Deuision of Grammar.

Grammar according to Quintilian, is two fould: Historicall, and Methodicall.

Historicall, gotten by imitation of Authors.

Methodicall, is taught by precepts, which onely we heere handle.

Subdiuision of Grammar.

Grammar methodicall is deuided into fower parts, Orthography, Prosody, Etymology, & Syntaxis. Deuision of Grammar.

• Orthography, conuersant in letters.
• Prosody, in syllables.
• Etymologie, in words.
• Syntaxis, in sentences.
  Propertie of the fower parts of Grammar.

Orthographie, of the Greeke word [...] right, [...] writing.

Prosodia, of [...], i. ad, & [...], cantus, that is Accentus.

Etymologia, of [...], true, [...] speech.

Syntaxii, of [...], i. con. & [...], ordino, quasi, coordinatio.

Orthographie is a right rule of true writing, as before of [...] right, [...] writing,Definition of Orthographie. Definition of Orthopoeia. whereby euerie word is to be set downe with his true letters, as Cierro, certaine, not Sierto.

Heereto belongeth Orthopoeia, which is a right rule of true speaking, of [...] right, [...] word, that in speaking men pronounce not more grosse or smal, then the nature of language will allow, or otherwise then the accustomed maner of pronounciation vsually permitted therein, as Vino, wine, not to pronounce it as Englishmen doe, Veino, but smaller as they pronouncethe double ce, Veeno, Dios, God, not Deios, but Dheeos. But of this hereafter in the letters more at large.

And because Orthographie (the former part of our Grammar) chiefly consisteth in the true writing of euerie word with his right letters: It must of necessitie follow, that whosoeuer speaketh, or heareth a toong spoken in his proper Idioma, and would write downe the same so spoken,The force of letters. that he know the power and proprietie of each letter in that toong (because of letters are framed syllables, and of syllables are made words, and of words the whole speech, and language, the which neglected, must needs bring a confusion to the learner, and little or no fruite to the Teachers labour. Therefore to our purpose.

There are in the Spanish toong 27. letters, whereof 24. are single, and three double.

The single, A. b. c. ç. d. e. f. g. h. i. j. k. l. m. n. o. p. q. r. s. t. v. x. y. z. Letters. Double letters.

The double are these, ch. ll. ñ.

If any aske the question, why the Spanish, being descended from the Latine, hath in it more letters then the Latin: I answere,Nota. that although it be now (for the most part of words therin) corrupt & broken Latin, yet it had at the first (as in the Proeme before going) his originall from the Caldean, Arabique, and Moores toong, of which they reserue someç. g. j. x. z. letters.

But now to our letters as they are in order in the Alphabet or crosse row, without beginning with the vowels, and then skipping from one consonant to another, distracting the memorie of the yoong beginner in a toong, which would much better retaine the precepts giuen thereon, so they might not be driuen to a new order of reckoning their letters, differing from that in their childhood they learned, and now can hardly be drawen from.

A Is sounded plainely, with opening the mouth as in the Latin, French, and Italian, as in English man, can: so in Spanish, Manáda, a flocke, Ensaláda, a salade of herbs.

B Is as the Latin, and is called litera labialis, one of the labiall or lip letters, because it cannot be pronounced without ioyning the lips togither. It is pronounced as in English, baker, basket: so in Spanish, Bacía, a bowle, Bárro, clay, but in the middest of a word, except the word come of the Latin. The Spaniards vsually confoundeth it with V consonant, and [Page 6] soundeth it as V consonant, as Trabájo, trauell, they pronounce Travájo: Palábras, words, they sound Palávras: B and V conso­nant, written and pronounced one for another. Cábra, a goate, Cávra: Labór, labour, Lavór: Albárda, a parkesaddle, Alvárda: Alabárda, a holbard, Alavárda: so oftentimes in the beginning of a word, as Bay­lár, to daunce, Vaylár: Basquíña, a peticoate, a kirtle, Vasquína: Bellóta, an acorne, Vellóta: Berméjo, red colour, Vermejo: Bexica, a bladder, Vexica. Wherefore I aduise the studious in the Spanish toong,Nota. if he finde not a word in the Dictionarie, in one of these letters, let him turne to the other: as if he finde not Báyo, which is vsed in good Authors for Bay co­loured, or Bayard, let him looke Váyo, and there he shall finde the same: If not Vañar, to bathe, looke Bañár: If not Vóz, looke Bóz, a voice.

B cast away. B In the middest of a word going before another consonant, and making the pronunciation harder, is cut off in Spanish, as Subtil, they write, Sutíl, Absénte, Ausénte, Obscúro, Oscúro, or Escúro.

C This letter hath two manner of soundings according to the vowels that follow it. If a o or u follow it, he is sounded as k, as in Cára, a face, Cóco, weuell, Cuch [...]i [...]a, a spoone: so like­wise in the middle of a word, as Descánso, rest, Escória, drosse, Escudill [...], a dish: but going be­fore e or i pronounce almost as the Italian z, as Prudenza, Dis [...]zo, or their t before ia or io, as Prudentia, Iustificatione, Cecina, powdred flesh, Ciruéla, a [...]um.

C cast away. C Before t, cut off as Acto, an acte: the Spaniard saith, A [...]o, Pacto, a couenant, Páto.

Ç Marked with a dash vnder it thus, ç, called ç, Cerilla, or ç Cedilla, is proper to the Arabíque toong, from whence it was first taken: it is sounded by putting the toong to the ranckes of the teeth,ç pronounced as the Italian Z. ç pronounced as English Ths. as the French ç [...]en ça, or verie neere: the Italian Z, as Dilligenza, Scienza. This ç must be so pronounced, whether it be at the beginning, end, or middle of a word, though a o or u follow: and is sounded as in English Ths, as çaraguélles, great gascoine or Spanish hose, çoçóbras, crosse blows of fortune, çúfre, brimstone: pronounce Thsaraguélles, Thsosóbras, Thsú­fre, in like maner before e and i, as çenogiles, garters, çiénto, a hundred: pronounce Thsenogí­les, Thsiénto.

D Is pronounced in the beginning of a word, as in Latin, French, and Italian: as in En­glish, Dagger, Doctor: so in Spanish, Dága, a dager, Dóze, a doosen: this word Dios is ex­cept from this rule, and is pronounced as these that follow: that is, if d come in the middest or end of a word,D pronounced as Dh. you must pronounce him as ♩ in Greeke, as dh in English, as Cada, euery, Cádha, fidelidád, fidelitie, fidhelidhadh.

