CAP. I. Of the division of the parts of the body of man in generall.

ANatomy is anThe description of Anatomy. artificiall separation of the parts of the body of section, practised to attaine to the knowledge of the frame of it, and the use of each part. In Anatomicall exercises first, the whole carcase doth offer it selfe: then the parts.

The whole hath foureThe regions of the whole. regions, to wit, the fore and back parts, and the laterall, which are the right and left.

I call the whole that which containeth theWhat the whole and a part signifie. parts, and a part that which is contained in the whole, according to the most ample acception of the terme part; for in a more strict acceptation a part is a body solid cohering with the whole endued with life, and framed to performe some function.

A part then must beeThings required in a part being strictly taken. solid, the humours then cannot bee numbred amongst the parts, because1they are fluid.

Secondly, it must2have life, and so the extremities of haires and nailes are not to be accounted parts.

Thirdly, one part3must not nourish another, and so the bloud, fat, and spirits are not parts.

4Fourthly, it must have a circumscription.

5Fifthly, it must bee united with the whole.

6Sixthly, it must have some action and use.

The principall differencesThe differences of parts. of parts are taken either from their nature or functions. From their nature, parts are said to be either similary or dissimilary.

A similary part is thatWhat a similary part is. whose particles are of the same substance and denomination with the whole: as every portion of a bone is a bone. It is otherwise called a simple part.

Of simple parts thereThe number of simple parts. are ten in number, to wit, the skin, a membrane, the flesh, a fiber, a veine, an artery, a nerve, a ligament, a cartilage, and a bone; they are comprehended in these two lines.

Cartilago, caro, membrana, arteria, nervus;

Vena, ligamentum, cutis, os, lentissima fibra.

To these a tendon,Of a tendon. which is the principall part of a muscle, may be added; for the substance of it is simple, without any composition.

Of the former simpleThe differences of simple parts. parts some are simple indeed, and these are in number seven; the skin, a membrane, the flesh, a fibre, a ligament, a cartilage, a bone. The rest are onely simple to the eye or sense, and not to reason, for a nerve (for example) is composed of many filaments, covered with a membrane.

A dissimilary part isWhat a dissimilary part is. that whose portions are neither of the same substance, nor the same denomination, as a muscle, in the which are flesh, a nerve and a tendon. It is otherwise called a compound part, and an organicall part.

In an organicall partThings to be observed in an organicall part. foure particles are found; First, the chiefe1particle, as the crystallin humour in the eye.

Secondly, that particle,2without the which the action cannot bee performed, as the optick nerve.

Thirdly, that which3furthereth the action, as are the membranes and muscles.

Fourthly, that by the4 which the action is preserved, as the eyelids.

Of organicall partsThe degrees of an organicall part. there are foure degrees. 1The first is made onely of the similars, as a muscle.

2The second receiveth the first kind of organicall parts, and other similaries, as a finger.

3The third admitteth those of the second degree, as the hand.

4The fourth is made of the third and other parts, as the arme.

Parts from their functionThe differences of parts taken from their function. are said to bee either sustaining or sustained. The bones sustaine the frame of the whole body, the rest are sustained. Now these are the cavities or the limbs.

CAP. II. Of the circumscription, regions, substance, and parts of the abdomen.

OF all the parts of the body which are sustained, wee are to begin dissection with the cavities: First, because they offer themselves to the view in the fore region of the body.

Secondly, because they being moyst, and apt to receive the impression of the externall heat, soonest putrefie, and send out noysome smels. The cavities are appointed to receive the principall parts, and those which minister unto them. Wherefore there are three cavities according to the number of the principall parts. The head is for the braine, the breast is for the heart, and the belly for the liver. And because this cavity is most subject to putrefaction, you are to begin at it. Now foure things concerning it offer themselves. First, the circumscription or bounding of it. Secondly, the regions of it. Thirdly, the substance of it. Fourthly, the speciall parts of it.

As concerning the circumscription of it, it is severed from the brest by the midrife. It is bounded above by the cartilago ensiformis, and beneath with the share bones.

The regions of it are three, the uppermost, middlemost, and lowermost. The uppermost which is bounded betweene the mucronita cartilago, and three inches above the navell, about the ending of the short ribs, hath three parts: The laterall, which are called hypochondria, or subcartilaginea, because they be under the cartilages of the short ribs. In the right hypochondrium lyeth the greatest part of the liver, but in the left the spleen, and greatest part of the stomack. The third part is that which before lyeth betweene the two laterall parts, and is properly called epigastrium, because the stomack lyeth under it. In this part remarkable is the pit of the brest, which is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or scrobiculus cordis, by the moderne Writers. The middlemost part extendeth it selfe from three inches above the navell, to three inches under it. The fore part is where the navell is, from whence it is called regio umbilicalis. The two laterall parts have no proper denominations. In the right are contained intestinum caecum with part of Colon. In the left part of it, a portion of Iejunum and the rest of colon. The rest of Iejunum is under the navell. The navell in man is wrinkled, as the forehead of an aged woman; but in other creatures it is onely a hard knot without haires, having no wrinkle. It hath no laterall parts, having no proper names, although Laurentius lib. 6. Histor. Anatom. affirmeth it to have, and give them names; in this region is contained the whole hungry gut.

The lower region called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 : This region3 The lower region. hath three parts, the laterall, and the middlemost: The laterall which reach to the hypochondria, are called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , because they are the seat of lust, which is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 . By Hippoc. they are termed 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , because they being placed betweene the hanch-bones and ribs, are lanke, and seeme to containe nothing. In Latine they are called Ilia. Ilia, because the iliam intestina lieth under them on every side. Besides this in the right part are placed portions of the colon, & caecum intestinum, which are tyed together. In the left part are contained a great part of the colon, and the intestinum rectum.

The fore part of the hypogastrium by Aristot. lib. I. Histor. animal. 3. is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , which Gaza calleth Abdomen and Sumen. Under it lieth the pubes, which word signifieth both the haires, and the place where the haires grow, which appeare to budde in girles the twelft yeere, but in boyes the fourteenth yeere, when way is made for the monethly courses and seed, the skin being there made thinner, the heat increasing in them. At the sides of the pubes appeare 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , or inguina, Inguina. the groines. Under this middle region, are contained the bladder, the intestinum rectum, and the matrix in women.

The hindermost partsThe hindermost parts. are called lumbi the loines, and they reach from the bending of the back to the buttocks called nates ab innitenda, because when we sit, we rest upon them. The fleshy part on each side is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , à palpando, from calling or clapping. In the right loyne, the right kidney; but in the left, the left kidney is contained.

CAP. III. Of the common containing parts of the belly.

THe common containing parts of the belly are foure, the skarf-skin, the skin, the fat, and the membrana carnosa.

The skin in man is called cutis, but in beasts aluta, in Greeke it is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 ; either 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , because it is easily flead off, or from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , seeing it is the end and superficies of the whole body: Of all the membranes of the body, it is the thickest.

It hath a double substance; the one is externall1 Culitula. called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , because it is placed upon the skin as a cover, but is termed cuticula in Latin; for it is as large as the skin, and more compact; for watrish sharp humours passing through the skin are stayed by the thicknesse of this, and so pustules are caused. In man it is as the peelings in onions. It is without bloud, and without feeling.

Three causes concurre to the generation of it; to wit, the materiall cause is a viscous and oleous vapour of the bloud. The internall efficient cause, the naturall heat of the subjacent parts, raising it up. The externall efficient cause is the externall coldnes, partly of the aire, partly of the skin it selfe: It is engendered even as the thin skin in milk, and fat broths: It is hardly separate from the skin with a knife; but easily in living creatures, by a vesicatory, and in dead persons by fire, or scalding hot water.

1. The use of it is to defend the skin, which is of an equisit sense, from externall immoderate, either heat, or cold. In cold weather it breaketh the cold, that the perspiration should not be altogether hindered: In hot weather by it compactnesse, it hindereth too great perspiration.

Secondly, to be a middle betweene the skin and the object of feeling.

Thirdly, to stay the ichorous substance from issuing from the veines and arteries; for this we see when the cuticula is rubbed off by any meanes.

The true skin is six2 times thicker than the skarfe skin: in children, women, and those which are borne in hot contreyes, it is thinner, but in men, and in those who inhabit cold countries, it is thicker.

The Negroes become black, because they having a softer skin, and large pores and loose, many vapours of the adjust humours, which are raised with the sweat, the grosser substance whereof by reason of the excessive heat, being dryed and burned, caused the blacknesse of the skin; for their infants are not borne black, but redish; and they afterwords become black, the cuticula growing in them as in us.

The skin in the forehead and sides it is thin, thinner yet in the palme of the hand, but thinnest of all in the lips and cods. In the head, back, and under the heele it is thickest. Under the heele, the cuticula in some will be as thick as a barley corne.

The pores will appeare in the skin in the winter time, it being bared; for where they are, the cuticula will appeare as a Goose skin.

The skin hath an action, to wit, the sense of feeling.

Pinguedo, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , est humor3. Of fat. mor oleosus nostri corporis a calore moderato subjectarum illi partium elevatus, ac inter membranam carnosam ac cutem concrescens, quae partes sunt densiores ac frigidiores. EjusIts kinds. 2. sunt species, axungia 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , & saevum sive 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 .

They differ, for first, axungia is in beasts not horned, which are full toothed; but saevum in beasts not horned, which are not full toothed.

Secondly, axungia is easily melted, but not so easily congealed; but saevum is not easily melted, but is easily congealed.

Thirdly, grease is not brittle, but tallow is. The fat under the skin is grease; but in the caule, kidneies, the heart, the eyes, and about the joynts it is tallow.

The uses of it are these: First, it defendeth the body from the aire; So Apothecaries when they meane to preserve juyces, they powre oyle upon them.

Secondly, it preserveth the naturall heat.

Thirdly, it furthereth beauty by filling up the wrinkles of the skin.

Fourthly, in the muscles it filleth up the empty places, it is under the vessels that they may passe safely; in the entrals it helpeth concoction, in the buttocks it is as downe in a pillow.

Membrana carnosa or4 Membrana carnosa. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , so called in man, not that it is in him fleshy, but nervous, and so nervea; but because in beasts, which the Ancients used most commonly to dissect, it is endued with fleshy fibers, in the birth it is red, but in those of ripe age white; in the forehead and neck, it is more fleshy. Within it is bedewed with a viseuous humour, to further their motion by keeping the superficies of them, from desiccation, which otherwise might fall out by reason of their motion. It is of an exquisit sense, whereof when it is pricked with sharp humours it causeth groouing: such as are felt in the beginning of ague fits. First, it preservethIts uses. the heat of the internall parts. Secondly it furthereth the gathering of the fat. Thirdly, it strengtheneth the vessels, which passe betweene it and the skin.

CAP. IV. Of the proper containing parts.

THe proper containing parts are the muscles of the belly, and the peritonaeum. Of the muscles we have spoken else where, a pag. 24 ad 35.& 245.& 256.

Peritonaeum is tyed above to the midrife, below to the share and flanke bones, in the forepart firmly to the transverse muscles, but chiefly to their tendons about the linea alba, behind to the fleshy heads of these muscles loosely and the membrane of the nerves, which come from the vertebrae of the lovnes. The end of this firme connexion is to presse equally the belly, for the expulsion of the ordure and breathing. If this connexion had not beene, the peritonaeum would have become wrinkled, the muscles being contracted. If it had not beene loose tyed to the fleshy parts, the contraction of them in the compression of the belly had beene hindered.

As for the proceeding of it, Fallopius will have it to proceed from a strong twisting of sinewes, from whence the mesenterium hath its beginning. Some will have it to proceed from the ligaments, by the which the vertebrae of the loynes and the ossacrum are tyed together.

Picolhomineus will have them to be framed of those nerves which spring out of the spinalis medulla about the first, and third vertebrae of the loynes, which are tyed together by both the menings, when they marche further: Here it is very thick, because it was to bee much extended.

It is double every where, but chiefly about the vertebrae of the loynes, where betweene the duplications lie the vena cava, the aorta, and the kidneies. In the hypagastrium two tunicles are apparently seene, betweene which the bladder and matrix lie. All the parts which receive nourishment from the vena cava, are seated betweene the coats, as the afore named parts; but those which receive nourishment from the vena porta, as are they which serve for concoction of the nourishment, are not, the umbilicall vessels also are placed in the duplicature of the peritonaeum, that they may march the more safely.

To the beginning of the productions of the peritonaeum, the inner coat cleaveth firmly, and shutteth the hole, by the which the spermatick vessels passe from the lower part of the belly. If this be broken, the outer coat is relaxed, and so a rupture is caused.

The Peritonaeum is thickost; First, where there are maniest humours, to hinder the breaking of the subjacent part, and issuing out of them, as above the stomack.

Secondly, where many vessels, and spirits are, as above the spleen.

Thirdly, where much stretching is required, as above the bladder, matrix and stomack.

CAP. V. Of the Omentum.

THe parts containedOf the parts contained in the lower belly. serve either for nutrition, or procreation. As for the parts serving for nutrition, they either serve for chylification, or sanguification. The principall efficient cause of chylification, is the stomack; but the adjuvants, are the caule and the pancreas.

The principall efficient causes of sanguification, are the liver, and spleen, but the other parts are the adjuvant causes. Of these some receive the excrements of the chylification, as the guts. The excrements of the sanguification are two, choler, and the watrish humour. The thin choler is received by the vesica fellea; but the grosse choler, by the meatus cholidochus: The watrish humour is turned to the kidnies, and from thence to the bladder, by the vreters.

The parts appointed for procreation, are the genitals, both in men, and women. Next then to the Peritonaeum is the Omentum, or caul, in Greeke it is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 because it seemeth to swim above the upper guts. The Arabians call it Zirbus.

It is composed of twoIts substance. membranes. The uppermost doth spring about the bottome of the stomack, from the common coat of it, and is tyed to the hollow part of the liver and spleen.

The lowermost dothIts connexion. spring from the Peritonaeum, immediatly under the midrife towards the back, and is tyed to the hollow part of the liver, to the midrife, to the duodenum intestinum, to the convex part of the spleen, and last of all, to all that part of the colon which marcheth under the stomack.

It hath veines onelyIts veines. from porta gastroepiplois dextra & sinistra: they are inserted into the upper membrane; but epiplois dextra, & postica in to the inferiour membrane.

It hath so many arteriesIts arteries. from ramus soeliacus, & mesenteruus. It hathIts sinews. small sinews from the costale branch of the sixt paire. It hath much fat: if it be plentifull, and the caule reach to the os pubis, in women it causeth sterility, by compressing the mouth of the matrix; in men it causeth a rupture, by relaxing the peritonaeum: This rupture is called epiploenterocele.

In figure it representethIts figure. 6. De Anat. administ. a Faulkners pouch, according to Galen: The mouth is round, and the bottom is made by the two membranes joyned together. This will appeare if you fill it with water, by Galens advice.

It is then of substanceThe reason of the frame of it. membranous, that it might admit dilatation, and extension. It is thin, that it should not burden the subjacent parts; it is compact to hinder the dissipation of the internall heat, and to repell the externall cold.

The fat is about the veines and arteries, toThe fat. strengthen them, from being compressed by the repletion of the belly, and other motions. When the stomack is full, and the guts empty, the upper membrane is raised, the lower remaining in its owne place; but if the guts bee full, and the stomack empty, then the lower membrane riseth up, the upper remaining in is town place. It is tyed to the stomack, being a middle part betweene the colon and the spleen, and that it should not totter from side to side. It is tyed in the right side to the colon and liver, but in the left side to the spleene.

It hath its beginningIts beginning from those parts unto which it is tyed, that it might receive veines and arteries from thence for bloud, and life. The lower part is free and untyed, that sometimes the upper, sometimes the lower membrane might rise up.

The uses of it are three: First, it cherisheth the internall heat of the stomack and intestins.

Secondly, it ministreth nourishment to the parts in time of famine, Galen. de us. part. li. 4. c. II.

The third is to containe the humours flowing from the intestins, which the glandules cannot receive wholly at one time, Hippoc. lib. de glandalis.

Creatures which haveAn observation. no caule, help the concoction, by doubling their hinder legs and resting their belly upon them, as Hares and Connies.

They who have had aAnother. portion of it cut off, because it was corrupted, having fallen out, by reason of a wound received in the abdomen, have afterward a weake concoction, and are enforced to cover the belly well. See Galen. lib. 4. de usis. part. 9. where he proveth this by example.

CAP. VI. Of the Guia.

THe Gullet or weazandThe marching of it. is an organicall part, which beginneth about the root of the tongue, and passeth from thence directly betweene the wind-pipe, the vertebrae of the neck, and the foure first vertebrae of the brest, upon the which it resteth; but when it is come to the fift vertebra of the brest, it giveth way to the trunke of the great artery descending by turning a little to the right side: afterward accompanying the arterie to the ninth vertebra, there it is raised up by means of the membranes from the vertebra, and marching above the arterie, it passeth through the nervous body of the midrife, and is inserted into the left orifice of the ventriculus, about the eleventh vertebra of the brest.

It is called properlyThe names of it. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , quia angustus & longus. See Aristor. I. histor. animal. 16. It is also called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 quod cibum ad ventriculum vehat.

It is framed of threeIts structure membranes. The first is the uttermost and common compassing the two proper, which it hath either from the peritonaeum according to some, or from the ligaments of the vertebrae of the necke and brest upon which it resteth. The second is the middlemost, and it is fleshie and thicke, and hath only transverse fibres. The third is the innermost, and it is membranous, and hath only small and straight fibres.

It is joyned to thatIts connexion. membrane which covereth the throat, palat, mouth and lips; so that before vomiting, signes in the lips will appeare.

It hath veins both fromThe vessels. the vena cava, and the porta: for it hath sprigs from vena sine pari while it is yet in the brest; but where it is joyned to the ventricle, it hath some twigs from ramus coronarius, which proceedeth from the porta.

It hath Arteries from the intercostal arteries, and ramus caeliacus coronarius.

Nerves it hath from the sixth paire, which are carried obliquely for fafetie, as Galen noteth 6. de usu part. 6. and are very many; which is the cause that the parts about the upper orifice of the ventricle are so sensible.

It hath foure Glandules;Its Glandules. two in the throat, which are called Tonsillae, or almonds, common to the Weazand and the larynx, which prepare the pituitous humour to moysten them: other two it hath about the middle of it towards the backe about that place, where the aspera arteria is divided into two branches, under which it lieth.

The weazand servethThe use of it. as a funnell to carry meat and drinke to the maw, for it receiveth them by dilating its proper internall coat, and turneth them downe by the constriction of the middlemost coat, and the muscules of the Pharynx.

CAP. VII. Of the Ventriculus or stomacke.

THat part which weIts denomination. terme the stomack in English, in Latine is called Ventriculus, to distinguish it from the great ventricles. In Greeke, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 from its cavitie.

It is placed immediatlyIts situation. under the midrife, which it toucheth, wherfore if it bee too full, it causeth a difficulty of breathing by hindering the motion of it. In the forepart, and in the right side, it is covered with the hollow part of the liver: in the left side by the spleen; towards the back by the aorta, the vena cava, and the pancreas, which further its heat.

The bignesse of it isIts bignesse. commonly such, as is capable to receive so much food at one time, as is sufficient for nutrition. It is lesse in women than in men, to give way to the distention of the matrix. They who have large mouths, have large stomacks.

It is joined with theIts connexion. gula on the left side, where its upper orifice is; it is tyed to the duodenum, where the lower orifice is on the right side. The bottome is joyned to the upper part of the caule.

The substance of it isIts substance. membranous, that it might admit distention and constriction. It hath three membranes. The first is common, wch it hath from the peritonaeum about the upper orifice; it is the thickest of all those which spring from the peritonaeum, the fibres of it are strait.

The second is fleshy, and the fibres of it are transverse, under which a few oblique and fleshy lye.

The third is membranous, endued with all kinds of fibres, the straight are most conspicuous and plentifull, to embrace the food firmly, untill chylification be perfected, as the second membrane hath oblique to expell the chylus.

It hath also two orifices.Its orifices.

The one is in the left1 side, called sinistrum wider than that in the right, that meat not well chewed might the better passe; It is called in Greek 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , Cor, from whence the paines which happen in it are called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 . 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , because there is a great consent betweene it and the heart, by reason of the twigs of nerves, which proceed from the same branch, which doe spring from the sixth paire communicat to both, so that one being affected primarily, the other must suffer by consent.

This hath orbicular fibres, that the meat and drink being once received within the capacity of the stomack, it might bee exactly shut, lest fumes and the heat should break out, which might hinder concoction.

The other by the Grecians is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , janitor, or doore-keeper, because it as a Porter doth make way for the Chylus to descend to the duodenum: It is not wide as the other orifice, because it was onely to transmisse the elaborate Chylus: wherefore besides its transverse fibres, it hath a thicke & compact circle representing the sphinter muscule, that it might the more easily open and shut.

It hath veines, first fromIts Veines the trunck of vena porta, and this is pytoricus ramus, or from the branches of the same: wherefore from ramus splenicus it hath gastrica, from whence Coronaria springeth; Gastroepiplois sinistra, & vas breve, from the ramus mesentericus. before it bee divided it hath Gastroepiplois dextra.

It hath Arteries fromIts arteries. ramus coeliacus, which doe accompany every veine.

It hath many Nerves from the sixt pair, which with the gula passing through the midrife crosse one another; for the right sinew doth compasse the left and fore part; but the left, the right and hinder part of the stomacke. So that the upper part of the stomacke is of an exquisite sense. These three vessels passe betweene the common and proper coats, and end in their orifices in the internall membrane.

It is the seat of hunger,The cause of hunger. and soonest doth feele the defect of aliment: for blood being spent in the veins, upon the nourishment of the body, the fibres of the internall membrane of the stomacke are contracted, and so this paine which is called hunger is caused.

The action of the stomackeIts action Chylus. is Chylification: now Chylus is a white juyce reasonable thicke like Barley creame, wrought by the faculty of the stomacke out of the aliments. This is chiefly elaborate by the heat of the stomacke, yet the adjacent parts putting to their helping hands; as in the right side, the liver; in the left, the spleene: above the midrife, below the guts, before the caule, behinde the trunckes of vena cava and the aorta. This heat of the stomacke is temperate, and somewhat moist, that this concoction might resemble boyling.

