CHAP. I. The excellency, and antiqu [...]tie of Painting, the mani­fold vses, and necessitie of the sam [...].

PAinting in generall called in Latine Pictura, in Greeke [...], is an Art, which eyther by draught of bare lines, liuely colours, cutting out or embossing, expresseth any thing the like by the same: which we may finde in the holy Scripture both al­lowed and highly commended by the mouth of God himselfe, where he calleth Bezaleel and Aholia, Exodus 31. men whom he hath filled with the spirit o [...] God in wise­dome and vnderstanding, and in knowledge, and in all workmanship, to finde out curious works, to worke in gold, and in siluer, and in brasse, also in the art to set stones, and to carue in timber, &c. There plainly shewing, as all other good Arts, so caruing or drawing to be an especiall gift of Gods Spirit. In [Page 2] another place he goeth farther, and as it were chal­lengeth solely to himselfe the mastership of the com­panie in that his Maiestique Erotema in Iob in these words.Iob. 39.16. Hast thou giuen the pleasant wings vnto the Peacocks? and wings and feathers vnto the Ostrich? whereas disabling the wit and skill of man by his owne excellency, he giueth vs to admire that ad [...]i­rable wisdom of his in distinguishing so many beau­tifull colours from the wings of the proud Peacocke and Ostrich, euē vnto the poore Butterflie, so that a­stonished with Aristotle, I may say euen in these little painted creatur [...]s there is [...], some wonder or other, and in the very border of one of their wings an euident [...]aste of the diuine omnipotencie.

But as Picture hath beene allowed of God, so it hath aswell among the Christians as heathen beene honoured from all antiquitie, and euer found fa­uour with the greatest wits & mightiest Monarches of the world, insomuch as Aristotle in his Poli [...]iques accounteth it amongst those liberalia Paideumata, and counselleth it as an especiall thing to be taught vnto children, and not long after by the authoritie and la­bour of Eupompus a learned Geometrician, it was taught in all Schooles throughout Greece. But some wil tell me Mechanical arts, and those wrought with the hand are for the most part base, and vnwor­thy the practise of great personages, and Gentle­men: I confesse Diuine D [...] Bartas hath said of such L'e [...]r esprit [...]e'n [...]uit a [...] bout des doigts. [...]ar [...]as. Semaine. 1. But for as much as their ends are honest, and themselues but the ex­ercises of pregnant and the finest wits, I see no reason (as one saith) why nature should be so much wron­ged [Page 3] in her intention, as not to produce at her plea­sure that into action whereto she is well inclined.E [...]am. de Inge­n [...]. And surely it can bee no more disgrace to a great Lord to draw a faire Picture, then to cut his Ha [...]kes meat, or play at Tennis with his Page. Achilles thought it no scorne to be so cunning in cookery, that when certaine Embassadors came vnto him, he with his owne handes dressed them a great and royall Supper. And Homer to no small commenda­tion of his Vlysses (vnder whose person he ma [...]keth an absolute wise man) reporteth, that he could make his ships himselfe.

Qu [...]nt [...]s Fabius (whose familie was one of the no­blest in Rome,Ru [...]ilius in vitae Quint. Fab [...] pic [...]or [...]. and after had the sirname of Pictores) with his owne hands painted the wals of the Temple of Salus, and wrote his name vnder his owne worke.

Pomponius Atticus a man of singular wisedome, and so much beloued of Cicero, after he had compo­sed a Poeme of sundrie deuises, beautified the same with pictures of his owne drawing.

The Emperour Constantine got his liuing a long time by painting,Sigebert in Chronicis. and in Plinies times certaine festi­uall daies were yearely appointed at Corinth for the exercise of picture for great prizes & wagers. Since Painting then hath beene so well esteemed, and of it owne nature is so linked with the other Artes, as ma­ny of them can hardly stand without it, I thinke it not for pleasure onely, but of necessitie most need­full to be practised of all such, that eyther studie the Mathematikes, the art Militarie, or purpose to tra­uell for the benefit of their friends and countrey. I haue heard many excellent Captaines and Schollers [Page 4] lament so great a want in themselues, otherwise be­ing most absolute.

My Scholler then I would make choise of, should be a young Gentlman, if it might be, naturally incli­ned to drawing, at least a welwiller and louer of it. And I would haue in him, as Tully wisheth in his O­rator, aliquid redundans & quod amputem, Cic [...]ro 1. de O­rator [...]. A prety [...]an­tasticall head, and something, as chippes from the sound timber to be pared off, to which commonly the best wits are subiect, withall daily and contnu­all practise, were it but Apelles his vnica linea, with­out which it is impossible for him to attaine to ready draught, much lesse to excellency in generall.

The beginning and progresse of Painting. CHAP. II. A comparison betweene the Painters of old times, and the latter, the great value and prizes of Pictures, &c.

AElian de varia Historia. lib. 10. AElian saith, Painters at the first were such bunglers, and so rude, that when they drew a Cow or a Hog, they were faine to write ouer the head what it was, other­wise the beholder knew not what to make of it; but in short time they grew to that excellency, that they were honoured welnigh as Gods, as Metrodor [...]s the Athenian, of whom, as of some other that were the most famous in their times I will speake a word or [Page 5] two, as well for methode, as the recreation of my Reader.

Apollodorus among the Athenians was the first that did expresse the life with colours.

Euphranor hath attributed vnto him the inuen­tion of Emblemes, Impr [...]sa's, and the like heroicall de­uises, and was the first obseruer of Simetry, where­of he wrote many volumes.

Parrhasius most of all excelled in blacke and white.

Pyreicus (as Volaterane saith) was onely famous for counterfaiting all base things, as earthen pitchers a scullery, Rogues together by the eares, swine tum­bling in the mire, &c. whereupon he was sirnamed Rupographus. That is Pain­ter of base things.

Aristides was the most excellent of his time for ex­pressing sence and passion, as in that peece of his, of a mother deadly wounded, and giuing her child sucke, in whose face he expressed a deadly feare, as loath to denie it foode, and vnwilling to giue it the teate for feare of killing it with her bloud, which with the milke issued forth in great abundance. This Table Alexander caried with him to Pella.

Protogenes was the first that could lay his colours so artificially, that one being worne off, a fresh should succeede to the number of foure or fiue, when hee would vndertake any excellent peece, he vsed to di [...]t himselfe with pease, lupines, and the like, that his in­uention might be the more quicke and refined.

Amongst his works his Ialysus or Bacchus was the chiefe taken at the Rhodes by Demetrius Poliorcetes;Plutarch in De­metr. which he so esteemed, that (as Plutarch reports) hee sware he had rather loose all his fathers Images then [Page 6] that Table, AElian saith it was seuen yea [...]es in ma­king.

Ap [...]lles who liued in the 1012. Olympiade [...] excelled all the rest, yet for action he gaue place to Amphion: Among his peeces, the picture of Alexander at Ephe­sus, and his Venus which he left at his death vnper­fect in Chios were the chiefest.

I will passe ouer the artificiall peeces of Zeuxis, L. Manlius, De quo Cicero lib. 1. de Ora­tore. Pacuuius a Tragedian Poet, Metrodorus be­fore named, an excellent Painter, and withall a great Philosopher, who when Lucius Paulus a great man in Rome wrote vnto the Vniuersitie of Athens to pro­uide him a graue and learned Schoolemaster for his sonnes, was chosen by the generall consent of the whole Vniuersity, as the fittest man both to bring vp his children, and to adorne his triumphes.

