[Rudimenta grammatices]

[Rudimenta grammatices]

Table of contents

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VERBE.

¶The indicatiue mode.

¶The imperatiue mode.

¶ The optatiue mode.

¶ The optatiue mode.

¶The infinitiue mode.

¶The indicatiue mode.

¶The imperatiue mode.

¶The optatiue mode.

¶In the subiunctiue mode.

¶ In the infinitiue mode.

¶In the indicatiue mode.

¶In the imperatiue mode.

¶In the optatiue mode.

¶In the subiunctiue mode.

¶In the infinitiue mode.

¶In the secunde coniugation.

¶The indicati•e mode.

¶In the imperatiue mode.

¶In the optatiue mode.

¶ In the subiunctiue mode.

¶In the infinitiue mode.

¶I• •he ••dicatiue mode.

¶In the imperatiue mode.

¶ In the optatiue mode.

¶In the subiunctiue mode.

¶In the infi•••iue mode.

¶The thyrde coniugation.

¶In the indi••tiue mode.

¶In the impe•a•i•• 〈◊〉.

¶In the •ptatiue mode.

¶In the subiunctyue mode.

¶In the infinitiue mode.

In 〈◊〉

¶I• the ind•••iue mode.

¶In the imperariue mode.

¶In the optatiue mode.

¶In the subiunctiue mode.

¶In the infinitiue mode.

¶The fourth coniugation.

¶In the indicatiue mode.

¶In the imperatiue mode.

¶In the optatiue mode.

¶In the subiunctyue mode.

¶In the infinityue mode.

In o•.

¶In the indycatyue mode.

¶In the imperariue mode.

¶In the optatiue mode.

¶In the subiunctiue mode.

¶In the infinitiue mode.

¶Declynation of anomal verbes.

Eo.

¶In the indicatiue mode.

¶In the imperatyue mode.

¶In the optatiue mode.

¶In the subiunctyue mode.

¶In the infinitiue mode.

Volo.

¶In the indicatiue mode.

¶The imperatyue mode lacketh. ¶In the optatiue mode.

¶In the subiunctyue mode.

¶In the infinitiue mode.

N•lo•.

¶In the indicative mode.

§

¶In the imperatiue mode.

¶In the optatiue mode.

¶In the subiunctiue mode.

¶In the infinitiue mode.

Edo.

¶In the indicatyue mode.

¶In the imperatyue mode.

¶In the optatyue mode.

¶In the subiuncttiue mode.

¶In the infinityue mode.

Fio.

¶In the indicatiue mode.

¶In the imperatiue mode.

¶In the optaryue mode.

¶In the subiunctyue mode.

¶In the infinityue mode.

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INTERIECTION.

CONIVNCTIONS.

A NOVNE.

Gendres.

Cases.

Otherwyse.

Nombre.

Pronowne.

Otherwyse.

Persons.

Gendres.

Verbe.

Modes.

Tense••

Participle.

Preposition.

Aduerb••

Interiection.

Coniunction.

AD SERENISSI MAM MARIAM CORNVBIAE VVALLIAEQVE PRINCIPEM GVILIELMI LILII EPIGRAMMA.

GENERALLY OF CONSTRVCTION.

Of intransi•iue constr•ction. The first intransitiue•

The secunde intransitiue.

The thyrde intransitiue.

Appositiue construction.

Generall before transityue construction.

Nownes construed with a genytyue.

Nownes construed with the datyue.

Nownes construed with an accusatyue.

Nownes construed with the ablatyue.

The construction of verbes actiues.

Construction of verbes passyues.

Construction of verbes comune.

Construction of verbes neutres.

Construction of verbes deponentes.

Verbes actiues construed with .ij. cases. of dyuers thynges.

with an accus. and a genitiue or an ablatiue.

with an accusatiue and a datiue.

with .ij. accusatiues.

with an accusatiue and an ablatiue.

with an accusatiue, datiue, or ablatyue.

Generall cōstruction to all verbes.

Instrument.

Price.

Tyme.

Generall construction of all modes gerundyues, and participles.

Construction of participles.

The ablatiue case of consequens.

Of the actiue gerundiues in di.

Of the gerundyues passyues.

Construction of prepositions.

Construction of aduerbes.

¶Construction of coniunctions.

SVPPLEMENTA.

Apposition.

Of the superlatiue.

Of a genityue for a datiue and contrary wyse.

Of the comparatyue.

Construction of mei, tui, sui, nostri, and vestri: pronownes.

Of sui and suus.

Of the infinitiue mode.

Verbes lyke impersonals.

Verbes absolutes.

Impersonals with a datiue.

Sum with a genitiue.

Verbes with an ablatiue.

Of adiectiues of price.

Propre names of townes.

Personals somtyme impersonals.

O• chaūgyng gerūdiues of verbes actiues into pa•ticiples passyues.

¶Agayn by the future signification of the participle, thus.

Construction of certayn prepositions. Vs que.

Tenus versus.

Construction of certayn interiections.

Of copulatyues ioynyng diuers cases.

FIgures o• constructions be Eclypsis, zeugma syllepsis, prolepsis, and Enallage.

Eclypsis.

Zeugma.

Syllepsis.

Example of gendres.

Examples of persons.

Prolepsis.

Enallage.

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singuler, [...]s, the [...], the [...], t [...]e [...]ecu. [...]um, the uo. lacketh, the a [...] eo. The [...] [...]l ij, the ge [...] [...]orum, the dat. eis or ijs, the accu [...] eos [...] the uo. lacketh, the ab. eis or ijs.

In the feminine gēdre, the no. singul [...], ea, the ge. eius, the dat. [...] the ac. eam, the uoca. lacketh, the abl. ea. The no. plurel eae, the ge. ea [...]um [...] the dat. ei [...] o [...] ijs, the ac. eas, the uo. lacketh, the a [...]. ei [...] or ijs.

In the neuter gendre, the no. singul [...] [...]d, the gen. eius, the dat. ei, the ac. id, the uo. lac [...]eth, the abl. eo. The no. plurel ea, the ge. eorū, the da. eis or ijs, the ac. ea, the uo. lacketh, the ab.eis o [...] [...]js.

Lyke wyse, In the masculyne gendre, t [...]e no. singuler, ipse, the gen. ipsiu [...], the dat. ipsi, the ac. ipsum [...] the uoc. lacketh, the ab. ipso. The no. plurel ipsi, the gen. ipsorum, the dat. ipsis, the ac. ipsos, the uoca. lacketh, the ab. ipsis.

In the femynyne gendre, the no. singuler, ipsa, the ge. ipsius, the da. ipsi, the ac. ipsa, the [...] l [...]keth, the ab. ipsa. The no. plurel ipsa, the ge. ips [...] [...]m, the da. ipsis, the ac. ipsas, the uo. lacketh, the ab ipsis.

In the neuter gēder, the uo. singuler ipsum [...] the ge. ipsius, the da. ipsi, the ac. ipsum [...] [...] lacketh, the ab. ipso. The no. plurel ipsa, the ge [...] ips [...]r [...]m, the da. ipsis, the ac. ipsa, the uo. lack [...]h, [...] ab. ipsis.

And lyke these be .ij [...] nown [...]s declyned, idem, [...]n [...] qui thus. In the masculy [...]e gēd [...], the no. sing [...] idem, the ge. eiusdem, the dat. [...], the ac. eund [...] ̄, the uo. lacketh, the abl. [...]odem. Th [...] [...] plurel [...] the ge. eorundem, the dat. eisdem, th [...] [...]c. eosdē, [...] uo. lacketh, ab. eisdem.

In the femynyne gendr [...], the no [...] sin [...]ler, eadem, the gen. eiusdem, the da. eidem [...] the [...]c. e [...]ndem, [...]he uo. lacketh [...] the abl. eadem. The no. plure [...] [...] the gen. earundem, the da [...] eisdem, the ac. [...] th [...] uo. lacketh, the ab. eisdem.

[Page]In the neuter gendre, the no. singuler, idem, the gen. eiusdem, the dat. eidem, the ac. idem, the uoc. lacketh, the abl. eodem. The no. plurel eadem, the ge. eorundem, the dat. eisdem, the accu. eadem, the uoca. lacketh, the ab. eisdem.

In the masculyne gendre, the no. singuler, qui, the gen. cuius, the dat. cui, the ac. quem, the uoca. lacketh, the ab. quo. The no. plurel qui, the ge. quorū, the da. quibus, the ac. quos, the uo. lacketh, the ab. quibus.

In the femine gendre, the no. singuler, quae, the g [...] cuius, the da. cui, the ac. quam, the uo. lacketh, th [...] ab. qua. the no. plurel quae, the ge. quarum, the dat. quibus, the ac. quas, the uo. lacketh, the ab. quibu [...].

In the neuter gēdre, the no. singuler, quod, the ge. cuius, the da. cui, the ac. quod, the uo. lacketh, the ab. quo. the no. plurel quae, the ge. quorum, the dat. quibus, the ac. quae, the uo. lacketh, the ab. quibus. And deriuatiues be declyned thus. In the masculin gendre, the no. singuler, meus, the ge. mei, the dat. meo, the ac. meum, the uo. mi, the abl. meo. The no. plu [...]. mei, the ge. meorū, the da. meis, the ac. meos, the uo. mei, the ab. meis.