E Is as the Latin, and the Italian, and as in English, Bend, Lend: so in Spanish, Bende­zír, to blesse, Bevér, to drinke: and it must neuer be sounded so small as the English ee, as fee, wee: nor so broad as the French do their e feminine, as Femme, a woman, pronounced Fam­ma, but betwixt both as first aboue.

F Is as the Latin and the Italian toongs, and iust as the English. The Spaniard writeth him when the Latins write Ph, as Philosophus, in Spanish Filósofo.

G Answerable to the Hebrue Gimel, & hath two maner of soundings according to the vowels which follow it, if a o or u immediately followe, it is pronounced as in the Latin, Gabriel, Gorgias, Gubernator: Italian, Galante, Gotta, Gustare: French, Garçon, Gourmand: as in English, Gate,Ga. Go, Gu. Gua. Gold, Gutter: so in Spanish, Gáfo, a lazare, a leapour, Gófo, rude, Gúla, guttonie.

But if after the u immediately come a, as Guante, a gloue, sound Gwante: Agua, water, Agwa: Mengua, want Mengwa.

Gue, Gui, like Ghe, Ghi.But if after u follow e or i, pronounce as the French Guerre, Guide: as in English Guest, guide: so in Spanish Guérra, war, Guía, a guide: sound Gherra, Ghia, except these wordes follo­wing, Guéro, adle, Aguéro, soothsaying, Garguéro, the throat, Sirguéro, a drawer or tower of a boate with a roape, Hoguéro, a woodpile, Triguéro, a sparowe that lieth in the wheate, Ci­guéna, a storke, Pediguéno, wanton, Halaguéño, flattering, Siguénça, a citie of Spaine, Ver­guénça, shame, Aguélo, a grandfather, Deguéllo, a beheading, Reguéldo, belking, Vnguénto, ointment: and words that come of the Infinitiue moode in Guár, as Enxaguár, to water, Enxágue, Menguár, to want, Mengue.

Ge, Gi, as je, ji, which is as in English she shi. G Before e or i is sounded as the Latin Gero: Italian, Giorno: French, Gisant: English, Gef­frey, Giles: or more like the Spanish, called j jota, or j consonant, which is pronounced as sh in English: so they say Gémir, to groane, pronouncing as it were written in English shemir, Gingíbre, ginger, shinshibre.

For the Spaniard maketh no difference in speaking of this G before e and i, from the j conso­nant,G and j conso­nant written one for another. and they write one for another, as Agéno, Lináge, Menságe, Lisongéro, Magestád, or Ajéno, Lináge, Mensáje, Lisonjéro, Majestád.

G Before n in the middle of a word lost, as Ignomínia, Inomínia, ignominie, Ignoráncia, Inorán­cia, ignorance.

H This letter is neither vowell nor consonant, but a note of aspiration, it is called in the Spanish as in the English Ache, which were more properly in my opinion to be called as [Page 7] some nations do, Ha, bicause it doth so import in pronouncing as in English, Harmes, Harnes, Hate, Hang.

This H in the beginning of a word is pronounced in Spanish with more vehemencie and em­phasis, and in the middle or end of a worde weakely and faintly.H in beginning of a word.

In the beginning he must be pronounced with more force, or else there woulde be no difference found in speaking these wordes, and their like, Háca, a nagge: Acá hither: as Ven acá, come hither, Hásta, vntill, and Asta for a speare: Háya, a beech tree: A'ya, a nurse: Húso, a spindle: U'so, vse.

In the middle of a worde not so forcible, as Ahechár, pronounce as Aechár, Alholí, Alolí, H in middle of a word. a barne or garner.

This H goeth before all the fiue vowels, as Hazér, to make or doe: Hécho, made or done: Híga­do, the liuer: Hollín, the soote of a chimney: Húso, a spindle. But it may not in true Spa­nish orthographie be written before a consonant, as Cristo, not Christo.

Besides it is lost after T, as Ortografía, not Orthografía, Teólogo, not Theólogo. H taken away.

With P also it is lost, and the P turned into F, as Filósofo, not Philósopho, which they must ob­serue that would write the Spanish toong aright in all that are like these.

Where Ue followeth H, it is pronounced as W, Huérto, an orchard: Huésso, a bone:Hue pronoun­ced as Wue. pronounce Wuerto, Wuesso: or as if G went before thus, Gwerto, Gwesso, which I take to be more fit for the Englishmans pronounciacion for these and the like wordes.

That worde which beginneth with H, shall not haue H in the middle, except C goe before it, as in Hécho, made, Hechizár, to bewitch and the like.

I There be three kindes of I in the Spanish, that is small i, Greeke y, and j Jota, I three kinds. or conso­nant. These two i, y, with a verie small slender sounde, as the French and Italians doe, which is as the double ee in English, wee, shee, fee, decree, so in Spanish, Tiráno, a tirafit,A note for Englishmen. Teerano: Vida, life, Veeda, & not as Englishmen pronounce Teyráno, veida, which all other nations mislike in hearing them speaking Latine, saying, Propino tibi, they pronounce Pro­peino tibi, which I would wish they woulde but marke, and take notice thereof: for the French, Italian, and Spaniard, do learne and are taught by their Schoolemasters to pro­nounce the Latine different from their owne toong, otherwise one nation shoulde not vn­derstand another speaking the Latine. But in this toong as in the Italian and French, they must obserue except they will fal into the vice of Iotacismus and be laughed at, and not be vnderstood by strangers when they speake or reade.

This small i is vsed in a worde as a vowell by it selfe, as Tinta, yncke, and in a diphthong,Small i. as Niéto, a nephew.

Y is put in the beginning of a worde before a vowell or consonant, as yo, ya, ýr, Y. and in the ende as Daréys, Podéys.

J jota or j consonant, which this toong taketh of the Arabique, is pronounced as in French,J pronounced like sh. Jamais, Deja, Jehan, in English like sh, as Jardín, a gardin, shardin, Járro, a pot sharro, ójo, an eie Osho: Hoja, a leafe, Hosha: Ovéja, a sheepe, Ouesha: Abéja, a bee, A besha: In Se­uill and thereabout, they pronounce it not so much in the teeth, but more in the throate, as Cshardin, Csharro, Ozho, Hozha, Ovezha, Abezha.

Some authors in the Spanish write these wordes (yet ill) and the like, with H. Hierusalem, Hierónimo, which should be thus Jerusalem, Jerónimo.

K The Spaniard neuer vseth this letter but when it is required of the Greeke and proper names then founded as in the English, as Kalendas.

L, M, N, O, P. Are all pronounced as in the Latine, French, Italian, and iust as in English: But P may not be doubled in Spanish,P not doubled. P cast away. as Apro­var, to approoue, Apetíto, appetite, and not Approvár, Appetito. P before T in the middle of a worde lost, as Captívo, pronounce Cautívo, captiue.

