.

All action consisteth not in theNor all, nor the best actions in bodily strength. strength of the body: no, nor the greatest and most profitable. Hee that in a ship sits at the sterne, not mooving out of his place, though his bodily paines be not so great as of others who labour in it: yet doth he alone more for the bringing of all safe to the haven, then all the rest. This therfore must be held as a sure Maxime,Most good done by the mind. that more good is done by the endeavours of the mind, then by bodily force. Prov. 11 14. Where no counsell is (saith the wise-man) the people fall, but where many counsellors are there is health. And againe, Prov. 15. 2 •… . without counsell thoughts come to naught: but in the multitude of counsellors there is stedfastnesse.

Experience is said to be stultorum Experiēce a good teacher. magistra, and so indeed it is: for it makes them wise who before were nothing lesse. Arist. lib 1. Metaph. Art teacheth onely generalls: experience informes us in particulars: which is the best and surest knowledge. Ovid. Metamorph. Now the Poet tells us,—ser is venit usus ab annis, it is multitude of yeares that makes a man experimentally and truelyOld-age hath the best opportunities for wisedome wise.

Here it will be objected: Is all counsell then lockt up in the breast of the aged? may not young-men be able to give advice I answer, Yes, but wee speake comparatively, and say onely, that Old-men have better meanes and opportunities for it then the younger, and yet the Philosopher doubts not to aver, that a young-man wanting time and experience, cannot be wise, so wise as I understand it. But further I answer, that my speech tends not to the disabling of any: onely it would free the age I treat of, from disgrace and contempt. Howsoever there is an instance that will extort from us a confession of thus much at the least, that when the counsell of the aged hath beene rejected, and the advice of younger men preferred before it, the successe hath beene very unhappy. It cost (we know) Rehoboam farre the greater part of his Kingdome.Learning increaseth by age.

But againe, some man hap'ly will say that the Old-mans weaknesse and insufficiency seizes not onely on the body, but possesses the mind also. I answer, first In Epist. ad Nepot. with St. Ierom, that Old-men instructed in youth in the liberall artes, and exercised in the meditation of the law of God day and night, thereby become through their age, more learned; by use, more setled; by succession of time, more wise: and doe reape most sweete fruit by their long continued studies. Discipulus est prior •… s posterior dies, saith Seneca, the following day ever learnes of the precedent. Nunquam ita quisquam subductâ ratione ad vitam fuit, quin, &c. Teren. in Pharm. Never (sayes the Comick) was any man so exact in resolving of the frame and course of his life; whom either new occurrences, or age, or experience did not assist with supply, and adde somewhat for the profiting of his judgement, and resolution, minding him of that whereby he perceaved that what he thought he knew, he knew not, and what hee held to be his best way, after triall he rejected as not so good. Solon. Another saith of himselfe, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , as I grow in yeares I grow in learningDefects of Old-age most in the body▪ and knowledge. Againe I answer, that where the defects and failings of Old-age are fully and elegantly set forth, as Eccles. 12. there is mention onely of bodily defects: or if of the mindes infirmities also, they are such as proceed from the deficiency of the bodily instruments, which (I confesse) decay by Old-age: so as neither the inward nor outward senses can doe their office so well as otherwise they might, but all this is to be imputed to the body, and not to the mind, and the young-man in that place standes charged with it, as with the effects and fruits of his wilde and unbridled carriage. Epist. 26. Seneca said of himselfe, non sentio in animo aetatis injuriam, to my minde my yeares are no prejudice at all.

Come we now to the particular objects of mens indeavours afore mentioned. In the first place wee will consider of publique affaires, and they are either civill in the common-weale, or ecclesiasticall in the body spirituall, or Church of God.

Publique civill affaires may be distinguished by the times of peace and warre. When there is peace, questionlesse the gowneOld-men of best use in peace. (which best fits the Old-mans backe) is preferred before the sword, shield, or helmet, as of greater use for that time. Peace and prosperity, if extraordinarily wise governours be not as a strong bit to hold men in, is the mother and nurse of innumerable vices. Sodom and Gomorrah are speciall instances. In peace therefore for the repressing of infinite enormities, the greatest wisedome is required, and where will that be found if not in the aged, in the grave Senate, which hath its denomination a senibus, from Oldmen? The sagest and wisest among the Israelites were stiled, the Elders of the children of Israell. The 24. which sate round about the throne, (Rev. 4 4.) were Elders, and upon that place Perer. one saith, that whereas governing, instructing, judging, counselling are necessary in every society; Old-men are the fittest for the reverence of their age, ripenesse of judgement, gravity of carriage, experience in many things, and not least, for their freedome from perturbations, and quietnesse of their mindes; for the Old-man hath overcome his carnall lusts, and triumphs over them, saith De legat. ad Cam. Philo, and so is crowned as a conquerour, Prov. 16. 31. The 28. likewise, of which Lycurgus made choice for his assessors, were Old-men: Pl •… tar. in vita Licur. Aristotle tells us that for the counsell-table and seat of judgement, wisedome and experience are necessary, and that these are to be found chiefly in Old-men. lib. 7. polit. cap. 7. In the time of peace therefore that must be admitted, cedant armatoga. Now touchingOld-men best Generalls in wa •… re. warre, It may be thought that young-men who are full of hot blood, and have quicke and stirring spirits, are the onely actors for this employment, and to withstand the enemy. But neither may this be granted, unlesse we thinke that Caius Minutius was a better Generall then Qu. Fabius Maximus, whom old Ennius honours with this encomium, unus homo nobis cunctando restituit rem: that hee was the man, who by his wise delayes restored Rome to Rome neere lo •… t by the other rash, heady, young captaine. Or that he was out, who being asked whom he counted the best leader of his time, said, Pyrrhus were he old-enough. Or that Paulus Aemilius knew not what hee said and did; who when he had with labour and difficulty (through which his forces grew weary and weake) broken in upon his enemies that were strongly encamped; and was wished by Nasica presently to set upon them; made answer, that so hap'ly hee should, were he of his age and yeares, a man so young.

What is the number of armed men, be they never so strong andOld-men fittest coū sellers for warre. valorous, when they are not governed by wise and stayed Captaines? or when the table of counsellors of warre doth not before hand, and after, during the service, upon due consideration of all circumstances of such a businesse, advise and direct what is to be done? What is it (I say) but as a great flocke of sheepe without a wise and watchfull shepheard, pursued and worried by woolves ready to devoure them? Even like to that which befell 1 King. 22. King Ahab and all Israell, when having refused the wise counsell of Michaia, hee would needes be swayed by the false advice of the false Prophets, touching his going to Ramoth Gilead? They were as the Prophet had foreseene, and foretold they should be, scattered upon the mountaines, as sheepe that had no shepheard.

Thus in the civill state: how in the Church of God? Heere the Ministers of the Gospell are the worke-men, the men of ACTION. Touching whom it is to be considered, both what is required of them in their place and function, and also how farre Oldage disables them for it.

The taske or worke, which indeedThe Ministers worke a weighty taske. is of great weight, and of no lesse difficulty, is enjoyned them by their Master, the Heb. 13. 20. great shepheard of the sheepe, the LORD JESUS: and therfore his Word must be the rule of it. Now the office or charge is set forth unto us in Scripture, by divers similitudes: for the Minister is compared,Ministers compared 1 To Shepheards.

First, to a Shepheard, and his worke to feeding. 1 Pet. 5. 2. Feede the flocke of God which is among you, taking the oversight thereof, &c. So Ioh. 21. 15. our Saviour to Peter: Lovest thou mee more then these? and againe, Lovest thou mee, &c. and the third time, Lovest thou mee more then these? then, feed, feed, feed. Hee had denied his Master three severall times: thrice therefore he is questioned for it. And three strict commands of feeding he receives, by obedience whereunto, hee must proove himselfe a true convert. As Luk. 22 32. in another place, when thou art converted, strengthen thy brethren, namely by feeding, that must be an evidence both of his repentance, and thankfullnesse also to Christ, who by prayer had stengthened his faith.

Secondly 1 Cor. 3. to a Builder, thata To Builders. must lay CHRIST JESUS for the foundation, and build upon it gold, silver, and pretious stones, not wood, hay, stubble.

Thirdly, to Ibid. a Husband-man:3 To Husband-men such an one as labours carefully, diligently, painefully Jer. 4. to plow up the fallow-ground of mens hearts, and to sow good seed, not corruptible, but the 1 Pet.▪ 1. 23. incorruptible seed, the seed of regeneration, which lives and abides for ever: whereas all flesh is grasse which withers and fades away.

Fourthly, to Heb. 13. & Ezech. 33. a Watchman4 To Watchmen. that must give account; whose soule (tremble we at it) lies in pawne for the soules of the people.

Fiftly, to a Steward, Mat. 24. a faithfull5 To Stewards. and wise steward, whom his Lord makes ruler over his household, to give them meate in due season: to divide the word aright, and to give every one his portion.

Sixtly, to an Embassador for6 His Embassadors. 2 Cor. 5. 20. Christ, a most honourable service: a service of greatest consequence to the state of the Kingdome of Heaven.

To bee a Shepheard of CHRISTS flocke, a Builder of HIS house or Temple: a Husbandman in HIS husbandry, a Watchman to HIS people, a Steward to HIS family, an Embassador to HIM; it is indeed a great and a hard taske: and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 ? Who is sufficient for these things? Not the Old-man, will some say: hee is too weake to beare so great a burden. True itOld-men not so fit for the pulpit as young. is that in Suggesto, in the pulpit ordinarily he may not stand in comparison with younger men, whose sides are strong and able for a Boanerges, a sonne of thunder, which name (saith St. Nazianzen) was given to Iames and Iohn 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , for the strength of their voice. Yet wee reade of Nestor, old Nestor, that from his mouth, even in extreame age, melle dulcior fluebat oratio: that his speech even then was sweet, pleasing and delightfull. It is indeed the Oldmans decorum, his grace, to speake according to his temper, softly, and with a low voice. His speech must be grave and short, (in Psal. 113. saith St. Austin) grave (as I understand it) because hee speakes with authority: and short for want of strength and breath. Yet may he doe it, if not with Nestor, sweetly, profitably at the least.

The cheefe part of the MinisteriallPreaching the chiefest Ministeriall function. office (I grant) is preaching by voice, by meanes wherof, more ordinarily faith is wrought, and men brought into Christs sheepe-fold: for faith is by hearing. Yet it will not be denied, that the Word of God is taught also, yea and preached, byPreaching by pen. the penne; else why did Moses write those five bookes? and the Prophets write and publish their prophecies? and the Apostles penne and send abroad to the Churches, (which by voice in presence they had planted) the history of the Gospell and their Epistles? and after them the Bishops and inferiour Pastors of the primitive Church their writings, of which (we know) the Church of God hath had, and still hath so great and profitable use. It mayThe pen goes fur ther then the voice. be truely said, that bookes have winges, and flie abroad into all parts of the world, whereas the sound of the voice reacheth not farre. And it is well observed, that the translating of the oldTestament into greeke by the Septuagint, was a written preaching, which prepared the way for Christ among the Gentiles, as the vocall preaching of Iohn Baptist (who was the voice of one crying in the wildernesse) did among the Iewes.

Now for this kinde of preaching,Old-age fittest for writing. that is, for writing, Oldage is the fittest and ablest part of mans life.

Tell mee not what thou hast heard and read, and onely so, but what after thy hearing and reading, thou hast often taken into thy deepest meditations, 1 Thes. 5 tryed and found to be the truth, in this or that point; setled in thy judgement; fixed in thy memory; embraced in thy affections; then, a long time practised in thy life and actions; and so made it to be trulyWhat is true learning. thine owne. This, and onely this, is rightly called learning: and for it the Ancients will be best provided, by reason of the long time they have had to profit their meditations and writings, by their continuall private corrections and retractations: which are lesse offensive then the publique: and so they will be the ablest men for keeping the Presse in worke, observing the rule of the Poet, Horat. in Arte Poet. Novum que prematur in annum.

As therefore the Apostle willOld-Men bel •… furnished for writing. have Timothies youth to be no disrespect to his Ministery: so must younger men be intreated not to rob 1 Tim. 5 17. the Elder of his due honour, when hee labours in the word and doctrine, though not by a vocall preaching so much, (by reason of bodily weaknesse) yet by writing, for which he may be better furnished then others, even by his age. For having in his younger dayes beene industrious, taught by the Pismire (to which Salomon sends us) by his former labours to provide for the winter of his life; and learned of the Bee, to store up the word, sweeter then honey, and so become a Scribe, instructed to the Kingdome of God; hee brings forth of his treasury things both new and old. If hee have beene idle in his youth, it is youths fault, not to be imputed to Old-age. For Eccles. 25. how canst thou find that when thou art old, which in youth thou laidest not up?

Hitherto it hath beene prooved that elder yeares disable not for publique service, either in Church or Common-weale. Now trie we whether the like may be made good, touching private businesses. They are domesticall or personall.Old-age fittest for ordering families.

First of affaires in the family. We may not thinke that the house thrives and prospers onely or chiefely, by the toyling labours of such as in it have stronger bodies, and doe more servile works. The Masters knowledge for ordering every businesse: his eye for oversight: his authority for holding every one to his taske: his wisedome and discretion in governing all that are under him: his assiduity in prayer, for a blessing upon all their indeavours: and lastly, his instructing them (according to his measure of knowledge,) that they may understand themselves, and doe what is required in their severall places; first in obedience to God their great master, that hath called them thereunto, and then also to him whom God hath set over them: that they may doe their worke Eph. 6. 5, 6. not with eye-service, but in singlenesse of heart, as unto Christ, and as the servants of Christ. These things are cheefely conducing to the welfare and prosperity of a family.

When these duties of the Pater-familias What best builds up an house. are omitted, God is excluded from building the house: and so that house hath a miserable downe-fall, Psal. 107. 1. they all labour in vaine that build it. And contrariwise, these thinges duly performed, are the most necessary and strongest pillars to uphold the family. Now for these Old-age is ever the fittest, in regard of its endowments afore mentioned.

And heere, because (Cic. in Parad. as one saith) it is adull and livelesse discourse that wants examples for proofe of what is said; let us see how this point may be exemplified.