In the feminyne gendre, the no. singuler, mea, the ge. mee, the da. meae, the ac. meam, the uoc. mea, the ab. mea. the no. plurel meae, the ge. mearum, the dat. meis, the ac. meas, the vo. meae, the ab. meis.

In the neuter gendre, the no. singuler, meū, the ge. mei, the da. meo. the ac. meum, the uo. meū, the ab. meo. the no. plurel mea, the ge. meorū, the da. meis, the ac. mea, the uo. mea, the ab. meis. Lyke wyse tuus tui, tua tue, tuum tui. Suus sui, sua suae, suum sui. Noster nostri, nostra nostrae, nostrum nostri. Vester uestri, uestra uestrae, uestrum uestri. And two deriuatyues be declyned thus.

[Page]In the masculyne and feminyne gēdre, Nostras nostratis nostrati nostratem, Vestras uestratis uestrati uestratem, lyke nownes of the thyrde declynation, with cuias cuiatis cuiati also.

VERBE.

THe uerbe is declyned with modes, tenses, persons, and nombres.

Modes be .v. the indicatyue, the imperatyue, the optatyue, the subiunctyue, the infinityue.

Tenses also be .v. the present, the preterimperfit, the preterperfit, the preterpluperfit, and the futur. Persons be thre: the fyrst, as amo, the secunde, as amas, the thyrde, as amat.

Nombres be .ij. the singuler, as amo, the plurel, as amamus.

Of uerbes there be .iij. maner, some in o, some in or, and one called the verbe of substaūce, sum. Verbes in o, be beclyned thus.

¶The indicatiue mode.

The present singuler, Amo amas amat, Plurel, amamus amatis amant.

the p̄ter imperf. singuler, amabam amabas amabat, plurel, amabamus amabatis amabant.

The preterperf. sing. amaui amauisti amauit, plurel, amauimu [...] uistis uerunt or ere.

the preterplu. sing. amaueram ueras uerat, plurel, amaue [...]mu [...] ueratis uerant.

the futur singuler, am [...]bo amabis amabit. plurel, amabim [...] amabitis amabunt.

¶The imperatiue mode.

The present. and p̄terimꝑ. singuler, ama or amato, amet or amato. Plurel, amomus, amate or amatote, a [...]nt or amento.

[Page]T [...]e pr [...]rperfect and preterpluperfect, lacke in all uerbes of latyn, but we supply them with like tenses of the subiūctiue mode, of the whiche mode also be these .iij. amet amemus ament.

The future lacketh in al uerbes.

¶ The optatiue mode.

The present singuler, amem ames amet, Plurel, amemus ametis ament.

The preter imperf. singuler, utiuam amarem res ret Plurel, utinam amaremus retis rent.

The preterperf. singuler, utinam amauerim ris [...]it, Plurel, utinam amauerimus ritis rint.

Th [...] preterpluperf. sing. utinā amauissem isse [...] isset, Plurel, utinam amauissemus setis sent.

¶ The optatiue mode.

The present singuler, cum amem ames amet, Plurel, cum amemus ametis ament.

The preter imperf. singuler, cum amarem res ret, Plurel, cum amaremus retis rent.

The preterpersit singuler, cum amauerim ris rit, Plurel, cum amauerimus ritis rint.

The preterplu. singuler, cum amauissem sses sset, Plurel, cum amauissemus setis sent.

The future singuler, cum amauero ueris uerit, Plurel, cum amauerimus uer [...]tis uerint.

¶The infinitiue mode.

The present and preterimperfecte amare.

The preterperfecte and preterpluperfecte amauisse.

The futur lacketh in all uerbes both actiue and passiue, but we take for it in the actiue the participle in [...]us, and esse: as amaturus or amaturum esse, as the circumstaunce requireth.

Gerund [...]ues, amandi amando amandum. Supines, amatum amatu.

Participles of the present, in al gendres, amans, Of the future, amaturus.

[Page]Here, or we declyne the uerbe in or, for supplyeng of many tenses lackyng in all suche uerbes, we must lerne to declyne the uerbe sum, in this wyse.

¶The indicatiue mode.

The present singuler, sum es est, Plurel, sumus estis sunt.

The preter imperfect singuler, eram eras erat. Plurel, eramus eratis erant.

The preterperfect singuler, fui fuisti fuit, Plurel, fuimus fuistis fuerunt or fuete.

The preterplu [...] singuler, fueram ras rat, Plurel, fueramus ratis rant.

The futur singuler, ero eris erit, Plurel, erimus eritis erunt.

¶The imperatiue mode.

The present singuler, sis es or esto, sit or esto, Plurel, simus este or estote, sint o [...] sunto.

¶The optatiue mode.

The present singuler, utinam sim sis s [...], Plurel, utinam simus sitis sint.

the preterimperf. singuler, utinam essenresses es [...]et, Plurel, utinam essemus setis sent.

the preter perf. singuler, utinam fuerim ris rit, Plurel, utinam fuerimus ritis rint.

the p̄terplu. singuler, utinā fuissem fuisse [...] fuisset, Plurel, utinam fuissemus setis sent.

¶In the subiunctiue mode.

The present singuler, cum sim sis sit, Plurel, cum simus sitis sint.

The preterimperf. singuler, cum essem esses esset, Plurel, cum essemus setis sent.

The preter per. singuler, cum fuerim fueris fuerit, Plurel, cum fuerimus ritis rint.

The preterplu. singuler, cum fuissem isses isset, Plurel, cum fuissemus issetis isse [...]t.

[Page]The future singuler, cum fuero fueri [...] fuerit, plurel, cum fuerimus ritis rint.

¶ In the infinitiue mode.

The present, esse. the preterperf. & pluperf. suisse. the future, futurum esse.

The participle of the present is nat vsed, Of the future, futurus.

The uerbe in or is declyned thus.

¶In the indicatiue mode.

The present sing. Amor amaris or amare amatur, Plurel, amamur amamini amantur.

The preter imperf. sing. amabar baris or bare batur Plurel, amabamur bamini bantur.

The preterperf. singuler, amatus sum or fui amatus es or fuisti, amatus est or fuit. Plurel, amati sumus or fuimus, amati estis or fuistis, amati sunt fuerunt or fuere.

The preterplu. sin. amatus eram or fueram, amatus eras or fueras, amatus erat or fuerat. Plurel, amati eramus or fueramus, amati eratis or fueratis, amati erant or fuerant.

The futur singuler, amabor beris or bere bitur, Plurel, amabimur bimini buntur.

¶In the imperatiue mode.

The pres. and imꝑ. amare or amator / ametur orator Plu. amemur amini or aminor, mētur or ātor.

¶In the optatiue mode.

The present singuler, utinam amer eris or ere etur, Plurel, utinam amemur emini entur.

the preterimp. sin. utinā amerer reris or rere retur, Plurel, utinam amaremur remini rentur.

the preter perf. sing. utinam amatus sim or fuerim amatus sis or fueris, amatus sit or fuerit, Plurel, utinā amati simus or fuerimus, amati [...]itis or fueritis, amati sint or fuerint.

the p̄terplu. singuler, utinā amatus essem or fuissem [Page] amatus esses or fuisses, amatꝰ esset or fuisset, Plurel, utinam amati essemus or fuissemus, amati essetis or fuissetis, amati essēt or fuissēt.

¶In the subiunctiue mode.

The present singuler, cum amer eris or ere etur, Plurel, cum amemur amemini amentur.

The preterimp. sin. cum amerer reris or rere retur, Plurel, cum amaremur remini amarentur.

The preterper. sing. cum amatus sim or fuerim amatus sis or fueris, amatus sit or fuerit, Plurel, cum amati simus or fuerimus, amati sitis or fueritis, amati sint or fuerint.

The preterplu. singuler, cū amatus essem or fuissem amatus esses or fuisses, amatꝰ esset or fuisset, Plurel, cum amati essemus or fuissemus, amati essetis or fuissetis, amati essent or fuissent.

The futur. sin. cum amatus fuero, atus ris, atus rit, plur. cum amati fuerimus, ati ritis, ati rint.

¶In the infinitiue mode.

The pres. and p̄terimperf. amari, the preterperfit, and pluperfite, amatum or amatus esse, after the circumstaunce. And for the future amandum or amandus esse.

Gerundiues, amandi amando amandum. The supine, amatu.

Participle of the preter tense, amatus, Of the future, amandus.

And al, that be declyned after one of these, be they called of the first coniugation.

¶In the secunde coniugation.

Other whyle verbes be declyned thus.

¶The indicati [...]e mode.

The present singuler, Doc [...] doces docet, Plurel, docemu [...] docetis docent.

The preter imperf. singuler, docebam doceb [...] bat, Plurel, docebamu [...] docebatis doceban [...].