Of figure, it is roundIts figure. moderately, partly that it should not take too much room, partly that it might receive much. It is somewhat long and hath two orifices higher than the bottome, lest fone should have been in the bottome, the alimēt unconcocted should have issued out of it.

CAP VIII. Of the Intestines or Guts.

THe guts are calledThe etymon. in Latine Intestina, in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 . They begin at the Pylorus, and end in the fundament.

They have a round figure,The figure. that they might containe sufficient nourishment.

They are of a membranousTheir substance. substance, that they might readily constriction and dilation.

In length they are sixTheir length. times as long as the whole body.

They have three coats,Their coats. one common from the Peritonaeum, but mediatly; for in the duodenum, and that part of the colon which cleaveth to the stomack, it proceedeth immediatly from the lower membrane of the caul; but in the jejunum, • leum, the rest of the colon, and the thick guts it proceedeth from the membranes of the mesenterium.

They have two proper, to retaine, and expell readily; The outermost is membranous, the innermost nervous, although it seeme to bee fleshy, by reason of the crusty substance, with the which it is lyned; which is framed of the excrements of the third concoction of the guts themselves. It is also glased with a mucous substance, which is nothing else but an excrementiticus fleamy substance, bred in the first concoction: This furthereth the expulsion of the faeces, and hindereth excoriatiō, which might be caused when sharp humors passe thorow them.

This internall membraneThe fibres. in the small guts hath oblique fibres, but the externall transverse, because these are appointed for the retention and expulsion of the chylus. But in the thick guts, the inner membrane hath transverse, but the outer hath oblique and straight, because they are appointed for the expulsion of the excrements: The inner membrane of the small guts is full of wrinkles, to stay the chylus from passing too soone. Between the common coat and those which are proper, the vena & arteris Mesaraicae march.

The veins flow from theTheir veins. porca, although not from the same branch: For the duodenus surculus is sent into the duodenum, and the Haemorrhoidalis, to the left part of the colon, and the whole rectum, as the dexter mesentericus is sent to the jejunum, caecum, ileum, and the right part of the colon. Epiplois postica, is inserted into the middle part of the colon, which marcheth transversly under the stomacke; besides these a sprig from the ramus epigastricus of the vena cava is sent to the intestinum rectum, which maketh the externall haemorrhoidal.

The Arteries springThe Arteries. partly from ramus Caeliacus, partly from both the mesentericae, to the duodenum, and the beginning of Iejunum, a sprig is sent from the right ramus Caeliacus: but to the rest of the Iejunum, to ileum, caecum, and the right part of Colon mesentericus superior: to the left part of Colon, and to the intestinum rectum, mesentericus inferior is sent. At the last, epiplois postica, which riseth from the lower part of Arteria spleaica, which is the left branch of arteria caeliaca, is sent to the middle part of Colon, which lieth under the stomacke.

Nerves they have fromThe Nerves the sixth paire: the duodenum hath small twigs from the stomack, which goe to the Pylorus. The other guts have very many, which spring from the branch, which is bestowed upon the roots of the ribs: but the intestinum rectum, about the podex hath four twigs from the fifth conjugation of those which spring from the os sacrum. This is the cause why so great paine is felt in the Colon, & rectum, when they are ill affected.

The guts have fatThe fat. without, and not within.

The guts are of twoThe differences of the guts. sorts; for they are either thin or thicke.

The thin which haveThe thin. thinner membranes are in number three.

1The first is duodenum, because it is thought to have twelve inches in length. It doth passe directly under the stomack to the beginning of those guts which begin to bee gathered by the mesentereum, for this is tied with it.

2The second is Iejunum, or the hungrie gut; for in dead carcasses it is for the most part found emptie; partly by reason of the multitude of the veins, partly by reason of the acrimony of the choler, which proceedeth pure from the liver. In length it is 12. hands bredth and three inches, and as broad as the ring finger. The internall membrane is longer than the externall; for it hath innumerable orbicular, and transverse wrinkles to stay the chylus. It beginneth on the right side, under the colon, where the dnodenum endeth, and the guts begin to be wreathed, and filling almost the whole umbilical region, it endeth into the ileum: of all other guts it hath greatest store of veins and arteries; and by these you may finde the circumscription of it. Meatns biliaerius is inserted into the beginning of this gut which sendeth choler from the gall, which pricketh the guts to hasten expulsion.

3The third is Ileum, it hath thinner membranes than the rest of the tenuia. It is seated under the navell, and filleth both the Ilia. It is the longest of all the guts, for in length it containeth 21. handbredth, but it is the narrowest of all, for it is but an inch in bredth. It hath fewer wrinkles than the jejunum, and lesser, which about the end of it scarcely appeare.

It beginneth where both smaller and fewer veins appeare, and endeth about the place of the right kidnie, where it is joyned both with the intestinum coecum, & colon. The externall coat of the tenuia intestina is more thin and fleshy than the internall. It hath transverse and orbicular fibres, with a few straight to strengthen the transverse. The internall coat it hath partly straight, partly oblique fibres. Yet fewer straight than the crassa intestina have. These guts have a motion inch as wormes have when they crawl, or leeches when they suck, to draw downward the chylus: for it is not in our power to send this away, as we doe the excrements. The crassa intestina have not this motion, and by reason of this motion the upper part of the gut may be wrapped in the lower, which causeth the sicknesse called Ileos or convolvulus.

Now follow the IntestinaThe thick guts. crassa, the great guts, they are three in number also.

1The first is called Coecum 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , the blind gut, because one end of it is shut, so that at the same orifice the chylus passeth, and returneth. In man it is like a thick round worme coyled together. It is bigger in an infant than in a man, foure inches in length and one in bredth. It is not tyed to the mesenterium; but being couched round, it is tyed to the right kidnie. In sound persons it is alwais empty. In foure footed beast; it is alwaies full of excrements. Apes have it larger than a man, Dogs larger than Apes; but Conies, Squirrels and Rats, largest of all, if you consider the proportion of their bodies.

2The second is Colon, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 : because it detaineth the excrements. It hath it beginning from Ileum & coecum, and mounting up by the dextrum ilium, when it comes to the liver, it passeth transversly under the stomack to the left ilium, and from thence to the beginning of os sacrum.

It is tied first to the right kidnie in the right side, by the externall membrane, then in the middle to the bottom of the stomack, and at the last unto the left kidney. In length, it is of seven hand bredth, and seven inches. It is the broadest of all others, that it might containe all the excrements.

It hath cels, which spring from the internal tunicle of it; These cels are kept in their figure, by a ligament halfe an inch broad, which passeth thorow the upper and middle part of it all alongst; this being broken or dissolved, the cels appeare no more. Their use is to hinder the flowing of the excrements to one place, which would compresse the parts adjacent.

It hath a value where it is joyned with ileum, like to the Sigmoides in the Sinus of the heart. This value so stoppeth the hole which is common to the ilcon and colon, that flatuosity cannot ascend to the Ileum, much lesse excrements regurgitat. If one would find this cut, let him powre in water into the intestinum rectum, and hold up the guts. The water will stay when it is come to the value, if it bee found. If this value be relaxed by sicknesse, excrements may regurgitat, and expelled by vomit and clysters, also come to stomack.

The third is Intestinum rectum, the straight gut; it hath its beginning where the colon endeth, & endeth where it maketh the anus: it is of a 〈◊〉 in length, not so wide as the colon, the muscle 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , is at the end of it: It hath thick and fleshy externall coats, and so a solution of unity in it may the sooner be united. It hath many transverse fibres, few oblique, and some straight. It hath veins not from Porta onely as the rest; but from the trunck of the cava descending also, wch make the externall Hemorrhoidall.

The guts have a three-fold use, for first they all concoct the Chylus sent from the stomack better.

Secondly, the small guts digest the Chylus.

Thirdly, the thick guts expell the excrements.

CAP. IX. Of the Mesenterium.

THe substance is membranous, First, that it might bee light, and should not presse 〈1 page duplicate〉 〈1 page duplicate〉 together the vessell by its weight; Secondly, that it might be extended into all dimensions, by reason of the fibres; Thirdly, that betweene the membranes it might the more readily gather fat.

It is of a circular figure, which is most capable, that it might answer the length of the guts, and keepe them within a small compasse and place likewise.

It is framed of two proper membranes, one above another, strong enough, and one common, between which & the proper the vessels passe safely to the guts.

The veins are called Mesaraicae, these spring from ramus mesentericus, dexter & sinister branches of the Vena porta.

It hath also two arteries, the one superiour, the other inferiour branches of the arteria mesenterica, which passe as the veins doe.

As for the nerves, it hath two on each side, springing from the branches of the sixt paire, which goe to the roots of the ribs; others it hath from those which spring from the spin lis medulla, betweene the first, second, third and fourth vertebra of the loynes.

That the vessels might passe safely without ruption, Nature hath placed glandules betweenGlandules. the divarications of the veines and arteries.

The biggest of theseThe biggest. is about the center of the mesaraeum, where the distribution of the vessels beginneth.

If this become scirrhous, the extenuation of the whole body ensueth, because the passing of the chylus is hindered: leane persons have larger glandules than the fat, because the fat doth sufficiently guard the distribution of the vessels, and preserveth the heat of the vessels.

The arteries bring spirit; but the veins doe bring both the chylus to the liver, and nourishment to the inner parts; but not at the same time: As wee take breath by, and let it out by the same instruments, but not at the same time: see Galen 3. facult. nat. 13. & 4. de us. part. 14. So at one time the liver draweth from the belly, and at another time the belly from the liver. When the guts are full, the chylus is sent to the liver; but when they are empty, they draw nourishment.

It hath two parts, Mesaraeum, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , quas! 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 . The first tyeth the small guts together; the second the thick.

The Mesaraeum is in theThe bignesse of the mesaraeum. circumference 3. yards, but a span in bredth.

It springeth from theIts beginning. ligaments of the vertebrae of the loynes, by two roots; the largest about the first vertebra; the other lesser, about the third. It was fit that it should be tyed strongly to these ligaments, lest it might have beene torne by violent motions, or bee pulled from thence by the weight of the guts being full.

And as plants draw their nourishment by their roots from the earth, so living creatures which have bloud, draw their nutriment from the guts, by the mesaraick veins. Wherefore lest they should suffer ruption, Nature would have them to passe safely betweene membranes.

The use of it then is to cary safely the vessels which passe to the guts.

It is tyed before to the small guts; but behind to the first and third vertebra of the loynes, from whence it springeth.

It is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 & 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , quasi 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 .

〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 is that by theMesocolon. which the thick guts are tyed together. Hippoc. 6. Epid. & Galen. 4. Aphor. 6. make mention of this. It is tyed in the right side, to the right part of the Ileum; but in the left side to the left part of Ileum, and the muscle Psoas: before it is tyed to the colon, & rectum intestinum.

CAP. X. Of the venae lacteae.

THis is the opinion of all the ancient and moderne Writers, concerning the mesenterie, and the mesaraicall, if you except Caspar Asellius, who by his diligence found these veins, which hee calleth lacteas, because they containWhy so called. a white juice, which is nothing else but the chylus elaborate, which they carry from the smal guts to the liver.

Their beginning seemethTheir beginning. to bee in the Pancreas, for there they all meet, and are strangely implicate and twisted together: from thence they passe upward to the liver, and downeward to the small guts: so that the Pancreas is a more excellent part than it hath beene hitherto taken by other Anatomists: and as the mothers blood before it be sent by the vasa umbilicalia to nourish the Infant, is first committed to the placenta uteri, to draw from it all impuritie: so then these venae lacteae, discharge their impurities before they carry the chylus to the liver in the Pancreas.

They are inserted into the small guts,Their insertion. and have nothing to doe with the stomack. They passe into the capacity of the guts, and end in the wrinkled crust, with the which the internall membrane of the guts is lined with their spongious heads like to Leeches, by the which they draw to themselves the chylus.

From the small gutsTheir progress. they march between the two membranes of the mesenterium, sometimes severed from the other vessels, sometimes joyned with them, sometimes directly, sometimes over-riding them, making a Saint Andrewes crosse thorow the glandules, untill they come to the Pancreas, where they are inexplicably twisted one with another: from thence having greater branches, they passe by the sides of vena porta to the cavitie of the liver, where they are spent by ending there by small twists: and so it is most likely that sanguification is performed by the substance of the liver, and not by the veins: the grosser part of it being sent to the branches of vena porta, and the subtillest to the branches of vena cava;

They differ from theThe difference between them and the ordinary mesaraicall veins. ordinary masaraicall veins;

First, in bignesse, for these are bigger, but those are more in number, for they are twice as many: for more chylus must bee sent to the liver to make blood of for the nourishment of the whole body, than blood for the nourishing of the inward parts onely.

Secondly, the valuesTheir values. which are seene about the endings of these, are placed from without inwards, but of those from within outwards. The reason of this diversitie is this: the venae lacteae suck the chylus from the guts which ought not to returne, but the ordinary mesaraicall send blood, and sometimes excrementitious humours, which ought not to come back againe.

If you would findeHow to find them out. out these veins, you must feed a dogge with milke, and five or six houres afterward dissect his belly; then by stretching the mesenterie you shall perceive them.

That the ancients didWhy the Ancients did not find these out. not find out these veins, the cause is, either because they dissected beasts after they were dead, or after that the chylus was distributed, or they did presently take a view of the mesentery; but made some stay about the inspection of some other part.

They have no trunck,Why they have no trunck. because they were to end in the liver, and to go no further. From this part many diseases spring; first, because it is composed of two membranes, having innumerable veins and arteries, and so it may containe many impurities; secondly, because it hath many glandules, which as a sponge imbibe superfluities.

CAP. XI. Of the Pancreas.

IT is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 . It is the biggest glandule of the whole body, and very red, like unto soft flesh, from whence it hath its name.

In figure it is ovall, three or foure inches in length. It is placed in the left side towards the spleen; above the stomack resteth upon it: below, the membranes of the peritonaeum lie, unto which it is firmly tied. It doth keep within it selfe ramus splenicus, the left branch of arteria coeliaca; the nerves which passe from the sixt paire to the stomack and the duodenum.

It hath a membrane from the peritonaeum, by the which it is covered and holden up.

It hath three uses. First, it staieth the liver lest it being distended by too much meat and drink, should be hurt by the hardnesse of the vertebrae of the back.

Secondy, to keep the vessels passing through it, from ruption.

Thirdly, to keepe these same from compression, when the stomack is to much stretched by meat and drink.

CAP. XII. Of the Liver. Now follow the parts appointed for sanguification, whereof the Liver is the chiefest.

THe substance of the liver seemeth to be a red fleshy masse. In the first formation of the birth, it is framed of bloud wizing out of the veins, and there coagulating about them.

The substance of the liver is so set about the branches of the vena porta & cava, that it filleth up all cavities and doth firmly stay them; keeping them open from pursing together, and in comely order that they be not confounded. It is the thickest and heaviest of all other entrals.

It is bigger in man than any other livingIts bignesse. creature, if you consider the proportion of his body; for it was fit so to bee, seeing man was to have greatest store of bloud, lest spirits should faile in performing the functions of the soule, wherewith man is most copiously furnished. Besides, seeing he hath but one liver, the bignesse was to recompence the number: we may guesse of the bignesse of it by the bignes of the fingers.

It is covered with a very thin membrane, which springeth from the second ligament of the liver, which cleaveth firmly to the substance of the liver. If it be separat at any time by a watrish humor issuing out of the vessels frō the fleshie substance, watrish pustulls by the Grecians called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , are ingendered. If these doe breake, the water falleth into the cavity of the belly, and causeth that kind of dropsie called ascites.

It hath veins as well frō the cava as the porta.

The branches of theIts veins. cava are distributed for the most part thorow the gibbous part; but those of the porta, into the holow part: yet so that the branches of both are joyned by inosculation to deliver the purest bloud to the vena cava, for the nourishing of the vitall parts, and the grosest by the branches of the porta, or the nourishing of the naturall. There seemeth to be three times more of the twigs of the porta, than of the cava within the liver.

Amongst the midst of the branches of the porta, some little veins march; which afterward be comming one twig, end in the vesicula fellea, that the bilious humour may be sent to it, before the bloud enter into the vena cava.

It hath onely few arteries,Its arteries. which springing from the right branch of the coeliaca end in the hollow part of the liver, where the vena porta commeth out.

It hath two nerves, butIts nerves. very small, because it hath but a dull sense. One commeth from the branch which is sent to the upper orifice of the stomack; the other from that branch which is dispersed thorow the roots of the ribs of the right side.

As for the figure of it,Its figure. it is almost round, the upper part is arched and smooth; and so framed that it might not hurt the diaphragma.

The lower part is hollow to receive the stomack, which is of a sphericall figure.

In the upper and convexIts ties. part, which is distant but one inch from the diaphragma, to give way to it when it is dilated in breathing, and to the stretching of the stomacke, it is tied first to the diaphragma, by a ligament membranous, broad, and strong, which springeth from the peritonaeum, where it covereth the midrife in the lower part. It passeth transversly by the liver, to the hinder parts, by this ligament; it is staied from faling downe. It is called the suspensory.

Secondly, in the fore part it is staied by two ties; by the first it is tied to the mucronata cartilago, to hinder it from faling to the back parts, when wee stretch our back: This ligament is broad, double, and strong; and springeth from the peritonaeum, and giveth the liver its coat.

Into this coat the 2. sinews are implanted according to Galen, lib. 3. de loc. effect. cap.. 3. and not into the substance of the liver, so that according to Galen, 4. de us. part. cap. 13. it hath but a dull feeling, such as plants have to embrace that which is profitable, and to leave that which is unprofitable.

By the second it is tied to the navell; this is the umbilicall veine, which when the infant is borne • eeseth its hollownesse, and becommeth a ligament. This staieth it from being pulled upwards.

Thirdly, it is tied to the short ribs, by small fibres, to keep it steady. In the hollow part it is tied by the mesenterium, to the ribs by the vena cava.

It differeth from theIts differences from the liver of beasts. liver of beasts, in that it hath seldome any lobes, yet the hollow part of it hath a fissure or chink, wherein the umbilicall veine is implanted, and two small bunchings out in the right part where the vena porta marcheth out, which Galen calleth 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , gates.

Besides these there isA little lobe. a little lobe of a softer and thinner substance, than is the rest of the liver, and is covered with a membrane: It is tied to the omentum by this lobe, by the which Spigel. de human. corp. fabric. lib. 8. cap. 12 thinketh that waters may be discharged out of the liver into the caul.

It is placed in theIts situation. lower belly in the right side covered with the ribs for safety, and in the middle of the trunck of the body to send bloud equally to the upper and lower parts. The stomack is cherished by it, and the spleen; But because it is a more noble part than the spleen, it is placed in the right hypochondrium.

The proper action ofIts action. it is not only to further sanguification, perfected in the veins, as all ancient Anatomists aver; but to sanguifie the chylus, caried to it by vena lacteae, as Asellius hath proved.

One thing is to be noted,A note. that the substance of the liver, in the convex part, where the vena cava is lodged, is softer than that which is in the hollow part, where the vena partae is: for there it may be more easily separate from the vessels, than here; and not without cause: for the roots of vena portae ought to bee staied by a harder substance, that they bee kept wider; but the roots of the cava with a softer, that they might the readier be filled, stretched, and slacked.

CAP. XIII. Of the vena portae.

SEeing the roots of the veins which Nature harh appointed to furnish bloud, the nutriment of the body, have their roots in the liver: Having discoursed of it, method doth require to set downe the doctrine of them.

Although there is butThe veins of it. one artery to impart life, yet there are two veines, the vena portae & cava. Because come require a grosser bloud for nutrition, as those parts are, which serve the nutritive faculty, which are, the liver, the gall, the stomack, the spleen, the p •••• us, the ••• e •• tum, the guts, and the mesentery. For unto the rest as the kidn • ies, bladder, and those which are appointed for procreation, the vena cava sendeth branches.

It is fit to begin with the vena portae, because Vena portae. it goeth no further than to the parts contained in the abdomen, and not to all those neither.

It is so called becauseWhy so called. it seemeth to enter into the liver, by the two fleshy bunches, called portae, gates.

This doth differ fromHow it differeth from vena cava. the vena cava.

First, in substance; for the substance of this is thicker and blacker, because it is nourished with thick and black bloud; but that of the vena cava, is whiter and thinner, because it is nourished with a thinner and redder bloud.

Secondly, the substance of the vena portae is harder than that of the cava: which ought to be softer, because it ought to be more apt for dilatation and constriction; first, because it containeth a more movable bloud; partly because its thinner, having much serosity mingled with it; partly because for the most part the branches of it are accompanied with the branches of the great artery, whereas the branches of the porta are farre enough off, if you except ramus splenicus.

Thirdly, the truncke of vena cava is larger than that of porta, because it nourisheth more parts, as hath been said.

Fourthly, the porta hath more roots within the substance of the liver than the cava.

The roots of the vena portae and cava are joyned by the unition called Anastomasis How inosculation is performed. or inosculation. This is performed by two waies: First, when the ending of one doth meet with the end, of the other: as the epigastricae venae meet with the mammariae in the lower side of the muscal recti.

Secondly, when one branch resting upon an other, doe cleave together, having a hole in the middle. This inosculation is seene in the roots of the vena portae, and the cava.

One thing is to be noted,A note. that there are many of the twigs of the vena portae, which touch not those of the cava: Because the purest part of the bloud was onely to be caried to the vena cava, and the thickest, to remaine in the vena portae. By reason of these Anastomases, in famine nourishment is sent from the habit of the body, by the vena cava, to nourish the internall parts.

Bauhin affirmeth, that there is a common conduit to the roots of vena portae & cava, which in it cavity will receive a smal probe. In these veins, besides bloud, excrementitious humors are also cō tained in diseased persons, which sometimes are sent from the whole body by the vena cava into the guts, & sometimes communicate to the vena cava by vena portae. How the inosculation of these veins is found out.

To find out the radication and inosculation of these veins, you must boyle the liver untill it become soft, & so with a woodden or bone knife separate the substance from the vessels; for a sharp knife is not fit.