Abraham was 140. yeares old,Old men worthy Governours of families. as, 1 Abrahā. when hee tooke that wise and religious course, for the placing of his sonne Isaack in marriage, the most important businesse of a family: (which wrought on Rebeckah, that holy passion expressed, Gen. 27. 46. I am weary of my life for the daughters of Heth: If Iacob take a wife of the daughters of Heth, like these of the daughters of the land, what availeth it mee 2 Isaack. that I live?) In like manner Isaack when hee was old, and his eyes dimme with age, provided (in this kinde) for that his sonne Iacob. In Iacob, the father of 12.3 Iaacob. sonnes, wee shall see a worthy example of an able Pater-familias, even then when yeares were multiplied upon him; if wee behold him, Gen. 48. and 49. Chapters, how when his sonne Ioseph was come to doe the duty of an obedient and gracious sonne, to his sicke, and now dying father; hee rouses himselfe up in his bed, takes strength both of body and minde, and in that strength (as a Prophet) foretells, what would be the lot or condition of every one of his children, even to the comming of Christ: transferring the right of the first borne, both touching the inheriting the double portion in Canaan (otherwise due to his eldest sonne Ruben, Deut. 21. The cause whereof is exprest, Chap. 49. v. 14.) to the two sons of Ioseph, Ephraim and Manasses: and also concerning the dignity (the other part of the first-bornes right) to Iuda, in whose tribe the authority and power for governement was constantly to remaine, to the comming of Shiloh: so of the rest as in these two Chapters.4. David. David is another example, he was old, and a dying man, when hee gave order for the setling of Salomon in the kingdome: a most important businesse (not politicke onely but domesticke) mannaged by him with great wisedome and courage, as we may observe •… Kings. cap. •… . & 2. in every circumstance of it: his age was no let. One example more: Appius Claudius caecus being of a5. Appius Claudius. great age and blind also, most carefully and wisely governed a numerous family, consisting of 4. sonnes, and 5. daughters, and many servants, having also not a few clients belonging to him.

And now what shall we say toMan cast ing up his accompt a weighty worke. mens personall affaires? are Oldmen unable to manage them? I passe by other particulars of lesse importance. What thinke we of that greatest and weightiest worke, that any man can take in hand in this life? our often, or rather daily casting up our account, and making our peace with God? that unum necessarium, the thing that chalengeth our most earnest and most attentive thoughts and studies? the thing to which our whole life is destined? the businesse which who so neglects, all his labours under the sunne will profit him nothing at all? shall we, can we thinkethat the servants of God (for of such Old-men weOld-Men fittest to cast up their accompt. speake all this while) when they are growne in yeares, and have served him long, doe waxe worse and worse by their long continuance in their faithfull service? they in whom the graces of Gods Spirit have had their increase yeare after yeare for a long space? that they, after all this, shall be the weakest and most insufficient for this worke of their account? doth God cast off an old servantGod casts not off an old servāt. that hath beene faithfull unto him, or extinguish that fire of grace, which hath beene so long in kindling and increasing? No, no; to such an one he will say, Mat. 25. well done good servant and faithfull, &c. certainely whom God once loves, he loves to the end: and his gifts are without repentance.

For this, David prayes Psal. 71. with faith and assurance of obtaining. v. 9. Cast mee not off in the time of old age: forsake mee not when my strength faileth, and after, v. 18. Now also when I am grayheaded, forsake me not. Gods promises best apprehen ded by old men.

Againe, touching our apprehension of Gods promises, which concerne our salvation, is it not most eager and ardent, most hungring and thirsting in elder yeares, when the good fight is fought, and the race neere runne? yes certainely. Wee may have an eye before to the promised inheritance, and to the recompence of reward with Moses: but then, in Old-age, obuijs ul •… is, with reached forth armes we embrace it. Then, Come Lord Iesu: then our hand is on it, as it were: then we say with aged St. Paul, Now hence forth is layed up for mee, &c. Then we earnestly endeavour to that which is before us, and more neere us, pressing hard towards the marke: then with old Simeon, we resigne our selves to God, Lord, now lettest thou thy servant depart, Old-mens motion to heaven the strongest. &c. The motion of each body is according to the quality of it: things that are heavy (we know) are carried downewards: that which is light, soares upwards, so the unregenerate, the naturall man, being earthly, and of a lumpish quality, sinkes downe still lower and lower, even towards hell, till he is converted, and altered in his condition and inclination; and the neerer he is to Acts. 1. 24. his owne place, the faster hee moves, if grace prevent it not. So, on the contrary, the man that is spirituall, being also heavenly, moves towards heaven, and therefore the neerer he approaches to that his place (as in Old-age) the stronger will his motion be. An Old-man knowes that he is at the end of the day, for which he is hired to worke in Gods vineyard: and therefore the time of his worke being neere upon expiring, he will bestirre him, least death as the night overtake him, and put an end to his day or life, before his worke be at an end; hee will be carefull to observe that wise and necessary precept. Eccles. 9. 10. Whatsoever thy hand shall finde to doe, doe it with all thy power: for there is neither worke, nor invention, nor knowledge, nor wisedome in the grave whither thou goest. He will labour (Col. 4. 5. as the Apostle exhorts) to redeeme the pretious time formerly neglected and lost, (as who loses not much) and thus his age is so farre from disabling him for this work, as that it is to him a speciall premonitor, that doth aurem vellere, and call upon him to be prepared for his dissolution; and who then would complaine of so helpfull acompanion, or be weary of him, or accuse him of inability.

And heere now this also must be considered, that every age orEvery age hath proper imploymēts part of mans life hath, as gifts different from the rest, so likewise a different calling and employment, or taske. There is one of childhood, another of youth, a third of ripe age: and Old-age differs from them all. It were unreasonable to expect that of a child, which is required of young-men: or that of young-men which belongs to a greater growth: so neither must every thing that any of the former should doe, be required of Old-men.God laies no more on any age then what its able to beare.

To grow towards a conclusion of this point; I say further, if we grant that some inability for action is to be found in this age, yet it will thence receive no disgrace: nor hath any man in yeares cause to complaine in that behalfe. For God is not to us as Pharaoh to the Israelites: he is no exactor, hee laies no more upon any man or age, then he inables him to beare: except it be in case of his disabling himselfe, by loosing his talent. Numb. 8 25. God was so indulgent to the Levites, as that their corporall and painefull service about the Tabernacle, should determine and be no more required, after the age of 50. When Moses was old, Ioshua was appointed to be for him. When Eli grew aged and weake, God provided that Samuel should supply his defects. St. Austin when he was in yeares, gave over his Bishoprick to Evadius. Senec. de brev. vitae. cap. 20. It was a law among the Romanes, that after 50. none should be pressed to the warres: whence was that verse, s Miles depositis annosus secubat armis. Neither might any be forced to be of the Senate of Rome, after 60.

Solve scnescentem maturè sanus •… Proper •… 25. equum, ne

Peccet ad extremum ridendus & ilia ducat;

was the Poets suit to his Mecenas, and his reason for it.

If in youth and ripe age wee have beene diligent and painefull, there is not much left, or in our hand to be done, when wee are old. If there be much behind, let us blame the former part of our life, not old-age.

A common, too common aTime cō monly too much mispent. thing it is for men to spend their strength, (Senec ad Lucil. Epist. 1. as one saith) nihil agendo, or aliud agendo, or malè agendo: in doing nothing at all, or things impertinent, or things that are evill. These things men suffer, (Senec de brev. vitae. c. 3. sayes the same Author) to weare out their life, they divide it among them. Not so (saith he) in their goods, or lands: they are prodigall of their time, in which onely covetousnesse is lawfull (because time is pretious) but in other things, where it is forbidden, they are extreamely covetous.

If then Old-men be dispensedQuiet acceptable to old-age with, they may rejoyce at it, and comfort themselves in their manumission: and sit downe well contented, that being now emeritis stipendijs & rude donati, they are freèd from such labours and burdens as are too heavy for them. Why should they be displeased at this so good a lot? Senectut is sors est otium & quies. It is the lot of old-age (saith one) that he hath leave to live quietly and be at rest.

Mans life is a pilgrimage, and will not the Pilgrim be glad of rest when he is weary? Francisc. Petrar. Amens viator est, qui labore viae exhaustus, velit ad initium remeare▪ It were madnesse in the Traveller, that is spent with the labour of his journey, to desire to be where at the first he was. Our life is also a race: and how doth he that runnes it rejoyce when he is at the end of it?

A wonder it is that any manLosse of time vvorse in younger then in elder yeares. should complaine of ease, or blame his age for freeing him of the toiles of this life. And, as for its being an occasion of contempt, in the eyes of younger folk; let them know, that one houre lost, or ill spent by them, while they are in their full strength, and not dispensed with for the workes of their callings (as none are) is more disgrace to them, and shall also have a heavier account, then divers yeares of rest in Old-age, when men may truely say,—DEVS nobis haec otia fecit: God hath given us leave to be at rest.

The II. Chapter. Conteining the second supposed disgrace, cast upon OLD-AGE viz. Vncapablenesse of pleasures: and the answer.

FOr the full understanding of what shall be said in answer to this imputation; something is to be premised concerning the nature, and divers kindes of pleasure.

First therefore to lay downe aWhat pleasure •… generall and breefe description of it: It is defined to be a lifting up of the minde by the presence or hope of some good that is come unto us or may befall us, an elevating (I say) of the mind: for as when any evill betides us or is towards us, the minde is dejected and discomforted: so when the contrary, it is contrarily affected. The object of pleasure is someGood is the object of pleasure good that accrewes unto us: and according to the difference of things tearmed good, must pleasures be differenced and distinguished, for either they are falsely, or they are truely so called. Falsely divers wayes. First when they are good in shew onely and opinion: and then it is false pleasure that arises from them, not unlike to that which was in Thrasilaus, who thought allFalse pleasures the ships that arrived at the haven, to be his, and received them with great pleasure and rejoycing: that all (likewise) which set forth were his, which he dismissed with a joyfull expectation of a gainefull returne: all the while counting himselfe an happy man that was the owner of so great substance, if any of the ships miscarried, he enquired not after them: if they returned safe, hee rejoyced. Thus was it with him in his frensy: and when he came to himselfe, he professed that he never lived more sweetely then when he was in that error, for hee had much pleasure (though false) and no care or trouble at all.

Secondly, things may not rightly be called good, when they are not so good, as they are esteemed. And they also yeeld a pleasure (at least in part) deceitfull.

Lastly, things may be thought good (and alas, nothing more common) when they are evill, and sinnefull pleasure taken in them must needes be the worst of all.

Now in every of these, Cit. 2. de finib. it is truely said, and rightly judged to be a vitious rejoycing, when a man thinkes without ground, he hath atteined to that which is good.

Touching the other▪ kinde of good, which we said is the object of pleasure, to wit, that which is truely and in its nature good, it is of two sorts: the one worldly and corporall, the other heavenly and spirituall: and answerable are the pleasures which come of them, either worldly or heavenly.

Concerning the worldly;Worldly pleasures though often, through the abuse of them they become carnall and divelish, yet in themselves they are good and lawfull.

First, because they are as a cordiallHow worldly pleasures are good that releeves the infirmities of our weake nature: or as an Inne after a long and wearisome journey.

Secondly, they are the blessings of God to animate and incourage us to obedience. Psal 104 15. God hath given man bread to strengthen him, and wine to glad his heart.

Thirdly, they are approoved of God in Scripture. Eccles. 3. •… . There is a time to laugh and to dance, as well as to weepe and mourne. •… h. v. 5. And the same Preacher telles us, that God answers man in the joy of his heart, and this rejoycing is (as it were) the condiment of▪ Gods outward blessings, without which such a blessing will cease to be a blessing. For what were it to have children, riches, honours, and not to rejoyce in them. Salomon confirmes this also when he sayes, there is no good in outward blessings, but for a man to rejoyce and doe good in his life.

Fourthly, these pleasures are many times both the matter and occasion of praising God. The matter, when a man beholding the things in which he delights, as the aforesaid children, riches, &c. doth for them give God praise. Occasion, when we have used these pleasures so, as that thereby we come to the service of God with fresher spirits, and more cheerefullnesse.

Quest. But belong these pleasuresPleasures are good onely to the faithfull. to all men alike?

Answ. No, •… Tim 1. 4. To the faithfull alone they are sanctified: onely Psal. 32. 1 •… . The upright in heart can rejoyce, who can rejoyce when God is angry? Isa 57. 21. There is no peace to the wicked. As Iehu to Iehoram, how can there be peace so long as, &c. So, how can there bee true joy, so long as our sinnes stand unremitted?

Now, in the next place, it will be needfull that we shew the great difference betweene these two, corporall and spirituall pleasures and rejoycing.

First, the corporall are subjectDifferēces be •… wixt corporall and spirituall pleasures. to excesse, whereby they become dangerous and hurtfull to the body and soule: but the spirituall cannot be immoderate: for they1 In measure. arise from heavenly contemplation. •… In pedigree. Psal 4. 6.

Another difference is, that they have a different pedigree: the one proceeding from Gods speciall favour, the other from worldly things.

A third: when the corporall3 In satisfaction. nature is satisfied, those pleasures cease: as when men have abated their hunger and thirst, meates and drinkes afford no delight. Contrary-wise the heavenly joyes and pleasures remaine and continue, the object of them being at all times pleasing and delectable: and the subject which is the soule and spirit of a man being alwayes capable of them.

Fourthly, the sensuall pleasures4 In season. are not at all times in season. There is a time when Eccle. 1. to laughter wee may say, thou art mad. As there is a time to laugh, so there is a time to weepe (Ibid) as namely when wee humble our selves before God for our sins, or when any calamity is either threatned, or inflicted. Thats a time to fast and pray and to afflict our soules: then no worldly pleasures may be admitted: they are as poyson to our humiliation. Then, Psa •… 2▪ 5. wee must sow in teares, that after we may reape with joy. Then, 1 Cor. 9. ult. the body must be kept under. Whence it is that the Luk. 16. Rich mans Epicurisme became the more odious and the greater sinne, in that he fared deliciously every day, he made no difference of times in his pleasures. but the heavenly joyes are not limited or excluded by any time. For even in the greatest heavinesse (which is the godly sorrow for sinne) the soule of Gods children partakes of joy and comfort; the Spirit of God, even then, yea and by meanes of that sorrow and repentance, assuring us, and sealing up unto us the forgivenesse of our sinnes, it being promised to such a turning to the Lord, from which assurance also ariseth peace with God and unutterable joy and rejoycing in our hearts.

Fiftly, another difference betweene5 In stablenesse. them is in regard of the unstablenesse of the one, and the firmenesse of the other. While the comedy lasts, the spectator laughs: but the play and his pleasure end together. Contrariwise the spirituall Pro. 15. 15. joy is a continuall feast. Satan himselfe cannot rob the possessor of it, it is setled upon him by the word of Christ, your joy shall not be taken from you.6 In Purity.

Sixtly and lastly, in regard of purity. Worldly pleasures and delights have alwayes some mixture of bitternesse, while a man feedes his conceit with aboundance of temporall things, his heart is fed upon by three devouring vultures: much care in getting, more feare in keeping, and most griefe in loosing: and as for greatnesse (so greedily hunted after) it is ordinarily a continuall vexation; because of envy from inferiours, thwarting of competitors and jealousies of Princes and such like. How many great mens hearts have burst with the blasting frowne of a Kings fore-head? Nay sometimes the disrespect of no very great one, marrs all, which is instanced in Haman.

Thus, by way of preface (over-longSpirituall pleasures most proper to old age. I confesse) I have laid the ground-worke of my answer to the aforenamed imputation, and now I aske whether of these two kindes of pleasures is it, the want whereof they say is a disadvantage to Old-age. The heavenly? they will not, they cannot say it. For who may be more replenisht with this joy then the Old-man, in whom the graine of mustard-seed hath had so long time to take roote, and to grow up to a tree that reaches up even to Heaven, the seate of everlasting joy and happinesse? then hee whose daily exercise it is to stand knocking at the gates of Heaven, of his house and home, towards which he hath beene long travelling, 2 Cor. 5. 4. and for which he hath fetcht many a sigh and grone?