[Page]The preterper. sing. docui docuisti docuit, plurel, docuimus docuistis docuerunt or ere.

the preterplu. sing. docueram docueras docuerat. plurel, docueramus docueratis docuerant.

the futur̄ singuler, docebo docebis docebit. plurel, docebimus docebitis docebunt.

¶In the imperatiue mode.

the pres. and imꝑ. sin. doce or doceto, doceat or ceto plu. doceamꝰ docete or tote: doceāt or docēto

¶In the optatiue mode.

The present sing. utinam doceam doceas doceat, plurel, utinam doceamus ceatis doceant.

the preter imper. sing. utinā docerem ceres ceret, plurel, utinam doceremus doceretis rent.

the preterperf. sing. utinam docuerim cueris cuerit, plurel, utinam docuerimus ritis rint.

the preterplu. sing. utinam docuissem isses isset, plurel, utinam docuissemus setis sent.

¶ In the subiunctiue mode.

The present sing. cum doceam doceas doceat, plurel, cum doceamus atis ant.

the preterimperf. sing. cū docerem doceres doceret. plurel, cum doceremus retis rent.

the preterperf. sing. cum docuerim docueris rit, plurel, cum docuerimus eritis erint.

the preterplu. sing. cum docuissem isses isset. plurel, cum docuissemus issetis issent.

the futur singuler, cum docuero docueris rit. plurel, cum docuerimus eritis erint.

¶In the infinitiue mode.

The p̄sent and impf. docere, the preterperf. and pluperfect, docuisse, the futur docturum esse.

Gerundiues, docendi docendo docendum. Supines, doctum doctu.

Participle of the present tens, docens. Of the future, docturus.

[Page] [...] or.

¶I [...] [...]he [...]dicatiue mode.

The present sing [...] [...] do [...]i [...] or docere docetur plurel, doce [...] [...]ocemini docentur.

the preter imper. sing. docebar baris or bare batur, plurel, docebamur bamini bantur.

the preterperf. sing. doctus sum or fui, doctus es or fuisti, ductus est or fuit, plurel, docti sumus or fuimus, docti estis or fuistis, docti sunt fuerunt or fuere.

The preterplu. sing. doctus eram o [...] fueram, doctus eras or fueras, doctus erat or fuerat, plurel, docti eramus or fueramus, docti eratis or fueratis, docti erant or fuerant.

the futur singuler, docebor beris or bere bitur. plurel, docebimur bimini buntur.

¶In the imperatiue mode.

The ps. & imꝑ docere or docetor, doceatur or cetor plu. doceamur, mini or minor, ceātur or cētor

¶ In the optatiue mode.

The present sing. utinam doceat aris or are atur, Plurel, utinam doceamur amini antur.

The p̄ter imp. sing. utinā docerer reris or rere retur Plurel, utinam doceremur remini rentur.

The preterperf. sing. utinā doctus si [...] or fuerim doctus sis or fueris, doctus sit or fuerit, Plurel, utinam docti simus or fuerimus, docti sitis or fueritis, docti sint or fuerint.

the preterplu. sing. utinam doctus essem or fuissem, doctus esses or fuisses, doctus esset or fuisset, [...] plurel, docti essemus or fuissemus, docti essetis or fuiss [...]ia, docti essent or fuissent.

¶In the subiunctiue mode.

The present sing. [...]um doceat aris or are doceatur, plur. cu [...] d [...]ceamur amini antur.

the preter impe [...]. sing. [...] doce [...] reris or rere retur, [Page] Plurel, cum doce [...]

The preterper [...] sis or fue [...]is, doctu [...] [...] Plurel, cum docti [...] rimu [...], docti sitis or fue [...]itis, docti [...]

Th [...] p [...]eterpl [...]. [...]nguler, cū doctus essem or fuissem, doctus esses or fuisses, doctus esset or fuisse [...], Plurel, cum docti essemus or fuissemus, docti essetis or fu [...]ssetis, docti essent or fui [...]ent.

The [...]utur. sin. cum doctus fucro, ctus ris, cru [...] [...] plur. cum docti fue [...]imu [...], cti r [...]tis, cti [...]int.

¶In the infi [...]iue mode.

The pres. and imp. doceri [...]preterper. and plupe [...]se [...] doctum or doctus [...]ss [...] nel fuisse. The futur. docendum or docendu [...]effe.

G [...]rundy ues, docendi docen [...]o docendum. The supy ne, do [...]u.

Pa [...]ticiples, of the pre [...]e [...] tense, doctus, Of the futur, docendu [...].

And al they, that be deciy [...] [...]aite [...] any of these, be they called of the secunde co [...]ugation.

¶The thyrde coniugation.

¶In the indi [...]tiue mode.

The present singuler, Lego legis legit, Plurel, legimus leg [...] legunt.

The preter import. singul [...], legebam legebas bat, Plurel, legebam [...] legebati [...] legeban [...].

The preterperf. sing. legi legisti legit, plurel, legimus leg [...]is leger [...]nt or gete.

the preterplu. sing. leger [...] leger [...] leg [...]tat, plurel, legoramu [...] [...]

the futur singuler, lega [...] leg [...] lege [...]. plutel, legemu [...] legetis [...]

¶In the impe [...]a [...]i [...] [...].

[Page]The present and i [...] lege or legito, lega [...] or legito. plu. legamꝰ, l [...]gite or gitote, legāt or legūto.

¶In the [...]ptatiue mode.

The present singuler, utinam legam legas legat, Plurel, utinam legamus legatis legant.

the preterimp. sing. utinā legerem legeres legeret, Plurel, utinam legeremus retis rent.

the preter pers. sing. utinam legerim legeris legerit, Plurel, utinā legerimus legeritis legerint,

the p̄terplu. singuler, utinam legissem gisses gisset, Plurel, utinam legissemus gissetis gissent.

¶In the subiunctyue mode.

The present singuler, cum legam legas legat. Plurel, cum legamus legatis legant.

The preterimp. sin. cum legerem lege [...]s legeret, Plurel. cum legeremus legeretis legerent.

the preterꝑ. sing. cum legerim legeris legerit, plurel, cum legerim [...]s legeritis legerint.

the preterplu. sing. cum le [...]issem legisses legisset, plut el, cum legiss [...]mus legissetis legissent.

The future singuler, [...]m legero legeris legerit, plurel, cum legerimus legeritis legerint.

¶In the infinitiue mode.

The present and imp. legere. the preter perfect and pluper. legisse. the future, l [...]t [...]rum e [...]se.

Gerundiues, legendi legendo legendum. Supynes [...] le [...]tum lectu.

P [...]ticiples, of the p [...]se [...]t tense legen [...], Of the f [...]ture, [...]

In [...]

¶I [...] the ind [...]iue mode.

The present sing [...] [...] or [...]ri [...] or ge [...]e legi [...], Plurel, le [...]imu [...] l [...]i [...]i legu [...]t [...].

The preter imp [...] batur Plurel, [...] le [...]ebantur.

[Page]The preterperf. sing. lectus sum or fui, lectus e [...] or fuisti, lectus est or fuit. plurel, lecti sumus or [...]uimus, lecti estis or fuistis, lecti sunt fuerunt or fuere.

[...]he preterplu. sing. lectus eram or fueram, lectus eras or fueras, lectus erat or fuerat, plurel, lecti eramus or fueramus, lecti erati [...] or fueratis, lecti erant or fuerant.

[...]he futur sing. legat legeris or legere legetur plurel, legemur legemini legentur.

¶In the imperariue mode.

The pref. and imp. legere or gitor, legatur or gito [...], pl. legamur, gimini or gimior, gātur or gūtor.

¶In the optatiue mode.

The present sin. utinam legar legaris or are legatur plurel, utinam legamur gamini legantur.

the preter imp. sin. utinā legerer reris or rere retur. plurel, utinam legeremur remini rentur.

the preterper. sing. utinam lectus sim or fuerim, lectus sis or fueris, lectus sit or fuerit, plurel, lecti simus [...]r fuerimus, lecti fitis or fueritis, lecti sint or fuerint.

[...]he pr [...]terplu. sing. utinam lectus essem or fuissem, lectus esses or fuisses, lectus esset or fuisset, plur. utinam lecti essemus or fuissemus, lecti essetis or fuissetis, lecti essen or fuissent.

¶In the subiunctiue mode.

The present. sing. cum lega [...] garis or gare legatur, plurel, cum legamur gamini gantur.

the preter imp. sing. cū legerer reris or rere retur, plu. cum legeremur remini rentur.

the preterper. sin. cum lectus sim or fuerim, lectus sis or fueris, lectus sit or fuerit. plu. cum lecti simus or fuerimus, lecti sitis or fueritis, lecti sint or fuerint.

the preter plu. sing. cum lectus essem or fuissem, lectus [Page] esses or fuisses, lectus esset or fu [...]sset, plur. cum lecti essemus or fuissemus, lecti essetis or fuissetis, lecti essent or fuissent.

The futur sing. cum lectus fuero, ctus ris, ctus rit plu. cum lecti fuerimus, cti ritis, cti rint.

¶In the infinitiue mode.

The pres. and imꝑ. legi, the preterper. or pluperfect lectum or lectus esse uel fuisse. The futur, legendum or legendus esse.

