[Page 1]CAP. I. Of the division of the parts of the body of man in generall.

ANatomy is anThe de­scription of Anatomy. artificiall se­paration of the parts of [Page 2] the body of section, practised to attaine to the knowledge of the frame of it, and the use of each part. In Ana­tomicall exercises first, the whole carcase doth offer it selfe: then the parts.

The whole hath foureThe regions of the whole. regions, to wit, the fore and back parts, and the laterall, which are the right and left.

I call the whole that which containeth theWhat the whole and a part signifie. parts, and a part that which is contained in the whole, according to the most ample acception of [Page 3] the terme part; for in a more strict acceptation a part is a body solid cohering with the whole endued with life, and framed to performe some function.

A part then must beeThings re­quired in a part being strictly taken. solid, the humours then cannot bee numbred a­mongst the parts, be­cause1they are fluid.

Secondly, it must2have life, and so the ex­tremities of haires and nailes are not to be accounted parts.

Thirdly, one part3must not nourish ano­ther, and so the bloud, [Page 4] fat, and spirits are not parts.

4Fourthly, it must have a circumscription.

5Fifthly, it must bee united with the whole.

6Sixthly, it must have some action and use.

The principall diffe­rencesThe diffe­rences of parts. of parts are taken either from their nature or functions. From their nature, parts are said to be either similary or dissimilary.

A similary part is thatWhat a si­milary part is. whose particles are of the same substance and denomination with the whole: as every porti­on [Page 5] of a bone is a bone. It is otherwise called a simple part.

Of simple parts thereThe num­ber of simple parts. are ten in number, to wit, the skin, a mem­brane, the flesh, a fiber, a veine, an artery, a nerve, a ligament, a car­tilage, and a bone; they are comprehended in these two lines.

Cartilago, caro, membrana, arteria, nervus;

Vena, ligamentum, cutis, os, lentissima fibra.

To these a tendon,Of a ten­don. which is the principall part of a muscle, may be added; for the substance [Page 6] of it is simple, without any composition.

Of the former simpleThe diffe­rences of simple parts. parts some are simple in­deed, and these are in number seven; the skin, a membrane, the flesh, a fibre, a ligament, a car­tilage, a bone. The rest are onely simple to the eye or sense, and not to reason, for a nerve (for example) is composed of many filaments, co­vered with a membrane.

A dissimilary part isWhat a dis­similary part is. that whose portions are neither of the same sub­stance, nor the same de­nomination, as a muscle, [Page 7] in the which are flesh, a nerve and a tendon. It is otherwise called a compound part, and an organicall part.

In an organicall partThings to be observed in an orga­nicall part. foure particles are found; First, the chiefe1particle, as the crystallin humour in the eye.

Secondly, that par­ticle,2without the which the action cannot bee performed, as the op­tick nerve.

Thirdly, that which3furthereth the action, as are the membranes and muscles.

Fourthly, that by the4 [Page 8] which the action is pre­served, as the eyelids.

Of organicall partsThe degrees of an orga­nicall part. there are foure degrees. 1The first is made onely of the similars, as a mu­scle.

2The second receiveth the first kind of organi­call parts, and other si­milaries, as a finger.

3The third admitteth those of the second de­gree, as the hand.

4The fourth is made of the third and other parts, as the arme.

Parts from their fun­ctionThe diffe­rences of parts taken from their function. are said to bee ei­ther sustaining or sustai­ned. [Page 9] The bones sustaine the frame of the whole body, the rest are sustai­ned. Now these are the cavities or the limbs.

CAP. II. Of the circumscription, re­gions, substance, and parts of the abdomen.

OF all the parts of the body which are sustained, wee are to begin dissection with the cavities: First, be­cause they offer them­selves to the view in the fore region of the body.

[Page 10]Secondly, because they being moyst, and apt to receive the im­pression of the externall heat, soonest putrefie, and send out noysome smels. The cavities are appointed to receive the principall parts, and those which minister unto them. Wherefore there are three cavities according to the num­ber of the principall parts. The head is for the braine, the breast is for the heart, and the belly for the liver. And because this cavity is most subject to putrefa­ction, [Page 11] you are to begin at it. Now foure things concerning it offer them­selves. First, the circum­scription or bounding of it. Secondly, the re­gions of it. Thirdly, the substance of it. Fourth­ly, the speciall parts of it.

As concerning the cir­cumscription of it, it is severed from the brest by the midrife. It is bounded above by the cartilago ensiformis, and beneath with the share bones.

The regions of it are three, the uppermost, [Page 12] middlemost, and lower­most. The uppermost which is bounded be­tweene the mucronita cartilago, and three in­ches above the navell, about the ending of the short ribs, hath three parts: The laterall, which are called hypochondria, or subcartilaginea, be­cause they be under the cartilages of the short ribs. In the right hypo­chondrium lyeth the greatest part of the liver, but in the left the spleen, and greatest part of the stomack. The third part is that which before ly­eth [Page 13] betweene the two laterall parts, and is pro­perly called epigastrium, because the stomack ly­eth under it. In this part remarkable is the pit of the brest, which is called [...] or scrobi­culus cordis, by the mo­derne Writers. The middlemost part exten­deth it selfe from three inches above the navell, to three inches under it. The fore part is where the navell is, from whence it is called regio umbilicalis. The two laterall parts have no proper denominations. [Page 14] In the right are contai­ned intestinum caecum with part of Colon. In the left part of it, a por­tion of Iejunum and the rest of colon. The rest of Iejunum is under the navell. The navell in man is wrinkled, as the forehead of an aged woman; but in other creatures it is onely a hard knot without haires, having no wrin­kle. It hath no laterall parts, having no proper names, although Lau­rentius lib. 6. Histor. A­natom. affirmeth it to have, and give them [Page 15] names; in this region is contained the whole hungry gut.

The lower region cal­led [...]: This regi­on3 The lower region. hath three parts, the laterall, and the middle­most: The laterall which reach to the hy­pochondria, are called [...], because they are the seat of lust, which is called [...]. By Hip­poc. they are termed [...], because they being placed betweene the hanch-bones and ribs, are lanke, and seeme to containe nothing. In Latine they are calledIlia. [Page 16] Ilia, because the iliam in­testina lieth under them on every side. Besides this in the right part are placed portions of the co­lon, & caecum intestinum, which are tyed toge­ther. In the left part are contained a great part of the colon, and the in­testinum rectum.

The fore part of the hypogastrium by Aristot. lib. I. Histor. animal. 3. is called [...], which Gaza calleth Abdomen and Sumen. Under it lieth the pubes, which word signifieth both the hai­res, and the place where [Page 17] the haires grow, which appeare to budde in girles the twelft yeere, but in boyes the four­teenth yeere, when way is made for the moneth­ly courses and seed, the skin being there made thinner, the heat increa­sing in them. At the sides of the pubes appeare [...], or inguina, Inguina. the groines. Under this middle region, are con­tained the bladder, the intestinum rectum, and the matrix in women.

The hindermost partsThe hindermost parts. are called lumbi the loines, and they reach [Page 18] from the bending of the back to the buttocks cal­led nates ab innitenda, because when we sit, we rest upon them. The fleshy part on each side is called [...], à palpando, from calling or clapping. In the right loyne, the right kidney; but in the left, the left kidney is contained.

CAP. III. Of the common containing parts of the belly.

THe common con­taining parts of the [Page 19] belly are foure, the skarf-skin, the skin, the fat, and the membrana carnosa.

The skin in man is cal­led cutis, but in beasts aluta, in Greeke it is called [...], and [...]; ei­ther [...], because it is easily flead off, or from [...], seeing it is the end and superficies of the whole body: Of all the membranes of the body, it is the thic­kest.

It hath a double sub­stance; the one is exter­nall1 Culitula. called [...], [...], because it is placed upon the skin as [Page 20] a cover, but is termed cuticula in Latin; for it is as large as the skin, and more compact; for watrish sharp humours passing through the skin are stayed by the thick­nesse of this, and so pu­stules are caused. In man it is as the peelings in onions. It is without bloud, and without fee­ling.

Three causes concurre to the generation of it; to wit, the materiall cause is a viscous and o­leous vapour of the bloud. The internall efficient cause, the natu­rall [Page 21] heat of the subjacent parts, raising it up. The externall efficient cause is the externall coldnes, partly of the aire, partly of the skin it selfe: It is engendered even as the thin skin in milk, and fat broths: It is hardly separate from the skin with a knife; but easily in living creatures, by a vesicatory, and in dead persons by fire, or scal­ding hot water.

1. The use of it is to defend the skin, which is of an equisit sense, from externall immode­rate, either heat, or cold. [Page 22] In cold weather it brea­keth the cold, that the perspiration should not be altogether hindered: In hot weather by it compactnesse, it hinde­reth too great perspira­tion.

Secondly, to be a mid­dle betweene the skin and the object of fee­ling.

Thirdly, to stay the ichorous substance from issuing from the veines and arteries; for this we see when the cuticula is rubbed off by any meanes.

The true skin is six2 [Page 23] times thicker than the skarfe skin: in children, women, and those which are borne in hot con­treyes, it is thinner, but in men, and in those who inhabit cold countries, it is thicker.

The Negroes become black, because they ha­ving a softer skin, and large pores and loose, many vapours of the ad­just humours, which are raised with the sweat, the grosser substance whereof by reason of the excessive heat, being dryed and burned, cau­sed the blacknesse of the [Page 24] skin; for their infants are not borne black, but redish; and they after­words become black, the cuticula growing in them as in us.

The skin in the fore­head and sides it is thin, thinner yet in the palme of the hand, but thinnest of all in the lips and cods. In the head, back, and under the heele it is thickest. Under the heele, the cuticula in some will be as thick as a barley corne.

The pores will ap­peare in the skin in the winter time, it being [Page 25] bared; for where they are, the cuticula will ap­peare as a Goose skin.

The skin hath an a­ction, to wit, the sense of feeling.

Pinguedo, [...], est hu­mor3. Of fat. mor oleosus nostri corporis a calore moderato subjecta­rum illi partium elevatus, ac inter membranam car­nosam ac cutem concres­cens, quae partes sunt den­siores ac frigidiores. EjusIts kinds. 2. sunt species, axungia [...], & saevum sive [...].

They differ, for first, axungia is in beasts not horned, which are full toothed; but saevum in [Page 26] beasts not horned, which are not full toothed.

Secondly, axungia is easily melted, but not so easily congealed; but saevum is not easily mel­ted, but is easily congea­led.

Thirdly, grease is not brittle, but tallow is. The fat under the skin is grease; but in the caule, kidneies, the heart, the eyes, and a­bout the joynts it is tal­low.

The uses of it are these: First, it defendeth the body from the aire; So [Page 27] Apothecaries when they meane to preserve juy­ces, they powre oyle upon them.

Secondly, it preser­veth the naturall heat.

Thirdly, it furthereth beauty by filling up the wrinkles of the skin.

Fourthly, in the muscles it filleth up the empty places, it is under the vessels that they may passe safely; in the en­trals it helpeth conco­ction, in the buttocks it is as downe in a pillow.

Membrana carnosa or4 Membrana carnosa. [...], so called in man, not that it is in him [Page 28] fleshy, but nervous, and so nervea; but because in beasts, which the An­cients used most com­monly to dissect, it is endued with fleshy fi­bers, in the birth it is red, but in those of ripe age white; in the forehead and neck, it is more fle­shy. Within it is be­dewed with a viseuous humour, to further their motion by keeping the superficies of them, from desiccation, which otherwise might fall out by reason of their mo­tion. It is of an exquisit sense, whereof when it is [Page 29] pricked with sharp hu­mours it causeth groouing: such as are felt in the beginning of ague fits. First, it preservethIts uses. the heat of the internall parts. Secondly it fur­thereth the gathering of the fat. Thirdly, it strengtheneth the ves­sels, which passe be­tweene it and the skin.

CAP. IV. Of the proper containing parts.

THe proper contai­ning parts are the muscles of the belly, and the peritonaeum. Of the [Page 30] muscles we have spoken else where, a pag. 24 ad 35.& 245.& 256.

Peritonaeum is tyed above to the midrife, below to the share and flanke bones, in the fore­part firmly to the trans­verse muscles, but chief­ly to their tendons about the linea alba, behind to the fleshy heads of these muscles loosely and the membrane of the nerves, which come from the vertebrae of the lovnes. The end of this firme connexion is to presse equally the belly, for the expulsion of the [Page 31] ordure and breathing. If this connexion had not beene, the peritonaeum would have become wrinkled, the muscles being contracted. If it had not beene loose ty­ed to the fleshy parts, the contraction of them in the compression of the belly had beene hin­dered.

As for the proceeding of it, Fallopius will have it to proceed from a strong twisting of si­newes, from whence the mesenterium hath its be­ginning. Some will have it to proceed from [Page 32] the ligaments, by the which the vertebrae of the loynes and the ossa­crum are tyed toge­ther.

Picolhomineus will have them to be framed of those nerves which spring out of the spinalis medulla about the first, and third vertebrae of the loynes, which are tyed together by both the menings, when they marche further: Here it is very thick, because it was to bee much ex­tended.

It is double every where, but chiefly about [Page 33] the vertebrae of the loynes, where betweene the duplications lie the vena cava, the aorta, and the kidneies. In the hypagastrium two tuni­cles are apparently seene, betweene which the bladder and matrix lie. All the parts which receive nourishment from the vena cava, are seated betweene the coats, as the afore na­med parts; but those which receive nourish­ment from the vena por­ta, as are they which serve for concoction of the nourishment, are [Page 34] not, the umbilicall ves­sels also are placed in the duplicature of the peritonaeum, that they may march the more safely.

To the beginning of the productions of the peritonaeum, the inner coat cleaveth firmly, and shutteth the hole, by the which the sperma­tick vessels passe from the lower part of the belly. If this be broken, the outer coat is rela­xed, and so a rupture is caused.

The Peritonaeum is thickost; First, where [Page 35] there are maniest humours, to hinder the breaking of the subja­cent part, and issuing out of them, as above the stomack.

Secondly, where many vessels, and spirits are, as above the spleen.

Thirdly, where much stretching is re­quired, as above the bladder, matrix and sto­mack.

CAP. V. Of the Omentum.

THe parts containedOf the parts contained in the lower belly. serve either for nu­trition, or procreation. As for the parts serving for nutrition, they ei­ther serve for chylifica­tion, or sanguification. The principall efficient cause of chylification, is the stomack; but the adjuvants, are the caule and the pancreas.

The principall effi­cient causes of sanguifi­cation, are the liver, and [Page 37] spleen, but the other parts are the adjuvant causes. Of these some receive the excrements of the chylification, as the guts. The excre­ments of the sanguifica­tion are two, choler, and the watrish humour. The thin choler is recei­ved by the vesica fellea; but the grosse choler, by the meatus cholidochus: The watrish humour is turned to the kidnies, and from thence to the bladder, by the vreters.

The parts appointed for procreation, are the genitals, both in men, [Page 38] and women. Next then to the Peritonaeum is the Omentum, or caul, in Greeke it is called [...] because it seemeth to swim a­bove the upper guts. The Arabians call it Zir­bus.

It is composed of twoIts substance. membranes. The upper­most doth spring about the bottome of the sto­mack, from the common coat of it, and is tyed to the hollow part of the liver and spleen.

The lowermost dothIts connexion. spring from the Peritonaeum, immediatly un­der [Page 39] the midrife towards the back, and is tyed to the hollow part of the liver, to the midrife, to the duodenum intestinum, to the convex part of the spleen, and last of all, to all that part of the colon which marcheth under the stomack.

It hath veines onelyIts veines. from porta gastroepiplois dextra & sinistra: they are inserted into the up­per membrane; but epi­plois dextra, & postica in to the inferiour mem­brane.

It hath so many arte­riesIts arteries. from ramus soeliacus, [Page 40] & mesenteruus. It hathIts sinews. small sinews from the costale branch of the sixt paire. It hath much fat: if it be plentifull, and the caule reach to the os pubis, in women it cau­seth sterility, by com­pressing the mouth of the matrix; in men it causeth a rupture, by re­laxing the peritonaeum: This rupture is called epi­ploenterocele.

In figure it represen­tethIts figure. 6. De Anat. administ. a Faulkners pouch, according to Galen: The mouth is round, and the bottom is made by the two membranes joyned [Page 41] together. This will ap­peare if you fill it with water, by Galens advice.

It is then of substanceThe reason of the frame of it. membranous, that it might admit dilatation, and extension. It is thin, that it should not bur­den the subjacent parts; it is compact to hinder the dissipation of the internall heat, and to repell the externall cold.

The fat is about the veines and arteries, toThe fat. strengthen them, from being compressed by the repletion of the bel­ly, and other motions. When the stomack is [Page 42] full, and the guts empty, the upper membrane is raised, the lower remai­ning in its owne place; but if the guts bee full, and the stomack empty, then the lower mem­brane riseth up, the up­per remaining in is town place. It is tyed to the stomack, being a middle part betweene the co­lon and the spleen, and that it should not totter from side to side. It is tyed in the right side to the colon and liver, but in the left side to the spleene.

It hath its beginningIts begin­ning [Page 43] from those parts unto which it is tyed, that it might receive veines and arteries from thence for bloud, and life. The lower part is free and untyed, that sometimes the upper, sometimes the lower membrane might rise up.

The uses of it are three: First, it cherisheth the internall heat of the stomack and intestins.

Secondly, it mini­streth nourishment to the parts in time of fa­mine, Galen. de us. part. li. 4. c. II.

The third is to con­taine [Page 44] the humours flow­ing from the intestins, which the glandules can­not receive wholly at one time, Hippoc. lib. de glan­dalis.

Creatures which haveAn observation. no caule, help the con­coction, by doubling their hinder legs and re­sting their belly upon them, as Hares and Con­nies.

They who have had aAnother. portion of it cut off, be­cause it was corrupted, having fallen out, by reason of a wound re­ceived in the abdomen, have afterward a weake [Page 45] concoction, and are en­forced to cover the bel­ly well. See Galen. lib. 4. de usis. part. 9. where he proveth this by ex­ample.

CAP. VI. Of the Guia.

THe Gullet or wea­zandThe mar­ching of it. is an organi­call part, which begin­neth about the root of the tongue, and passeth from thence directly be­tweene the wind-pipe, the vertebrae of the neck, and the foure first verte­brae [Page 46] of the brest, upon the which it resteth; but when it is come to the fift vertebra of the brest, it giveth way to the trunke of the great artery descending by tur­ning a little to the right side: afterward accom­panying the arterie to the ninth vertebra, there it is raised up by means of the membranes from the vertebra, and march­ing above the arterie, it passeth through the ner­vous body of the mid­rife, and is inserted into the left orifice of the ventriculus, about the [Page 47] eleventh vertebra of the brest.

It is called properlyThe names of it. [...], quia angustus & longus. See Aristor. I. histor. animal. 16. It is also called [...], [...] quod cibum ad ventriculum ve­hat.

It is framed of threeIts structure membranes. The first is the uttermost and com­mon compassing the two proper, which it hath either from the pe­ritonaeum according to some, or from the li­gaments of the vertebrae of the necke and brest up­on [Page 48] which it resteth. The second is the middle­most, and it is fleshie and thicke, and hath on­ly transverse fibres. The third is the innermost, and it is membranous, and hath only small and straight fibres.

It is joyned to thatIts connex­ion. membrane which co­vereth the throat, palat, mouth and lips; so that before vomiting, signes in the lips will appeare.

It hath veins both fromThe vessels. the vena cava, and the porta: for it hath sprigs from vena sine pari while it is yet in the brest; but [Page 49] where it is joyned to the ventricle, it hath some twigs from ramus coro­narius, which procee­deth from the porta.

It hath Arteries from the intercostal arteries, and ramus caeliacus coro­narius.

Nerves it hath from the sixth paire, which are carried obliquely for fafetie, as Galen noteth 6. de usu part. 6. and are very many; which is the cause that the parts a­bout the upper orifice of the ventricle are so sensible.

It hath foure Glan­dules;Its Glan­dules. [Page 50] two in the throat, which are called Tonsillae, or almonds, common to the Weazand and the la­rynx, which prepare the pituitous humour to moysten them: other two it hath about the middle of it towards the backe about that place, where the aspera arteria is divided into two branches, under which it lieth.

The weazand ser­vethThe use of it. as a funnell to carry meat and drinke to the maw, for it receiveth them by dilating its pro­per internall coat, and [Page 51] turneth them downe by the constriction of the middlemost coat, and the muscules of the Pha­rynx.

CAP. VII. Of the Ventriculus or stomacke.

THat part which weIts denomination. terme the stomack in English, in Latine is called Ventriculus, to di­stinguish it from the great ventricles. In Greeke, [...] and [...] from its cavitie.

It is placed immedi­atlyIts situati­on. [Page 52] under the midrife, which it toucheth, wher­fore if it bee too full, it causeth a difficulty of breathing by hindering the motion of it. In the forepart, and in the right side, it is covered with the hollow part of the li­ver: in the left side by the spleen; towards the back by the aorta, the vena cava, and the pan­creas, which further its heat.

The bignesse of it isIts bignesse. commonly such, as is ca­pable to receive so much food at one time, as is sufficient for nutrition. [Page 53] It is lesse in women than in men, to give way to the distention of the matrix. They who have large mouths, have large stomacks.

It is joined with theIts conne­xion. gula on the left side, where its upper orifice is; it is tyed to the duo­denum, where the lower orifice is on the right side. The bottome is joyned to the upper part of the caule.

The substance of it isIts sub­stance. membranous, that it might admit distention and constriction. It hath three membranes. [Page 54] The first is common, w^ch it hath from the perito­naeum about the upper orifice; it is the thickest of all those which spring from the peritonaeum, the fibres of it are strait.

The second is fleshy, and the fibres of it are transverse, under which a few oblique and fle­shy lye.

The third is membra­nous, endued with all kinds of fibres, the straight are most con­spicuous and plentifull, to embrace the food firmly, untill chylifica­tion be perfected, as the [Page 55] second membrane hath oblique to expell the chylus.

It hath also two ori­fices.Its orifices.

The one is in the left1 side, called sinistrum wider than that in the right, that meat not well chewed might the better passe; It is called in Greek [...], Cor, from whence the paines which happen in it are called [...] and [...]. [...], because there is a great consent betweene it and the heart, by reason of the twigs of nerves, which proceed [Page 56] from the same branch, which doe spring from the sixth paire commu­nicat to both, so that one being affected pri­marily, the other must suffer by consent.

This hath orbicular fibres, that the meat and drink being once recei­ved within the capacity of the stomack, it might bee exactly shut, lest fumes and the heat should break out, which might hinder conco­ction.

The other by the Grecians is called [...], janitor, or doore-keeper, [Page 57] because it as a Porter doth make way for the Chylus to descend to the duodenum: It is not wide as the other orifice, because it was onely to transmisse the elaborate Chylus: wherefore be­sides its transverse fibres, it hath a thicke & com­pact circle representing the sphinter muscule, that it might the more easily open and shut.

It hath veines, first fromIts Veines the trunck of vena porta, and this is pytoricus ramus, or from the bran­ches of the same: where­fore from ramus splenicus [Page 58] it hath gastrica, from whence Coronaria spring­eth; Gastroepiplois sini­stra, & vas breve, from the ramus mesentericus. before it bee divided it hath Gastroepiplois dex­tra.

It hath Arteries fromIts arteries. ramus coeliacus, which doe accompany every veine.

It hath many Nerves from the sixt pair, which with the gula passing through the midrife crosse one another; for the right sinew doth compasse the left and fore part; but the left, [Page 59] the right and hinder part of the stomacke. So that the upper part of the stomacke is of an exquisite sense. These three vessels passe be­tweene the common and proper coats, and end in their orifices in the in­ternall membrane.

It is the seat of hun­ger,The cause of hunger. and soonest doth feele the defect of ali­ment: for blood being spent in the veins, upon the nourishment of the body, the fibres of the in­ternall membrane of the stomacke are contra­cted, and so this paine [Page 60] which is called hunger is caused.

The action of the sto­mackeIts action Chylus. is Chylification: now Chylus is a white juyce reasonable thicke like Barley creame, wrought by the faculty of the stomacke out of the aliments. This is chiefly elaborate by the heat of the stomacke, yet the adjacent parts putting to their helping hands; as in the right side, the liver; in the left, the spleene: above the midrife, below the guts, before the caule, behinde the trunckes of [Page 61] vena cava and the aorta. This heat of the sto­macke is temperate, and somewhat moist, that this concoction might resemble boyling.

Of figure, it is roundIts figure. moderately, partly that it should not take too much room, partly that it might receive much. It is somewhat long and hath two orifices higher than the bottome, lest fone should have been in the bottome, the ali­mēt unconcocted should have issued out of it.

CAP VIII. Of the Intestines or Guts.

THe guts are calledThe ety­mon. in Latine Intestina, in Greeke [...]. They begin at the Pylorus, and end in the fundament.

They have a round fi­gure,The fi­gure. that they might containe sufficient nou­rishment.

They are of a mem­branousTheir sub­stance. substance, that they might readily con­striction and dilation.

In length they are sixTheir length. [Page 63] times as long as the whole body.

They have three coats,Their coats. one common from the Peritonaeum, but mediat­ly; for in the duodenum, and that part of the colon which cleaveth to the stomack, it proceedeth immediatly from the lower membrane of the caul; but in the jejunum, [...]leum, the rest of the co­lon, and the thick guts it proceedeth from the membranes of the me­senterium.

They have two pro­per, to retaine, and ex­pell readily; The outer­most [Page 64] is membranous, the innermost nervous, although it seeme to bee fleshy, by reason of the crusty substance, with the which it is lyned; which is framed of the excrements of the third concoction of the guts themselves. It is also glased with a mucous substance, which is no­thing else but an excre­mentiticus fleamy sub­stance, bred in the first concoction: This fur­thereth the expulsion of the faeces, and hindereth excoriatiō, which might be caused when sharp hu­mors [Page 65] passe thorow them.

This internall mem­braneThe fibres. in the small guts hath oblique fibres, but the externall transverse, because these are ap­pointed for the retenti­on and expulsion of the chylus. But in the thick guts, the inner mem­brane hath transverse, but the outer hath ob­lique and straight, be­cause they are appointed for the expulsion of the excrements: The inner membrane of the small guts is full of wrinkles, to stay the chylus from passing too soone. Be­tween [Page 66] the common coat and those which are pro­per, the vena & arteris Mesaraicae march.

The veins flow from theTheir veins. porca, although not from the same branch: For the duodenus surculus is sent into the duodenum, and the Haemorrhoidalis, to the left part of the co­lon, and the whole re­ctum, as the dexter mesen­tericus is sent to the jeju­num, caecum, ileum, and the right part of the co­lon. Epiplois postica, is in­serted into the middle part of the colon, which marcheth transversly un­der [Page 67] the stomacke; be­sides these a sprig from the ramus epigastricus of the vena cava is sent to the intestinum rectum, which maketh the ex­ternall haemorrhoidal.

The Arteries springThe Arte­ries. partly from ramus Caeli­acus, partly from both the mesentericae, to the du­odenum, and the begin­ning of Iejunum, a sprig is sent from the right ra­mus Caeliacus: but to the rest of the Iejunum, to ileum, caecum, and the right part of Colon me­sentericus superior: to the left part of Colon, and to [Page 68] the intestinum rectum, mesentericus inferior is sent. At the last, epi­plois postica, which riseth from the lower part of Arteria spleaica, which is the left branch of arteria caeliaca, is sent to the middle part of Colon, which lieth under the stomacke.

Nerves they have fromThe Nerves the sixth paire: the duo­denum hath small twigs from the stomack, which goe to the Pylorus. The other guts have very many, which spring from the branch, which is bestowed upon the [Page 69] roots of the ribs: but the intestinum rectum, a­bout the podex hath four twigs from the fifth con­jugation of those which spring from the os sa­crum. This is the cause why so great paine is felt in the Colon, & re­ctum, when they are ill affected.

The guts have fatThe fat. without, and not with­in.