The other kinde therefore ofWant of corporall pleasure is no great disadvantage. joy or pleasure it is of which men (belike) are deprived by living long. And of that what shall we now say? If wee aske heathen Philosophers their opinion, theyThe vanity of corporall pleasure will tell us, that it is grosse and brutish: both an inticement to vice and a nourisher of it: that to bring pleasure into the company of vertues, is to set a strumpet amongst chast and honest Matrons: that to say it is our cheefe good, is, vox pecudum, non hominum, to speake like brute beasts, not like men; that the greater the pleasure, the more it remooves the minde from its seat and state: that it is a flattering enemie: that with vertue it hath no converse, nothing at all to do: that it makes a man neither better, nor more praise-worthy: that nature hath given to man nothing more capitall and deadly, a greater plague or enemy: that no high or heavenly cogitation can consist with it: that he is not to be counted a man, that would spend one whole day in such pleasure: Cic 2. de finib. that it more often leaves cause of repentance then of remembring it: Boet. lib. 3. de consolat. that the desire of it is full of anxiety and doubtfull feare, but the saciety of it, is repentance: Cic de oratore. that to it loathing is the nearest neighbour. Senec▪ Epist. 28. What enemies (saies one) can bring upon a man so great reproach and shame, as comes to some men by their own rejoycing? There is (saith the same Author) a sort of men that drowne themselves in pleasure, without which they cannot be, when once they are accustomed to it: herein most miserable that they are come to this passe, that the things which before were superfluous and needlesse, are now •… o them made necessary, and so they serve their pleasures, enjoy them not. Idem Epist. 51. In another place hee tells us, that pleasures embrace us to the end they may stifle and strangle us: where also hee gives us an instance in Ha •… niball, so hardy and patient, that hee endured the snow, ice and extreame coldnesse, and also the dangerous passage on the Alpes: but yet the pleasures of Campania enervated and overcame him. So what he had gained by warre, he lost by pleasures. Ethic. lib. 7. c. 11. Aristotle will not have such pleasures to bee numbered among things that are good, because they are not the subject of any art.

This account the Heathen made of this kinde of joy; the vanity and evill whereof they had learned onely by experience, and the light of nature, but we have besides these the Scripture for our warrant; and thence wee are taught, that such as live in pleasures, are dead while they live, and that Salomon hath long time passed his sentence on them, that they are vanity. Salomon, who had them in great aboundance, who professes of himselfe, that whatsoever his eyes desired, hee held it not from them, that hee gave himselfe to wine, builded houses, &c. as Eccle. 2. and when he had sucked from these delights what possibly they might affoord, in the end he is forced to confesse, that they are all vanity and vexation.

This world is like to an infectious house, in which a man is forcedCorporall pleasures dangerous to dwell, he hath no remedy: and such pleasures are a part of the world, Gal. 6. 14 and must therefore be crucified to us and wee to them. They are the Divells baites which he laies to catch us. Hamus Diaboli trahens ad perniciem, Adsanct Bapt. saies S. Basil, they are the kisses of an enemy, pleasant indeed, but most dangerous and hurtfull: Pro. 27 6. and therfore the wounds of a lover are to be preferred before them, they are Iudas-like kisses, that watch their time to betray us.

Voluptuous living is as Luk. 8. 14. thornes that choke the Seed of the Word. It is possible and too common a thing that a man addicted much to pleasures •… Tim▪ 3. 4. should love them more then God, to most men they are Heb. 11. 15. the pleasures of sin.

Here haply it will be objected, that what hath beene said in thisCorporal pleasures can hardly be well u •… sed. point, makes not simply against pleasures; but pleasures abused. In answer whereto I say, first that our corrupt nature is ever ready to abuse them: and therefore better and safer it is to want, then to have them. Can we so mistake our selves as not to know either who or where we are? Our owne weakenesse or inability to stand upright? or the ground on which we are while given to pleasures how slippery it is? Our first Parents when they were in their full strength fell from their innocency, in that Garden of delights: and shall we then be confident and secure in this our weake constitution of body and sinnefull disposition of soule, and think our selves free from the danger of earthly pleasures? If by that their 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 a world of calamities fell upon them and their posterity; what may we feare will come on us, when to the misery of Adams abusing pleasures, that is added which is due to our like sinne! It will be misery upon misery, even an heape or pile of evills. The tempter was so flesht by the foile hee gave, and the victory he got in Paradice, that he presumed to lay the same baite for our Saviour himselfe in the wildernesse; and though there he was repulst, yet by the same temptation hee hath since, and doth continually prevaile more or lesse with all the sons of Adam.

God usually layes afflictionsAfflictiōs to weane us from pleasures. upon his deerest children, giving them the soure of this world, rather then the sweet: and it is to weane them from the tickling delights of bodily pleasures. Certainely God would not put them, whom he so entirely loves, to purchase their freedome from these things at so deare a rate, were they not exceedingly dangerous unto them.

But the Apostle makes a directLawfull things in danger let goe. answer to this objection; 1 Cor. 6. 12. All things are lawfull, &c. He standes there stoutly upon his priviledge, his dominion and power which he hath received from God over all these lawfull things; and resolves with an eye to God first, and then also to his owne dignity and safety, not to be so uncircumspect, so unthankefull to his Lord and creator, or so base in respect of himselfe, as to lay downe this great prerogative, and to become a servant to his servants, he will not embrace and hug that with danger of dishonouring God, and wronging himselfe, which he hath received to a quite contrary end.

When a man is on the sea in great danger, he will cast out all the wares be they never so rich, for the safety of his life, so would we in this case, were we as sensible of the soules danger, as of the bodies.

It is our Saviours both counsell and charge in case of offences, to be contented to part with our right hand and right eye, which we know of how great and necessary use they are to us.

A shame it were for Christians to be put to schoole to heathen men, especially to the vainest and idlest of them, the Poets; yet they may teach us in this point of pleasures. For they plainely shew us in the fable of the Sirens (what we are not apt of our selves to beleeve) how dangerous a thing it is to be within the reach of these deceitfull, enticing, and bewitching delights.

There are two most grosse andDrunkennes & uncleannesse seldome severed hatefull sinnes which reigne in the world; drunkennesse, and whoredome. The former is an incentive to the latter. Nunquam ego ebrium castum putabo. I will never count him chast (In Tit. c. 1. saith St. Ierom) that is a drunkard. Now these two sinnes are the filthyPleasures make brutish. sinckes of sensuall and brutish pleasures, the consideration wherof were enough to make a man that is wise and circumspect, at the very naming or thought of sensuallity, to start backe and flee from it, as from the most dangerous enemy of his well-being.

I come now at last to answerIt is a glory to Oldage that it takes off from pleasure. the imputation, that Old-age bereaves us of these kind of pleasures, and first I say Cic. deSe nect. with him, O preclarum munus, &c. O thrice happy and welcome age, that taketh us off from that which in youth is (through mens aptnesse to abuse it) the mother and nurse of infinite vices, most hurtfull unto us? and S •… nec▪ Epist 12. with another: how sweete a thing is it to have given pleasures the farewell? and Idem. Epist. 67. againe. Ago senectuti gratias, &c. I thanke my Old-age for fastening me to my bed, and disabling me to doe what I should not doe.Old age works joy in the wāt of pleasures.

Further J say that this despised age (freed from the dominion of such pleasures) helpes us in that which the Apostle by the rare vertue of temperance, obtained; to wit, 1 Cor. 7. 29, 30. in abundance of worldly joyes and delights, to be as if we were without them: to be when wee rejoyce, as if wee rejoyced not: and contrariwise, in absence of them, to be as if wee enjoyed them: as sorrowfull (saith the Apostle) yet alwaies rejoycing.

Wee hold him a bad and dangerousPleasures are dangerous guests. guest, against whom we should (and will if wee be wise) shut our doores to barre him entrance. These pleasures therefore being such as if we admit of them, are likely to rob and spoile us, may be wanting and we the safer by it. Happy are we when we suffer not our outward senses (which are the doores and windowes to let these theeves in) to stand open to them. The most delightfull object of the eye, to a voluptuous man, is the favour and beauty of a woeman, a peece of well fashioned and coloured clay. Prov. 31. 30. Yet is favour deceitfull and beauty vanity. Job. 31. which caused Iob to make a covenant with his eyes, to bind him not to thinke of a maide. And David prayes, Psal. 119. 37. That his eyes may be turned away from beholding vanity. The eye to many is a very Pandor. The pleasure of the eare is Musick: but was Salomon any whit the better, or not the worse for his men-singers and woemen-singers, &c. The Rose is for the smell, but how is it compast with prickles. Honey pleases the taste, but the stinging Bee lies lurking in the combe: and theProv. 25. 16. Wise-man councells him that hath found honey, to eate no more then is sufficient, least he be overfull and vomit it. The taste is often the gluttons purveyor. The touch is a wide window to let in pleasures: but the objects of it are to many as pitch, Eccl. 15. 1. which who so toucheth shall be defiled.

It is a precept no lesse necessary then ancient, Maturè fias senex, Bee old betimes, that thou maiest long be so. J •… admonishes us, in youth to abstaine from the delights of this world, and then to be as Old-men, if we will come to that age, live long in it, and have it tolerable and pleasing, such as will give no cause to say, Eccle. 12 I have no pleasure in it. That of the Poet, J am sure is true: voluptates Losse of bodily pleasures recompenced in spirituall joy commendat rar •… or usus, nothing doth so much commend such pleasures, as the rare use of them.

So then, if pleasures of this kinde have left and forsaken Oldage, or it abandon'd them, it is no losse at all: and were there some detriment in it, yet would it be aboundan •… ly recompenced by the farre better, the truly comfortable, the heavenly pleasures, afore mentioned: of which elder yeares afford a greater, more then the elder Brothers portion. For those other having left their station, make roome for these, which are better guests to be entertained by the soule of man: roost or dwel together with safety in one heart, they cannot. How blessed aturne is it, when a flatterer, the worst of all enemies, is removed, to make place for a true and faithfull friend?

The III. Chapter. Conteining the third aspertion cast on OLD-AGE, touching its weaknesse, and the answer.

THe next imputation is, that in elder yeares we are weake. For answer, first I see not why the Old-man should bee singled out, as one liable to the greatest disgrace, in respect of the curse and punishment which was laid on all the posterity of Adam, without exemption or immunity of any age. But I will addresse my selfe to a more distinct and particular handling of this point.

There are two things inquirable in it: one touching infirmity, the other concerning sicknesse. Wee will consider of them both, and that comparatively, that it may appeare, which of the sundry ages of mans life is least subject to this imputation.

And first of Jnfirmity: whichInfirmity what it is. in my sense is an inclination and aptnesse in such or such an age to any thing that is evill, either in body or mind.

I passe by the 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , the child in the mothers wombe which suffers there nine moneths imprisonment, and when at the last (if at the last) it is delivered from that misery; comes foorth with great paine and danger, both to it selfe and the mother. Let us see how it is with it after it is borne and becomes an infant, and so attaines to the first age of mans life. Naked doth it enter into Infants infirmities. the world (so Iob professes of himselfe) whereas other creatures (In procem. lib •… ▪ nat hist. as Plinie hath observed) are some of them provided both of armour defensive and offensive: the Bull of hornes, the Lyon and Beare of pawes, the Bore of tusks, the Elephant of a promuscis, a trunke or snout, and many others, some of defensive onely, as Trees have their rine or barke, Fishes, many of them their shels, all, their scales: Beasts their thicke skinnes and haire, Foules their feathers and wings, Sheepe their skins and wool. &c. onely the poore infant is borne naked and unarmed: in it selfe utterly destitute of helpe and defence.

True it is, that our good God and provident Creator, whose tender eye is continually on this his so weake a creature (his punishments being alwayes tempered with mercy) hath provided for it in this most feeble estate; which is thankefully acknowledged by David (Psal. 71. 6. upon thee have I beene staied from the wombe) yet miserable is the infant considered in himselfe, in respect of this his nakednesse, which is not as that, Gen. 2. 25. then our first Parents, when they stood upright before their Creator, were cloathed with admirable glory (as Chrisostome noteth) such as to which no outward covering could adde any grace, ornament, or helpe; there being then no need: but this I speake of was and is still a punishment of Adams sinne and ours: such a punishment, as (but that God reaches forth his helping hand and gives meanes in this great weakenesse and distresse) would expose the infant to the greatest corporall misery: and as it is, it cannot passe for better then a heavy case, a great infirmity.

Yet besides this, a most pitifullInfants come into the world crying. cry (ordinarily) accompanies its comming into the world; which tells us that it foresees, or rather forefeeles the innumerable miseries to which it is borne, when it lookes into the vale of teares. And so proper is this cry to its birth, that the Law supposes it dead-borne, or (as the common word is) still-borne, if then it cry not: if it be still at the birth and doe not testifie (by this one and onely voice or meanes it hath, to expresse it selfe and call for life and preservation) how weake it is.

These are the lamentable beginnings of this miserable life in the Infant. And as it begins, so it continues to the end of this miserably-weake age, finding no great alteration or amendment, it is still apt to give notice of its paine and feeblenesse.

But see further, how this weakInfants how first handled. guest is afterwards entertained in this troublesome tempestuous world. Immediately after the birth, it is taken, and hands are layed on it (as if it had highly trespassed by breach of prison and comming forth of the wombe) and then presently it is bound hand and foot, which is so grievous unto it, that it doth not so much as smile (if wee will beleeve Plinie) before the fortieth day.

Of this age therefore we may truly say, that it is weakenesse and misery in the abstract.

It is reported of the men of Thracia, that when a child was borne, the neighbours sitting round about it, were wont with great lamentation and mourning, to reckon up the many miseries with which it was to enter into this world: and on the contrary, when any dyed, to carry the corps foorth with no lesse joy and rejoycing; commemorating the calamities from which it was delivered. The Eccl 7. 2 Infirmity of childehood. Preacher also tels us, that the day of death is better then the day that one is borne.

The next age is Child-hood, which (Reddere qui voces 〈◊〉 puer & pe de certo sig rat humū Hora •… . de Arte Poet saies the Poet) begins when there is ability to speake and to goe. How fares it with the child during this age? Is it not also weake, so weake and tender that it requires (for divers yeares) continuall attendance, being as yet but a gristle as it were of no strength; no, nor of wit, to avoid the danger it may fall into? After when it is come to more growth, so infirme is it both in body and mind, that there is no hope of its avoiding infinite mischiefes, have it not the help of others.

Were it not so, what needeThe yoke of childrē would there be of the yoke which children beare under their Governours, Parents, Schoole-masters, Tutors, &c? Why else doe they passe thorow infinite affrighting feares, in regard of necessary severity under that government? Were it otherwise, it would bee needlesse and no better then cruelty, to put them to the grievous paines which they undergoe with no small reluctancy: and which are to them almost intolerable, their weake nature not brooking it. The truth is the scales fall not from the eyes of their mindes; neither can their hearts though tender bee new moulded without much adoe, without their great paines both in doing and suffering: Multa tulit fecit que puer, sudavit, &c.