Neither can L be doubled in Spanish when the worde commeth of the Latine,When L not doubled. When N not doubled. Nota. and keepeth the Latine sounde, as Ilústre, in Latine Illustris: Sílaba, in Latine Syllaba: Colégio, Collegium. So likewise of N, as Tiráno, not Tiránno, in Latine Tyrannus, but when these keepe not the sounde of the Latine, looke heereafter in double Ll, ñ, and there you shall finde howe they are pronounced.

Q Hath two pronunciations, not of his owne nature, but by reason of a vowell following him.

If ua follow as in Latine and English, Quantitie, Quarter, so in Spanish Quándo, when, Quartána, Quál.

But when ue or ui follow, it is to be pronounced as the Italian Che, Chi, or the French Que, Que, Qui pronounced as Ke, Ki. Qui, as English Ke, Ki, as Questión, a Question or quarrell, Kestion, Quieto, quiet, Kieto, except when the word is Latine, as Delinquente, Eloquente.

[Page 8] R With the Greekes and Latins termed Litera canina, so the Spaniard calleth him Letra per­rina, the doggish letter, because dogs in grinning their teeth, when they would bite, sound this letter R. It is pronounced as the Latine, Italian, and French, but if it be in the be­ginning of a word it is sounded strongly, as the Grecians doe sound. The Spanyard saith Ráyo, a sun beane, Réy, a king, or if it be doubled in the middest of a word you cannot sound with too great vehemencie, as Bárro, Clay, Cárro, a Cart. But if it be in the middest of a word and single, with a gentle and milde pronunciation, as ara, an altar, Móro, a blacke Moore.

S With x. z. and ç. are pronounced (although the one more plaine and sounding, and the rest lesse) by putting the tongue to the roofe of the mouth, and then hissing out the voice with the lips open as a snake,S made like a snake doubled with his head lifted vp. and therfore the Greekes called this letter S by that hissing name, as also made it in fashion double as a snake, with his head lifted vp, accordingly is it made in Latine, Italian, and Spanish. In Spanish these letters are called Culebrinas, which is snakie, of Culébra, a snake, which vseth hissing.

This S in the beginning of a word as in Latine, Italian, and French, and as in English Sand, Seeth, Sin, Sod, Sudden, so in Spanish Sabér, Sembrár, Sóbra, Sudór.

But if S be single in the middest of a word betweene two vowels, then with a gentle sound almost like Z, as the French doe, adding thereby great grace to their tongue, as Eglise a Church, Cause, so in Spanish Causa, Rosa, úso, púso. But if it be doubled, then strongly, as in English Crossed, tossed, so in Spanish Fuéssemos gruésso.

Nota, S neuer in beginning of a word except a vowel follow.In the end of a word as Z, as Cártas, Letters, Cámaras, Chambers, or going to stoole. And note that this letter cannot be in the beginning of a word when a consonant next follow­eth. Therefore you must write Espéro, I hope, and not Spéro. Escrivo, I write, and not Scrivo.

T Is pronounced as in the Latine, Italian, French & English, except it can neuer sound ci, Ti neuer turned in Ci in Spa­nish, as in other tongues. as the Latins, Italians, French and English doe when after t followeth i with a vowell, as in Latine Prudentia, Italian Amicitia, French Justification, English Ambition, in Spanish it must be written Prudéncia, Amicícia, Justificatión, Ambición, otherwise the writing were false, and you should pronounce Ti as in Tibi.

Also if H follow T, as Theólogo, Theopómpo, write and pronounce Teólogo, Teopómpo.

U pronounced broad as ou. U Being a vowell not to be pronounced with a small sound as English, Stue, Brue, Crue, Issue, but as the French doth in his diphthong ou, almost as the English ou, as Tu, tou, Buche, the maw, Bouche. But being a consonant is pronounced as in other languages in the beginning of a word, as Váca, a Cow, Véna, a Veine, Víno, Wine, Vóto, a Vow, Vúlgo, the common people, in the middes of a word as Aváro, Gávia, úva. Also when two ou come togither, and a vowell following, the second is a consonant, as úvo, Túve, except Vuéstro.

X pronounced as sh. X and j written often in Spanish one for another. X Is one of the Culebrínas létras, the snakie or hissing letters, as aboue said in the letter S, and is pronounced like J consonant, and the Spanyard often writeth one for another, as Xaráue, sirrup, Jaráue, and is pronounced as the French Ch, as the English sh, as Faxa, a wastband, Brúxa, a hag, Flóxo, weake, Fasha, Brusha, Flosho.

Y As aboue in I.

Z Is called in Spanish Zéta, as the Hebrew Zain, from whence it is drawen, and from the Moorish tongue, and is pronounced as the English Z, as Zángano, a droane, Zélo, zeale, Zodiaco, the Zodiacke, so likewise in the end of a word, as Bóz, a voice, Crúz, a Crosse.

Ch as in Eng­lish Ch. Ch Before any of the fiue vowels to be pronounced as in English, Chapman, Chiefely, Chic­ken, Chop, Choose: so in Spanish, Chamelóte, Chamlet: Chiminéa, a Chimney: Chórro, a brooke: Chúsma, a companie of people of the common sort.

Ll pronounced as Li. Ll As gl in Italian, as Cavagli, Moglie, Figli, as double Ll in French, as Fille, Coquille, as Li in En­glish, as Lláno, plaine: Lléno, full: Llovér, to raine: Llúvia, raine: pronounce Liáno, Liéno, Liovér, Liuvia: so likewise in the middle of a worde, as Querrellóso, Kerrelioso, quarrel­some: in the end of a worde neuer in Spanish written double, as Mil, a thousande, not Mill.

ñ As the Italian and French gn, Montagna, Campagna, French Compaignon, Mignon, in En­glish as ni:ñ pronounced as ni. as Montáña, a mountaine, Montania, Campáña, Campania, so Dáño, losse, Dannyo, Baño, a bath, Bannyo.

Of Orthographie in Diphthonges.

A Diphthong (according to the definition of Grammarians) is a sounding togither of two different vowels, as if they were but one onely, as in English, Aide, Auditor.Definition of diphthongs.

In Spanish there are twelue sorts.

The first in ai, or ay, as gaita, andáys, cantáis. 1. Ai, ay. But when two vowels come togither and make more then one sounde, they shoulde be marked ouer head with two prickes, to take awaie confusion, as Caïda, pronounced Caída, and so the rest.

The second in ao, where a is more sounded then o, as Quartáo, a nag, Saráo, 2. Ao. a hall to dance in, Vilbáo, a proper name of a towne, are pronounced in the same sort, as Cats maule.