The guts are of twoThe diffe­rences of the guts. sorts; for they are ei­ther thin or thicke.

The thin which haveThe thin. thinner membranes are in number three.

[Page 70] 1The first is duodenum, because it is thought to have twelve inches in length. It doth passe di­rectly under the stomack to the beginning of those guts which begin to bee gathered by the mesen­tereum, for this is tied with it.

2The second is Ieju­num, or the hungrie gut; for in dead carcasses it is for the most part found emptie; partly by rea­son of the multitude of the veins, partly by rea­son of the acrimony of the choler, which pro­ceedeth pure from the [Page 71] liver. In length it is 12. hands bredth and three inches, and as broad as the ring finger. The in­ternall membrane is longer than the exter­nall; for it hath innu­merable orbicular, and transverse wrinkles to stay the chylus. It begin­neth on the right side, under the colon, where the dnodenum endeth, and the guts begin to be wreathed, and filling al­most the whole umbili­cal region, it endeth into the ileum: of all other guts it hath greatest store of veins and arte­ries; [Page 72] and by these you may finde the circum­scription of it. Meatns biliaerius is inserted into the beginning of this gut which sendeth cho­ler from the gall, which pricketh the guts to ha­sten expulsion.

3The third is Ileum, it hath thinner mem­branes than the rest of the tenuia. It is seated under the navell, and filleth both the Ilia. It is the longest of all the guts, for in length it containeth 21. hand­bredth, but it is the nar­rowest of all, for it is [Page 73] but an inch in bredth. It hath fewer wrinkles than the jejunum, and lesser, which about the end of it scarcely ap­peare.

It beginneth where both smaller and fewer veins appeare, and en­deth about the place of the right kidnie, where it is joyned both with the intestinum coecum, & colon. The externall coat of the tenuia intestina is more thin and fleshy than the internall. It hath transverse and or­bicular fibres, with a few straight to streng­then [Page 74] the transverse. The internall coat it hath partly straight, partly oblique fibres. Yet fewer straight than the crassa intestina have. These guts have a motion inch as wormes have when they crawl, or leeches when they suck, to draw downward the chylus: for it is not in our power to send this away, as we doe the excrements. The crassa intestina have not this motion, and by reason of this motion the upper part of the gut may be wrapped in the lower, which cau­seth [Page 75] the sicknesse called Ileos or convolvulus.

Now follow the In­testinaThe thick guts.crassa, the great guts, they are three in number also.

1The first is called Coe­cum [...], the blind gut, because one end of it is shut, so that at the same orifice the chylus passeth, and returneth. In man it is like a thick round worme coyled together. It is bigger in an infant than in a man, foure inches in length and one in bredth. It is not tyed to the mesenterium; but being couched round, it [Page 76] is tyed to the right kid­nie. In sound persons it is alwais empty. In foure footed beast; it is alwaies full of excre­ments. Apes have it larger than a man, Dogs larger than Apes; but Conies, Squirrels and Rats, largest of all, if you consider the proportion of their bodies.

2The second is Colon, [...]: be­cause it detaineth the excrements. It hath it beginning from Ileum & coecum, and moun­ting up by the dextrum ilium, when it comes to [Page 77] the liver, it passeth transversly under the stomack to the left ili­um, and from thence to the beginning of os sacrum.

It is tied first to the right kidnie in the right side, by the externall membrane, then in the middle to the bottom of the stomack, and at the last unto the left kidney. In length, it is of seven hand bredth, and seven inches. It is the broa­dest of all others, that it might containe all the excrements.

It hath cels, which [Page 78] spring from the internal tunicle of it; These cels are kept in their figure, by a ligament halfe an inch broad, which pas­seth thorow the upper and middle part of it all alongst; this being bro­ken or dissolved, the cels appeare no more. Their use is to hinder the flowing of the excre­ments to one place, which would compresse the parts adjacent.

It hath a value where it is joyned with ileum, like to the Sigmoides in the Sinus of the heart. This value so [Page 79] stoppeth the hole which is common to the ilcon and colon, that flatuosity cannot ascend to the Ileum, much lesse excre­ments regurgitat. If one would find this cut, let him powre in water in­to the intestinum rectum, and hold up the guts. The water will stay when it is come to the value, if it bee found. If this value be relaxed by sicknesse, excrements may regurgitat, and ex­pelled by vomit and clysters, also come to stomack.

The third is Intesti­num [Page 80] rectum, the straight gut; it hath its beginning where the colon endeth, & endeth where it maketh the anus: it is of a [...] in length, not so wide as the colon, the muscle [...], is at the end of it: It hath thick and fleshy externall coats, and so a solution of uni­ty in it may the sooner be united. It hath many transverse fibres, few ob­lique, and some straight. It hath veins not from Porta onely as the rest; but from the trunck of the cava descending also, w^ch make the externall [Page 81] Hemorrhoidall.

The guts have a three-fold use, for first they all concoct the Chylus sent from the stomack bet­ter.

Secondly, the small guts digest the Chylus.

Thirdly, the thick guts expell the excre­ments.

CAP. IX. Of the Mesenterium.

THe substance is membranous, First, that it might bee light, and should not presse [...] [Page 80] [...] [Page 81] [Page 82] together the vessell by its weight; Secondly, that it might be exten­ded into all dimensions, by reason of the fibres; Thirdly, that betweene the membranes it might the more readily gather fat.

It is of a circular fi­gure, which is most ca­pable, that it might an­swer the length of the guts, and keepe them within a small compasse and place likewise.

It is framed of two proper membranes, one above another, strong enough, and one com­mon, [Page 83] between which & the proper the vessels passe safely to the guts.

The veins are called Mesaraicae, these spring from ramus mesentericus, dexter & sinister branches of the Vena porta.

It hath also two arte­ries, the one superiour, the other inferiour branches of the arteria mesenterica, which passe as the veins doe.

As for the nerves, it hath two on each side, springing from the branches of the sixt paire, which goe to the roots of the ribs; others it [Page 84] hath from those which spring from the spin lis medulla, betweene the first, second, third and fourth vertebra of the loynes.

That the vessels might passe safely without rup­tion, Nature hath pla­ced glandules betweenGlandules. the divarications of the veines and arteries.

The biggest of theseThe biggest. is about the center of the mesaraeum, where the distribution of the ves­sels beginneth.

If this become scir­rhous, the extenuation of the whole body en­sueth, [Page 85] because the passing of the chylus is hindered: leane persons have lar­ger glandules than the fat, because the fat doth sufficiently guard the distribution of the vessels, and preserveth the heat of the vessels.

The arteries bring spi­rit; but the veins doe bring both the chylus to the liver, and nourish­ment to the inner parts; but not at the same time: As wee take breath by, and let it out by the same instruments, but not at the same time: see Galen 3. facult. nat. 13. [Page 86] & 4. de us. part. 14. So at one time the liver draweth from the belly, and at another time the belly from the liver. When the guts are full, the chylus is sent to the liver; but when they are empty, they draw nourishment.

It hath two parts, Mesaraeum, [...], and [...], quas! [...]. The first tyeth the small guts together; the se­cond the thick.

The Mesaraeum is in theThe big­nesse of the mesaraeum. circumference 3. yards, but a span in bredth.

[Page 87]It springeth from theIts begin­ning. ligaments of the verte­brae of the loynes, by two roots; the largest about the first vertebra; the other lesser, about the third. It was fit that it should be tyed strong­ly to these ligaments, lest it might have beene torne by violent moti­ons, or bee pulled from thence by the weight of the guts being full.

And as plants draw their nourishment by their roots from the earth, so living creatures which have bloud, draw their nutriment from the [Page 88] guts, by the mesaraick veins. Wherefore lest they should suffer rup­tion, Nature would have them to passe safely be­tweene membranes.

The use of it then is to cary safely the vessels which passe to the guts.

It is tyed before to the small guts; but behind to the first and third ver­tebra of the loynes, from whence it springeth.

It is called [...] & [...], quasi [...].

[...] is that by theMesocolon. which the thick guts are tyed together. Hippoc. 6. [Page 89] Epid. & Galen. 4. A­phor. 6. make mention of this. It is tyed in the right side, to the right part of the Ile­um; but in the left side to the left part of Ileum, and the muscle Psoas: before it is tyed to the colon, & rectum in­testinum.

CAP. X. Of the venae lacteae.

THis is the opinion of all the ancient and moderne Writers, concerning the mesen­terie, and the mesarai­call, if you except Cas­par Asellius, who by his diligence found these veins, which hee calleth lacteas, because they con­tainWhy so called. a white juice, which is nothing else but the chylus elaborate, which they carry from the smal guts to the liver.

Their beginning see­methTheir be­ginning. [Page 91] to bee in the Pan­creas, for there they all meet, and are strangely implicate and twisted together: from thence they passe upward to the liver, and downeward to the small guts: so that the Pancreas is a more excellent part than it hath beene hitherto ta­ken by other Anato­mists: and as the mo­thers blood before it be sent by the vasa umbili­calia to nourish the In­fant, is first committed to the placenta uteri, to draw from it all impuri­tie: so then these venae [Page 92] lacteae, discharge their impurities before they carry the chylus to the li­ver in the Pancreas.

They are inserted in­to the small guts,Their in­sertion. and have nothing to doe with the stomack. They passe into the capacity of the guts, and end in the wrinkled crust, with the which the internall membrane of the guts is lined with their spon­gious heads like to Lee­ches, by the which they draw to themselves the chylus.

From the small gutsTheir progress. they march between the [Page 93] two membranes of the mesenterium, sometimes severed from the other vessels, sometimes joy­ned with them, some­times directly, some­times over-riding them, making a Saint Andrewes crosse thorow the glan­dules, untill they come to the Pancreas, where they are inexplicably twisted one with ano­ther: from thence ha­ving greater branches, they passe by the sides of vena porta to the ca­vitie of the liver, where they are spent by ending there by small twists: [Page 94] and so it is most likely that sanguification is performed by the sub­stance of the liver, and not by the veins: the grosser part of it being sent to the branches of vena porta, and the sub­tillest to the branches of vena cava;

They differ from theThe diffe­rence be­tween them and the or­dinary me­saraicall veins. ordinary masaraicall veins;

First, in bignesse, for these are bigger, but those are more in num­ber, for they are twice as many: for more chy­lus must bee sent to the liver to make blood of [Page 95] for the nourishment of the whole body, than blood for the nourishing of the inward parts one­ly.

Secondly, the valuesTheir values. which are seene about the endings of these, are placed from without in­wards, but of those from within outwards. The reason of this diversitie is this: the venae lacteae suck the chylus from the guts which ought not to returne, but the ordinary mesaraicall send blood, and some­times excrementitious humours, which ought [Page 96] not to come back a­gaine.

If you would findeHow to find them out. out these veins, you must feed a dogge with milke, and five or six houres afterward dis­sect his belly; then by stretching the mesente­rie you shall perceive them.

That the ancients didWhy the Ancients did not find these out. not find out these veins, the cause is, either be­cause they dissected beasts after they were dead, or after that the chylus was distributed, or they did presently take a view of the mesentery; [Page 97] but made some stay a­bout the inspection of some other part.

They have no trunck,Why they have no trunck. because they were to end in the liver, and to go no further. From this part many diseases spring; first, because it is composed of two membranes, having in­numerable veins and ar­teries, and so it may con­taine many impurities; secondly, because it hath many glandules, which as a sponge imbibe su­perfluities.

CAP. XI. Of the Pancreas.

IT is called [...], and [...]. It is the biggest glandule of the whole body, and very red, like unto soft flesh, from whence it hath its name.

In figure it is ovall, three or foure inches in length. It is placed in the left side towards the spleen; above the sto­mack resteth upon it: below, the membranes of the peritonaeum lie, unto [Page 99] which it is firmly tied. It doth keep within it selfe ramus splenicus, the left branch of arteria coelia­ca; the nerves which passe from the sixt paire to the stomack and the duodenum.

It hath a membrane from the peritonaeum, by the which it is covered and holden up.

It hath three uses. First, it staieth the liver lest it being distended by too much meat and drink, should be hurt by the hardnesse of the ver­tebrae of the back.

Secondy, to keep the [Page 100] vessels passing through it, from ruption.

Thirdly, to keepe these same from com­pression, when the sto­mack is to much stret­ched by meat and drink.

CAP. XII. Of the Liver. Now follow the parts ap­pointed for sanguification, whereof the Liver is the chiefest.

THe substance of the liver seemeth to be a red fleshy masse. In the first formation of the birth, it is framed of bloud wizing out of the veins, and there coagu­lating about them.

The substance of the [Page 102] liver is so set about the branches of the vena por­ta & cava, that it filleth up all cavities and doth firmly stay them; keep­ing them open from pursing together, and in comely order that they be not confounded. It is the thickest and hea­viest of all other entrals.

It is bigger in man than any other livingIts bignesse. creature, if you consider the proportion of his body; for it was fit so to bee, seeing man was to have greatest store of bloud, lest spirits should faile in performing the [Page 103] functions of the soule, wherewith man is most copiously furnished. Be­sides, seeing he hath but one liver, the bignesse was to recompence the number: we may guesse of the bignesse of it by the bignes of the fingers.

It is covered with a very thin membrane, which springeth from the second ligament of the liver, which cleaveth firmly to the substance of the liver. If it be sepa­rat at any time by a wa­trish humor issuing out of the vessels frō the fle­shie substance, watrish [Page 104] pustulls by the Gre­cians called [...], are ingendered. If these doe breake, the water falleth into the cavity of the belly, and causeth that kind of dropsie called ascites.

It hath veins as well frō the cava as the porta.

The branches of theIts veins. cava are distributed for the most part thorow the gibbous part; but those of the porta, into the holow part: yet so that the branches of both are joyned by in­osculation to deliver the purest bloud to the ve­na [Page 105] cava, for the nourish­ing of the vitall parts, and the grosest by the branches of the porta, or the nourishing of the naturall. There seemeth to be three times more of the twigs of the porta, than of the cava within the liver.

Amongst the midst of the branches of the porta, some little veins march; which afterward be comming one twig, end in the vesicula fellea, that the bilious humour may be sent to it, before the bloud enter into the vena cava.

[Page 106]It hath onely few ar­teries,Its arteries. which springing from the right branch of the coeliaca end in the hollow part of the liver, where the vena porta commeth out.

It hath two nerves, butIts nerves. very small, because it hath but a dull sense. One commeth from the branch which is sent to the upper orifice of the stomack; the other from that branch which is dispersed thorow the roots of the ribs of the right side.

As for the figure of it,Its figure. it is almost round, the [Page 107] upper part is arched and smooth; and so framed that it might not hurt the diaphragma.

The lower part is hol­low to receive the sto­mack, which is of a sphe­ricall figure.

In the upper and con­vexIts ties. part, which is distant but one inch from the diaphragma, to give way to it when it is dilated in breathing, and to the stretching of the sto­macke, it is tied first to the diaphragma, by a li­gament membranous, broad, and strong, which springeth from the peri­tonaeum, [Page 108] where it cove­reth the midrife in the lower part. It passeth transversly by the liver, to the hinder parts, by this ligament; it is staied from faling downe. It is called the suspensory.

Secondly, in the fore part it is staied by two ties; by the first it is tied to the mucronata cartila­go, to hinder it from fa­ling to the back parts, when wee stretch our back: This ligament is broad, double, and strong; and springeth from the peritonaeum, and giveth the liver its coat.

[Page 109]Into this coat the 2. si­news are implanted ac­cording to Galen, lib. 3. de loc. effect. cap.. 3. and not into the substance of the liver, so that accor­ding to Galen, 4. de us. part. cap. 13. it hath but a dull feeling, such as plants have to embrace that which is profitable, and to leave that which is unprofitable.

By the second it is tied to the navell; this is the umbilicall veine, which when the infant is borne [...]eeseth its hollownesse, and becommeth a liga­ment. This staieth it [Page 110] from being pulled up­wards.

Thirdly, it is tied to the short ribs, by small fibres, to keep it steady. In the hollow part it is tied by the mesenterium, to the ribs by the vena cava.

It differeth from theIts diffe­rences from the liver of beasts. liver of beasts, in that it hath seldome any lobes, yet the hollow part of it hath a fissure or chink, wherein the umbilicall veine is implanted, and two small bunchings out in the right part where the vena porta marcheth out, which Galen cal­leth [Page 111] [...], gates.

Besides these there isA little lobe. a little lobe of a softer and thinner substance, than is the rest of the li­ver, and is covered with a membrane: It is tied to the omentum by this lobe, by the which Spi­gel. de human. corp. fa­bric. lib. 8. cap. 12 thin­keth that waters may be discharged out of the li­ver into the caul.

It is placed in theIts situati­on. lower belly in the right side covered with the ribs for safety, and in the middle of the trunck of the body to send bloud [Page 112] equally to the upper and lower parts. The sto­mack is cherished by it, and the spleen; But be­cause it is a more noble part than the spleen, it is placed in the right hypo­chondrium.

The proper action ofIts action. it is not only to further sanguification, perfected in the veins, as all an­cient Anatomists aver; but to sanguifie the chy­lus, caried to it by vena lacteae, as Asellius hath proved.

One thing is to be no­ted,A note. that the substance of the liver, in the convex [Page 113] part, where the vena cava is lodged, is softer than that which is in the hol­low part, where the ve­na partae is: for there it may be more easily se­parate from the vessels, than here; and not with­out cause: for the roots of vena portae ought to bee staied by a harder substance, that they bee kept wider; but the roots of the cava with a softer, that they might the rea­dier be filled, stretched, and slacked.

CAP. XIII. Of the vena portae.

SEeing the roots of the veins which Na­ture harh appointed to furnish bloud, the nutri­ment of the body, have their roots in the liver: Having discoursed of it, method doth require to set downe the doctrine of them.

Although there is butThe veins of it. one artery to impart life, yet there are two veines, the vena portae & cava. Because come re­quire [Page 115] a grosser bloud for nutrition, as those parts are, which serve the nu­tritive faculty, which are, the liver, the gall, the stomack, the spleen, the p [...]us, the [...]e [...] ­tum, the guts, and the mesentery. For unto the rest as the kidn [...]ies, bladder, and those which are appointed for pro­creation, the vena cava sendeth branches.

It is fit to begin with the vena portae, becauseVena portae. it goeth no further than to the parts contained in the abdomen, and not to all those neither.

[Page 116]It is so called becauseWhy so called. it seemeth to enter into the liver, by the two fle­shy bunches, called por­tae, gates.

This doth differ fromHow it dif­fereth from vena cava. the vena cava.

First, in substance; for the substance of this is thicker and blacker, because it is nourished with thick and black bloud; but that of the vena cava, is whiter and thinner, because it is nourished with a thin­ner and redder bloud.

Secondly, the sub­stance of the vena portae is harder than that of [Page 117] the cava: which ought to be softer, because it ought to be more apt for dilatation and constri­ction; first, because it containeth a more mo­vable bloud; partly be­cause its thinner, having much serosity mingled with it; partly because for the most part the branches of it are accom­panied with the bran­ches of the great artery, whereas the branches of the porta are farre e­nough off, if you except ramus splenicus.

Thirdly, the truncke of vena cava is larger [Page 118] than that of porta, be­cause it nourisheth more parts, as hath been said.

Fourthly, the porta hath more roots within the substance of the liver than the cava.

The roots of the vena portae and cava are joyned by the unition called A­nastomasis How inos­culation is performed. or inoscula­tion. This is performed by two waies: First, when the ending of one doth meet with the end, of the other: as the epi­gastricae venae meet with the mammariae in the lower side of the muscal recti.

[Page 119]Secondly, when one branch resting upon an other, doe cleave toge­ther, having a hole in the middle. This inos­culation is seene in the roots of the vena portae, and the cava.

One thing is to be no­ted,A note. that there are many of the twigs of the vena portae, which touch not those of the cava: Be­cause the purest part of the bloud was onely to be caried to the vena ca­va, and the thickest, to remaine in the vena portae. By reason of these Anastomases, in famine [Page 120] nourishment is sent from the habit of the body, by the vena cava, to nou­rish the internall parts.

Bauhin affirmeth, that there is a common con­duit to the roots of vena portae & cava, which in it cavity will receive a smal probe. In these veins, be­sides bloud, excrementi­tious humors are also cō ­tained in diseased per­sons, which sometimes are sent from the whole body by the vena cava in­to the guts, & sometimes communicate to the vena cava by vena portae. How the inosculati­on of these veins is found out.

To find out the radi­cation [Page 121] and inosculation of these veins, you must boyle the liver untill it become soft, & so with a woodden or bone knife separate the substance from the vessels; for a sharp knife is not fit.

Now to come to distri­butionThe distri­bution of vena portae. of vena portae, i hath parts. 1 Radices, the roots. 2. Truncus, the trunck. 3. Rami, the bran­ches. 4. Surculi, twigs.

As for the roots, firstIts roots. from the circumference of the liver, small capillar veins march towards the inner part of it, and by combination becom­ming [Page 122] greater, they make up five branches. These about the middle of the hollow part, yet towards the back joyning toge­ther make up one root, which at the last com­ming out of the liver, a­bout the eminences, cal­led portae, fame that trunck which is called Vena portae.

This trunck parting aIts bran­ches. little from the liver be­fore it bee severed into brāches, it putteth forth two twigs, the one be­ing small, and springing from the upper and fore part of the trunck, as [Page 123] soone as it parteth from the liver, is inserted into cystis fellis, about the neck of it, and spr [...]ed by innumerable twigs, thorow the externall coat of it.

Vesalius affirmeth that there bee two of these twigs, from whence some call them cysticae ge­mellae: But this is a mat­ter of no great moment. This twig may be called surculus cysticus, or Vesi­calis.

The second twig is bigger, but lower. This springeth from this same forepart, yet towards the [Page 124] right side, and is inserted into the bottome of the stomacke: from hence it sendeth many sprigs toward the hinder part of it towards the backe.

It may be called pista­ricus more properly than gastricus, seeing there are other branches which are called gastrici. Having sent forth these 2 twigs, the trunke passeth down, and bending still a little towards the left side, it is parted into two re­markable branches; whereof the one is cal­led sinister or the left, seated above the right, [Page 125] but lesser: the other is dexter, or the right, low­er than the left, yet lar­ger: the left is bestowed upon the stomacke, the omentum, a part of co­lon and the splene: the right is spred through the guts and the mesen­terium: the left is called vena splenica, but the right vena mesenterica.

The vena splenica hathBranches of Vena sple­nica. two branches before it come to the splene, the superiour and the inferi­our. The superiour is called gastricus or ventri­cularis. This is bestowed upon the stomacke, the [Page 126] middle twig conspassing the left part of the ori­fice of the stomacke like a garland, is called coro­naria: from the lower branch two twigs doe spring the [...] this doth send other twigs to the right side of the lower membrane of the omentum, and to the colon annexed to it. This is called epiplois, or omentalus dextra: the other is spent upon the lower membrane of the omentum which tieth the colon to the backe, and upon that part of the co­lon, it is called epiplois, [Page 127] or omentalis postica: when the ramus splenicus hath approched to the splene, it doth send our two other twigs, the uppermost and the low­ermost: from the upper­most vas breve springeth which is implanted in the left part of the bot­tome of the stomacke commonly: from the lowermost two twigs issue.

The first is called gastrve piplois sinistra, this comming from the low­er part of the splene to­wards the right side, is bestowed upon the left [Page 128] part of the bottome of the stomacke, and the upper and left part of the omentum.

The second springeth most commonly from ramus splenicus, but sel­dome from the splene; and passing along accor­ding to the length of the intestinum rectum, it is inserted into the anus by many twigs. This is called Haemorrhoidalis in­terna, as that which springeth from the vena cava is called baemorrho­dalis externa.

Now followeth vena. Vena me­senterica Mesenterica, or the right [Page 129] branch of vena fortae; be­fore it bee divided into branches, it sendeth forth two twigs.

The first is called Ga­stroepiplois sinistra, this is bestowed upon the right part of the bottom of the stomacke, and the upper membrane of the caule.

The second is called Intestinalis, or duodena: It is inserted into the middle of the duodenum, and the beginning of the jejunum, and passeth ac­cordin gtohe length of thē. This branch as soon as it passeth from the [Page 130] backe, it entereth into the mesenterium, and pas­sing betweene the mem­branes of it, sendeth forth those mesaraicall veins, which send nou­rishment to the inward parts.

It is divided into two branches, to wit, Me­senterica dextra, & sini­stra: Mesenterica dextra, placed in the right side, sendeth a number of branches to feed the je­junumcaecū, and the right part of the colon, which is next to the kidney and liver.

It hath foureteen re­markable [Page 131] branches, but innumerable smal twigs. One thing is to be noted, that the greater branch­es are supported by the greater glandules, and the smaller by the smal­ler glandules. Mesenterica sinistra passeth through the middle of the mesen­terium, & that part of co­lon which passeth from the left part of the sto­mack, to the intestinum rectum.

The chiefe use of theThe uses of it. vena portae is to nourish the parts which are ap­pointed for nutrition with thicke and feculent [Page 132] blood: It ought to bee thicke, that it might be the hotter; for heat in a thicke body is more powerfull.

The second use is to further the sanguificati­on of the liver.

CAP. XIV. Of the Vena cava, dispersed within the trūk of the body.

WIthin the trunck of the body, the vena cava hath two trunkes; one called as­cendens or going up, the other descendens or mar­ching downe.

The ascendens passing [Page 133] through the nerves part of the Diaphragma, it marcheth upward undi­cided, until it come to the jugulum: yet by the way from its sides it sen­deth two twigs.

The first is Phrenica, 1 this is inserted into the midrife and heart, from [...]ence springeth the co­ronaria vena which com­passeth the basis of the heart as a garland.

The second is vena sine2pari, so called, because it hath not a fellow in the left side as other veins have. It doth spring about the fift vertebra [Page 134] of the brest from the hinder part of the vena cava in the right side. This going downe, it marcheth towards the Spina: when it is comeThe bran­ches of ve­na sine pari. to the eighth or ninth rib above the Spina, it is di­vided into two bran­ches, to wit, the right and the left; the left is inserted most common­ly in the middle of the left emulgent veine. By this branch blood, on watrish or purulent mat­ter may bee discharged by urine; the right twig is implanted either into the trunke of the cava, or [Page 135] into prims lumbaris.

This being done, the vena cava ascendeth up to the jugulum being strengthened by the mediastinum and the glandulous body called thymus. Here the vena cava is divided into two remarkable branches, from whence those veins spring which are sent to the head, to the armes, and some muscules of the abdomen. One passeth to the right side, the o­ther to the left; the one is called subclavius, be­cause it marcheth under the cannel bone with [Page 136] in: The other is calledThe bran­ches of ra­mus subcla­vius. axillaris when it is come to the arme pit, from the upper part of the ramus subclavius two remark­able branches proceed: the internall and exter­nall jugular, in man the internall is biggest, but in beasts the externall.

1The internall jugu­lar commeth out about the articulation of the cannell bone with the sternum; then it joyneth it selfe with the soporall arterie, and the recur­rent nerve, and with it hinder and greatest branch accōpanied with [Page 137] the soporall arterie, it entereth with the crani­um at the hole of the oc­ciput, by the which the sixth paire of nerves commenth downe, it en­treth into the first and second sinus of the dura mater.

The externall jugular2mounteth up to the eare under the skin, and the quadrat muscule which pulleth down the cheek alongst the necke: from this branch spring the veins which are opened under the tongue.

From the lower part of ramus subclavius, [Page 138] spring foure branches.Sprigges springing from the lower part of ramus subclavius.

The first, Intercostalis superior, one on each side; it is small, and commeth out about the root of the bifurcation: then passing downe by the roots of two ribs, it be­stowed twigs upon the distances of these two ribs.

The second is Mamma­ria, this marcheth for­wards towards the upper part of the brest bone: then it goeth downe by the sides of it, and when it is come to cartilage mucronata about the sides of it, it commeth [Page 139] out: from thence it pas­seth straight waies under the right muscule to the navell, where by an ana­stomasis it is joyned with the spigastrica ascendens: from hence commeth that great consent be­tweene the matrix and paps.