Nothing inferiour to these rare Artistes (in my iudgement) haue beene our painters of late time, and many now liuing in sundrie parts of Europe, who if they could finde an Alexander or another Demetrius, would remaine as famous to posteritie, as Apelles, or the best of them all haue done to vs, neither do I sup­pose euery thing to haue beene excellent, which o­uer credulous Authors haue writ, and ignorant an­tiquitie admired, the best artes being then in their in [...]ancie, whose perfection is not distilled to the pu­ritie, vntill it hath runne through many ages: what times shall not euer admire that excellent peece of Raphael Vrbine in the Church of S. Victore in Millane: the workmanship of Michael Angelo of the last iudgement in the Popes Chappell in Rome, Her [...]ole di Ferrara, and his notable art seene at this [Page 7] day in Bononia Pisanello, who so beauti [...]ied [...]he Church of Laterane in Rome, Bellino the Ven [...]tian, whom the Turke so royally rewarded, what Apelles could excell Petro de Burgo for perspectiue, Albert Durer for drapery, Michael Angelo for action, Gold­zius for good standing, and bold action, Hans Hol­ben for sence and the life, Marcus de Siena for Sandt­schap, with infinite others, as Titianus, Antonio de Cor­regio, Caesar Sestius, Zenale Triuiliano, Francesco Melzi, nor must I be ingratefully vnmindfull of mine owne counrriemen, who haue beene, and are able to equal the best, if occasion serued, as old M^r. Hiliard, M^r. Isaac Oliuer inferiour to none in Christendome for the countenance in small, my good friend M^r. Peake and M^r. Marqu [...]s for oyle colours, with many more vnknowne vnto me. Neither doth our countrey want her Patrone [...] and fauourers of this worthy skil, as first the Kings most excellent Maiestie, Noble Prince Henry, to whom I presented not long since his fathers Basilicon Doron, which I had turned a little before throughout into Latine verse [...] And Em­blemes limmed in liuely colours, which he gratious­ly accepted. The Right Honourable Robert Earle of Salisburie, and Lord high Treasurer of England, who as he fauoureth all learning and excellencie, so he is a principall patrone of this art, hauing lately imployed M^r. Butler and many other excellent Ar­tistes for the beautifying of his houses, especially his Chappell at Hatfield. The right Honourable the Earles of Arundell, Worcester, South-hampton, Pembrooke, Suffolke, and Northampton, with ma­ny Knights and Gentlemen, to whom our masters [Page 8] are daily beholden. Now least you should esteeme ouer basely of this art, and disdaine to haue your pi­cture, because you may haue it for a trifle (which I account a fault in many of our good workemen) I will tell you the prices of some peeces of note as­well in ancient times, as of late daies.

Caesar the Dictator redeemed the tables of Ai [...]x and Medaea for eightie talents, which amount to 24000 French crownes: I speake with the least, be­cause take the lesser Athenian talent (for generally where you finde this word Talentum in any Latine Author, as in Tullie his Oration pro C. Rabirio Postu­mo, and in Act: in verrem, and some other places, where you shall finde it oftenest, you must vnder­stand the Athenian talent, except you haue the addi­tion of AEgineum, Syrium, Babylonium, &c. [...]udaeus in Asse.) the grea­ter (as Budaeus saith) was bigger by a third part.

King Attalus paid for one of Aristides peeces an hundred talents.

Hortensius the Orator gaue for a table of the Ar­gonauts 144. talents.

Mnason paid to Asclepiodorus for the twelue Gods after three hundred pounds sterling a peece.

Candaules King of Lydia gaue to Bularchus for a peece of his, the weight of the same in gold.

The Duke of Millane rewarded Raphael Vrbine as many ducats as couered the picture of a great breadth which he had made for him.

Pope Innocent the eight, a worthy louer of all lear­ning, and ingenious artes, bestowed vpon Andrea Mantega his painter in the Beluedere of Rome two thousand ducats for a monthes paines.

[Page 9]I haue also heard what a round summe was offe­red by strangers for the Altar cloth of S^t. Magnus in London; sundrie other examples I might alledge, but I haue said enough to shew that art hath euer beene well paid her hire, and the professors thereof beene had in esteeme with the worthiest and wisest men.

CHAP. III. A Painter not priuiledged to draw what he list, the ma­nifold abuses of painting: whether the picture of the Trinitie, of our Sauiour Christ, according to his hu­manitie, the Images of the Saints and their passions: The signe of the Crosse may be lawfully drawne or not, &c.

AS I would haue my young Scholler take his pleasure, so I would not haue him to buy it at ouer deare a rate, either with losse of ouer much time in the maine profession, or of his eares for a libeller, neither to thinke with Horace, he may quidlibet audere, for there be many things which as well Nature or Religion would haue freed from the pencill; what hurt hath that beastly booke of Aretines done abroad in the world, and what lewde art is there showne in many printes and peeces that are daily brought ouer out of Italy, Flanders, and other places, which are oftner enquired after in the shops then any other, little vse else is there of most of the wax pictures of Curtizans in Rome and Venice being drawne naked, and sold [Page 10] vp and downe as Libidinis Fomenta, surely I cannot but commend art in them, as many times there is ex­cellent good, but verily doe hate their wicked ma­kers and abhominable ends.

Touching the picture of the Trinitie, as common­monly it is drawne, first God the Father like an olde man, betweene his knees Christ vpon the Crosse, and ouer his head a Doue resembling the holy ghost, I hold it basphemous, and vtterly vnlawfull, and whatsoe [...]er the Romane Catholickes thinke of it, both the Scripture, Councels, and fathers, nay many of the best Diuines of their owne side are either vt­terly against it, by Bellarmines owne con [...]ession, or speake very slende [...]ly, for it as tolerable by the Church, but no waies allowable by the word of God: as namely, Abulensis, Abulensis in 4. cap. Deutero. Qu [...]st. 5. Durandus, Durand. in d [...]st. quaest. 9. Peresius, Pe [...]esiu [...] de tra­ditionibus part 3 and many others, though in plainest termes: Lorichius a man of great learning and sound iudgement amon­gest them,Lorichius Ca­thol. Institut. in praecept. 1. vtterly condemnes the same in these words.

Est praeterea abusus imaginum, quod sanctam Trinita­t [...]m praesumpsimus exprimere, quod haeresis est pestilen­tissima, quid enim magis sanctae Trinitati aduersum, at­que Patrem effingere senis silicernij effigie, filium iuuenis formam habentem, Spiritum Sanctum alitis speciem vo­litantis referentem? Quid Idiotae ex tali libro didicisse poterint? errorem sane & Haeresim.

Wherein Caluin and our Protestant writers do a­gree strongly and truly maintaining the contrary by these places of Scripture,Caluin Ins [...]it. 1.- Places o [...] scripture against the painting or e [...]pressing of the T [...]inity. Exod. 20. Deut. 4. Esay. 40. and 46 lastly. Act. 17.

To these places it is againe answered by Bell [...]rmine, [Page 11] Cardinall C [...]ietanus, Ca [...]tan. in 3. pot. quaest 25. a [...]t 3. Catharinus, Catharinus in cult [...] Imag. Diegus, Pay [...]ia, Pay [...] co [...]r [...] K [...]m [...]t [...]um. and others, that it is lawfull to expresse the Trinitie or the picture of God the Father, in such forme as he visibly appeared, sometime like a man, and some­times like an Angell, the places they alledge are. Gen. 1. Gen. 3. Gen. 28. Exod. 33. Isaiae. 6. Micheae. 3. Regum. vlt [...] Amos. 9. Daniel .7.B [...]lla [...]m l [...]b. 8. de Im [...]g. Moreouer they alledge Saint Augustine, who thought that the Trinitie appeared vnto Abraham. Gen. 18.

But howsoeuer these and other places do seeme to make for the lawfulnes of it we are to hold it an im­pious thing, & not to be tolerated, as being expres­ly forbidden by the word of God, and giuing occa­sion of the infinite errors in the Church.

Va [...]ro in his time,August. de Ciui­t [...]t [...] D [...]i. lib. 4. cap. 19. said that the Images of the Gods, tooke away the feare of them, and increa­sed error.

CHAP. IIII. Pencils and other Instruments necessarie for drawing.

MAny waies I know there haue beene deuised to teach draught, as namely, by crossing the patterne, then your owne papers with equall spaces, fil­ling the same as you finde in your ex­ample: also drawing vpon a lanterne horne with a paper blackt with a torch, and such like: neither do I mislike any such conuenient help to a yong learners furtherance; but to learne to the purpose, and to grow cunning in short time, you should rather fall to it onely by your owne conceit and iudgement, and let those toyes goe, you must first get you blacke lead sharpned finely:Blacke lead in quils. and put fast into quils, for your rude and first draught, some ten or twelue.