To what end else were restraintCorrectiō of childrē from childrens desires set upon sports and pleasures? Were they not weake, correction would not bee of so necessary use to them, which Salomon saith, Prov. 13. 34. Who so spareth hates his sonne. Certainely chastisement and good breeding is of greater use to this age then bodily sustenance. For Prov. 22. 15. Foolishnesse is bound up in the heart of the child, and no way is there to drive it from him, but by the rod of correction. When this rod is neglected (as too often it is) what's the danger? What will come of it? Of this also Prov. 23 14. Salomon resolves us: Smiting with the rod (saith he) delivers a soule from Hell. Is correction so needfull to keepe the child out of this bottomelesse pit? Then is hee of an infirme and weake estate.

If Child-hood were not an ageMothers care over children. of great infirmity, the mother that lookes on her sonne with a tender eye, and in the bowells of love and compassion; sighing to remember how lamentably he came into the world, and how dearely she hath bought him: with what care also and paines, she hath nurst him and brought him up to this age; would never dispense with her naturall affection, and suffer him to be under so hard a discipline (much lesse her selfe be the executor of it) but would say, as many doe, a If I smite him •… Pro. 23. 13. with the rod, hee will dye, for greefe hee will waste and pine away.

Jn a word, the child is a young tender plant, that with much care and diligence must be defended from hurt and propped up, that it may grow straite: infirme therfore and weake.Infirmitie of youngmen.

I come now to the young-man, he stands upon his reputation and makes account that of all men he is freest from the infirmities and calamities of this life: ready to stabb all gaine-sayers, yet is hee in the greatest danger, and most subject to infinite evills. This weake and humorous disposition is described by the same Horst. in Arte Poet Poet, in sundry particulars, and from him J willingly take it, least I might seeme to have a stitch to this age, and to be an over hard and harsh censurer of it.

First, Tandem cust •… de re moto gaudet equis canibus que , &c. Ibid. he is overjoy'd at his libertyLiberty a bused by youth. and freedome from the yoke, which lately he had borne: at his being now his owne man, as we say: at his having the reines loose, so as now he may (like the untamed horse, newly broken from his rider) shise it abroad and runne the wilde-goose-race without controle, up and downe in the world; delighting himselfe and feeding his distempered desire and unbridled affections, sometimes with one vanity (sinne rather) sometimes with another, •… ill he hath run himselfe out of breath, as it were.

Secondly, Cereus in vitium slecti. Ibid. he is easily seducedYouth ea s •… ly seduced. and carried away by evill perswasions, which bewrayes greater lightnesse and weaknesse in him.

Thirdly, if any give him betterYouth scornes counsell. counsell, and reproove him for his evill course, Monitori •… asper he will not abide it, but flings out and counts his best friends his enemies: which makes him incapable of amendment.Youth improvident and prodigall.

Fourthly,Utiliu •… tardus provisor, prodigus aeris. Ibid. as he is improvident and carelesse in providing necessaries, so is he wastefull and prodigall in spending.

Sublimis cupidus que . Youth variable. Fiftly, he is lofty and highly conceited. Quod vult, valdè vult, most violent in his desires.

Lastly, •… mata relinquere pernix Ib. he changes, as the wind: never long in love with any thing: now of one mind, anon of another.

I wish I were able to set forth the weakenesse and vanity of youth, in its proper colours, that it might appeare in how unfit a Cabinet the ornaments of this age are laid up. Mistake me not: I note the vices onely to which this age is subject; to youth it selfe I have no quarrell.

Yet in regard of infirmity, IYouth like a ship. can no better compare it then to a Ship on the Sea, that is fraught with variety of costly wares, but wants a skilfull Pilot to guide it and keep it in safety when stormes arise: whereby often it comes to passe, that it reaches not the haven, but ship, wares and all sinke in the deepe Ocean. Put into this Ship, that is, grant there is in the young-man, what you will or can imagine him to be endowed with: bodily strength, agility, freshnesse of wit, firmenesse of memory; as much learning and knovvledge as his tender yeares by the helpes he hath had, can furnish him withall: and whatsoever else selfe conceipt possesses him of: his violent disorderly affection, like a blast of wind, many times sinks all to the bottome of perdition.

So vaine a thing is bodilyBodily strength dāgerous strength to youth, that not onely it steades it not, but contrariwise being the breeder of a groundlesse confidence, it puts it upon infinite dangers: yea, it is the instrument or meanes by which corrupt nature doth worke its overthrow. What security andYouth secure. carelessenesse is there in most young-men, that enjoy health and strength? what hardnesse of heart •… how •… arre are many of them from any thought of repentance, and all because they put farre from them the last day of account: presuming that for them there vvill be time enough hereafter. Things that are farre off seeme lesse to us then they are, as the starres in the firmament. So, because youngmen behold death in a great distance, they neglect both it, and what it brings, as things not worthy their minding. So was it with Salomons young-man whom hee tooke to taske, Eccle. 11. 9. and therefore De interi •… re dom •… cap. 46. Bernard tells us, that strength is hurtfull, when it tends to disobedience, and onely then profitable when it is joyned with humility of heart: Greg▪ past •… ral. par. 3. c. 13. and another counsels us, to use bodily strength and health, that it may further the health of the soule.

I could willingly stay yet longerYouth most op posite to Old-age. in my discourse of youth, for that it stands most in opposition to the age I treate of, and lookes at it commonly with an eye full of scorne and contempt: repining at its length of daies, and oftentimes thinking it long ere it succeeds the Old-man in his offices, lands or goods. So did that proud and ambitious Absolon, when he thirsted after his fathers Crowne. Ovid. Metamorph. lib. 1. Filius ante diem patrios inquirit in annos.

This one thing here I may notYouth hath most need of reformation pretermit, that both David and Salomon single out this age, as that which hath most need of reformation, as Psal. 119. VVhere withall shall a young-man cleanse his wayes? And Ecclesi. 11. 9. Rejoyce O young man in thy Youth, &c. but know, &c. and Cap. 12. 1. Remember therefore thy Creator in the dayes of thy youth. And Prov. 4. he makes the simple man and the young-man to draw in one yoke, and equally to want instruction. These two so skilfull Physitians of the soule, would not have chosen this subject to worke on, or lighted on the young man for their patient, had they not thorowly viewed his state, and found that in his understanding, will and affections he is (for the most part) exceeding infirme and weake, and much every way out of frame.

That which hath beene said J take to be sufficient to cleare this point, that the young-mans strength and flourishing estate when it is at the highest pitch, ordinarily makes him no whit the better nor more happy: but much more miserable every way: so weake and infirme an age it is.

The next in order is mature, Mans age when it begins. or ripe age, in Latine, aetas virilis, mans-age. From which denomination wee may conceave, that till then a man is not a man, not the infant without question: not the child: no, nor the youth though he strut it out, and thinke there is no man-hood to be found but in himselfe.

This aetas virilis, is an age (IMans age in evill immoveable. confesse) more staid then the former, and lesse hot and violent in affections: but yet more stiffe in every thing: and so whatsoever is evill in it, is more permanent and unmooveable, and consequently more hurtfull. The child (as I shewed before) is as a tender twig, newly planted and easily brought out of frame; yet flexible. Youth, the flower of mans life, is like a tree in the spring-time, beautifull in blossomes, which gives hope of fruit: and though these blossoms, many times are blasted, and so the tree becomes unfruitfull, yet is it of a more yeelding disposition: and vice being not yet habituall in it or deepely rooted, is more easily nipped in the head. But this age of which wee now enquire, though it be (for its season) apt to yeeld fruit: yet many times for grapes it brings forth wild grapes: neither will it byMan-age aspires high. the dresser of the Vine so easily be wrought upon for better fruit.

But what is it, that the heart in this age, is commonly and in most men set upon? Our Author tels us that too. Quaerit •… pes & a micitias, inservit •… onori. Horat Ibid. Men here labour for riches that they may be setled in a great estate: they procure the friendship of great ones, so to be backt in whatsoever they doe, be it right or wrong: they aspire to honour, and labour to be great: and all this many times, that they may be the onely commanders in the places where they live, and may without controle overtop and oppresse the under-shrubs,Mans-age pro •… e to wrong. the poore weake underlings among the people: and Dum vitant stul •… i vitia, i •… ō traria currunt Et a libi, In vitium ducit culpae •… uga •… i caret arte. Hora so they fall from one extreame to another. They shunne the improvidence and prodigality of their youth and light upon the contrary covetousnesse, the root of all evill. They will no longer bee rash, simple and unadvised, as in their younger yeares: and to avoid that, they study to bee subtile and crafty, and fall to plodding and plotting for their private (not alwayes good) ends. They seeme ashamed of the facility and tractablenesse of youth, and become as a brasen wall, standing unmooveable against whatsoever crosses their whatsoever resolutions. To avoide levity, they become obstinate: and so in the rest, and how great then is the weakenesse of such mens minds, though this bee the most stable, and the most commendable and in the common account of all the ages.

The Poet, our Author, forgetsOld-me •… care for •… thers go •… not the Old-man: he feeles his pulse also, and notes his condition and properties: but they are such, as bring no disparagement, but a grace and commendation to this age. But what are they? Quaeri & inve tis •… ise abstinet▪ timet •… ubi supra he seekes riches, and makes no use of them to himselfe: true, he is contented to be poore and (in a sense) miserable himselfe, that others may be rich and happy: when he is gone wil not the child, the young-man, the man of ripeage, will they not all (that is all men) commend him for this? For them he gets, for them he keepes what hee spends not, that they may enjoy it after him, and praise both him and his abstinency and bounty in the joyfull use of it. They are his heires, to them he leaves his plus viatici, the greater part of his provision, quibus plus viae restat, because they have (in likely-hood) a farre longer journey to goe. This (sure) is providence and care of posterity, not covetousnesse. The eldest man alive is not so stupid and senselesse, as to thinke hee shall carry his goods with him to his grave, and may not this be another end of his sparing, that the hope of legacies may gaine to him regard and love while hee lives from them, who are apt enough to despise his gray-haires. M •… nāder Molestus est inter juvenes senex, sayes one. OLD-AGE is troublesome and unpleasing to youth. Many Old-men that have outed themselves of all, or neare all, while they lived, have after it continued alive long enough to repent when it was too late.

Besides, it is certaine thatOld-men best use wealth. though this man of yeeres, by help of his even temper, is able to use the wealth he hath, with greater benefit, and lesse hurt to himselfe and others, then younger men, who hardly observe a meane in any thing: yet being weaned from the pleasures of this world, to which his riches might be the fuell or materials; no marvell if he abstaine from a much delightfull use of them. While his mind feedes on better food, his body and mind both are contented to want the use of the worser, strange it were if such contentednes and moderation should breed reproach.

But S. Austen may seeme toOld-age not to bee blamed with personall vices. stand against us in this point. Psa. 113. He tels us that in Old-age, all other vices decaying, covetousnesse juvenescit, encreaseth and groweth daily. I answer, first it is unlikely that this his censure was generall, because hee knew well, how farre himselfe in his elder yeares, was from it, and doubtlesse if he wrote it while he was young, when he was growne old, he would have retracted it from his experience in himselfe, had he meant it of all, Probable it is that he said it either according to the common tenent of the disgracers of this age; or because some Old-men of the worser sort are such, and in that case it is morum vitium, non senectutis: to be ascribed not to the age, but to the viciousnesse of the former part of mans life, whence the habit of covetousnesse might grow up. It is absurd (saies Cato major apud Ci •… de senectute. the Patron ofOld-men not covetous. this age) that an Old-man. should (as an Old-man he meanes) bee covetous▪ no lesse absurd, then for one to vex himselfe with getting still more and more provision for his journey, when he is come neare the end of it. Certainely, that which it is absurd for a man to doe, and incredible that he will do it; it is as absurd to thinke he is culpable in it, or to accuse him of it. Lastly, it may be answered, that, were the Old-man faulty herein, somewhat might be said for him by way of excuse: viz. that it isThe ground of Old-mens parsimōy. caused by an incident infirmity, which is feare of want, arising partly from the coldnesse of his temper, and in part from his inability (now) to get any thing by his labours or indeavours; which may seeme to free him from the scraping covetousnesse, though it put him hap'ly upon parsimony or warinesse in spending. Dio. Cyn One being asked what was in vita calamitosissimum, the heaviest calamity in this life, answer'd well 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , the estate of a poore needy Oldman. So then, the calamity of want being greater to this age then to the other, to be sparing in it, is skarse any fault at all. For nature it selfe gives every creature a kind of care and desire to preserve it selfe.Old-men warie.

Further, Res omnes timide gelide que ministrat, ubisupra. It is said that the Old-man doth all things with feare, coldly and slowly. Warily as I conceive it, having observed in his long experience, the innumerable mischiefes into which the rashnesse and unadvised hastinesse of young men doth carry them. The Philosopher gives this very reason why youth is bold, and age fearefull. It is ( Arist. in Rhetor. Old-men long for better times. saith he) because youth wasts knowledge, (for who so bold as the blind) and age sees the danger of being over-hasty.

It is added, Avidus que futuri. that hee desires and longs for better times. True, because he hath seene much evill in the world, and is wearied with greeving at it. No man can faultWhy Oldmen hard to please. him for this.

Againe, Difficilis Ibid. he is hard to please. This may arise from his dislike ofOld-men praisers of former▪ times. mens evill manners, with which no man should be pleased.

He is said to be a Laudator tēporis acti se puer •… . Ibid. prayser of former times. Not without cause, sith the world growes daily more and more out of frame and wicked.Old-men just reprovers.

He cannot winke at the vices of disordered young-men, butCensor, castigator que minorū. Ibid. sharpely reprooves them. Who may more justly take to him this so necessary an office, or execute it with so much gravity, so great authority, so mature wisedome, discretion and moderation, as the Old-man, Tum pietate gravē aut meriti •… fi forte virum quem cōspexere silent, &c. Uirg. in Aeneid. of whose well-meriting love, and indeavours for the common good, all men have had long experience and triall?

By this which hath beene said it is plaine and evident, first that all the ages of mans life are infirme. Secondly, that each hath its proper defects: and lastly, that the infirmities of Old-age, are not so great as of the rest, all things duely weighed and consider'd.

Now, they are to be compared likewise in the point of sicknesse. But this part of my taske, I am willing to cast upon the Physitian, both in regard of his farre greater knowledge this way, and to avoid the blame of putting my sickle into an other mans harvest, and leaping out of mine element. Fearing to be Piscis in arido, m •… nachus in for •… . Yet something of it, out of mine owne profession.