The third is Mediastina, because it is bestowed upon the mediastinum, together with the left nerve of the diaphragma, according to its length.

The fourth is Cervica­lis, or Vertebralis. This passing thorow the holes of the transverse proces­ses [Page 140] of the vertebrae of the neck, is bestowed upon the muscles of the neck which are next to the vertebrae.

CAP. XV. Of the Gall.

THe Gall, called in Latine Vesicabiliaria The de­scription of it. or Folliculus sellis, is a dissimilary part, in figure representing a peare, hollow, and appointed to receive the thin yel­low choler.

It is about two inchesIts bignesse. in length.

[Page 141]By its upper part it isIts connexi­on. tied to the liver, which doth afford it a hollow­nesse to receive it; but the lower part, which hangeth without the li­ver, it resteth upon the right side of the stomack, and the Colon, and doth often die them both yellow.

It hath two mem­branes,Its mem­branes. the one cōmon, which is thin and exte­riour, without fibres. This springing from the membrane of the liver, it onely covereth that part which hangeth without the liver; The [Page 142] other membrane is pro­per.

This is thick and strong, and hath threeThe fibres of the pro­per mem­brane. sorts of fibres, the out­termost are transverse, the middlemost oblique, and the inner most straight.

This membrane is lar­der and thicker in the necke; but thinner in the bottom. Within it hath a mucous sub­stance, engendered of the excrements of the third concoction of the membrane, to withstand the acrimony of the choler.

[Page 143]It hath two parts, theThe parts of it. neck, and the bottom.

The necke is harder than the bottom, and higher in situation.

It from the bottome by degrees growing narrower and narrower, at last endeth in the ductus communis, or the com­mon passage of the cho­ler, to the beginning of the jejunum.

This elongation of the neck of the vesicula fel­lea, is called meatus cysticus, because it springeth from the cystis.

The choler is cariedHow the choler is caried to the gall. to the neck of the cystis, [Page 144] by many small veins neere to the roots of the vena portae about the midst of them, and is discharged into the ca­vity of it about the up­per part.

The meatus cysticus Its values. hath three values look­ing from without inwards to hinder the re­course of the choler to the liver.

The other passageMeatus he­paticus. which carieth the thick and corrupt choler, as that which is called vi­tellina, aeruginosa, porra­cea, &c. is called meatus hepaticus; because it pas­seth [Page 145] straightway from the liver to the ductus communis.

This passage hath noWhat beasts have this passage on­ly. values, both these dis­charge their choler by the common passage in­to the beginning of the jejunum, when the small guts are discharged of the chylus.

Beasts which want the vesica fellea, have this meatus hepaticus, as Harts, Hynds, and fallow Deere, and those which have a whole hoofe.

The meatus hepaticus passeth thorow the roots of the vena cava, by innu­merable [Page 146] branches, which being gathered toge­ther become one branch and being united with the meatus cyslicus make up the communis ductus, which is inserted into the beginning of the je­junum obliquely be­tweene the two mem­bbranes of the intestine a­bout the distance of two inches before it perforat the second membrane.

The vesica fellea hath for nourishment called cysticae gemellae.

For life it hath sprigsIts vessels. of arteries proceeding from the Caeliaca. To [Page 147] afford sense it hath a smal threed like a sprig of a sinew from the sixth paire.

Many times stones areOf the stones in it. found in it, but they being lighter than those of the bladder, swimme above the water.

The use of these twoThe use of the passages. passages, is to draw all superfluous choler from the chylus, and to turne it into the guts, where it affordeth benefits to na­ture:

For first by its sharp­nesseThe uses of the choler. it moveth the inte­stines to turne out the terrestriall excrements [Page 148] in due season.

2Secondly, by reason of its thinnesse it doth cut and cleanse the small guts of fleame, which there is plentifully bred.

3Thirdly, by reason of its drinesse it hindreth the increase of putrifaction.

4Fourthly, it furthe­reth concoction in the intestines by increasing their heat: neverthe­lesse, naturally there can bee no passage to carryWhy choler is not car­ried to the stomacke. choler to the bottome of the stomacke.

1For first, by reason of its acrimonie it would corrode it.

[Page 149]Secondly, it would2cause the crude nourish­ment to passe into the duodenum.

Thirdly, it would pro­cure perpetuall vomi­ting.3If it fall out that choler be carried to the bottome of the stomack by any passage than this, the party vomiteth cho­ler, and is termed [...], but if it be inser­ted into the end of the jejunum, then bilious de­jections follow: and such a one is termed [...].

One thing I wouldA note. have you observe; that [Page 150] the porus biliarius passeth by a straight course to the ductus communis, and not to the vesicula fellea, which thus you may shew: put a cathaeter into the necke of this passage neere the liver, the guts will be blowne up, and not the vesicula. Againe, put the cashaeter into the common pas­sage, and both the cystu fellis, and the meatus che­lidochus will be blowne up.

If you would findeHow the values are found out. out the three values of the vesicula fellea, presse the choller with your [Page 151] fingers from the bot­tome towards the neck: whre you find the cho­ler to stay, there the values are.

CAP XVI. Of the Spleene.

THe Spleene or Milt in English, in Greek is called Splen, and Lien in Latine.

The substance of it is flaggie,Its sub­stance. loose, and spun­gious, net-like, which is the cause that it may im­bibe much superfluitie, and so become excee­dingly [Page 152] swelled.

This substance is co­veredIts mem­brane. with a membrane borrowed from the peri­toneum, which is inser­ted first into the straight line of the milt, and then covereth the whole Spleene: It is thicker than that of the liver. First, because it hath a looser substance. Secondly, because it hath more arteries which require a strong mem­brance to defend them. The staight line is in the hollow part, where the vessels of the Spleen doe enter into it.

[Page 153]In Infants new borneWhy it is red in In­fants. it is of a red colour, be­cause they have been fed with elaborate blood: but in those of a ripe age it is somewhat blackish, being boyled, it repre­senteth clareth wine. In man it is bigger, thic­ker, and heavier, than in beasts; for it is six in­ches in length, three in breadth, and one in thicknesse; yet accor­ding to Aristotle, 3. histor. animal. 16. a conveni­ent little one is better than a big one.

In figure it is some­whatIts figure. Its seat. long like an Oxestongue,

[Page 154]It is seated in the left hypochondrium: So Hip­pocrat. 6. Epidem. calleth it the left liver, and Ari­stot. 3. part. animal. 7. the bastard liver, but is sea­ted somewhat lower, because it was to draw the terrestriall part of the Chylus, before it come to the liver by ra­mus splenicus, that the blood may be made thin­ner, and purer, for such blood causeth men to be wiser. 2. de part. anim. 2. It is all couched with­in and under the short ribs; so that in healthful persons it cannot be felt; [Page 155] onely if it be inflamed, a pulsation may be felt.

It is tied to five parts,Its connex­ion. to the midrife and left kidney by small mem­branes, by it hollow part which giveth way to the stomacke being disten­ded to the upper mem­brane of the omentum, and to the stomacke by vas breve. In its arched part it is tied to the back, so that dints remain in it by the impression of the ribs.

It hath veins for nou­rishment from ramus splenicus;Its vessels. for life it hath arteries from ramus cae­liacus [Page 156] sinister: but five times more than veins; for great heat is required for the elaboration of thicke blood. These ves­sels enter into the spleen where the straight line is in the hollow side. They joyne often by anastomoses.

The arteries besides life afford unto theThe uses of the arteries of the spleene. spleen two benefits.

1First, they increase the naturall heat of it, that it may the better con­coct the grosser part of the Chylus which is sent unto it by the ramus sple­nicus.

[Page 157]Secondly, they fur­ther the expulsive facul­tie of it.

Now the spleene sen­dethBy what waies the spleen sen­deth it su­perfluities to the kid­nyes. its superfluities to the kidneys by two wayes.

First, by returning of1them by ramus splenicus, to the vena portae, and from thence to vena ca­va, from whence they are sent to the emul­gent veins.

Secondly, by a shor­ter2passage they are sent from arteria caeliaca to the aorta, and from thence to the kidnyes by the emulgēt arteries.

[Page 158]Last of all, it hath small twigges of nerves from the sixt pair, which are bestowed upon the investing membrane, but are not communi­cate to the substance: wherefore it must bee but of a small and dull feeling: so that the pains which sundry ascribe to the spleene, are to bee referred to the adjacent parts.

The use of the spleen, as also of the liver,The use of the spleene. is to further the elaboration and concoction of the Chylus: for it is a ba­stard liver according to [Page 159] Arist. 3. de Hijtor. ani­mal. 7.

The sanguification ofHow the sanguifica­tion of the spleene dif­fereth from that of the liver. the spleen differeth in two points, from that of the liver.

First, in the materiall1cause, for the spleen ma­keth grosse bloud of the more carthy part of the Chylus; but the liver far purer of the thinner and more benigne part of the Chylus.

Secondly, it differeth in the finall cause: for2the liver sanguifieth to afford nourishment both to the vitall and animall parts, but the spleene [Page 160] only to maintaine the naturall parts, and not all of them neither.

Nature would haveWhy the naturall parts are nourished with grosse bloud. the naturall parts to bee furnished with grosse bloud by the branches of vena portae, partly to increase their heat; for heat in a thick body is stronger; partly to afford them nourishment an­swerable to their sub­stance, for it is thick.

CAP. XVII. Of the kidnies.

THe kidny is calledTheir deno­mination. in Latine Ren, from [...] to flow: because the serofity of the bloud doth flow thorow the kidnies, to the ureters, and from thence to the bladder.

They are in numberTheir num­ber. two, not so much for the poysing of the body, as for their use and ne­cessity; that one being stopped, yet the clean­sing of the bloud might [Page 162] bee performed by the o­ther.

They are seated in theTheir pla­ces. loynes under the liver and spleen, and rest up­on the muscles called [...], which move the theyght about their heads; under the which large nerves are cou­ched. Which is the cause that a big stone be­ing in the kidny a numnesse is felt in the foot of that side; the muscle [...] being pressed down by it. They lye behind the guts. The right kidnie hath the coecum; but the left the [Page 163] colon above it. In man the right kidnie is lowest, by reason of the greatnesse of the liver, and bigger also than the left; yet it is not so fat as the left, by reason of the vicinity of the liver, whose heat hindereth the increase of fat.

In figure they re­sembleTheir figure the asarum leafe or kidnie beane, to­wards the loynes they are gibbous, but hollow towards the guts.

As for their connexi­on,Their con­nexion. by the externall fat membrane they are tied to the diaphragma, and [Page 164] the loynes: By the e­mulgent vessels to the vena cava, and the aorta, and by the ureters to the bladder.

They are in length a­bout five inches,Their big­nesse. in breadth three, and in thicknesse one; yet they are somewhat broader above than under. They are smooth in the gib­bous part, but unequall in the hollow part, to let in and out some ves­sels.

The parts are two, toTheir parts wit, the externall and the internall; The ex­ternall are the mem­branes; [Page 165] these are two.

The one is commonTheir mem­branes. and externall, borrowed from the peritonaeum; within the reduplication of which, the whole kidnie is lapped; and therefore it is called renis fascia. This membrane is compassed with copi­ous fat; so that the kid­nie seemeth to be the fattest of all other en­trals, according to Aris­totle 3. Histor. Animal. 17. Although each one be exceedingly fat; yet some part of the kidney will remaine uncovered about the middle.

This fat about the kid­nieThe uses of the fat of the kidnies. hath a threefold use. First, it is instead of a pillow.

Secondly, it receiveth as a sponge the excre­ments.

Thirdly, it furthereth and keepeth in the heat.

Before you deprive the kidnies of this tuni­ca adiposa with your nailes, about the upper part of the kidnie you are to observe a large glandule, which hath a sprig from the emul­gent veine and artery,Renes suc­centuriati. for nourishment about the middle of it.

[Page 167]In figure it represen­tethTheir fi­gure. a halfe moone, and is not unlike a kidnie; from whence it is called ren succenturiatus.There is one on each side in the upper part of the kid­nie resting upon the tunica adiposa.

It is strongly tyed toTheir con­nexion. the septum transversum.

The substance of it is more flaggy than that of the kidnie.

It hath nerves fromTheir nerves. the plexus retiformis, or net-like texture, framed of the twigs of nervus costalis, and stomachicus.

It seemeth to be fra­med, [Page 168] partly to fill up the vacuity which is be­tweene the kidnies and the diaphragma: partly to bee a pillow to the stomack, in the place a­bout the emulgent vein and artery.

The second mem­braneThe proper membrane of the kid­nyes. is that which is internall and proper. This springeth from the common coat of the ves­sels which enter into the kidnyes; for as soone as the vessels approach to the kidny they leave their externall coat. It can hardly be separate from the substance of the kidny.

[Page 169]The internall partsThe inter­nall parts. are those which are contained within the proper membrane. In these sundry things are remarkable.

First, the colour ofThe colour of them. the kidny, which is ve­ry red.

Secondly, the substanceTheir sub­stance. of the kidny, which is thick, hard, and com­pact as the heart almost, but not so fibrous.

Thirdly, the dispersi­onThe emul­gent vessels. of the emulgent ves­sels throughout it; first they enter by paires in­to the hollow part of the kidny. Then each [Page 170] branch is divided into foure or five lesser bran­ches, and these againe into lesser, untill at the last they become capil­lar.

These being spred sundrv wayes thorow the substance of the kid­ny, towards the gib­bous part at last they end at the tops of the Carunculae papillares, or teat like fleshy sub­stances, into the which they poure the serosity of the bloud, that it may passe thorow the tubuli or water pipes, to the in­fundibulum.

[Page 171]The fourth is that which is called pelvis or infundibulum, the tunnel, which is nothing else but the ample cavity of the vreter within the kidnie.

Fifthly, the tibuli or fistulae vreterum, the wa­ter pipes of the vreters offer themselves which are most commonly in number ten; foure in each end, two being still joyned together, and two in the middle ac­cording to the number of the carunulae papilla­res. These are placed in the arched part of the [Page 172] infundibulum. Now the ends of the pipes about the infundibulum are cal­led cribrum or the sive. These water pipes pro­ceeding from the infun­dibulum become a little wider, and end in the gibbous part of the kid­ny, with a wide round mouth receiving the ca­runculae papillares, by the which their mouths are stopped, and the wa­trishnesse of the blood issueth out into them, as milk out of the teats.

Sixthly, Carunculae pa­pillares are to bee consi­dered. They are small [Page 173] fleshy bodies, somewhat harder than the sub­stance of the kidny, re­sembling the teats of womens paps, from whence they have their denomination; they are of the bignesse of a pease somewhat broad above; below round. If you divide them thorow the middle, you shall per­ceive a smooth haire-like passage from the top to the end.

They are in number answerable to the num­ber of the tubuli, which receive them.

To find out these parts [Page 174] before named, you mustHow these parts are to be found out. divide the kidney in the hollow part, putting a thick probe into the pel­vis.

Incision being made to the infundibulum, first you shall see the tubuli, then the Carunculae pa­pillares.

The kidnies have two sorts of veins.Their ves­sels.

First, the two called adiposae, because they are spred through the tunica adiposa, and are covered with the fat, and afford matter for the fat. The right of these springeth from the emulgent vein; [Page 175] but the left from the ve­na cava.

Secondly, the two e­mulgentes, so called from their action. These are large, and spring from the trunck of the vena cava descending be­tween the first and se­cond vertebra of the loynes. These being carried transversly are implanted into the hol­low part of the kidnies, being divided into two branches.

The left is somewhat higher, as also the left kidney; but the right is somewhat longer. It [Page 176] hath a value to hinder the return of the serosity to the trunk of the cava.

Fallopius was of thisHow mat­ters gathe­red in the cavity of the brest are dischar­ged into the ureters. mind, that a branch of a veine passeth from the vena sine pari to the left kidny, by the which quitiour and water may be discharged by urine. But it is more probable, that these maters are first drawn in into the trunck of the aorta, by its in­conspicuous pores, and from thence sent to the kidnyes, by the emul­gent arteries.

These are in numberThe arteries 2. one in each side, which [Page 177] accompany the veins, to the kidny slope wayes. Whither when they are come, they are divided in two branches, where­of the one is implanted in the lower, the other in the upper part of the hol­low part of the kidny.

The nerves on eachThe nerves side spring either from ramus stomachicus, and that is but one and smal, and is spred thorow the proper coat; from hence ariseth the consent be­tweene the kidnyes and the stomack. So that vomiting is troublesome in nephriticall diseases.

[Page 178]One may think that na­ture hath afforded arte­ries larger than was re­quisit to afford life to so small bodies, as the kid­nies are: But it was fit so to bee, for the passa­ges were to bee parent, which were to discharge the heart and arteries of serosity.

The artery lyeth be­tweenThe place of the arte­rie. the veine and the vreter; partly to hasten the bloud to the kidney; partly speedily to dis­charge the watrishnesse.

The veins and arteries are not joyned with the water pipes: for if you [Page 179] put a catheter into the ureter by blowing the vessel will not swell.

CAP. XVIII. Of the vreters.

THe ureters, in Latine meatus urinarii, are called in Greeke [...], either from [...] to pisse, or [...], because they keepe the urine.

There is one in eachTheir num­ber. side.

They are white vessels,Their sub­stance. like to veines, yet they are whiter, thicker, and [Page 180] more nervous. They reach from the kidny to the bladder.

They have two coats,Their coats. the one common from the peritonaeum, the other proper, from the exter­nall or common coat, it hath capillar veins and arteries.

It hath few obliqueIts fibres. fibres, but most straight. It springeth from the bladder; for it cannot be severed from it easily, as from the kidnyes.

Yet it differeth fromHow the ureter diffe­reth from the bladder. the bladder in two things.

First, in that the blad­der [Page 181] hath three coats, but it only two.

Secondly, the blad­der hath all sorts of fi­bres, but the ureter hath most straight, few ob­lique.

They are inserted in the back and lower part of the bladder not farre from the mu­scle sphincter, between the two proper coats of it about the length of an inch.

This insertion is obliqueWhy the insertion is oblique. to hinder the re­gurgitation of the urin, when the bladder is ei­ther compressed, or di­stended [Page 182] with urine. Al­though the ureter doth not ordinarily exceed in compasse a barley corne; yet when stones doe passe, it becommeth sometimes as large as a gut.

CAP. XIX. Of the bladder.

THe bladder is sea­tedIts place. in the hypogastri­um, in the place called pelvis.

Of substance it isIts substance membranous: becanse it was to admit large stretching.

The membranes of itIts mem­branes. are three. The first is from the paeritonaeum: for it is lapped within the reduplication of it.

The second is thicker and indued with many [Page 184] straight fibres, which Aqua pendens will have to bee a muscle serving for the compression of the bladder, as the sphin­cter serveth for constri­ction.

The third and inner­most is white & bright, of exquisit sense, as they can witnesse who are troubled with the stone.

It hath all sorts ofIts fibres. fibres.

Within it is covered with a mucous crust,Its crust. an excrement of the third concoction of the blad­der. This doth mitigate [Page 185] the acrimony of the U­rine.

It is perforat in threeIts perfora­tion. parts, to wit, in the sides where the ureters are to let in the urine, and before to let out the u­rine.

The bladder hath twoIts parts. parts, to wit, the bottom and the neck.

Both these in figureIts figure. represent a peare.

The bottome is up­holdenHow it is upholden. by the navell: First, in the middle by the ligament called vra­chus, which is the cause sometimes that they who have a great stone [Page 186] in the bladder, com­plaine of great paine a­bout the navell.

Secondly, by the um­bilicall arteries dryed la­terally.

If the bladder wereWhy mans bladder is snspended. not suspended, a man going straight up the bottome of the bladder would compresse the neck, and cause difficul­ty in making of water.

In man it lyeth be­tweeneIts heat in man and woman. the os pubis and the intestinum rectum. In women between the neck of the matrix and os pubis.

The bladder of man [Page 187] differeth from the blad­derHow the bladdes of man diffe­reth from the bladder of beasts. of beasts in two things. First, the blad­der in man is couched within the redoplication of the peritonaeum, but in beasts it is loose, and onely is tied to the inte­stinum rectum.

Secondly, the bladder of man hath fat with­out; but the bladder of beasts none.

In it stones areWhy stones are ingendered in it. promptly engendered, because the heat of it is compact: So red hot iron burneth worse than the flame of fire.

There is a great con­sent [Page 188] betweene the blad­derWhy there is a consent between the bladder and kidnies and kidnies. So that in diseases of the kidnies, difficulty in making of water some­times happeneth: The causes of this consent are two.

First, the communion of office, for both serve for the excretion of u­rine.

Secondly, the simili­tude of substance; for both the inside of the kidnies, and the blad­der are membranous.

One thing is to be no­ted,An observa­tion. that a bladder is be­stowed onely upon such [Page 189] creatures as have bloudy lungs, and the hotterWhy the bladder in man is big. the lungs are the bigger the bladder is.

So man according to his stature, hath of all li­ving creatures the big­gest bladder. According to Aristot. lib. 1. Histor. Animal. Because the bladder is of a cold tem­perature; therefore in deadly diseases of it, sleepinesse oppresseth the patient, according to Hippoc. 6. epidem.

In the neck onely theThe muscle sphincter. muscle sphincter doth of­fer it selfe to be conside­red: whereof read in [Page 190] the doctrine of mu­scles.

It hath veins and arte­riesIts vessels. called Hypogastricae, implanted on every side of the neck, which are immediatly divided in­to two branches; wher­of the one is bestowed upon the bottome; but the other upon the neck.

It hath remarkableIts nerves. nerves; partly from those of the sixth conju­gation, which passe by the roots of the ribs, partly from those which spring last from os sa­crum.

[Page 191]The use of the blad­der is to containe the u­rine, like a chamber pot, untill the time of excretion come when the bladder is full.

CAP. XX. Of the generation of blood.

FIrst of all every nou­rishment receiveth a preparation in the mouth. If it be solid, it is chewed by the teeth, from the mouth by swal­lowing, it is turned to [Page 192] stomack. It being em­bracedHow the Chylus is made. by the stomack, and kept for a while, is turned into chylus, part­ly by the specricall heat of the stomack it selfe; partly by the heat of the adjacent parts, but chiefly of the liver, spleen, and caull.

The chylus being made light by concoction it riseth up, and passeth to the pylorus, and procu­reth the opening of it. This being opened the stomack by its trans­verse fibres, thrusteth the chylus into duode­dum. From hence it [Page 193] passeth more and more downwards by degrees. The wrinkles of the small guts hinder the suddaine passage of it, to procure an equall con­coction of all the parts of it.

In the meane time the venae lacteae draw from the small guts, whatsoe­ver is alimentary of the chylus. While the chylus thus passeth to the liver, and is come to the dive­rication of the vena por­tae, the spleen by a natu­rall faculty by the ramus splenicus, draweth to it selfe the thickest and [Page 194] most terrestriall part, yet the purest onely may come to the liver.

When the chylus is come to the liver, the choler is sent either by meatus cysticus, to the gall, or to the jejunum by meatus hepaticus.

The bloud being per­fected, the grosser part is carried by the bran­ches of the vena portae, and the splenicall to the nourishment of the parts appointed for nutrition; but the purest part is carried to all other parts for their nutrition; and because much watrish­nesse [Page 195] is mingled with the bloud, that it may passe without difficulty by the narrow passages of inosculations to the vena cava (seeing the se­rosity is unapt to nou­rish) it is sent by the e­mulgent veins and arte­ries to the kidnies, and from thence by the ure­ters to the bladder.

CAP. XXI. Of vasa praeparantia in Man.

HItherto wee have handled the parts appointed for nutrition: Now it followeth to run thorow the parts ordai­ned for generation to continue man kind.

The genitals are ofThe diffe­rences of the genitals. two sorts; of the male, and female, and so it was requisit for procreation; for this action requireth an agent and patient: [Page 197] seed and menstruall bloud.

The first is the palace of the plasmatick spirit. The second asfordeth supply of matter to the spirit, to draw out the admirable frame of the regions and parts of the little world.

In man some of theseThe parts of the geni­tals in man. parts afford matter for the seed, to wit, the foure vasa praeparantia: some elaborate this mat­ter, the corpus voeri coe­sum: some make the seed fruitfull, as the stones; some carry the seed back againe, and [Page 198] make it pure, as those which are called vasa de­ferentia: some containe the seed, and an oleagi­nous matter, as the vesiculae seminalis, and the prostates; some dis­charge the seed into the matrix: This is done by the penis.

Vasa praeparantia, Vasa prae­parantia. which prepare matter for the seed, are of two sorts, veins and arteries.

The veins are two. The right springeth from the trunck of the vena cava, a little under the emulgent.

The left proceedeth [Page 199] from the emulgent.

The arteries springThe arte­ries. from the trunck of the aorta; these vessels be­ing a little distant one from another, are tied together by a thin mem­brane, which springeth from the peritonaeum, and meet often by the way by inosculation. These vessels are greater in men than in women, and the arteries are bigger than the veins: because much heat and plenty of spi­rits are required for the seed. They enter into the groyne obliquely carried together with [Page 200] the muscle cremaster, be­tweene the two coats of the peritonaeum.

In curing of a rupture by incision, if the muscle cremaster doe fall out to be bound by the ligature, spasmus cynicus ensueth.

These vessels do endThe ending of the ves­sels. about the beggining of the testicles, and from hence are called [...], and make up that part which is called cor­pus varicosum, paraslaca, & plexus pampiniformis. From the stones to it many small fibres passe.

The corpus varicosum isCorpus vari­cosum. framed of the twisting [Page 201] of the vasa praeparantia; which maketh a long, thick, glandulus, but hard welt without any remar­kable cavity, which pas­seth to the bottome of the stone, and from thence to the vas defe­rens, where it endeth.

Here the venall and arteriall bloud being ela­borat in these admirable windings, is further pre­pared, a quality being imparted from the semi­nificall faculty of the stones.

CAP XXII. Of the stones.

THe stones in Latine are called Testes, be­cause they testifie one to be a man.

They are glandulousTheir sub­stance. bodies, flaggy, soft, and white, without any cavi­ty, full of small veins and arteries, such as are not in any part of the body.

They are in numberTheir num­ber. two, and therefore in Greeke are called [...].

Their figure is ovall,Their figure the right is hotter, and [Page 203] better concocteth the seed. Wherefore by Hippocrat. it is called [...], a begetter of the male.

The left stone is more full, and hath a bigger veine; yet the seed, which is there eleborat, is more watrish and col­der; because it procee­deth from the emul­gent, and is called of Hippoc. [...], because it begetteth the female. In the stones there are to bee considered their coats, substance, and use.

Their coats are foure.Their coats

First, bursa seroti, and [Page 204] it is nothing else but the skin covered with the cu­ticula: And because it cleaveth firmly to the Membrana carnosa un­der it, so that they seeme to make but one coat, it commeth to passe that in cold, it doth contract it selfe, and becommeth wrinck­led.

In the lower part itThe line. hath a line according to the length, whereby it is divided into the right and left side; this line is called sutura, or a seame.

The second is called by Rufus, dartos, because [Page 205] it may easily bee flead from the tunica vaginalis; by the ancients it was called erithroides: be­cause it appeareth to be red be reason of the fle­shy fibres wherewith it is enterlaced.

This ariseth from the membrana carnosa; which here is more thin and subtile than else where, and stored with veins and arteries.

The third is elythroi­des or vaginalis: because it containeth the stone as a sheath. It is a thick and strong membrane, having many veins. In [Page 206] the outside it is uneven, by reason of the fibres, by the which it is tyed to the dartos; but in the inner side it is smooth. This is nothing else but the production of the peritonaeum.

The fourth is [...], the nervous mēorane, called albuginea form its colour; It is white, thick, and strong, framed of the externall tunicle of the vasa praeparantia. It is immediatly wrapped in the stone, between these two the water is con­tained in Hernia a­quosa.