Moreouer you must not be without as many Sal­low coales,Sallow coales. sharpned at the endes: you shall chuse them thus, they are more blew and finer grained then the other coales, smooth (being broken) like satten: you shal sharpen them vpon one of your [...]in­gers, as also your blacke lead; other coales will quickly breake, and neuer point sharpe.

Get you also a small paire of brazen compasses and fine rule,Rule and com­passe. for taking the distance, if you follow a print; and be not without the crums of fine man­chet or white bread, to rubbe out your lead or coale, when you haue done amisse, or finished your worke.

[Page 16]Scriueners and writing Schoolemasters in the countrey that teach to write, haue diuers small pen­sils of broome,Broome pen­cils. with which they shadow great letters with common Inke in coppy bookes very pretily: they are made in this manner, take a broome stalke about the bignesse of a spoone [...]andle, and cut it e­uen at the end, when you haue done, chew it be­tweene your teeth till it bee fine and grow heary at the end like a pensill, but I care not how little you vse them, because your pen shall do better, and shew more art.

For your drawing pennes, neuer be without twen­tie or thirtie at a time, made of Rauens and goose quils; your Rauens quilles are the best of all other, to write faire, or shadow fine, your goose quils serue for the bigger or ruder lines. To draw with drie colours, you may make long pastils, which you shall doe by grinding red lead, or any other colour with strong wort, and so roule them vp into long roules like pensils drying them in the Sun, some put heere­to a little new milke.

CHAP. V. The first Practise.

HAuing these in a readinesse, you shall practise for the space of a weeke or there abouts, to draw Circles, Squares of all sorts, a Cilinder, the ouall forme with other such like solid and plaine Geometricall figures with a swift hand till you can [Page 17] do them indifferent well, but after vsing the helpe of your rule and compasse: the reason of exercising you first in these is, when as Symmetry or proportion is the very soule of picture, it is impossible that you should be ready in the bodies, before you can draw their abstract & generall formes, & haue wonted and made your hand ready, in proportions of all sorts, which are cōpounded of the same, as for exāple, your circle will [...]each you, to draw euen & truly all Sphae­ricall, bodies which are, [...], of like parts & formes, as the Sun, Moone, Stars [...] &c. The most flowers as the Rose, Marigold, Helitropiū, Dai­sie, &c. the most vessels as cups, basons, bowls, bottels &c.The vse of the Ci [...]cle, Square Cylinder or O [...]thogonium and Pyramis. The square wil make you ready for all manner of compartments, bases, perystiles, plots, buildings, &c. your Cylinder for valted [...]urrets, & round buildings; your Orthogoniū & Pyramis, for sharp steeples, tur­rets and all things, in mucronem fastigiata, your Ouall forme will helpe you in drawing the face, a shield or such like: so that you may reduce many thousand bo­dies to these few general figures, as vnto their princi­pall heads & fountaines. After you are cunning in these figures (beginning wi [...]h the circle) and imitate somthing of circular form, what you shal think good, in which as in all the other aforenamed proportions you shall worke & helpe your selfe by the Diameter (w^ch is a strait line, drawn long waies iust in the midst of your circle or square) & which wil guide you mar­uellously in your work for exāple if I wold draw the Sun, so soone as I haue made a fair circle I draw (with cole or lead that I may rub it out again) my diameter or line down the midst, ouer which if you wil againe, [Page 18] you may draw a crosse line, both which diuide your Circle equally into foure parts, as you see.

Which Diameter with the crosse line, are not onely your directors, for the equall placing of the greater and lesser beames, on the side as you may perceiue: but also for the drawing of the nose, mouth and eyes euen in the midst of the face.

I will giue you another example of a goblet or cup. First I make a halfe or semicircle for the bowle, downe the midst of which (as low as I would haue the foote to come) I draw my Diameter or straight line, which being done, the worst is past: you must now marke: I am not tied to make my bowle as round as the circle, but long or what fashi­on I list, no other vse hath the Circle there then to guide me euen on either side, whether I make it broad or narrow, long or short, embosse it, or how, [Page 19] soeuer, the other part of the line causeth me to make the foote euen as you see.

Which line and Circle (as I said before) you may with your white bread rubbe out, when you haue done.

In these and such like, you may at your pleasure finde in­finite varietie to [...]set your selfe a worke with, till you are able to fall to worke by your owne iudgement; which you shall doe in your next and second practise.

CHAP. VI. The second practise.

YOu shall, next after your hand is growne readie in the foresaid pro­portions, practise to draw small and easie things, comming as neere your former examples as may be, by your conceipt onely: as a cherry with the leafe, the shaft of a steeple, a single or canker Rose, &c. wherein you shall begin to take some delight, and finde no great difficulty.

But in drawing these and whatsoeuer else, I must not forget to tell you; that you must be perfect and quicke in the generall or outward lines, and giue them a reasonable good proportion, ere you fall to shadowing or tricking your worke within: where­fore [Page 20] I would haue you make an assey sixe or seuen times at the least for the generall proportion onely: if at first it be not to your minde, as for example in drawing of a Rose, be sure that the compasse of it be not faulty, ere you cast out the leaues by fiue equall lines, or in making a womans ruffe, that you score it out first narrow in the necke, then wider from the cheekes, and narrow againe vnder the chin very tru­ly, ere you add [...] the lace of setting, a [...]l which is done with one line, which I call the g [...]nerall or extreme. For those formes that are mixed and vncertaine, and where your circle and square can doe you no good (being left only to your Idea) as in a Lion, a horse or such like: you must worke altogether by your owne iudgement,A strong ima­gina [...]ion re­quired in a good painter. and winne the proportion by daily pra­ctise, which will seeme very harsh and strange vnto you at the first, but to helpe your selfe herein you shal doe thus: hauing the generall notion or shape of the thing in your minde you meane to draw (which I doubt not but you may conceiue and remember as well as the best painter in the world, though not ex­presse according to the rules of art) draw it with your lead or coale after your owne fashion,How to helpe you in your Idea. though neuer so badly, and lay it from you for a day: the next day peruse it well, bethinke your selfe where you haue erred, and mend it according to that Idea you carry in your mind, in the generall proportion: when you haue thus done, lay it by again till the next day, & so continue for fiue or six daies together, correcting by degrees the other parts euē so [...]mal vains as your dis­cretion wil serue you, this may you do with fortie papers at once, of seueral things, hauing done what you [Page 21] can (though not to your liking) confer it by the like, some excellent print or patterne of the same, vsing no rule or compasse at all but your owne iudgement in mending euery fault lightly, and with a quicke hand, giuing euery place his due; whereby you shall of all sides meete with your errors, and finde an in­credible furtherance to your practise: though here­unto is required I must confesse, a strong imagina­tion, and a good memory, [...]hich are the midwiues to this art and practise as in all things else, the nurse that brings it to full growth and perfection.

CHAP. VII. Of drawing the face or countenance of a man.

SInce a man is the worthiest of all creatures, and such pleasing varietie in countenances so disposed of by the di­uine prouidence, that among tenne thousand you shall not see one like another (as well for breeding delight, as for ob­seruing a methode after you haue practised accor­ding to your former directions in other things) you shall beginne to draw a mans face, in which as in all other creatures you must take your beginning at the forehead, and so draw downward till yo [...] haue finished.

The visage or countenance is (for the most part) drawn but three manner of waies, the first is full fa­ced,The full [...]ace. as commonly we see King Henry the 8 drawne:

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The second is three quar­ter faced, as our Flanders and ordinarie pictures are, that is when one part of the face is hid by a quarter as thus:

The third is onely halfe fa­ced,Halfe face. as you see the pictures of Philip and Mary vpon a twelue pence, or as this Cae­sars head.

For draught of a full face you must beare in memory, and nar­rowly obserue the bredth of the forehead, and the compasse of both the cheekes, all which are composed of two lines as thus:

And be carefull to giue as pre­cise an euennesse to one side as to the other; causing both your lines to meete at the tip of the chin: your Diameter guideth you for the euen placing (as I said) of nose and mouth, your other line for the iust opposition [Page 23] of the eyes betweene which in distance for the nose, alwaies leaue the space of an eye.

The end of the nose in ordinary proportion must be brought no lower then the middle of the cheeke,The space of an other eie to be le [...]t be­tweene the eies. from whence to the chin is for the most part as farre, as from thence vpward to the eye-browes.