The third in au, where a sounds more then u, as Cáusa, Autór, Caudillo: except Laúd, a lute,3. Au. Ataúd, a tombe: La-úd, Ata-úd.

The fourth in ei and ey, where e is more sounded then i, as Réy, a king, Léy, a law:4. Ei, ey. when they are seuered, write them with two pricks thus, Leïstes, Reïr.

The fift in eu, where is most perceiued, as Féudo, Déudo, Réuma: 5. Eu. being disioyned write thus: Reüntar, Reüngír.

The sixt in ia, in which a is more heard sound then i, as Saia, Vaià, Malícia, Preséncia: 6. Ia. except Mía, Dia, Porfía, Desvía.

The seuenth, ie, ye, where e is most heard pronounced, as Viénto, Sciénto, Viéne, Bién, Quién, 7. Ie, ye. Quiéra, Arriéndo, Dispiérto, Apriéto, Pie, Piédra, Tiérra, Ciélo, Infiérno, Diéz, Siéte, Miél, Hiél.

The eight in io, or yo, where o is most sounded, as Yo, Dió, Vió: except Mío, Río, Frío, Tío. 8. Io, yo.

The ninth in iu, where i is more heard then the u, as Ciudád, a citie.9. Iu.

The tenth in oi, or oy, as Soy, Doy, Voy, Oygo: except Oydo, Roýdo. 10. Oi, oy.

The eleuenth in ue, where e more sounded then u, as Fuérça, Muérte, Fuérte, Cuerno, Nuevo, 11. Ue. Fuego, Huélgo, Nuéz, Vihuéla.

The Twelfe in ui, and uy, where u is more sounded then the i, as Muy, Fuy, Cuidádo, Húyo. 12. Ui, uy.

Fower Rules following shewing how euery vowell maketh a seuerall syllable by himselfe, or is sounded in diphthong with another.

Of Triphthongs.

A Triphthong is a sounding of three vowels into one syllable with one breath togither,Definition of a Triphthongs. 1. iay, yay.2. iey, yey.3. iue, yue.4. uai, uay.5. uei, uey. and that after fiue sortes.

The first in iai or yay, as Vayáys, Espaciáys, where a is heard more then i.

The second iey or yey, where e is more sounded then i, as Ensuziéys.

The third in iue or yue, where e is heard more then u, as Hoyuélo, Arroyuélo.

The fourth in uai or nay, as Guáy.

The fifth in uéi or uey, as Buéy, Buéytre.

Of the Nowne.

Nownes be deuided into Substantiues and Adiectiues, which are likewise deuided into Primitiues,Primitiue. Deriuatiue. Deriuatiues.

The Primitiue, which is not deriued of any other, but is Primū, of himself, as Abéja, a bee.

The Deriuatiue, is drawen from the Primitiue, as Abejonázo, a great Bee.

And of like nature to these Primitiue nownes, are these Interrogatiues, Redditiues, and Numerals following.

To the Primitiue, these following, and the like are subiect, as

Interrogatiue.The Interrogatiue, as Quién? who? Quál? what manner? Quánto? how much? Quán­tos? how many.

The Relatiue which answereth to the Interrogatiue, as tal, such a one, Tantos, so many.

Numerall. Cardinall. The Numerall to which these kinds following do belong, as

Cardinal, from which as from a fountaine the rest do spring, these do I wish the learner to haue by hart.

Ordinall Numerals.The ordinals, which declare the order of a place or time, as Priméro, segúndo, tercéro, quár­to, quínto, séxto, séptimo, or seténo, octávo, nóno, or novéno, décimo, or dezéno, onzéno, dozéno, trezéno, catorzéno, quinzéno, décimo séxto, décimo séptimo, décimo octávo, décimo nóno, veinté­no, veinténo úno, veinténo dós, &c. Treinténo, quarenténo, cinquenténo, sesentèno, setenténo, ochen­téno, noventéno, centésimo, or cienténo, dosienténos, trezenténos, quatrocienténos, quinienténos, seyscienténos, sietecienténos, ochocienténos, nuevecienténos, miléssimo.

[Page 13]Partatiues which signifie many seuerally, as Cáda vno, euery one, Entrámbos, Partatiue numerals. Vniuersall numerals. Particular numerals. Aduerbiall numerals. both of them, ni vno, ni ótro, neither of them, or one among many, as ótro, another, algúno some body.

Vniuersals, as tódos, all: ningúno, no bodie.

Particulars, as Algúno, some bodie.

Aduerbials, ioyning the Cardinall Numerals with this Aduerbe vez, as v'na vez, once: dos vézes, twise: tres vezes, thrise: diez vézes, ten times: cien vezes, a hundred times: mil vézes, a thousand times.

Deriuatiues.

Deriuatiues, which haue contained vnder them these following, viz.Deriuatiues. Of countries or townes. Of the nation.

Of countries or townes, as Aragonéz, a man of Aragon: Andalúz, a man of Andaluzia: Gra­nadíno, a man of the citie or countrie of Granada: Gaditáno, a man of Cadis or Caliz.

Of the nation, as Dalmácios, people of Dalmatia: Ingléses Englishmen, or people of England: Escosséses, Scottishmen: Francéces, Frenchmen: Móros, blacke Moores: Túrcos, Turkes.

Words in óso are deriuatiue of their Primitiues, as Mentiróso, lying, of Mentíra, a lie:Deriuatiues from Primi­tiues. Excessiues in údo, & ázo. Diminutiues. Clamoró­so, clamorous, of Clamór, clamor: glorióso, &c.

Of signifying excesse in údo, and ázo, as Baruúdo, hauing a great long beard, of Barba, jarrázo, a great blowe with a cup, of jarro a cup: Papúdo, hauing a great wide throate, of Papo a throate: Rodillázo, a great blowe with the knee, of Rodílla a knee.

Deminutiues in íco, íto, éta, uéla, ílla, íllo, as Boníco, Boníto, prettie, good: vaquéta, vaquílla, a little cowe or heifer, of Váca a cowe: Ropilla a little gowne or cassocke, of Ropa: Calderuéla, a little kettle, of Calderón a kettle: Cardeníllo, somwhat blacke and blew, of Cardéno blacke and blewe.

Of Numbers.

To Nounes as well Substantiues as Adiectiues, there are these affections following belonging, Number, Case, Gender.

The Number sheweth the quantitie, the Case the qualitie, and the Gender the sexe.

There are two Numbers. The Singular and the Plurall.Numbers.

The Singular speaking of one, as Libro, a booke.

The Plurall of moe, as Líbros, bookes.