[Page 207]The substance is de­scribed in the beginning of the chapter. Each stone hath one muscle called cremaster, from [...] or [...], which is to hold up; because it pulleth up the stone in the act of generation, that the vesses being slacked, may the more readily voyd the seed.

This muscle is nothing else but the lower part of the oblique muscle, ascending neere to os pu­bis, which outwardly wrapping the producti­on of the peritonaeum, is caried to the stone.

[Page 208]These muscles in sick­nesse and old age be­come flaggy, and so the scrotum relaxeth it selfe, and the stones hang low.

The uses of the stones are three:

The first is to elaborate the seed by reason of the seminificall faculty resi­dent in the parenchyma of the stones; for they turne the bloud, which is brought by the vasa praeparantia into seed, for the most part; the rest they reserve for their owne nutrition.

The second is, they adde heat, strength and [Page 209] courage to the body, as gelding doth manifest; by the which all these are empaired.

Thirdly, they receive the superfluous humidi­ty of the seed, by reason of their glandulous sub­stance.

CAP. XXIII. Of the vessels that carry the seed, and those that keepe it.

VAsa deferentia, the vessels which cary the seed, in colour they are white, in substance sinewy, having an ob­scure hollownesse; from hence they are called meatus seminales. They spring from the lower end of the parastatae. These mount up by the sides of the Vasa praepa­rantia.

[Page 211]When they are come within the cavity of the belly, they turne back a­gaine, and passe to the backside of the bladder: betweene which and the intestinum recta they passe untill about the neck of the bladder, be­ing somewhat severed, and at last being joyned together, but not united, are inserted on each side in the glandulous bo­dies called prostatae.

Before they come thi­therVesiculae seminales. they are joyned to the Vesiculae seminales; These in figure repre­sent the cels of a pome­granat [Page 212] or hony combe.

These containe anTheir sub­stance. oyly and yellow sub­stance; for they draw unto themselves, that which is fatty in the seed.

They are more in number, that the oleous substance should not forcibly and plentifully be powred into the vre­thra; but should gently and slowly passe from one unto another by windings, and at last be powred into the con­duit of the yard by a hole which is shut up with a fleshy substance, [Page 213] partly to stay the invo­luntary effusion of it, partly to hinder the re­gurgitation of it. It be­ing powred into the ure­thra chiefly in the time of carnall copulation, doth moysten it that it shrink not, and suffereth not it to be offended by the acrimony of the seed or urine. The Vasa defe­rentia passing by these, go to the glandules cal­led prostatae, by the which they are compas­sed.

When they are come toThe use of the caruncule in the urethra. the urethra a caruncule as a value is set before [Page 214] the orifice of each of them: partly to hinder the comming of the u­rine into them; partly to hinder the involunta­ry effusion of the seed.

Under and by this ca­runculeThe holes by the which the seed passeth to the urethra. on each side there are three holes thorow which the seed passeth into the urethra. These holes are discer­ned easily in a gonorrhea inveterat; although not so easily in a found per­son.

The seed doth passe thorow these inconspi­cuous passages, as quick silver thorow lether, [Page 215] by drops. The seed ha­ving beene made subtill and spirituous by subli­mation thorow the vasa deferentia ascending is able to passe thorow in conspicuous passages.

Prostatae or glandulae seminales, Prostatae. are glandulous bodies, placed between the necke of the bladder and the intestinum re­ctum. Although there is no conspicuous passage, by the which the seed passeth into the urethra: yet the thick membrane which wrappeth in the prostat where it leaneth upon the urethra, is [Page 216] thinner and hath many pores, which are dilated by heat in the act of ge­neration, and may bee seene in an inveterate go­norrhea.

A continuall dilatati­on of these procure an uncurable gonorrhaae.

The sphincter of the bladder cōpasseth these glandules. In drawing of a stone, if these parts bee torne, the party be­commeth barren.

The distance between the root of the cod and the podex is called perinaeum: Perinaeum. because it is still moist with sweat. The [Page 217] Pubes, scrotum, & perinae­um Why these parts in man are hairy. in men, are furnished with hayre: because glan­dules are placed there, which receive plenty of superfluous moy­sture: a part whereof they send to the skin for the generation of hayre.Why corrupt seed is worse in a woman than in a man. If the seed chance to be corrupted in man it cau­seth not so fearefull symptomes as in a wo­man: because the semi­nary vessels are without the hypogastrium in man; but in woman within.

CAP. XXIV. Of the Yard.

IT is called in Latine Penis à pendendo, The de­scription of it. be­cause it hangeth with­out the belly, and it is an organicall part, long and round; yet somwhat flat in the upper part, seated about the lower part of os pubis, appoin­ted for making of water, and conveighing the seed into the matrix.

It is framed of such a substance as might ad­mit distention and rela­xation.

[Page 219]The parts of it are ei­therIts parts. common or pro­per.

The common are three, the scarfe skin, the skin, and the membrana carnosa.

It hath no fat, for itWhy it hath no fat. would have hindered the stifnesse of it.

The cuticula is of aThe cuticu­la & culis. reasonable thicknesse: The skin is somewhat thick, flaggy when there is no erection; but stiffe when there is.

The membrana carnosa The mem­brana car­nosa. is somewhat sinewy.

The proper or inter­nallThe inter­nall parts. parts are these: The [Page 220] two nervous bodies, the septum, the vrethra, the glans, foure muscles, and the vessels.

The two bodies areThe two bodies. long, hard, and nervous. These within are spon­gious, and full of black blood. The spongious substance seemeth to be a net like texture, fra­med of innumerable twigs of veins and arte­ries.

This black bloud con­tained in these laterall ligaments, being full of spirits waxen hot by the sting of Venus, doth di­stend the parts.

[Page 221]These two laterall li­gamentsTheir be­ginning. where they are thick and round, spring from the lower part of the share bone. In their beginnings, they are se­parate one from another, and represent the two hornes of Pithagoras his Y, that the urethra may passe betweene them.

But as soone as theySeptum lu­cidum. come to the joyning of the share bone, they are by the Septum lucidum everted. It is nervous and white.

It ariseth from the up­per part of the commis­sure of the os pubis, and [Page 222] upholdeth the two late­rall ligaments and the urethra as a stay. The like is found in women to uphold the cunnus. Under these lyeth the urethra.

It is of a substance ner­vous,The urethra thick, loose and soft, like to that of the la­terall ligaments. It be­ginneth at the necke of the bladder: yet it doth not spring from it, but is joyned to it onely, and so passeth to the glans. If you boyle the bladder and it, it will se­parate it selfe from the bladder.

[Page 223]It is framed of twoIts frame. membranes, the one is internall with the which the glans is covered, it is bred of the thin mem­brane, which covereth the nerves of the prick. It is of an exquisit feeling, that it might feele the acrimony of the seed, and cause pleasure; chiefly in that part of it, which lyeth betweene the prostates.

The externall is fleshy and hath many fleshy transverse fibres. The middle substance is fun­gous and full of blacke bloud, that it might suf­fer [Page 224] distension and rela­xation with the laterall ligaments.

At the beginning of itIts muscles. there are three holes, one in the middle largest, and two lesser, in each side one, from the pas­sage, which is sent from the vesicula seminales, to the vrethra.

The muscles are two in each side, and so foure in all. Of these collate­rall muscles, the one is shorter and thicker, and springeth from the ap­pendix or knob of the coxendix. under the be­ginning of the laterall [Page 225] ligament, and ascen­ding obliquely, is inser­ted into the same, a little below the beginning of it; this serveth for ere­ction.

The second is longer and smaller, proceeding from the sphincter of the anus fleshy.

This passeth straight under the urethra, and is inserted about the middle of it, in the side of the prick. These two muscles dilate the lower part of the ure­thra for miction and e­jaculation of the seed. As the first muscle is [Page 226] termed erector, so this is called accelerator, or ha­stener.

This hath a substance agreeable with that of the penis: for this in ere­ction is drawne towards its beginning, and the e­rection ceasing, it be­commeth lanke.

Glans is the extreme part;Glans. it is somewhat round compassed with a circle as with a garland. It is soft, and of an ex­quisit feeling, by reason or the thin skin, with the which it is covered. About the root of it, where it is joyned with [Page 227] the nervous bodies, there is a little pit. In the which if any sharp humour be lodged, as in gonorrhaea virulenta, great paine is caused.

The Glans is covered with praeputium, the forePraeputium. skin; it is framed of the reduplication of the skin.

The ligament by theFraenum. which it is tyed to the glans in the lower part of it, is called fraenum the bridle.

Of the vessels, someThe ve­ssels are cutaneous, some passe to the inner parts of pe­nis.

[Page 228]The Cutaneus veins and arteries spring from the pudendae; these en­tering at the root of the prick they passe by the sides towards the back of it, and are conspicu­ous enough. The vessels which bestowed upon the inner parts of Penis, come from the Venae and arteriae hypogastricae, a­bout the roots of the la­terall ligaments. Here the arteries are remark­able, which are wonder­fully despersed thorow the body of the penis: for the right artery is bestowed upon the left [Page 229] side, and the left upon the right side.

It hath two sinewesIts sinewes. from the os sacrum. The lesser is bestowed upon the skin: The largest mounting up under the share bones to the root of the yard, betweene the laterall ligaments, it is bestowed upon the muscles, the rest of the body of the Penis and the glans.

Of the Genitals in Woman. CAP. XXV. Of the Cunnus.

THe Genitals in a Woman have foure distinct parts; to wit, the Cunnus, the matrix, the stones, and the sper­matick vessels.

Cunnus is that partThe par­ticles of the Cunnus. which offereth it selfe to the sight before secti­on. In it eleven par­ticles are remarkable.

11. Pubes, that particle [Page 231] where the haire doth first bud out; which or­dinarily falleth out the fourteenth yeare of a womans age, the upper part of this which bun­cheth out, and is most hairy, is called Veneris mons.

2. Is Rima magna, the2great chink; it beginneth at the os pubes, and is but an inch distant from the anus. Wherefore it is larger than the cavity of the neck.

3. The Labia or lips,3by these the internall parts are covered, as the tongue and teeth by the [Page 232] lips. These are framed of the common integu­ments of the body, these have prety store of spon­gious fat.

44. Are the Alae, or Nymphae, the wings, these appeare when the lips are severed: These are two productions fra­med of a soft and spon­gious flesh, and the re­duplication of the Cutis, placed at the sides of the neck: Being joyned a­bove, they compasse the Clitoris. In figure and colour they resemble the comb of a Cock.

55. Is Clytoris, this is a [Page 233] nervous and hard body: within, full of a black and spongious matter, as the laterall ligaments of the yard. It is framed of three bodies. The two laterall are ligaments and spring from the in­ternall knob of the Ischi­um. The third is be­tweene these, this ari­seth from the joyning of os pubis; at the end of it is the glans, which hath a superficiall hollow­nesse, and is covered with a very thin skin, as a Praeputium, which springeth from the joy­ning of the Nymphae. And [Page 234] as it doth represent the prick of a man, so it suf­fereth erection, and fal­ling; It may be called a womans prick. In some women it hath beene as big as a mans.

66. Under the Clytoris above the neck a hole is to be seene, by the which a woman maketh wa­ter.

77. After the Nymphae foure caruncules resem­bling the leafe of the mirtle shrub, are to bee seene: Whereof that which is uppermost, is largest and forked, that it might receive the end [Page 235] of the neck of the blad­der, the other is below: The other are on the sides. All foure keep back the ayre, and all o­ther things, from entring into the cavity of the neck, and by tickling the genital of man cause the greater delight. In women which have not borne children, they are most conspicuous.

These caruncules are framed of the redupli­cation of the fleshy necke of the geni­tall.

8. Behind the carun­cules8appeareth a cavity [Page 236] in the lower part of the neck of a reasonable largenesse, framed by nature to stay the seede powred into the necke from too quick slipping out.

99. In Virgins these caruncules are joyned together by a thin and sinewy membrane inter­laced with small veins, cleaving orbicularly to the sides of the neck, ha­ving a small hollow­nesse in the middle, which will receive a pease, by the which the menstruall bloud pas­seth: Sometimes it is [Page 237] hollow like a sive, it is called hymen.

10. Behind these ca­runcules10and the hymen appeareth a chink, under the orifice of the bladder betweene the two wings, which is the entrance into the neck.

11. Now the neck is11nothing else but that di­stance,The neck. which is between the Cunnus, and the mouth of the matrix.

In women of an ordi­naryIts length. stature, it is eight inches in length.

The substance of thisIts sub­stance. part is hard, without, fle­shy; within membra­nous, [Page 238] and wrinckled like to the inner skin of the upper jaw of a cowes mouth.

First, to cause greater pleasure in the act of ge­neration.

Secondly, the better to retaine the seed.

Thirdly, to admit the greater dilatation in tra­vell.

The neck is seated inIts seat. that cavity of hypogastri­um, which is called pel­vis, betweene the blad­der and intestinum re­ctum. It hath two mem­branes; if you cut them transversly, you shall [Page 239] perceive between them a spongious flesh: such as is found in the laterall ligaments of the Penis. This causeth it to swell in the act of generation, innumerable sprigs of veins and arteries affor­ding plenty of spirits.

The hypogastricallIts vessels. veins are inserted into the neck of the matrix: from thence passing to the mouth of the matrix. As soone as they come to be implanted into the substance of the uterus, they lose their owne coats, which are bestow­ed upon the first mem­brane [Page 240] of it. From thence by small pipes (such as are found in sponges) but wreathed blood is caried to the matrix: by these veins the termes issue into the neck of the genitall.

A large branch passeth from arteria hypogastrica to the neck. A sprig of it, but wreathed is com­municate to the resticle, passing thither between the two membranes of the body of the matrix: This sprig is winded to hinder it from ruption, when the matrix is enlar­ged, a woman being with child.

CAP. XXVI. Of the Matrix.

THe Matrix was ap­pointed by Nature to be the field of nature, to receive the seeds of man and woman for the procreation of man, and the continuation of mankind.

It hath two parts, os uteri, The parts of it. the mouth of the matrix, and fundus the bottome.

The mouth is a holeThe month of it. at the entrance of it, which like a mouth may [Page 242] be dilated, or pursed in: this entrance is but a transverse line, which when it is exactly opened becommeth round.

This orifice, although in the act of generation it may be so dilated, that it will receive the glans of a mans genitall; yet after conception it is so closely shut, that it will not admit the point of a bodkin. When a woman is delivered, it so ope­neth it selfe, that it ma­keth way for the infant, be it never so big. In those who have been mothers, it is like to the [Page 243] mouth of a whelpe. The cancer of the matrix most commonly begin­neth here, because it is somewhat fleshy: within this orifice a long knob­by substance is placed, to help the shutting of the orifice the more ex­quisitly. About this knobby substance, small holes are to be seene, which seeme to be the ends of the ejaculatory vessels.Its figure.

In figure it is like a peare or a cupping glasse.

In Virgins even of aIts big­nesse. big stature it exceedeth not the bignesse of a [Page 244] walnut. But in those who are with child, it doth dilate it selfe into that capacity, as is able to containe the child.

It was to be small, be­causeWhy it is small. the seed in quanti­ty is but little, which it ought to embrace and cherish.

It hath no distinct celsNo distinct­celles in it. as the matrix of a beast hath; onely a line, as in the tongue and cod, doth separate the right side from the left. In length from the orfice to the extremity of the bottome, it is thought to be three inches.

[Page 245]The internall superfi­cies is rough the better to keepe the seed.

The matrix is framedIts frame. of two membranes, the externall springeth from the peritonaeum, and is the thickest of all other, that spring from it. It is smooth and slippery if you except those parts where the spermatick vessell enter into the ma­trix, and where the liga­ments goe out. The in­ternall membrane is full of small holes, where the matrix covereth the intestinum rectum.

When the courses [Page 246] flow, they are easily seene; but not when they cease. The Anci­ents did take these to be the mouths of the veins and arteries.

And because they re­sembleAcetabula. in figure the measure appointed for the selling of vineger, they called them Aceta­bula or Cotidones. By these holes the menstru­all bloud issueth.

Above at the sides ofCornua uteri. the externall membrane two little bunches, such as are seene in stirks or hayfers, when the hornes begin to bud, are to be [Page 247] marked. They are cal­led cornua uteri.

For nourishment itIts vessels. hath both veins and ar­teries.

Of these the veins areThe veins. bigger than the arteries: the veins spring from two branches on each side: one branch com­meth from the vasa prae­parantia: this doth de­scend, and is spread tho­row the whole matrix: but chiefly thorow the bottom: and seeing the sprigs are implanted in each side, the right are coupled with the left by inosculation.

[Page 248]The other branch which commeth from ramus hypogastricus, doth ascend from the lower parts, and is sent partly to the orifice, partly to the bottom. These are larger than those which spring from the vas praeparans. Both these being despersed thorow the substance of the ma­trix are united by inos­culation also.

Some will have the menstruall bloud to flow from the twigs, sent from Ramus hypogastricus when a woman is with child: being perswaded [Page 249] by the Aphorisme of Hip­pocrates lib. 5. Aphor. 51. that nothing can flow from the cavity, the ori­fice being so shut that it cannot admit the point of a bodkin; but the word [...], signifi­eth only cōnivens, or shut together, as the eye lids are. And although in the first moneths the orifice be exactly closed; yet when a woman is great with child the orifice gapeth a little, and is shut with a mucous se­minall substance, which doth repell the aire, and lubricate the ori­fice [Page 250] in the delivery.

It hath arteries also,Arteries. which spring from the preparing arteries, and from the hypogastricae, as the veins did; these ac­company the veins, and are distributed as they are.

The sinews first doeThe sinewes spring from the sixt con­jugation: they are small, and are bestowed upon the bottom: then from the pares which spring from the os sacrum.

These are bestowed partly upon the lower part of it, and partly up­on the Cunnus. These [Page 251] are larger, because in the act of generation great delectation is re­quired.

By these vessels, arte­ries, veins and nerves, the matrix hath a con­sent with all the rest of the body. And although the veins, and arteries seeme to bee small in women which are not with child; yet in those who are with child, by the affluxion of bloud, they will sometimes be­come as thick as a finger. Yea in such the matrix which otherwaies is membranous, as hath [Page 252] beene said, becommeth in the last moneths thicker and softer: so that about the upper part of the bottom, unto the which the placenta uteri is tyed, it becom­meth almost two inches thick.

The matrix is onely tyed to the adjacent parts laterally:Iti con­nexion. for above, fore, and after, it is free that it might admit dila­tation, and descend or ascend in the act of ge­neration.

Now the ligamentIts ligaments. are in number foure. The two uppermost [Page 253] broad and membranous are nothing else but pro­duction of the perito­naeum, which tye the matrix to the ossa ilii.

They are loose and soft, that they might ad­mit dilatation with the matrix, when a woman is with child, and con­striction when she is not.

These carry the vasa praeparantia and deferen­tia to the matrix, and lap up the stones: they represent the wings of a bat, or the sayles of a ship spred abroad. These keepe the matrix steady in its own place, that it [Page 254] neither ascend not de­scend.

The two lower liga­ments are nervous, round, and hollow; they spring from the sides of the bottom of the ma­trix, neere to the vasa de­ferentia, which they touch; they go down to the groynes, by the pro­duction of the peritonae­um strengthned by glan­dules: And being dila­ted like a membrane, they bestow one part upon the clytoris: The residue passeth to the knee, in the inside of the thigh by the Mem­brana [Page 255] adiposa, this is the cause why women after conception feele paine in the inside of the thigh.

These ligaments ferve not onely to stay the matrix, but because they are hollow, by them noy­some humours of the genitals are sent to the glandules of the groines. So after impure copula­tion, the seminary vessels being infected, the con­tagious humour, by these ligaments is sent to the groynes: from whence arise bubones venerei.

CAP. XXVII. Of the stones and the semi­nary vessels.

WOMEN have stones as MenThe diffe­rences be­tweene the stones of a woman and of a man. have; but they differ in eleven things.

• 1. In situation, for they are placed not with­out the hypogastrium, as in men; but within it: that they might be the hotter and more fruit­full.
• 2. In quantity, for they are lesser.
• 3. In their frame, [Page 257] for they are composed of five or six bladders, which make them une­ven: whereas the stones of men are smooth: these bladders containe an humidity like to whey; but it is thicker.
• 4. The stones of women have no crema­sters; but are stayed by the broad laterall liga­ments, called the bats wings.
• 5. They have no pro­states.
• 6. They differ in fi­gure, for in man they are ovall; but in woman flattish.
• [Page 258]7. They have but one membrane; whereas mans hath foure.
• 8. In substance, for they are more soft and flaggy than in man.
• 9. In temperature, for they are more cold than mans stones: and con­taine a thin and watrish seed.
• 10. In women they are tyed to the sides of the uterus by the two up­per ligaments, which are loose and membra­nous.
• 11. In women which are not with child, they are placed above the [Page 259] matrix, two inches di­stant from it.

The seminary vesselsIts veins. preparing, are foure, two veines, and so many arteries.

The vein of the right side springeth as in man, from the trunck of the vena cava under the emul­gent; but that of the left side springeth from the middle of the emulgent of the same side.

Both the arteries spring from the descen­ding trunck of the great artery.Its arteries. These veins are not united as in man, before they come to [Page 260] the stones, but are divi­ded into two branches. Whereof the greater being stayed by the membranous ligament, is caried to the stone; but the lesser endeth in the bottome of the matrix in the upper part, for the nutrition of the ma­trix, and the embryo.

These vasa preparan­tia The diffe­rence be­tweene these and those in men. differ from those in men in these things.

First, they are shorter than in man, by reason of the shortnesse of the passage: but they have more wreathings where they make corpus varico­sum, [Page 261] about the stone, that the seed may be the better prepared.

Secondly, they passe not whole to the stones as in man; but are divi­ded in the mid way, as hath been said.

One thing is to be no­ted,An observation. that the spermatick veins receive the arteries as they passe by the sides of the uterus, that the bloud might be the bet­ter elaborat: for if you blow up the vena sperma­tica, both the right and left vessels of the matrix are blowne up. From hence you may perceive [Page 262] the communion of all the vessels of the ma­trix.

The Vesa deferentia Vasa deferentia. spring from the lower part of the stones. They are firme, white, and nervous. They passe by the membranous liga­ment to the matrix, not straight, but wreathed; that the shortnesse of the way might be re­compensed with the multitude of windings. Neere the stones they are somewhat broad. When they have mar­ched a little, they be­come narrow, and about [Page 263] the matrix they become broad againe, and end in the cornua & capacity of it. Amongst these vessels the last to be considered is Tuba Fallopiana. Spi­geltus Tuba Fallo­piana. calleth it Vas coe­cum, lib. 8. cap. 20. be­cause it hath but one ori­fice, as the intestinum coecum annexed to colon; this springeth from the cornua or bunches, and resembleth the end of a trumpet, and passeth ob­liqaely, over against the stone caried by the membranous ligament, and compasseth the stones: but it neither [Page 264] proceedeth from the stones, neither is inser­ted into them: And as in its beginning it is o­pen; so in its ending it is shut.

Riolan will have it to be the end of the ejacu­latory vessell, ending within the matrix. He observeth that within it is to be seene a long, white and sinewy body, which he will have to be the continuation of the ejaculatory vessell. He noteth also that a small sprig doth passe but wreathed from the eja­culatory, by the sides of [Page 265] the uterus to the orifice: by the which women with child spend their seed in the act of gene­ration; which Spigelius denieth in the cited place, and checketh Lau­rentius for affirming such a passage.

CAP. I. Of the common containing parts of it.

HItherto then of the lower belly, the seat of the natu­rall spirit, and of the parts appointed for nu­trition and procreation: [Page 267] Now it followeth that we handle the middle cavity the seat of the vi­tall spirit, which con­taineth those parts ap­pointed for the cherish­ing of the naturall heat, the distribution of the same to all other parts of the body, and the cool­ing of it, if it exceed the naturall degree.

This ventricle is sea­ted in the middle,The situati­on of it. be­tweene the uppermost, which is the head, and lowermost, which is the belly: for it was fit, that it should be so, that the heat passing thorow all, [Page 268] and bestowing life should equally bee be­stowed upon all the parts of the body.

It is severed from theThe limita­tion of it. head by the neck; from the belly by the midrife. It is bounded in the fore­part by the brest-bone, and cartilages. In the sides by the ribs: Be­hind by the vertebrae of the back.

The figure of it is o­vall,The figure of it. somewhat flat be­fore and behind, whereas in beasts it is somewhat sharp: So that onely man lieth on his back.The sub­stance of it.

It is partly bony, part­ly [Page 269] fleshy, that it might admit motion, and yet not styfle the heart; the fleshy parts being sus­pended by the bony.

The fore part of it isThe parts of it. called sternum, the sides costae, and the hinder parts dorsum. The parts whereof it is composed, are either containing or contained. The parts containing are either common or proper.

The parts containingThe com­mon con­taining parts. common are in number foure, Cuticula, Cutis, Pinguedo, and Membrana carnosa.

The scarfe skin, and1.2. Cuti­cula. [Page 270] skin of it do differ from those in the belly: for it is hairy under the arme pits, and above the pit of the heart: the skin of the back is both harder and thicker, and so is lesse hairy.

Secondly, the skin of the back part is of an ex­quisit feeling: first, be­cause many twigs of si­news are bestowed upon it from the Nervis, pro­ceeding from the spina­lis medulla: secondly, by reason of the muscles of the brest placed there, which have many ten­dons, and so are very sensible.

[Page 271]As for the fat, it is3. Pinguedo. not plentifull here as in the belly: first, because the naturall heat here is sufficiently preserved without it: secondly, because it would have hindered the motion of the brest. Onely here it is somewhat yellowish.

The Membrana carno­sa 4. The Membrana carnosa. here in the forepart of the neck is more fle­shy than in other parts, chiefly where the muscu­lus quadratus is framed, which pulleth downe the cheekes and lips.

CAP. II. Of the Dugs.

THe proper contai­ningThe parts of the brest. parts are ei­ther externall or inter­nall. The externall are in number three, the dugs, the muscles, the bones. The internall proper containing parts are three in like manner, the pleura, the mediasti­num, and the pericar­dium.

Dugs are granted to both the sexes, in menThe paps of men. they are framed of the [Page 273] cutis, the membrana car­nosa, fat, and the nipple, and serve onely for beauty, and are called mammillae.

If in man a whitish substance representing milk, bee found in the nipples, which hath been seene, as witnesseth Ari­stotel. 1. Histor. Animal. 12. it is unprofitable, and unapt to nourish.

The paps in women besides these parts,The parts of the paps in woman. have remarkable vessels, glan­dules and pipes, to con­taine the milk perfected by the glandules.

The glandules areThe glan­dulous bo­dies. [Page 274] many, not one; that the milk might be the better elabored. There is pla­ced above the rest, one somewhat bigger under the nipple. Be­tweene these are placed innumerable veins and arteries, which receive blood from the matrix the materiall cause of milk.

When these are full of bloud, the milk is made by the property of the substance of the glandulous bodies, and their temperament. The milk perfected is sent to the tubuli lactiferi or con­duicts [Page 275] of milk, these end in the nipple.

The veins are of twoThe veins. sorts, for some are exter­nall, some internall. The externall spring from the axillar branch, and are placed under the skin, which covereth the dugs to nourish it, and are called Thoracicae superiores, or the upper­most brest veins. The internall or inferior cal­led mammariae, spring from the rami subclavii. They are in number two, whereof one doth match downward straight by the sides of the brest [Page 276] bone. When they are come to the macranata cartilago, they passe out of the brest, and goe downward by the lower part of the musculi recti. When they are come to the umbilicall region al­most, they are joyned with skin, by sundry in­osculations, with the ve­nae epigastricae, which meet them there.

These venae epigastricae, spring from the exter­nall ramusiliacus, and by a straight way passe up­ward under these mu­scles. From this same branch, spring the vena [Page 277] hypogastricae which are in­serted into the neck and bottome of the matrix.

There are arteriae mam­mariae The arte­ries. in like manner, which spring from the rami subclavii, and goe downe to the navell. Whither when they are come, they are united by inosculation with the Arteriae epigastricae ascen­ding.