The nose of a full face must not be expressed with apparant lines, but with a very fine shadow on each side, as you see.

An eye is commonly drawne

in this manner.

To make an angrie or sterne countenance, let your brow bend so, that it may almost seeme to touch the ball of the ey; at what time you must also giue the forehead a fine wrinckle or two, and withall the vpper part of the nose betweene the eyes.

A great conceipt is required in making the eye which either by the dulnesse or liuely quicknesse thereof giueth a great taste of the spirit and disposi­tion of the minde,Great difficul­tie in the eie. (which many times I will not de­nie may be aswell perceiued by the mouth, and mo­tion of the bodie,) as in drawing a foole or idiot, by making his eies narrow, and his temples wrinkled with laughter, wide mouthed, or shewing his teeth &c. A graue or reuerend father by giuing him a de­misse and lowly countenance, his eie beholding you with a sober cast, which is caused by the vpper ey [...]lid couering a great part of the ball, and is an especiall marke of a sober and staied braine within.Nic [...]phor lib. 10. cap 3.7. Nazian­zen when he beheld a Iu [...]ian (long time before he was Emperour, at Athen [...], at the very fi [...]st sight of his countenance, (Presaging his future disposition) [Page 24] burst forth into these words; Deus bone, quantum ma­lum souet Romanum imperium: Nazianz. in [...]. auect. contra Iulianum. for (as he witnesseth himselfe) there was not any signe of goodnes or to­wardnes in him, his eies [...]owled in his head, wandring and turning fearefully now this, now that way; spark­ling with furie & anger, his nose was growne wrinck­led with scoffing and deriding, the rest of his counte­nance tending to mockery, his laughter so immode­rate, that his whole bodie would shake therewith, his shoulders shrinking to and fro, to his necke: his legs and feete seldome standing still; his questions and answeres supitious, rash, and often interrupted by short fetching his breath; by which signes the good man foresaw his inbred tyranny and vile disposition, which after burst forth into an horrible persecution and open rebellion against God and his Church. A Graecian Captaine in like manner noting very often the cast of the eye and countenance of Scylla, Brusoni [...]s. lib. 7. cap. 20. toge­ther with his gesture and motion of body, vsed these words: it is impossible but this Gentlemen one day should prooue a great commaunder, and I maruaile that he is not aduāced al this while. D [...]gonius an Earl of Flanders, when he should haue bene put to death by the Turke, a Phisiognomer wisht that he might not die by any meanes, because if he liued he would sow much dissention among the Christians, which after fell out to be true, by which examples and the like, I proue that there is a certaine Indictum, or no­tice of the minds disposition inly imprinted by na­ture euen in the countenance, and many times in the eie or mouth, which (as I haue said) you must be care­full, as you shall haue occasion, warily to obserue.

[Page 25]Now for the mouth (though least of all other any generall rule may be giuen for it,The mouth.) it consisteth principally of two lines, whereof one expresseth the mouth it selfe, the other the neather lip: the ouer­lip is best showne by a shadow cast ouer the crosse line as you see; which shadow and crosse line if you draw by the life must be hit at an haires breadth, and if your picture be little, you cannot thinke so small a thing as giueth or quite taketh away the touch and resemblance of the mouth: and to say truly [...] it will be the hardest peece of cunning that euer you shal meet withall: therefore you had neede cause the partie whom you will draw, to sit as we say, Vultu composito, without stirring or altering the mouth were it neuer so little: I haue many times beene much troubled a­bout expressing the mouth as it ought, wherein you shall finde great difficultie, wherefore you shall best take it when the partie mindes you not, and to say the truth it is the best time of taking a picture. I haue neuer drawne any more truly, then when they haue beene busie in talking, at dinner, viewing some thing or other, and in this manner I haue often taken his Maiesties, sitting at dinner, or talking with some of his followers. I haue m [...]ny times wondred why I could among so many neuer finde any true picture of his Maiestie, or that did any thing neere resem­blie him: I know not, but generally in his picture I [...]inde two principall errors, the one in the com­plexion and haire, the other is in the mouth, which commonly they draw with a full and great nether-lip very apparant, wherein they commit the chiefest error, which good obseruatiō hauing auoided, I haue [Page 26] drawne him often with my Pen and Inke only vpon a faire peece of paper in an houre, more truly and like then the best peeces in oyle about the towne.

CHAP. VIII. Of expressing passion in the countenance

THe passions of the mind being diuers as loue, feare, ioy, anger, hatred, dispaire, desire, boldnesse, &c. must be expressed with great iudgement & discretion, though you shal better expresse them in liuely colours then with the pen, because palenesse rednesse, fiery eies &c. are adiuncts to the same.

You shall expresse loue by making vultum sere­ [...]um, faire and pleasant, no where clouded with wrinckles, or furrowed with vnpleasing bendings, which are commonly effects of care, melancholy, anger, dispaire, and the like: first you are to giue the forehead a Maiesticke grace and height, a full eie which you shal make very pleasing by shadowing it, with a fine shadow at the bottome of the eye lid, and a little at the corner, a small & proportionable nose, the nosethrils not too wide, a cleere cheeke which you shall make by shadowing the same on one side, the mouth smiling which you shall doe by making a thinne vpper lippe, and shadowing the mouth line a little at the corners, and for as much as the kindes of beauties are infinite, if you would draw some rare peece for beauty, you should as Apelles was wont, [Page 27] frequent the Court or Citie, and imitate some ex­cellent beautie or other. I was not long since ex­tremely troubled with a peece of the Sea Nymp [...]es being all sisters, in whose faces I was to expresse a singuler and seuerall beautie, yet so like one another, that they might be knowne to be sisters, the historie is in the second of Ouids Metamorphosis. And Vi [...] ­gil describing the countenance of AEneas, AEn [...]d .1. express [...]h with singular art the beautie and comelinesse which his mother Venus had bestowed vpon him in this manner.

You shall shew [...]eare in the countenance, by ma­king of the eies to looke hollow, heauily and downe­ward, the cheekes fallen, the mouth close, the haire staring or hanging carelesly about the eares, I saw an excellent peece of this kinde done by Leonard Vin­centio, done to the imitation of an ancient painter, which was a company of young men swimming, and vpon the sodaine surprized by the enemie, where you might see one putting his head into his shirt sleeue for hast, another running away halfe naked. Feare is described by our excellent Spencer to ride in armour,In hi [...] Fa [...]ry Queene. at the clashing whereof he lookes deadly pale, as afeard of himselfe.

The like obseruations you are to keepe in the rest which you shall naturally finde described by our Poets, by Lomazius, and lastly in mine Emblems, so that it were needlesse for me heere to re [...]terate the same.

CHAP. IX. Of the whole bodie.

WHen you are growne something per­fect in the face, and can draw the head indifferent well, you must be carefull to proportion the bodie thereafter, then the error of which, no one fault is more common with the most Painters: for you shall scarce see one among twentie but will draw the head too big,Making the head too big, a common fault which if you obserue, you shall find in most pictures: helpe your selfe herein by [...]e [...]ting a boy before you, causing him to stand which way you list,The necke. and so to wont your iudgement to the propor­tion by little & little: hauing finished the head, draw the necke, beginning it with one line from about the tip of the eare, then draw the other downe from the ball of the cheeke (which is lessened on the other side) as farre as you thinke good to the shoulder, where stay, till you haue shadowed it: the shadowes of the neck in a child or young woman are very sine, rare and scarely seene, but in a man the sinewes must be expressed, with the veines, by shadowing the rest of the necke, and leauing them white. For the pro­portion of the other parts (because Lomazius hath preuented mee: whose booke though it be some­what obscure [...] in any case I would haue you to buy, after you are well entred) I will omit and shew you onely such eminences which by shadow must be ne­cessarily expressed: after you haue done the neck: you [Page 29] are to expresse the wing or vpper part of the shoulder by shadowing it vnderneath,The s [...]oulder. the brawne of the arme must appeare full, shadowed on one side,The arme. then shew the w [...]i [...]t bone therof, [...]he w [...]ist. & the meeting of the veines in that place, the veines of the backe of the hand, & the knuckles,The knuck [...]e [...]. are made with two or three haire strokes with a fine touch of your p [...] the pappes of a man are showne by two of three fine strokes giuen vnder­neath,The paps. in a woman, with a circular shadow well deep­ned, the ribs are so [...]o be shadowed,The ribs. as you doubt whether they appeare or no: except your man were starued, or you should draw death himselfe: the bel­lie shall be eminent by shadowing the flanke,The be [...]ly. and vn­der the breast bone: the brawne of the thigh shall appeare,The thigh. by drawing small haire strokes from the hip to the knee,The knee. shadowed againe ouertwhartly: the knee pan must be showne with the knitting thereof by a fine shadow vnderneath the ioynt; the shinbone from the knee to the instep, is made by shadowing one halfe of the leg with a single shadow,The legge. the ankle bone wil shew it selfe by a shadow giuen vnderneath as the knee; the sinewes must seeme to take their be­ginning from the midst of the foote, and to grow bigger the neerer they are to the toes.