Gerundiues, Legendi legendo legendum. The supy ne lectu.

Participles, of the preter tense, lectus, Of the future, legendus.

And all, that be declyned after one of these, be they called of the thyrde coniugation.

¶The fourth coniugation.

Other wyse verbes be declyned thus.

¶In the indicatiue mode.

The present sing. Audio audis audit, plurel, audimus auditis audiunt.

the preterimp. sing. audiebam audiebas audiebat, plurel, audiebamus audiebatis audiebant.

the preterpers. sing. aud [...]ui audiuisti audiuit, plur. audiuimus uistis nerunt or uere.

the preterplu. sing. audiueram ueras uerat, plurel, audiuer amus ratis rant.

the futur sing. audiam audies audiet, plurel, audiemus audieris audient.

¶In the imperatiue mode.

The pres. and imp. sing. audi or ito, audiat or dito, plur. audi [...]mus, dite or tote, a [...]di [...]t or iunto.

¶In the optatiue mode.

The pres. sin [...] [...] audiam adias audiat, plurel, [...]tinam [...]diamus audiatis audiant.

[Page]The preter imꝑ. sing. vtinam audirem audites [...]et, plurel, utinam audiremus retis rent.

the p̄terper. sing. utinā audiuerim audiueris uerit, plurel, utinam audiuerimus ritis rint.

the preterplu. sing. utinam audiuissem isses isset. plurel, utinam audiuissemus setis sent.

¶In the subiunctyue mode.

The pres. sing. Cum audiam audias audiat, plurel, cum audiamus audiatis audiant.

the preterimp. sing cum audirem audires audiret, plurel, cum audiremus audiretis audirent.

[...]he preterpet. sing. cum audiuerim audiuetis [...]it, plurel, cum audiuaerimus audiueritis [...]int.

the preterplu. sing. cum audiuissem uisses uisset. plurel, cum audiuissemus uissetis uissent.

the futur sing. cum audiuero audiueris rit / plurel, cum audiuerimus ueritis uerint.

¶In the infinityue mode.

The pres. and imp. audire. the preterper. and pluꝑs. audiuisse. the future, auditurum esse.

Gerundyues, audiendi audiendo audiendum. Supynes, auditum auditu.

Participles, of the present tense, audiens, Of the future, auditurus.

In o [...].

¶In the indycatyue mode.

The pres. sing. Audior audiris or dire auditur [...] Plurel, audimur audimini audruntur.

The preterimp. sing. audiebar baris or ba [...] batu [...], Plurel, audiebamu [...] bamim bantur.

The preterperf. sing. auditus sum or [...] audi [...] es or fuisti, auditu [...] est or, fuit [...] plurel, auditi su [...] or fui [...] diti estis or fuistis, auditi su [...]

The preterplu. sing. audit [...] [...] [Page] eras or fueras, auditus erat or [...]uerat, plurel, auditi eramus or [...]ueramꝰ, audi [...]i eratis or fueratis, auditi eran [...] or fuerant.

the futur sing. audiar andieris or ere etur, plurel, audiemur emini entur.

¶In the imperariue mode.

The pres. and imꝑ [...]audire or itor, audiatur or ito [...], pl. audiamur, dimini or not, diatur or [...]ntor.

¶In the optatiue mode.

The p [...]esent sin. utinam audiat audiaris or are atur plurel, utinam audramur amini antur.

the pre [...]er imꝑ. sin utinā audirer [...]eris or rere retur. plurel, utinam audiremut remini rentur.

the preterper. sin. utinam auditus sim or fuerim, auditus sis or fueris, auditus sit or fuerit, plurel, auditi simus or fuerimus, auditi sitis or [...]ueritis, auditi [...]int or su [...]rint.

the pret [...]rplu. sin. utinam auditus essem or fuissem, auditus esses or fuisses, auditꝰ esset or fuisset, plur. utinam auditi essemus or fuissemus, auditi essetis or fuissetis, auditi essen. or iuillēt.

¶In the subiunctiue mode.

The present. sing. cum audia [...] aris or are audiatur, plurel, cum audiamu [...] amini antur.

the preter imp. sing cū audirer reris or rere retur, plu. cum audiremur remini tentur.

the preterꝑf. sin. cum auditus sim or fuer [...]m, auditu [...] sis or fueris, audi [...]us sit or [...]uerit. plu. cum audi [...] [...] or [...]uerimus, auditi siti [...] or fueritis, auditi fin [...] or faerin [...].

the preter plu. [...]ng. cu auditus essem or fuissem, audi [...]us e [...]es o [...] fuisses, auditu [...] esset or fuisset, plur. cum [...] e [...]emus or [...]uissemus, auditi esse [...] or [...] e [...]sent or fuissent.

[...]

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¶In the infinitiue mode.

Th [...] [...]es. and impers. audiri. preterper. & p [...]per. auditum or auditus esse, uel fuisse.

[...]rundiues, audiendi audiendo audiendum. The supine, auditu.

[...]ar [...]iciples, of the preter tense, auditus, [...]f [...]he [...]utu [...]e tense, auditurus.

And al, that be declyned after one of these, be they [...]alled of the fourth coniugation.

¶Declynation of anomal verbes.

THere be some verbes, that kepe nat the reule o [...] these .iiij. cōiugations in all tenses, as these that folowe, with other.

Eo.

¶In the indicatiue mode.

The present sing. Eo is it. plur. imus iti [...] eunt.

The imper. Ibam bas bat, ibamus batis bant.

The perf. sing. Iui uisti uit, iuimus iftis uerūt or e [...].

The pluꝑ. Iueram ras rat, ramus ratis rant.

The futur. Ibo bis bit, bimus bitis bunt.

¶In the imperatyue mode.

The present and imperf. I or ito, eat or ito, eamu [...] i [...]e or ito [...]e, eant or eunto.

¶In the optatiue mode.

The present. utinam eam as at, amus atis ant.

The imper. utinā irem res ret, remus retis rent.

The perf. utinam iuerim ris rit, rimus riti [...] rint.

The pluper. utinā iuissem sos set, semus setis sent.

¶In the subiunctyue mode.

The present, cum eam [...] as at, amus atis ant.

The imper. cum irem res ret, remus [...]etis rent.

The perf. cum iuerim ris [...], rimus ritis rint.

The pluper. cum iuissem sos set, semus setis se [...].

The futur. cum iuero ris [...]it, rim [...] ritis rint.

[Page]

¶In the infinitiue mode.

The pres. Ire. p̄ter iuisse, or isse. fut. iturum esse.

The gerund. Eundi eundo eundum. Sup. itum itu. Partic. present, Iens. Futur̄, iturus. And queo lyke wyse.

Volo.

¶In the indicatiue mode.

The pres. Volo uis uult, uolumus uultis uolunt.

The imper. volebam bas bat, bamus batis bant.

The perf. uolui isti it, luimus istis erunt or ere.

The pluꝑ. uolueram ras rat, ramus ratis rant.

The futur̄. volam les let, lemus letis lent.

¶The imperatyue mode lacketh. ¶In the optatiue mode.

The present. utinam velim lis lit, limus litis lint.

The imper. utinā vellem les let, lemus letis lent.

The perf. utinam voluerim ris rit, rimus ritis rint.

The pluꝑ. utinā voluissem. ses set, semus setis sent.

¶In the subiunctyue mode.

The present, cum velim lis lit, limus litis lint.

The imper. oum vellem les let, lemus letis lent.

The perf. cum voluerim ris rit, rimus ritis rint.

The pluper. cum voluissem ses set, semus setis sent.

The futur̄. cum voluero ris rit, rimus ritis rint.

¶In the infinitiue mode.

The pres. Velle. preter, voluisse. futur̄ lacketh. Partic. of the present tense, volens.

N [...]lo [...].

¶In the indicative mode.

The p̄s. Nolo no [...], nolumꝰ nōuultis nolūt

the imp. Nolebam bas bat, bamus batis bant.

the perf. Nolui isti no [...] istis erunt or ere.

the plu. Nol [...] ratis rant.

the futur̄. nolam les let, lemus letis lent.

§

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[...]

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[Page]The perf. latus sum or sui, latus es or fuisti la [...] [...]

the plu. latus erā or fuerā, latus eras or fueras. &c.

the [...]ut. ferar reris or rere retur, remur remini rētur.

¶In the imperatiue mode.

the ps. and imꝑ. ferre or fertor, feratur or fertor, feramur, [...]e rimini or riminor, ferātur or rūtor.

¶In the optatiue mode.

The ps. vtinā ferar raris or re, ramur mini rantur.

the imp. vtinā ferrer ferreris or rere ferretur. &c.

the per. utinā latꝰ sim or suerim latꝰ sis or fueris. &c [...]

the plu. vtinā latus essem or fuissem, latus esses. &c.

¶In the subiunctiue mode.

The pres. cum ferar raris or rare ratur, ramini. &c.

the imp. cum ferrer reris or rere retur, remini. &c.

the per [...]. cū latus sim or fuerim, latꝰ sis or fueris. &c.

the plu. cū latus essem or fuissem, latus esses. &c.

the fut. cum latus fuero, latus fueris, latus. &c.