They have nerves from the fourth interco­stall nerve,Nerves. which about the middle of the rib, perforating the interco­stall muscle, is divided into foure branches, [Page 278] which are sent afterward to the pectorall muscle, the thicker passing to the nipple.

Betweene these glan­dulousThe fat. bodies and ves­sels plenty of fat is pla­ced to procure smooth­nesse & equality to the paps. If this be wasted either by sicknesse of old age, the dugs be­come flaggy.

The paps are of figureThe figure of the dugs. round; both, that they should be more capable of milk, and lesse subject to brufings.

In number they areTheir num­ber. two, that if one should [Page 279] faile, the other should supply the defect.

In Men, Women, andTheir situa­tion. Apes, which carry their young ones in their armes, they are seated in the brest:

• 1. That the mother should take pleasure by beholding the child.
• 2. That by the talking of the mother, the child should learne to speake, and be endued with rea­son.
• 3. That being neere to the heart, they should re­ceive plenty of heat.
• 4. For beauty.
• 5. For convenient gi­ving [Page 280] of suck, for the child cannot presently goe when it is borne; but must be borne in the armes and applyed to the teat.
• 6. For the commodi­ty of the act of genera­tion.
• 7. For the defence of the vitall parts.
• 8. For the incitation of lust.
• 9. To be a receptacle of excrementitious hu­mours. So women are often troubled with can­cers.

The nipple is placed inOf the nipple. the middle of the dug, [Page 281] where the milky con­duits end. It is a round body standing out, that the infant may take hold of it with the lips. It is of a fungous substance, that it may admit disten­tion and contraction. It hath many holes: which appeare when the milk is pressed out. It is rough­er than the other parts of the dug, that the in­fant may the more firmly hold it. It is of an exquisit sense, that the nurse should find some pleasure, when she giveth suck: It is framed of the reduplicatiō of the skin.

[Page 282]Now the milk whichWhat milk is. is drawen thorow the holes of it by the Infant, is nothing else but a white liquour, engende­red of the venall and ar­teriall bloud, sent from the matrix, and altered by the glandules of the dugs; in taste pleasant, which is easily cinco­cted by the stomack, and doth speedily and plen­tifully nourish.

As for the muscles, they are set down in the Treatise of Muscles, Cap. 15.

The bones, which were said to be the third [Page 283] proper externall contai­ning part, are set downe in doctrine of bones.

CAP. III. Of the proper internall containing parts.

THese are in number three, the Pleura, the Mediastinum, and the Pericardium.

The Pleura hath its denomination from the ribs, under which it is placed, and so it may be termed in English the costall membrane.

[Page 284]It is a membrane,Its sub­stance. white, thin, hard, resem­bling the Peritonaeum

Spigelius de human. corp. Fabr. lib. 9. cap 3. will have it to be thicker and stronger than the Perito­naeum, contrary to the opinion of Riolan, who affirmeth the Peritonaeum to be thicker and stron­ger; because it is ap­pointed for the sustai­ning the weight of the guts.

It is every where dou­ble: the inner part isIts parts. thickest, smoothest, and as it were bedewed with a watrish humour, that [Page 285] it should not hurt the lungs by its roughnesse: This watrish humour doth spring from the vapours raised from the blood condensed, by re­spective coldnesse of the membrane. The outer part is thinner, yet rougher; that it should cleave the more firmely to the ribs.

As for its figure, with­outIts figure. it is arched, within hollow: Above it is narrower, below broa­der, chiefly towards the sides: From it spring some sinewy fibres, by the which the lungs are tied [Page 286] to it. If these be too strait, the motion of the lungs is hindered, and so an uncurable difficulty of breathing procured.

Above it is perforat inIts holes. five places, to give way to the vena cava, and the aorta ascending, the gula, the wind-pipe, and the nerves of the sixth paire. Below where it covereth the midrife, it is perforat in three places, to give way to vena cava, and the aorta descending, as also to the gula.

It is framed of theIts begin­ning. membranes, covering [Page 287] the spinalis medulla; for those joyning with the sinews of the brest, growing broader, pro­duce it.

It hath veins and arte­riesThe vessels. for nourishment and life, and nerves for fee­ling.

On each side it hathVeins. 12. veins; whereof the two uppermost spring from the higher inter­costall branch, and the ten lower from the vena sine pari.

Some many arteries are in like manner;Arteries. whereof the foure uppermost proceed from the supe­rior [Page 288] intercostall, and the inferior eight, from the hinder part of the aorta, descending.

It hath twelve nervesNerves. in like manner; wherof the fore branches which spring from the vertebrae of the brest, are bestowed upon the forepart; but the hindermost bran­ches are bestowed upon the muscles, which are placed upon the back.

These vessels are pla­cedThe seat of the vessels and the pleuresie. betweene the dupli­cation of the pleura, and the pleuresie it selfe is not seated in this place onely; but betweene the [Page 289] pleura also, and the in­tercostall muscles. ItIts uses. hath two uses: First, to wrap in all the vitall parts: Secondly, to de­fend them from all ex­ternall injuries.

The second mem­braneOf the Me­diastinum. is the mediastinum because it standeth in the middle of the brest, and divideth the right side from the left.

In hath not onely a du­plication as the pleura hath, but is double also; for one is in the right side, the other in the left. They are united according to the longi­tude [Page 290] of the vertevrae of the back; but severed towards the sternum.

In the cavity betweenObservation these parts of the media­stinum, one may bee deeply wounded, with­out any great danger of death. Such a wound you shall easily discern; First, if small store of bloud issue out. Second­ly, if no breath come out.

This cavity is seene when the Cartilago xi­phoides is removed. In the dropsie of the lungs, and when corrupt mat­tet is gathered, the ster­num [Page 291] here may be tripa­ned.

The substance of it isIts sub­stance. membranous, yet thin­ner and softer than the pleura. The inner side towards the lungs is smooth, and hath fat a­bout the vessels; but the exterior is rougher, by reason of the fibres, by the which it is tied to the pleura.

It reacheth from theIts large­nesse. throat to the midrife.

As for its vessels, veinsIts veins. Its arteries. and arteries, it hath from those called mammariae, but small, and from vena sine pari.

[Page 292]It hath one speciall vein called mediastina, which springeth from the lower part of ramus subclavius.

The nerves called sto­machici Its nerves. passe by the re­duplication of it. It hath three uses: First, it di­videth the breast and lungs in two parts, that one being wounded the other should be safe.

Secondly, it holdeth up the pericardium firm­ly, wherein the heart is contained, that it should not rest upon the backbone when we ly upon our back, or that it [Page 293] should fall upon the brest bone when wee bend our selves towards the ground, or touch the ribs when we ly upon our sides.

Thirdly, it giveth a safe passage to the vessels which passe by it.

The third proper con­tainingOf the pe­ricardium. part is the peri­cardium, so called be­cause it compasseth the whole heart, whose fi­gure it hath, for it is py­ramidall. It is so farre distant from the heart, as is sufficient to give way to the motion of the same, and the con­taining [Page 294] of the waterish humour.

It hath two membranes:Its mem­branes. 1. Outer from the mediastinum, it isIts con­nexion. tied before and behind to the pleura; fromIts begin­ning. whence both the media­stinum and pericardium originally spring. 2. In­ner from proceeding from the externall tu­nicles of the vessels of the heart: for within the pericardium the vessels lack their common tu­nicle, it having beene spent upon the pericar­dium.

The externall mem­brane [Page 295] is fibrous; but the internall is slippery, but firme and thick. The motion of it is secondary from the heart.

It leaneth more to theIts situati­on. left side than to the right, and more to the fore than back part. It cleaveth so firmly to the nervous circle of the midrife, that it cannot be separat from it with­out renting, to direct the motion of the heart.

It is perforat in fiveIts holes. places. In two for the entering in, and passing out of the vena cava. In three for vena arteriosa, [Page 296] and arteria venosa, and the passing out of the aorta.

It hath small veinsIts vessels. from the phrenicae, the axillar. No arteries appeare, because it is neere enough to the heart.

It hath two uses:Its uses. First, to keepe the heart in its owne place, whe­ther we bend our body backwards, forwad, or to either side.

Secondly, to containe the watrish humour, which is sundry waies profitable: for first, it tempereth the heat of [Page 297] the heart: Secondly, it moystneth the same: Thirdly, it maketh it slippery: Last of all the pericardia defendeth the heart as an armour from all externall injuries.

The watrish humourThe watrish humour in the pericar­dium. which is contained in the pericardium, is like urine: yet not sharp or saltish. If it be thock and slimy, is causeth the heart to be hairy. If it be too copious, it causeth the painting of the heart, which is cured by phle­botomy. It is too plenti­full in those who have obstructions of the me­saraicall [Page 298] veins, liver, or spleene: for in such the thinnest part of the chylus onely is drawne for nou­rishment, and so the bloud becommeth wa­trish.

Some thinke it toIts genera­tion. proceed from a seminall aquosity, even from the first generation: as the aire within the eares is from a flatuous. Others think that it is engēdered of vapours raised from the bloud, and waterish­nesse of the veins and arteries of the heart, and condensed by the respective coldnesse of [Page 299] the membrane, and by his meane the perito­naeum and the pleura seeme alwaies bedewed with moysture.

It seemeth that the first beginning of it is a seminall humidity, and that is maintained after­ward by the vapours.

Sometimes also thereThe bloudy water in the capacity of the brest. is contained in the capa­city of the brest, a bloo­dy water to moysten, and temper the heat of the lungs.

It is caused partly of the vapours raised from the vessels, partly of that portion of drink, which [Page 300] passeth to the lungs: and by reason of this, water and bloud did flow from the side of our Saviour, pierced.

CAP. IIII. Of the truncke ascending from the Vena cava.

NOw the parts con­tained in the brest, are either vasa or viscera, the vessels or the entrals.

The vessels are in num­ber foure, the vena cava, the vena arterialis, the arteria venosa, and the aorta or arteria magna.

[Page 301]The first is theThe Vena cava. vena cava or magna, be­cause the hollownesse of it is great. It hath its be­ginning from the liver. The orifice of it is three times as large as that of the aorta: being received by the right care of the heart, it is expanded into the whole right ven­tricle of the same.

About the orifice of itIts values. are placed three values called trifulcae or tri [...]u­spides: because arising from a large foot, they end into a narrow top representing barbed ar­rowes.

[Page 302]Their situation is from without inward, so that the bloud may be let in, but not returne. They proceed from a mem­branous circle, annexed to the orifice: They cleave to the septum of the heart, towards the point of it bee strong fibres ending in round caruncules.

If you would see these as the rest of the values, cut transversly the ven­tricles of the heart neere to the basis, and then they will appeare.

It hath two trunkes,The trunk ascending. one descending, and this [Page 303] is that which is caused of a number of small veins, appearing in the hollow part of the liver, which meet about the middle of it in one trunck still decreasing in number, and increasing in bignesse.

The other ascending, this is procured by a number of small veins, springing from the con­vex part of the liver, which end in like manner into one trunck about the middle of it.

This is bigger than the descending, because all the upper parts are fed [Page 304] by this onely; whereas most of the parts con­tained in the abdomen, are nourished by the vena portae.

Although it bee notThe laterall sprigs of the trunk ascen­ding. divided into branches untill it come to the throat; yet it doth send forth sundry sprigs from the sides.

The first is called phre­nica, 1. Phrenica. one in each side It is inserted into the dia­phragma, which is called [...], by a number of twigs, and from thence it bestoweth twigs upon the pericardium, and me­diastinum.

[Page 305]The second is called Coronaria, so called be­cause like a garland it compasseth the basis of the heart. It sendeth sundry twigges to the outer parts of the heart; but chiefly to the left: because it needeth grea­ter store of nourishment, by reason of its stronger motion.

This hath a value which hindereth the re­turne of the bloud, to the vena cava. This springeth from the cava, before it enter into the heart, and the bloud is somewhat thick, and not [Page 306] attenuat in the ventricles of the heart; for the sub­stance of the heart, be­ing hard, and firme, was to be nourished by bloud somewhat grosse.

The third is called [...] 3.Vena sine pari. or sine pari, without a mate, because it hath not a fellow as other veins have in the left side, if you except those beasts which chew the cud.

This springeth from the cava, as soone as it is come out of the pericar­dium. It passeth out of the hinder and right part of the vena cava, about [Page 307] the fift vertebra of the brest. It doth not de­scend straight way: But comming a little for­ward, it returneth to­wards the spina.

When it is come to the eighth or ninth rib a­bove the spina, it is divi­ded into two branches, to wit, the right and the left: Then passing by the division of the mid­rife, which is between the two productions of it, they are spread tho­row the abdomen. Of these two, the left is in­serted into the left e­mulgent.

[Page 308]By this way Fallopius By which way mat­ters in the brest are discharged. will have watrish, pu [...]u­lent and bloudy sub­stances to be discharged, which sometimes are contained in the brest; while these branches march downeward: In each side ten sprigs bud out, which march tho­row so many distances of so many of the infe­rior ribs.

In the lower part of the rib, there is a groop to receive the sprig. Wherefore when you make incision in an em­piena, come not neere to this part. From this [Page 309] vein other small twigs also proceed; which af­ford nourishment to the spinalus medulla.

These are called costa­les inferiures, or the lower intercostals. The vena sine pari thus being fra­med, the cava ascendeth to the jugulum, strength­ned by the media stinum and the thymus; which is placed in the uppermost part of the brest.

Here the vena cava The divari­cation of the vena cava. is parted into 2. remark­able branches: From whence all those veins spring, which are sent either to the head or [Page 310] armes. One branch marcheth to the right, another to the left side, while they remaine within the brest, they are called subclavii, be­cause they march under the cannell bones; but when they are come to the arme pit, they are called axillares.

Before they come toSprigs pro­ceeding from the cava within the brest. the arme pit, sundry sprigs spring from them.

The first is intercostalis superior, 1. Interco­stalis superior. this ariseth from the root of the divarica­tion, and passing by the roots of two ribs, be­stoweth twigs upon the [Page 311] distances of the two up­per ribs, as the vena sine part did: there is one in each side.

The second is called mammaria;2. Mammaria. this mar­cheth forwards towards the upper part of the bone of the brest. From thence it goeth downe by the sides of it, and when it is come to the cartilago mucronata, a­bout the sides of it, it passeth out of the brest, and marcheth by a straight way under the straight muscles to the navill, where it is joy­ned with the vena epiga­strica [Page 312] ascendens by inos­culation: which is the cause of that great con­sent, which is betweene the paps and the matrix. This before it leave the brest, it bestoweth one branch upon the car­tilaginous distances of seven of the costae verae, where the sprigs of the vena sine pari end. From these branches proceed some other remarkable twigs, which are be­stowed upon those mu­scles, which are seated upon the brest, and the dugs.

The third is called [Page 313] Mediastina, 3. Mediastina. because it is bestowed upon the me­diastinum together with the left nerve of the mid­rife, according to the length of it.

The fourth is called Cervicalis or vertebralis. 4. Cervicalis. It is large in each side, marching upwards ob­liquely towards the back part, it commeth to the transverse processes of the vertebrae of the neck, where passing thorow the holes of them, it be­stoweth branches upon the muscles, which lye above the vertebrae.

The fifth is called Mu­scula [Page 314] inferior, 5. Muscula inferior. because it is spent upon the lower muscles of the neck, which stretch out the neck and head.

The sixth is the inter­nall jugular,6. The in­ternall ju­gular. this ariseth where the cannell bone is articulat with the ster­num. This joyned with the nerve recurrent, and the soporall artery, marcheth by the side of the wind-pipe, to the throat.

The seventh is the ex­ternall jugular, this mar­ching up under the skin, and the qoadrat muscle, which pulleth downe [Page 315] the cheeks, commeth to the eare. This in beasts is bigger than the inter­nall: otherwise than it is in man.

CAP. V. Of Vena arterialis, and arteria venalis.

THe second vessell in the brest is Vena arterialis. Vena arte­rialis. It is a vein from its office: for it carrieth naturall blood to the lungs by the right side of the wind pipe: It is called an artery, be­cause [Page 316] the coat of it is double, not single as that of veins. It doth spring from the upper part of the right ven­tricle of the heart, and is implanted into the sub­stance of the lungs by the right side of the wind­pipe.

The third vessell is ar­teria venalis. Arteria venalis. It is called an artery, because is car­rieth arteriall bloud; but a vein, because it hath a single coat as a vein. It ariseth from the upper part of the left ventricle of the heart, and is im­planted into the sub­stance [Page 317] of the lungs by the left side of the wind-pipe.

The Vena arterialis The values of these two vessels. hath three values called Sigmoides, from the fi­gure of the great sigma, which answereth the Latine S. the figure is this C. They looke from within outwards, to let out the bloud; but to hinder the returne of the same.

The Arteria venalis hath two values called mitrales, because they are like a Bishops Miter. They looke from with­out inward, to let in [Page 318] bloud carried from the vena arterialis. They are bigger than those of ve­na cava, and have longer filaments, and to streng­then them many fleshy snippets are joyned to them.

It hath two values on­ly, that the fuliginous vapours might the more readily be discharged.

It hath also but a single thin coat, partly for the same purpose, partly because the bloud sent from the vena arteriosa is cooled by the bronchia of the lungs before it entereth into arteria ve­nalis [Page 319] it needeth not so thick a coat as an artery, and because veins only carry in bloud, and arte­ries carry out, there­fore arteria venalis is pla­ced in the left ventricle, and vena arterialis in the right. Both these ves­sels not farre from their beginning, are divided into two branches, whereof the one passeth to the right part of the lungs, and the other to the left; and each of these is subdivided into other branches, untill at the last they end in small threeds.

[Page 320]The greater branches accompany one another, so that the vein still mar­cheth with the arteriae joyned together by ma­ny inosculations or ana­stomoses.

Betweene them the branches of aspera arteria march. These vessels are great, because the lungs by reason of their perpetuall motion re­quire much nourish­ment.

First, the bloud isHow the bloud is carried to the left ven­tricle of the heart. carried into the lungs by vena arterialis, and from hence to arteria venalis, by sundry anastomoses, [Page 321] and from hence to the left ventricle of the heart. Where being made spirituous, it is sent by the aorta, to impart life to the whole body.

One thing is to be no­ted, that no aire in its proper substance is car­ried to the heart: for the bloud contained in these two vessels, is suf­ficiently cooled by the bronchia passing between them.

The bloud is cooled,How the bloud is cooled. First, by staying in the lungs while it is in pas­sing.

Secondly, by touching [Page 322] the bronchia cooled by the attraction of fresh aire: And thirdly, by the continuall motion of the lungs.

One thing is to be no­ted, that in arteria venosa a little below the values there is found a little value ever open. It be­ing removed, there ap­peareth a hole, by the which the blood passeth freely from the vena ca­va to it, and returneth by reason of this anasto­mosis; that the bloud in the veins may be animat.

CAP. VI. Of the great artery, and first of the trunke ascen­ding of the same.

THe fourth vessell is the great artery called aorta; because it receiveth the aire. It springeth from the up­per part of the left ven­tricle of the heart, where it is largest and har­dest.

Before it come out ofCoronaria arteria. the Pericardium, it sen­deth two small twigs, from each side one: [Page 324] which compasse the basis of the heart like a garland, and send down according to the length of the heart other twigs: These are called Corona­riae. These twigs are more in number, and lar­ger about the left ven­tricle than the right, be­cause it requireth greater plenty of nourishment, by reason of its stronger motion, which digesteth much bloud.

It is placed betweenThe situati­on of the aorta. the wind pipe, and the vena cava, tied to the mouth of the stomack, passing under the trunk [Page 325] of vena arteriosa upward,Its trunkes. when it hath pierced the Pericardium, it is di­vided into two trunks; whereof the one is cal­led truncus ascendens, the ascending trunk: The other descendens, the descending.

Of these two the de­scending is largest, be­cause it ministreth life to more parts.

This ascending trunkThe bran­ches of the trunk ascen­ding. before it passe to the armes, is divided into two branches, whereof one passeth to the right, the other towards the left arme; they are called [Page 326] subclavii rami, because they march under the canell bones. When they are gone out of the brest, they are called A­xillares. From both the lower and upper part of both these branches, sundry sprigs doe spring.

From the upper partFrom the upper part. proceedeth intercostalis superior, which bestow­eth twigs upon the di­stances of the uppermost foure ribs. From whence others are sent to the ad­jacent muscles and the spinalis medulla.

1From the lower sprin­gethFrom the lower part. that branch, which [Page 327] is called Cervicalis, but more fitly Vertebralis; for it springeth behind where the vertebrae; from thence marching upwards it bestoweth twigs upon the spinalis medulla, which enter by the passages, by the which the nerves, as also upon the muscles, which are placed in the hinder part of the neck, and at the last entereth into the Cranium, by that hole, by the which the spi­nalis medulla descendeth from the braine.

This with its fellow whē it is come to the sell [Page 328] of the wedge-like bone on each side of it, be­tweene the first and se­cond paire of sinews, having beene divided, cause Plexus choroides.

2The second, the Arte­ria mammaria, which ac­companying the Vena mammaria is joyned with the epigastrica arte­ria, ascending by inos­culation about the na­vell.

3The third is that cal­led Muscula, and is di­stributed upon the mu­scles of the neck.

4The fourth is the So­porall, one on each side; [Page 329] so called, because if they be stopped, sleep doth immediatly follow.

These soporall arteries when they are come to the throat, they are divi­ded in two branches, to wit, the externall, which is lesser, and the inter­nall, which is larger.

The externall bestow­ed twigs upon the mu­scles of the face, upon the roots of all the teeth of the lower jaw, having entered into the cavity of the mandible, and go­ing out upon the chin.

The internall branch when it hath about the [Page 330] throat, it hath bestowed twigs upon the tongue and larynx, about the lower part of the skull, it is divided into two branches, whereof the lesser and hindermost ac­companying the branch of the internall jugular marcheth toward the hindermost part of the skull, and entering at the second hole of the nowle entereth into the hollownesse of the dura mater.

The formost and the lar­gest, when it hath ente­red into the cavity of the skull thorow it pro­per [Page 331] hole in the parietall bone, and is come to the sell of the wedge-like bone, it maketh rete mi­rabile, which in beasts is large, but in man very obscure.

CAP. VII. Of the descending trunke of the aorta.

THE descending trunke of the aorta about the fifth vertebra of the breast bending to­wards the left side mar­cheth downwards to­wards [Page 332] the last vertebra of the loynes.

In this march it sen­deth forth sundry branches, which are these:

1. Intercostall inferiorThe bran­ches of the trunke de­scending. arteries in number eight.

2. Phraenicae two. 3. Cae­liaca one. 4. Mesenterica superior. 5. Emulgentes two. 6. Spermaticae two. 7. Mesenterica in­ferior. 8. Lumbares.

The inferior interco­stall1. The In­ferior in­tercostals. arteries, accōpany­ing the veins and nerves of the same denomina­tion march according to the length of the low­er [Page 333] part of the ribs, where there is a hollownesse to receive them, and in the true ribs end where the cartilages begin; but in the short ribs they goe a little further, even to the sides of the lower belly.

These send sprigs by the holes of the nerves to the marrow of the back, and to the muscles which rest upon the ver­tebrae of the back.

These not only affordBy what way quit­tour and water is sent from the br [...] the [...]. spirits and bloud, to the intercostall muscles; but carry also quittour and water gathered in the ca­vity [Page 334] of the brest, sent by the trunk of the aorta to the bladder, by the emulgent arteries, ac­cording to Spigelius lib. 6. cap. 4. whereas Fallo­pius will have these m [...] ­ters to be sent by vena sint­pari; but this a shorter way.

Phrenicae are two,2. Phrenicae. one on each side: they spring from the trunk as soone as it is come out of the cavity of the brest, and being spread into many twigs, whereof the most are bestowed upon the lower part of the mid­rife, where the vertebra [Page 335] of the back are; and some also upon the up­per part, which after­ward passe to the peri­cardium, where it clea­veth to the midrife.

Caeliaca is one, so cal­led3. Caeliaca. because it sendeth twigs to the stomack. This springeth from the fore-part of the trunk. This bestoweth branches upon the sto­mack, liver, gall, caule, the duodenum, the be­ginning of the jejunum, to a part of Colon, to the Pancreas, and spleene.

Mesenterica superior doth arise a little below [Page 336] the caeliaca, accompany­ing the vena mesaraica. It bestoweth many twigs upon the hungry and ilium gut, as also upon that part of Colon, which lieth betweene the hol­low part of the liver, and the right kidny. So that this branch is be­stowed upon the upper part of the mesentery.

5The Emulgent arte­ries are two; the right and the left. They spring from both the sides of the trunk under the former, where the first and second vertebra of the loines are coupled [Page 337] by a ligament. The left is lower than the right. These when they are come to the kidnies are divided into two branches, which are in­serted into the cavities of the kidnies, and by innumerable small twigs are spent upon the sub­stance of the kidnies. The use of these, besides the common, is to dis­charge the serosity of the arteries, whereof they have great store.

6 Spermatica or semina­les, the Seminary; they are in like manner two, which spring from the [Page 338] forepart of the trunk.

The left artery doth not spring from the left emulgent artery as the vein doth. These mar­ching downward, ac­company the veins of their side. In men they are carried to the stones by the productions of the peritonaeum; but in women when they are come neere to the stones, they are divided in two branches, whereof the one is bestowed up­on the stones, and the o­ther upon the bottome of the matrix, in the sides of it.

[Page 339] Mesenterica inferior, it7springeth about the os sacrum, from the trunk a little above before it sendeth forth the rami iliaci. It is bestowed up­on the left part of the Colon, and the rectum, and accompanieth the Hemorrhidicall veins to the anus.

Lumbares rami, the8Loyne branches, in number foure; They spring from the back-part of the descending trunk of the aorta. These passe to the vertebrae of the loynes, and their marrow by their holes, [Page 340] as also to the adjacent muscles. Some things here offer themselves to be observed.

1. That when either the colicke is changed into the gout, or cōtrari­wise the gout into the colick; if the lest hap­pen, then the humours are sent from the crurall arteries to the trunke, and from thence to the mesentericall branches of the arteries; and from thence to the guts. If the first happen, then the humours passe the contrary way, Read Hip. 6. Epid. Sect. 4.

[Page 341]2. If the colick turn either to a palsey, or fal­ling sicknesse, as it may fall out, according to aegenet. lib. 3. cap. 43. then the humour doth returne from the Colon by the mesentericall ar­teries, to the trunke, and from hence to the Lum­bares, which being filled compresse the adjacent nerves: from whence difficulty of going insu­eth; which may be cal­led an imperfect palsey. If the falling sicknesse be pr [...]cured, the humour is sent to the groyne arte­ries, and thence to the braine.

[Page 342]3. Clysters may purge the whole body: for the clyster moistning the whole Colon, may by the twigs of the arteries draw noysome humours from the trunk, and when purgation is cau­sed by anointing the na­vill (which often falled out in using the unction for the pox,) or vomi­ting by ministring a cly­ster, wherein white helle­bore is, first the arteries draw the force of the medicaments, and this same faculty againt doth purge by the arte­ries.

[Page 343]9. Arteriae sacrae, or9those branches which goe to the os sacrum. They spring from the lower part of the trunk, before it sendeth out the Rami ili [...]ci. They are somewhat large. They marching downe­ward, and leaning upon the os sacrum, enter into the holes of it, and so passe to the marrow and hinder part of the same. By these the matter which causeth the co­lick may passe to pro­cure the palsey of the legs.

Iliace arteriae, these a­rising10 [Page 344] below the former about the lower vertibra of the loynes, and mount above the vein, lest it should be hurt by the hardnesse of the os sacrum, in their conti­nuall motion.

They being in number two large branches, cal­led Arteriae iliaca or flancke arteries, and marching downward to the thigh obliquely they represent the Greeke Y. inverted. These a little below the division of the trunk are subdivided into two branches, to wit, the in­ternall [Page 345] or lesser Iliaca, and the externall or greater.