Health is (indeed) a blessingSicknesse whence it came. upon blessings: one that seasons and sweetens all the rest. But the perfection of it was onely in Paradice. For immediately after the fall, came the curse, first upon man that had sinned. In the very same day (Super Gen. ad lit. saith St. Austin) began Adam and Eve to dye, in which they received the law of death. After the curse fell for man and his transgression upon the earth, and the other bordering elements, and on all the creatures conteined in them. While man was faithfull in serving his Creator, the creatures served him as their second Lord: but presently upon his fall from his God, they all fell from him, and shaking off the yoke of their allegiance, turned enemies and rebells against him. Before man had the meanes of health and life, and immortality, (to which he was created) laid up for him in those creatures, then all good. But since through the curse, they are become the instruments to inflict on him that punishment, the bodily death: or rather so many Sergeants to arrest him. And the infinite number of diseases, bred by the earths curse, are likewise busy tormentors, to waite on him for the execution of that punishment, which the transgression had justly deserved. Dust now wee are, and to dust wee shall returne: dead-men we are, and to death the creatures are appointed to bring us. In the sweat 〈◊〉 our faces we eat our bread. Our daily labours in our callings are now, not as Adams in Eden, but sweating labours, which make way to sicknesse, and consequently to death: drying up, sensim sine sensu, by little and little, unperceivably, the radicall moysture; and wasting the naturall heate: and withall enfeebling the body, and so farre disabling it to beare the distempers, as that it is sooner or later overcome by them. During the time of mans innocency, the great Creator so temper'd the contrary qualities of the elements of which his body consisted; that they were not (as since) at strife among themselves: but when man had sinned, that way might be made to the execution of the sentence of death; God drew backe his hand, and left them to their naturall worke, in seeking their mutuall destruction. And by that meanes now (Euripides as one saith) vivere, mor •… est, our living is a dying. While we live, and by living, we come every day neerer and neerer to our dissolution.

This is now the weake estatePhysicke wherein usefull. of our earthly tabernacle, to which the art of Physicke in diet and medicines may be as a prop to a decayed and tottering house: but comes farre short of restoring it to the originall perfection in the creation. Physick (Lib. de constitut. artis medicae. sayes Galen) is an art of repairing, not of building. No, this certainely requires the same hand which made man at the first, and the way which God the Creator and recreator will take in it, he hath plainely expressed in his word. It is by demolishing (in his time) this decayed and daily decaying house, and setting up a new. 2 Cor. 5. 1 The earthly house of this our▪ weake Tabernacle must first be destroyed, that we may have a building given of God, not made with handes, but eternall in the Heavens. 1 Cor. 15 36. As the seed that is cast into the ground, first dies, and then is quickned: so our bodies at the resurrection. This corruptible shall then put on incorruption, and this mortall immortality.

Perfect health man had: but bySicknesse by sinne his sinne he lost it. Perfect health he shall recover, but the way to it is death, and the way to death is sicknesse, and as the sting of death is sinne, so the evill of sicknesse, is sinne likewise, and that not onely as the meriting cause, but also as the thing to be prevented by it. Would we alwaies live in health? We know not our selves. God that is better acquainted with our estate and condition, sees, that of all afflictions, this of sicknesse, is most beneficiall unto us and most necessary. The reasons, to note some of them, may bee these. The first, to make us looke backeBenefits of sicknes▪ to see from whence we are fallen, and why. Another, because other afflictions are not so direct premonitions of death, which should be the meditation of our whole life. A third, for that this correction doth not onely minde us of our sinnes past, and upbraid us with them, that wee may repent, but serves also for a curb or restraint to hold us in from rushing into the world of enormities and sinnes, to which our corrupt and unbridled nature otherwise would carry us head-long: for by sicknesse the flesh which rebels against the spirit is weakened, and more easily observes that precept, of not suffering sinne to reigne in our mortall bodies. Fourthly, health of body is anHealth dangerous occasion of many evills, especially when the soule is sicke, or ill affected. N •… quā pej u •… quā in sano cor. pore aeger animue habitat. Pet. lib. 1. dial 4. No where (saies one) can the corrupt heart dwell worse, or more dangerously, then in a healthy body. Fiftly, when we see a man in his bed of sicknesse, how much doe wee finde him changed (if there bee any sparke of grace in him) from that hee was before? Hee hates his former disorderly course, and himselfe for it. Hee resolves (though hap'ly with great weakenesse, and sometimes after recovery, inconstancy) yet he resolves, or at least professes a resolution for amendment: and he binds himselfe to God for it by many promises and vowes: in health with most men it is farre otherwise.

Againe, the want of health mayHealth cō mon to beasts. be borne the more patiently, both by aged and younger folke, because health is a thing common with us to inferiour creatures, not peculiar to man▪ as Psal. 36. •… 6. Lord thou preservest man and beast. From which place, S. Austine observes▪ that we should not bee proud of health, and we may from the same ground, that there is no cause of our being much dejected, for the want of it.

Well then: were it granted thatSicknes no disgrace. old-age is followed with more diseases then the other▪ this notwithstanding would be no disgrace to it: a benefit rather as hath beene proved. But by the concurrent judgement of Physitians, it appeares to be otherwise. For they tell us that old-men are not so subject to sicknesse as the younger, and that the reasons of it are these. One, their temperance above others, by which (say they) the most depraved and corrupt nature of man is preserved and held in a healthy constitution. Another, because they are sensible of the least causes of sicknesse, and thereby become wary, and suffer not the diseases to take root in them▪ And the last is their cold and dry temper, which frees them from hot fevers, inflammations, and corrupt humors. Whence it is (Lib. 7. c. 50. saith Plime) that they are lesse subject to the pestilence. Hereunto wee may adde the common Proverbe, A Physitian, or a foole. A Physitian by experience and many observations; or a foole for want of them. Now we know none hathOld-age hath experience. so much experience as the Oldman, whose many yeares afford him opportunity and meanes to be to himselfe an Emperike, a kinde of Physitian. The carelesnesse of former ages, have (happily) bred diseases in him: and hee by his skill and knowledge gotten by experience, practiseth the cure. The other ages are as violent winds and stormes that by often beating upon this house of clay (or as bad inhabitants that by their neglect) bring it out of reparations; and OLD-AGE is as the Carpenter to repaire it.

The IIII. Chapter. Containing the next and last disgrace cast upon OLD-AGE, and the answer.

THe last imputation is this;Propinquity of death objected against Old age. that to the OLD-MAN, death is at hand, and knockes at the doore, as it were, ready to come in and ceaze upon him. And here now we are fallen upon a meditation of Death, and I rejoyce at the occasion, imploring Gods helpe, that I may bee profitably sensible of what I deliver touching this point, and may bring it home to my selfe for my better preparation.

In it, I will endeavour to prove first that to be neare to death is not a misery, but a happinesse rather. Secondly, that were it an affliction, as it is deemed to be, the other ages are as liable to it as this. And lastly, that the former part of mans life ill order'd, is one and not the least cause of Oldages hasting to the grave.

Touching the first. What isWhat makes death most grievous to good men there in Death that may make it a misery to a good Old-man? Is it that which David, Psalm. 6. and other where pleaded for the lengthening of his life? In death there is no remembrance of thee, &c. And Hezekias, Isaiah. 38. The grave cannot confesse thee? That indeed should bee a principall motive to the desire of life, and the shunning of death. The end of it should be, not so much that wee may longer enjoy this world, and the comforts of it, as that we may have longer time to goe on in the workes of our calling, that God may by us bee yet more glorified in this world: and that here now grace may grow and increase still more and more in us, and so our glory bee answerable in the world to come

The wisest and most valorousMēs rashness in speaking against death. among the Heathen, who could say much and have written also (though to no purpose) de morte contemnenda, of the contempt of death: who also that they might seeme no lesse couragious indeed than in word; have many of them rush't upon this enemy, and desperately encounter'd him (as at this day, some among us, though better enformed of the danger of it, doe in duello, in single combat, and other unwarrantable attempts) they all (I say) may be likened to the man whom our Luk. 14. 31. Saviour taxes for his unadvisednesse, In that going to warre, hee consults not afore hand, how able he is to meet him that comes against him Certainely death may beeDeath wherein terrible. counted as the last, so the most potent and dangerous enemy, when it is in its full strength (that strength which God himselfe put into it immediately after the fall. Gen. 2.) And when we are naked and destitute of the armour of proofe, Eph. 6. weake also, as not strengthened by that victory, wherein Christ our champion overcame this enemy for us. For God hath set him upon us, and strengthened him against us: and what are we then of our selves to withstand him? Yet our good God hath provided a remedy: not that weRemedy against death. should recover our former strength, or be able of our selves to breake the Serpents head, but that the seed of the woeman should doe it. He it is through whom it comes, that this enemy hath no power over us, because Heb. 2. 14 hee hath destroyed the Divell who had the power of death, 1 Cor. 15 and hath taken away the sting of it, by his suffering for our sinnes: and the rigour and curse of the law, which is the strength of sinne: Col. 2. 14 and hath put out also the hand ▪ writing of ordinances that was against us. By this great mercy of God we become conquerours over death, yea, more then conquerours. Rom. 8. I, but (may some man say) death when it comes may bereave us of our confidence in Christ. No, Ro. 8 35 saith the Apostle; neither life, nor death, &c. shall be able, &c. O, but Heb. 2. 15. wee are in servitude to death all our life long. True, of our selves: but we are delivered from this also by Christs death, as in that place.

Thus we see that death is notDeath a blessing. misery. It is as easie to proove that it is great happinesse. Wee have it by a voice from Heaven. Rev. 14. 13. Blessed are the dead which die in the Lord.

For the further manifestingCorruption the way to generation. of the point: First, let it be laid downe as a certaine truth, that corruption is the way to generation. Wee finde it to be so in things naturall. Ayre becomes water, but first it must leave to be aire: water returnes to aire, but withall it leaves to be water. In things artificiall: the mines bred in the bowels of the earth, must first be digged up: after, by fire purged of their drosse: then made malleable: after, cast into a mould for fashion, and lastly filed and polished, that they mayThe body not destroyed by death p in Gen. Cap. 1. Hom. •… 5. become vessels for use. The body of death is not destroyed (saith Chrysostom) as the brasse, when it is melted and cast, that a vessell may be made of it: it loseth nothing, but gaineth a better and more usefull fashion. The Cedars which Hiram gave to Salomon for the building of the Temple, were first cut downe, squared and framed, before they could become that glorious house of God. The same is true of the point in hand. The earthly Tabernacle must first be dissolved, as we said before, and then afterwards wee have a building of God. And the seed that is cast into the ground must die, and then be quickned, and have a new body given unto it. The way to the putting on of incorruption, and immortality, is the putting off of corruption and mortality.

Is it not a blessed thing thatDeath opens Heaven gates opens the gates of Heaven to us? is it not the Merchants happinesse, after his long travailes, and his venturing on the Sea through many stormes and tempests, that now at the last he is in the haven, his ship full-fraught with rich wares, and he neere his house and home, the thing often wished and much longed for? Cie. lib. 5. Tuse. quest •… Epist. 84. Death (saith one) is portus malorum, the haven in which a man takes harbour, freed from all former dangers. Queri de cita morte (saith Seneca) est queri, quod citò navigaris, To complaine of a speedy death, is to dislike that we have so soone passed the dangerous seas. Can any thing more pleasingly befall the rightly affected soule, then to be freed from imprisonment in the body, and from the clog of that masse of clay which holds it downe, and keepes it from its proper place to which it would mount up, were it not so held? Is not hee that runnes a race, or travels a journey, or workes hard all day, glad when he is at the end of his labour and •… oyle? Or he that fights, when he hath attained the victory? Or would they be againe in the beginning or middle of their race, journey, or fight? Pretiosa mors, tanquam finis laborum, tanquam victoriae consummatio, tanquam vitae janua, & perfectae securitatis ingressio. How pretious should death be to us (saith S. Bernard) death that is the end of our labours, the consummation of our victory, the gate to life, and an entrance into perfect security. Sup Iob. S. Austin saith it is the laying downe of a heavy burden. Is it not a happinesse to be deliver'd from sinning, from the temptations of Satan, the allurements of the world, and the rebellion of the flesh against the Spirit in us? Certainely death is a bed of peace and rest. Isa. 57. 2.

Who will or can doubt of theDeath brings happinesse happinesse that death brings with it, when he considers how many and great the good things are which accompanies it? First, the perfection of grace, which before was weake and in small measure. Secondly the mansion or place which Christ is gone before to prepare for us, even Psal. 16. ult. a presence with God, where there is fullnesse of joy, &c.

Is not hee happy that is neare the thing he advisedly much desires? I desire, saith the Apostle, to be with Christ. S. Austin tels us that he in whom this desire is, doth not patiently die, but lives patiently and dyes with joy and delight. Hee (saies S. Ierom) that daily remembers and considers of his dissolution, contems things present and hastens to that which is to come.

All the faithfull before theThe kingdome of grace brings ioy comming of our Saviour were in a joyfull expectation of his comming: many Prophets and righteous men desired it: they waited for the consolation of Israel, as Simeon, Luk. 2. After, when hee was come, what rejoycing was there? Then the Angell brings tidings of great joy, and a multitude of the heavenly host, joyned with him in a joyfull praising of God. Glory be to God on high, &c. then Simeon, Lord now lettest thou thy servant depart in peace, for mine eyes have seene thy Salvation. After againe, when Iohn Baptist had prepared the way, and wone Disciples to Christ, how rejoyced they at the sight of the Lamb of God: Andrew to his brother Simon, we have found the Messias, and Philip to Nathaniel, we have found him of whom Moses and the Prophets did write. Both Iohn and Christ himselfe for the increase of their joy that heard them, made this the summe of their preaching, Repent, for the Kingdome of God is at hand: yet (to bring it now home to our purpose) all this was but the Kingdome of grace; and if when that was at hand, there was cause of so great joy, as indeed there was; then how much greater cause is there, when the Kingdome of GLORIE is at hand, and even come unto us, how great joy and happinesse must there needs bee?

The truth is, every mans deathBy death life. is suiting to his life; if he be blessed in his life, he is more so in his death, which followes a good life. In a word, if thou shrink and draw back at the thought of thy death (which is a common infirmity, De gratia novi Test. Why death unwelcome. Tantam habet vim carnis & animae dulce consortium: of so great force in the sweet society betweene the body and the soule) in case it be thus with thee, it is because death comes not into thy frequent cogitations; because 1 Cor. 15. 31. thou diest not daily, because thou 2 Cor. 1. 9. receivest not the sentence of death in thy selfe. Mortem effice familiarem (saith Seneca) ut si ita sors tulerit, possis illi obviam ire, be well acquainted with death, that when he comes, thou maist meet him as a friend, and entertaine him with joy. Facilè contemnit omnia, qui semper cogitat se esse moriturum (saith In Epist. ad Paulū. S. Ierom,) hee that continually thinkes of death, easily tramples upon whatsoever may dismay him. Or it is for that thou hast not yet learned Sup. Mat 10. of Saint Chrysostome, Offeramus Deo promunere, quod pro debito tenemur reddere; be free in offering up thy selfe to God as a gift, which wee are bound to yeeld toDeath embittered by an ill life. him as a debt. Or, because thy life hath beene vitious, Mala mors putanda non est (De Civitate Dei. saith Saint Austin) quam bona vita preces sit, that death may not be counted evill, which is foregon by a good life. Thou art loth to die, wherefore? thou hast lived ill, and so art unprepared for death, know that the reason of this want of preparation is, because thou art not throughly perswaded and resolved that thou shalt die, nor dost truly beleeve it; hap'ly thou canst say, from a generall swimming thought of death, that we are all mortall, or the like: but a firme and constant beleefe of it, is farre from thee, for otherwise thou wouldest live in continuall expectation of thy dissolution, and prepare thy selfe for that day, that houre, knowing that then instantly thou art brought to judgement. If newes be brought to a City, that the enemie is comming against it and ready to besiege it; shall we thinke they beleeve it, when they make no preparation for defence, Quotidiè morimur, quotidie mutamur, & tamen aeternos nos esse credimus, In Epist. ad Heliod saith Saint Ierom, we die daily, and every day are we changed, and yet we dreame of eternity, even here inDeath embittered by love of this world this life. Or hap'ly, the reason of thy feare of death, is, thou art fast glued to thy earthly portion, thy riches, thy pleasures, thy honours, thy friends. Shake hand (at least in contentment) with these, and all will bee well, forsake them now while thou livest, and then thou canst not in regard of them, thinke death thine enemie, or that it takes either thee from them, or them from thee; if thou have thy treasure in Heaven, there thy heart will be, and from thy heart and treasure thou wilt not be contentedly; but wilt love and embrace the messenger and guide which conducts thee to them; namely thy death.