¶In the infinitiue mode.

The ps. ferri. p̄ter ꝑ. latum esse or fuisse. fut. ferendū esse. Gerundiues, ferendi do dum. the sup. latū. Partic. of the p̄ter latꝰ, of the fut. fer [...]dus.

Edo.

¶In the indicatyue mode.

The pres. Edo es est, edimus estis edunt.

the imper. edebam bas bat, bamus batis bant.

the perf. edi edisti edit, edimus distis derūt or dere.

the plu. ederam ras rat, ramus ratis rant.

the fut. edam des det [...] demus detis dent.

¶In the imperatyue mode.

The pres. and imp. ede or edito, edat or edito. plur. edamus, edite, este or estote, edant or edūto.

¶In the optatyue mode.

The pres. vtinā edam das dat, da mus datis dant.

[...]he imp. utinā ederem or essem, ederes or esses. &c.

the perf. vtinā ederim ris rit, rimus ritis rint.

[Page]The plu. vtinā edissem ses set, semus setis sent.

¶In the subiuncttiue mode.

The pres. cum edam das dat, edamus edatis edant.

the imp. cum ederem or essem, ederes or esse [...]. &c.

the perf. cum ederim ris rit, rimus ritis rint.

the plu. cum edissem ses set, semus setis sent.

the fut. cum edero ederis rit, rimus ritis rint.

¶In the infinityue mode.

pres. esse. preter edisse. futur. esurum esse.

Gerundiues, edendi do dum. Supines, esum.

Partic. present edens. futur, esurus.

Fio.

¶In the indicatiue mode.

The present. Fio fis fit, fimus fi [...] is fiunt.

the imper. fiebam bas bat, bamus baris bant.

the perf. factus sum or fui, factus es or fuisti, &c.

the plu. factus erā or fuerā, factus eras or fueras, &c.

the futur̄, fiam fies fiet, fiemus fietis fient.

¶In the imperatiue mode.

The ps. and imꝑ. fito, fiat or fito, plurel, fiamus, fite or fitote, fiant or fiunto.

¶In the optaryue mode.

The pres. vtinam fiam fias fiat, fiamus fiatis fiant.

the imꝑ. vtinam fierem res ret, remus retis rent.

the perf. vtinam factus fim or fuerim, factus sis, &c.

the plu. vtinam factus essem or suissem, factus, &c.

¶In the subiunctyue mode.

The pres. cum fiam as at, amus at is an [...].

the imꝑ. cum fierem res ret, remus retis rent.

the ꝑf. cū factus sim or fuerim, factus sis or fueris, &c.

the plu. cum factus essem or [...]uissim, factus esses, &c.

the fut. cum factus fuero, factus fueris, &c.

¶In the infinityue mode.

Fieri, preter, factum esse or fuisse. fut. faciendū esse.

Gerundiues, faciendi do dum. Supy ne, factu.

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§

§

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[...]

[Page]Of a thynge nat finyssed, as pene fere.

Of shewyng, as en [...]cce.

Of [...]outyng, as forsan forsitan fortassis fortasse.

Of chaunce, as forte fortuito.

Of lykenesse, as sic sicut sicuti quasi ceu tan (quam) ueluti uelut.

INTERIECTION.

INteriections, Some be of sorowe, as hei, heu, [...], ah, ueh. Some of ioy, as euax. Som of feare, as atat. Some of admiration, as pape. Some of ex [...]lamation, as proh Iuppiter, o tempora, o mores.

CONIVNCTIONS.

OF coniūctions, some be copulatyues, as et, (que) at (que), ac, quo (que), etiam, nec, ne (que). Some discretyues, as sed, quidem, autem, uero, at, ast.

Some disiunctiues, as aut, ue, uel, siue, seu.

Some of assygnynge of cause, as nam, nam (que), eni [...], etenim, quia.

Some called subcontinuatyues, as quoniam, post (quam), quando quando quidem.

Some called perfectyues, as ut & quo, and one that may be called definityue, as quod.

Some continuatyues, as si, sin, ni, nisi.

Some dubitatyues, as ne, an, utrum, necne.

Some called illatyues, as ergo, ideo, igitur, qua [...]e, quamobrem.

Some aduersatyues, as etsi, (quam) (quam), (quam)quis, licet.

And redditiues to the same, as tamen, attamen.

Some electyues, as quam.

Some diminutyues, as saltem.

A NOVNE.

A Nowne is: that betoketh a thyng without any difference of tyme, and is declyned with ca [...].

A nowne propre is, that signifieth a thyng [...] [Page] comune, but propre to a singuler thynge in [...] kynde, as Maro, Roma, Tyberis.

A nowne appellatyue is, that betokeneth a thynge comune to many thynges, as homo a m [...], anim [...]la beast, albedo why [...]enesse.

And sometyme an infinityue mode is taken for an nowne appellatiue, as studere in this sentence: studere est honestū. and sometyme a hole reason, as ur discas in this sentence expedit ut discas.

A nowne adiectiue is, that betokeneth a thyng comune to many, and dete [...]myneth propres and app [...]llatiues: and is of .iij. [...] ̄dres comunly, other in .iij. terminatiōs, as alb [...] ba bū, or in one, as ue [...]ox. and may nat stāde in a sentēce alone, but euer must haue a propre o [...] appellatiue expressed or vnderstāde, except it be put in the neute [...] gendre.

A nowne interrogatiue is, that betokeneth axynge of a thynge, and it is of .ij. kyndes, [...]or other it axeth of a propre or a appellatiue / and than is it called of substaūce, as quis uter: orels of an adiectiue: and thā is it called of accidēce: as qualis what maner, quāt [...] how moche or how great, culu [...] [...]a [...]um whose, cuias of what coūtrey, quotus whiche in ordre, or how many in ordre, or what, of thyng is answerd to, by nownes of ordre: as primus secundus. also quot how many. and the sayd nownes somtyme betoken none axyng, but other they come after suche verbes scio, uideo, intelligo: as scio qualis sis, and than they be called infinitis: orelles they remytte vs to an other thyng knowen, and than they be relatiues: as Hermolaus erat doctus, qualis etiam Politianus erat.

A nowne reddityue is, that answereth to interrogatyues, whan they be taken as [...]elatiues, as these talis tantus tot. Example. Talls erat Politianus, qualis Hermolaus. And these be taken somtyme demō stratyuely: as whan we [...] a man and say, Talis [Page] erat Theodorus.

A nowne partitiue is tha [...] that betok [...]neth [...] many by one, as uter [...] [...]nusquis (que) [...] orelles one, [...] many, as alter alius.

An adiectiue is called a nowne [...] or [...] comparison be made of hym.

The cōparatiue nowne is that, that betokeneth [...] cesse of some qualite in respecte of one or many: and [...]s expoūde by this aduerbe magis in laten as [...] rior illo or illis, wyser or mo [...]e wyse than he or th [...]y [...]or magis prudens.

The suplatiue nowne is that, that betokeneth [...]esse of quali [...]e in respect of many, and is expoūd by [...]his aduerbe maxime in latē, as doctissimus omniū wysist or most wyse of al, for maxime doctus.

A nowne possessiue is tha [...], that betokeneth a thyn [...] [...]s of the hauer, or to whom is parteynynge or l [...] gyng to, as paternus [...] tensi [...] herili [...].

A nowne material is that, that signifieth a thyng, [...] of the mater that i [...] is made of, [...]s lapideus, test [...] us, triticeus. Such [...] nownes as signifi [...] a thyng by his towne or cite be called in laten nomina patri [...] as Eboracensis, Romanus. And suche as signifie [...] [...]hyng, as by his nation, be called nownes gentil [...] as graecus, Italus, Hispanus, Anglus.

A nowne numeral is that, that signifieth nombre, as vnus, duo, [...]res, and suche be called cardynalles or [...]s primus, secūdus, tertius. and suche be called ordinalles, or as singuli, bini, terui, and such [...] be called distributiues.

A nowne collectiue is that, that in the-voyce of the singuler nombre signifieth many, as populus, gen [...] [...].

Gendres.

The masculyne gendre is that, that longeth to ma [...] les onely in suche thynges that hath both male and [Page] female, as vir, Theodor [...] poe [...]. And in suche thynges as haue no distinction of male [...] [...] [...] pis, niger, qui.

The [...] that, tha [...] [...] [...]o semalles onely in suche [...]hynges that [...] and female, as Cornelia [...] tex [...]ix. [...] haue nor male nor [...], the femyny [...] gend [...]e i [...] that is wont in spekynge to be ioyned with the femynine, as pe [...]ra, [...]gra, que.