The internall hath two branches: The one is called Glutaea, and with a vein of the same denomination, and is bestowed upon the mu­scles, which make up the buttocks: The other is called Hypogastrica.

This is large, this be­ing carried directly to the lower part of the os sacrum, in men it bestow­eth twigs to the bottom and neck of the blad­der, and to the straight Gut; but in women [Page 346] wherein it is larger, it sendeth plenty of twigs upon the bottome and neck of the matrix be­sides the former parts. The externall or grea­ter hath two branches.

The first is called Epi­gastrica. It springeth from the outer part of the artery a little before it passe thorow the Peritonaeum, and tur­ning upwards it moun­teth upwards by the in­ner side of the straight muscle of the belly: and about the navill it is in­osculat with the arteries descending.

[Page 347]The second is called pudenda, this is but a small branch, and when it is come out of the Pe­ritonaeum, it passeth ob­liquely by the joyning of the os pubis, and is be­stowed upon the skin of the secret parts.

One thing is to be no­ted,A note. that the Arteria um­bilicalis springeth from the internall Iliaca, and going alongst the great artery, is firmly tyed to the bladder by strong membranes.

When the child is in the belly, it is hollow; but without hollownes [Page 348] when the infant is come.

About the orifice ofThe values. these vessels. II. values are to be seene, if the ventricles of the heart be dissected transverse neere to the bajis. Of these some are called trisulcae, and resemble a barbed arrow, some se­milunares or Sigmoides, because they resemble a halfe moone, or the Greeke leetter called C. Those bend inwards, because they are set be­fore the vessels which carry in bloud.

These bend outward, [Page 349] because they are appoin­ted for the vessels which carry out the bloud.

The Vena cava hath three Trisulcae; but the Arteria venosa two.

The Aorta, and ve­na arteriosa have three Sigmoides.

[Page 350]So much then con­cerning the vessels of the Brest: now follow the entrals.

CAP. VIII. Of the Heart.

OF these there are foure: the Heart, the Lungs, the Wind-pipe, and part of the Gullet. In the explica­tion of the heart; First, the Swadler is to bee considered, and then the [Page 351] substance of the heart it selfe.

The Swadler, called Pericardium or Capsula cordis, is a membrane wrapping in the whole heart, having the figure of the same, having such distance from the heart, and to containe the wa­trish humour. It is per­forat in five places for the comming in, and go­ing out of the vena cava, and for egresse of the o­ther three. The sub­stance of it is thicke and firme. The outer super­ficies is fibrous; but the inner, smooth and slip­pery. [Page 352] It is tyed to the Mediastinum, and adja­cent parts by sundry fibres. It doth cleave firmly to the sinewy circle of the midrife; but not so in dogs.

It hath its beginning from the tunicles, which compasse the vessels which proceed from the pleura; for between the heart and the peri­cardium, the membrane from the pleura is wan­ting. It containeth a watrish substance, not sharpe for the refrigera­tion and humefaction of the heart: As in the ca­vity [Page 353] of the brest a moy­sture is found like water and bloud, mingled to­gether. So from the side of our Saviour pierced, water and bloud did flow.

The Pericardium hath veins from the phrenicae and axillar. No arteries appeare; because it is neere enough to the heart. It hath small nerves from the left re­current.

As for the heart, the substance of it is compact and firme, and full of fibres of all sorts. The upper part is called [...] [Page 356] hath a small nerve from the sixt conjugation for feeling; but not motion, for it moveth of it selfe: of all the parts of the bo­dy, it is the hottest; for it is the well spring of life, and by arteries commu­nicateth it to the rest of the body. The heart hath two motions, Dia­stole, and Systole. In Diastole or dilatation of the heart, the conus is drawne from the basis, to draw bloud by the ca­va to the right ventricle, and aire by arteria veno­sa to the left ventricle. In Systole or contracti­on, [Page 357] on, the conus is drawne to the basis.

First, that the vitall spirit may be thrust from the left ventricle of the heart into the aorta.

Secondly, that the ar­teriall bloud may bee thrust into the lungs, by arteria venalis.

Thirdly, that the bloud may bee pressed to the lungs, in the right ven­tricle by vena arterialis.

The parts of the heart are either, externall or internall. The externall are the eares.

The eares are anne­xed [Page 358] to the firme sub­stance of the heart about the basis of it, before the mouths of the vessels. They are of a nervous substance for strength, yet thin and soft, for the easier contraction and dilatation: the left is thicker than the right. When they are disten­ded, they are smooth; but being contracted they are wrinckled.

They are storehouses of the heart: for they first receive the aire and bloud, lest they imme­diatly rushing into the heart might offend it, [Page 359] and they strengthen the vessels. These eares are two in number: the right which is greatest, this is before the vena cava, and the left the les­ser, before the arteria ve­nosa.

They are called eares not from the office of hearing, but from the likenesse; they represen­ting the figure of an eare. Death approa­ching, when the heart is immoveable, they move; so we see that a small gale of wind, which moveth not the tree moveth the leaves.

[Page 360]The internall parts of the heart are the ven­tricles or cavities, and the septum.

The ventricles are in number two, the right and the left.

The right is larger than the left, yet the left hath thicker sides, and within is more unequall than the right.

The right ventricle receiveth bloud from the vena cava, to be sent by vena arteriosa to the lungs, and reacheth not to the conus.

The left ventricle is not so wide as the right: [Page 361] yet the fleshy circumfe­rence is thrice as thick as that of the right. It doth elaborat the vitall spirit of the blood and aire drawne in by arteria venosa.

The septum, so called because it separateth the right ventricle from the left, is that thick and fleshy substance set be­tween the two cavities.

Riolan will have the matter of the vitall bloud to passe thorow the holes or porosites of it, from the right to the left ventricle, but that hardly any instrument [Page 362] can shew them: First, because they goe not straight, but wreathed. Secondly, because they are exceeding narrow in the end. He affirmeth that they are more easi­ly discerned in an Oxe heart boiled.

CAP. IX. Of the Lungs, Wind-pipe, and Gullet.

AS for the lungs, the substance of them in Infants, whilest they are in the wombe, is red [Page 363] and compact; but after birth because they be­gin to move with the heart by heat and moti­on, this substance begin­neth to be more loose and spongious, and of a pale yellow colour, that they may the more ea­sily rise, and fall to re­ceive the aire, and expell superfluities.

The substance of the lungs is covered with a membrane communica­ted by the pleura: for the vessels as soone as they enter into the sub­stance of the lungs, they leave the coat which [Page 364] they borrowed of the pleura, and leave it for covering of the lungs. This membrane is po­rous, to give way to im­purities, contained in the cavity of the brest, to passe thorow the loose substance of the lungs, to be discharged by expectoration.

When the lungs are blowne up, they fill the whole cavity of the brest.

In figure they are like to an Oxes hoofe. The outer part is gibbous; the inward hollow: the lungs are divided into [Page 365] the right and left part, each of these hath two lobes, seldome three, with the which as with fingers they embrace the heart. Nature hath ordained this division, that if one side of the lungs should be hurt, the other might discharge the office.

The lungs and brest are divided by the bene­fit of the mediastinum, which is a double mem­brane framed of the pleu­ra; for the pleura begin­ning at the back, passeth to the sternum by the sides: when it is come [Page 366] to the middle of the sternum, it directly from thence passes to the back againe.

The cavity which the reduplication of the pleura leaveth here is above wider, but to­wards the back narrower and narrower, untill the membranes be united. Penetrating wounds go­ing no further than this cavity, are not deadly. The mediastinum is sof­ter than the pleura.

The lungs are joyned to the sternum by the me­diastinum, behind the vertebra of the back: to­wards [Page 367] the sides to the pleura by fibres some­times they are tyed, which causeth difficulty of breathing. It is joy­ned to the heart by vena arteriosa, and arteria ve­nosa.

The lungs have three vessels, vena arteriosa, arteria venosa, and tra­chaea arteria: these two marching together have betweene them inserted a branch of the trachaea arteria, carying aire to coole them.

On this is to be noted, that the vessels of the lungs differ from those [...] [Page 366] [...] [Page 367] [Page 368] in other parts of the bo­dy: for the veins have the coats of arteries, that no alimentary moysture should breathe out: and the arteries have the coats of veins, that the vitall bloud might the more speedily passe, with the fuliginous ex­crements, and the pure aire come in more plen­tifully.

The lungs have no fa­culty of themselves to move, but follow the motion of the brest, to shunne vacuity; for when the brest doth dilate it selfe, the lungs are filled [Page 369] with aire and raised up; and when the brest con­tracteth it selfe they fall. That the lungs follow the motion of the brest, this experience shew­eth: Let one receive a penetrating wound in the brest, if the aire en­ter in, the lungs cannot move, because the vacuity of the brest being filled with aire, the mo­tion of the brest ceasing, the motion of the lungs ceaseth also. A few twigs of sinews come to the membrane; but none to the substance: for they might have caused [...] [Page 368] [...] [Page 369] [Page 370] paine in the motion of the lungs.

CAP. X. Of the Wind-pipe.

THe third entrall contained in the brest is trachaea, or aspera arteria, fistula and canna pulmonis, the wind-pipe. It is a pipe by the which the lungs as bellowes draw the aire, for the re­freshing of the heart, and send out fuliginous vapours, turned out from the heart by arteria ve­nosa. [Page 371] The substance of it is cartilaginous, be­cause by it living crea­tures cause their noises, and soundings, and so it must have beene hard; yet not so hard as a bone, because the mo­tion had beene painfull. It is not framed of one whole piece, for then it would have remained still in one positure, and could not have suffered contraction and dila­tation. Wherefore it is made up of sundry round cartilages, which are tyed together by ligaments, which in [Page 372] men are more fleshy, is beasts more membra­nous.

The fourth part of these cartilaginous rin­ges towards the gullet is wanting, and is supplied by a membranous sub­stance, that swallowing of solid things might not be hindered.

It consisteth of two parts: the upper is called larynx, the lower bronchus; because it is bedewed with some part of the drinke: for if you give to a dogge saffron disolved in milk, if you presently kill him, [Page 373] and open the lungs, you shall find some part of this mixture.

The branches of the wind-pipe disseminat thorow the lungs, as placed middle between vena arteriosa, which is in the hinder part, and ar­teria venosa, which is in the forepart: which are joyned by anastomosis or inosculation. It is girt with two membranes. The externallis thin, and cleaveth fast to the liga­ments of the rings, and guideth the recurrent nerves thither. The in­ternall is thicker, and [Page 374] preceedeth from the membrane, which covereth the roofe of the mouth.

This being strong, is not so easily offended by salt rheumes, and shin liquours. It is very sen­sible, that it might be the more easily moved to send forth things of­fensive. It is also be­dewed with an unctu­ous humour, to with­stand the injury of sharp things, and to cause the voyce to be more plea­sant. So if salt rheumes bedew this membrane, the voyce becomes [Page 375] hoarse; if this humour be dryed in fevers, squee­king.

Larynx is the upper part of the wind-pipe. When the gullet ben­deth downward in swal­lowing, this starteth up­wards to give way to swallowing; it hath five cartilages.

1. Scutiformis, or buck­ler-like, for within it is hollow, but without embossed. That part which sticketh out is cal­led Pomum Adami, A­dams apple.

2. Annularis, because it is like a Turkish ring, [Page 376] and compasseth the whole larynx: In the hinder part it is broad, and thick.

3. And 4. Guttalis, be­cause it resembleth that part of the pot, which is called gutturnium. These two being joyned toge­ther, make the chinke, which fashioneth the voyce. This chinke is called glottis, or lingula, the little tongue.

5. Is Epiglottis, being set above the glottis; it shutteth it. It is of a soft substance resem­bling a tongue, or the leafe of the wood-bind, [Page 377] and on every side bound with a membrane, pro­ceeding from the mouth.

The Larynx hath veins from the externall jugu­lar, arteries from the So­porall, and nerves from the recurrent branches of the sixt paire.

The glandules of the larynx are either superior or inferior. The superior are two, one on each side of the uvula or gar­gareon, which are called vulgarly amigdalae or the almonds; these receive humidity from the braine, which they turn in flegme to moisten the [Page 378] larynx, throat, tongue, and gullet, and to be a meane for tasting: for tasting cannot be per­formed without moy­sture. They are seated about the root of the tongue, covered with the skin of the mouth, and receive veins from the jugulars. The infe­rior are in number two, one on each side of the lower part of the larynx, they are fungous, and larger in women than men.

The larynx is framed for the voyce, the remote instruments of the voice [Page 379] are the brest and lungs; the neerer, either prepare, as the wind-pipe; or helpe, as the sinews and muscles; or keepe it, as the throat and mouth; or immediatly forme the voyce, and that is glottis, for the aire being blowne out forcibly by the lungs, it beating up­on the chinke, shut rea­sonably, procureth the voyce.

CAP. XI. Of the gullet.

OEsophagus or gula, the gullet, is that part by the which as a funnell, meat and drink are turned down into the stomack. It is fra­med of three tunicles.

The first is very thin, and appeareth destitute of fibres; this it hath from the peritonaeum, common also to the sto­mack; the other two are proper: whereof the middlemost is more fle­shy, [Page 381] thick and soft; it hath straight and long fibres.

The innermost is more sinewy, and harder, the fibres of it are transverse and circular. Veins some it hath from ramus coro­n rius, or round branch of the porta, and some from cava. Arteries it hath from the caeliaca, and the truck descen­ding of the Aorta. Nerves it hath two sprigs of the sixt paire It is joyned with the throat and larynx by the skin of the mouth which is communicate to it, and [Page 382] the stomack: to the spondils of the back, the wind-pipe, and the parts adjacent by membranes, which arise of the liga­ments of the back.

To the hinder part a glandule groweth to cause more easie swal­lowing by moystning the part. It hath foure muscles.

The first is the circular called by Galen, Sphincter, whereof we have spo­ken.

The second and third are but small ones, seated in the throat, and procee­ding from the palat of [Page 383] the mouth, are implanted into the beginning of the gullet.

The fourth procee­deth from the inner part of the chin, & is inserted into the gullet. In swal­lowing, then first of all the circular muscle pur­seth it self, from whence it commeth to passe that the oblique fibres of it, which passe from the gullet to the wind-pipe, are made transverse, and so the larynx is lifted up, and the gula goeth downe. So that as this muscle doth embrace the which is to be swal­lowed, [Page 384] and beareth it downe; so the fourth se­conding this, doth re­ceive it and send it fur­ther towards the sto­mack, that it returneth not.

About the top of the brest, there is a glandu­lous body, spongious, white and soft, called thymus and lactes: In a calfe a dainty morsell. It holdeth up the branches of the vena cava, and aorta ascending; Which passe to the armes, and saveth them from tou­ching the bones.

CAP. XII. Of the neck.

THe neck, cellum, joyneth the brest and head together. It is long, to helpe the voyce: so those living crea­tures which make no noyse, have no neck, as fishes; but those who have a long necke, make a huge noyse, as geeses and cranes. The inner parts are the vessels which passe to the head, the wind-pipe, and the gullet with others. The outer are the parts com­mon [Page 386] of the body, and the muscles of these, I will speake in the dis­course of muscles. The parts remarkable in se­ction are these.

• 1. The soporall arte­ries.
• 2. Internall jugulars.
• 3. The recurrent nerves betweene these.
• 4. The larynx or wind-pipe-head, framed of five cartilages.
• 5. Glottis the chinke of it.
• 6. Epiglottis the cover of the chinke.
• 7. Vvula, which is a red, fleshy, and fungous [Page 387] substance. It is covered with the reduplication of the skin of the roofe of the mouth.
• 8. Gula or favus, the mouth of the stomack.
• 9. Tonsillae, the almonds, these moisten the mouth for chewing, and tongue for tasting.

The description of the recurrent nerves, you shall find where the sixt conjugation of nerves, proceeding from the braine, is set downe, cap. 3. of the head.

CAP. I. Of the Braine.

OF the Head there be two parts: That which is hay­ry called Calva, the scalp, and that which hath [Page]

[Page] [Page 389] none, termed Facies the face.

The Scalp hath foure parts. 1. Sinciput, the forepart beginning at the forehead, and rea­ching to the coronall suture.

2. Occiput, the hinder part possessing the di­ [...]ce betweene the fu­ture Lambdoides, and the first vertebra of the neck.

3. Vertex, the crown, that which is betweene the former two, some­what arched.

4. Tempora, the tem­ples, which are the late­rall [Page 390] parts, betweene the eyes and the eares. The parts whereof the scalpe is framed, are either containing or contai­ned.

The parts containing are either common or proper.

The common are the scarfe skin, the skin, the fat, and membrana car­nosa.

The proper are either soft or hard.

The soft are two: the muscles and pericranium. Of the muscles we will speake in their proper place.

[Page 391] Pericranium is a mem­brane thin and soft, pro­ceeding from the dura mater, passing thorow the futures of the head, covering the scull. The hard containing part is the scull. Looke for it in the Treatise of Bones.

The parts under the skull contained, are the meninges, the mem­branes, which wrap the braine, and the braine it selfe.

The membranes are two. The first is called dura meninx or dura ma­ter, the hard mem­brane, it doth loosely [Page 392] lap in the whole braine and there is some di­stance betweene it and the skull, to give way to the motion of the braine. It hath two membranes. That next to the skull is harder, rougher, and of lesse sense, because it was to touch the skull. The inner is smooth, whiter, and bedewed with a waterish humidi­ty: It seemeth to spring from the lower part of the skull, because it clea­veth fast to it.

It is tyed to, with the pia mater and the braine by the vessels: but to [Page 393] the skull by small fibres arising of it selfe, passing thorow the sutures, and framing the pericranium It is fourefold where it parteth the cerebrum from the cerebellum. In the crowne of the head, where it parteth the braine into the right and left part, it is doubled; and because this redupli­cation in the hinder part is broader, and forwards becomming narrower re­presenteth a sicle, it is called falx.

By these foldings the Sinus or ventricles are framed, which are re­ceptacles [Page 394] of plentiful bloud and spirits. They are in number foure.

The first and second begin about the b [...]sis of the occiput at the sides of lamb doides, where the veins and arteries dis­charge themselves.

The third is long, and passeth to the nose, and is framed of the former two joyned together.

The fourth is short, and betweene the cere­brum and cerebellum go­eth to the penis: This a­riseth where the former three meet.

This beginning is of [Page 395] some called T [...]r [...]ular.

From hence veins do passe for the nourishing of the braine; for from the sinus, veins creepe upward to the cranium, and by the futures to the pericranium, and downe­ward to the pia mater, cerebrum, and cerebellum.

These veins cleave by a thin tunicle to the sides of the sinus; seeing these cavities have pul­sation, these veins sup­ply the office both of veins and arteries. These containe great plenty of bloud, seeing the braine being large, and in con­tinuall [Page 396] lacketh much nourishment. The great bleeding at the nose happens by reason of the third sinus opened.

Pia mater or dura me­ninx immediatly wrap­peth and keepeth in the braine. Whereofore it is thin, soft, and of exqui­site sense.

Cerebrum or the brain, is of a substance moyst and soft to receive the impression of simili­tudes: for it is the place of imagination and me­mory.

The life is not in the whole body, of colour [Page 397] it is white. It hath the figure of the skull. In the forepart it hath bun­chings out, called pre­cessus mammillares. In the upper part it is full of foldings, as the guts have, to carry safely the vessels. In weight it containeth 4. or 5. lib. and is as big again as an Oxes braine.

The parts of the brain are these, the outer, and the inner.

The outer of a grayish colour, or betweene white and yellow, is of a softer substance, and compasseth the inner.

[Page 398]The inner is more solide and whiter, called Corpus callosum. This hath two parts: the one is somewhat round which hath the figure of the skull: the other is that which proceedeth from it.

In the large round part, the three ventricles are contained. The o­ther proceedeth of the round, and containeth the fourth ventricle cal­led calamus scriptorius. In this ventricle the ani­mall spirit seemeth to be made, for it is pure and cleane; but the o­ther [Page 399] ventricle, full of im­purities, having under them the glandula pitui­taria, for evacuation of them.

The braine is the towre of the sensitive soule. In contraction it sendeth the animall spi­rits into the nerves dis­persed thorow the whole body: by the which it communica­teth the faculty of fee­ling and moving.

In dilatation it draw­eth the vitall spirits from the soporall arte­ries, and the aire by the nostrils, so that the mat­ter [Page 400] of the animall spirit is arteriall bloud, fur­nished with the vitall spirit and aire. It may [...]e thought that the animal spirit for sense, is con­tained in the outer are softest part of the braine but for moving in the inner more solide and white part.

The braine hath five branches of veins, from the internall jugulars: whereof some enter in­to the ventricles of the dura mater, others are spred thorow the me­nings, and the substance of the braine, out of the [Page 401] cavities of the Dura ma­ter. It hath foure arte­ries from the soporals, and those of the neck.

The portions which proceed from the inner part of the braine are cerebellum, and spinalis medulla.

Cerebellum or the little braine, is composed of two round laterall parts, making up as it were a globe, it hath two worme-like processes, one is seated at the fore­part, the other at the hinder part of it, to hin­der the obstruction of the fourth ventricle, by [Page 402] the compression of the cerebellum.

The Spinalis medulla is of a harder substance than the braine. It is divided into two parts, the right and the left, as the braine is: which are severed by the dura ma­ter immediatly wrapping it, so that the palsie sometimes invadeth but one side. About the sixt and seventh vertebra of the brest, it beginneth to be separate into divers twists, which ending in­to small haire like sub­stances, represent a Horse-taile. This will [Page 403] appeare if the marrow of a beast or man newly killed, be put in water, & suffered to stand for a while. It is compassed with 3. membranes: The next to it is from the pia mater, the middlemost from the dura mater, and the outmost from the ligament which bindeth the forepart of the ver­tebrae.

One portion of the Spinalis medulla is with­in the skull, foure inches in length, above the great hole of the occiput; from whence all the si­news spring, which are [Page 404] ascribed to the braine: the other is without the skull, from whence the 32. paire doe spring.

CAP. II. Of other parts to be seene in the Braine.

BEsides those parts named, sundry o­thers are to be shewed: whereof,

• 1. Is Rete mirabile, so called from the wonder­full knittings of the twigs of arteries, pro­ceeding from the sopo­rall [Page 405] about the basis of the braine at the sides of the sell of os sphaenoides: In this is the first prepara­tion of the animall spi­rit.
• 2. Glandula pituitaria so called because it recei­veth the thick pituitous excrements from the ventricles by the infun­dibulum, and so is placed at the end of the infun­dibulum in the sell of the sphaenoides. It is harder than ordinary glandules; above it is hollow, be­low round: It is covered with the pia mater: the excrements which come [Page 406] to it sometimes it tur­neth downe to the palat of the mouth: somtimes it suffereth to slip down by the holes, seated in the lower part of the cranium. By shutting the infundibulum it keepeth in also the animall spi­rits.
• 3. Septum or Speculum lucidum divideth in the upper part the ven­tricles: It is loose and wrinckled, but if spred out it is cleere: some will have it to be a redu­plication of the pia ma­ter, some a thin portion of the braine it selfe.
• [Page 407]4. Fornix or testudo is the lower white part, where the ventricles are joyned. It is triangular and under the corpus cal­losum.
• 5. Nates are the two portions of the roots of spinalis medulla, procee­ding from the cerebel­lum: these are uppermost and largest.
• 6. Testes are the two small portions procee­ding of the roots from the braine: these are lowermost.
• 7. Vulva is the long chinke between the pro­minences.
• [Page 408]8. Anus, is nothing else but that space which is caused of the meeting of the foure trunkes of the spinalis medulla.
• 9. Glandula pinealis or penis, so called from the figure: for it is like a seed of the pine apple, or a little pricke: it is set about the beginning of the hole, which passeth from the middle ven­tricle to the fourth. It is of a substance somewhat hard, and is covered with a thin skin.
• 10. Plexus choroides vel reticularis. It is a tex­ture of small veins and [Page 409] arteries placed between the fore ventricles, and the testudo or fornix. As the animall spirit is first prepared in the rete mi­rabile, so it is more ela­borat here, and perfe­cted in the fourth ven­tricle: but kept in the whole braine, as in a storehouse.

CAP III. Of the seven paires of sinewes.

BEfore I set downe these paires, I adver­tise you of one thing: that all the sinewes of the body spring from the spinalis medulla as it is rooted within the skull, or extended to the spina, and not from the braine.

The first paire is made up by those which are called optici or visorii: so called because they [Page 411] bring the opticke spirits to the eye. They spring from the nates, they meet about the sell of os sphaenoides: not by simple touching or in­tersection, but by con­fusion of their sub­stances, and mutuall pe­netration. Then being divided, they passe to the center of the eye: these are big, thick, and soft.

The second paire is framed of those called motorii oculorum, this paire springeth from the innermost part of the beginning of the prolon­gation [Page 412] of the spinalis me­dulla. In the beginning it is like to one cord: which is the cause that when one eye moveth, the other moveth also. This paire is lesser and harder than the visorii: It accompanieth them. This together with one branch of the third paire which passeth to the jaw, passeth thorow the long hole, not the round; and is inserted into the muscles of the eye and eye-lids.

The third paire is made up by those called gustatorii, because the [Page 413] twigs of this paire being carried to the membran of the tongue, cause the sense of tasting. This paire proceedet from the root of spinalis me­dulla. As it ariseth it is divided into two large branches, whereof one is carryed to the orbit of the eye, by the hole of the second: The other being carryed out of the skull, by the holes of the lower jaw bestoweth twigs upon the muscles of the lower lip, and eve­ry tooth.

The fourth conjuga­tion beginneth about [Page 414] the place of the former but being lesse and har­der, accompanying the other, and passing tho­row the same hole, is implanted into the membrane of the palat of the mouth; this ser­veth also for tasting.

The first conjugation, the auditorii make up: this paire beginning somewhat below the o­ther, it marcheth by the sides of the basis of the braine, and entring into os petrosum, is divided into two branches; the greater being inserted into the end of cochlea or [Page 415] the hole of hearing, is the instrument of hea­ring. The lesser being carried downe to the first and second vertebra of the neck, it sendeth twigs to the proper mu­scles of the larynx: from hence ariseth a dry cough somtimes when we pick our eares somewhat deeply.

The sixt paire is called vagum, because it be­stoweth branches to sundry parts: & amongst the rest to all the parts of the belly, which re­quire sense. For these being soft parts, did not [Page 416] require hard sinewe from the spinalis medulla. It riseth a little below the former, each filure being straitwayes uni­ted; it passeth out of the cranium, by the hole of the backe part of the head, by the which the internall jugular ente­reth: then going down by the sides of the wind­pipe, above the throat it is divided into two bran­ches, whereof the one is bestowed upon the upper muscles of the la­rynx, the bone of the tongue and throat. The other marching further, [Page 417] is separat into two bran­ches, to wit, the right and the left; each of these have branches; the Recurrens and Stoma­chicus.

The recurrent are cal­led also reversivi or recur­sivi, and vocales, because they descend and ascend againe, and being cut, hinder the voyce.

The right is winded about the axillar artery, as about a pully: The left about the trunke of 2the aorta descending, afterwards doth mount up to the beginning of the muscles of the larynx.

[Page 418]The seventh conjuga­tion, which moveth the tongue, is the hardest of all: it hath it beginning, where the cerebellum en­deth, and the spinalis me­dulla beginneth. In its beginning it hath divers sprigs, which afterward are united, and passing thorow it owne oblique hole, is annexed to the former paire; not ming­led by strong membrans for safety. Then being severed it sendeth most of its twigges to the tongue; but fewest to the muscles of the la­rynx.

[Page 419]To these 7. two more may be added.

The first of them be­ginning from the side of the beginning of the spinalis medulla by a smal twig, marcheth for­wards betweene the se­cond and third conjuga­tion; and by the hole of the second conjugati­on; on passeth to the orbit of the eye, and is spent upon the muscles which draw the eyes up­ward.

The second conjuga­tion may be called Olfa­ctoria, the cause of smel­ling. The finews of this [Page 420] paire slip out of the braine about the cell of os sphaenoides.