Now to come to distributionThe distribution of vena portae. of vena portae, i hath parts. 1 Radices, the roots. 2. Truncus, the trunck. 3. Rami, the branches. 4. Surculi, twigs.

As for the roots, firstIts roots. from the circumference of the liver, small capillar veins march towards the inner part of it, and by combination becomming greater, they make up five branches. These about the middle of the hollow part, yet towards the back joyning together make up one root, which at the last comming out of the liver, about the eminences, called portae, fame that trunck which is called Vena portae.

This trunck parting aIts branches. little from the liver before it bee severed into brāches, it putteth forth two twigs, the one being small, and springing from the upper and fore part of the trunck, as soone as it parteth from the liver, is inserted into cystis fellis, about the neck of it, and spr • ed by innumerable twigs, thorow the externall coat of it.

Vesalius affirmeth that there bee two of these twigs, from whence some call them cysticae gemellae: But this is a matter of no great moment. This twig may be called surculus cysticus, or Vesicalis.

The second twig is bigger, but lower. This springeth from this same forepart, yet towards the right side, and is inserted into the bottome of the stomacke: from hence it sendeth many sprigs toward the hinder part of it towards the backe.

It may be called pistaricus more properly than gastricus, seeing there are other branches which are called gastrici. Having sent forth these 2 twigs, the trunke passeth down, and bending still a little towards the left side, it is parted into two remarkable branches; whereof the one is called sinister or the left, seated above the right, but lesser: the other is dexter, or the right, lower than the left, yet larger: the left is bestowed upon the stomacke, the omentum, a part of colon and the splene: the right is spred through the guts and the mesenterium: the left is called vena splenica, but the right vena mesenterica.

The vena splenica hathBranches of Vena splenica. two branches before it come to the splene, the superiour and the inferiour. The superiour is called gastricus or ventricularis. This is bestowed upon the stomacke, the middle twig conspassing the left part of the orifice of the stomacke like a garland, is called coronaria: from the lower branch two twigs doe spring the 〈◊◊〉 this doth send other twigs to the right side of the lower membrane of the omentum, and to the colon annexed to it. This is called epiplois, or omentalus dextra: the other is spent upon the lower membrane of the omentum which tieth the colon to the backe, and upon that part of the colon, it is called epiplois, or omentalis postica: when the ramus splenicus hath approched to the splene, it doth send our two other twigs, the uppermost and the lowermost: from the uppermost vas breve springeth which is implanted in the left part of the bottome of the stomacke commonly: from the lowermost two twigs issue.

The first is called gastrve piplois sinistra, this comming from the lower part of the splene towards the right side, is bestowed upon the left part of the bottome of the stomacke, and the upper and left part of the omentum.

The second springeth most commonly from ramus splenicus, but seldome from the splene; and passing along according to the length of the intestinum rectum, it is inserted into the anus by many twigs. This is called Haemorrhoidalis interna, as that which springeth from the vena cava is called baemorrhodalis externa.

Now followeth vena. Vena mesenterica Mesenterica, or the right branch of vena fortae; before it bee divided into branches, it sendeth forth two twigs.

The first is called Gastroepiplois sinistra, this is bestowed upon the right part of the bottom of the stomacke, and the upper membrane of the caule.

The second is called Intestinalis, or duodena: It is inserted into the middle of the duodenum, and the beginning of the jejunum, and passeth accordin gtohe length of thē. This branch as soon as it passeth from the backe, it entereth into the mesenterium, and passing betweene the membranes of it, sendeth forth those mesaraicall veins, which send nourishment to the inward parts.

It is divided into two branches, to wit, Mesenterica dextra, & sinistra: Mesenterica dextra, placed in the right side, sendeth a number of branches to feed the jejunumcaecū, and the right part of the colon, which is next to the kidney and liver.

It hath foureteen remarkable branches, but innumerable smal twigs. One thing is to be noted, that the greater branches are supported by the greater glandules, and the smaller by the smaller glandules. Mesenterica sinistra passeth through the middle of the mesenterium, & that part of colon which passeth from the left part of the stomack, to the intestinum rectum.

The chiefe use of theThe uses of it. vena portae is to nourish the parts which are appointed for nutrition with thicke and feculent blood: It ought to bee thicke, that it might be the hotter; for heat in a thicke body is more powerfull.

The second use is to further the sanguification of the liver.

CAP. XIV. Of the Vena cava, dispersed within the trūk of the body.

WIthin the trunck of the body, the vena cava hath two trunkes; one called ascendens or going up, the other descendens or marching downe.

The ascendens passing through the nerves part of the Diaphragma, it marcheth upward undicided, until it come to the jugulum: yet by the way from its sides it sendeth two twigs.

The first is Phrenica, 1 this is inserted into the midrife and heart, from • ence springeth the coronaria vena which compasseth the basis of the heart as a garland.

The second is vena sine2 pari, so called, because it hath not a fellow in the left side as other veins have. It doth spring about the fift vertebra of the brest from the hinder part of the vena cava in the right side. This going downe, it marcheth towards the Spina: when it is comeThe branches of vena sine pari. to the eighth or ninth rib above the Spina, it is divided into two branches, to wit, the right and the left; the left is inserted most commonly in the middle of the left emulgent veine. By this branch blood, on watrish or purulent matter may bee discharged by urine; the right twig is implanted either into the trunke of the cava, or into prims lumbaris.

This being done, the vena cava ascendeth up to the jugulum being strengthened by the mediastinum and the glandulous body called thymus. Here the vena cava is divided into two remarkable branches, from whence those veins spring which are sent to the head, to the armes, and some muscules of the abdomen. One passeth to the right side, the other to the left; the one is called subclavius, because it marcheth under the cannel bone with in: The other is calledThe branches of ramus subclavius. axillaris when it is come to the arme pit, from the upper part of the ramus subclavius two remarkable branches proceed: the internall and externall jugular, in man the internall is biggest, but in beasts the externall.

1The internall jugular commeth out about the articulation of the cannell bone with the sternum; then it joyneth it selfe with the soporall arterie, and the recurrent nerve, and with it hinder and greatest branch accōpanied with the soporall arterie, it entereth with the cranium at the hole of the occiput, by the which the sixth paire of nerves commenth downe, it entreth into the first and second sinus of the dura mater.

The externall jugular2mounteth up to the eare under the skin, and the quadrat muscule which pulleth down the cheek alongst the necke: from this branch spring the veins which are opened under the tongue.

From the lower part of ramus subclavius, spring foure branches.Sprigges springing from the lower part of ramus subclavius.

The first, Intercostalis superior, one on each side; it is small, and commeth out about the root of the bifurcation: then passing downe by the roots of two ribs, it bestowed twigs upon the distances of these two ribs.

The second is Mammaria, this marcheth forwards towards the upper part of the brest bone: then it goeth downe by the sides of it, and when it is come to cartilage mucronata about the sides of it, it commeth out: from thence it passeth straight waies under the right muscule to the navell, where by an anastomasis it is joyned with the spigastrica ascendens: from hence commeth that great consent betweene the matrix and paps.

The third is Mediastina, because it is bestowed upon the mediastinum, together with the left nerve of the diaphragma, according to its length.

The fourth is Cervicalis, or Vertebralis. This passing thorow the holes of the transverse processes of the vertebrae of the neck, is bestowed upon the muscles of the neck which are next to the vertebrae.

CAP. XV. Of the Gall.

THe Gall, called in Latine Vesicabiliaria The description of it. or Folliculus sellis, is a dissimilary part, in figure representing a peare, hollow, and appointed to receive the thin yellow choler.

It is about two inchesIts bignesse. in length.

By its upper part it isIts connexion. tied to the liver, which doth afford it a hollownesse to receive it; but the lower part, which hangeth without the liver, it resteth upon the right side of the stomack, and the Colon, and doth often die them both yellow.

It hath two membranes,Its membranes. the one cōmon, which is thin and exteriour, without fibres. This springing from the membrane of the liver, it onely covereth that part which hangeth without the liver; The other membrane is proper.

This is thick and strong, and hath threeThe fibres of the proper membrane. sorts of fibres, the outtermost are transverse, the middlemost oblique, and the inner most straight.

This membrane is larder and thicker in the necke; but thinner in the bottom. Within it hath a mucous substance, engendered of the excrements of the third concoction of the membrane, to withstand the acrimony of the choler.

It hath two parts, theThe parts of it. neck, and the bottom.

The necke is harder than the bottom, and higher in situation.

It from the bottome by degrees growing narrower and narrower, at last endeth in the ductus communis, or the common passage of the choler, to the beginning of the jejunum.

This elongation of the neck of the vesicula fellea, is called meatus cysticus, because it springeth from the cystis.

The choler is cariedHow the choler is caried to the gall. to the neck of the cystis, by many small veins neere to the roots of the vena portae about the midst of them, and is discharged into the cavity of it about the upper part.

The meatus cysticus Its values. hath three values looking from without inwards to hinder the recourse of the choler to the liver.

The other passage Meatus hepaticus. which carieth the thick and corrupt choler, as that which is called vitellina, aeruginosa, porracea, &c. is called meatus hepaticus; because it passeth straightway from the liver to the ductus communis.

This passage hath noWhat beasts have this passage only. values, both these discharge their choler by the common passage into the beginning of the jejunum, when the small guts are discharged of the chylus.

Beasts which want the vesica fellea, have this meatus hepaticus, as Harts, Hynds, and fallow Deere, and those which have a whole hoofe.

The meatus hepaticus passeth thorow the roots of the vena cava, by innumerable branches, which being gathered together become one branch and being united with the meatus cyslicus make up the communis ductus, which is inserted into the beginning of the jejunum obliquely betweene the two membbranes of the intestine about the distance of two inches before it perforat the second membrane.

The vesica fellea hath for nourishment called cysticae gemellae.

For life it hath sprigsIts vessels. of arteries proceeding from the Caeliaca. To afford sense it hath a smal threed like a sprig of a sinew from the sixth paire.

Many times stones areOf the stones in it. found in it, but they being lighter than those of the bladder, swimme above the water.

The use of these twoThe use of the passages. passages, is to draw all superfluous choler from the chylus, and to turne it into the guts, where it affordeth benefits to nature:

For first by its sharpnesseThe uses of the choler. it moveth the intestines to turne out the terrestriall excrements in due season.

2Secondly, by reason of its thinnesse it doth cut and cleanse the small guts of fleame, which there is plentifully bred.

3Thirdly, by reason of its drinesse it hindreth the increase of putrifaction.

4Fourthly, it furthereth concoction in the intestines by increasing their heat: neverthelesse, naturally there can bee no passage to carryWhy choler is not carried to the stomacke. choler to the bottome of the stomacke.

1For first, by reason of its acrimonie it would corrode it.

Secondly, it would2cause the crude nourishment to passe into the duodenum.

Thirdly, it would procure perpetuall vomiting.3If it fall out that choler be carried to the bottome of the stomack by any passage than this, the party vomiteth choler, and is termed 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , but if it be inserted into the end of the jejunum, then bilious dejections follow: and such a one is termed 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 .

One thing I wouldA note. have you observe; that the porus biliarius passeth by a straight course to the ductus communis, and not to the vesicula fellea, which thus you may shew: put a cathaeter into the necke of this passage neere the liver, the guts will be blowne up, and not the vesicula. Againe, put the cashaeter into the common passage, and both the cystu fellis, and the meatus chelidochus will be blowne up.

If you would findeHow the values are found out. out the three values of the vesicula fellea, presse the choller with your fingers from the bottome towards the neck: whre you find the choler to stay, there the values are.

CAP XVI. Of the Spleene.

THe Spleene or Milt in English, in Greek is called Splen, and Lien in Latine.

The substance of it is flaggie,Its substance. loose, and spungious, net-like, which is the cause that it may imbibe much superfluitie, and so become exceedingly swelled.

This substance is coveredIts membrane. with a membrane borrowed from the peritoneum, which is inserted first into the straight line of the milt, and then covereth the whole Spleene: It is thicker than that of the liver. First, because it hath a looser substance. Secondly, because it hath more arteries which require a strong membrance to defend them. The staight line is in the hollow part, where the vessels of the Spleen doe enter into it.

In Infants new borneWhy it is red in Infants. it is of a red colour, because they have been fed with elaborate blood: but in those of a ripe age it is somewhat blackish, being boyled, it representeth clareth wine. In man it is bigger, thicker, and heavier, than in beasts; for it is six inches in length, three in breadth, and one in thicknesse; yet according to Aristotle, 3. histor. animal. 16. a convenient little one is better than a big one.

In figure it is somewhatIts figure. Its seat. long like an Oxestongue,

It is seated in the left hypochondrium: So Hippocrat. 6. Epidem. calleth it the left liver, and Aristot. 3. part. animal. 7. the bastard liver, but is seated somewhat lower, because it was to draw the terrestriall part of the Chylus, before it come to the liver by ramus splenicus, that the blood may be made thinner, and purer, for such blood causeth men to be wiser. 2. de part. anim. 2. It is all couched within and under the short ribs; so that in healthful persons it cannot be felt; onely if it be inflamed, a pulsation may be felt.

It is tied to five parts,Its connexion. to the midrife and left kidney by small membranes, by it hollow part which giveth way to the stomacke being distended to the upper membrane of the omentum, and to the stomacke by vas breve. In its arched part it is tied to the back, so that dints remain in it by the impression of the ribs.

It hath veins for nourishment from ramus splenicus;Its vessels. for life it hath arteries from ramus caeliacus sinister: but five times more than veins; for great heat is required for the elaboration of thicke blood. These vessels enter into the spleen where the straight line is in the hollow side. They joyne often by anastomoses.

The arteries besides life afford unto theThe uses of the arteries of the spleene. spleen two benefits.

1First, they increase the naturall heat of it, that it may the better concoct the grosser part of the Chylus which is sent unto it by the ramus splenicus.

Secondly, they further the expulsive facultie of it.

Now the spleene sendethBy what waies the spleen sendeth it superfluities to the kidnyes. its superfluities to the kidneys by two wayes.

First, by returning of1them by ramus splenicus, to the vena portae, and from thence to vena cava, from whence they are sent to the emulgent veins.

Secondly, by a shorter2passage they are sent from arteria caeliaca to the aorta, and from thence to the kidnyes by the emulgēt arteries.

Last of all, it hath small twigges of nerves from the sixt pair, which are bestowed upon the investing membrane, but are not communicate to the substance: wherefore it must bee but of a small and dull feeling: so that the pains which sundry ascribe to the spleene, are to bee referred to the adjacent parts.

The use of the spleen, as also of the liver,The use of the spleene. is to further the elaboration and concoction of the Chylus: for it is a bastard liver according to Arist. 3. de Hijtor. animal. 7.

The sanguification ofHow the sanguification of the spleene differeth from that of the liver. the spleen differeth in two points, from that of the liver.

First, in the materiall1cause, for the spleen maketh grosse bloud of the more carthy part of the Chylus; but the liver far purer of the thinner and more benigne part of the Chylus.

Secondly, it differeth in the finall cause: for2the liver sanguifieth to afford nourishment both to the vitall and animall parts, but the spleene only to maintaine the naturall parts, and not all of them neither.

Nature would haveWhy the naturall parts are nourished with grosse bloud. the naturall parts to bee furnished with grosse bloud by the branches of vena portae, partly to increase their heat; for heat in a thick body is stronger; partly to afford them nourishment answerable to their substance, for it is thick.

CAP. XVII. Of the kidnies.

THe kidny is calledTheir denomination. in Latine Ren, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 to flow: because the serofity of the bloud doth flow thorow the kidnies, to the ureters, and from thence to the bladder.

They are in numberTheir number. two, not so much for the poysing of the body, as for their use and necessity; that one being stopped, yet the cleansing of the bloud might bee performed by the other.

They are seated in theTheir places. loynes under the liver and spleen, and rest upon the muscles called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , which move the theyght about their heads; under the which large nerves are couched. Which is the cause that a big stone being in the kidny a numnesse is felt in the foot of that side; the muscle 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 being pressed down by it. They lye behind the guts. The right kidnie hath the coecum; but the left the colon above it. In man the right kidnie is lowest, by reason of the greatnesse of the liver, and bigger also than the left; yet it is not so fat as the left, by reason of the vicinity of the liver, whose heat hindereth the increase of fat.

In figure they resembleTheir figure the asarum leafe or kidnie beane, towards the loynes they are gibbous, but hollow towards the guts.

As for their connexion,Their connexion. by the externall fat membrane they are tied to the diaphragma, and the loynes: By the emulgent vessels to the vena cava, and the aorta, and by the ureters to the bladder.

They are in length about five inches,Their bignesse. in breadth three, and in thicknesse one; yet they are somewhat broader above than under. They are smooth in the gibbous part, but unequall in the hollow part, to let in and out some vessels.

The parts are two, toTheir parts wit, the externall and the internall; The externall are the membranes; these are two.

The one is commonTheir membranes. and externall, borrowed from the peritonaeum; within the reduplication of which, the whole kidnie is lapped; and therefore it is called renis fascia. This membrane is compassed with copious fat; so that the kidnie seemeth to be the fattest of all other entrals, according to Aristotle 3. Histor. Animal. 17. Although each one be exceedingly fat; yet some part of the kidney will remaine uncovered about the middle.

This fat about the kidnieThe uses of the fat of the kidnies. hath a threefold use. First, it is instead of a pillow.

Secondly, it receiveth as a sponge the excrements.

Thirdly, it furthereth and keepeth in the heat.

Before you deprive the kidnies of this tunica adiposa with your nailes, about the upper part of the kidnie you are to observe a large glandule, which hath a sprig from the emulgent veine and artery,Renes succenturiati. for nourishment about the middle of it.

In figure it representethTheir figure. a halfe moone, and is not unlike a kidnie; from whence it is called ren succenturiatus.There is one on each side in the upper part of the kidnie resting upon the tunica adiposa.

It is strongly tyed toTheir connexion. the septum transversum.

The substance of it is more flaggy than that of the kidnie.

It hath nerves fromTheir nerves. the plexus retiformis, or net-like texture, framed of the twigs of nervus costalis, and stomachicus.

It seemeth to be framed, partly to fill up the vacuity which is betweene the kidnies and the diaphragma: partly to bee a pillow to the stomack, in the place about the emulgent vein and artery.

The second membraneThe proper membrane of the kidnyes. is that which is internall and proper. This springeth from the common coat of the vessels which enter into the kidnyes; for as soone as the vessels approach to the kidny they leave their externall coat. It can hardly be separate from the substance of the kidny.

The internall partsThe internall parts. are those which are contained within the proper membrane. In these sundry things are remarkable.

First, the colour ofThe colour of them. the kidny, which is very red.

Secondly, the substanceTheir substance. of the kidny, which is thick, hard, and compact as the heart almost, but not so fibrous.

Thirdly, the dispersionThe emulgent vessels. of the emulgent vessels throughout it; first they enter by paires into the hollow part of the kidny. Then each branch is divided into foure or five lesser branches, and these againe into lesser, untill at the last they become capillar.

These being spred sundrv wayes thorow the substance of the kidny, towards the gibbous part at last they end at the tops of the Carunculae papillares, or teat like fleshy substances, into the which they poure the serosity of the bloud, that it may passe thorow the tubuli or water pipes, to the infundibulum.

The fourth is that which is called pelvis or infundibulum, the tunnel, which is nothing else but the ample cavity of the vreter within the kidnie.

Fifthly, the tibuli or fistulae vreterum, the water pipes of the vreters offer themselves which are most commonly in number ten; foure in each end, two being still joyned together, and two in the middle according to the number of the carunulae papillares. These are placed in the arched part of the infundibulum. Now the ends of the pipes about the infundibulum are called cribrum or the sive. These water pipes proceeding from the infundibulum become a little wider, and end in the gibbous part of the kidny, with a wide round mouth receiving the carunculae papillares, by the which their mouths are stopped, and the watrishnesse of the blood issueth out into them, as milk out of the teats.

Sixthly, Carunculae papillares are to bee considered. They are small fleshy bodies, somewhat harder than the substance of the kidny, resembling the teats of womens paps, from whence they have their denomination; they are of the bignesse of a pease somewhat broad above; below round. If you divide them thorow the middle, you shall perceive a smooth haire-like passage from the top to the end.

They are in number answerable to the number of the tubuli, which receive them.

To find out these parts before named, you mustHow these parts are to be found out. divide the kidney in the hollow part, putting a thick probe into the pelvis.

Incision being made to the infundibulum, first you shall see the tubuli, then the Carunculae papillares.

The kidnies have two sorts of veins.Their vessels.

First, the two called adiposae, because they are spred through the tunica adiposa, and are covered with the fat, and afford matter for the fat. The right of these springeth from the emulgent vein; but the left from the vena cava.

Secondly, the two emulgentes, so called from their action. These are large, and spring from the trunck of the vena cava descending between the first and second vertebra of the loynes. These being carried transversly are implanted into the hollow part of the kidnies, being divided into two branches.

The left is somewhat higher, as also the left kidney; but the right is somewhat longer. It hath a value to hinder the return of the serosity to the trunk of the cava.

Fallopius was of thisHow matters gathered in the cavity of the brest are discharged into the ureters. mind, that a branch of a veine passeth from the vena sine pari to the left kidny, by the which quitiour and water may be discharged by urine. But it is more probable, that these maters are first drawn in into the trunck of the aorta, by its inconspicuous pores, and from thence sent to the kidnyes, by the emulgent arteries.

These are in numberThe arteries 2. one in each side, which accompany the veins, to the kidny slope wayes. Whither when they are come, they are divided in two branches, whereof the one is implanted in the lower, the other in the upper part of the hollow part of the kidny.

The nerves on eachThe nerves side spring either from ramus stomachicus, and that is but one and smal, and is spred thorow the proper coat; from hence ariseth the consent betweene the kidnyes and the stomack. So that vomiting is troublesome in nephriticall diseases.

One may think that nature hath afforded arteries larger than was requisit to afford life to so small bodies, as the kidnies are: But it was fit so to bee, for the passages were to bee parent, which were to discharge the heart and arteries of serosity.

The artery lyeth betweenThe place of the arterie. the veine and the vreter; partly to hasten the bloud to the kidney; partly speedily to discharge the watrishnesse.