The neutre gendre is that, that i [...] [...]ther prop [...]e to male nor female. and in the [...] of spe [...]yng i [...] wont [...]o be [...] [...]ith [...]ordes [...]hat be nother masculyne nor femi [...]e, as [...] mentum. And these nownes that [...] [...]alis and femalis be both masculyn and [...]myne, and called the comune of two, [...]s b [...]s, sus, except a few that be called epicenis, as passe [...], aquila, mu [...]e la, mi [...]us, whiche al in one gendre signifie both kyndes. As cōtrarywyse some be called the doubtfull gendre for by cause they signifie one thynge, somtyme in the masculyne somtyme in the feminine, aft [...]r the pleasure of auctours, as marge, di [...]s, [...], [...]ilex, and al nownes, that may agree with all gendres, b [...] called the comune of .iij. as [...]e [...]ox.

Cases.

The noia [...]iue case i [...] that, [...]h [...]t [...] [...] thynge as it is onely and nat in [...] othe [...] [...] and this case is called in [...] Al othe [...] [...]e called o [...]liques

Otherwyse.

The nomina [...]y [...]e is that [...] cometh before the verbe of ce [...]eyne per [...]ne [...] and answereth to this question who or what, set before the verbe, or if it come nat befo [...] [...] verbe, hangeth to suche a nomin [...]ty [...].

[Page]The genitiue gen [...]ly betokeneth a thy [...]ge [...] the hauer. and therfore it may o [...] [...]yme be turned into the possessiue. and his sig [...] in engli [...]se, namely [...]te [...] appellatiues and propr [...], is this worde of. The da [...]ue is that, that betokeneth a thyng, as to the whiche is a auaūtage, hurt, plearure, sendyng, lykenes, or euēnes, and his engli [...]she, after nownes adiectiues and appellatiues, is this worde to: as I am profitable, vnprofitable, like, or euen to the. sum utilis, mutilis, similis, or equalis tibi. The accusatiue is, that comunly receyueth the dede of a uerbe actiue, and that cometh after some of the prepositiōs, that be construed with the accusatiue. The uocatiue signifieth a thyng called or spoken to, as Tityre. and o [...]tyme is ioyned with aduerbes of ca [...]lyng, as heu [...] Angele, o Hermolae, and euer standeth absolute frō any uerbe. The ablatiue is, that betoketh tyme, price, or instrument, and hath these signes in englisshe, for, fro, with, than, and by.

Nombre.

The singuler nombre signifieth one thyng, as homo a man. The plurel signifieth many, as homines m [...] And suche nownes, gens, populus, whiche be called collectiues, in theyr singuler, haue strength of the plurel nombre. And lyke wyse .ij. or mo propres o [...] apellatyues, or pronownes primitiues ioyned with a [...]oniunction copulatyue, as Petrus et Paulus gr [...] ̄ maticus et [...]hetor, ego et tu.

Pronowne.

A Pronowne is a parte of spechae declyned with case, whiche signifieth a thynge without any, difference of tyme, and euer with a certayn [...] difference of person.

Otherwyse.

which signifieth a thyng, as shewed rehersed or had with some difference of persone, and therfore some [Page] be called relatiues, some demon [...]atiues, and some possessiues. A pronowne demonstratiue is that, that sheweth a thynge, as ego, tu, hic, ille.

A relatiue is that that maketh report agayne or rehersal of a thyng spoken of in the reason before, as Virgilius legitur, et hic est precipue audiendus.

A possessiue signifieth a thynge as had, somtyme of one, as meus tuus, and somtyme of mo than one, as noster uester. A pronowne of coūtrey is that, that signifieth coūtrey with difference of ꝑson, as nostras.

Persons.

The first ꝑson of pronownes is that, that signifieth a thyng as the speker, as ego. And the wordes of the [...]y [...]st person be en englisshe, I, me, vs, and we.

The secunde person signifieth a thyng as spoken to, as thou. and therfore euery uocatiue case is the secūde person, as Petre. and the wordes of the secūde person in englisshe be, thou, the, you, and ye.

The thyrde person is that, that betokeneth a thyng as spoken of, and vnder this be conteyned all nownes, pa [...]ticiples, and pronownes saue two primitiues, ego and tu, and uocatyues, as it is sayd before.

Gendres.

The masculī of pronownes is that, that sheweth or reporteth a thynge that is of male kynde, or that is wont in laten tong to be ioyned with wordes of the masculyne gendre. The femynyne sheweth or reporteth a thynge that is of female kynde, or that is wont in laten tong to be ioyned with wordes of the femyne. The neutre sheweth or reporteth a thyng that is nother male nor female, nor wont to be ioyned with wordes of the masculyne or femynyne.

Verbe.

A Verbe is a part or speche decly [...]ed with mode and tense, and betoketh to be, to do, or to suffre, with some differēce of tyme, as sum, eram, [Page] amo bā, amor bar. There is one verbe of [...], whiche is Sū es sui. Of other verbes, at that [...] sufficient sentēce by them selfe, without any [...] after them receyuyng their dede, be called absolutꝭ as sto, iaceo, ambulo. Al other may be called transitiues. Of the whiche some be actiues, some passiues, some [...]men, some neutre, some deponentes.

An actiue is that, that endeth in o, and may comely both [...] englissh and in latē be chaūged into a passiue the sentēce nat chaūged, as amo te, tu amatis a me. A passiue is that endeth in [...], and may both ī englissh and in laten be chaūged into an actiue, the sentence nat chaūged, as Tu amaris a me, ego amo te.

A verbe comen is that, that endeth in or, and hath the signification both of the actiue and passyue, a [...] largior, experior.

A verbe neutre is, that endeth in o, and may chaūge nor englysshe nor laten as an actiue, as eo, palleo. A verbe deponent is that, that endeth in or, and hath the signification other of a verbe actiue, as sequor, or of a neutre as glorior.

Modes.

Modis be .vi. the indicatiue, the impatiue, the optatiue, the potētial, the subiūctiue, and the infinitiue. The indicatiue signifieth a dede as tolde, as amo I loue, somtyme as asked, as amo ego? loue I?

The imperatyue betokeneth a thynge as boden or commaunded, as ama, loue thou.

The optatiue signifieth a dede as wysshed, somtyme with an aduerbe of wysshynge, and somtyme without, as vtinam amer, god graunt I be loued.

The potētiall mode signifieth a thyng as mayeng or owyng to be done. And his signes ī englisshe be these may, myght, wolde, or shulde, and it hath .v. tenses in euery verbe of lyke voyce to the subiūctiue mode [...] as Amem I maye loue, amarem [...] myght, wolde, or [Page] shulde loue, amauerim I may [...] I myght had loued, a mauero I shall [...]. And this mode also may be taken in a sky [...], as Amem ne ego inimicum.

The subiuntiue mo [...]e signifieth lyke the indicatiue mode, but it cōeth neuer without a [...] [...] verbe before hym, set out or v [...]derstāde, a [...] [...]. The infinitiue signifieth doyng, beyng, [...] su [...]ery [...]g without nombre and ꝑson, and is oft tyme knowen by this signe to, as amare to lo [...]

Tense [...]

The present tense signifieth a dede, that i [...] nowe in doynge, as I loue, amo [...]

The impersect betokeneth a dede past, but nat finisshed, as I loued, amabam.

The preterperfect, ten [...] si [...]nifieth a doyng past, and perfectly finysshed, and his signe in englysshe is thi [...] worde haue, as I haue loued, amaui.

The preterpluꝑfet betokeneth a doyng further past. and his signe in englisshe is this word had, as I had loued, amaueram.

The futur tēse betokeneth a doyng as to come, and his signes in englisshe be these wordes shall or wyl, as I shal or wyll loue, amabo.

Participle.

¶A participle is a part of speche declined with case whiche signifieth a dede with some difference of tyme, and is in the a [...]tiue vo [...]ce other [...]resent or futur as a mans a maturus. and in the passiue voyce of th [...] preter and futur, as amatus, amandus.

Preposition.

¶A preposition is a part of speche vndeclyned, whiche signifieth circumstaunce o [...] ha [...]our of a thynge in place, ordre or cause, as in, post, propter.

Aduerb [...]

An aduerbe is a ꝑte vndeclined that determineth or [Page] lymytteth the signification of the uerbe, as adie [...]iues do of propres or appellatiues, as bene faci [...], [...] le facis, clare legis, non legis.

Interiection.

An interiectiō is a part vndeclined, the whiche vnder a rude and vnparfet voyce betokeneth some passion of the mynde, as sorowe, drede, indignation, or maruelynge.

Coniunction.

A coniunction is a part vndeclined, that knytteth and ordreth sentences to gyther.

Declin. & Definit. finis. Sequitur de Cōstruct. & Supplimen. In aedibus Pynson. cum priuilegio.

AD SERENISSI MAM MARIAM CORNVBIAE VVALLIAEQVE PRINCIPEM GVILIELMI LILII EPIGRAMMA.

INclyta progenies Anglae spes unica gentis,

Virgo qua nulla est indole fertilior:

Si uis te lingua Maria exornare Latina,

Aut si Castalio texere serta choro:

Haec, ut Erythraeo natas in littore gemmas,

Haec, ut Pestanas accipelaeta rosas.

Hae [...], licet exiguum, Linacer tamen utile munus,

Dedicat eloquij prima elementa tibi.

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GENERALLY OF CONSTRVCTION.