Then to these are an­nexed processus mammil­lares or papillares, teat­like processes: They are in number two, and are white, soft, broad, and long, bigger in beasts of exquisit smelling than in man, as dogs. These are instruments of smelling, and not the nose, or the inner tunicle of it.

CAP. IIII. A new way to find out the parts within the skull.

BY lifting up the braine, and begin­ning at the lower part, first appeareth the begin­ning of spinalis medulla yet within the skull. The cavity of this is called calamus scriptorius. To this cerebellum is anne­xed. These being seene about the conjunction of the opticke nerves there appeareth, 1. Retemirabile. 2. Glandula pi­tuitaria. [Page 422] 3. Infundibu­lum, whose top is called pelvis. Septum lucidu­duos primos ventricule dirimens. Fornix sivet to studo corpori calloso con­juncta, above the third ventricle. Nates are two round knobs of the roots of spinalis medulla which spring from the cerebellum, under these is anus. Testes are two small prominences of this same medulla, as it riseth from the braine.

These are lower, and smaller; the other are higher, and bigger. Vul­va, is a long pit between [Page 423] the eminences. Plexus [...]horoides or reticularis, it is a frame or twisting, made of small veins and arteries betweene the foure ventricles, and the testudo. At the begin­ning of the hole which passeth from the third ventricle to the fourth, Glandula pinealis or penis is seated.

CAP. V. Of the face, and first of the parts containing of it.

I Have spoken of that part of the head which [Page 424] is decked with haire. Now am I to speak of that part which is not al­together garnished with haire: In Latine it is cal­led facies, because it cau­seth one to be knowne: and Vulius, because it dis­covereth the will. The face beginneth, where the haire ceaseth to grow in the head, & reacheth in the end of the chin. The upper part is called from the forehead, because it bewrayeth the mind which in Greeke is cal­led [...]. According to the order of dissection it is divided into the parts [Page 425] containing and contai­ned.

The parts containing common, are the cuticu­la and cutis. It hath no membrana carnosa, nor fat; but onely betweene the muscles. The two muscles of the forehead, about the eye browes are thickest, and seeme to be united: but above they are a little separat. The sides adhere to the temporall muscles; and because the skin doth firmly cleave to them, therfore the eye browes, and skin of the forehead are moveable.

[Page 426]Of the second proper parts, the bones, they are set downe in the do­ctrine of bones.

The parts contained are the foure instru­ments of the senses, to wit, the eyes, the eares, the nose, and mouth, wherein is the tongue the organ of tasting.

CAP. VI. Of the outer parts of the eyes.

THe eye in Latine is called oculus, be­cause [Page 427] it is hid within the eye-lids. The hole wherein the eye is pla­ced is called capsa, or cava, but barbarously or­bita: for this is nothing else but the print which a wheele moving leaveth in dirt or dust. The eyes are in number two, that if one should be lost, yet we should not be blind.

The parts of the eye, are either externall, or internall.

The externall are in number one, the eyebrowes, the hairy arches where the forehead en­deth, the seats of disdain [Page 428] and pride. Each eye­brow is framed of the skin, the muscle, fat, and haire.

They are in figure ob­lique, the end towards the nose is called cap [...] or the head: the other towards the temples is called cauda or the taile.

2. The eye-lids, palpe­brae. They are framed of the skin, the muscu­lous fleshy, the pericra­nium, and the grasely welt. The haires in them are called cilia: they hinder the falling of small bodies into the eyes; those in the upper [Page 429] eye-lid turne upwards, those in the lower eye-lid downward. In man the upper eye-lid which moveth, is biggest; but in birds the lower is lar­gest.

3. The corners of the eye. The larger is to­wards the nose, the lesser towards the temple. In the larger corner the glandula or caruncula la­chrymalis, the fleshy glandule is placed (which stayeth the involuntary shedding of teares) be­fore the hole which pas­seth into the nose. The fistula in it is called aegy­lops.

CAP. VII. Of the muscles of the eye.

THe inner parts of the eye are six in number; the Fat, the Glandule, the Muscles, the Coats, the Humoun and Vessels.

The fat is placed about the eye for three causes First, it defendeth the eye from cold. Second­ly, it keepeth it from the hardnes of the bone. Thirdly, it filleth up the distances of the muscles to further the quick mo­tion.

[Page 431]The Glandule is seated in the upper part of the outer corner, and lodged in the fat, still full of a dewy substance, where­with the eye is moyst­ned to further the nim­ble motion of it.

The muscles of the eye are in number six, whereof foure are straight, and two ob­lique.

• 1. Of the straight, is attollens or superbus, in the upper part.
• 2. Opposit to this is called deprimens or hu­milis.
• 3. About the greater [Page 432] corner, is called addu­cens or bibitorius.
• 4. Is about the lesser corner, and is called ab­ducens or indignatorius.

All the strait muscles proceed from the brims of the bone, making the hole for the opticke nerve, and cleave fast to the cornea, by a broad and thin aponeurosis.

The first of the oblique is called superior, or tro­chlearis. It riseth neere the hole of the opticke nerve, it endeth in a small corde, which passeth thorow the cartilago tro­chlearis, or pully-like [Page 433] cartilage, and endeth obliquely in the upper part of the cornea, it draweth the eye towards the bigger corner.

The second of the ob­lique is called obliquus minor, or gracilis, and te­res, and brevis: it ariseth about the chink joyning the two bones of the mandible, and passing from the greater corner transversly compasseth the eye, and almost mee­teth the tendon of the other oblique muscle in the upper part. It draw­eth the eye towards the lesser corner.

[Page 434]When all the muscle move alike, they keeps the eye immoveable The oblique muscles sorowling of the eye are called amatorii, and cir­cumactores.

CAP. VIII. Of the tunicles of the eye.

THe tunicles of the eye are accompted six. 1. Conjunctiva or adnata, so called because it cleaveth fast to the eye, and the eye is kept [Page 435] firme by it within the orbit, that in violent mo­tions it be not thrust out. It covereth the halfe of the eye circularly.

2. Is cornea, so called because it is like a lan­terne horne in firmnesse and brightnesse. In the hinder part it is thick, and dark, towards the forepart it groweth thin, that it may be the more bright. As the conjunctiva proceedeth from pericranium; so this springeth from the dura mater.

3. Is uvea, because it is like to the huske of a [Page 436] grape, which is smooth without, and rough within. This is of sun­dry colours, that it might represent to the crystallinal colours. The inner side is very black, that a weake light might the better bee seene by the crystallin humour: for light in a dark place shineth more brightly. This blacknesse is onely the excrement of bloud. This membrane cove­reth not the whole eye, as cornea doth; but being hollow in the forepart, doth make the pupilla, so called from pupula: be­cause [Page 437] when we behold our selves in the apple of ones eye wee seeme babes. It is nothing else but the hole of uvea. The circle about the pupilla is called iris, from the di­versity of colours which it hath.

From this circle pro­ceedeth the dilatation and constriction of the pupilla. The going and comming of the light, causeth these motions. If you boyle an Oxes eye you may separate the iris from the uvea, with the point of your knife: from this circle under [Page 438] the uvea, small threeds spring, compassing the waterish humour: which being let out, these threeds vanish away, and are dissolved, the circle remaining. Beneath in the compasse of the uvea, by reason of these threeds, a cataract grow­eth.

This texture of fila­ments, is called by some tunica ciliaris; but im­properly: and by some interstitium ciliare. These filaments are so called, because in figure they are like to the haires of the eye-lids.

[Page 439]4. Is membrana pupil­laris, the membranous circle compassing the pupilla: for first it may be separate from the uvea, as hath beene said: secondly, it hath it pe­culiar fibres: thirdly, it hath its peculiar motion, whereby the pupilla is dilated in cleare light, and contracted in ob­scure.

5. Is tunica cristaloides, which is nothing else but a membranous con­gelation, covering the forepart of the crystal­line humour: It is very thin and bright as a loo­king [Page 440] glasse, that in the superficies of it, the vi­sible formes might ap­peare as in a looking glasse.

6. Is aranea or retina because it resembleth a Spiders web or net: this is nothing else but some filaments, wherewith the vitreous humour is interlaced, and kept to­gether. These filaments being by incision much separated, the vitreous humour runneth as thin water.

CAP. IX. Of the humours of the eye.

THe humours of the eye are in number three.

1. Is Humor aqueus, the watrish humour. It is not onely set before the crystallin humour; but it compasseth also the vitreous humour round about: for if you cut the eye in the hinder part, it runneth out no other wayes, than if the forepart were incised. [Page 442] Where it is placed be­fore the crystallin hu­mour, it is a defence to it, to weaken the bright­nesse of the externall light by hindering the suddaine entering of it. And it is as a spectacle to it, to represent to the crystallin the species visi­biles. Although it be a spermaticke part, yet part of it in man may be let out (as we see in the cowching of a cataract) without any great hurt to the sight. In a chicken if it be let out by prick­ing, it will bee repaired in fifteene daies.

[Page 443]2. Is Humor Crystalli­nus, the crystall-like hu­mour: it is of a compact watrish substance, some­what plaine before, that some space might be for the receiving of objects; but round behind where it sticketh in the vitre­ous humour. It is seated neerer to the pupilla, that the sight might be more cleere and full.

3. Is Humor vitreus, so called, because it is like to moulten glasse. In quantity it doth exceed the other two: that it might afford nourish­ment to the crystallin, [Page 444] the chiefe instrument of the sight.

First, it is like a soft pillow to the crystallin.

Secondly, it staieth the visible formers which might escape the crystallin, and so it is pla­ced hindermost.

Last of all the vessels of the eye are to bee tou­ched: The veins exter­nall appointed for the nourishment of the eye, proceed from the ex­ternall jugulars: The in­ternall from plexus cho­roides. The arteries ex­ternall spring from the externall branches of [Page 445] the soporall on each side: the internall proceed from rete mirabile.

There be two nerves appointed for the eye: one serveth for sight, cal­led opticus; the other for motion, called motorius: whereof sufficiently hath beene spoken before.

CAP. X. Of the eare, and first of the outward eare.

IT hath two parts, the outer part called Au­ricula, and the inner ca­vities with their furni­ture. Of the Auricula, some parts are com­mon, [Page 446] and some proper.

The common are Cu­ticula, Cutis, Membrana nervea, Caro, and Pinguedo in the lobe. The cutis is tyed to the carti­lage by a membrane: in the lobe it is more fleshy and fatty, in the rest of the eare betweene the skin and cartilage, there is but small store of fat.

The proper parts are the muscles, veins, arte­ries, sinews, and the car­tilage. The muscles of it are either common or proper. The common are three.

• 1. Is a part of the fron­tall [Page 447] muscle, which rising from the end of it, and passing above the tem­porall muscle, is inserted in the upper part, to draw it upward.
• 2. Is a part of the cuta­neous muscle, ascending to it above the paroti­des, to draw it downe side-wayes.
• 3. Is a portion of the occipitall muscle, reach­ing to the eare, and im­planted in the back part of it to pull it backward. It hath but one proper muscle proceeding from the processus mammillaris. Which lurking under [Page 448] the ligament of the eare is inserted in the root of the eare, to pull it back­ward. The last proper part of the eare, is the cartilage. If it had been bony it had been subject to breaking; if fleshy, it had not beene so sit to beat back the sound: this cartilage is tyed to os pe­trosum, by a strong liga­ment, which riseth from the pericranium, towards os mammillare, to stay it up: in man the ligament is but one and continual; but in beasts there bee two or three, according to the bignesse of the [Page 449] eare. The veins come from the externall jugu­lars: The arteries from the carotis or soporall: The sinews from the se­cond paire of the neck. It is here to bee noted that a branch of the so­porall passeth by the an­titragus of the eare, to the upper jaw, from whence the vitall spirit is carried to each tooth. In horrible tooth-aches, if this branch bee cut a sunder, immediatly the paine ceaseth, the sharp humour being intercep­ted.

The outward eare is [Page 450] alwayes open, because we have ever need of this sense. It is a beauty to the head, it is a defence to the braine, by mode rating the sounds, that they may gently move the tympanum, and it ga­thereth the sounds dis­persed in the ayre.

CAP. XI. Of the foure cavities of the eare.

ALl those foure ca­vities are seated in ospetrosum.

[Page 451]The first is called mea­tus auditorius, the passage for hearing. It hath tur­nings to hinder the vio­lent rushing in of any thing to the tympanum. It is oblique, that the vehemercy of a strong sound might bee mode­rat: It is lastly narrow to hinder the going in of small creatures. Where­fore it hath also haires and earewax, to be as ly­med twigs to entangle them. It marcheth obliquely upward, that if anything should goe in, it might the more easily returne, or bee brought [Page 452] out: it endeth at the tympanum. This mem­brane is very dry, that it might give the better sound. It is thin and cleare, that the sounds may the more readily be sent to the internall ayre. It is strong, that it might be the more a­ble to resist externall violence. It hath a cord, for strength and stretch­ing, no other wayes than the military drum.

The second cavity, is called by Vesalius pelvis, the tunnel of the eare; and by Fallopius concha, the perwinkle from its [Page 453] figure. The furniture of this cavity serveth for three purposes: for mo­tion, for transmission of the sounds, and for ex­purgation of the excre­ments. For motion the three little bones, the li­gament, and muscles do service. The three lit­tle bones are these, mal­leolus, incus, stapes, having their names from the likenesse of other exter­nall things.

Malleolus or the little hammer is somewhat long and cleaveth to the tympanum by the liga­ment.

[Page 454]The second is Incus the anvill, not onely for the figure, but for the use also; because like an anvill it receiveth the strokes of the malleolus moved.

The third is Stapes, the stirrop. It is in figure triangular. In the mid­dle hollow, to give way to the passing of the aire to the labyrinth. These cleave together on following another in order. These little bone serve for uses.

1. They strengthen the tympanum that it be not torne by the vio­lence [Page 455] of the ayre. There­fore the hammer with one of the feet of the anvill, leane upon the drumme.

2. That these beating against the tympanum, might the better deliver the sound to the audito­ry sinew.

3. That these bones being shaken and beaten against the drum, might frame the diversities of sounds, as the teeth, the distinction of words and letters.

These bones have nei­ther cartilage nor mar­row.

[Page 456]2. They have no pe­riostium.

3. In Infants they are as big and perfect as in men.

4. They are paced up by a ligament the second instrument for motion, that being shaken by the internall aire moved by the externall, the shar­per sound might be cau­sed: of the instruments appointed for motion, the muscles are the last.

Whereof the one is without the drum above in meatus auditorius, whose tendon is inser­ted into the center of [Page 457] the tympanum, against the which, the malleolus is inserted, to draw it outward together with the hammer. The other is within the drum in os petrosum, inserted by a double tendon into the hammer to draw it back. Neere the tympanum a­bove, a narrow hole ap­peareth, which is an en­terance to a cave, having many partitions not un­like to the hony combes. This is full of internall aire. About the end of this cavity directly a­gainst the tympanum, there are two perforati­ons [Page 458] called fenestellae, or little windowes: wherof the one is ovall, the en­trance to the labyrinth: the other lesser, the be­ginning of cochlea.

Last of all, there is in this cavity a small carti­laginous passage from the eare to the palatum: to purifie the internall aire. This cavity hath a value, that there might be egresse, but no re­gresse.

The third cavity is cal­led labyrinthus, having sundry windings, from whence it hath its name: all which returue to this [Page 459] same cavity. There are six semi-circles in this cavity. The end of these windings is to cause the aire passing thorow nar­row slreits to make the greater sound, or to mi­tigate the sound, which was redoubled within the pelvis as an Eccho, by passing thorow these circulations.

The fourth cavity is called cochlea, or the wilke of the eare, from the figure: because it hath three, sometimes foure wreathings; with­in these there is a chinke by the which the sound [Page 460] passeth to the braine and the bilious excre­ment falleth into the eare.

Hearing is thus caused. First, the aire received in the first cavity, doth gently move the tympa­num, which being shaken tosseth the three small bones joyned to it; then the kind of sound is im­pressed into the internall aire, which having the quality of the sound, and circular by the windings of the labyrinth, to make it pure is conveighed thorow the cochlea, and delivered to nervus audi­torius, [Page 461] that the animall spirit may present it to the common sense, the judge of all species and formes.

CAP. XII. Of the Nose.

THe skin cleaveth so fast to the muscles and cartilages, that it can hardly bee severed without renting.

The muscles are seven: whereof one is common and six proper. They onely move the carti­lages [Page 462] of the nose. The veins come from the en­ternall jugular. The arteries from the soporals, and the finews from the third pairs. The bones of the nose are in number foure: the car­tilages five: the inner membrane which cove­reth the sides of the nose proceedeth from the dura mater, passing tho­row the holes of the eth­moides. The muscles membrane, draweth in the nostrils. The haires straine (as it were) the aire, and keepe out in­sects.

[Page 463]From the red and spongious fleshy porti­ons, with the which the distances of the spongi­ous bones are filled, the polypus springeth. The upper part of the nose which is bony, is called dorsum nasi: the ridge, spina: the laterall parts, where the cartilages are, are called alae or pinnae: The tip of the nose, glo­bulus, orbiculus, and pyru­la: The fleshy part next to the upper lip, columna. The uses of the nose are eight.

• 1. By it the aire is taken into the braine, [Page 464] for the generation of the animall spirits.
• 2. The lungs draw in by it the aire, for the re­freshing of the heart, and the generation of the [...] tall spirits.
• 3. That by it smels might be carried to pre­cessus mammillares.
• 4. By it the braine dis­chargeth excrements.
• 5. It furthereth the speech.
• 6. It beautifieth the face.
• 7. It parteth the eyes that the one should not see the other: which would have hindered [Page 465] the sight. It is a defence into them also, and stai­gth the visible species.
• 8. By fleering up it ex­presseth anger: and in the Hebrew tongue is taken for anger.

CAP. XIII. Of the Mouth.

IT is called Os, from the letter O: In pro­nouncing of which it o­peneth it selfe. The mouth that serveth for breathing: Secondly, for receiving of food: [Page 466] Thirdly, for speaking and lastly, to discharge the excrements of the braine, lungs, and stomack: It beginneth at the lips, and reacheth to the throat.

The parts of it are ei­ther externall or inter­nall: the externall are labia or the lips, from lambo. They are in num­ber two: to wit, the up­per, and lower; they have to further motions, thirteen muscles, where­of eight are proper, and five common to the cheekes and lips. The lips are of a fungous sub­stance; [Page 467] the skin doth firmly cleave to the muscles. They are cove­red within with a tunicle common to the mouth and stomack. And from hence commeth the trembling of the lower lip before vomiting. The lips serve first for the conveniency of ea­ting and drinking. Se­condly, for the beauti­fying of the face, if they bee well fashioned. Thirdly, to containe the spittle in the mouth: Fourthly, to keepe the gums and teeth from ex­ternall injuries. Fifthly, [Page 468] to keepe the gums and teeth from externall in­juries. Fifthly, to serve for the framing of the speech. Sixthly, to serve for kissing. The conjuction of the lips make the laterall parts of the mouth, which are called buccae, the cheeks.

The inner parts of the mouth are these. 1. Gin­givae or the gums. They are fleshy, destitute of motion, to keepe the teeth in their sockets.

2. The teeth, which are bony, both to chew the meat, and to fashion the speech: each tooth [Page 469] hath two parts; one without the gum, called Basis; the other within, called Radix, or the root. The root below recei­veth a little veine, arte­ry, and nerve.

The incisores and ca­nini have but one fang: The lower molares have two fangs; but the up­per molares, three. In children from the se­venth moneth, untill two yeeres be compleat, twenty teeth come out, now one, then another. Of these teeth some are called incisores; the first fore teeth in number [Page 470] foure in each gum: some canini adjacent to these, on each side one. The rest are called molares.

3. The third internall part of the mouth is palatum, or the roofe of the mouth: It is vau­ted, that the aire be­ing repercussed the voice should be the sharper. It is wrinckled and rough above the bone, that it might more firmly cleave to it, and it might the better keepe the meat, while it is a chew­ing.

4. And 5. Of the al­monds, and uvula, I [Page 471] have spoken in the dis­course of the neck.

6. Of the internall parts is the tongue, in Latine called Lingua à lingendo, from licking.

The flesh of it is spon­gious, that it might re­ceive the qualities of the sapors, and judge of them. In figure it is py­ramidall. The tunicle with the which it is co­vered, proceedeth from the dura mater. Veins it hath from the exter­nall jugulars. Under the tongue they are cal­led ranulares, from their colour. The arteries [Page 472] come from the carotides. Sinews it hath from the third and seventh paire. The muscles which move it are six. It is divided in­to two parts by a line going along it, and so in hemiplegia, onely one halfe may bee affected. Of the ligaments, the lower is called fraenum, and franulum. If it bee extended to the top of the tongue, it hinde­reth sucking in children: and from this they are said to be tongue-tyed. In this case the ligament is to be cut. The tongue hath foure uses.

[Page 473]1. It is the instrument of tasting. 2. It uttereth the speech. 3. It hel­peth chewing by gathe­ring of the meat, and tossing it to and fro, and turning it downe to the stomack. 4. It serveth for licking.

CAP. I. Of the veins of the Arme.

RAmus subclavius, or the branch of the vena cava, ascending under the cannell bone, when it is [Page 475] come to the arme-pit, it is called axillaris; and it parteth it selfe in two veins, the cephalica, and basilica.

The cephalica in beasts doth wholly spring from the externall jugular; but in man it receiveth only a spring from the externall jugular. Wher­fore in diseases of the head, it is not without cause opened. It passeth thorow the upper and outward part of the arme, to the bending of the elbow: where it is divided into two bran­ches; of the which one, [Page 476] joyning with a branch of the basilica, makes the mediana. Wherefore the slope branches, which u­sually are opened about the bending of the el­bow, are only branches of the cephalica, and basi­lica, which meeting make the median. The other branch of the ce­phalica marching, accor­ding to the length of the radius, reacheth to the hand, thorow which it is spred; but chiefly that part which is betweene the ring finger and the little finger.

There the Salvatella is [Page 477] placed, which is to be o­pened in melancholy dis­eases. The basilica pas­seth thorow the inner and lower part of the arme, accompanied with the artery and nerves.

About its beginning it maketh the thoracica, which having three or foure sprigs, and passing under serratus major, and the subscapular muscle, it is tyed to the upper intercostall, and about the spina dorsi is inoscu­lat with the twigs of ve­na sine pari. Basilica about the bending of the el­bow is divided into that [Page 478] which is called subcuta­nea, and that which is called profunda.

Profunda the deeper, is annexed to the artery about the bending of the elbow, not under. Then passing betweene the focils it is carried to the hand by the outer part of the ulna.

The subcutanea or the shallowest branch neere to the bending of the arme, being turned off to the outer part of the ulna by the length of it, it is carried to the hand.

The Modiana passed [Page 479] to the inside of the hand by the middle part of the ulna.

CAP. II. Of the arteries of it.

RAmus subclavius so called, as that of the vena cava, when it is come to the arme-pits, it is called axillaris. It accompanieth the basi­lica: for there is no ce­phalicall artery. Neere to the arme holes, it yeeldeth that artery, which is called thoracica, [Page 480] from thence being car­ried to the bending of the arme, it is parted in­to two branches, which passe to the inner side of the hand: for the outside of the hand hath neither muscles nor artery.

The one of these re­sting upon the radius, is that which is felt about the wrest.

The other marching by the ulna is with its fellow spread thorow the hand.

CAP. III. Of the sinewes of the Arme.

OUt of the perfora­tions of the foure lower vertebrae of the neck, and of the first two of the back, six sinew: spring, which by the mu­scle called scalenus, are carried under the cannell bone to the arme-pit, where they are twisted together; from these the foure uppermost accom­panying the basilica and the artery under the del­toides [Page 482] muscle, are scatte­red thorow the inner side of the arme. The fift and sixt, turning up under the rotundus major, are inserted into the hin­der muscles of the shoul­der blade. Foure remaine which passing along the arme, are spred into the elbow and hand.

• 1. Being carried under the inner side of the bi­ceps doth joyne it selfe with the cephalica.
• 2. Being undivided and thicker, goeth down to the bending of the el­bow, being covered with fat, and there is under [Page 483] the artery and the basili­ca; but about the wrest it is above the veine. A­bout the wrest it is divi­ded into ten branches, imparting to every fin­ger two sprigs, which passe along the sides.
• 3. Being entire also, is carryed all along the elbow by the wrest to the little finger: where divided into foure twigs, it is bestowed upon the outside of the hand.
• 4. Being thickest of all is carried from the artery and veins by the backe side of the arme to the radius; where [Page 484] being joyned with the Cephalica, it endeth at the wrest.

CAP. IV. Of the veins of the Foot.

THe crurall veine sendeth a branch to musculus triceps called Tschia, and is divided in­to foure branches: of the which two are in the inside of the thigh, and so many in the outside. The one of the externall is sent to the fat of the [Page 485] thigh, the other passing according to the length of musculus suterius to the ham, and from thence to the inner anckle, maketh the saphena. Of the inner branches the one lying high is joyned with the crurall artery, and pas­sing thorow the outside of the ham, is carried to the outer anckle: the other lying deeper, as it passeth bestoweth twigs to the adjacent parts, and about the ham, ma­keth the poplitea; from thence being carried be­tween the focils by the chinke of the inner anc­kle, [Page 486] is bestowed upon the soale of the foot, as the saphena was upon the outward parts. The veins have values within like to a halfe moone; without they are like knots: they are most commonly two toge­ther, one on each leaving some distance between, partly to strengthen the coats of the veins, part­ly to rule the motion of the bloud.

The arteries have no values in their progres­sion, that the vitall spi­rit may speedily as the beames of the Sunne [Page 487] passe to the furthermost parts.

CAP. V. Of the arteries of the Foot.

ARteria cruralis or the crurall artery, a little below the groyne doth send two branches thorow the muscle tri­ceps to the gloutii, or mu­scles of the buttocks. Afterward it sendeth two to the forepart of the thigh; then undivi­ded, it passeth to the [Page 488] ham; where it is divided into two branches, whereof the one passeth by the side of the out­ward part of tibia above the muscle peroneus, and is bestowed upon the upper part of the foot: The other entring into the solaeus, and passing to the pterna, is dispersed thorow the soale of the foot. The saphena is not accompanied with an ar­tery, and the nerve is not very neere unto it, so that it may be safely o­pened.

CAP. VI. Of the Nerves of the Foot.

FRom the three low­ermost vertebrae of the loynes, two sinews spring in the forepart of the thigh, severed first, and then being united, passe to the groyne. There it is divided in­to five branches, com­passed with a membran, which dispersing them­selves on every side into the muscles of the fore­part of the thigh, even [Page 490] to the rotula, there be­ing cannot be discerned, unlesse the muscle psoa bee rent; within the which they lye hid. Then besides these you shall see another small nerve passing the ovall cavity of os pubis, to bee spent upon the triceps. Thorow the back part of the thigh, a great and thick nerve passeth, fra­med of three, which spring out of the three upper holes of os sacrum, and being carryed by the sinus of os isthium, tho­row the inner and backe muscles of the thigh, to [Page 491] the ham, there it is par­ted into two branches.

The one goeth down by the belly of the tibia unto the pterna, bestow­ing twigs as it goeth, passing by the chinke of the inner ankle to the soale of the foot, it is se­vered into as many bran­ches as there are toes. The other branch mar­ching upon the perone, is carryed to the instep of the foot by the outer an­kle. By reason of this great nerve, they who are troubled with the sciarica, find paine not onely about the joynt of [Page 492] the thigh; but in the leg also, and foot. About the beginning of this nerve, another issueth out of the third hole of the os sacrum, and being car­ried above the ridge of the os sacrum, it bran­cheth it selfe into the muscles of the buttocks, and those which bend the tibia.

CAP. VII. Of the nerves of the spina­lis medulla.