The veins and arteries are not joyned with the water pipes: for if you put a catheter into the ureter by blowing the vessel will not swell.

CAP. XVIII. Of the vreters.

THe ureters, in Latine meatus urinarii, are called in Greeke 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , either from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 to pisse, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , because they keepe the urine.

There is one in eachTheir number. side.

They are white vessels,Their substance. like to veines, yet they are whiter, thicker, and more nervous. They reach from the kidny to the bladder.

They have two coats,Their coats. the one common from the peritonaeum, the other proper, from the externall or common coat, it hath capillar veins and arteries.

It hath few obliqueIts fibres. fibres, but most straight. It springeth from the bladder; for it cannot be severed from it easily, as from the kidnyes.

Yet it differeth fromHow the ureter differeth from the bladder. the bladder in two things.

First, in that the bladder hath three coats, but it only two.

Secondly, the bladder hath all sorts of fibres, but the ureter hath most straight, few oblique.

They are inserted in the back and lower part of the bladder not farre from the muscle sphincter, between the two proper coats of it about the length of an inch.

This insertion is obliqueWhy the insertion is oblique. to hinder the regurgitation of the urin, when the bladder is either compressed, or distended with urine. Although the ureter doth not ordinarily exceed in compasse a barley corne; yet when stones doe passe, it becommeth sometimes as large as a gut.

CAP. XIX. Of the bladder.

THe bladder is seatedIts place. in the hypogastrium, in the place called pelvis.

Of substance it isIts substance membranous: becanse it was to admit large stretching.

The membranes of itIts membranes. are three. The first is from the paeritonaeum: for it is lapped within the reduplication of it.

The second is thicker and indued with many straight fibres, which Aqua pendens will have to bee a muscle serving for the compression of the bladder, as the sphincter serveth for constriction.

The third and innermost is white & bright, of exquisit sense, as they can witnesse who are troubled with the stone.

It hath all sorts ofIts fibres. fibres.

Within it is covered with a mucous crust,Its crust. an excrement of the third concoction of the bladder. This doth mitigate the acrimony of the Urine.

It is perforat in threeIts perforation. parts, to wit, in the sides where the ureters are to let in the urine, and before to let out the urine.

The bladder hath twoIts parts. parts, to wit, the bottom and the neck.

Both these in figureIts figure. represent a peare.

The bottome is upholdenHow it is upholden. by the navell: First, in the middle by the ligament called vrachus, which is the cause sometimes that they who have a great stone in the bladder, complaine of great paine about the navell.

Secondly, by the umbilicall arteries dryed laterally.

If the bladder wereWhy mans bladder is snspended. not suspended, a man going straight up the bottome of the bladder would compresse the neck, and cause difficulty in making of water.

In man it lyeth betweeneIts heat in man and woman. the os pubis and the intestinum rectum. In women between the neck of the matrix and os pubis.

The bladder of man differeth from the bladderHow the bladdes of man differeth from the bladder of beasts. of beasts in two things. First, the bladder in man is couched within the redoplication of the peritonaeum, but in beasts it is loose, and onely is tied to the intestinum rectum.

Secondly, the bladder of man hath fat without; but the bladder of beasts none.

In it stones areWhy stones are ingendered in it. promptly engendered, because the heat of it is compact: So red hot iron burneth worse than the flame of fire.

There is a great consent betweene the bladderWhy there is a consent between the bladder and kidnies and kidnies. So that in diseases of the kidnies, difficulty in making of water sometimes happeneth: The causes of this consent are two.

First, the communion of office, for both serve for the excretion of urine.

Secondly, the similitude of substance; for both the inside of the kidnies, and the bladder are membranous.

One thing is to be noted,An observation. that a bladder is bestowed onely upon such creatures as have bloudy lungs, and the hotterWhy the bladder in man is big. the lungs are the bigger the bladder is.

So man according to his stature, hath of all living creatures the biggest bladder. According to Aristot. lib. 1. Histor. Animal. Because the bladder is of a cold temperature; therefore in deadly diseases of it, sleepinesse oppresseth the patient, according to Hippoc. 6. epidem.

In the neck onely theThe muscle sphincter. muscle sphincter doth offer it selfe to be considered: whereof read in the doctrine of muscles.

It hath veins and arteriesIts vessels. called Hypogastricae, implanted on every side of the neck, which are immediatly divided into two branches; wherof the one is bestowed upon the bottome; but the other upon the neck.

It hath remarkableIts nerves. nerves; partly from those of the sixth conjugation, which passe by the roots of the ribs, partly from those which spring last from os sacrum.

The use of the bladder is to containe the urine, like a chamber pot, untill the time of excretion come when the bladder is full.

CAP. XX. Of the generation of blood.

FIrst of all every nourishment receiveth a preparation in the mouth. If it be solid, it is chewed by the teeth, from the mouth by swallowing, it is turned to stomack. It being embracedHow the Chylus is made. by the stomack, and kept for a while, is turned into chylus, partly by the specricall heat of the stomack it selfe; partly by the heat of the adjacent parts, but chiefly of the liver, spleen, and caull.

The chylus being made light by concoction it riseth up, and passeth to the pylorus, and procureth the opening of it. This being opened the stomack by its transverse fibres, thrusteth the chylus into duodedum. From hence it passeth more and more downwards by degrees. The wrinkles of the small guts hinder the suddaine passage of it, to procure an equall concoction of all the parts of it.

In the meane time the venae lacteae draw from the small guts, whatsoever is alimentary of the chylus. While the chylus thus passeth to the liver, and is come to the diverication of the vena portae, the spleen by a naturall faculty by the ramus splenicus, draweth to it selfe the thickest and most terrestriall part, yet the purest onely may come to the liver.

When the chylus is come to the liver, the choler is sent either by meatus cysticus, to the gall, or to the jejunum by meatus hepaticus.

The bloud being perfected, the grosser part is carried by the branches of the vena portae, and the splenicall to the nourishment of the parts appointed for nutrition; but the purest part is carried to all other parts for their nutrition; and because much watrishnesse is mingled with the bloud, that it may passe without difficulty by the narrow passages of inosculations to the vena cava (seeing the serosity is unapt to nourish) it is sent by the emulgent veins and arteries to the kidnies, and from thence by the ureters to the bladder.

CAP. XXI. Of vasa praeparantia in Man.

HItherto wee have handled the parts appointed for nutrition: Now it followeth to run thorow the parts ordained for generation to continue man kind.

The genitals are ofThe differences of the genitals. two sorts; of the male, and female, and so it was requisit for procreation; for this action requireth an agent and patient: seed and menstruall bloud.

The first is the palace of the plasmatick spirit. The second asfordeth supply of matter to the spirit, to draw out the admirable frame of the regions and parts of the little world.

In man some of theseThe parts of the genitals in man. parts afford matter for the seed, to wit, the foure vasa praeparantia: some elaborate this matter, the corpus voeri coesum: some make the seed fruitfull, as the stones; some carry the seed back againe, and make it pure, as those which are called vasa deferentia: some containe the seed, and an oleaginous matter, as the vesiculae seminalis, and the prostates; some discharge the seed into the matrix: This is done by the penis.

Vasa praeparantia, Vasa praeparantia. which prepare matter for the seed, are of two sorts, veins and arteries.

The veins are two. The right springeth from the trunck of the vena cava, a little under the emulgent.

The left proceedeth from the emulgent.

The arteries springThe arteries. from the trunck of the aorta; these vessels being a little distant one from another, are tied together by a thin membrane, which springeth from the peritonaeum, and meet often by the way by inosculation. These vessels are greater in men than in women, and the arteries are bigger than the veins: because much heat and plenty of spirits are required for the seed. They enter into the groyne obliquely carried together with the muscle cremaster, betweene the two coats of the peritonaeum.

In curing of a rupture by incision, if the muscle cremaster doe fall out to be bound by the ligature, spasmus cynicus ensueth.

These vessels do endThe ending of the vessels. about the beggining of the testicles, and from hence are called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , and make up that part which is called corpus varicosum, paraslaca, & plexus pampiniformis. From the stones to it many small fibres passe.

The corpus varicosum isCorpus varicosum. framed of the twisting of the vasa praeparantia; which maketh a long, thick, glandulus, but hard welt without any remarkable cavity, which passeth to the bottome of the stone, and from thence to the vas deferens, where it endeth.

Here the venall and arteriall bloud being elaborat in these admirable windings, is further prepared, a quality being imparted from the seminificall faculty of the stones.

CAP XXII. Of the stones.

THe stones in Latine are called Testes, because they testifie one to be a man.

They are glandulousTheir substance. bodies, flaggy, soft, and white, without any cavity, full of small veins and arteries, such as are not in any part of the body.

They are in numberTheir number. two, and therefore in Greeke are called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 .

Their figure is ovall,Their figure the right is hotter, and better concocteth the seed. Wherefore by Hippocrat. it is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , a begetter of the male.

The left stone is more full, and hath a bigger veine; yet the seed, which is there eleborat, is more watrish and colder; because it proceedeth from the emulgent, and is called of Hippoc. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , because it begetteth the female. In the stones there are to bee considered their coats, substance, and use.

Their coats are foure.Their coats

First, bursa seroti, and it is nothing else but the skin covered with the cuticula: And because it cleaveth firmly to the Membrana carnosa under it, so that they seeme to make but one coat, it commeth to passe that in cold, it doth contract it selfe, and becommeth wrinckled.

In the lower part itThe line. hath a line according to the length, whereby it is divided into the right and left side; this line is called sutura, or a seame.

The second is called by Rufus, dartos, because it may easily bee flead from the tunica vaginalis; by the ancients it was called erithroides: because it appeareth to be red be reason of the fleshy fibres wherewith it is enterlaced.

This ariseth from the membrana carnosa; which here is more thin and subtile than else where, and stored with veins and arteries.

The third is elythroides or vaginalis: because it containeth the stone as a sheath. It is a thick and strong membrane, having many veins. In the outside it is uneven, by reason of the fibres, by the which it is tyed to the dartos; but in the inner side it is smooth. This is nothing else but the production of the peritonaeum.

The fourth is 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , the nervous mēorane, called albuginea form its colour; It is white, thick, and strong, framed of the externall tunicle of the vasa praeparantia. It is immediatly wrapped in the stone, between these two the water is contained in Hernia aquosa.

The substance is described in the beginning of the chapter. Each stone hath one muscle called cremaster, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , which is to hold up; because it pulleth up the stone in the act of generation, that the vesses being slacked, may the more readily voyd the seed.

This muscle is nothing else but the lower part of the oblique muscle, ascending neere to os pubis, which outwardly wrapping the production of the peritonaeum, is caried to the stone.

These muscles in sicknesse and old age become flaggy, and so the scrotum relaxeth it selfe, and the stones hang low.

The uses of the stones are three:

The first is to elaborate the seed by reason of the seminificall faculty resident in the parenchyma of the stones; for they turne the bloud, which is brought by the vasa praeparantia into seed, for the most part; the rest they reserve for their owne nutrition.

The second is, they adde heat, strength and courage to the body, as gelding doth manifest; by the which all these are empaired.

Thirdly, they receive the superfluous humidity of the seed, by reason of their glandulous substance.

CAP. XXIII. Of the vessels that carry the seed, and those that keepe it.

VAsa deferentia, the vessels which cary the seed, in colour they are white, in substance sinewy, having an obscure hollownesse; from hence they are called meatus seminales. They spring from the lower end of the parastatae. These mount up by the sides of the Vasa praeparantia.

When they are come within the cavity of the belly, they turne back againe, and passe to the backside of the bladder: betweene which and the intestinum recta they passe untill about the neck of the bladder, being somewhat severed, and at last being joyned together, but not united, are inserted on each side in the glandulous bodies called prostatae.

Before they come thither Vesiculae seminales. they are joyned to the Vesiculae seminales; These in figure represent the cels of a pomegranat or hony combe.

These containe anTheir substance. oyly and yellow substance; for they draw unto themselves, that which is fatty in the seed.

They are more in number, that the oleous substance should not forcibly and plentifully be powred into the vrethra; but should gently and slowly passe from one unto another by windings, and at last be powred into the conduit of the yard by a hole which is shut up with a fleshy substance, partly to stay the involuntary effusion of it, partly to hinder the regurgitation of it. It being powred into the urethra chiefly in the time of carnall copulation, doth moysten it that it shrink not, and suffereth not it to be offended by the acrimony of the seed or urine. The Vasa deferentia passing by these, go to the glandules called prostatae, by the which they are compassed.

When they are come toThe use of the caruncule in the urethra. the urethra a caruncule as a value is set before the orifice of each of them: partly to hinder the comming of the urine into them; partly to hinder the involuntary effusion of the seed.

Under and by this carunculeThe holes by the which the seed passeth to the urethra. on each side there are three holes thorow which the seed passeth into the urethra. These holes are discerned easily in a gonorrhea inveterat; although not so easily in a found person.

The seed doth passe thorow these inconspicuous passages, as quick silver thorow lether, by drops. The seed having beene made subtill and spirituous by sublimation thorow the vasa deferentia ascending is able to passe thorow in conspicuous passages.

Prostatae or glandulae seminales, Prostatae. are glandulous bodies, placed between the necke of the bladder and the intestinum rectum. Although there is no conspicuous passage, by the which the seed passeth into the urethra: yet the thick membrane which wrappeth in the prostat where it leaneth upon the urethra, is thinner and hath many pores, which are dilated by heat in the act of generation, and may bee seene in an inveterate gonorrhea.

A continuall dilatation of these procure an uncurable gonorrhaae.

The sphincter of the bladder cōpasseth these glandules. In drawing of a stone, if these parts bee torne, the party becommeth barren.

The distance between the root of the cod and the podex is called perinaeum: Perinaeum. because it is still moist with sweat. The Pubes, scrotum, & perinaeum Why these parts in man are hairy. in men, are furnished with hayre: because glandules are placed there, which receive plenty of superfluous moysture: a part whereof they send to the skin for the generation of hayre.Why corrupt seed is worse in a woman than in a man. If the seed chance to be corrupted in man it causeth not so fearefull symptomes as in a woman: because the seminary vessels are without the hypogastrium in man; but in woman within.

CAP. XXIV. Of the Yard.

IT is called in Latine Penis à pendendo, The description of it. because it hangeth without the belly, and it is an organicall part, long and round; yet somwhat flat in the upper part, seated about the lower part of os pubis, appointed for making of water, and conveighing the seed into the matrix.

It is framed of such a substance as might admit distention and relaxation.

The parts of it are eitherIts parts. common or proper.

The common are three, the scarfe skin, the skin, and the membrana carnosa.

It hath no fat, for itWhy it hath no fat. would have hindered the stifnesse of it.

The cuticula is of aThe cuticula & culis. reasonable thicknesse: The skin is somewhat thick, flaggy when there is no erection; but stiffe when there is.

The membrana carnosa The membrana carnosa. is somewhat sinewy.

The proper or internallThe internall parts. parts are these: The two nervous bodies, the septum, the vrethra, the glans, foure muscles, and the vessels.

The two bodies areThe two bodies. long, hard, and nervous. These within are spongious, and full of black blood. The spongious substance seemeth to be a net like texture, framed of innumerable twigs of veins and arteries.

This black bloud contained in these laterall ligaments, being full of spirits waxen hot by the sting of Venus, doth distend the parts.

These two laterall ligamentsTheir beginning. where they are thick and round, spring from the lower part of the share bone. In their beginnings, they are separate one from another, and represent the two hornes of Pithagoras his Y, that the urethra may passe betweene them.

But as soone as they Septum lucidum. come to the joyning of the share bone, they are by the Septum lucidum everted. It is nervous and white.

It ariseth from the upper part of the commissure of the os pubis, and upholdeth the two laterall ligaments and the urethra as a stay. The like is found in women to uphold the cunnus. Under these lyeth the urethra.

It is of a substance nervous,The urethra thick, loose and soft, like to that of the laterall ligaments. It beginneth at the necke of the bladder: yet it doth not spring from it, but is joyned to it onely, and so passeth to the glans. If you boyle the bladder and it, it will separate it selfe from the bladder.

It is framed of twoIts frame. membranes, the one is internall with the which the glans is covered, it is bred of the thin membrane, which covereth the nerves of the prick. It is of an exquisit feeling, that it might feele the acrimony of the seed, and cause pleasure; chiefly in that part of it, which lyeth betweene the prostates.

The externall is fleshy and hath many fleshy transverse fibres. The middle substance is fungous and full of blacke bloud, that it might suffer distension and relaxation with the laterall ligaments.

At the beginning of itIts muscles. there are three holes, one in the middle largest, and two lesser, in each side one, from the passage, which is sent from the vesicula seminales, to the vrethra.

The muscles are two in each side, and so foure in all. Of these collaterall muscles, the one is shorter and thicker, and springeth from the appendix or knob of the coxendix. under the beginning of the laterall ligament, and ascending obliquely, is inserted into the same, a little below the beginning of it; this serveth for erection.

The second is longer and smaller, proceeding from the sphincter of the anus fleshy.

This passeth straight under the urethra, and is inserted about the middle of it, in the side of the prick. These two muscles dilate the lower part of the urethra for miction and ejaculation of the seed. As the first muscle is termed erector, so this is called accelerator, or hastener.

This hath a substance agreeable with that of the penis: for this in erection is drawne towards its beginning, and the erection ceasing, it becommeth lanke.

Glans is the extreme part; Glans. it is somewhat round compassed with a circle as with a garland. It is soft, and of an exquisit feeling, by reason or the thin skin, with the which it is covered. About the root of it, where it is joyned with the nervous bodies, there is a little pit. In the which if any sharp humour be lodged, as in gonorrhaea virulenta, great paine is caused.

The Glans is covered with praeputium, the fore Praeputium. skin; it is framed of the reduplication of the skin.

The ligament by the Fraenum. which it is tyed to the glans in the lower part of it, is called fraenum the bridle.

Of the vessels, someThe vessels are cutaneous, some passe to the inner parts of penis.

The Cutaneus veins and arteries spring from the pudendae; these entering at the root of the prick they passe by the sides towards the back of it, and are conspicuous enough. The vessels which bestowed upon the inner parts of Penis, come from the Venae and arteriae hypogastricae, about the roots of the laterall ligaments. Here the arteries are remarkable, which are wonderfully despersed thorow the body of the penis: for the right artery is bestowed upon the left side, and the left upon the right side.

It hath two sinewesIts sinewes. from the os sacrum. The lesser is bestowed upon the skin: The largest mounting up under the share bones to the root of the yard, betweene the laterall ligaments, it is bestowed upon the muscles, the rest of the body of the Penis and the glans.

Of the Genitals in Woman. CAP. XXV. Of the Cunnus.

THe Genitals in a Woman have foure distinct parts; to wit, the Cunnus, the matrix, the stones, and the spermatick vessels.

Cunnus is that partThe particles of the Cunnus. which offereth it selfe to the sight before section. In it eleven particles are remarkable.

11. Pubes, that particle where the haire doth first bud out; which ordinarily falleth out the fourteenth yeare of a womans age, the upper part of this which buncheth out, and is most hairy, is called Veneris mons.

2. Is Rima magna, the2great chink; it beginneth at the os pubes, and is but an inch distant from the anus. Wherefore it is larger than the cavity of the neck.

3. The Labia or lips,3by these the internall parts are covered, as the tongue and teeth by the lips. These are framed of the common integuments of the body, these have prety store of spongious fat.

44. Are the Alae, or Nymphae, the wings, these appeare when the lips are severed: These are two productions framed of a soft and spongious flesh, and the reduplication of the Cutis, placed at the sides of the neck: Being joyned above, they compasse the Clitoris. In figure and colour they resemble the comb of a Cock.

55. Is Clytoris, this is a nervous and hard body: within, full of a black and spongious matter, as the laterall ligaments of the yard. It is framed of three bodies. The two laterall are ligaments and spring from the internall knob of the Ischium. The third is betweene these, this ariseth from the joyning of os pubis; at the end of it is the glans, which hath a superficiall hollownesse, and is covered with a very thin skin, as a Praeputium, which springeth from the joyning of the Nymphae. And as it doth represent the prick of a man, so it suffereth erection, and falling; It may be called a womans prick. In some women it hath beene as big as a mans.

66. Under the Clytoris above the neck a hole is to be seene, by the which a woman maketh water.

77. After the Nymphae foure caruncules resembling the leafe of the mirtle shrub, are to bee seene: Whereof that which is uppermost, is largest and forked, that it might receive the end of the neck of the bladder, the other is below: The other are on the sides. All foure keep back the ayre, and all other things, from entring into the cavity of the neck, and by tickling the genital of man cause the greater delight. In women which have not borne children, they are most conspicuous.

These caruncules are framed of the reduplication of the fleshy necke of the genitall.

8. Behind the caruncules8appeareth a cavity in the lower part of the neck of a reasonable largenesse, framed by nature to stay the seede powred into the necke from too quick slipping out.

99. In Virgins these caruncules are joyned together by a thin and sinewy membrane interlaced with small veins, cleaving orbicularly to the sides of the neck, having a small hollownesse in the middle, which will receive a pease, by the which the menstruall bloud passeth: Sometimes it is hollow like a sive, it is called hymen.

10. Behind these caruncules10and the hymen appeareth a chink, under the orifice of the bladder betweene the two wings, which is the entrance into the neck.

11. Now the neck is11nothing else but that distance,The neck. which is between the Cunnus, and the mouth of the matrix.

In women of an ordinaryIts length. stature, it is eight inches in length.

The substance of thisIts substance. part is hard, without, fleshy; within membranous, and wrinckled like to the inner skin of the upper jaw of a cowes mouth.

First, to cause greater pleasure in the act of generation.

Secondly, the better to retaine the seed.

Thirdly, to admit the greater dilatation in travell.

The neck is seated inIts seat. that cavity of hypogastrium, which is called pelvis, betweene the bladder and intestinum rectum. It hath two membranes; if you cut them transversly, you shall perceive between them a spongious flesh: such as is found in the laterall ligaments of the Penis. This causeth it to swell in the act of generation, innumerable sprigs of veins and arteries affording plenty of spirits.