FOr the due ioynyng of wordes in construction it is to be vnderstāde, that a verbe of certayne ꝑson and nombre, muste euer haue a nominatyue case ioyned with hym, set out or vnderstande. as Ego audio.

¶Also euery adiectiue, kepynge his strength, muste haue a propre or appellatiue, or somwhat standyng for them, ioyned with hym. as Magnus Alexander, gratus discipulus, velle tuum.

¶Also the relatiue qui must euer haue ioyned with hym, other openly or in vnderstandynge, somthyng of the sentence goynge before, whiche is called the antecedent. as Maro legitur [...] qui imitatꝰ est Homerum. where, with qui, is vnderstande Maro.

¶Also whan soeuer .ij. verbes come together in one sentence, hauynge no nominatiue case betwene expressed nor vnderstande, the latte [...] shalbe the infinityue mode. as Cupio discere.

¶Also a preposition, kepynge his owne strengthe, may nat stande withoute a casuall worde, in suche case as he is cōstrued with. as Ad templum ab vrbe.

Of intransi [...]iue constr [...]ction. The first intransitiue [...]

PRaeceptor docet. why is docet the singuler nombre, and the thyrde ꝑson [...] For the verbe of certayne nombre and person, muste euer agre with his nominatyue case, [...] Nombre and person. as Ego scribo. Tu legis.

¶Howe knowest thou the nominatiue longyng [...] to [Page] the uerbe? By this englisshe who or what, set before [...]he [...]erb [...], [...]or the worde that answereth it, is the nominatyue case. As in this reason. I rede. The nominatiue case is I, bicause it answereth to that question who or what redeth.

The secunde intransitiue.

GRatus discipulus laudat praeceptorem. why is gratus the nominatyue case, the masculyn gē dre and the singuler nōbre? For the nowne adiectiue must agree with his propre or appellatiue in iij. case, gendre, and nombre. As uir bonus, mulier [...]roba.

¶And all nownes interrogatyues, relatyues of accidence, with theyr reddytiues. Also partitiues, cō paratiues, superlatiues, numerals, and pronownes bo [...]h demonstratiues and possessyues. Also participles haue lyke cōstruction, with theyr propre or appellatyue, as nowne adiectiues haue. as quanta turba. tāta moles. Neutra acies. Melior fortuna. Maximus latro. Tres fratres. Hic uir. Illa anus. Noster [...]erus. Homo armatus.

¶Howe knowest thou the propre or appellatyue longynge to the adiectiue? By this question who o [...] what, set after the adiectiue. as in this construction. A swyfte horse. A swyfte what? A swyfte horse.

The thyrde intransitiue.

VIr sapit, qui pauca loquitur. why is qui the nominatiue case, the masculyn gendre, and the synguler nōbre? For this relatyue qui, and generally all nownes and pronownes relatyues, must [Page] agree with theyr propre, or appellatyue, or pronowne primityue, whyche they reherse of the reason goyng before, in .iij. case, gendre, and nombre. as vir sapit, qui pauca loquitur. Ego scribo, et idē doceo. Est homo studiosus, qualis es tu. where, with qui, is vnderstande uir: with idem, ego: with qualis, homo.

¶what is the worde here, that the relatyue qui reherseth of the reason goynge before? This appellatyue vir. why vnderstandest thou this appellatiue vir, after the relatyue in the nominatyue case? For so my rule byddeth me. Say thy rule.

¶If there come no nominatyue case bitwene the relatyue and the verbe, than shal the worde, that the relatyue reherseth, be the nomynatyue case to the verbe.

¶If there come any nominatyue case bitwene the relatyue and the verbe, than shall the worde, that the relatyue reherseth, be suche case, as the verbe wyll haue after hym. as Audio fabulam, quam Terētius dedit. Orels suche case, as some worde, that cometh with the verbe wyl haue after hym, whiche worde is somtyme a nowne appellatyue. As Cuius numen adoro.

Somtyme an adiectyue, and that dyuers wayes. as Cuius inopem fouisti.

Quorum optimum ipse habeo.

Cui similem non uidi.

Quo dignum iudicaui.

Quo maiorem non uidi.

Somtyme an infinityue mode, participle, gerūdiue, or supyne. As Quem cupio uidere.

[Page]Cui [...]elim te obsequentem.

Quem uidendo obstupuit.

[...] salutatum uenit.

[...]tyme a preposicion or an aduerbe. as [...] videor amari.

[...] melius nemo scribit.

[...]her wyse. The relatyue qui agreeth with hys [...]cedent in .iij. gendre, nombre, and person. And [...] case. I [...] there come no noīatyue case bitwene [...] [...]elatyue and his verbe, than s [...]all the relatyue [...] [...]he nominatyue case to the verbe.

[...] there come any noīatiue case bitwene the rela [...] and the uerbe, than the relatiue must be suche, [...] as the uerbe wyll haue after hym, orels suche [...] as some worde that cometh with the uerbe wyl [...] after hym. As the ensamples before sheweth.

[...]owe knowest thou the worde lōgyng to the re [...]yue? By this question who or what, set after the [...]latyue, as in this reason. Virgil prayseth Aeneas, [...]che was a Troian. the worde longyng to the re [...]ue is Aeneas, bycause it answereth to this que [...]n who or what, set after the relatyue this wyse. [...]hiche who or what was a troian? Aeneas.

Appositiue construction.

PLato est philosophus. why is philosophus the nomynatyue case? For the casuall worde, that cometh after the verbe Sum es fui, verbes passiues, or neuts absolute, as iudicor incedo, If it haue nat thenglisshe of some preposicion, as to or of, be [...]ore it, it muste agree with the worde that goeth before them in case. As Virgil was a poete. Vergilius erat poeta. Virgil was called Maro. Virgilius dicebatur [Page] Maro. I go right, Incedo rectus.

¶But if it be an adiectyue or a worde that hath the construction of adiectyues, it must agree in case, gē dre, and nombre with the worde that goeth before the same verbes. As the maister is sycke. p̄ceptor est aeger. And be this called the appositiue cōstruction.

Generall before transityue construction.

AVdio Terentiū, quem tu edidicisti. why goeth the accusatyue quem, before his uerbe? For so byddeth my rule. what is that? Generally it is to be knowen, that nowne, uerbe, participle, aduerbe, or interiection, that be cōstrued with any oblique case wyl go before the same oblique. as Domus Pompeij. Clementia Caesaris. Video herum. prope fontem.

Except it be an interrogatyue, or the relatyue qui que quod, for they muste euer, in suche constructiō, go before. as quem queris? vtri faues? Quos tu perdideras.

Nownes construed with a genytyue.

COdex Virgilij. why is Virgilij the genytyue case after codex? For euery nowne appellatyue, maye be construed with a genityue of the worde folowynge, that hath before hym this signe of. As the poynt of a knyfe. mucro cultelli.

¶Also euery nowne appellatyue may be construed with the genitiue of the word goyug before ending in this syllable is. as a swerdis ha [...]te. Capulus ensis.

¶Amator uirtutis. why is uirtutis the genytiue [Page] [...]ase? For all nownes verbals, that haue the signification of appellatyues, if they come of verbes of actyue signifycation, maye be construed with the genytyue of the worde folowyng, that hath before hym this signe of. As a louer of connyngmen. Ama [...]or doctorum. Tegmen capitis. Lectio praeceptori [...].

¶Diues pecoris. why is pecoris the genitiue case? For nownes adiectiues, that betoken aboundaunce or plentye, as diues, opulentus, wyll be construed with the genitiue of the worde folowing, that hath before hym this signe of. As I am ryche of catell. Sum diues pecorum. Capax amphore. plenus rimarum.

But plenus is oftentymes construed with the ablatyue [...] as Plena gypso.

¶Expers fraudis. why is fraudis the genitiue case? For nownes that sygnifye penury or lackynge, may be construed with a genytyue of the worde foloweynge, that signifieth the thyng that is lacked, and h [...]th before hym this signe of. As nedy of all thynges. Pauper, egenus, inops, indigus, expers omnium. [...]ops auxilij. Expers fraudis.

¶Cupidus laudis. why is laudis the genitiue case? For nownes, that signyfye lacke with desyre, maye b [...] construed with a genytyue case of the worde folowyng, that hath before it this signe of. As coue [...]ous of money. Auarus pecuniae. Desyrous of connynge. Cupidus, auidus literarum.

[...]nd of these some may construed with the genitiue o [...] the gerundyue. As Cupidus viuendi. Auidus bibendi.

¶Nescius fraudis. why is fraudis the genytyue [Page] case? For nownes, that betoken knowynge or vnknowynge, ben construed with the genytyue of the worde folowynge, that haue before hit this signe of. As peritus, gnarus, ignarus rerum. Anceps, dubius sententi [...]. Nescius fraudis. Certus, incertus consilij. Prudens, imprudens, conscius facti. And with these, compos, securus, potens, reus.

¶Alter geminorum. why is geminorum the genityue case? For nownes partitiues be cōstrued with a genitiue plurel of the worde folowyng, that hath before it this signe of. As alter vterque nostrum. Quis (que), vnusquis (que) maiorum. Nemo vnus or solus hominū, with these .iij. interrogatyues, quis, uter, and quot.