This is a generall Rule, if the singular number doe end in a vowell,Nota. the plurall num­ber is made by putting to s, as Palábra, palábras, Cuérpo, cuérpos, Muérte, muértes, Ja­valí, javalís.

Except some few, which must haue es added to them, as Rey, réyes, Léy, léyes, Fe, fées, Buéy, buéyes, so in this manner all nounes ending in consonants must haue es added to them, as Mer­céd, mercédes, Ciudád, ciudádes, Mortál, mortáles, Pastór, pastóres, &c.

Of Cases.

The Spanish hath Cases as the Latine, but all in one ending or termination,Cases. and are declined with an article, as the Nominatiue with el la, the Genitiue with the Preposition De, as the Italian and French, the Datiue Para, the Accusatiue a, the Ablatiue as the Genitiue de.

Of Genders.

There are three,

• The Masculine, as El Pádre, the father.
  Genders. Rules to know the gender of most part of Nounes. Nota. Nounes in l, o, r, Masculine. Exception.
• The Feminine, as La Mádre, the mother.
• The Neuter, which is of small vse with the Spanyard, as Lo sincéro, Lo malo, for they speake by the substantiue, as La Sinceridád, El mal.

To knowe the Genders, obserue well these Rules following.

All nounes ending in l, o, or r, are commonly of the Masculine gender, as Cardinál, a Car­dinall, Cárdo, a Thistle, Pastór, a Shepherd. Except la Cárcél, a prison, la Piél, the skin, la Ca­nál, a Gutter, la Equinoctiál, the Equinoctiall, la Nauál, a battell at sea, la Hiél, gall, la Sál, Salt, la Máno, a hand.

All Nounes for the most part in a, d, or ion, are of the Feminine gender, as Mantéca, Nounes in a, d, ion, feminine. Butter, Magestád, Maiestie, Deliberación, Deliberation.

[Page 14]Names of trees com­monly the Masculine gender, and the fruits the feminine, as

• El Perál, a Peare tree.
• El Ciruélo, a Plum tree.
• El Narrānjo, an Orange tree.
• El Cidro, the Citron tree.
• El Mançáno, the Apple tree.
• El Camuéso, the Pippen tree.
• El Cerézo, the Cherrie tree.
• El Alméndro, the Almond tree.
• El Avelláno, the Hazell nut tree.
• El Castáño, the Chestnut tree.
• El Nogál, the Wallnut tree.
• El Azeytúno, the Oliue tree.
• El Olívo, idem.
• El Morál, the Mulbery tree.
• El Granádo, the Pomgranat tree.
• La Péra, the Peare.
• La Ciruéla, the Plum.
• La Narrānja, the Orange.
• La Cidra, the Citron fruit.
• La Mançāna, the Apple.
• La Camuésa, the Pippen.
• La Ceréza, the Cherrie.
• La Alméndra, the Almond.
• La Avellána, the Hazell nut.
• La Castáña, the Chestnut.
• La Nuez, the Wall nut.
• La Azeytúna, the Oliue.
• La Olíva, idem.
• La Móra, the Mulberie fruit.
• La Granáda, the Pomgranate.

Exception.Except these whose tree and fruite are both Masculine, as

• El Menbríllo, the Quince tree and Quince fruite.
• El Limon, the Limon tree and fruite.
• El Alvérchigo, the Apricocke tree and fruite.
• El Avercóque, idem.
• El Péro, the tree and fruite of a kinde of Apple, very rawe, and cold by nature, good to roste, red on one side.

Another ex­ception.Except these also whose fruit is the Masculine & tree the Feminine, as

• El Higo, the Fig.
• El Dátil, the Date.
• El Razímo, the bunch of grapes.
• La Higuéra, the Fig tree.
• La Pálma, the Date tree or Palme tree.
• La Parra, the Vine, or La víd.

Verbals in or make them­selues feminine, by putting to a.Verbals in or are of the masculine gender, and make themselues feminine, by putting to a, as Habladór, a prater, Habladóra, a she prater.

Likewise Nownes in o, make their feminine, by changing o into a, as Honrádo, honored, Honráda: Suégro, a father in law, Suégra, a mother in law.

Of Declensions and of the Article.

Declension of the Article.The Spanish (as likewise the Italian and French) haue but one manner of Declen­sion or declining, that is with the Article, which in Spanish is thus declined:

The Feminine Article thus.

In the Spanish (as Italian and French) the Article Masculine is put oftentimes in steede of the Feminine, when the word beginneth with a vowell, as el agua, the water, el alma, the soule: to make the pronunciation more sweete Euphoniae gratia, and it may also be put la agua, la alma.

Also in the Spanish (as Italian and French) the Article is neuer separated from Nownes Appellatiues, neither in Singular nor Plurall number: as Spanish, el libro, los li­bros, Nota. la cámara, a chamber, las cámaras. But in Nownes proper it is not vsed so: for it were absurd to say, el Francisco, la Iuána: neither is it vsed with this word Dios, except there be ioyned with it some Epitheton, as el Dios todo poderóso, God almightie.

Declining of a Nowne.

Adiectiues are declined like the Substantiues both singular and plurall number.

Comparatiues and Superlatiues.

The Spanish to make comparison, in the Comparatiue degree vseth this particle Mas, Comparatiues. as Mas diligénte, more diligent, Mas vil, more vile: and to diminish, they vse Ménos, as Ménos dili­génte, lesse diligent, Ménos vil, lesse vile.

The Superlatiue.

The Superlatiue is made of this particle Muy, as Muy iusto, verie iust:Superlatiues. sometime with ex­aggerating & magnifying a matter, they forme their Superlatiues from nownes Adiectiues, as Ilustrissimo, Humanissimo, Hermosissima, most excellent, most humaine, most beautifull.

These following thus compared

• Buéno, mejór, or mas buéno.
• Malo, peór, muy málo.
• Gránde, mayór, muy gránde, or Grandissimo.
• Chico, menór, or mas chico, muy chico.
• Mucho, mas, muy mucho, or muchíssimo.
• Poco, ménos, muy poco.

There be also Aduerbes of qualitie which are vsed with Comparatiue & Superlatiue, as nownes whereof they come, as Muy mas elegantaménte, much more eloquently, Muy mas discre­taménte, much more discreetly. In like manner, Prepositions, as Detrás, behinde, mas Detrás, more behinde, muy Detras, much behinde: Debáxo, beneath or vnder, mas Debáxo, more below or vnder, muy Debáxo, much vnder or beneath.

A Pronoune.

The Spanish Pronoune is as the Latine, like a Noune, and is vsed in rehearsing, of a proper name of Pro and Nomen, i. for the name and in spéech is vsed therefore.