The hypogastricallIts vessels. veins are inserted into the neck of the matrix: from thence passing to the mouth of the matrix. As soone as they come to be implanted into the substance of the uterus, they lose their owne coats, which are bestowed upon the first membrane of it. From thence by small pipes (such as are found in sponges) but wreathed blood is caried to the matrix: by these veins the termes issue into the neck of the genitall.

A large branch passeth from arteria hypogastrica to the neck. A sprig of it, but wreathed is communicate to the resticle, passing thither between the two membranes of the body of the matrix: This sprig is winded to hinder it from ruption, when the matrix is enlarged, a woman being with child.

CAP. XXVI. Of the Matrix.

THe Matrix was appointed by Nature to be the field of nature, to receive the seeds of man and woman for the procreation of man, and the continuation of mankind.

It hath two parts, os uteri, The parts of it. the mouth of the matrix, and fundus the bottome.

The mouth is a holeThe month of it. at the entrance of it, which like a mouth may be dilated, or pursed in: this entrance is but a transverse line, which when it is exactly opened becommeth round.

This orifice, although in the act of generation it may be so dilated, that it will receive the glans of a mans genitall; yet after conception it is so closely shut, that it will not admit the point of a bodkin. When a woman is delivered, it so openeth it selfe, that it maketh way for the infant, be it never so big. In those who have been mothers, it is like to the mouth of a whelpe. The cancer of the matrix most commonly beginneth here, because it is somewhat fleshy: within this orifice a long knobby substance is placed, to help the shutting of the orifice the more exquisitly. About this knobby substance, small holes are to be seene, which seeme to be the ends of the ejaculatory vessels.Its figure.

In figure it is like a peare or a cupping glasse.

In Virgins even of aIts bignesse. big stature it exceedeth not the bignesse of a walnut. But in those who are with child, it doth dilate it selfe into that capacity, as is able to containe the child.

It was to be small, becauseWhy it is small. the seed in quantity is but little, which it ought to embrace and cherish.

It hath no distinct celsNo distinctcelles in it. as the matrix of a beast hath; onely a line, as in the tongue and cod, doth separate the right side from the left. In length from the orfice to the extremity of the bottome, it is thought to be three inches.

The internall superficies is rough the better to keepe the seed.

The matrix is framedIts frame. of two membranes, the externall springeth from the peritonaeum, and is the thickest of all other, that spring from it. It is smooth and slippery if you except those parts where the spermatick vessell enter into the matrix, and where the ligaments goe out. The internall membrane is full of small holes, where the matrix covereth the intestinum rectum.

When the courses flow, they are easily seene; but not when they cease. The Ancients did take these to be the mouths of the veins and arteries.

And because they resemble Acetabula. in figure the measure appointed for the selling of vineger, they called them Acetabula or Cotidones. By these holes the menstruall bloud issueth.

Above at the sides of Cornua uteri. the externall membrane two little bunches, such as are seene in stirks or hayfers, when the hornes begin to bud, are to be marked. They are called cornua uteri.

For nourishment itIts vessels. hath both veins and arteries.

Of these the veins areThe veins. bigger than the arteries: the veins spring from two branches on each side: one branch commeth from the vasa praeparantia: this doth descend, and is spread thorow the whole matrix: but chiefly thorow the bottom: and seeing the sprigs are implanted in each side, the right are coupled with the left by inosculation.

The other branch which commeth from ramus hypogastricus, doth ascend from the lower parts, and is sent partly to the orifice, partly to the bottom. These are larger than those which spring from the vas praeparans. Both these being despersed thorow the substance of the matrix are united by inosculation also.

Some will have the menstruall bloud to flow from the twigs, sent from Ramus hypogastricus when a woman is with child: being perswaded by the Aphorisme of Hippocrates lib. 5. Aphor. 51. that nothing can flow from the cavity, the orifice being so shut that it cannot admit the point of a bodkin; but the word 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , signifieth only cōnivens, or shut together, as the eye lids are. And although in the first moneths the orifice be exactly closed; yet when a woman is great with child the orifice gapeth a little, and is shut with a mucous seminall substance, which doth repell the aire, and lubricate the orifice in the delivery.

It hath arteries also,Arteries. which spring from the preparing arteries, and from the hypogastricae, as the veins did; these accompany the veins, and are distributed as they are.

The sinews first doeThe sinewes spring from the sixt conjugation: they are small, and are bestowed upon the bottom: then from the pares which spring from the os sacrum.

These are bestowed partly upon the lower part of it, and partly upon the Cunnus. These are larger, because in the act of generation great delectation is required.

By these vessels, arteries, veins and nerves, the matrix hath a consent with all the rest of the body. And although the veins, and arteries seeme to bee small in women which are not with child; yet in those who are with child, by the affluxion of bloud, they will sometimes become as thick as a finger. Yea in such the matrix which otherwaies is membranous, as hath beene said, becommeth in the last moneths thicker and softer: so that about the upper part of the bottom, unto the which the placenta uteri is tyed, it becommeth almost two inches thick.

The matrix is onely tyed to the adjacent parts laterally:Iti connexion. for above, fore, and after, it is free that it might admit dilatation, and descend or ascend in the act of generation.

Now the ligamentIts ligaments. are in number foure. The two uppermost broad and membranous are nothing else but production of the peritonaeum, which tye the matrix to the ossa ilii.

They are loose and soft, that they might admit dilatation with the matrix, when a woman is with child, and constriction when she is not.

These carry the vasa praeparantia and deferentia to the matrix, and lap up the stones: they represent the wings of a bat, or the sayles of a ship spred abroad. These keepe the matrix steady in its own place, that it neither ascend not descend.

The two lower ligaments are nervous, round, and hollow; they spring from the sides of the bottom of the matrix, neere to the vasa deferentia, which they touch; they go down to the groynes, by the production of the peritonaeum strengthned by glandules: And being dilated like a membrane, they bestow one part upon the clytoris: The residue passeth to the knee, in the inside of the thigh by the Membrana adiposa, this is the cause why women after conception feele paine in the inside of the thigh.

These ligaments ferve not onely to stay the matrix, but because they are hollow, by them noysome humours of the genitals are sent to the glandules of the groines. So after impure copulation, the seminary vessels being infected, the contagious humour, by these ligaments is sent to the groynes: from whence arise bubones venerei.

CAP. XXVII. Of the stones and the seminary vessels.

WOMEN have stones as MenThe differences betweene the stones of a woman and of a man. have; but they differ in eleven things.

1. In situation, for they are placed not without the hypogastrium, as in men; but within it: that they might be the hotter and more fruitfull. 2. In quantity, for they are lesser. 3. In their frame, for they are composed of five or six bladders, which make them uneven: whereas the stones of men are smooth: these bladders containe an humidity like to whey; but it is thicker. 4. The stones of women have no cremasters; but are stayed by the broad laterall ligaments, called the bats wings. 5. They have no prostates. 6. They differ in figure, for in man they are ovall; but in woman flattish. 7. They have but one membrane; whereas mans hath foure. 8. In substance, for they are more soft and flaggy than in man. 9. In temperature, for they are more cold than mans stones: and containe a thin and watrish seed. 10. In women they are tyed to the sides of the uterus by the two upper ligaments, which are loose and membranous. 11. In women which are not with child, they are placed above the matrix, two inches distant from it.

The seminary vesselsIts veins. preparing, are foure, two veines, and so many arteries.

The vein of the right side springeth as in man, from the trunck of the vena cava under the emulgent; but that of the left side springeth from the middle of the emulgent of the same side.

Both the arteries spring from the descending trunck of the great artery.Its arteries. These veins are not united as in man, before they come to the stones, but are divided into two branches. Whereof the greater being stayed by the membranous ligament, is caried to the stone; but the lesser endeth in the bottome of the matrix in the upper part, for the nutrition of the matrix, and the embryo.

These vasa preparantia The difference betweene these and those in men. differ from those in men in these things.

First, they are shorter than in man, by reason of the shortnesse of the passage: but they have more wreathings where they make corpus varicosum, about the stone, that the seed may be the better prepared.

Secondly, they passe not whole to the stones as in man; but are divided in the mid way, as hath been said.

One thing is to be noted,An observation. that the spermatick veins receive the arteries as they passe by the sides of the uterus, that the bloud might be the better elaborat: for if you blow up the vena spermatica, both the right and left vessels of the matrix are blowne up. From hence you may perceive the communion of all the vessels of the matrix.

The Vesa deferentia Vasa deferentia. spring from the lower part of the stones. They are firme, white, and nervous. They passe by the membranous ligament to the matrix, not straight, but wreathed; that the shortnesse of the way might be recompensed with the multitude of windings. Neere the stones they are somewhat broad. When they have marched a little, they become narrow, and about the matrix they become broad againe, and end in the cornua & capacity of it. Amongst these vessels the last to be considered is Tuba Fallopiana. Spigeltus Tuba Fallopiana. calleth it Vas coecum, lib. 8. cap. 20. because it hath but one orifice, as the intestinum coecum annexed to colon; this springeth from the cornua or bunches, and resembleth the end of a trumpet, and passeth obliqaely, over against the stone caried by the membranous ligament, and compasseth the stones: but it neither proceedeth from the stones, neither is inserted into them: And as in its beginning it is open; so in its ending it is shut.

Riolan will have it to be the end of the ejaculatory vessell, ending within the matrix. He observeth that within it is to be seene a long, white and sinewy body, which he will have to be the continuation of the ejaculatory vessell. He noteth also that a small sprig doth passe but wreathed from the ejaculatory, by the sides of the uterus to the orifice: by the which women with child spend their seed in the act of generation; which Spigelius denieth in the cited place, and checketh Laurentius for affirming such a passage.

CAP. I. Of the common containing parts of it.

HItherto then of the lower belly, the seat of the naturall spirit, and of the parts appointed for nutrition and procreation: Now it followeth that we handle the middle cavity the seat of the vitall spirit, which containeth those parts appointed for the cherishing of the naturall heat, the distribution of the same to all other parts of the body, and the cooling of it, if it exceed the naturall degree.

This ventricle is seated in the middle,The situation of it. betweene the uppermost, which is the head, and lowermost, which is the belly: for it was fit, that it should be so, that the heat passing thorow all, and bestowing life should equally bee bestowed upon all the parts of the body.

It is severed from theThe limitation of it. head by the neck; from the belly by the midrife. It is bounded in the forepart by the brest-bone, and cartilages. In the sides by the ribs: Behind by the vertebrae of the back.

The figure of it is ovall,The figure of it. somewhat flat before and behind, whereas in beasts it is somewhat sharp: So that onely man lieth on his back.The substance of it.

It is partly bony, partly fleshy, that it might admit motion, and yet not styfle the heart; the fleshy parts being suspended by the bony.

The fore part of it isThe parts of it. called sternum, the sides costae, and the hinder parts dorsum. The parts whereof it is composed, are either containing or contained. The parts containing are either common or proper.

The parts containingThe common containing parts. common are in number foure, Cuticula, Cutis, Pinguedo, and Membrana carnosa.

The scarfe skin, and1.2. Cuticula. skin of it do differ from those in the belly: for it is hairy under the arme pits, and above the pit of the heart: the skin of the back is both harder and thicker, and so is lesse hairy.

Secondly, the skin of the back part is of an exquisit feeling: first, because many twigs of sinews are bestowed upon it from the Nervis, proceeding from the spinalis medulla: secondly, by reason of the muscles of the brest placed there, which have many tendons, and so are very sensible.

As for the fat, it is3. Pinguedo. not plentifull here as in the belly: first, because the naturall heat here is sufficiently preserved without it: secondly, because it would have hindered the motion of the brest. Onely here it is somewhat yellowish.

The Membrana carnosa 4. The Membrana carnosa. here in the forepart of the neck is more fleshy than in other parts, chiefly where the musculus quadratus is framed, which pulleth downe the cheekes and lips.

CAP. II. Of the Dugs.

THe proper containingThe parts of the brest. parts are either externall or internall. The externall are in number three, the dugs, the muscles, the bones. The internall proper containing parts are three in like manner, the pleura, the mediastinum, and the pericardium.

Dugs are granted to both the sexes, in menThe paps of men. they are framed of the cutis, the membrana carnosa, fat, and the nipple, and serve onely for beauty, and are called mammillae.

If in man a whitish substance representing milk, bee found in the nipples, which hath been seene, as witnesseth Aristotel. 1. Histor. Animal. 12. it is unprofitable, and unapt to nourish.

The paps in women besides these parts,The parts of the paps in woman. have remarkable vessels, glandules and pipes, to containe the milk perfected by the glandules.

The glandules areThe glandulous bodies. many, not one; that the milk might be the better elabored. There is placed above the rest, one somewhat bigger under the nipple. Betweene these are placed innumerable veins and arteries, which receive blood from the matrix the materiall cause of milk.

When these are full of bloud, the milk is made by the property of the substance of the glandulous bodies, and their temperament. The milk perfected is sent to the tubuli lactiferi or conduicts of milk, these end in the nipple.

The veins are of twoThe veins. sorts, for some are externall, some internall. The externall spring from the axillar branch, and are placed under the skin, which covereth the dugs to nourish it, and are called Thoracicae superiores, or the uppermost brest veins. The internall or inferior called mammariae, spring from the rami subclavii. They are in number two, whereof one doth match downward straight by the sides of the brest bone. When they are come to the macranata cartilago, they passe out of the brest, and goe downward by the lower part of the musculi recti. When they are come to the umbilicall region almost, they are joyned with skin, by sundry inosculations, with the venae epigastricae, which meet them there.

These venae epigastricae, spring from the externall ramusiliacus, and by a straight way passe upward under these muscles. From this same branch, spring the vena hypogastricae which are inserted into the neck and bottome of the matrix.

There are arteriae mammariae The arteries. in like manner, which spring from the rami subclavii, and goe downe to the navell. Whither when they are come, they are united by inosculation with the Arteriae epigastricae ascending.

They have nerves from the fourth intercostall nerve,Nerves. which about the middle of the rib, perforating the intercostall muscle, is divided into foure branches, which are sent afterward to the pectorall muscle, the thicker passing to the nipple.

Betweene these glandulousThe fat. bodies and vessels plenty of fat is placed to procure smoothnesse & equality to the paps. If this be wasted either by sicknesse of old age, the dugs become flaggy.

The paps are of figureThe figure of the dugs. round; both, that they should be more capable of milk, and lesse subject to brufings.

In number they areTheir number. two, that if one should faile, the other should supply the defect.

In Men, Women, andTheir situation. Apes, which carry their young ones in their armes, they are seated in the brest: 1. That the mother should take pleasure by beholding the child. 2. That by the talking of the mother, the child should learne to speake, and be endued with reason. 3. That being neere to the heart, they should receive plenty of heat. 4. For beauty. 5. For convenient giving of suck, for the child cannot presently goe when it is borne; but must be borne in the armes and applyed to the teat. 6. For the commodity of the act of generation. 7. For the defence of the vitall parts. 8. For the incitation of lust. 9. To be a receptacle of excrementitious humours. So women are often troubled with cancers.

The nipple is placed inOf the nipple. the middle of the dug, where the milky conduits end. It is a round body standing out, that the infant may take hold of it with the lips. It is of a fungous substance, that it may admit distention and contraction. It hath many holes: which appeare when the milk is pressed out. It is rougher than the other parts of the dug, that the infant may the more firmly hold it. It is of an exquisit sense, that the nurse should find some pleasure, when she giveth suck: It is framed of the reduplicatiō of the skin.

Now the milk whichWhat milk is. is drawen thorow the holes of it by the Infant, is nothing else but a white liquour, engendered of the venall and arteriall bloud, sent from the matrix, and altered by the glandules of the dugs; in taste pleasant, which is easily cincocted by the stomack, and doth speedily and plentifully nourish.

As for the muscles, they are set down in the Treatise of Muscles, Cap. 15.

The bones, which were said to be the third proper externall containing part, are set downe in doctrine of bones.

CAP. III. Of the proper internall containing parts.

THese are in number three, the Pleura, the Mediastinum, and the Pericardium.

The Pleura hath its denomination from the ribs, under which it is placed, and so it may be termed in English the costall membrane.

It is a membrane,Its substance. white, thin, hard, resembling the Peritonaeum

Spigelius de human. corp. Fabr. lib. 9. cap 3. will have it to be thicker and stronger than the Peritonaeum, contrary to the opinion of Riolan, who affirmeth the Peritonaeum to be thicker and stronger; because it is appointed for the sustaining the weight of the guts.

It is every where double: the inner part isIts parts. thickest, smoothest, and as it were bedewed with a watrish humour, that it should not hurt the lungs by its roughnesse: This watrish humour doth spring from the vapours raised from the blood condensed, by respective coldnesse of the membrane. The outer part is thinner, yet rougher; that it should cleave the more firmely to the ribs.

As for its figure, withoutIts figure. it is arched, within hollow: Above it is narrower, below broader, chiefly towards the sides: From it spring some sinewy fibres, by the which the lungs are tied to it. If these be too strait, the motion of the lungs is hindered, and so an uncurable difficulty of breathing procured.

Above it is perforat inIts holes. five places, to give way to the vena cava, and the aorta ascending, the gula, the wind-pipe, and the nerves of the sixth paire. Below where it covereth the midrife, it is perforat in three places, to give way to vena cava, and the aorta descending, as also to the gula.

It is framed of theIts beginning. membranes, covering the spinalis medulla; for those joyning with the sinews of the brest, growing broader, produce it.

It hath veins and arteriesThe vessels. for nourishment and life, and nerves for feeling.

On each side it hathVeins. 12. veins; whereof the two uppermost spring from the higher intercostall branch, and the ten lower from the vena sine pari.

Some many arteries are in like manner;Arteries. whereof the foure uppermost proceed from the superior intercostall, and the inferior eight, from the hinder part of the aorta, descending.

It hath twelve nervesNerves. in like manner; wherof the fore branches which spring from the vertebrae of the brest, are bestowed upon the forepart; but the hindermost branches are bestowed upon the muscles, which are placed upon the back.

These vessels are placedThe seat of the vessels and the pleuresie. betweene the duplication of the pleura, and the pleuresie it selfe is not seated in this place onely; but betweene the pleura also, and the intercostall muscles. ItIts uses. hath two uses: First, to wrap in all the vitall parts: Secondly, to defend them from all externall injuries.

The second membraneOf the Mediastinum. is the mediastinum because it standeth in the middle of the brest, and divideth the right side from the left.

In hath not onely a duplication as the pleura hath, but is double also; for one is in the right side, the other in the left. They are united according to the longitude of the vertevrae of the back; but severed towards the sternum.

In the cavity betweenObservation these parts of the mediastinum, one may bee deeply wounded, without any great danger of death. Such a wound you shall easily discern; First, if small store of bloud issue out. Secondly, if no breath come out.

This cavity is seene when the Cartilago xiphoides is removed. In the dropsie of the lungs, and when corrupt mattet is gathered, the sternum here may be tripaned.

The substance of it isIts substance. membranous, yet thinner and softer than the pleura. The inner side towards the lungs is smooth, and hath fat about the vessels; but the exterior is rougher, by reason of the fibres, by the which it is tied to the pleura.

It reacheth from theIts largenesse. throat to the midrife.

As for its vessels, veinsIts veins. Its arteries. and arteries, it hath from those called mammariae, but small, and from vena sine pari.

It hath one speciall vein called mediastina, which springeth from the lower part of ramus subclavius.

The nerves called stomachici Its nerves. passe by the reduplication of it. It hath three uses: First, it divideth the breast and lungs in two parts, that one being wounded the other should be safe.

Secondly, it holdeth up the pericardium firmly, wherein the heart is contained, that it should not rest upon the backbone when we ly upon our back, or that it should fall upon the brest bone when wee bend our selves towards the ground, or touch the ribs when we ly upon our sides.

Thirdly, it giveth a safe passage to the vessels which passe by it.

The third proper containingOf the pericardium. part is the pericardium, so called because it compasseth the whole heart, whose figure it hath, for it is pyramidall. It is so farre distant from the heart, as is sufficient to give way to the motion of the same, and the containing of the waterish humour.

It hath two membranes:Its membranes. 1. Outer from the mediastinum, it isIts connexion. tied before and behind to the pleura; fromIts beginning. whence both the mediastinum and pericardium originally spring. 2. Inner from proceeding from the externall tunicles of the vessels of the heart: for within the pericardium the vessels lack their common tunicle, it having beene spent upon the pericardium.

The externall membrane is fibrous; but the internall is slippery, but firme and thick. The motion of it is secondary from the heart.

It leaneth more to theIts situation. left side than to the right, and more to the fore than back part. It cleaveth so firmly to the nervous circle of the midrife, that it cannot be separat from it without renting, to direct the motion of the heart.

It is perforat in fiveIts holes. places. In two for the entering in, and passing out of the vena cava. In three for vena arteriosa, and arteria venosa, and the passing out of the aorta.

It hath small veinsIts vessels. from the phrenicae, the axillar. No arteries appeare, because it is neere enough to the heart.

It hath two uses:Its uses. First, to keepe the heart in its owne place, whether we bend our body backwards, forwad, or to either side.

Secondly, to containe the watrish humour, which is sundry waies profitable: for first, it tempereth the heat of the heart: Secondly, it moystneth the same: Thirdly, it maketh it slippery: Last of all the pericardia defendeth the heart as an armour from all externall injuries.

The watrish humourThe watrish humour in the pericardium. which is contained in the pericardium, is like urine: yet not sharp or saltish. If it be thock and slimy, is causeth the heart to be hairy. If it be too copious, it causeth the painting of the heart, which is cured by phlebotomy. It is too plentifull in those who have obstructions of the mesaraicall veins, liver, or spleene: for in such the thinnest part of the chylus onely is drawne for nourishment, and so the bloud becommeth watrish.

Some thinke it toIts generation. proceed from a seminall aquosity, even from the first generation: as the aire within the eares is from a flatuous. Others think that it is engēdered of vapours raised from the bloud, and waterishnesse of the veins and arteries of the heart, and condensed by the respective coldnesse of the membrane, and by his meane the peritonaeum and the pleura seeme alwaies bedewed with moysture.

It seemeth that the first beginning of it is a seminall humidity, and that is maintained afterward by the vapours.