But (will some man say) how can there bee happinesse in that which all men, yea all the other creatures doe shunne? for they all naturally desire to preserve their estate of being what they are, and by all meanes avoid their being dissolved.

I answer, first, Death and dissolutionHow death abhorred and how desired. is two waies to be considered: either simply, as it is an abolishing of a present estate, or as it is a passage to a future better condition: as it is the former, naturally it is abhor'd; but as it tends to perfection, it is both in it selfe desirable, and by the creatures desired and longed for before it comes; and when it presents it selfe, right welcome and embraced; so was it by th' Apostle, Phil. 1. 23, he desired to depart, or as some translate it, to be dissolved. Why? not in respect of death it selfe, but because by this death he should passe to a better life; he should live with Christ, hee should bee deliver'd from his claiey house, as that word dissolved imports: or dismissed, as Beza reads it, and our newest translation; that is, set free from imprisonment in the body, and from the miseries of this life, and hence it is that the Apostle there professes that he shall gaine by death, ver. 21. he shall gaine Christ by it, enjoy him fully, and with him glory, even the crowne which he aspires unto, 2 Tim. 4. hence it is also that death is longed for, and earnestly groned after, as 2 Cor. 5. neither is this true which hath beene said, ▪onely of the faithfull among men, but of the other creatures also; with earnest expectation they grone and travaile in paine for the day of their renovation, Rom. 8. 19, 22.

So then, it is plaine that death though it be not simply and in it selfe good and desirable, yet for that which commeth of it, it is.

And this may be further manifested by similitudes, with which the same Apostle doth furnish us.

First, in the place afore-named,Death a pulling downe of a Tabernacle. 2 Cor. 5. 1. the body, our earthly mansion, is compared to a tabercacle, a weake and moveable house or dwelling: our heavenly habitation to a firme building, not made with hands, but eternall in the heavens, and 1 Cor. 15. our interred bodies are likened to theDeath as the corruption of seed. seed which is cast into the ground, and is there corrupted and dies. I will apply these comparisons to our present purpose.

True indeed, an old weake decayed house, is not in this happy, that it is taken downe, better to be in that meane estate in which it was before, then not at all to be, but herein consists the happinesse of its demolishment, that thereby it becomes a new faire building, farre more glorious in it selfe, and more profitable for use then before.

So againe, the seed is not in that happy, that it is corrupted and rotted in the earth, but that corruptio unius is generatio alterius, the dying of the seed, is the life of the corne that springs from it. Thou foole, saith th' Apostle, that which thou sowest, is not quickned, except it die.

Thus we see there is still happinesseThe grave as a Goldsmiths forge. in death. The grave may be likened to the Gold-smiths Forge; in it our bodies are refined and polished by Gods Almighty hand, and by the power of Christs Resurrection; and they are made of corruptible incorruptible, and of mortall immortall, and so that comes to passe which we have, Rom. 8. 28. That all things worke together for good to them that love God: it is true of afflictions which are the fore-runners of death, and true of death it selfe, and therefore the 1 Cor. 3. 22. Apostle tells us, that whether it bee life or death, things present, or things to come, all are ours: and well saith In Cantio. Serm. 51. Saint Bernard, Bona mors, quae vitam non aufert, sed transfert in melius, O happy death that deprives us not of life, but changes this for a farre better. Dies mortis (saith Seneca) quem tanquam extremum formidas, aeterni natalis est, How art thou deceived in thy thoughts of death? the day of thy death, which thou so much fearest as thy last day; to thee is the Birth day of eternity; and Euripides answerably, vivere mori est, mori autem vivere, to live is to die, and to die is to live. viz. eternally.Deaths curse removed.

But now, another block lies in our way, another Objection, which must also bee answered. How blessed by that (may some man say) which is a curse and punishment for sinne? that which God hath armed against us (as was said before) for the execution of that doome, In the day that thou eatest, thou shalt die the death?

To this I say first, that the Apostle answers it, 1 Cor. 15. 54, 55. the most hurtfull creatures, if once they bee disarmed and weakned, cannot hurt us; much lesse when they are overcome and slaine for us, and to our hand, as we say; so is death, Christ hath taken away the sting of it, and conquer'd it, and all adverse power that might stop our passage to Heaven. And as when Goliah was overcome by David, this victory made all the people of Israel, for whom hee fought, Conquerours, and freed them from the power of the enemie: so our David, having overcome and conquered death, we are safe, being all more then Conquerours by and in him.Other ages as liable to death as Old-age.

Now, the second point followes, which I proposed for the answering of this last accusation (that Old-age is a neere neighbour to death:) viz. that other ages are as liable to it as this, and many times as neere.

It is observed Hugo de Claustro. by one, that there are three messengers of death, casuality, sicknesse, and Old-age.

Casualities and the unhappyCasualties befall all ages. accidents that doe befall men, and shorten their lives, are indeed many, somewhere whole Cities have beene overthrowne by earthquakes, others burnt up by lightnings: some by fire: whole regions swallowedup by the earths gaping for them, many men and places destroyed by the inundations of the sea, and many other casualities happen daily; a haire drunke in milke, a stone in a grape, a small bone in a fish, have beene meanes of choaking, some have dyed with suddaine joy. Warres, and the Pestilence, how many thousands doe they devoure? a multitude of such accidents there are: but no age is more free from these messengers, then this we speake of, and that for these reasons. First, because this is an age of the best temper and greatest moderation, and circumspection, whereby divers of those dangers are avoided. Secondly, because it is not so much in bodily action, as the rest. Thirdly, for that it mooves lesse▪ stirres lesse abroad, giving it selfe to retirednesse. Fourthly, it is not prest to the warres, where death compasses men about, and is daily and hourely expected. Besides, it is free from quarrells, and lesse subject to surfettings, to breaking and disjoynting of limbs, or to deadly wounds, &c.

Touching the second messengerDeseases befall all. of death, Bodily diseases, they are in other ages moe, more sharpe, and more incurable: every man will grant it.

If it be said, that though theseEvery age hath a more certaine period then Old-Age. two messengers should passe by Old-men, yet their age it selfe will stand ready every houre to arrest them. I answer, that neither is that so; for Tho. 4▪. Sent. distinct 43. artic 3. the Schooleman tells us that OLD-AGE sometimes equals all the other in yeeres and durance, and whereas of the rest there is a certaine set period and end; of this there is none: for no man knowes when an Old-man shall die, and cease to be an Old-man. In epist. quadam. Saint Ierome tells us, that Nemotam fractis viribus & decrepitae senectutis est, quin non se putet unum adhuc annum esse victurum, that there is not any in strength so decayed, and in age so decrepit, as not to thinke he shall live yet one yeere longer.

Further we know that the yongestNo certainty of life. hath no lease, no certainty of the number of his daies; and therefore must still be in expectation of death, as well as the aged: for it behooves him that hath no set day for his debt, to be at all times solvendo, ready for payment. Socrates was wont to say, that to Old-men death stands before them continually in their sight; but to young- men hee lurks behind, that unawares he may come upon them, as an enemy that liesDistemper of former agesmakes Old-Age the nearer to death▪ in ambush.

The third part of my answer remaines: which retorts the fault (if it be one) of Old-ages being so neere to death, upon the true cause of it: viz. mens intemperance, and disorder in the former part of their life. I will briefly passe through the particular foregoing ages.

In Infancy many times theCauses of infants death. milke in the nursing, or food, when it hath left the brest, is unholsome: whereby an ill foundation is laid for the bodily constitution. And heere (by the way) I cannot but blame the indiscreet peremptorinesse of some, who doubt not to make this a generall rule or Maxim, that God never makes the wombe fruitfull, and the brest barren: and thereupon stick not to conclude, that no woman may put forth her childeIn what cases children may be put out to nurse. to nurse: true, not of nicenesse, and to shunne the paines and trouble of it. Yet it cannot be denied, that there are many cases in which the mother not onely may refuse this office (which in it selfe is most naturall, I confesse, and lies neerely upon her) but is a cruell mother to her child (to say nothing of her selfe) if shee doe otherwise: for what weaknesse, and how many deseases may bee derived from a mother (in some cases, I say, and of some constitutions) to the child, to its utter overthrow, and undoing? and besides, it is not true that the mothers breasts are never dry: nor that there can be no other thing, that may justly excuse her refusing to be a nurse. But I leave the digression, having but occasionally and by the way fallen upon it. And now further I say, that often through want of attendance the poore infant falls into many mischiefes; all which it carries with it to Old-age, if the grave prevent it not.

Child-hood is subject to as great distempers and hurts.

The Young-man is next, andCauses of death in childhood. his affections for the most part, are strong and violent (as hath beene shewed) whatsoever comes of him, he resolves to please his appetite in diet, to satisfie his desire of pleasures in immoderate recreations, and to nourish the pride of his bodily strength and activenesse in violent exercises, and his lusts also in wantonnesse, and then no marvaile if an intemperate youth leaves to OLD-AGE a weake and worne-out body.

Of mature, or the ripe age,Causes of death in man-age. what shall we say? that (a man would thinke) will be wary of doing wrong to so good, so neere a neighbour as OLD-AGE is to it. Yet we know, and cannot but observe so much, that the two vices before noted do adhere to it; covetousnesse and ambition put men upon many labours, toyles and attempts, which hotly and eagerly pursued, according to the extent of their desires; cause surfetings and bring many infirmitiesEvill of former ages follow Old-Age and diseases upon it: which tend directly to death.

Now all these evills in the end, fall to the lot of the Old-man, brought upon him (as we see) by the foregoing part of his life; and therefore to it they must be imputed, and it may truly be said, that if Old-men bee neere to death, they are thrust upon it by their predecessours, the former ages. Ita •… st, non accepimus bre vem vitā, sed secimus: non exiguum tempus habemus, sed mulium perdimus▪ necinoses ejus sed prodigi sumus. De brevitate vitae. So it is (saith Seneca) wee have not received a short life, but wee have made it short: the time wee have is not little, but wee lose much of it by wastfull prodigality.

And that the sicknesses of elder yeeres (the causes of deaths approach) bee they moe, or be they fewer; are to be imputed to former errors & disorders in diet; we may have some proofe from those two famous Physitians, Hippocrates, and Galen: of whom the former lived to an hunder'd, the other to an hunder'd and foure: and how, but through their knowledge and care, by which they attained to a rare temperance in the former part of their life. Ioseph. de bello Iud •… ico. lib. 2 cap. 7. The Essaei also (a Sect among the Jewes) were very temperate and sparing in their diet; and by meanes thereof lived ordinarily to an hunder'd.

To conclude, when all is said that may bee brought either by the despisers or accusers of this age; It must bee confessed that length of daies is a great blessing, when a man comes to his grave in a full age, Iob. 5. 26. like as a shooke of corne commeth in, in its season: And howelse can it bee the subject of a promise, as in the fift Commandement: Honour thy Father, &c. that thy daies may bee long in the land, &c. and 1 Kings 3. 14. If thou wilt walke in my waies (saith God to Salomon) I will lengthenthy daies. Or how can the contrary be a curse or punishment. Psal. •… 5. •… lt. The wicked shall not live out halfe their dayes. Certainely long life hath ever beene a boone by which God would expresse his love to his dearest servants. Among other temporall blessings which he affoorded to Abraham, this is one, and the chiefe, Gen. 15▪ 15. Thou shalt be buried in a good Old-Age, and it was accordingly performed, Gen. 25. 8. Gen 35. 29 Isaac likewise died an Old-man, and full of daies. Gen 47. •… 8 Iacob lived to a 14. 7. yeares. Psal. 3 •… . •… lt. David esteemed it a blessing earnestly to be prayed for; Spare mee that I may recover my strength before I goe hence and bee no more seene; And againe, Psal. 71. 18. Now, when I am old and gray-headed▪ O God, for sake mee not, untill I have shewed thy strength unto this generation, &c. and he obtained it, 1 Kings 2. Now, can any man bee so shamelesse as to reproach that age of mans life, which God himselfe hath graced, by promising and giving it as a speciall blessing to such as he entirely loved; and by threatning and inflicting the contrary upon the wicked? Gen. 27. 33. I have blessed Jacob (saith I saac to Esau) yea, and he shall bee blessed. Mans blessing there stands firme and irrevocable, and shall not Gods much more? Yes certainely; and therefore OLD-AGE is both truly and firmely blessed. Prov 3. 16. Riches and Honour may be a left-hand gift, but length of daies comes to us in Wisedomes right-hand. Excellently I •… Hexam. lib. 1. Saint Ambrose, Quid naturam accusas, O homo? habet illa impedimenta quadam, senectutem & infirmitatem: senectus ipsa in bonis moribus dulcior, &c. O man, why art thou so injuriously busie in accusing nature? shee is not altogether free from impediments, as OLD-AGE, and infirmity; but even that weake age, in a good and holy life is more comfortable; in counsell more wise, for constancie to entertaine death, more able, and to suppresse lust more strong then any other age: the infirmity of the body, is the mindes sobriety, saith he.

THE SECOND BOOK

In which it is shewed that length of daies is dignified by time and opportunity, with many speciall priviledges, more then any other age.

CHAP. 1. Wherein it is proved that OLD-AGE is as a rich store-house, or treasurie.

HItherto I have done my best, to free my Client OLD-AGE from Calumniations; my forlorne Client, that sues in forma pauperis, or hominis neglecti, and (I doubt) speeds accordingly: yet through my want of skill, rather then of will and desire to manifest the goodnesse of his cause. I will now try what may be said for him (the next thing proposed) by way of demonstration, that the evills to which he is subject, are fully recompensed by the opportunity and meanes for good, which hee hath above all other ages.All priviledges meet in Old-Age.