Pronounes are deuided into

• Primitiues and
• Deriuatiues.

The Primitiues are these, yo, tu, si, éste, aquéste, el, ésse, aquél, el qual, que, quien, mismo, Primitiues. to which Mismo all before going may be coupled, as yo mismo, I my selfe: tu mismo, thou thy selfe: si mismo, himselfe: el mismo, he himselfe, and so may you say yo misma, tu misma, &c. they are cal­led Primitiues bicause they are Primi, first, and not deriued of others.

Primitiues deuided into

• Demonstratiues.
• Relatiues.

They are called Demonstratiues bicause they shewe a thing not spoken of before, as yo, tu, Demonstratiues si, aquel, este, el.

Relatiues as repeating or hauing relation to some thing spoken before, as el, este, que, Relatiues. quien, el qual.

Deriuatiues or Possessiues,Deriuatiues. because they be deriued of the Primitiues and signifie pos­session, as belonging to something, as mio, or mi: tuyo, or tu: suyo or su, nuéstro, vuéstro.

In Pronounes are chiefely to be noted, the Persons, bicause all Nounes and Partici­ples [Page 16] be of the thirde Person, but Pronounes of all three Persons, as yo and his Plurall nos, be of the first Person, Tu and his Plurall vos, of the second: and all the rest whatsoeuer of the thirde Person, according to this rule. All Nounes, Pronounes, and Participles, be of the third Person, except yo and tu.

Nota.This Pronoune in the singular number serueth as well for the Masculine as Feminine gender, so in the Plurall doth Nos. But Nosótros onely to the Masculine, and Nosótras to the Feminine.

The Spaniard in speech & writing vseth this Pronoune Nos with the first person Plu­rall of the Imperatiue moode, by taking away s, from the Verbe, as Vámonos, for Vámos Nos, let vs go: Dexámonos, for Dexámos Nos, let vs leaue.

From this Pronoune Primitiue are two other deriued, one from the Singular number, as Mio, from yo, another from the Plurall Number as Nuestro from Nosótros.

Mi, and Mio. Mio, Mia, in Latine Meus, mea, meum, in Italian Mio, mia, in French Mon, ma.

Example.

The learner in the Spanish must note, the manner how the Spaniard vseth these Pos­sessiues, Mi, mio, Tu, tuyo, Su, suyo: and when he ought to vse them in speech or writing, other­wise straight he will bewray himselfe in vsing vnproperly the toong.

A rule when Mi, tu, su, and Mio, tuyo, suyo, are to be vsed. Nota. Mi, tu, su, are still vsed, ioyned with another worde, as Mi cavállo, my horse, not Mio caval­lo: Tu piensamento, thy thought, not Tuyo piensamento: Su provécho, his profite, not Suyo Pro­vécho.

But when a question is asked, and Mio, Tuyo, Suyo, put absolutely and not ioyned, as Cuya es essa espáda? whose rapier is this? Answere: Mia, tuya, suya, mine, thine, his: and not Mi, tu, su: De quien es este cuchillo? whose knife is this? Answere, Mio, tuyo, suyo: and not, Mi, tu, su. In like sorte when they make a relation of a thing spoken of before, and are placed at the end of a sentence, clause or period, as éste cavallo no es mio, mas deaquél que a milo dexó, pa­raque yo fuésse a vna casa tuya: this horse is not mine but his that left it me, that I should ride to one of thy houses, and you cannot say, éste cávallo es mi, que yo fuesse a vna casa tu.

These and many such like I wish the learner in the Spanish to marke diligently in authors as he reades.

S. added ma­keth Plurall number.To make the Plural number of Mi, Tu, Su, adde to s, as Mis, Tus, Sus, and so of other words whatsoeuer, as before of numbers in the Noune.

This other deriued from the Plurall Nosótros is thus declined.

Nota.Note that the Spanyard most ordinarily ioyneth to the Infinitiue moode of any verbe, this particle os, which is as much as vos, as Habláros, to speake vnto you, Véros, to see you, De­ziros, to tell you.

[Page 17]Of this Primitiue, likewise come two Deriuatiues, the one of the Singular number, as of Tu comes Tuyo, in Latin Tuus, Tua, Tuum, Italian Tuo, Tua, French Ton, Ta. The other of the Plurall, Vos or Vosótros comes Vuéstro.

Example.

But note how the Spanyard and Italian accounteth it a disgrace to speake to any man in the second person singular either in the Nominatiue Tu, or in other cases Ti or Te, Nota, how the Spaniard vseth Tu, and the se­cond Plu, except it be to his Neager, his slaue, his lackie, horsekeeper, or to some of base & vile account. To their ser­uants of the better reckoning, and to artificers and such like persons they speake in the seconde person Plurall, as Traéd aqui, bring hither, &c. Yréys a mi çapitéro, you shal goe to my shoomaker, Direys que me haga unos borzeguís, and you shall tell him that he make me a paire of buskins.

To all others they vse the third person, as Quiere V.M. andár, will your Mastership go?Nota.

Ruéga a V.M. que me haga essa mercéd, &c. I intreat your Mastership that you doe me this curtesie, &c.

And whereas Englishmen say You, the French Vous, Nota. the Spanyard and the Italian spea­keth in the third person singular, as V.M. V.S. your Mastership, or worship.

The other Deriuatiue of the plurall number is this, Vuéstro, of Vos or Vosótros, Nota. in Latine Vester, Vestra, Vestrum, in Italian Vostro, Vostra, French Vostre, in English Yours.

Example.

The third person Si, thus declined.Si.

Sing. and Plural.

• Nom. caret.
• Gen. de si,
• Dat. para si.
• Accu. a si.
• Abl. de si.

Of this Primitiue one Deriuatiue, which signifieth in Latin, Suus, sua, suum: Italian, Suo, sua: French, Sien, sienne: English, His, as.

Example.

I proceed with the examples of all the Pronounes following by declining them, because as I before saide: it is one of the difficultest things in the toong to haue the true vse of them, and whereby a stranger or the vnlearned in his speech or writing, shall soonest discouer himselfe to the naturall or learned in the toong. Wherefore let not onely the yoong learner;Nota the diffe­rence of these Pronounes following. E'ste, Aquéste. but also the well grounded, and those that are able to discourse and write the toong well, obserue how and when these Pronounes following (so little differing the one from the other) are to be vsed in their due time and place, as followeth:

These two, E'ste and Aquéste, doe signifie vnto vs any thing that is neere vs, in that signi­fication as the Latin, Hic, haec, hoc: in Italian, Cotesto, Cotesta, Costuy, Costei, Questo, Questa: in French, Cestuy cy, Ceste cy, Cecy: in English, this heere, or this man heere. They do differ thus.Nota. E'ste, Aquéste. E'sse. Aquél, El.