Sometimes also thereThe bloudy water in the capacity of the brest. is contained in the capacity of the brest, a bloody water to moysten, and temper the heat of the lungs.

It is caused partly of the vapours raised from the vessels, partly of that portion of drink, which passeth to the lungs: and by reason of this, water and bloud did flow from the side of our Saviour, pierced.

CAP. IIII. Of the truncke ascending from the Vena cava.

NOw the parts contained in the brest, are either vasa or viscera, the vessels or the entrals.

The vessels are in number foure, the vena cava, the vena arterialis, the arteria venosa, and the aorta or arteria magna.

The first is theThe Vena cava. vena cava or magna, because the hollownesse of it is great. It hath its beginning from the liver. The orifice of it is three times as large as that of the aorta: being received by the right care of the heart, it is expanded into the whole right ventricle of the same.

About the orifice of itIts values. are placed three values called trifulcae or tri • uspides: because arising from a large foot, they end into a narrow top representing barbed arrowes.

Their situation is from without inward, so that the bloud may be let in, but not returne. They proceed from a membranous circle, annexed to the orifice: They cleave to the septum of the heart, towards the point of it bee strong fibres ending in round caruncules.

If you would see these as the rest of the values, cut transversly the ventricles of the heart neere to the basis, and then they will appeare.

It hath two trunkes,The trunk ascending. one descending, and this is that which is caused of a number of small veins, appearing in the hollow part of the liver, which meet about the middle of it in one trunck still decreasing in number, and increasing in bignesse.

The other ascending, this is procured by a number of small veins, springing from the convex part of the liver, which end in like manner into one trunck about the middle of it.

This is bigger than the descending, because all the upper parts are fed by this onely; whereas most of the parts contained in the abdomen, are nourished by the vena portae.

Although it bee notThe laterall sprigs of the trunk ascending. divided into branches untill it come to the throat; yet it doth send forth sundry sprigs from the sides.

The first is called phrenica, 1. Phrenica. one in each side It is inserted into the diaphragma, which is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , by a number of twigs, and from thence it bestoweth twigs upon the pericardium, and mediastinum.

The second is called Coronaria, so called because like a garland it compasseth the basis of the heart. It sendeth sundry twigges to the outer parts of the heart; but chiefly to the left: because it needeth greater store of nourishment, by reason of its stronger motion.

This hath a value which hindereth the returne of the bloud, to the vena cava. This springeth from the cava, before it enter into the heart, and the bloud is somewhat thick, and not attenuat in the ventricles of the heart; for the substance of the heart, being hard, and firme, was to be nourished by bloud somewhat grosse.

The third is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 3.Vena sine pari. or sine pari, without a mate, because it hath not a fellow as other veins have in the left side, if you except those beasts which chew the cud.

This springeth from the cava, as soone as it is come out of the pericardium. It passeth out of the hinder and right part of the vena cava, about the fift vertebra of the brest. It doth not descend straight way: But comming a little forward, it returneth towards the spina.

When it is come to the eighth or ninth rib above the spina, it is divided into two branches, to wit, the right and the left: Then passing by the division of the midrife, which is between the two productions of it, they are spread thorow the abdomen. Of these two, the left is inserted into the left emulgent.

By this way Fallopius By which way matters in the brest are discharged. will have watrish, pu • ulent and bloudy substances to be discharged, which sometimes are contained in the brest; while these branches march downeward: In each side ten sprigs bud out, which march thorow so many distances of so many of the inferior ribs.

In the lower part of the rib, there is a groop to receive the sprig. Wherefore when you make incision in an empiena, come not neere to this part. From this vein other small twigs also proceed; which afford nourishment to the spinalus medulla.

These are called costales inferiures, or the lower intercostals. The vena sine pari thus being framed, the cava ascendeth to the jugulum, strengthned by the media stinum and the thymus; which is placed in the uppermost part of the brest.

Here the vena cava The divarication of the vena cava. is parted into 2. remarkable branches: From whence all those veins spring, which are sent either to the head or armes. One branch marcheth to the right, another to the left side, while they remaine within the brest, they are called subclavii, because they march under the cannell bones; but when they are come to the arme pit, they are called axillares.

Before they come toSprigs proceeding from the cava within the brest. the arme pit, sundry sprigs spring from them.

The first is intercostalis superior, 1. Intercostalis superior. this ariseth from the root of the divarication, and passing by the roots of two ribs, bestoweth twigs upon the distances of the two upper ribs, as the vena sine part did: there is one in each side.

The second is called mammaria;2. Mammaria. this marcheth forwards towards the upper part of the bone of the brest. From thence it goeth downe by the sides of it, and when it is come to the cartilago mucronata, about the sides of it, it passeth out of the brest, and marcheth by a straight way under the straight muscles to the navill, where it is joyned with the vena epigastrica ascendens by inosculation: which is the cause of that great consent, which is betweene the paps and the matrix. This before it leave the brest, it bestoweth one branch upon the cartilaginous distances of seven of the costae verae, where the sprigs of the vena sine pari end. From these branches proceed some other remarkable twigs, which are bestowed upon those muscles, which are seated upon the brest, and the dugs.

The third is called Mediastina, 3. Mediastina. because it is bestowed upon the mediastinum together with the left nerve of the midrife, according to the length of it.

The fourth is called Cervicalis or vertebralis. 4. Cervicalis. It is large in each side, marching upwards obliquely towards the back part, it commeth to the transverse processes of the vertebrae of the neck, where passing thorow the holes of them, it bestoweth branches upon the muscles, which lye above the vertebrae.

The fifth is called Muscula inferior, 5. Muscula inferior. because it is spent upon the lower muscles of the neck, which stretch out the neck and head.

The sixth is the internall jugular,6. The internall jugular. this ariseth where the cannell bone is articulat with the sternum. This joyned with the nerve recurrent, and the soporall artery, marcheth by the side of the wind-pipe, to the throat.

The seventh is the externall jugular, this marching up under the skin, and the qoadrat muscle, which pulleth downe the cheeks, commeth to the eare. This in beasts is bigger than the internall: otherwise than it is in man.

CAP. V. Of Vena arterialis, and arteria venalis.

THe second vessell in the brest is Vena arterialis. Vena arterialis. It is a vein from its office: for it carrieth naturall blood to the lungs by the right side of the wind pipe: It is called an artery, because the coat of it is double, not single as that of veins. It doth spring from the upper part of the right ventricle of the heart, and is implanted into the substance of the lungs by the right side of the windpipe.

The third vessell is arteria venalis. Arteria venalis. It is called an artery, because is carrieth arteriall bloud; but a vein, because it hath a single coat as a vein. It ariseth from the upper part of the left ventricle of the heart, and is implanted into the substance of the lungs by the left side of the wind-pipe.

The Vena arterialis The values of these two vessels. hath three values called Sigmoides, from the figure of the great sigma, which answereth the Latine S. the figure is this C. They looke from within outwards, to let out the bloud; but to hinder the returne of the same.

The Arteria venalis hath two values called mitrales, because they are like a Bishops Miter. They looke from without inward, to let in bloud carried from the vena arterialis. They are bigger than those of vena cava, and have longer filaments, and to strengthen them many fleshy snippets are joyned to them.

It hath two values only, that the fuliginous vapours might the more readily be discharged.

It hath also but a single thin coat, partly for the same purpose, partly because the bloud sent from the vena arteriosa is cooled by the bronchia of the lungs before it entereth into arteria venalis it needeth not so thick a coat as an artery, and because veins only carry in bloud, and arteries carry out, therefore arteria venalis is placed in the left ventricle, and vena arterialis in the right. Both these vessels not farre from their beginning, are divided into two branches, whereof the one passeth to the right part of the lungs, and the other to the left; and each of these is subdivided into other branches, untill at the last they end in small threeds.

The greater branches accompany one another, so that the vein still marcheth with the arteriae joyned together by many inosculations or anastomoses.

Betweene them the branches of aspera arteria march. These vessels are great, because the lungs by reason of their perpetuall motion require much nourishment.

First, the bloud isHow the bloud is carried to the left ventricle of the heart. carried into the lungs by vena arterialis, and from hence to arteria venalis, by sundry anastomoses, and from hence to the left ventricle of the heart. Where being made spirituous, it is sent by the aorta, to impart life to the whole body.

One thing is to be noted, that no aire in its proper substance is carried to the heart: for the bloud contained in these two vessels, is sufficiently cooled by the bronchia passing between them.

The bloud is cooled,How the bloud is cooled. First, by staying in the lungs while it is in passing.

Secondly, by touching the bronchia cooled by the attraction of fresh aire: And thirdly, by the continuall motion of the lungs.

One thing is to be noted, that in arteria venosa a little below the values there is found a little value ever open. It being removed, there appeareth a hole, by the which the blood passeth freely from the vena cava to it, and returneth by reason of this anastomosis; that the bloud in the veins may be animat.

CAP. VI. Of the great artery, and first of the trunke ascending of the same.

THe fourth vessell is the great artery called aorta; because it receiveth the aire. It springeth from the upper part of the left ventricle of the heart, where it is largest and hardest.

Before it come out of Coronaria arteria. the Pericardium, it sendeth two small twigs, from each side one: which compasse the basis of the heart like a garland, and send down according to the length of the heart other twigs: These are called Coronariae. These twigs are more in number, and larger about the left ventricle than the right, because it requireth greater plenty of nourishment, by reason of its stronger motion, which digesteth much bloud.

It is placed betweenThe situation of the aorta. the wind pipe, and the vena cava, tied to the mouth of the stomack, passing under the trunk of vena arteriosa upward,Its trunkes. when it hath pierced the Pericardium, it is divided into two trunks; whereof the one is called truncus ascendens, the ascending trunk: The other descendens, the descending.

Of these two the descending is largest, because it ministreth life to more parts.

This ascending trunkThe branches of the trunk ascending. before it passe to the armes, is divided into two branches, whereof one passeth to the right, the other towards the left arme; they are called subclavii rami, because they march under the canell bones. When they are gone out of the brest, they are called Axillares. From both the lower and upper part of both these branches, sundry sprigs doe spring.

From the upper partFrom the upper part. proceedeth intercostalis superior, which bestoweth twigs upon the distances of the uppermost foure ribs. From whence others are sent to the adjacent muscles and the spinalis medulla.

1From the lower springethFrom the lower part. that branch, which is called Cervicalis, but more fitly Vertebralis; for it springeth behind where the vertebrae; from thence marching upwards it bestoweth twigs upon the spinalis medulla, which enter by the passages, by the which the nerves, as also upon the muscles, which are placed in the hinder part of the neck, and at the last entereth into the Cranium, by that hole, by the which the spinalis medulla descendeth from the braine.

This with its fellow whē it is come to the sell of the wedge-like bone on each side of it, betweene the first and second paire of sinews, having beene divided, cause Plexus choroides.

2The second, the Arteria mammaria, which accompanying the Vena mammaria is joyned with the epigastrica arteria, ascending by inosculation about the navell.

3The third is that called Muscula, and is distributed upon the muscles of the neck.

4The fourth is the Soporall, one on each side; so called, because if they be stopped, sleep doth immediatly follow.

These soporall arteries when they are come to the throat, they are divided in two branches, to wit, the externall, which is lesser, and the internall, which is larger.

The externall bestowed twigs upon the muscles of the face, upon the roots of all the teeth of the lower jaw, having entered into the cavity of the mandible, and going out upon the chin.

The internall branch when it hath about the throat, it hath bestowed twigs upon the tongue and larynx, about the lower part of the skull, it is divided into two branches, whereof the lesser and hindermost accompanying the branch of the internall jugular marcheth toward the hindermost part of the skull, and entering at the second hole of the nowle entereth into the hollownesse of the dura mater.

The formost and the largest, when it hath entered into the cavity of the skull thorow it proper hole in the parietall bone, and is come to the sell of the wedge-like bone, it maketh rete mirabile, which in beasts is large, but in man very obscure.

CAP. VII. Of the descending trunke of the aorta.

THE descending trunke of the aorta about the fifth vertebra of the breast bending towards the left side marcheth downwards towards the last vertebra of the loynes.

In this march it sendeth forth sundry branches, which are these:

1. Intercostall inferiorThe branches of the trunke descending. arteries in number eight.

2. Phraenicae two. 3. Caeliaca one. 4. Mesenterica superior. 5. Emulgentes two. 6. Spermaticae two. 7. Mesenterica inferior. 8. Lumbares.

The inferior intercostall1. The Inferior intercostals. arteries, accōpanying the veins and nerves of the same denomination march according to the length of the lower part of the ribs, where there is a hollownesse to receive them, and in the true ribs end where the cartilages begin; but in the short ribs they goe a little further, even to the sides of the lower belly.

These send sprigs by the holes of the nerves to the marrow of the back, and to the muscles which rest upon the vertebrae of the back.

These not only affordBy what way quittour and water is sent from the br 〈◊◊〉 the 〈◊〉 . spirits and bloud, to the intercostall muscles; but carry also quittour and water gathered in the cavity of the brest, sent by the trunk of the aorta to the bladder, by the emulgent arteries, according to Spigelius lib. 6. cap. 4. whereas Fallopius will have these m • ters to be sent by vena sintpari; but this a shorter way.

Phrenicae are two,2. Phrenicae. one on each side: they spring from the trunk as soone as it is come out of the cavity of the brest, and being spread into many twigs, whereof the most are bestowed upon the lower part of the midrife, where the vertebra of the back are; and some also upon the upper part, which afterward passe to the pericardium, where it cleaveth to the midrife.

Caeliaca is one, so called3. Caeliaca. because it sendeth twigs to the stomack. This springeth from the fore-part of the trunk. This bestoweth branches upon the stomack, liver, gall, caule, the duodenum, the beginning of the jejunum, to a part of Colon, to the Pancreas, and spleene.

Mesenterica superior doth arise a little below the caeliaca, accompanying the vena mesaraica. It bestoweth many twigs upon the hungry and ilium gut, as also upon that part of Colon, which lieth betweene the hollow part of the liver, and the right kidny. So that this branch is bestowed upon the upper part of the mesentery.

5The Emulgent arteries are two; the right and the left. They spring from both the sides of the trunk under the former, where the first and second vertebra of the loines are coupled by a ligament. The left is lower than the right. These when they are come to the kidnies are divided into two branches, which are inserted into the cavities of the kidnies, and by innumerable small twigs are spent upon the substance of the kidnies. The use of these, besides the common, is to discharge the serosity of the arteries, whereof they have great store.

6 Spermatica or seminales, the Seminary; they are in like manner two, which spring from the forepart of the trunk.

The left artery doth not spring from the left emulgent artery as the vein doth. These marching downward, accompany the veins of their side. In men they are carried to the stones by the productions of the peritonaeum; but in women when they are come neere to the stones, they are divided in two branches, whereof the one is bestowed upon the stones, and the other upon the bottome of the matrix, in the sides of it.

Mesenterica inferior, it7springeth about the os sacrum, from the trunk a little above before it sendeth forth the rami iliaci. It is bestowed upon the left part of the Colon, and the rectum, and accompanieth the Hemorrhidicall veins to the anus.

Lumbares rami, the8Loyne branches, in number foure; They spring from the back-part of the descending trunk of the aorta. These passe to the vertebrae of the loynes, and their marrow by their holes, as also to the adjacent muscles. Some things here offer themselves to be observed.

1. That when either the colicke is changed into the gout, or cōtrariwise the gout into the colick; if the lest happen, then the humours are sent from the crurall arteries to the trunke, and from thence to the mesentericall branches of the arteries; and from thence to the guts. If the first happen, then the humours passe the contrary way, Read Hip. 6. Epid. Sect. 4.

2. If the colick turn either to a palsey, or falling sicknesse, as it may fall out, according to aegenet. lib. 3. cap. 43. then the humour doth returne from the Colon by the mesentericall arteries, to the trunke, and from hence to the Lumbares, which being filled compresse the adjacent nerves: from whence difficulty of going insueth; which may be called an imperfect palsey. If the falling sicknesse be pr • cured, the humour is sent to the groyne arteries, and thence to the braine.

3. Clysters may purge the whole body: for the clyster moistning the whole Colon, may by the twigs of the arteries draw noysome humours from the trunk, and when purgation is caused by anointing the navill (which often falled out in using the unction for the pox,) or vomiting by ministring a clyster, wherein white hellebore is, first the arteries draw the force of the medicaments, and this same faculty againt doth purge by the arteries.

9. Arteriae sacrae, or9those branches which goe to the os sacrum. They spring from the lower part of the trunk, before it sendeth out the Rami ili • ci. They are somewhat large. They marching downeward, and leaning upon the os sacrum, enter into the holes of it, and so passe to the marrow and hinder part of the same. By these the matter which causeth the colick may passe to procure the palsey of the legs.

Iliace arteriae, these arising10 below the former about the lower vertibra of the loynes, and mount above the vein, lest it should be hurt by the hardnesse of the os sacrum, in their continuall motion.

They being in number two large branches, called Arteriae iliaca or flancke arteries, and marching downward to the thigh obliquely they represent the Greeke Y. inverted. These a little below the division of the trunk are subdivided into two branches, to wit, the internall or lesser Iliaca, and the externall or greater.

The internall hath two branches: The one is called Glutaea, and with a vein of the same denomination, and is bestowed upon the muscles, which make up the buttocks: The other is called Hypogastrica.

This is large, this being carried directly to the lower part of the os sacrum, in men it bestoweth twigs to the bottom and neck of the bladder, and to the straight Gut; but in women wherein it is larger, it sendeth plenty of twigs upon the bottome and neck of the matrix besides the former parts. The externall or greater hath two branches.

The first is called Epigastrica. It springeth from the outer part of the artery a little before it passe thorow the Peritonaeum, and turning upwards it mounteth upwards by the inner side of the straight muscle of the belly: and about the navill it is inosculat with the arteries descending.

The second is called pudenda, this is but a small branch, and when it is come out of the Peritonaeum, it passeth obliquely by the joyning of the os pubis, and is bestowed upon the skin of the secret parts.

One thing is to be noted,A note. that the Arteria umbilicalis springeth from the internall Iliaca, and going alongst the great artery, is firmly tyed to the bladder by strong membranes.

When the child is in the belly, it is hollow; but without hollownes when the infant is come.

About the orifice ofThe values. these vessels. II. values are to be seene, if the ventricles of the heart be dissected transverse neere to the bajis. Of these some are called trisulcae, and resemble a barbed arrow, some semilunares or Sigmoides, because they resemble a halfe moone, or the Greeke leetter called C. Those bend inwards, because they are set before the vessels which carry in bloud.

These bend outward, because they are appointed for the vessels which carry out the bloud.

The Vena cava hath three Trisulcae; but the Arteria venosa two.

The Aorta, and vena arteriosa have three Sigmoides.

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So much then concerning the vessels of the Brest: now follow the entrals.

CAP. VIII. Of the Heart.

OF these there are foure: the Heart, the Lungs, the Wind-pipe, and part of the Gullet. In the explication of the heart; First, the Swadler is to bee considered, and then the substance of the heart it selfe.

The Swadler, called Pericardium or Capsula cordis, is a membrane wrapping in the whole heart, having the figure of the same, having such distance from the heart, and to containe the watrish humour. It is perforat in five places for the comming in, and going out of the vena cava, and for egresse of the other three. The substance of it is thicke and firme. The outer superficies is fibrous; but the inner, smooth and slippery. It is tyed to the Mediastinum, and adjacent parts by sundry fibres. It doth cleave firmly to the sinewy circle of the midrife; but not so in dogs.

It hath its beginning from the tunicles, which compasse the vessels which proceed from the pleura; for between the heart and the pericardium, the membrane from the pleura is wanting. It containeth a watrish substance, not sharpe for the refrigeration and humefaction of the heart: As in the cavity of the brest a moysture is found like water and bloud, mingled together. So from the side of our Saviour pierced, water and bloud did flow.

The Pericardium hath veins from the phrenicae and axillar. No arteries appeare; because it is neere enough to the heart. It hath small nerves from the left recurrent.

As for the heart, the substance of it is compact and firme, and full of fibres of all sorts. The upper part is called 〈2 pages missing〉 hath a small nerve from the sixt conjugation for feeling; but not motion, for it moveth of it selfe: of all the parts of the body, it is the hottest; for it is the well spring of life, and by arteries communicateth it to the rest of the body. The heart hath two motions, Diastole, and Systole. In Diastole or dilatation of the heart, the conus is drawne from the basis, to draw bloud by the cava to the right ventricle, and aire by arteria venosa to the left ventricle. In Systole or contraction, on, the conus is drawne to the basis.

First, that the vitall spirit may be thrust from the left ventricle of the heart into the aorta.

Secondly, that the arteriall bloud may bee thrust into the lungs, by arteria venalis.

Thirdly, that the bloud may bee pressed to the lungs, in the right ventricle by vena arterialis.

The parts of the heart are either, externall or internall. The externall are the eares.

The eares are annexed to the firme substance of the heart about the basis of it, before the mouths of the vessels. They are of a nervous substance for strength, yet thin and soft, for the easier contraction and dilatation: the left is thicker than the right. When they are distended, they are smooth; but being contracted they are wrinckled.

They are storehouses of the heart: for they first receive the aire and bloud, lest they immediatly rushing into the heart might offend it, and they strengthen the vessels. These eares are two in number: the right which is greatest, this is before the vena cava, and the left the lesser, before the arteria venosa.

They are called eares not from the office of hearing, but from the likenesse; they representing the figure of an eare. Death approaching, when the heart is immoveable, they move; so we see that a small gale of wind, which moveth not the tree moveth the leaves.

The internall parts of the heart are the ventricles or cavities, and the septum.

The ventricles are in number two, the right and the left.

The right is larger than the left, yet the left hath thicker sides, and within is more unequall than the right.

The right ventricle receiveth bloud from the vena cava, to be sent by vena arteriosa to the lungs, and reacheth not to the conus.

The left ventricle is not so wide as the right: yet the fleshy circumference is thrice as thick as that of the right. It doth elaborat the vitall spirit of the blood and aire drawne in by arteria venosa.

The septum, so called because it separateth the right ventricle from the left, is that thick and fleshy substance set between the two cavities.