There is a great art in making the foote, wherein your shadowes must take place as occasion serueth, and to say the truth, so they must in the other parts, but naturally they fal as I haue said; for teaching you the true shadowing of a naked bodie;The foote. Goltzius is one of the best, whose prints aboue any other I wish you to imitate.

CHAP. X. Of shadowing and obseruing the light according to the rules and infallible principles of perspe­ctiue.

A Shadow is nothing else but a diminu­tion of the first and second light.

The first light I call that which pro­ceedeth immediately from a lightned bodie, as the beames of the sunne.

The second is an accidental light dispreading it selfe into the aire or medium, proceeding from the other.

Vnder this diuision are comprehended the other lights, as the light of glory is referred in the first. The light of all manner of reflexions to the second.

Shadowes are threefold: the first is a single shadow, and the least of all other, and is proper to the plaine Superficies, where it is not wholy possessed of the light; as for example.

I draw a foure square plate thus, that shadow, because there is no hollow, but all plaine (as neerest participating with the light) is most natural and agreeable to that bodie.

[Page]The scond is the double shadow,The double [...]. and it is vsed

when the Superficies begins once to forsake your eyes as you may per [...]iue best in a c [...]lumne as thus: where it being dark [...]ned double, it presenteth to your eye (as it were) the backside, leauing that vnshaddowed to the light. Your treble shadowe is made by crossing ouer your dou­ble shadow againe, which dar­keneth by a third part in this man­ner, as followeth.

It is vsed for the in most shadow and farthest from the light, as in gulfes, chinkes of the earth, wels, caues within houses (as when you imagine to looke in at a doore, or window) vnder the bel­lies and flankes of beastes to shew the thicknesse or darknesse of a mightie wood, that it may seeme nulli penetrabilis as [...]ro: consequently in all places where the light is beaten forth, as your reason will teach you.

CHAP. XI. Certaine Questions of the manifold deceptions of the sight by perspectiue.

ALL errors of the sight proceede from a three-fold cause, the fi [...]st exterior, or being as I may say in the false apprehen­sion of distance opposition, proportion or the like, the second from an inward cause, as the weaknesse of the eye it selfe, or the decaying of the Spirits, the third from the aff [...]ction of the eye from some outward humour of hurt, but we are onely to intreate of the [...]irst.

CHAP. XI. Of Lant-skip.

LAndtskip is a Dutch word, and it is as much as we should say in English land­ship, or expressing of the land by hilles, woods, Castles, Seas, vallies, ruines, hanging rockes, Cities, Townes, &c. as farre as may be shewed within our Horizon. If [Page 41] it be not drawne by it selfe or for the owne sake, but in respect, and for the sake of some thing else: it falleth out among those things which we call Parer­ga, which are additions or adiuncts rather of orna­ment, then otherwise necessarie.

CHAP. XIII. Of Draperie.

DRapery (so called of the French word Drap, which is cloth) principally consisteth in the true making and fol­ding your garment, giuing to euery fold his proper naturall doubling and shadow; which is a great skill, and scarce at­tained vnto by any of our countrey and ordinarie painters: insomuch that if I would make triall of a good workeman; I would finde him quickly by the folding of a garment, or the shadowing of a gowne, sheete, or such like.

What Method is to be obser­ued in draperyThe method now to be obserued in Draperie, is to draw first the outmost or extreme lines of your garment, as you will, full of narrow, and leaue wide and spare places, where you think you shall haue neede of foldes; draw your greater foldes alwaies first, not letting any line touch, or directly crosse another, for then shall you bring an irreco­uerable confusion into your worke: when you haue so done, breake your greater foldes vnto lesse, which shall be contained within them: I would giue you an example, but euery print will shew you the like; all your foldes consistes of two lines and no more, which you may turne with the garment at your pleasure: beginne your maine and greatest foldes, from the skirt vpward, and the closer the garments sit, the narrower you must make them: for the sha­dowing [Page 47] of euery seuerall fold, obserue the first rule I gaue you in the Chapter of shadowing, and spare not to shadow your foldes, (be they neuer so curi­ously contriued) if they fall inward from the light, with a double or treble shadow; as you shall s [...] oc­casion: for the shadow take his place in one and the same manner aswell in folding as without: some haue vsed to draw the bodie naked first, and af­ter to haue put on the apparrell, but I hold it as an idle conceit, and to small purpose. I would herein aboue all other haue you to imitate Albert Du [...]er, if you can get his peeces, if not Goltzius or some other.

CHAP. XIIII. Of Diapering.

DIapering is deriued (as I take it of the Greeke verbe [...] which is, traij [...]io or transeo, in English to pass [...] or cast ouer, and it is nothing else but a light tracing or running ouer with your pen (in Damaske branches, and such like) your o­ther worke when you haue quite done (I meane foldes, shadowing and all) it chiefely serueth to counterfeite cloth of Gold, Siluer, Damask brancht, Veluet, Chamlet, &c. with what branch, and in what fashion you list.

If you diaper vpon folds, let your worke be broken, and taken as it were by the halfe: for reason telleth you that your fold must couer somewhat vnseene, which being drawne forth at length and laid plaine, sheweth all faire and perfect: as Ouid saith of tapistry.

You must moreouer in diapering, let your worke fall out so, that there may be an affinitie, one part with the other, maintaining one branch or the same worke throughout, setting the fairest in the most e­minent place, and causing it to runne vpward: other­wise one might imagine some foolish Tailor had cut out his Ladies gowne the wrong way.

To make a chamlet, you shall draw but fiue lines waued ouerthwart, if your diapering consist of a double line; you may either shadow the ground, and leaue it white, or shadow your worke, and leaue the ground white: as you shall thinke good, in this kind your filling may be with small pricks of your pens end, which will shew faire.

CHAP. XV. Of Antique.

ANtique so called ab antes, which are but­teresses, whereon the building is staied, also the outmost ranges of vines, not ab antiquitate as some would haue it: the Italian calleth it L'antica, it hath the principall vse in forefronts of houses, in all maner of compartments, curious Architecture, Armour, Plate, Iewels, Co­lumnes, &c. though you shal seldome haue any great [Page 50] vse of it, yet I would haue you know what it is, and what to obserue in it: The forme of it is a generall, and (as I may say) an vnnaturall or vnorderly com­position for delight sake, of men, beasts, birds, fi [...]hes, [...]lowres,The forme of Anticke. &c. without (as we say) Rime or reason, for the greater variety you shew in your inuention, the more you please, but remembring to obserue a me­thode or continuation of one and the same thing throughout your whole worke without change or altering.