E'ste and Aquéste, in Latin, Hic, is he, or that which is neere or next to me.

E'sse, in Latin, Iste, he or that, neere or next to thee.

Aquél and El, in Latin, Ille, is he, or that which is neither by me nor thee, but a part from vs both.

[Page 18]Example.

In the singular number of this Pronouns, the first wordes in e, as éste, déste, para éste, &c. are of the Masculine gender: the second, ésta, désta, para ésta, &c. of the Feminine: the third, as ésto, désto, &c. of the Neuter: but in the Plurall, the first is the Masculine & Neuter: the other the Feminine gender.

Nota.In the Genitiue case, we say déste, and déstos, casting away the first e, Euphoniae gratia, that it might sound the smoother, yet one may also say, de éste, de éstos.

Aquéste. E'sse. Aquéste, Aquésta, Aquésto, declined as in the example next aboue, and so is, E'sse, E'ssa, E'sso: in Latin, Iste, ista, istud: the Italians and French haue no proper words to expresse it, but must vse circumlocution: in English, he or that, neere or next to thee.

Mismo, Mismo. Misma, Mismo, declined after the same.

Aquél, El.

Aquél, and El: in Latin, Ille illa, illud: Italian, Quello, colui, quella, Colei: French, Celuy iceluy, Cella, icelle, he or that which is neither neere me nor thee, declined both alike.

Note that this El, a Pronoune, and El the Article doe differ in declining, specially in the plurall number.Nota. This making E'llos, and that Los, as by comparing the one with the other, the Reader may see. Looke the declining of the Article El before in the Nowne.

Nota.Note that the Spaniard commonly vseth this Pronoune Le before a Verbe thus, Le ví­no a la memoria, it came to his memorie: Le díxo, he told him: Que del alma le salía, which came from his soule: Dar le lo, to giue him that: Le respondió, he answered him.

Nota.Also the Spaniard vseth this Pronoune Le ioyned to the Infinitiue moode of a verbe, by changing r of the Infinitiue into l, Euphoniae gratia, as Hablárle, to speake vnto him, Hablálle: Oýle, to heare him, Oylle: Vérle, to see him, Velle.

Now followeth Que, Quien, El Qual, in Latine Quis, Qui, Qua, Quod, in Italian, Chi, Che, Il Quale, La Quale, in French, Qui, Lequel, Laquelle, in English, who, which, thus.

Sing. and Plural.

• Nom. Qué.
• Gen. de Qué.
• Dat. para Qué.
• Accus. a Qué.
• Ablat. de Qué.

In this same manner is Quien declined.

El qual. El qual.

Of Coniugations.

The Spanish hath three coniugations, onely both of Verbes Regular, and Irregular.

1 The first endeth in ar, as Mirár, to behold: Hablár, to speake.

2 The second in er, as Perdér, to loose: Caér, to fall.

3 The third in yr or ir, as oýr, to heare: Cumplír, to accomplish.

Tenses.

The first Person singular of the Indicatiue moode Present tense of all Verbes Regular, of what Coniugation soeuer, alwaies endeth in o, Míro, I beholde, Háblo, I speake, Piérdo, I loose: Oygo, I heare.

Indicatiue moode.

Euerie

• Preterimperfect of the Indicatiue, of Verbes Regular, of the seconde and thirde Coniugation in ia, or ya, as Perdía, I did lose: Caýa, I did fall, &c. Oýa, I did heare, Complía, I did accomplish, &c. And of the first coniugation all in áva, as Miráva, I did behold: Habláva, I did speake.
• First Preterperfect in y, or i, as oý, perdí. I haue heard, I haue lost: but of the first Coniugation all in é, as Miré, I haue beholden: Hablé, I haue spoken.
• Second Preterperfect of al the three Coniugations of all Verbes with this Verbe Hé, and the Participle, as Hé mirádo, I haue beholden: Hé leýdo, I haue read: Hé oýdo, I haue heard.
• Preterpluperfect thus, avía mirádo, leýdo, oýdo, I had beholden, read, heard.
• Future, of the Indicatiue of all Verbes Regular, & Irregular in ré, as Hablaié, I will speake: Leyré, oyeré, haré, podré, sabré, Daré.

The Terminations of Verbs thus varied as followeth.

Euerie Imperfect of the Indicatiue of the first Coniugation, in áva, ávas, áva: ávamos, ávades, ávan, as Habláva, hablávas, habláva, hablávamos, hablávades, ha­blávan.

[Page 20]

And these Preterimperfect Tenses as all other of what Coniugation soeuer of Verbes Regular, and Irregular, forme two voices of themselues of the seconde person singular of the first Preterperfect Tense of the Indicatiue moode, by taking awaie Ste, and by making it in the first Coniugation, ára, and ásse, as of this seconde person of the Preterperfect of the Indicatiue singular, Reveláste, commeth the Preterimperfect of the Optatiue, and Subiunctiue Revelára, Revelásse, and of the second and thirde Coniugation of all Verbes Regular and Irregular, by changing that ste, into éra and ésse, as of this Indicatiue moode entendiste, commeth the Preter­imperfect of the Optatiue and Subiunctiue, entendiéra, entendiésse, of oýste, commeth oyéra, oyésse: of díste, diéra, diésse: of estuvíste, estuviéra, estuviésse: of anduvíste, anduviéra, anduviésse: of pudíste, pudiéra, pudiésse. And they forme the thirde voice of this Preterimperfect by putting to ia, to the Infinitiue moode, as of the Infinitiue revelar, commeth this Preterimperfect revelaría, of the Imfinitiue entendér, entenderíia, of oýr, oyría, of dár, daría, of estár, estaría, andár, andaría.

Now it remaineth to giue a Paradigma or example of euery Coniugation of their Moodes, Tenses, Numbers and Persons, that the Student in the tongue may forme the rest by, which is the chiefest point of this our Grammar, and without the which the learner shall neuer be able to write or speake but by aime and rote, and so be discouraged from so laudable a purpose.

[Page 21]And for the better delight of the Reader, and for the affinitie of these two tongues,Why the Italian added to the verbes follow­ing. as for the pleasure and profit he may reape hereby, I haue here in the Examples following, set downe the Italian, that the vnderstander of both tongues, may with one labour (and yet at his ease) see the difference, the one from the other, and be hereby able in vnderstanding, writing and spea­king, to practise either of them, without vsing the one for the other, or mixing them (a thing offensiue to the Spaniards nature, as all knowe who haue trauelled in Spaine.) For euen as two things very like one to the other, if you see them at diuers times, and in diuers places, may easily make one miscarrie his memorie, and mistake the one for the other, when you see either of them againe by it selfe:

So if you sée them both at one time, and in one place togither, and take good heede of them by comparing them; no doubt by one marke or other, you shall euer after be able to discerne, know and call them: euen so these two languages (sometime altogither so like) being thus laid togither, will cause the Reader easily to discerne and remember them.