Riolan will have the matter of the vitall bloud to passe thorow the holes or porosites of it, from the right to the left ventricle, but that hardly any instrument can shew them: First, because they goe not straight, but wreathed. Secondly, because they are exceeding narrow in the end. He affirmeth that they are more easily discerned in an Oxe heart boiled.

CAP. IX. Of the Lungs, Wind-pipe, and Gullet.

AS for the lungs, the substance of them in Infants, whilest they are in the wombe, is red and compact; but after birth because they begin to move with the heart by heat and motion, this substance beginneth to be more loose and spongious, and of a pale yellow colour, that they may the more easily rise, and fall to receive the aire, and expell superfluities.

The substance of the lungs is covered with a membrane communicated by the pleura: for the vessels as soone as they enter into the substance of the lungs, they leave the coat which they borrowed of the pleura, and leave it for covering of the lungs. This membrane is porous, to give way to impurities, contained in the cavity of the brest, to passe thorow the loose substance of the lungs, to be discharged by expectoration.

When the lungs are blowne up, they fill the whole cavity of the brest.

In figure they are like to an Oxes hoofe. The outer part is gibbous; the inward hollow: the lungs are divided into the right and left part, each of these hath two lobes, seldome three, with the which as with fingers they embrace the heart. Nature hath ordained this division, that if one side of the lungs should be hurt, the other might discharge the office.

The lungs and brest are divided by the benefit of the mediastinum, which is a double membrane framed of the pleura; for the pleura beginning at the back, passeth to the sternum by the sides: when it is come to the middle of the sternum, it directly from thence passes to the back againe.

The cavity which the reduplication of the pleura leaveth here is above wider, but towards the back narrower and narrower, untill the membranes be united. Penetrating wounds going no further than this cavity, are not deadly. The mediastinum is softer than the pleura.

The lungs are joyned to the sternum by the mediastinum, behind the vertebra of the back: towards the sides to the pleura by fibres sometimes they are tyed, which causeth difficulty of breathing. It is joyned to the heart by vena arteriosa, and arteria venosa.

The lungs have three vessels, vena arteriosa, arteria venosa, and trachaea arteria: these two marching together have betweene them inserted a branch of the trachaea arteria, carying aire to coole them.

On this is to be noted, that the vessels of the lungs differ from those 〈1 page duplicate〉 〈1 page duplicate〉 in other parts of the body: for the veins have the coats of arteries, that no alimentary moysture should breathe out: and the arteries have the coats of veins, that the vitall bloud might the more speedily passe, with the fuliginous excrements, and the pure aire come in more plentifully.

The lungs have no faculty of themselves to move, but follow the motion of the brest, to shunne vacuity; for when the brest doth dilate it selfe, the lungs are filled with aire and raised up; and when the brest contracteth it selfe they fall. That the lungs follow the motion of the brest, this experience sheweth: Let one receive a penetrating wound in the brest, if the aire enter in, the lungs cannot move, because the vacuity of the brest being filled with aire, the motion of the brest ceasing, the motion of the lungs ceaseth also. A few twigs of sinews come to the membrane; but none to the substance: for they might have caused 〈1 page duplicate〉 〈1 page duplicate〉 paine in the motion of the lungs.

CAP. X. Of the Wind-pipe.

THe third entrall contained in the brest is trachaea, or aspera arteria, fistula and canna pulmonis, the wind-pipe. It is a pipe by the which the lungs as bellowes draw the aire, for the refreshing of the heart, and send out fuliginous vapours, turned out from the heart by arteria venosa. The substance of it is cartilaginous, because by it living creatures cause their noises, and soundings, and so it must have beene hard; yet not so hard as a bone, because the motion had beene painfull. It is not framed of one whole piece, for then it would have remained still in one positure, and could not have suffered contraction and dilatation. Wherefore it is made up of sundry round cartilages, which are tyed together by ligaments, which in men are more fleshy, is beasts more membranous.

The fourth part of these cartilaginous ringes towards the gullet is wanting, and is supplied by a membranous substance, that swallowing of solid things might not be hindered.

It consisteth of two parts: the upper is called larynx, the lower bronchus; because it is bedewed with some part of the drinke: for if you give to a dogge saffron disolved in milk, if you presently kill him, and open the lungs, you shall find some part of this mixture.

The branches of the wind-pipe disseminat thorow the lungs, as placed middle between vena arteriosa, which is in the hinder part, and arteria venosa, which is in the forepart: which are joyned by anastomosis or inosculation. It is girt with two membranes. The externallis thin, and cleaveth fast to the ligaments of the rings, and guideth the recurrent nerves thither. The internall is thicker, and preceedeth from the membrane, which covereth the roofe of the mouth.

This being strong, is not so easily offended by salt rheumes, and shin liquours. It is very sensible, that it might be the more easily moved to send forth things offensive. It is also bedewed with an unctuous humour, to withstand the injury of sharp things, and to cause the voyce to be more pleasant. So if salt rheumes bedew this membrane, the voyce becomes hoarse; if this humour be dryed in fevers, squeeking.

Larynx is the upper part of the wind-pipe. When the gullet bendeth downward in swallowing, this starteth upwards to give way to swallowing; it hath five cartilages.

1. Scutiformis, or buckler-like, for within it is hollow, but without embossed. That part which sticketh out is called Pomum Adami, Adams apple.

2. Annularis, because it is like a Turkish ring, and compasseth the whole larynx: In the hinder part it is broad, and thick.

3. And 4. Guttalis, because it resembleth that part of the pot, which is called gutturnium. These two being joyned together, make the chinke, which fashioneth the voyce. This chinke is called glottis, or lingula, the little tongue.

5. Is Epiglottis, being set above the glottis; it shutteth it. It is of a soft substance resembling a tongue, or the leafe of the wood-bind, and on every side bound with a membrane, proceeding from the mouth.

The Larynx hath veins from the externall jugular, arteries from the Soporall, and nerves from the recurrent branches of the sixt paire.

The glandules of the larynx are either superior or inferior. The superior are two, one on each side of the uvula or gargareon, which are called vulgarly amigdalae or the almonds; these receive humidity from the braine, which they turn in flegme to moisten the larynx, throat, tongue, and gullet, and to be a meane for tasting: for tasting cannot be performed without moysture. They are seated about the root of the tongue, covered with the skin of the mouth, and receive veins from the jugulars. The inferior are in number two, one on each side of the lower part of the larynx, they are fungous, and larger in women than men.

The larynx is framed for the voyce, the remote instruments of the voice are the brest and lungs; the neerer, either prepare, as the wind-pipe; or helpe, as the sinews and muscles; or keepe it, as the throat and mouth; or immediatly forme the voyce, and that is glottis, for the aire being blowne out forcibly by the lungs, it beating upon the chinke, shut reasonably, procureth the voyce.

CAP. XI. Of the gullet.

OEsophagus or gula, the gullet, is that part by the which as a funnell, meat and drink are turned down into the stomack. It is framed of three tunicles.

The first is very thin, and appeareth destitute of fibres; this it hath from the peritonaeum, common also to the stomack; the other two are proper: whereof the middlemost is more fleshy, thick and soft; it hath straight and long fibres.

The innermost is more sinewy, and harder, the fibres of it are transverse and circular. Veins some it hath from ramus coron rius, or round branch of the porta, and some from cava. Arteries it hath from the caeliaca, and the truck descending of the Aorta. Nerves it hath two sprigs of the sixt paire It is joyned with the throat and larynx by the skin of the mouth which is communicate to it, and the stomack: to the spondils of the back, the wind-pipe, and the parts adjacent by membranes, which arise of the ligaments of the back.

To the hinder part a glandule groweth to cause more easie swallowing by moystning the part. It hath foure muscles.

The first is the circular called by Galen, Sphincter, whereof we have spoken.

The second and third are but small ones, seated in the throat, and proceeding from the palat of the mouth, are implanted into the beginning of the gullet.

The fourth proceedeth from the inner part of the chin, & is inserted into the gullet. In swallowing, then first of all the circular muscle purseth it self, from whence it commeth to passe that the oblique fibres of it, which passe from the gullet to the wind-pipe, are made transverse, and so the larynx is lifted up, and the gula goeth downe. So that as this muscle doth embrace the which is to be swallowed, and beareth it downe; so the fourth seconding this, doth receive it and send it further towards the stomack, that it returneth not.

About the top of the brest, there is a glandulous body, spongious, white and soft, called thymus and lactes: In a calfe a dainty morsell. It holdeth up the branches of the vena cava, and aorta ascending; Which passe to the armes, and saveth them from touching the bones.

CAP. XII. Of the neck.

THe neck, cellum, joyneth the brest and head together. It is long, to helpe the voyce: so those living creatures which make no noyse, have no neck, as fishes; but those who have a long necke, make a huge noyse, as geeses and cranes. The inner parts are the vessels which passe to the head, the wind-pipe, and the gullet with others. The outer are the parts common of the body, and the muscles of these, I will speake in the discourse of muscles. The parts remarkable in section are these.

1. The soporall arteries. 2. Internall jugulars. 3. The recurrent nerves betweene these. 4. The larynx or wind-pipe-head, framed of five cartilages. 5. Glottis the chinke of it. 6. Epiglottis the cover of the chinke. 7. Vvula, which is a red, fleshy, and fungous substance. It is covered with the reduplication of the skin of the roofe of the mouth. 8. Gula or favus, the mouth of the stomack. 9. Tonsillae, the almonds, these moisten the mouth for chewing, and tongue for tasting.

The description of the recurrent nerves, you shall find where the sixt conjugation of nerves, proceeding from the braine, is set downe, cap. 3. of the head.

CAP. I. Of the veins of the Arme.

RAmus subclavius, or the branch of the vena cava, ascending under the cannell bone, when it is come to the arme-pit, it is called axillaris; and it parteth it selfe in two veins, the cephalica, and basilica.

The cephalica in beasts doth wholly spring from the externall jugular; but in man it receiveth only a spring from the externall jugular. Wherfore in diseases of the head, it is not without cause opened. It passeth thorow the upper and outward part of the arme, to the bending of the elbow: where it is divided into two branches; of the which one, joyning with a branch of the basilica, makes the mediana. Wherefore the slope branches, which usually are opened about the bending of the elbow, are only branches of the cephalica, and basilica, which meeting make the median. The other branch of the cephalica marching, according to the length of the radius, reacheth to the hand, thorow which it is spred; but chiefly that part which is betweene the ring finger and the little finger.

There the Salvatella is placed, which is to be opened in melancholy diseases. The basilica passeth thorow the inner and lower part of the arme, accompanied with the artery and nerves.

About its beginning it maketh the thoracica, which having three or foure sprigs, and passing under serratus major, and the subscapular muscle, it is tyed to the upper intercostall, and about the spina dorsi is inosculat with the twigs of vena sine pari. Basilica about the bending of the elbow is divided into that which is called subcutanea, and that which is called profunda.

Profunda the deeper, is annexed to the artery about the bending of the elbow, not under. Then passing betweene the focils it is carried to the hand by the outer part of the ulna.

The subcutanea or the shallowest branch neere to the bending of the arme, being turned off to the outer part of the ulna by the length of it, it is carried to the hand.

The Modiana passed to the inside of the hand by the middle part of the ulna.

CAP. II. Of the arteries of it.

RAmus subclavius so called, as that of the vena cava, when it is come to the arme-pits, it is called axillaris. It accompanieth the basilica: for there is no cephalicall artery. Neere to the arme holes, it yeeldeth that artery, which is called thoracica, from thence being carried to the bending of the arme, it is parted into two branches, which passe to the inner side of the hand: for the outside of the hand hath neither muscles nor artery.

The one of these resting upon the radius, is that which is felt about the wrest.

The other marching by the ulna is with its fellow spread thorow the hand.

CAP. III. Of the sinewes of the Arme.

OUt of the perforations of the foure lower vertebrae of the neck, and of the first two of the back, six sinew: spring, which by the muscle called scalenus, are carried under the cannell bone to the arme-pit, where they are twisted together; from these the foure uppermost accompanying the basilica and the artery under the deltoides muscle, are scattered thorow the inner side of the arme. The fift and sixt, turning up under the rotundus major, are inserted into the hinder muscles of the shoulder blade. Foure remaine which passing along the arme, are spred into the elbow and hand.

1. Being carried under the inner side of the biceps doth joyne it selfe with the cephalica. 2. Being undivided and thicker, goeth down to the bending of the elbow, being covered with fat, and there is under the artery and the basilica; but about the wrest it is above the veine. About the wrest it is divided into ten branches, imparting to every finger two sprigs, which passe along the sides. 3. Being entire also, is carryed all along the elbow by the wrest to the little finger: where divided into foure twigs, it is bestowed upon the outside of the hand. 4. Being thickest of all is carried from the artery and veins by the backe side of the arme to the radius; where being joyned with the Cephalica, it endeth at the wrest.

CAP. IV. Of the veins of the Foot.

THe crurall veine sendeth a branch to musculus triceps called Tschia, and is divided into foure branches: of the which two are in the inside of the thigh, and so many in the outside. The one of the externall is sent to the fat of the thigh, the other passing according to the length of musculus suterius to the ham, and from thence to the inner anckle, maketh the saphena. Of the inner branches the one lying high is joyned with the crurall artery, and passing thorow the outside of the ham, is carried to the outer anckle: the other lying deeper, as it passeth bestoweth twigs to the adjacent parts, and about the ham, maketh the poplitea; from thence being carried between the focils by the chinke of the inner anckle, is bestowed upon the soale of the foot, as the saphena was upon the outward parts. The veins have values within like to a halfe moone; without they are like knots: they are most commonly two together, one on each leaving some distance between, partly to strengthen the coats of the veins, partly to rule the motion of the bloud.

The arteries have no values in their progression, that the vitall spirit may speedily as the beames of the Sunne passe to the furthermost parts.

CAP. V. Of the arteries of the Foot.

ARteria cruralis or the crurall artery, a little below the groyne doth send two branches thorow the muscle triceps to the gloutii, or muscles of the buttocks. Afterward it sendeth two to the forepart of the thigh; then undivided, it passeth to the ham; where it is divided into two branches, whereof the one passeth by the side of the outward part of tibia above the muscle peroneus, and is bestowed upon the upper part of the foot: The other entring into the solaeus, and passing to the pterna, is dispersed thorow the soale of the foot. The saphena is not accompanied with an artery, and the nerve is not very neere unto it, so that it may be safely opened.

CAP. VI. Of the Nerves of the Foot.

FRom the three lowermost vertebrae of the loynes, two sinews spring in the forepart of the thigh, severed first, and then being united, passe to the groyne. There it is divided into five branches, compassed with a membran, which dispersing themselves on every side into the muscles of the forepart of the thigh, even to the rotula, there being cannot be discerned, unlesse the muscle psoa bee rent; within the which they lye hid. Then besides these you shall see another small nerve passing the ovall cavity of os pubis, to bee spent upon the triceps. Thorow the back part of the thigh, a great and thick nerve passeth, framed of three, which spring out of the three upper holes of os sacrum, and being carryed by the sinus of os isthium, thorow the inner and backe muscles of the thigh, to the ham, there it is parted into two branches.

The one goeth down by the belly of the tibia unto the pterna, bestowing twigs as it goeth, passing by the chinke of the inner ankle to the soale of the foot, it is severed into as many branches as there are toes. The other branch marching upon the perone, is carryed to the instep of the foot by the outer ankle. By reason of this great nerve, they who are troubled with the sciarica, find paine not onely about the joynt of the thigh; but in the leg also, and foot. About the beginning of this nerve, another issueth out of the third hole of the os sacrum, and being carried above the ridge of the os sacrum, it brancheth it selfe into the muscles of the buttocks, and those which bend the tibia.

CAP. VII. Of the nerves of the spinalis medulla.

IF you invert the braine, you shall perceive 4. roots of the spinalis medulla, 2. from cerebrum, & so many from cerebellum: these joyned together make it up. It is of the like substance with the braine, but besides the two membranes, wherewith the cerebrum is compassed, this hath a third strong and nervous, proceeding either from os occipitis, where it is joyned with the spondils; or from the ligaments of the vertebrae; this strengthneth the spinalis medulla, and keepeth it from tearing in violent motions. From the beginning to the end it groweth narrower and harder, so that when it is come to the end of dorsum, it endeth in small threeds like a horse taile, that no danger should bee in that part where the whole spina is bended.

The nerves of the spinalis medulla, are framed of sundry filaments twisted together, and covered with a thin membrane; and as they come out of the holes of the back-bone nature doth compasse them with a thick and firme substance, which so firmely clip the fibres of the sinews, that they cannot be severed. Beside the sinew commeth not out of that hole, directly opposit to its beginning; but out of the lower.

And when it hath passed thorow this hole, it doth not enter presently into the rib, which is next; but into the lower. Which when it hath touched being divided, it turneth the lesser twig towards the spina, and the greater towards the forepart. Out of this spinalis medulla twenty eight paires of sinews spring, seven from the neck, twelve from the back, five from the loins, and foure from the os sacrum.

The first Conjugation of the neck, doth not spring from the sides of the spina as the rest; but from the fore and hinder part, and commeth out betweene the occiput and first vertebra. The fore branch is bestowed upon the muscles of the back side of the head, and the muscles of the vertebra of the neck.

The second conjugation, by the hindermost branch turned up, ascendeth to the skin of the head, the eares, and the muscles, but by the foremost branch it is carried unto those muscles which are common to the second spondill, and the occiput.

The third conjugation sendeth its foremost branch to those muscles which bend the necke: but the hindermost to the muscles which raise up the neck and head.

The fourth conjugation sendeth its lesser, and hindermost branch to the muscles of the neck; but the foremost and largest to the muscles which lift up the shoulder blade and the arme.

The fift conjugation with it lesser twig turneth to the hindermost muscles of the neck: and with the greater joyneth it selfe with the twigs of the fourth paire.

The sixt paire by the lesser and hindermost branch passeth to the hindermost muscles: but with the foremost and biggest to the arme, and the diaphragma.

The seventh with the greater branch passeth to the arme, but with the lesser to the hindermost muscles.

As for the nerves of the backe, each of them hath two branches; one lesser, which is sent to the muscles of the back, and one greater, which is bestowed upon the intercostall muscles.

One thing is to be noted, that the sinews which proceed from the vertebrae of the short ribs are bigger than those which are communicate to the upper intercostall muscles. Those about the middle of the rib, are divided into two twigs, whereof the uttermost is carried outward; but the innermost inwardly along the rib. These nerves were to bee biggest, because they are distributed both to the muscles of the belly, and to the parts contained in it.

As for the nerves of the loynes, each paire of these hath anterior and posterior branches, which are spent partly upon the muscles of the loyns, and hypogastrium; partly upon the legs. The lumbares nervi or sinews of the loyns meet, and are mingled with the costales. Whereby it commeth to passe, that the parts which are contained within the peritonaeum, have their strength from the spinalis medulla, as their sense from the braine: for according to Galen, cap. 5. lib. 16. de us. part. the costall nerve is a sprig of the sixt conjugation.

As for the nerves of os sacrum, the first paire hath two branches, as those of the loynes, to wit, the anterior and posterior; but the rest of the paires before they come out, are double on each side: and on each side one nerve marcheth forward, and another backward. The uppermost three, which are anterior, goe to the leg: The two lowermost passed to the muscles of the anus and bladder.

Fig. IV.

Fig. V.

CAP. I. Of the nature of a Bone.

FOure causes concurre to the perfecting of a bone. First, the efficient cause is the ossifick faculty of the spirit; unto whom the naturall heat ministreth.

Secondly, the materiall cause is twofold; the one is of generation, the other of nutrition. The matter of generation is the seed, which doth consist of a thick humor and the spirit. The matter of nutrition is double, the remote is bloud, with the which all parts of the body are nourished: The immediat cause is the marrowy juice in the spongious bones, and the marrow it selfe, which is contained in the cavities of big bones. In the small cavities of the smaller bones, the marrow is white; but red in the ample cavities of the large bones. The marrow is not covered with a membrane, as the marrow of the back: and therefore it is unsensible contrary to Parrey.

By the small holes in the ends of the bones, the veins and arteries enter, but no nerves: for they onely feele by theHow bones feele. benefit of the periostium.

Thirdly, the forme of3the bone is twofold, the essentiall is its dry and cold temperature. The accidentall is its figure, which for the most part is round or flat.

Fourthly, the finall cause is double: The generall is that which serveth the whole body, & it is threefold. 1. Is to establish the soft parts. 2. Is to give figure to the parts. 3. Is to further the motion of the body. The speciall is that which is proper to every particular bone.

Of the premisses such a description of a bone may be gathered.

A bone is a similaryThe description. part most dry and cold, unflexible, compacted of the thickest part of the seed by the spirit; the naturall heat concurring to afford stablenesse, and figure to the whole body.

CAP. II. An enumeration of the bones of mans body: and first of the bones of the Head.

ALl the bones of the body of man belong either to the head, the truncke of the body, or to the lims.

The bones which make up the head united are called Cranium, from 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 a helmet, because as a helmet it defendeth the braine. It is also called calva, and calvaria.

The bones of the head are either proper or common.

The proper bones are in number six.

1. Os frontis, coronale, inverecundum, os puppis, the bone of the forehead, it reacheth to the coronall future above. There are two cavities in this bone, betweene the tables above the eyebrowes. Wounds in these hardly admit cicatrization. This bone hath three holes, one internall in the scull, above the spongious bone, two outward about the middle of the eye-brows, to give way to the sinews, which passe to the forehead.

2. And 3. are called ossa syncipities, vel verticis, to other, parietalia, arcualia, bregmatis.

4. Os occipitis, basilare, os prorae, os memoriae, os pixidis, to the Gracian 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , the noddle. It is the thickest of all, and hath five holes. One big neere the first vertebra of the neck. The other foure serve for letting out of sinews, & letting out of veins & arteries.

5. and 6. are ossa temporum petrosa, parietalis. These have six holes. The two externall, which make the passage to hearing are biggest, the rest are small. Within the passages of hearing are seated three bones on each side; Malleus, incus, stapes: The hammer, anvill, and stirrop.

Os Iugale or Zygomatis placed under the eye, is no severall bone, but is framed of the processes of two bones, to wit, petrosum, and the maxilla united by an oblique suture.

The bones common to the head and upper jaw, are two.