You may, if you list, draw naked boyes riding and playing with their paper-mils or bubble-shels vpon Goates, Eagles, Dolphins &c. the bones of a Rams head hung with strings of beads and Ribands, Sa­tyres, Tritons, Apes, Cornu-copia's, Dogs yoakt, &c. drawing Cowcumbers, Cherries, and any kind of wild traile or vinet after your owne inuention, with a thousand more such idle toyes, so that herein you cannot be too fantastical. The late Dutch peers in this kinde excell all others, and certainly I know not by what destinie the Germanes haue won [...]e vn­to them (aboue other nations) the glory of inuen­tion, generally in picture: for except it be a Dutch peece, you shall haue it either lame, ill cut, false sha­dowed or subiect to some such grosse error. Where­ [...]ore, not without reason, Bodine calleth the coun­try officinam hominum a shoppe of men, as from whence a man might be had for all turnes,Ge [...]m [...]nie a [...] of men. either Diuine, Phisitian, Souldier, Painter, &c. Though much I confesse may be imputed to the industrie of that Nation: (for none in the world are more pain­full then they) yet without question the people of [Page 51] themselues, as they are ingenious and capable of all other arts, so naturally they are inclined to this of Painting: Since the greatest persons among them as Duke [...], E [...]rle [...], and in a manner all the Gentle­men doe beare an inbr [...]d loue of drawing, and of themselues by their owne practise grow many times wonderfull expert herein: yet none at this day, who fauoureth a good picture, or any excellency in that kinde, more then Rodulph the Emperour now liuing.

CHAP. XVI. Of Drawing beasts, birds, flowers, &c.

YOV shall finde among beasts some more harder to be drawne then o­thers, for two respects, one is for a cleane making and shape, together with finenesse of the cote or skin: the other for their nimblenesse and much action, both which you may for example see to fall out in a horse, whose lineaments are both pas­sing curious, and coate so fine, that many sinewes, yea and the smallest veines must be showne in him, besides whose action is so diuers, that for hardnesse of draught I know not any one beast may be com­pared to the horse; for sometime you must draw him in his carreer with his manage, and turne, doing the Cor [...]etto, leaping [...] &c. which you shall not finde in the Elephant, Cow, Beare, or Hog, as being beasts heauie and sloathfull by nature: Moreouer wanting [Page 52] that finenesse of coate or hide, so that you shall es­cape a great trouble in shewing veines, knitting of ioynts, with the eminency almost of euery bone in them which you haue in a horse & greyhound. Now for the manner of drawing these or any other beast whatsoeuer; begin with your lead or coale (as be­fore I told you, and gaue you a generall rule) at the forehead, drawing downward the nose, mouth, vp­per and nether chap, ending your line at the throat, then searching it againe where you began, from the forehead ouer the head, eares, and necke: continu­ing it till you haue giuen the full compasse of the buttocke, but I will giue you an example.

I begin in this Lion my first stroke at A, bringing it downe to B, making the nose, mouth, and nether chap w^th one line, as you s [...]e there I rest: then fetch I that line forward behind by C. making the compasse o [...] his mane by prickes with my penne (because if I should make a line, I could not make it iagged) then bring I the backe downe to the taile or D, leauing a little space for it, I continue my line from thence to E, or the heele, where I rest: then beginne I againe at B, and making the breast with the eminency thereof I stay at F, bringing out his neere sore foote, which I finish: then beginne I at [Page 53] G, not stirring my hand till I come to the foote or paw at H, where I finish it quite at E, or the heele. I next draw from his belly two strokes at I and K: I make the other legge behinde, then the right fore foote issuing from the breast: then I finish the taile, pawes, tongue, teeth, beard, and last of all the sha­dowing: which methode you shall obserue in all beastes howsoeuer they stand.

CHAP. XVII. The most notable absurdities that our Painters ordina­rily commit.

THE first absurditie is of proportion naturall, commonly called lamenesse,Of lame­nesse. that is, when any part or member is disproportionable to the whole body, or [...]eemeth through the ignorance of the Painter, to bee wrested from his naturall place and motion: As in Peter-brough Minster, you may see Saint Peter painted, his head very neere, or alto­gether as bigge as his middle: and it is ordinary in countrey houses to see horsemen painted, and the rider a great deale bigger then his horse.

Of locall distance.The second is of Landtskip, or Locall distance, as I haue seene painted a Church, and some halfe a mile beyond it the [...]icaredge; yet the Vicars chimney strawne bigger thē the steeple by a third part, which being lesse o [...] it selfe, ought also to be much more abated by the distance.

Accidents of time. Iud. 7.The third absurditie is of accident of time, that is, when we fashion or attribute the proprieties of an­cient times to those of ours, or ours to theirs: As not long since I found painted in an Inne Bethulia besieged by Holophernes, where the painter, as if it had beene at Ostend, made his East and West batteries, [Page 59] with great ordinance and small shot playing from the wals, when you know that ordinance was not in­uented of two thousand yeares after.

The fourth is in expressing passion or the dispositi­on of the mind,In ex [...]essing th [...] passi [...]n or disposition of the mind, Q [...]ali [...] equos Th [...]issa [...]atiga [...] H [...]rpalice. as to draw Mars like a yong Hippoli­tus with an effeminate countenance, Venus like an A­mazon, or that same hotspurd H [...]rpalice in Virgil, AE [...]id. 1. this proceedeth of a sencelesse & ouercold a iudgement.

The fift is of Drapery or attire,Of drapery in not obs [...]ruing a decorum in garments proper to euery seuerall condi­tion and calling, as not giuing to a king his Robes of estate, with their proper furres and linings: To reli­gious persons an habite fitting with humilitie and contempt of the world; A notable example of this kind I found in a Gentlemans hall, which was King Salomon sitting in his throne with a deepe lac'd gen­tlewomans Ruffe, and a Rebato [...] about his necke, v­pon his head a black veluet cap with a white feather; the Queene of Sheba kneeling before him in a loose bodied gowne, and a French hood.

The sixt of shadowing,Of shadow­ing. as I haue seene painted the flame of a candle, and the light thereof on one side shadowed three parts, when there ought to haue beene none at all, because it is corpus luminosum, which may cause a shadow but take none.

The seuenth of motion as a certaine painter ab­surdly made trees bend with the wind one way, and the feathers of the Swanne, vpon which an Eagle was praying to flie an other Albert Durer was very curious in this kind, as in the hayre of S. Hieroms Lion, and S. Sebastians Dog.

CHAP. XVIII. Of the Sence of seeing, and of the Eye.

NOw before I come to entreate particu­larly of colours, it [...]hall not be amisse as well for methode as for pleasure, to speake somewhat of that sensitiue part of the soule which we call sight, with­out which it were in vaine for mee to discourse of co­lours, or you to read what I haue written concer­ning the same, therefore in briefe I will declare the worthinesse of this sence, and of the Eye the Organe or instrument thereof.

To begin with the definition, the Sence of seeing is a facultie of the sensible soule, whose Organe is the Eye, and obiect is whatsoeuer may be seene.

Now since the soule is farre more worth then the bodie, I must of necessitie first speake of this most ex­ [...]ellent sence before I come to the baser and corrup­tible instrument, or the obiect thereof.

It hath beene a great and ancient controuersie a­mongst the best Philosophers, I mean Plato, Aristotle the Stoicks, and Academicks, whether visus fieret, extra vel intra mittendo, that is, whether we receiue the obiect or that which we see into our eye, or whe­ther our eye by a secret facultie of the soule casts and sendeth forth certaine beames to apprehend that which we looke vpon, which question as it is hard to decide, so it is most pleasant and not beside our purpose to bee resolued in the same. Heare I pray [Page 65] you the varietie of opinions among excellent men.

Plato thought that the sight was caused by Emis­sion or casting forth beames against the obiect.In Tim [...].

The Mathematicians in Aristotles time agreeing also with Plato, The opinion of the old Ma­thematicians. affirmed visum fieri extrami [...]tendo, by sending forth from the eye: and all sight to stretch it selfe forth in the forme of a Pyramis, the Conus or point whereof was in the eye ball, and the Basis disper­sed vpon the obiect.

Empedocles (as also Plato) thought there was in the eye a certaine little fire not burning, but which yeelded as it were a light, the beames whereof, mee­ting with the beames of the ayre or medium, grew vnited, and more strong betweene both which beames the sight was effected.

Democritus said (the truest) that it proceeded of water, but he is taxed of Aristotle, because he though, visionem in rei spectabilis simulachro tantum con­sistere: Others thought that it cast forth a certaine animall spirit with the beame.

Others againe supposed that that s [...]e [...] stretching it selfe vnto the obiect, and beaten backe to be possessed of the same forme, and after­ward the soule as it were stirred vp to perceiue the formes of things by meanes of that secret facultie it sent forth.