And first, of his first priviledge. I will not doubt to say, that whatsoever good things accrew to man in the other part of his life, doe all ordinarily meet in this age, and in it are much neerer toOrnamēts of mind. perfection, As first, the ornaments of the minde, KNOVVLEDGE1 Knowledge. formerly gotten by reading and study: WISEDOME •… Wisedome. gathered both by study and experience: for he is indeed truly wise, who hath found the propositions, which hee hath laid up for his use, to be true, by long triall: and is able rightly to apply them in his practise. PRVDENCE,3 Prudence. or discretion, purchased by a long continued observing of all pertinent circumstances, in every case. FORTITUDE •… Courage and courage, a •… ising from a right apprehension of all occurrences, whereby it comes to passe, that he feares where there is cause to feare (a necessary vertue, which who so wants, is rather foole-hardy, then valiant) and where there is no cause of feare or doubt, is hardy and bold as a Lyon. PATIENCE,5 Patience growing from the many victories which hee hath had over afflictions, outward and6 Constancy. inward. CONSTANCY, as being (by experience also) setled and well grounded in his judgement of good and evill, truth and falsehood. In a word (to passe by other particulars) the multitude of his yeeres have given time to the many actions, from which habits doe arise: so that through long custome, both his wits Heb 5. •… lt. are exercised to discerne of every thing, and likewise his mind is fraught with vertues of all kindes.

Neither is he a storer this wayExternall priviledges of Old-Age▪ only, for the perfection of inward indowments, but rich also in things outward; as children, his joy and comfort, in whom hee shall live after death; honour, wealth, yea and health also, if youth have not played the prodigall, and beene a waster of them.

And heere now I thinke of theResemblances betwixt the seasons of the yeare, and ages of man. Analogie, or correspondency that is betweene the seasons of the yeere, and the ages of mans life. The Spring-time resembles child-hood: the Summer, and therein the growth of the fruits of the earth, youth: the Autumne, or harvest, the ripe-age: the beginning of the Winter, when all the profits arising from the husband-mans labours and charges, are come into his barnes and store-houses; the age we heereFit S •… mi li •… s. speake of. As therfore at this time of the yeere, the barne is full of corne, the hive of honey and waxe; as then the fleece is laid up ready for warme winter cloathing, and all the other provision, by the thriving Pater-familias, is stored up for the necessary use of the house: and as then the Ants heape is growne great for succour and food: so to Old-men all the forenamed good things come in, and crowne this age with all manner of blessings: If (I say) the foregoing times have not beene slothfull and unprofitable servants to their Master for whom they were all set a worke. So tenderly is the eye of Gods providence cast on the Old-Man, that hee takes order for his being plentifully furnished with all necessaries, before he brings him to this infirme bodily estate. As at the Creation man was not made, till God had in a readinesse for him, the whole worlds provision.

But soft, will some man say: let not the Old-man vaunt too much of the good hee receives from the times past and gone: they store up evill to him as well as good: they daily set him on the score, and he must pay all when the reckoning comes in. A disorderly impenitent fore-led life brings heapes of wrath upon him, and the heavie burden of sin, then when he is least able to beare it: to say nothing of other distresses in his temporall estate. I answer: It isDiscomforts are no disparagements to Old-Age. true, too true. The person of the Old-man oft-times feeles the smart of those discomforts: but it is no disparagement to the age that incurres no blame by it, and it is the age so much disregarded, that is heere pleaded for. Now when wee see innocency suffer, how will it affect us? with contempt, or commiseration? surely if OLD-AGE be in any man so happy (in some by Gods gracious working it is) as to make a Comedy of that which was in danger to prove a Tragedy; by concluding whatsoever hath passed in the doubtfull Acts and Scenes of it in a joyfull Catastrophe; who will be so envious, as not to grace it with an answerable Plaudite?

CHAP. II. Touching OLD-AGES second priviledge, viz. meanes for a greater measure of grace.

THis my claime for OLD-AGE, maintaines not an uncapablenesse of it, either in Infancy, when God is pleased gratiously to worke it, or in childhood, or the other two ages; but this, That many yeares and longOld-Age an helpe to grace. life is no small help this way; and that in divers respects: First, in regard of the time it gives for it. Secondly, in respect of the nature of grace, which is to grow: the more certainely, the more time it hath. Thirdly, because God the best and richest, the bountifullest master doth give the greatest reward to them that have served him longest.

Concerning the first. Time andFit time and place must bee for every thing. place fit and convenient must be granted to every thing. As it was said by the grand Enginer Archimedes, Da ubi consistam & movebo terram: set mee in a fit place, and I will move the earth: so saith the skilfull and industrious man, give me time, and I will worke wonders. Time it is, by which being and increase is given to every creature. Six daies God tooke for the Creating of the world, and all things in it; that short time hee allotted to that worke: and the rest of time he hath appointed for his providence in governing whatsoever he hath made: for his preserving, ordering, and blessing with growth and increase every creature, and each good thing hee hath bestowed on it. From hence it will follow,Old-Age hath best meanes for grace. that the men to whom God hath granted a long time and many yeeres, have by it the better meanes and helps for adding still more and more to the grace they have received. As, to insist in some particulars: they may attaine to more knowledge then others, and a riper judgement, Heb. 5. the Apostle compares the Word of God to food: and the hearers & learners of it he distinguishes according to the severall kinds of food. The Word hath milk, the first principles & easiest parts of it; and that is for children and babes in Christ. It hath also stronger meate, points of doctrine more hard to bee understood: this is for men of riper age in Christianity, such as through custome, have their wits exercised to discerne betweene good and evill, as in that place, ver. 12. the difference there is in the time: Concerning the time (saith the Apostle) yee ought to be teachers, &c.

The light in the dawning of the day is not so cleere, as when the Sun is risen above our Horizon: so neither is the new-borne babe so inlightned in his tender yeares, as when time hath affoorded him more growth.

As it is in knowledge, so inOld. Age hath experience. faith. For the experience a Christian hath (by long continuance in this estate) of Gods mercifull dealing with him in things temporall and spirituall, gives strength to his assurance: as it did to David after his triall of Gods assistance in his overcomming and slaying the Lyon and the Beare. In repentance likewise: for by the daily renewing of it, throughout a mans life, it is still more and more perfected: and so in the rest.

I •… a Seges demil vot •… respondet avari Agricolae, bis quae solem, bis frigora sensit. Virg in Georg The corne-ground which hath for two Summers and two Winters felt the comfortable heate of the Sunne, and the chastening frosty-cold, and hath beene plowed oftener then ordinary, and so passed through many seasons; thereby becomes the more fruitfull: so the man on whom the comfortable reviving rayes of the Sonne of Righteousnesse, and the bitter nipps of afflictions, outward and inward, have wrought a long time, is by it abundantly increased in all grace and goodnesse. Why? because he hath had more time Ier. 4 4. for the breaking up of his fallow-ground, and preventing thereby his sowing among the thornes: and this is the Old-mans case: for many yeares give him time and opportunity for it.

The mysteries of salvation inThe Old-Age of the world had greatest mysteries. the Old Testament, were indeed mysteries, being delivered in Types and figures unto the people Gal. 4. which were but as infants and children: but in the New Testament, and the last times (the Old-Age of the world) they were made more plaine and evident.

The Apostles of our Saviour, inThe Apostles most excellent in their elder yeares. their minority, there beginnings, how weak were they? for their little faith they were often checked by their Master: and when they had beene for a good space in Christs Schoole, they were notwithstanding but novices in their conceiving of some very necessary points: as of his death, of his Resurrection and of the vocation of the Gentiles, and how little had they then profited in that patience and constancy, which should have beene in them? in suffering, how weake was Peter, when he denied his Master in that fearefull manner? and all the Apostles at Christs death, when they forsooke him? yet afterwards in their elder yeares, they were the trumpets of the Gospell in preaching: Martyrs in suffering: and with knowledge, faith, constancy, zeale, and all manner of gifts miraculously furnished. It is true: This was not to be ascribed chiefly to time (as neither the other encrease afore mentioned) but to the mighty working of the Spirit in them yet this, that increase of age, or time, gave opportunity for it, cannot be denied.

What thinke wee of the PatriarksThe old Patriarks advantage before the flood; their many yeeres, their living (some of them) to almost a 1000, was it not a great advantage to them, for the repairing of the Image of God, so much defaced not longGrace by growth gets strength. before?

The next Reason to prove that many yeeres give great helpe to increase of grace; is from the nature of it. It is naturally apt, yea mighty and powerfull in growth. Whence it followes, that the longer it continues in any, the more it may grow and increase: and OLD-AGE affoords time for it. As the Word of God, from which it arises and springs, 1 Pet. 1. is immortall seed, and the sower, or Seeds-man, God himselfe, the most skilfull and Almighty Husband-man, who with the same hand, plants, waters, and gives the increase: so the grace and fruit it selfe, is in such manner blessed by the worker of it, as that it hath power to grow abundantly.

In the first of Geneses, ver. 28. It is said, that God blessed his creatures by giving them power to bring forth fruit, and multiply, &c. Now as the blessing upon those reasonlesse creatures was for increase, and conveyed to them a power for the same, which wee call the Law of nature: so the other blessing upon man, gives power likewise, not onely for naturall propagation, but also for spirituall growth; which we may call the Law of grace, because God by the gracious working of his Spirit, confers on it this power of increasing. Now, as time is required for it, so the more time (which is a priviledge of OLD-AGE) the more opportunity and meanes. 1 Cor. 13 11. When I was a child (saith the Apostle) I spake as a child, I understood as a child, I thought as a child; but when I became a man, I put away childishnesse.

The seeds of grace, when they are first sowne, are the least of all seeds: yet growth (by time) makes them the greatest: our Saviour instances for it, Mat. 13. 31. in the graine of mustard-seed.

So you have the second ReasonOld servants respected by God. to proove, that by multitude of yeares grace is multiplied. The third and last, is taken from Gods speciall love and respect to an old servant, (a point before touched) and his bounty in rewarding him above others. Every good master doth so: and God is the best Lord that any creature can serve. He rewards, not onely at the end of the day, when all our worke is done, with a crowne of righteousnesse; but, the meane while, in the Kingdome of Grace likewise while we are in working, and even by meanes of our work, and for it (as our reward) with a greater measure of grace, even heere in this life. Such a servant shall double his talents, and thereupon bee made ruler over much, and enter into his Masters joy.

CHAP. III. Prooving that OLD-AGE is honourable.

VVe have seene the Old-Mans second priviledge: the third is Honour.

Honour, on whom soever it isOld-Age honourable. rightly confer'd, is a great gift. A good name Eccl. 7. 3 is better then a pretious oyntment, Pro. 22. 1 To be chosen above great riches; but that onely is true honour, which is given by God himselfe primarily, and by men his subdispensers of it, according to his rule and direction, Laus a laudato, hee is rightly prais'd, that is prais'd by the worthiest of praise. Man, judging of anothers worth, may and often doth erre, his judicium, many times, is prejudicium, he judges with prejudice; not uprightly, but with partiality, with a squint eye, and upon sinister respects. But God is the true and just Judge, and the onely giver of Honour, and God fastens it on the gray-haires in the fift Commandement.

But heere hap'ly some man will say, Prov. 16. 31. The heary head is indeed a crowne of glory, but how? being found in the way of righteousnesse, otherwise not: and so Honour is not the Old-Mans priviledge, but vertues shadow the reward of righteousnesse in whomsoever. I answer▪ Honour belongs to the very age of an Old-Man: for it is certaine, and will not be denied, that men in yeeres, even for their yeeres, are to be ranked among the Fathers meant in the fift Commandement. Now to all Fathers is Honour there allotted, asto Fathers; and therfore even for this to Oldmen. The Magistrate in the Common-weale, the Minister in the Church, the Father and Master in a Family have right to it, as they are Fathers. May the subject, or the flock and people, or the child and servant withhold this Honour, in case the forenamed superiours doe faile of what is required of them? no man may, no man will say it. The meaning of the place therefore, I conceive to be 〈◊〉 , That when the Old-man is not old onely, but also vertuous, then his honour is much the greater, even a crowne of glory, as is also the Magistrates, the Ministers, the Fathers and the Masters. In the 1 Tim. 5. 17. it is said, That the Elders which rule well, are worthy of double honour, of honour (doubtlesse no man will gaine-say it) as they are Elders and Rulers; but when they rule well, the honour must be doubled upon them. So in that place of the Proverbs; it is plaine therefore, that honour is due to Old-men, even for their yeeres, which is a priviledge not granted to any of the other ages.

Elihu was silent before his Elders, in reverence to their age, Iob 32. 6. The glory of the aged, is the Gray-head, Prov. 20. 29. OLD-AGE carries honour in the very name, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , which signifies both OLD-AGE, and honour.

We reade of Agamemnon, that when hee entertained the Worthies among the Greekes at a feast: hee preferred Nestor, old Nestor above the rest, and invited him first. And Gadera, a City in Spaine, is said to have had a Temple dedicated to OLD-AGE, as to the mistresse of knowledge. A good rule also it is, which Phocid. Menander gives: that every one should honour a man of his Fathers age, as his Father himselfe. He would have also the Old-man, and the Noble-man to bee of equall honour.

CHAP. IIII. In which we have the fourth priviledge, Liberty for private devotions.

THis also falls to the lot ofRetirednesse a priviledge OLD-AGE. And a sweet priviledge it is, when a man hath leave secum esse and secum vivere, as the Proverbe is, to be by himselfe after that he hath attained the pabulum animi, the soules provision, of which God gives greater store (or at least meanes for it) to the greatest storer, the Oldman. Now the devotions for which he may secum esse, are principally two, Prayer, and Meditation or Contemplation

Touching Prayer: If J shouldExcellencies of prayer. stand to shew, first, the necessity of it, for that all Gods promises depend upon this duty, Aske and yee shall have: Call upon mee and I will deliver thee. Secondly, the incouragement, in that God invites us to it, calls upon us to call upon him (which may embolden us to come unto the throne of grace.) Thirdly, the strictnesse of the command concerning this part of Gods service. Fourthly, the many examples of the faithfull that hereby have prevailed with God. Fiftly, Gods gracing it, in that it is in Scripture usually put for the whole service or worship of God, as Ioel 2. 32. If I should insist on these or other like points, for the praise of Invocation; it would of it selfe grow to a long discourse, and bee (I suppose) not very needfull, because many others have very well, and copiously written of it: and so, it would bee but actum agere; therefore heere, no more but this, that vacancy for this part of private Devotion, is given to men of yeeres, more then to others.