IF you invert the braine, you shall per­ceive [Page 493] 4. roots of the spi­nalis medulla, 2. from ce­rebrum, & so many from cerebellum: these joyned together make it up. It is of the like substance with the braine, but besides the two membranes, wherewith the cerebrum is compassed, this hath a third strong and ner­vous, proceeding either from os occipitis, where it is joyned with the spondils; or from the ligaments of the verte­brae; this strengthneth the spinalis medulla, and keepeth it from tearing in violent motions. [Page 494] From the beginning to the end it groweth nar­rower and harder, so that when it is come to the end of dorsum, it endeth in small threeds like a horse taile, that no dan­ger should bee in that part where the whole spina is bended.

The nerves of the spi­nalis medulla, are framed of sundry filaments twi­sted together, and cove­red with a thin mem­brane; and as they come out of the holes of the back-bone nature doth compasse them with a thick and firme sub­stance, [Page 495] which so firmely clip the fibres of the si­news, that they cannot be severed. Beside the sinew commeth not out of that hole, directly op­posit to its beginning; but out of the lower.

And when it hath pas­sed thorow this hole, it doth not enter presently into the rib, which is next; but into the low­er. Which when it hath touched being divided, it turneth the lesser twig towards the spina, and the greater towards the forepart. Out of this spinalis medulla twenty [Page 496] eight paires of sinews spring, seven from the neck, twelve from the back, five from the loins, and foure from the os sa­crum.

The first Conjugation of the neck, doth not spring from the sides of the spina as the rest; but from the fore and hinder part, and commeth out betweene the occiput and first vertebra. The fore branch is bestowed upon the muscles of the back side of the head, and the muscles of the vertebra of the neck.

The second conjuga­tion, [Page 497] by the hindermost branch turned up, ascen­deth to the skin of the head, the eares, and the muscles, but by the fore­most branch it is carri­ed unto those muscles which are common to the second spondill, and the occiput.

The third conjugation sendeth its foremost branch to those muscles which bend the necke: but the hindermost to the muscles which raise up the neck and head.

The fourth conjuga­tion sendeth its lesser, and hindermost branch [Page 498] to the muscles of the neck; but the foremost and largest to the mu­scles which lift up the shoulder blade and the arme.

The fift conjugation with it lesser twig tur­neth to the hindermost muscles of the neck: and with the greater joyneth it selfe with the twigs of the fourth paire.

The sixt paire by the lesser and hindermost branch passeth to the hindermost muscles: but with the foremost and biggest to the arme, and the diaphragma.

[Page 499]The seventh with the greater branch passeth to the arme, but with the lesser to the hindermost muscles.

As for the nerves of the backe, each of them hath two branches; one lesser, which is sent to the muscles of the back, and one greater, which is bestowed upon the in­tercostall muscles.

One thing is to be no­ted, that the sinews which proceed from the vertebrae of the short ribs are bigger than those which are communicate to the upper intercostall [Page 500] muscles. Those about the middle of the rib, are divided into two twigs, whereof the ut­termost is carried out­ward; but the innermost inwardly along the rib. These nerves were to bee biggest, because they are distributed both to the muscles of the bel­ly, and to the parts con­tained in it.

As for the nerves of the loynes, each paire of these hath anterior and posterior branches, which are spent partly upon the muscles of the loyns, and hypogastrium; [Page 501] partly upon the legs. The lumbares nervi or si­news of the loyns meet, and are mingled with the costales. Whereby it commeth to passe, that the parts which are con­tained within the peri­tonaeum, have their strength from the spinalis medulla, as their sense from the braine: for ac­cording to Galen, cap. 5. lib. 16. de us. part. the costall nerve is a sprig of the sixt conjugation.

As for the nerves of os sacrum, the first paire hath two branches, as those of the loynes, to [Page 502] wit, the anterior and po­sterior; but the rest of the paires before they come out, are double on each side: and on each side one nerve marcheth forward, and another backward. The upper­most three, which are anterior, goe to the leg: The two lowermost passed to the muscles of the anus and bladder.

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CAP. I. Of the nature of a Bone.

FOure causes concurre to the perfe­cting of a bone. First, the efficient cause is the ossifick fa­culty of the spirit; unto [Page 504] whom the naturall heat ministreth.

Secondly, the materi­all cause is twofold; the one is of generation, the other of nutrition. The matter of generation is the seed, which doth consist of a thick humor and the spirit. The mat­ter of nutrition is double, the remote is bloud, with the which all parts of the body are nourished: The imme­diat cause is the mar­rowy juice in the spon­gious bones, and the marrow it selfe, which is contained in the cavities [Page 505] of big bones. In the small cavities of the smaller bones, the mar­row is white; but red in the ample cavities of the large bones. The mar­row is not covered with a membrane, as the mar­row of the back: and therefore it is unsensi­ble contrary to Parrey.

By the small holes in the ends of the bones, the veins and arteries enter, but no nerves: for they onely feele by theHow bones feele. benefit of the periostium.

Thirdly, the forme of3the bone is twofold, the essentiall is its dry and [Page 506] cold temperature. The accidentall is its figure, which for the most part is round or flat.

Fourthly, the finall cause is double: The generall is that which serveth the whole body, & it is threefold. 1. Is to establish the soft parts. 2. Is to give figure to the parts. 3. Is to further the motion of the body. The speciall is that which is proper to every particular bone.

Of the premisses such a description of a bone may be gathered.

A bone is a similaryThe description. [Page 507] part most dry and cold, unflexible, compacted of the thickest part of the seed by the spirit; the naturall heat concurring to afford stablenesse, and figure to the whole body.

CAP. II. An enumeration of the bones of mans body: and first of the bones of the Head.

ALl the bones of the body of man belong either to the [Page 508] head, the truncke of the body, or to the lims.

The bones which make up the head uni­ted are called Cranium, from [...] a helmet, be­cause as a helmet it de­fendeth the braine. It is also called calva, and calvaria.

The bones of the head are either proper or common.

The proper bones are in number six.

1. Os frontis, coronale, inverecundum, os puppis, the bone of the forehead, it reacheth to the coro­nall future above. There [Page 509] are two cavities in this bone, betweene the tables above the eye­browes. Wounds in these hardly admit cica­trization. This bone hath three holes, one in­ternall in the scull, above the spongious bone, two outward about the mid­dle of the eye-brows, to give way to the sinews, which passe to the fore­head.

2. And 3. are called ossa syncipities, vel verticis, to other, parietalia, ar­cualia, bregmatis.

4. Os occipitis, basilare, os prorae, os memoriae, os [Page 510] pixidis, to the Gracian [...], the noddle. It is the thickest of all, and hath five holes. One big neere the first vertebra of the neck. The other foure serve for letting out of sinews, & letting out of veins & arteries.

5. and 6. are ossa tem­porum petrosa, parietalis. These have six holes. The two externall, which make the passage to hearing are biggest, the rest are small. With­in the passages of hea­ring are seated three bones on each side; Mal­leus, incus, stapes: The [Page 511] hammer, anvill, and stir­rop.

Os Iugale or Zygomatis placed under the eye, is no severall bone, but is framed of the processes of two bones, to wit, petrosum, and the maxilla united by an oblique su­ture.

The bones common to the head and upper jaw, are two.

• 1. Os spoenoides, cunei­forme, or wedge-like bone, to others paxillare, os colatorii, palati, basilare. It hath sundry holes for vessels to passe.
• 2. Os spongoides, spon­giosum, [Page 512] spongiforme, [...], cribriforme, or Cribrosum, the spongious or sive-like bone. It filleth the cavitie of the No­strils.

The Jaw-bones are two, the upper, and the lower. In these are pla­ced the sockets for the teeth, called alucoli, lo­culi, fostulae, praesepiola, mortariola.

The upper Jaw is fra­med of 11. bones, five on each side fellowes, and one without a fellow.

• 1. Is almost triangu­lar, [Page 513] it maketh up the lower part of the orbit of the eye, the lesser cor­ner, a part of the os jugale, and mala.
• 2. Maketh up the greater corner of the eye from whence there is a hole that passeth to the cavity of the nostrill. This bone is small, thin, cleere, slightly cleaving to the other: So that it is seldome found in sculs digged out of the ground. Here fistula la­chrymalis is seated.
• 3. Maketh up the greatest part of the roofe of the mouth, and the [Page 514] arched part, wherein the teeth are inserted.
• 4. With his fellow maketh up the bony part of the ridge of the nose. These two are severed by a suture. Within they are rough to receive the cartilages; within these there is a bone cleaving to the processe of the spongi­ous bone, dividing the nostrils: it is called sep­tumnarium.
• 5. Is placed at the end of the palat of the mouth where the holes of the nostrils passe to the throat.

[Page 515]To these Columbus ad­deth a tenth. Hee will have it to be like unto a plough, and to disjoyne the lower part of the no­strils.

CAP. III. Of the Teeth.

THere be three ranks of teeth. Those of the first ranke are called incisores incisorii, cutrers, and [...], because they shew themselves when we laugh; there be most commonly foure of them in each jaw, they [Page 517] have but one fang, and so easily fall out. These first make way out of the gums; because the tops of them are shar­pest.

Those in the second ranke are called canini or dogs teeth, from their length above the rest, hardnesse, and sharpnes. In each jaw there are but two, on each side of the grinders one. They are called oculares, or eye-teeth, not that they reach to the orbit of the eye: for they mount not higher than the nostrils; but be­cause [Page 518] sprigs of the nerves, which move the eyes, are carried to them.

These in the third rank are called molares, grinders, because like milles they grind the meat. Most commonly they are twenty in num­ber, five in each side of every jaw. Of these the two hindermost are cal­led genuini, and denta sapientiae, because they shew not themselves untill man come to the yeares of discretion, to wit, the 28, 30, yea even to old age it selfe. In [Page 519] some they never ap­peare. Those of the up­per jaw have more fangs than those of the lower. First, because they hang. Secondly, because the substance of the upper jaw is not so firme, as that of the lower.

The teeth come out in man the seventh mo­neth, and sometimes more slowly, but in beasts sooner, because they are to eat solid meat. Of these teeth ten in each gum, to wit, the foure grinders, the two dogs teeth, and foure grinders, doe cast. The [Page 520] fore teeth cast the foure, five, and six yeare of the age, the hinder flower. The teeth as they are worne by use, so they grow againe, untill the decrepit old age: for if a tooth fall out, and grow no more, the tooth answering it groweth logner: Nature labou­ring to fill the space of the lost tooth.

As concerning the feeling of the teeth, first of all, they rather receive the impression of the first qualities, to wit, heat and cold, and ra­ther of cold than heat, [Page 521] contrary to the fleshy parts. Secondly, not the whole tooth; but the inner part towards the root, which is more soft by reason of the si­new in the cavity of it, and the membrane. The hard outer part is insen­sible.

CAP. IV. Of the bones of the trunke of the body.

THese may be divi­ded into those which are seated be­tweene [Page 522] the bones of the head and the rump bone, and those which are pla­ced betweene the last vertebra of the spina and the thigh bone. Those which are seated be­tweene the head bones, and the rumpe bone, are either anterior, laterall, or posterior.

The bone in the fore­part is called os pectoris, the brest bone, and os ensiforme, because being long and broad, and en­ding into a pointed car­tilage, it representeth the daggers of the anci­ents. It is called also [Page 523] sternum, because it is laid above the ribs, and lea­neth upon them. It is composed of three parts. 1. Is the highest bone, large, thick, plaine, yet unequall, above arched, resembling the pummill of the dagger. It is cal­led by some Iugulum, and superior furcula. It hath two cavities. 1. Is in the upper part, to re­ceive the tops of the can­nell bone. 2. Is within, about the middle, to give way to the wind-pipe going down.

The second bone is narrower, and hath sun­dry [Page 524] cavities for the re­ceiving of the grissils of the ribs.

The third is broader, and endeth into the car­tilage, which is called Cartilago, [...] or sword-like cartilage, and mucronata, because it is pointed.

The pit, which here appeareth outwardly is favea or scrobuculus cordis, the pit of the heart.

The bones of the ster­num are distinguished by transverse, and are joyned together by car­tilages.

The ribs are in num­ber [Page 525] 12. whereof some are called vera, genuinae, legitimae, lawfull, and ribs indeed: because they are more arched, and reach to the sternum: Some are called nothae, spiriae, adulterae, illegiti­mae, short or bastard ribs.

The true ribs are in number seven, they are round and bony where they are joyned eith the vertebrae of the back; but grisly and broad where they are joyned to the brest bone. In the lower part they are hollow, to receive a [Page 526] vein and an artery. In making incision there to discharge quittour out of the cavity of the brest we must shun this part. The inner side is smoo­ther than the outer by reason of the pleura.

The bastard ribs are in number five, so called because they are shorte lesse arched, touch not the sternum, and are sof­ter They onely are joy­ned with the vertebrae of the back, and end in long cartilages, which turning upwards cleave together, except the last, which cleaveth to [Page 527] none, to give way to the liver, spleene, and upper guts. All the short ribs give way to the distention of the belly.

The bones of the back part of the trunks joyned, are spina dorsi: so called because the hinder part of it is sharp. It reacheth from the head to the rump bone. It is composed of 24. verterae 7. of the neck, 12. of the back, and five of the loynes. Every vertebra is hollow with­in to receive the Spinalis medulla, and at the sides [Page 528] to give way to the si­newes. The first two vertebrae of the neck are joyned to the head by li­gaments. The first is called Atlas, because it stayeth the head. It hath no spina. The se­cond is called the tu [...] ­ner because a processe like unto a dogs tooth round and long rising from it, and inserted in­to the first vertebra, is the cause that the head and first vertebra, turne about it. If a luxation fall out here, it is incu­rable. The third ver­tebra of the neck is cal­led [Page 529] [...], the rest has no names.

The vertebrae of the back are in number 12. receiving so many ribs: these are full of holes, but small to give way to the nourishing vessels. The processe of the ele­venth is straight, and the twelfth is called the Gir­ter. The vertebrae of the loynes are five. These are more apt to move, than those of the back, that wee may the more easily bend our selves towards the ground.

Now the bones which are betweene the low­est [Page 530] vertebra of the loynes, and the thigh bone are in number three.

• 1. Ossacrum, the great bone, the stay of the back; it is triangular, broad and immoveable: smooth, and hollow in the forepart; but bun­ched and rough in the hinder part. It is framed of five bones called ver­tebrae, not for that they serve for motion as the vertebrae, but because they are like to them; in aged persons they seeme one bone, but in chil­dren they may be separa­ted. [Page 531] The holes in this are not in the sides, but before and behind, which are greater, be­cause the sinewes that passe are greater.
• 2. Is Os coccycis, the cuckoes bill, from the likenesse of it, or the rump bone. It is framed of three of foure bones, and two cartilages. The connexion of it is loose. In men it is bent inward to stay the intestinum re­ctum; in women out­ward, to make way in the time of birth.
• 3. Is Os coxae or inno­minatum. It is at the [Page 532] sides of os sacrum, and is framed of three bones os ilii,pubis, and ischii joyned together by car­tilages, untill the seventh yeare; In aged persons it seemeth one bone.

Os ilii, so called be­cause it receiveth the small gut called ilium, it is the first part upper­most and broadest, joy­ned to os sacrum by a strong membranous li­gament, although a car­tilage goe betweene. The unequall and semi­circular circumference of it, is called spina: the inner part hollow and [Page 533] broad, is called costa: The outer part having unequall lines, is called dorsum. This is more large in a woman, than in a man.

Os pubis or pectinis, the share bone; it is the fore and middle part. The two, being one on each side, are joyned with a cartilage more loosely in women, so that in the time of birth they gape, and give way to the in­fant.

These with the os sa­crum, make that cavitie with is called pelvis.

Wherein the bladder, [Page 534] the wombe, and some guts are contained.

Ischion or coxendix is the lower and outward part of os coxae, wherein is the cavity which re­ceiveth os semoris. The cartilagineous proces of this bone is called super­cilium. The ends of this bone are further a sunder in women than men, and so the pelvis is larger.

CAP. V. Of the Cannell bone, and the shoulder blade.

THe bones of the trunke are either those of the armes or of the legs.

The bones of the arme are either above the joynt of the shoulder, or under: above the joynt are two.

• 1. [...], because they shut the brest, and like a key locke the shoulder blade, with the brest bone. It is also called [Page 536] ligula, the binder, os fur­cale, or furcula superior, the upper bended bone, the cannell bone. These two bones, one in each side, are seated at the top of the brest bone trans­versly. In figure the represent the great Ro­mane S. for they seeme to be framed of two se­micircular bones; but placed one opposit to another. Towards the throat they are arched; but below hollow.
• 2. [...], because it maketh the broadnesse of the shoulder; the bar­barous authors call it [Page 537] spatula, the shoulder blade. It leaneth upon the upper ribs, towards the back. It is almost tri­angular. The outer part is arched: the inner hol­low. That part of the shoulder which is joy­ned with the clavicula is called [...], or humeri mucro, the point of the shoulder. The adjuto­rium is joynted in the superficiall cavity of the neck of this bone.

CAP. VI. Of the bones of the Arme.

THe arme hath three parts, the shoulder, the elbow and the hand.

The shoulder hath but one long, round, and strong bone, called os humeri, the shoulder bone.

The upper part of it is joynted with the shoulder blade, but the lower part with the two bones of the elbow. The Elbow hath two bones.

• 1. Ulna, the yard, be­cause we measure with it. In the upper part it is joyned with the lower part of the shoulder bone: In the lower part it is articulat with the wrest, by a cartilaginous substance. The barba­rous authors call this bone focile majus, the greater focill.
• 2. Radius, the small bone, called by the bar­barians focile minus, the small focill. In the midst it is a little parred from ulna, betweene which there is a small ligament. Above the ulna recei­veth [Page 540] Radius but below the Radius receiveth ul­na. The upper part of this bone is joyned with the outer processe of the shoulder bone; but the lower part is joyned with the wrest bone at the greatest finger. The upper part of this bone is smaller than the low­er, quite contrary to the frame of the ulna.

The hand hath 3. parts.

1. Carpus, by the Ara­bians Rasetta, the wrest bone. It is framed of a cluster of eight bones, which have no proper names; yet differing in [Page 541] bignesse and figure. They are so tied with strong ligaments arising from the processes of ul­na, and radius, that they seeme but one bone.

First, they are carti­lages, & afterward becom spongious bones. Of these bones foure are a­bove joynted with ulna and radius: but the low­er foure are joyned with the bones of Metacar­pium.

Here you are to ob­serve the ring-like liga­ments appointed for the safe carrying of the ten­dons of the muscles, [Page 542] which move the fingers. The inner strengtheneth the tendons w^ch bend the fingers; but the outer the tendons which extend.

2. Metacarpium, the distance between wrest and fingers. This hath five bones reckoning a­mongst these the first of the thumb. These bones are joyned with the bones of the wrest by li­gaments, but with the fingers by articulation. They are within hollow, and containe marrow.

About the middle they are a little parted, to give way to the [Page 543] muscles called Interossei.

The fingers have fif­teen bones, for in each finger there are three. And although the first bone of the thumb hath beene reckoned amongst the rasettae, yet because it hath a more plyant ar­ticulation, it serveth for the first bone of the thumb. In the bones of the fingers, the first is bigger than the second, the secōd than the third. About the joynts they are thicker; the knobs there are called [...], and nodi. In the inside of the fingers, there are [Page 544] ligaments pipe-like, by the which they are uni­ted. The points of the bones towards the nailes have no processes.

CAP. VII. Of the bones of the Legs.

THe Leg as the arme hath three parts: the thigh, the shanke, and the foot.

The thigh hath but one bone, which is the biggest and longest of all the bones of the bo­dy. The forepart is [Page 545] somewhat arched. A­bove it is articulat with the coxendix: and it is kept in by a round liga­ment. The neck of this bone hath two processes for the insertion of mu­scles. Rotator magnus & Parvus, the greater and lesser rowler: It is arti­culat below with the tibia, for the strength­ning of this joynt, that the thigh bone may be kept in the forepart, there is appointed a bone. It is called Mola rotula patella, the whirle-bone. In children it is grasly. It resembleth [Page 546] the bosse of a bucklar: for it is bunched with­out, and hollow within, where it is lyned with a cartilage. It is strength­ned by the tendons of some of the muscles of the thigh, unto the which it cleaveth.

The shanke hath two bones.

• 1. Tibia, focile majus, canna major, the greater focill. In the upper part it hath a processe, which is received by the hol­lownesse of the thigh bone. It hath also two long cavities for the re­ceiving of the two pro­minences [Page 547] of the thigh bone. To make these cavities deeper, there is joyned by ligaments a moveable cartilage, soft, slippery, and bedewed with an unctuous hu­mour. It is called carti­lago lunata, the moone­like cartilage. These cavities are separat by a knob; from the top of which ariseth a strong ligament, which is fast­ned to the cavity of the thigh-bone. The sharp forepart of this bone is called spina. In the low­er part of this bone there is a processe without [Page 548] flesh, which maketh the inner anckle Malleus in­ternus.
• 2. Perone fibula, or brace, because it see­meth to unite the bones of the shanke, focile mi­nus, the small focill, cann [...]s minor sura; The upper round part of this bone reacheth not to the knee, but the lower part reacheth further than the tibia. In the middle these two bones are par­ted to receive muscles which move the foot. The fleshlesse appendix of the lower end, cau­seth Malleolus externus, [Page 549] the cuter anckle.

The Foot hath three parts. The first is that which reacheth to the bones articulat with the toes, called pedium seu taulus: the second com­prehendeth the bones articular to the toes cal­led metapedium or meta­tarsus: the third com­prehendeth the bones of the toes.

The bones of pedium are seven.

• 1. Talus, os balistae. It is articulat with the ap­pendix of tibia. It re­ceiveth the top of Os calcis.
• [Page 550]2. Calx, calcaneu, the heel­bone, it is the greatest and thickest of the bones of the foot. It is joyned to talus, and os cubiforme: into this the great ten­don, composed of the tendons of three mu­scles of the shanke, is in­serted.
• 3. Scaphoides, navicu­lare, the boat-like bone, it is joyned with Talus, and the three hinder bones.
• 4. Cuboides, ostessarae, it is larger than the rest. It is set before the heele­bone, and is joyned to it.

[Page 551]The other 3. are cal­led Cuneiformia, wedge­like bones. They are joyned with the navicu­lare.

Motapedium hath five bones joyned to the bones of pedium.

The bones of the fin­gers are fourteen, because the great toe hath but two bones: they answer those of the hand.

CAP. VIII. Of the sundry wayes by the which the bones of mans body are cou­pled together.

THey are coupled ei­ther by joynting or growing together. Joyn­ting is either for mani­fest or obscure motion. The joyntings which serve for manifest motion are three.

• 1. Enarthrosis is when a large head of a bone is received into a deepe cavity, as the thigh [Page 554] bone with the hip-bone.
• 2. Arthrodia, is when the cavity which recei­veth is shallow, and the head of the bone flat, such is the articulation of the lower jaw with the temple-bone.
• 3. Cynglymus, is when the same bone receiveth, and is received. This fal­leth out three manner of wayes.

• 1. Is when a bone is re­ceived by a bone, and re­ceiveth the same. This is seene in the articulati­on of the shoulder-bone with the elbow-bone.
• 2. Is when a bone re­ceiveth [Page 555] one bone, & is re­ceived of another. So in the spōdils of the back: for the bone in the middle receiveth the upper, and is received by the lower.
• 3. When the processe of the bone being long, and round, is inserted into another bone, and so is turned about in the cavity, as if it were an axel tree: so is the se­cond vertebra of the neck with the first.

Articulation for ob­scure motion may be ob­served in the joyning of the ribs with the spon­dils, and in the bones [Page 556] of the wrest and anckle.

Bones grow together either without some middle substance, or with it. Without some middle substance they are coupled three manner of wayes. 1. By a line, as the bones of the upper jaw and nose are cou­pled; this is called, har­monia. 2. By a suture as the bones of the scull are united. 3. When one bone is fastned within an other as a naile in wood: this is called, Gomphosis, and so are they fastned in the gums.

If bones grow toge­ther [Page 557] by a middle sub­stance, it is either by a cartilage, this unition is called synchondrosis, so are the share bones joy­ned; or by a ligament, which is called synneuro­sis, and so the thigh bone is joyned to the hip-bone; or by flesh which is termed syssarco­sis, and so is the bone of the tongue joyned to the shoulder.

CAP. IX. Of a Cartilage.

A Cartilage is a si­milaryThe de­scription. part dry and hard, yet not so as a bone, flexible, which a bone is not, framed to stay the soft parts, and to repell the injuries of externall hard bodies. 1. Then it staieth the soft parts. 2. It defen­deth them. 3. They co­ver the ends of the bones, which have a loose articulation. 4. They knit bones toge­ther: as is seene in the share-bone.

[Page 559]The differences are taken first, from the fi­gure; so the cartilage of the brest-bone is cal­led ensiformis, and those of the Larynx sigmoides like C.

2. Some are solitary not joyned with other bodies, as those of the eares and eye-lids: some are joyned, as most of the rest.

3. Some still conti­nue cartilages, some degenerat into bones: as in women, the carti­lages of the ribs, which ly under the brests: for these growing very big, [Page 560] they become bony, the better to hold them up.

They are in sundry parts of the body. 1. In the head there are foure, to wit, of the eye-lids, nose, and eares; and the trochlea of the eye. 2. In the brest there be three, to wit, the cartilages of the larynx: the small pipes of the wind-pipe, dispersed thorow the lungs, and cartilago ensi­formis. 3. The long ribs are joyned to the sternum by cartilages. 4. The vertebrae of the back are joyned together by car­tilages. Last of all sun­dry [Page 561] are seene in the arti­culations, which are loose, and in the con­junction of bones.

CAP. X. Of a Ligament.

A Ligament is a si­milary part with­out feeling, in substance meane betweene a carti­lage and a membrane ap­pointed firmly to knit the joynts.

Of the ligaments some are membranous (such are those who inviron [Page 562] the joynts;) some carti­lagineous, as those which are betweene the joynts, as is seene in the articu­lation of the thigh-bone with the coxendix.

Ligaments are to bee found in divers parts of the body.

1. The bone of the tongue hath two strong ligaments, one on each side. Besides on each side it hath round ones by the which it is tyed to the adjacent parts to stay it in the middle of the mouth.

Secondly, the tongue hath a strong membra­nous [Page 563] ligament in the lower part about the middle of it. About the end of it the fraenum is to be seene, which if it come to the fore-teeth, it hindereth the motion of the tongue and speech. Children being so trou­bled, are said to bee tongue-tyed, and must have it cut.

3. The ligaments which tye the vertebrae of the brest and loynes, the ribs with the verte­brae, and the ribs with the brest-bone, are mem­branous.

4. Sundry are to bee [Page 564] seene in the belly. The first tyeth the os ilium to os sacrum. The second tyeth the os sacrum to the coxendix. The third joyneth the share bones, and is cartilaginous. The fourth compasseth them circularly, and is membranous. The fift compasseth the hole of os pubis, and is membra­nous.

5. In the arme these appeare. 1. Five tye the adjutorium to the shoulder blade. 2. The bones of the elbow, ulna and radius, are tyed first one to another, secondly [Page 565] to the shoulder-bone, and thirdly to the wrest, by membranous liga­ments. 3. There are two annular ligaments, which being transverse, direct the tendons which passe to the fingers. They are two. One in the out­side for the tendons of the extending muscles; the other in the inner side, for the tendons of the contracting muscles. 4. The bones of the wrest, back of the hand, and fingers, have mem­branous ligaments. 5. In the leg these may be found out.

[Page 566]First, the thigh-bone is tyed to the Coxendix, by two ligaments.

Secondly, the lower end of it is tyed to Tibia and Fibula by six liga­ments.

Thirdly, the Tibia is joyned to the Fibula, by a membranous liga­ment.

Fourthly, tibia and fibula are joyned to the ankley by three liga­ments.

Fifthly, the ankley is tyed with the bones of the foot by five liga­ments.

Sixthly, the bones of [Page 567] the instep and toes are tyed with such liga­ments as those are which are seene in the hand.