Neither did the Platonicks and Stoicks want ar­guments of strength and probability as they thought to maintaine the same against Aristotle: I will pro­pound some, and after answere them letting or receiuing.

• [Page 62]1 First say they, if sight be caused by emission, then the neerer and closer the obiect is to the eye, the more perfectly it is perceiued, but this is false.
• 2 Secondly, if sight be caused by intromission or receiuing in the forme of that which is seene, con­trarie Species, or formes should be receiued confused­ly together, and at the same instant, as white and black, which thing how absurd it is, Aristotle shewes in his Metaphisickes and other places.
• 3 Thirdly, the eye is easily wearied with behol­ding, therefore something proceedeth forth from the same.
• 4 Fourthly, how can that Pyramis, whose point is in the superficies of the eye, be carried and drawne forth with a smaller sharpnesse.
• 5 Fiftly, we find by experience, that a menstruous woman infecteth with her sight a looking glasse, causing the same to become faint and dimme, there­fore of necessitie something must needes proceede out of her eyes. This Aristotle himselfe confesseth, Lib. de somnijs.
• 6 Sixtly, a Basiliske killeth with his sight.
• 7 Seuenthly and lastly: Cats, Wolues, Owles, and other creatures, see best in the night to runne and catch their prey, which they discerne most perfectly, they cannot see by intromission or receiuing inward the forme of their prey be it mouse, hare, or whatso­euer, because light (by meanes of which onely the obiect is receiued into the eye) is wanting, Ergo [...] their eyes send [...]orth the beames, and Aristotles opinion is vtterly false.

To the [...]irst argument I answere out of Plato, as also [Page 63] out of Aristotle, that to the affecting of the sight, there must be medium illustratum, a clee [...]e medium, that is, such a distāce that there may be light enough betweene the eye and the obiect, which there is not, if you lay your eye close to the same.

To the second I answere, that species or formes be not contrarie, for were that granted, the medium should haue in it infinite contrarieties from euerie part of the ayre compassing it about, and continu­ally multiplying the formes of things.

To the third, the sence of seeing is so farre forth weakened and made faint [...] as the eye, the Organe or Instrument therof becommeth vnable to endure be­holding, for the power of the sight suffereth not, nor groweth old, as were an old mans eyes young, his sight would not faile him.

To the fourth argument I answere, that distance being not perceiued by the eye, but by the common sence, the point of the Pyramis is not lesser to mine eye, by remouing or going backe, but alwaies one and the selfe same.

To the fift, it is not the sight of the woman that infecteth the glasse, but certaine grosse and putrefa­cted vapors, that issue from the eies, as we see in those that doe laborare opthalmia.

To the sixt, of the Basiliske, I answere the most haue held it fabulous, yet suppose it to be true, the best authors haue written that infection proceedeth from his breath not his eyes.

To the seuenth and last, it is replied, that cats and wolues retaine a certaine naturall light in N [...]ruo optico, which serueth them as a Medium to [...]is­cerne [Page 64] plainly any thing by night.

To conclude to these and all other obiections for emission of the sight, in briefe I answere with this dilemma vnanswerable.

If any thing be sent out from the eye it is either cor­poreal or incorporeal, if corporeal, it hath motū localē, or mouing in place and time, which motion seemeth to be swifter then the motiō of the heauen, for the eye in a minute can discerne from one part of the heauen to the other, which were repugnant to truth and all Philosophie. Say it were light and no corporall sub­stance, it followed, though that a sensitiue part of the soule went forth with the same, and that an acci­dent should become the subiect of the soule, no­thing can be granted more absurd. If incorpore­all, as Metaphysicall, it cannot mooue the sence: Now it remaineth, that according to Aristotle and the truth, wee decide this controuersie concerning the sight, wherein so many famous Philosophe [...]s haue beene blind.

CHAP. XIX. Co [...]our what it is, of the obiect of the sight, and the di­uision thereof.

COlour according to Scaliger is a qua­litie compounded of the element [...] and the light, so farre forth as it is the light Auerrois & Auenpa [...]e, said it was actus corporis terminati, others a bare super­ficies. Aristotle called it corp [...]ris extremitatem, the ex­tremitie or ou [...]most of a bodie. The obiect of the sight is any thing whatsoeuer may be visible, Plato deuideth visible thinges into three heades, which

• are Equall.
• are Greater.
• are Lesse.

Equall are all transparent things, which let the sight through, and are not properly said to be seene as the ayre, water, yce, cristall, and the like.

Greater, which he calleth [...] which spread or scatter the sight by that meanes, hurting the same as all white things.

The lesse [...], which gather the sight toge­ther, and which are improper, or rather no obiectes at all, as all blacknesse.

CHAP. XX. Of the choyce of your grinding stone, Mullar, Pen­c [...]ls, making your gummes, gylding, &c.

HAuing hitherto as plainely as I could, giuen you those directions, I haue thought most necessarie for drawing with the pen: I will shew you next the right mingling and ordering of your colours, that after you can draw indifferent [Page 69] well (for before I would not haue you know what colours meaneth) you may with more delight appar­rell your wo [...]k with the liuely and naturall beautie: and first of the choice of your grinding stone and pencils.

I like best the porphytie, white or greene Marble, with a muller or vpper stone of the same,The choice of your grinding stone and mullar. cut verie euen without flawes or holes: you may buy them in London, of those that make toombes, they will last you your life time, wearing very little or nothing: some vse glasse, but many times they gather vp their colours on the ground: others slates, but they with wearing (though neuer so hard at the first) will kill all colours: you may also make you a mullar of a flat pibble, by grinding it smooth at a grindstone, if you doe it handsomely, it is as good as the best [...] your great muscle shelles commonly called horse muscles are the best for keeping colours, you may gather them in Iuly about riuers sides, the next to [...]hese are the small muscle shelles washt and kept ve­ry cleane.

Chuse your pencels by their fastnesse in the quils, and their sharpe points, after you haue drawne and whetted them in your mouth; you shal buy them one after another for eight or tenne pence a dozen at the Apothecaries.

CHAP. XXI. Of the seuerall Gummes that are vsed in grinding of water colours.

CHAP. XXII. Of gylding or the ordering of gold and siluer in water colours.

YOV may gyld onely with gumme water, as I will shew you, make your water good and stiffe, and lay it on with your pencel, where you would gyld, then take a cushion that hath smooth leather, and turne the bot­tome vpward, vpon th [...]t cut your gold with a sharpe knife; in what quantitie you will, and to take it vp, draw the edge of your knife finely vpon your tongue that it may be onely wet: with which doe but touch the very edge of your gold, it will come vp, and you may lay it as you list: but before you lay it on, let your gumme be almost drie, otherwise it wil drowne your gold: and being laid, presse it downe hard with the skut of an haire, afterward burnish it with a dogs tooth.

[Page 73]I call burnisht gold, that manner of gylding which we ordinarily see in old parchment & Masse bookes (done by Monkes and Priests who were very expert herein, as also in laying of colours, that in bookes of an hundred or two hundred yeares old you may see the colours as beautiful and as fresh as if they were done but yesterday.) A very faire manuscript of this kind Sir Robert Cotton my worshipfull friend had of me, which was King Edward the fourthes, compiled by Anthony Earle Riuers, and as Master Cambden told me, it was the first booke that euer was printed in England: it lieth commonly embos [...]ed that you may feele it, by reason of the thicknesse of the ground or size, which size is made in this man­ner.

Take three parts of Bole Armoniacke, and foure of fine chalke, grinde them together as small as you can with cleane water, three or foure times, & euery time let it drie, and see it be cleane without grauel or girt, and then let it be throughly drie, then take the glaire of egges and straine it as short as water; grind then your bole, and chalke therewith, and in the grinding put to a little gumme Haederae, and a little eare waxe, to the quantie of a fitch, and fiue or sixe shiues of saffron, which grinde together as small as you can possible, and then put it into an oxe horne, and couered close, let it rot in hot horse dung, or in the earth, for the space of fiue or sixe weekes, then take it vp and lay it in the ayre, (for it will haue an ill sauour) and vse it at your pleasure.

CHAP. XXIII. The Etymologie and true mixture of colours. Of Blacke.