Concerning Meditation orContemplation commended. Contemplation, something, though not all that might be said of it. Contemplation, Tho. 22. quest. 180. artic. 3. the Schoole defines to bee, Liber animi intuitus in rebus, the mindes free beholding of what is in things. Plato. The Philosopher could tell us that it is the mindes nourishment or food, like to Ambrosia and Nectar, which the gods are fained to feed upon, and so divine & heavenly a thing is it, that another could say, Arist. moral. lib. 10. Nulla actio dijs digna videtur, praeter Contemplationem. In a word, by Contemplation, we have our conversation in Heaven: and the objects of this heavenly Exercise are many. As namely, the Word of God,Matter of meditation. which is a spacious field for our thoughts and meditations to range in, as David shewes, Psalme 119. the largest of all his Psalmes. The workes of God also: the Creation, Preservation, Redemption of the world; and therein Gods glory, in his Power, Wisedome, Goodnesse, Mercy, Justice, and his other Attributes. Our owne particular estate likewise: how miserable in our selves, how happy through Gods mercy in Christ Jesus. Our frailty and uncertainty of our lives heere; the last judgement, Heaven and the joyes thereof, to bring us to them: Hell, and its torments, to keepe us from them: and other innumerable objects. I add hereunto the sweet commemoration of whatsoever good wee have done by Gods help and assistance, in the precedent daies of our pilgrimage. O how happy are wee if we can as Esa. 38. 3. Hezekias, humbly plead with God, our integrity and upright walking before him. Also the delight which men doe, and may take in ruminating on the fruits of their wits, learning, and labours; as Homer on his Iliads, Virgil on his Aeneads, Nevius on his Bellum Punicum, Plautus in the repetition of his Truculentus, and his Pseudolus. But above all, (for in those other there was nothing but earth and drosse in comparison) David on his Psalmes, he was the sweet singer of Israel: and (doubtlesse) a great comfort it was to him, when his soule in Contemplation fed on the sundry ravishing passages, touching the Creation and Providence of God over all his creatures, but specially his goodnesse towards his Church and people, in their many deliverances, and his innumerable benefits towards them, temporall and spirituall: and yet more feelingly, (if it might be) when he came home to himselfe, and cal'd to mind what God had done in his particular▪ how hee had advanced him, how graciously and mightily preserved him from the hands of Saul, &c. What pleasure and delight hee tooke in reading these things, his Psalmes doe abundantly testifie. In the penning and meditation whereof, he may seeme to have soared up to Heaven, as on the wings of an Eagle, or in Elias fiery Chariot. He was the first that meditated on the Hymnes himselfe had penned, after him to bee for the use of the Church of God, even to the end of the world.Contemplation sweet.

Heavenly Contemplation certainely is asweet comfort, and incredible pleasure doth it affoord to men, which makes mee not to marvaile at the Monkes in former ages of the Church (for of the new Monkes in the Church ofMonkes of old. Rome, I say no more but heu quam dissimiles!) they were so taken with this kinde of life, as to give over forthis one joy of Contemplation, all the honours, pleasures, riches they had before so highly esteemed; falling (no doubt) upon Salomons resolution, that they are all vanity and vexation. It is therefore observed that among the policies Rome hath invented for the upholding of the Papacy, this is not the best prevalent, that they have Monasteries for men to rest in, that in them, as is pretended, they may solace themselves in heavenly Contemplation, freed from the worldly cares and businesses, which had wearied them before. But howsoever this profession is abused by them, it is true that ContemplationSweetnes of Solitatinesse. brings great delight, Secum vivere is right worthy therefore the name of a priviledge, and solitudo, Tho. 20. 21. quest. 188. artic. 8. saith the Schoole-man, est instrumentum congruum Contemplationi, retirednesse is Contemplations opportunity. And againe, Tho •… . 2 quest. 172 artic. 1. Anima quando abstra •… itur a corpore, aptior redditur ad percipiendum influxum spirituali •… m, the soule sequestred from things corporall, is the sitter to receive the influence of spiritualls. A happy divorticulum is it to Old-men, so many of them as while they are thus by themselves, can truly say, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 God is with us, viz. to assist us in all good and godly cogitations, and to repell all that are evill.

Contrariwise, most miserableContemplation an Old-mans joy. were mans estate, especially in these elder yeares (which it is not, nor cannot bee denied, bring with them abodily weaknesse) were not their soules raised up and rap't, with great joy and rejoycing, by Contemplation. Consider that one place, Psal. 4. 4, 5, &c. ad finem. As there it fell out to David, so it shall to us, If wee commune with our owne hearts upon our bed, and offer to God the sacrifices of righteousnesse, and trust in the Lord; howsoever worldly men wander in their thoughts, and cannot be setled in a right resolution touching the true GOOD: yet on us God will (while in our meditations our thoughts are on him alone, and all the powers of our soule are carried up to Heaven) lift up the light of his countenance on us, and thereby sprinkle our hearts with such joy as wil bring us to an holy security: we shall lay us downe and sleep in peace, true and sound peace.

In the first of Kings, Chap. 5.Times of peace fit test for Gods house. ver. 4, 5. Now (saith Salomon) The Lord my God hath given mee rest on every side, so that there is neither adversary nor evill occurrent: and behold I purpose to build an house to the name of the Lord my God, that (hee saw) was the fittest time for such a taske, the time of Peace and rest: and accordingly he finisht it within the compasse of seven yeares, 1 Kings 6. 38. whereas Ezra and Nehemiah opposed by enemies, were a farre longer time in reedifying thatOld-Age hath least disturbance. Temple. So is it touching the repaire of our soules and bodies, the Temples of the Holy Ghost, then are wee best fitted and inabled for this so great and necessary a work, when we are least disturbed by our spirituall enemies, as in OLD-AGE.

Certainely that great Arist. Ethic. lib. •… 0 cap▪ 7. Philosopher, though a Heathen, saw somewhat this way, when he placed mans happinesse in Contemplation.

The innumerable errors of ourMeditation on Gods mercies is a sinners cordiall. life, especially, our great and manifold sinnes, doe often and even daily recoyle upon the conscience of every penitent sinner: and no salve there is for this sore, no medicine to cure this sicknesse, but the multitude of Gods mercies meditated on, and applied by faith, which bring in continually matter of great comfort to the poore, fainting, and almost perishing soule.

Now for this sweet solace, noOld-age fittest for meditation. part of our life gives so good opportunity, as our elder yeares, in which we have both an immunity from bodily labours, and freedome from earthly pleasures, as hath beene shewed. This therefore is a great and much to bee esteemed benefit of OLD-AGE, a singular Priviledge.

CHAP. V. Containing the conclusion of the Discourse.

ANd now, because I have in this Tract, digressed sometime from the professed subject of it, and touched upon the other ages of this life, by way of comparing them together; I would from that which hath beene said, raise an exhortation to so many of the ages as are capable of it: in imitation of the Apostle, 1 Iohn 2. 12. I write to you little children, I write to you Fathers, I write to you •… oung-men, &c.

•… irst therefore, to Children.Children happy if well seasoned. O how happy are yee, if now in these your tender yeares, like young plants, ye be set straight in a fruitfull soyle: if now, as new vessells, ye be seasoned with sweet and whole some liquor; if now, with 2 Tim. 3 15. Timothy ye know the holy Scriptures; if ye now 1 Pet. 2. desire the sincere milke of the Word, and doe therein tast how bountifull the Lord is. Certainely after these your so good beginnings, yee will be blessed in your further proceedings, increase daily in grace and Christianity, and grow still neerer and neerer to perfection: and when ye are come towards the end of your Pilgrimage, and doe waxe old; which ye already desire, if not in respect of the age it selfe, yet out of an unwillingnesse to die, and that yee may bee partakers of the blessing of long life. Pro. •… 1. •… . Being taught in your child-hood the trade of your way, when yee are old yee shall not depart from it: and through it yee shall abundantly reape the fruit of this your seedtime A vertuous and godly child-hood, is a sure foundation for happinesse in all the following ages.Parents must well season children.

But this premonirion will sort better, and be more effectuall, given to Parents: to them who live in their children, when themselves are dead and gone: to them that are intrusted with them in their tender yeares: to them, who in their children shall bee either happy or miserable: happy in their happinesse, if they set them in the right way, while they are more easily brought into it: and miserable in their misery likewise, if then they neglect them.

In the next place to Youngmen. Hap'ly the weeds, whichYouth must pluck out weeds growne in childhood. (through the corruption of nature, and your security) have (unawares) sprong up in your lives while you were children, are many and ranke: suffer them now to bee plucked up by the rootes. For when they grow in strength, as you in yeares, Infaelix lolium & steriles dominantur avenae, they will domineere over the good seed that is sowne in you, and choke it.

Say not, resolve not with yourYouth needs great circumspection. selves, wee will rejoyce in our youth, and will set our hearts, &c. Rather be exhorted and perswaded now in your youth to Remember your Creator. You must know that for you the bit is fitter and of more use then the spur. The heate of your blood and quicknesse of your spirits doe prick you forward; but the thing is not so much how fast, as how well yee runne. Know, and forget it not, that yee walke on slippery ground. Ambros de viduis lib. 1. Vicina est lapsibus adolescentia (saith a Father) youth of all ages, is most subject to falling: Yee have need therefore of the greatest circumspection and warinesse. Bodily pleasure (of which before) hath the face of a friend, but the heart of an enemy, a most insinuating enemie it is; and there is it most busie, and prevailes most where there is least watch fullnesse to keepe it out, least strength to resist it, and greatest aptnesse to entertaine it, as ordinarily there is in this your age: Hieron. ad Nepot. wherein (saith one) lust and disorderly affections are to vertue, as greene wood to the fire.

Thinke yee never of the evillCarelesse young-mē worse then beasts. daies that are comming, the winter of your life? then are you not so wise as many other creatures much inferiour to you, being void of reason and understanding. Shame ye not to be set to Schoole to the Ant, Pro. 6. 6. when reason is eclipsed by sensuality, men become worse then the brute beasts. Be not sensible onely of the present, of that Terent. in Adelph. Quod ante pedes modo est, which is before you, and at your foot as it were: but looke forward to the end of this, and the beginning of the next life. What you now sow in youth, youCare in youth benefits future ages▪ shall reape in age. If now ye provide for health, for a good outward estate, and chiefly for grace, and the inward furniture of the soule; yee shall have the benefit and comfort of it, when yee are old. If not, most miserable will yee then be, by the neglect and losse of them.

I perswade my selfe, and amOld men see how former yeares might have been better imployed. confident of it, that there is not an Old-man in the world (such onely excepted as never had, no •… yet have so much as common wit and understanding) that doth not see how (were he now in his first yeares of discretion) hee might improve his talents (be they moe, or be they fewer) to his exceeding great advantage, this men of yeares see when it is too late. Study you therefore this art of improoving (especially in grace and goodnesse) now in this your time for growth, and put it in practice yeare after yeare: you cannot imagine how rich it will make you: how the increase will come in upon you, use upon use; in this onely lawfull kind of usury.Youths fault to scorne Old-Age.

I cannot end, till I have left with you one cavear, or advice more. It is this: that yee must be so farre from the common sinne of casting a scornefull eye on Old-men; as to thinke your selves never so well sorted, asYouth must hearken to Old-men. when yee are in their company. And this counsell yee shall take, not from me, but from Saint In Epist. ad August Ierom: Difficilibus ac morosis senibus, aures libenter praebeto: qui proverbiorum sententijs adolescentes ad recta studia cohortantur. Lend thy attentive eare willingly to Oldmen, seeme they to you never so froward, and hard to please: for by their wise speeches and counsels, young-men are brought into a right course of life. And with him also agrees Lib. de ordine vitae. Saint Bernard: Aequalium usu •… dulcior, senum tutior, hap'ly (saith he) thy converseYoung men must be conversant with Old-men. with thy equalls, who are ready to humour thee, may bee more pleasing to thee: but thy safest and most profitable way, is to be conversant with thy betters and elders, so much as thou maist. Resolve therefore as one did, Quoad possitis & liceat, a senis latere nunquam disced •… re: never to depart from the side of the Old-man, with whom thou maist have leave to converse. And heere it may fitly be remembred, that the young-men which gave Rehoboam bad counsell, were such as had growne up with him, 1 King. 12. 8.

Now, to men of mature, orMiddleage must redeeme the time. middle-age, thus much. This is your Autumne, the yeare of your life is whirl'd about and now come towards the period. Have yee hitherto beene unthrifts? hath your child-hood and youth brought in little or nothing? O then how must you now bestirre you! Yee have neglected the first spring of your yeere: the latter is now come, and that is your next season, though not so hopefull as the other. Yet now at last awake, and begin to looke about you: Repent you of your former failings, and presse now hard towards the marke: the harder, because formerly ye have lost much time, and that which remaines to you, is but short.

On the contrary, have yee thrivedGood things must be communicated. by your endeavours, and Gods blessing upon them in times past? are yee now increased both in outward and inward riches, and become great among them with whom yee live? O then let your neighbours bee the better for it: Let there bee to them, ali quid boni, propter vicinum bonum. Let not your greatnesse make others little, either in themselves, or in your esteeme. Let not your wealth bee their woe and poverty, your honour their disgrace and abasement. Bee not like the tall Cedars that overtop the the lowly shrubs. If yee be wise and know much, let others light their candle at your lampes. Know that whatsoever you have or are, you have received it, and not for your selves alone, but that others may have from you as freely, as you from the great DONOR.Old-men must look back to their former passages.

Lastly, to my selfe, and my coetanei, all that are farre gone in yeares. Let us now being neere the end of our journey, of our travaile towards the heavenly Canaan: and having passed through the dangerous and trouble some wildernesse of our life, imagine our selves to bee on some high mountaine, on Pisgah, the top of Nebo, if you please: where Moses was being of the age of 120, when he had finished his course, and his many, his 42. wearisome journeyes were at an end, and from thence let us looke back to the sundry passages of our life past (as▪ hap'ly Moses did to his and the peoples wandring in the wildernesse, though hee ascended the Mount to another end) calling to mind how God hath dealt with us (least wee fall into the unthankfullnesse of that people)▪ how God hath preserved and kept us continually, in the wombe, and in our comming into the world, as forth of our prison in Egypt: in our infancy, childhood and riper age. And on the other side, that wee may see and acknowledge that Gods patience hath still gone along with his mercies and bounty towards us;Old men must think of their former failings. Let us cast up (so neere as wee can) all the particular failings and errors of our life: How wee have wandred up and downe in the daies of our pilgrimage towards heaven: How wee have (as the Israelites) in our journeyes gone crookedly, sometimes forward, otherwhile backward: now neere to our Canaan, anon further off, never Heb. 12. 13. making straight steps to our feet. And chiefly, let our greatest sinnes stand ever before us (as Davids did, Psal. 51. 3.) and be laid to heart: and that now while it is 2 Cor 6. 2. a time accepted, and the day of salvation. While it is Luk. 19. 42. our day, this certainely is ours, whether the morrow will be our day, we know not.

That which often deceivesOld-Age most calls for repentance. younger men (the blind hope that they shall live yet many yeares, and that therefore there is no hast of their repentance or amendment) cannot have the least colour for our deferring. Our very yeeres, besides the sense of our frailty, daily and hourely call upon us to prepare for death, by making up our last account.

To conclude all: because in the precedent Tract, something hath beene said in the defence and praise of our despised age; for admonition therefore (least we should deceive our selves in our particulars) let the following Distick bee ever remembred by us.

Qui laudat quasi jam facias, quae non •… acis, ille Laudando wonet, & quae sac •… enda, no •… at. Art thou heere prais'd unworthily? Then to be worthy, learne thereby.