1. Os spoenoides, cuneiforme, or wedge-like bone, to others paxillare, os colatorii, palati, basilare. It hath sundry holes for vessels to passe. 2. Os spongoides, spongiosum, spongiforme, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , cribriforme, or Cribrosum, the spongious or sive-like bone. It filleth the cavitie of the Nostrils.

The Jaw-bones are two, the upper, and the lower. In these are placed the sockets for the teeth, called alucoli, loculi, fostulae, praesepiola, mortariola.

The upper Jaw is framed of 11. bones, five on each side fellowes, and one without a fellow.

1. Is almost triangular, it maketh up the lower part of the orbit of the eye, the lesser corner, a part of the os jugale, and mala. 2. Maketh up the greater corner of the eye from whence there is a hole that passeth to the cavity of the nostrill. This bone is small, thin, cleere, slightly cleaving to the other: So that it is seldome found in sculs digged out of the ground. Here fistula lachrymalis is seated. 3. Maketh up the greatest part of the roofe of the mouth, and the arched part, wherein the teeth are inserted. 4. With his fellow maketh up the bony part of the ridge of the nose. These two are severed by a suture. Within they are rough to receive the cartilages; within these there is a bone cleaving to the processe of the spongious bone, dividing the nostrils: it is called septumnarium. 5. Is placed at the end of the palat of the mouth where the holes of the nostrils passe to the throat.

To these Columbus addeth a tenth. Hee will have it to be like unto a plough, and to disjoyne the lower part of the nostrils.

Of the lower Iaw.

The lower Jaw hath but one bone. It resembleth the Greek letter 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , or a bow. It hath two holes, the one is more backward and larger: thorow this passe some nerves from the fift paire to the roots of the teeth, as also a small veine and artery. The other is more outward, not so round; thorow the passe some sprigs of the sinews to the lower lip. You may passe thorow these holes a brissell.

CAP. III. Of the Teeth.

THere be three ranks of teeth. Those of the first ranke are called incisores incisorii, cutrers, and 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , because they shew themselves when we laugh; there be most commonly foure of them in each jaw, they have but one fang, and so easily fall out. These first make way out of the gums; because the tops of them are sharpest.

Those in the second ranke are called canini or dogs teeth, from their length above the rest, hardnesse, and sharpnes. In each jaw there are but two, on each side of the grinders one. They are called oculares, or eye-teeth, not that they reach to the orbit of the eye: for they mount not higher than the nostrils; but because sprigs of the nerves, which move the eyes, are carried to them.

These in the third rank are called molares, grinders, because like milles they grind the meat. Most commonly they are twenty in number, five in each side of every jaw. Of these the two hindermost are called genuini, and denta sapientiae, because they shew not themselves untill man come to the yeares of discretion, to wit, the 28, 30, yea even to old age it selfe. In some they never appeare. Those of the upper jaw have more fangs than those of the lower. First, because they hang. Secondly, because the substance of the upper jaw is not so firme, as that of the lower.

The teeth come out in man the seventh moneth, and sometimes more slowly, but in beasts sooner, because they are to eat solid meat. Of these teeth ten in each gum, to wit, the foure grinders, the two dogs teeth, and foure grinders, doe cast. The fore teeth cast the foure, five, and six yeare of the age, the hinder flower. The teeth as they are worne by use, so they grow againe, untill the decrepit old age: for if a tooth fall out, and grow no more, the tooth answering it groweth logner: Nature labouring to fill the space of the lost tooth.

As concerning the feeling of the teeth, first of all, they rather receive the impression of the first qualities, to wit, heat and cold, and rather of cold than heat, contrary to the fleshy parts. Secondly, not the whole tooth; but the inner part towards the root, which is more soft by reason of the sinew in the cavity of it, and the membrane. The hard outer part is insensible.

CAP. IV. Of the bones of the trunke of the body.

THese may be divided into those which are seated betweene the bones of the head and the rump bone, and those which are placed betweene the last vertebra of the spina and the thigh bone. Those which are seated betweene the head bones, and the rumpe bone, are either anterior, laterall, or posterior.

The bone in the forepart is called os pectoris, the brest bone, and os ensiforme, because being long and broad, and ending into a pointed cartilage, it representeth the daggers of the ancients. It is called also sternum, because it is laid above the ribs, and leaneth upon them. It is composed of three parts. 1. Is the highest bone, large, thick, plaine, yet unequall, above arched, resembling the pummill of the dagger. It is called by some Iugulum, and superior furcula. It hath two cavities. 1. Is in the upper part, to receive the tops of the cannell bone. 2. Is within, about the middle, to give way to the wind-pipe going down.

The second bone is narrower, and hath sundry cavities for the receiving of the grissils of the ribs.

The third is broader, and endeth into the cartilage, which is called Cartilago, 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 or sword-like cartilage, and mucronata, because it is pointed.

The pit, which here appeareth outwardly is favea or scrobuculus cordis, the pit of the heart.

The bones of the sternum are distinguished by transverse, and are joyned together by cartilages.

The ribs are in number 12. whereof some are called vera, genuinae, legitimae, lawfull, and ribs indeed: because they are more arched, and reach to the sternum: Some are called nothae, spiriae, adulterae, illegitimae, short or bastard ribs.

The true ribs are in number seven, they are round and bony where they are joyned eith the vertebrae of the back; but grisly and broad where they are joyned to the brest bone. In the lower part they are hollow, to receive a vein and an artery. In making incision there to discharge quittour out of the cavity of the brest we must shun this part. The inner side is smoother than the outer by reason of the pleura.

The bastard ribs are in number five, so called because they are shorte lesse arched, touch not the sternum, and are softer They onely are joyned with the vertebrae of the back, and end in long cartilages, which turning upwards cleave together, except the last, which cleaveth to none, to give way to the liver, spleene, and upper guts. All the short ribs give way to the distention of the belly.

The bones of the back part of the trunks joyned, are spina dorsi: so called because the hinder part of it is sharp. It reacheth from the head to the rump bone. It is composed of 24. verterae 7. of the neck, 12. of the back, and five of the loynes. Every vertebra is hollow within to receive the Spinalis medulla, and at the sides to give way to the sinewes. The first two vertebrae of the neck are joyned to the head by ligaments. The first is called Atlas, because it stayeth the head. It hath no spina. The second is called the tu • ner because a processe like unto a dogs tooth round and long rising from it, and inserted into the first vertebra, is the cause that the head and first vertebra, turne about it. If a luxation fall out here, it is incurable. The third vertebra of the neck is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , the rest has no names.

The vertebrae of the back are in number 12. receiving so many ribs: these are full of holes, but small to give way to the nourishing vessels. The processe of the eleventh is straight, and the twelfth is called the Girter. The vertebrae of the loynes are five. These are more apt to move, than those of the back, that wee may the more easily bend our selves towards the ground.

Now the bones which are betweene the lowest vertebra of the loynes, and the thigh bone are in number three.

1. Ossacrum, the great bone, the stay of the back; it is triangular, broad and immoveable: smooth, and hollow in the forepart; but bunched and rough in the hinder part. It is framed of five bones called vertebrae, not for that they serve for motion as the vertebrae, but because they are like to them; in aged persons they seeme one bone, but in children they may be separated. The holes in this are not in the sides, but before and behind, which are greater, because the sinewes that passe are greater. 2. Is Os coccycis, the cuckoes bill, from the likenesse of it, or the rump bone. It is framed of three of foure bones, and two cartilages. The connexion of it is loose. In men it is bent inward to stay the intestinum rectum; in women outward, to make way in the time of birth. 3. Is Os coxae or innominatum. It is at the sides of os sacrum, and is framed of three bones os ilii,pubis, and ischii joyned together by cartilages, untill the seventh yeare; In aged persons it seemeth one bone.

Os ilii, so called because it receiveth the small gut called ilium, it is the first part uppermost and broadest, joyned to os sacrum by a strong membranous ligament, although a cartilage goe betweene. The unequall and semicircular circumference of it, is called spina: the inner part hollow and broad, is called costa: The outer part having unequall lines, is called dorsum. This is more large in a woman, than in a man.

Os pubis or pectinis, the share bone; it is the fore and middle part. The two, being one on each side, are joyned with a cartilage more loosely in women, so that in the time of birth they gape, and give way to the infant.

These with the os sacrum, make that cavitie with is called pelvis.

Wherein the bladder, the wombe, and some guts are contained.

Ischion or coxendix is the lower and outward part of os coxae, wherein is the cavity which receiveth os semoris. The cartilagineous proces of this bone is called supercilium. The ends of this bone are further a sunder in women than men, and so the pelvis is larger.

CAP. V. Of the Cannell bone, and the shoulder blade.

THe bones of the trunke are either those of the armes or of the legs.

The bones of the arme are either above the joynt of the shoulder, or under: above the joynt are two.

1. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , because they shut the brest, and like a key locke the shoulder blade, with the brest bone. It is also called ligula, the binder, os furcale, or furcula superior, the upper bended bone, the cannell bone. These two bones, one in each side, are seated at the top of the brest bone transversly. In figure the represent the great Romane S. for they seeme to be framed of two semicircular bones; but placed one opposit to another. Towards the throat they are arched; but below hollow. 2. 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , because it maketh the broadnesse of the shoulder; the barbarous authors call it spatula, the shoulder blade. It leaneth upon the upper ribs, towards the back. It is almost triangular. The outer part is arched: the inner hollow. That part of the shoulder which is joyned with the clavicula is called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , or humeri mucro, the point of the shoulder. The adjutorium is joynted in the superficiall cavity of the neck of this bone.

CAP. VI. Of the bones of the Arme.

THe arme hath three parts, the shoulder, the elbow and the hand.

The shoulder hath but one long, round, and strong bone, called os humeri, the shoulder bone.

The upper part of it is joynted with the shoulder blade, but the lower part with the two bones of the elbow. The Elbow hath two bones.

1. Ulna, the yard, because we measure with it. In the upper part it is joyned with the lower part of the shoulder bone: In the lower part it is articulat with the wrest, by a cartilaginous substance. The barbarous authors call this bone focile majus, the greater focill. 2. Radius, the small bone, called by the barbarians focile minus, the small focill. In the midst it is a little parred from ulna, betweene which there is a small ligament. Above the ulna receiveth Radius but below the Radius receiveth ulna. The upper part of this bone is joyned with the outer processe of the shoulder bone; but the lower part is joyned with the wrest bone at the greatest finger. The upper part of this bone is smaller than the lower, quite contrary to the frame of the ulna.

The hand hath 3. parts.

1. Carpus, by the Arabians Rasetta, the wrest bone. It is framed of a cluster of eight bones, which have no proper names; yet differing in bignesse and figure. They are so tied with strong ligaments arising from the processes of ulna, and radius, that they seeme but one bone.

First, they are cartilages, & afterward becom spongious bones. Of these bones foure are above joynted with ulna and radius: but the lower foure are joyned with the bones of Metacarpium.

Here you are to observe the ring-like ligaments appointed for the safe carrying of the tendons of the muscles, which move the fingers. The inner strengtheneth the tendons wch bend the fingers; but the outer the tendons which extend.

2. Metacarpium, the distance between wrest and fingers. This hath five bones reckoning amongst these the first of the thumb. These bones are joyned with the bones of the wrest by ligaments, but with the fingers by articulation. They are within hollow, and containe marrow.

About the middle they are a little parted, to give way to the muscles called Interossei.

The fingers have fifteen bones, for in each finger there are three. And although the first bone of the thumb hath beene reckoned amongst the rasettae, yet because it hath a more plyant articulation, it serveth for the first bone of the thumb. In the bones of the fingers, the first is bigger than the second, the secōd than the third. About the joynts they are thicker; the knobs there are called 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , and nodi. In the inside of the fingers, there are ligaments pipe-like, by the which they are united. The points of the bones towards the nailes have no processes.

CAP. VII. Of the bones of the Legs.

THe Leg as the arme hath three parts: the thigh, the shanke, and the foot.

The thigh hath but one bone, which is the biggest and longest of all the bones of the body. The forepart is somewhat arched. Above it is articulat with the coxendix: and it is kept in by a round ligament. The neck of this bone hath two processes for the insertion of muscles. Rotator magnus & Parvus, the greater and lesser rowler: It is articulat below with the tibia, for the strengthning of this joynt, that the thigh bone may be kept in the forepart, there is appointed a bone. It is called Mola rotula patella, the whirle-bone. In children it is grasly. It resembleth the bosse of a bucklar: for it is bunched without, and hollow within, where it is lyned with a cartilage. It is strengthned by the tendons of some of the muscles of the thigh, unto the which it cleaveth.

The shanke hath two bones.

1. Tibia, focile majus, canna major, the greater focill. In the upper part it hath a processe, which is received by the hollownesse of the thigh bone. It hath also two long cavities for the receiving of the two prominences of the thigh bone. To make these cavities deeper, there is joyned by ligaments a moveable cartilage, soft, slippery, and bedewed with an unctuous humour. It is called cartilago lunata, the moonelike cartilage. These cavities are separat by a knob; from the top of which ariseth a strong ligament, which is fastned to the cavity of the thigh-bone. The sharp forepart of this bone is called spina. In the lower part of this bone there is a processe without flesh, which maketh the inner anckle Malleus internus. 2. Perone fibula, or brace, because it seemeth to unite the bones of the shanke, focile minus, the small focill, cann • s minor sura; The upper round part of this bone reacheth not to the knee, but the lower part reacheth further than the tibia. In the middle these two bones are parted to receive muscles which move the foot. The fleshlesse appendix of the lower end, causeth Malleolus externus, the cuter anckle.

The Foot hath three parts. The first is that which reacheth to the bones articulat with the toes, called pedium seu taulus: the second comprehendeth the bones articular to the toes called metapedium or metatarsus: the third comprehendeth the bones of the toes.

The bones of pedium are seven.

1. Talus, os balistae. It is articulat with the appendix of tibia. It receiveth the top of Os calcis. 2. Calx, calcaneu, the heelbone, it is the greatest and thickest of the bones of the foot. It is joyned to talus, and os cubiforme: into this the great tendon, composed of the tendons of three muscles of the shanke, is inserted. 3. Scaphoides, naviculare, the boat-like bone, it is joyned with Talus, and the three hinder bones. 4. Cuboides, ostessarae, it is larger than the rest. It is set before the heelebone, and is joyned to it.

The other 3. are called Cuneiformia, wedgelike bones. They are joyned with the naviculare.

Motapedium hath five bones joyned to the bones of pedium.

The bones of the fingers are fourteen, because the great toe hath but two bones: they answer those of the hand.

Of the seed bones.

These are like to the seeds of sesamum, and therefore are called sesamoidea or sesamina: they are round and somewhat flat. They cleave to the ligaments under the tendons. They are reckoned to be twelve in every hand and foot: but it is hard to find a certaine number of them. The two which are found about the first joynt of the great toe are most remarkable. Two are found in the hamme about the beginning of the two first muscles, which move the shanke. They are found also in the carpus, metaoarpium, pedium, and metapedium.

CAP. VIII. Of the sundry wayes by the which the bones of mans body are coupled together.

THey are coupled either by joynting or growing together. Joynting is either for manifest or obscure motion. The joyntings which serve for manifest motion are three.

1. Enarthrosis is when a large head of a bone is received into a deepe cavity, as the thigh bone with the hip-bone. 2. Arthrodia, is when the cavity which receiveth is shallow, and the head of the bone flat, such is the articulation of the lower jaw with the temple-bone. 3. Cynglymus, is when the same bone receiveth, and is received. This falleth out three manner of wayes. 1. Is when a bone is received by a bone, and receiveth the same. This is seene in the articulation of the shoulder-bone with the elbow-bone. 2. Is when a bone receiveth one bone, & is received of another. So in the spōdils of the back: for the bone in the middle receiveth the upper, and is received by the lower. 3. When the processe of the bone being long, and round, is inserted into another bone, and so is turned about in the cavity, as if it were an axel tree: so is the second vertebra of the neck with the first.

Articulation for obscure motion may be observed in the joyning of the ribs with the spondils, and in the bones of the wrest and anckle.

Bones grow together either without some middle substance, or with it. Without some middle substance they are coupled three manner of wayes. 1. By a line, as the bones of the upper jaw and nose are coupled; this is called, harmonia. 2. By a suture as the bones of the scull are united. 3. When one bone is fastned within an other as a naile in wood: this is called, Gomphosis, and so are they fastned in the gums.

If bones grow together by a middle substance, it is either by a cartilage, this unition is called synchondrosis, so are the share bones joyned; or by a ligament, which is called synneurosis, and so the thigh bone is joyned to the hip-bone; or by flesh which is termed syssarcosis, and so is the bone of the tongue joyned to the shoulder.

CAP. IX. Of a Cartilage.

A Cartilage is a similaryThe description. part dry and hard, yet not so as a bone, flexible, which a bone is not, framed to stay the soft parts, and to repell the injuries of externall hard bodies. 1. Then it staieth the soft parts. 2. It defendeth them. 3. They cover the ends of the bones, which have a loose articulation. 4. They knit bones together: as is seene in the share-bone.

The differences are taken first, from the figure; so the cartilage of the brest-bone is called ensiformis, and those of the Larynx sigmoides like C.

2. Some are solitary not joyned with other bodies, as those of the eares and eye-lids: some are joyned, as most of the rest.

3. Some still continue cartilages, some degenerat into bones: as in women, the cartilages of the ribs, which ly under the brests: for these growing very big, they become bony, the better to hold them up.

They are in sundry parts of the body. 1. In the head there are foure, to wit, of the eye-lids, nose, and eares; and the trochlea of the eye. 2. In the brest there be three, to wit, the cartilages of the larynx: the small pipes of the wind-pipe, dispersed thorow the lungs, and cartilago ensiformis. 3. The long ribs are joyned to the sternum by cartilages. 4. The vertebrae of the back are joyned together by cartilages. Last of all sundry are seene in the articulations, which are loose, and in the conjunction of bones.

CAP. X. Of a Ligament.

A Ligament is a similary part without feeling, in substance meane betweene a cartilage and a membrane appointed firmly to knit the joynts.

Of the ligaments some are membranous (such are those who inviron the joynts;) some cartilagineous, as those which are betweene the joynts, as is seene in the articulation of the thigh-bone with the coxendix.

Ligaments are to bee found in divers parts of the body.

1. The bone of the tongue hath two strong ligaments, one on each side. Besides on each side it hath round ones by the which it is tyed to the adjacent parts to stay it in the middle of the mouth.

Secondly, the tongue hath a strong membranous ligament in the lower part about the middle of it. About the end of it the fraenum is to be seene, which if it come to the fore-teeth, it hindereth the motion of the tongue and speech. Children being so troubled, are said to bee tongue-tyed, and must have it cut.

3. The ligaments which tye the vertebrae of the brest and loynes, the ribs with the vertebrae, and the ribs with the brest-bone, are membranous.

4. Sundry are to bee seene in the belly. The first tyeth the os ilium to os sacrum. The second tyeth the os sacrum to the coxendix. The third joyneth the share bones, and is cartilaginous. The fourth compasseth them circularly, and is membranous. The fift compasseth the hole of os pubis, and is membranous.

5. In the arme these appeare. 1. Five tye the adjutorium to the shoulder blade. 2. The bones of the elbow, ulna and radius, are tyed first one to another, secondly to the shoulder-bone, and thirdly to the wrest, by membranous ligaments. 3. There are two annular ligaments, which being transverse, direct the tendons which passe to the fingers. They are two. One in the outside for the tendons of the extending muscles; the other in the inner side, for the tendons of the contracting muscles. 4. The bones of the wrest, back of the hand, and fingers, have membranous ligaments. 5. In the leg these may be found out.

First, the thigh-bone is tyed to the Coxendix, by two ligaments.

Secondly, the lower end of it is tyed to Tibia and Fibula by six ligaments.

Thirdly, the Tibia is joyned to the Fibula, by a membranous ligament.

Fourthly, tibia and fibula are joyned to the ankley by three ligaments.

Fifthly, the ankley is tyed with the bones of the foot by five ligaments.

Sixthly, the bones of the instep and toes are tyed with such ligaments as those are which are seene in the hand.

An Explication of some termes which are found in Anatomicall authors in the doctrine of bones.

COtulae, or 〈 in non-Latin alphabet 〉 , not Cotyledones, acetabula, are called deepe cavities in the articulations of the bones. If the hollownesse be shallow, they are called glenae or glenoides, from the forme of the cavities of the eyes, which appeare when the eyelids are shut. Epiphysis, appendix, adnascentia, additamentum, is called a bone which groweth to the end of another bone. It is of a spongious substance, and at the first gristly for the most part; but in time groweth bony. It may bee seene in the shoulder blade, both the focils of the legs both at the knee and foot, and in the thigh-bone where the rotator magnus is. Apophysis, in some bones caput, in some Cervix, in some Tuberculum, in some Spina, in some mucro, is a part of a bone not added, but bunching out above the smooth superficies. It is also called Ecphysis, processus, productio, extuberantia Supercilia or labra, are called the upper brim • of the cavities of the joynts.

As for the number of the bones of the body of Man.

COmmonly they are holden to bee 246. accoding to this distich.

Adde quater denis bis centum senaque, habebis Quàm te multiplici condidit osse Deus. The head hath 8. The upper Jaw 11. The lower Jaw one. The teeth are 32. sometimes 28. The spina hath 24. Os sacrum hath most commonly 5. The ribs are 24. The brest-bone is composed of 3. The cannell bones are 2. The shoulder blades are 2. The flanck bones are 2. In the armes there are 60. In both the feet 64. Os hyoides of the tongue 1. The small bones of the eares 6. The two great toes have foure great seed bones. The number of the small feeed bones is uncertaine.

If with some Anatomists you reckon twenty foure small seed bones in the two hands, and so many in the two feet, besides the two great ones of both the great toes; If you adde in like manner the two small bones in each ham, and the eighth bone in each hand, betweene the Carpus and metacarpium, and the bony substance annexed to the cuboides in both the feet in old persons, you shall have fifty foure more, which being joyned to 246. make up 302. expressed thus: Ter centum & binis compactum est ossibus istud, Quod cernis corpus; non est quod plura requires.

If you find one more, that breakes no square.

FINIS.