Avér and Sér.

And bicause this verbe Avér, in Latine Habere, in Italian Hauere, in French Auoir, Avér and Sér. in Eng­lish to Haue, and Sér, in Latine Esse, Italian Essere, French Estre, English to Be, doe serue to the coniugating or declining of all other verbes: They are best in my opinion first to be declined, especially this verbe Avér, which may fitly be called Verbum auxiliarium, a helpfull verbe, bicause he doth not onely helpe to decline himselfe in his owne preterperfect and preterpluperfect, but doth serue to decline all other verbes whatsoeuer in the same tenses, as by the Examples fol­lowing you may see. And this verbe Sér, as before serueth, as in the Italian and French to decline all verbes Passiues, for without it neither the Spanish, Italian or French can forme or decline their Passiues, as following you may perceiue.

AVER declined.The declining of the first Auxiliar verbe Avér, in Italian Hauere, in Latin Habere, in English to Haue.

The Spanyards vse in steede of this Imperatiue moode, this word Ten of Tengo, I hold: which Tengo is often vsed of them for this verbe He.

[Page 23]This Imperatiue moode, Ten of Tengo, so commonly vsed for áyas, áya, is thus declined:AVER declined.

The Optatiue moode is vsed with these signes, Oxala, or else Osi, or Pluguiésse a Dios: in Latin, Vtinam: in Italian, O Dio voglia, O che, Dio volesseche, O Dio che: French, Dieu vuelle, Pleust a Dieu: English, would to God, I pray God; God graunt. The Potentiall like the Latin,Nota. with these signes, May, can, might, would, Should, or ought: both declined like the Subiunctiues following: but that the Optatiue and Potentiall alwaies make their Future tense and Pre­sent tense all alike, as Oxalá yo áya, I pray God I haue: so in the Future, Oxalá yo áya, I pray God I haue hereafter: Oxalá yo Revéle, God graunt I reueale: Future tense also, Ox­alá yo Revéle, God graunt I reueale hereafter: and so of the rest.

And because the Optatiue and Potential haue their Future tenses al one with their Pre­sent: and the Subiunctiue hath two Futures, and both differing from the Present, I hold it needfull to decline the Subiunctiue, by whom the other two are framed.

Or decline with H. Huviéra, Huviésse, or Oviéra, Oviésse.

[Page 22] [...] [Page 23] [...]

SERThe other verbum Auixiliarum Sér, with which all Passiues are declined: it is in Latin Sum, es, fui: in Italian Essere, to Bée.

1. Coniug. of Regular Verbes in AR, RE­VELARAn Example of the first Coniugation of Verbes Regular in AR, as Revelár] in Italian Riueláre] Latine Reueláre] in English] to Reueale or discouer, as Revelár, in Spanish is also as Rebelár, to rebell.

Oftentimes for the Future of this Indicatiue Moode, as well of this first Coniugation, No [...]e. as of al the rest, is vsed the Infinitiue Moode, and the Present tense of the Verbe Avér, with a Particle going betweene them, as Revelár lo hé, Revelár lo hás, Revelár lo á. And so of the other Coniugations, as Entendér lo he, Entendér lo ás, oýr lo hé, oyr lo hás, &c.

Subiunctiue moode with signes, Si, Como, or other Coniunction.

All verbes which haue their Infinitiues in A R, are declined in all points like this here declined, except the Irregulars here following in ar.

An Example of the second Coniugation of verbes Regular in ER, as Entendér, in Italian Intendere, 2. Coniug. of Regular verbs in er Entendér. Latin Intelligere, to Vnderstand.

Entendér.Second Coniugation of Regular Verbes in ER, as ENTENDER.

All Verbes whose Infinitiues end in er, are in all points declined like this except the irre­gular in er following.

An Example of the third and last Coniugation of Regular verbes in Ir or Yr, as ABRIR, in Italian Aprire, Latin Aperire, 3. and last coniugation of Verbes Regular in Ir, or Yr. to Open, Oyr, Italian Vdire, Latin Audire, to Heare.

O Y R declined.The Third and last Coniugation of verbes Regular in IR, and YR.

All verbes whose Infinitiues end in ir, or yr, are declined in euerie respect like this: except those in ir and yr, in the Irregulars following.

Of Verbes Passiues.

The Spaniards as the Italian and French decline their Verbes passiues with their Verbe Sum, es, fui, and the Participle of the Preter tense, as of Revelár, to reueale: soy Reveládo, I am reuealed.

The Spanish formeth the Participle Passiue of the first and third Coniugation of their Infinitiue moode, by taking away r, and putting to do, as of Revelár, Reveládo, Pedír, to require, Pedído, required, Oýr, to heare, Oýdo, heard.

But in the second Coniugation they take away as before, and change the last e into y or i, and adde to do as aforesaide, as Leer, to read, Leýdo: Entendér, to vnderstand, Entendído.

A Verbe Passiue thus declined.

After this manner in euery respect all other verbes Passiues Regular or Irregular of what Coniugation soeuer are to be declined as of the second Coniugation Soy Vendido, Pos­seydo, Defendido, and of the third Coniugation, as Soy Oydo, Corregído, Segdido, and so of the rest.

Note that this Accusatiue case Se of the Pronoune ioyned with the third person of verbes Actiues, make them haue the Passiue signification, as Dize, he saith, [...]e dize, Nota. it is said.

Now will I handle and intreate of the verbes Irregular (in which is found hardnes and difficultie to the learner for their declining) in such order and manner that he may with his ease or very little paine decline any of them whatsoeuer: for which purpose and for whose ease and profite, I haue to my great labour brought them into the forme as followeth, and haue so dili­gently searched, that no one of them needefull to his vse (as I hope) shall be wanting, not here following set downe, that my labours may be answerable to my desire, and the learners profit to my paines.

The first Coniugation of Verbes Irregular in AR, as DAR, in Italian and Latin Dare, to Giue. 1. Coniug. of Verbes Irregular in AR.

The verbes Irregular like as the Regular diuided into three Coniugations,Nota. the fir [...] in ar, the second in er, the third in ir or yr.

The verbes Irregular differ from the Regular afore going in their first Preterperfect of the Indicatiue, and Preterimperfect of the Subiunctiue, as by the Examples following you may see.