BLacke is so called from the Saxon word black, in French No [...]r, in Italian Nero, in Spanish Negro, from the La­tine Niger, and from the Greeke, [...] which signifieth Dead because all dead and corrupted things are properly of this colour, the reasō why they are so, Aristotle plainly sheweth where he saith: [...], which is, blacknesse doth accompany the elements, confounded or commixed one with ano­ther, as for example of aire & water mixed together, and consumed with fire is made a black colour, as we may see in charcoales, oyle, pitch, linkes, and such like fattie substances, the smoke whereof is most blacke, as also in stones and timber, that haue laine long vnder water, which when the water is dried vp, they lie o­pen to the sunne and aire, & become presently of the same colour: these be the blacks which you most commonly vse in painting, this colour is simple of it selfe.

• Harts horne burned.
• Ordinarie lampe blacke [...]
• Date stones burned.
• Iuory burned.
• Manchet or white bread burned.
• The blacke of walnut shels.

CHAP. XXIIII. O [...] composed colours, Scarlet colour.

IN French coleur d' [...]scarlite, Italicè, co­lor Scarlatino [...] porposi [...]o, H [...]sp. color de grana, Belg [...]è Kermesin of Scharlacken root, T [...]utonice Rosinfa [...]b, Carmasinsarb Latine Coccineus color, Graec. [...] [Page 89] of [...] the seed of Kernel of a Pomgra [...]e, with which in times past they did vse to [...] colour: Aristophanes saith, [...] for to picke out the graines of kernels of a Po [...]gra [...]ate. The Arabians call this colour Che [...]meb, from whence commeth our Crimson, as Scaliger saith, two parts of verme [...]ion, and one of lake make a perfect Scarlet.

CHAP. XXV. How to prepare your tablet for a picture in small.

TAke of the fairest and smothest past­boord you can get, which with a sleeke stone rubbe as smooth, and as euen as you can, that done, take the [...]ine skin of an Abortiue, which you may buy in Pater no [...]ter row, and other places, (it being the [...]inest parchment that is) and with starch thinne laid on, and the skinne well stretched and smoth pressed within some booke or the like, prepare your ground or tablet, then ac­cording to the general complexion of the face you are to draw, lay on a weake colour, that done, trace out the [...]ies, nose, mouth, and eare, with lake or red [Page 95] Lead, and if the complexion be swarthy, adde either of sea coale, lampe blacke to deepen and shadow it, when you haue thus done, lay it by for a day, or till it be well drie, then by little and little, worke it with a curious hand with the liuely colour, till you haue brought it to perf [...]ction: but I will lay before you the practise of a rare Article in stead of many, that you may imagine you saw it done before you.

CHAP. XXV. The practise of that famous Li [...]mer Hippolito Do­nato y [...]t liuing in Rome, in a small picture of Christ.

FIrst hee tooke a Card or smooth peece o [...] past boo [...]d, which after he had well rubbed with a Sleeke stone, hee with starch finely layed on, pasted an abor­ti [...]e skinne vpon the same, which when it was through drie, smoothed, pressed and prepared hee did draw the forme of the face with lines of lake then on the complexion, which he composed accor­ding to the life of white and redde lead, adding ther­to as occasion serued, a little Lake, Vermilion, &c. Then hee came ouer the face with a little red Leade an [...] Lake. Th [...]t done and dry he mixed for the sha­dow vnder the eies, eie-browes and face redde leade lake like a little [...]oote with a smal quantity of Lamp blacke. For the haire he laid on first yealow oker ve­ry thinne and after deepened with [...]oot a little lamp blacke a [...]d his owne.

[Page 94]For the lips vsed a little vermillion with lake for the shadow and the mouth stroke.

For the hands hee vsed redde leade and lake with which he mingled a little lampe blacke and soote.

For the Drape [...]y which hee termed Per panneare, he laied on first lake very thinne, which beeing drie, hee deepened it with the same, which also he obser­ued in [...]is blew. Although most co [...]monly it is deep [...]ed with Indice or Turnsoile.

CHAP. XXVI. The manner of Annealing and Painting vpon glasse.

THere be sixe principall colours in glasse, which are Or, or yealow Argent, or white, Sables, Azure, Gules, and Ver [...], blacke, blew, red, and greene.

CHAP. I.

Teaching how, according to truth to pur­tract and expresse, Eternitie, Hope, Victorie, Pietie, Prouid [...]nce, Ve [...]e, Time, Peace, Concord, Fame, Common Safetie, Clemen [...]ie, Fat [...], &c. as they haue beene by Antiquitie described either in Comes, Statues, or other the like Publike Monuments.

CHAP. II. The manner o [...] expressing and figuring [...]louds, Riuers, all so [...]ts of Nymphes: The M [...]s, Pl [...]nts, [...]indes, Faun [...]s, and Satyres, the Sea [...]ons and M [...]nth [...]s of the yeare, &c.

CHAP. III. The N [...]mp [...]es i [...] gen [...]r [...]ll.

THis word N [...]mphe in Greeke [...] pro­perly signifieth a bride hauing the et [...] ­mon from [...] and [...], because she appeareth to the world, as it were a fresh & new creature, hēce those virgin goddesses of the woods, & waters had the name of Nymphes, or as some will from water, Nympha quasi lympha by changing L. into N. after the dorick dialect which may very well be, since by this word Nymphe is meant nothing else but by allegory the veget [...]tiue humour or mo [...]ture that quickneth and giueth life to trees, plants, h [...]rbs and flowers, whereby they grow and increase, wherefore they are samed to bee the daughters of the Ocean, the mothers of flouds, the nurses of B [...]cchus, goddesses of Fields, who haue the protection and charge of Mountaines, feeding of heards, woods, medowes, trees, and in generall the whole life of man.

CHAP. IIII. The Ocean [...]

HE is represented like a surley old fel­low with a thicke beard, long and vn­kembed lockes, quite naked, saue gyrt ab [...]ut the middle with a Seales skinn [...] or ships [...]aile laying his legge ouer a Dolphins backe, in his hand the sterne of a ship, An­ker, Oare, or the like.

He is painted old, because he is of equall age with our common mother the earth, of fearefull and fower aspect, by reason of his often commotion and raging, he hath his name from [...], which is swift, and suddenly violent.

CHAP. V. The Nine Muses.

THe Muses in auncient time were repr [...] ­sented by nine faire, young, and grati­ous Virgins, they had the name of Mu­ses, as Eusebius saith [...] which is to instruct, because they instruct & teach the most honest and commendable disciplines and Orpheus in his himnes declareth how they first taught religion and ciuility amongst men.

CHAP. VI. Pan and the Satires.

THis word Pan in Greeke signifieth All, or the V [...]iuersall, and indeede he is no­thing else but an Allegoricall fiction of the World, hee is painted with a Goates face, red blowen cheekes, vpon his head two hornes standing vpright, about his shoulders a panthers skinne, in one hand a crooked sheepehooke, in the other a pipe of seauen reedes, compact with waxe together: from the middle downewards hee beareth the shape of a Goate, in this manner hee is expressed by Boccace and Silius I­talicus.

His hornes signifie the sunne and Moone.

His redde and fiery face the Element of burning fire.

His long bearde noteth the aire and fire, the two Masculine Elements, exercising their operation vp­on Nature being the Feminine.

His Panthers skinne represents the eight sphere or starry firmament, being the highest sensible Orbe couering the earth.

The rodde shewes the soueraignty of Nature, gui­ding and destining each creature to his proper office and end: his pipe, how that hee was the first i [...]uentor of Country Musicke according to Virgill, P [...]n primu [...] calamos, &c.

His nether parts of a Goate declare the inequality of the earth beeing rough and [...]hagged as it were [Page 131] with trees plant [...] hills, &c.

The Satyres haue their names from [...], and as Pliny testifieth were found in times past in the Easterne mountaines of India Lib. 7. cap. 2.

S. Hierom in the life of S. Anthony reporteth, [...]hat he saw one of these in his time: vid [...] homunculum (inquit) aduncis [...]aribus, et fronte cornibus aspera cui extrem [...] corporis in caprarum pelles desinebant &c. but the truth hereof I will not rashly impugne, or ouerboldly af­firme.

CHAP. VII. The tw [...]lue moneths of the [...]eare.