¶Primus sedentium. why is sedentium the genytyue case? For all numerals called ordynals be cō strued with a genityue plurell, of the worde folowynge, that hath before it this signe of. as primus, secundus, tertius fratrum.

¶Sanissima corporum. why is corporum the genityue case? For nownes of the superlatyue degre be construed with a genityue plurell of the worde folowynge, that hath before it this signe of. As sanissima corporum. Minimus fratrum. And this genytyue is often resolued in to the ablatyue with e or ex. as minimus e fratribus.

Nownes construed with the datyue.

GRatus praeceptori. why is praeceptori the datyue case? For all nownes betokenynge pleasure or displeasure, hurt or auauntage, be cō strued [Page] with a datyue of the worde folowynge, that hath before it this signe to. As labour is profitable to the body. Labor est vtilis corpori.

And suche adiectyues be vtilis, inutilis, damnosus, periculosus, commodus, incommodus, iucundus, and supplex, with other lyke.

¶Similis regi. why is regi the datyue case? For nownes betokenyng lykenes, euennes, or theyr cō traries. and also betokenyng together, as they that be compowned of the preposition con, be construed with a datyue of the worde folowyng, that hath before it this signe to. As similis dissimilis, par impar a [...]qual [...]s inaequalis, contubernalis, commilito, con [...]ernus, cognatus, mihi. and lyke these also socius and comes.

Nownes construed with an accusatyue.

LAtus palmum. why is palmum the accusatyue case? For adiectyues that signifye measure, be construed with an accusatiue case of the worde [...]olowyng, that betokeneth a speciall measure. As [...]atus, longus, crassus, pedem unum, altus, profundus palmum.

¶Aprus ad regendum. why sayest thou rather ad regendum than regere, after aptus? For after these [...]diectiues, and suche other, aptus, idoneus, commodus, segnis, inuitus, diligēs, vehemēs, we must for the englisshe of the infinityue mode vse the gerundiue in dum, with this preposition ad. as aptus ad dicendum.

Nownes construed with the ablatyue.

[Page]DIgnus laude. why is laude the ablatiue case? For these adiectiues, dignus, indignus, uacuus, uiduus, orbus, preditus, contentus, be cō strued with an ablatiue case. as Vacuus cerebro, viduus pharetra.

¶Difficilis aditu. why is aditu the latter [...]upine? For many adiectiues, whan the englisshe of the infinitiue mode passiue folowith them, in stede of it, be construed with the latter supine. as facilis, difficilis auditu. Suaue or acerbum dictu. Horridumuisu, Incredibile, dignum, indignum memoratu.

¶Frigidior glacie. why is glacie the ablatiue case? For al comparatiues be construed with the ablatiue of the worde folowynge, that hath before it this signe than. as colder than yce. frigidior glacie.

And this ablatiue may be resolued in to the coniunction electiue quā, and the nominatiue of the same nombre. as Doctior Platone. Doctior (quam) Plato.

The construction of verbes actiues.

AMo is a verbe actiue. why so? For in his firste person singuler, he endeth in o: and aboue his nominatiue may receyue this question, what thynge, thys wyse. what thyng loue I, teche I, eare I, or buylde I? Quid vel quā rem amo, doceo, aro, aedifico ego?

¶And all suche verbes, except a certayn that be set out amonge neuters, beynge actyues, maye receyue passiue voyce, whan soeuer the said question is turned in to the nominatyue case, the englysshe of the actiue in to the passyue, and the doer into the ablatiue case with a preposicion, this wyse. what thyng is loued, taught, eared, or buylded of me? Quid uel [Page] quae [...]es amatur, docetur, aratur, vel aedificat a me? ¶There be except, as receyuyng no passyue voyce, volo, nolo, malo, doleo, possum, odi, memini. and certayn called defectiues of the .iij. person. as decet with a fewe other. to the whiche, though they be acti [...]es, vse haue gyuen no passiues: as facio with his compoūdes, that kepe a: as floccifacio, paruifacio, whose passyues be supplied by fio, and compoundes offio [...] as stuperfio, paruifio.

¶Amo studiosos. why is studiosos the accusatiue case? For al verhes actiues be construed with an accusatiue case. as doceo lras. aro terrā. aedifico aedem.

¶Cupio equitare. why is equitare the infinitiue mode after cupio? For many actiues, in stede of the accusatiue case, may haue the infinitiue mode. As [...]upio, volo, nolo, malo, propono, paro, affirmo, nego, incipio, censeo, sentio, iudico, indico, dico, pu [...], existimo, scio, timeo, audeo, suadeo, iubeo, impero, opto, disco, debeo, and other, that haue lyke signification, to any of these, and som of theyr passyues. as Volo discere. Nolo te ire. Puto te audisse. Cogoradesse.

Construction of verbes passyues.

AMor, what verbe? A verbe passyue. why? For in his first person singuler it endeth in or, and hath euer with his englisshe one of these signes, am, art, is, was, were, or be.

And there be .iij. maner of them. One, that hath all persons and nombres. As amor, doceor, dicor.

An other, that comonly hath but the thyrde person, in both nombres. as Bibitur, bibuntur. Aratur, arantur. The thyrde, that hath but the thyrde person [Page] singuler, whiche is called impersonall. as curritur, statur.

¶Ledor ab ho [...]te. why is the ablitiue with a preposition set aft ledor? For verbes passyues, of the first and secōde kynde, haue before them a nominatiue, of the worde that betokeneth the sufferer: and after them an ablatiue, of the worde betokenyng the doer, with one of these prepositions, a or ab. the doer ī englisshe is knowen bi this signe of. as I am taught of the maister. Ego doceor a praeceptore. Ager seritur a Camillo. Pharma cum bibitur ab Alexandro.

¶And generally the ablatiue after all passiues may be turned into the datyue case. as Amor a te or tibi.

Construction of verbes comune.

CRiminor, what verbe? A verbe comyn. why so? For he endeth in or, and hath the significaciō both of actyue and passyue.

¶Criminor te or a te. why put ye the accusatyue or the ablatiue, with his preposition, after criminor? For a verbe comen, whan he is vsed actyuely, hath construction lyke actiues. And whan it is vsed passiuely, lyke passyues.

And there be comenly noted verbes comune these many, largior, experior, veneror, moror, osculor, hortor, criminor, amplector, interpretor, hospitor.

Construction of verbes neutres.

SVm, what verbe? A verbe neutre. why? For in his fyrste person singuler he endeth in um, and may nat be turned into passiue signification, nor be construed with an accusatiue case after hym.

[Page]¶Distat abhinc mille passus, what verbe is distat? A verbe neutre. why? For in his first person singuler [...] endeth in o, and may nat, beside his nominatiue receyue aptly this questiō what thyng, before hym, nor passiue turnyng of thenglisshe, as actiues haue. nor i [...] is cōstrued with an accusatiue, but by the reason of measure. as Distat mille passus.

¶Surgo what verbe? A verbe neutre absolute. why? For with his nominatiue and his owne significatiō it maketh sufficient sentence: and therfore of his owne nature, he is construed with none other case. And of this kynde be verbes, whose laten endeth in [...]o, and many that betoken affection, or behauour of body. as sto, Iaceo, sedeo, surgo, vigilo, dormio, nauseo, rubeo, turgeo, horreo. And many that betoken mouyng of body. as curro, eo, vado, ambulo, venio. There be except of them that ende in sco. Disco, conquinisco, and assuesco for assuefio.

¶ [...]omsiluā. why cometh the accusatyue case with a preposition after eo? For neutres absolutꝭ, that betoken mouyng, wyll haue an accusatyue case of nownes appellatiues, answeryng to this questiō, whyther, with one of these preposicions, ad or in. As I go. whyther? To the wodde. in siluam. And an ablatiue with a preposition a or ab, answerynge to this question from whens.

¶Eo dormitum. why cometh the supyne in tum af [...]er eo? For neutre absolutꝭ, betokenynge mouyng, haue after them a supyne in tum, of the worde that answereth to this questiō what to do. as I go. what to do? to slepe. dormitum.

¶Placeo, what verbe? A verbe neutre transityue. [Page] why so? For with his nominatiue, and his owne signification, he maketh no sufficient sentence without an other casuall worde.

¶Placeo preceptori. why is preceptori the datyue ca [...]e? For al these that folowe, though som of them may receyue this question, what thyng, after them, lyke actyues: yet they wyll haue none accusatyues after them, but a datyue.

Pareo, obedio, seruio, inseruio, obtempero, satisfacio, acquiesco, placeo, displiceo, subuenio, succurro, resisto, obsisto, obsto, repugno, faueo, studeo, aspiro, noceo, of [...]icio, inuideo, insulto, asto, haereo, adhaereo, incumbo, impēdet, tempero for moderor, propinquo, fido, confido, inuigilo, insto, succēseo, praesideo, praesto, praeualeo, praeniteo, dissideo, consulo for consilium do, and the compoundes of the verbe Sum. as adsum, desum, insum, obsum, praesum prosum, subsum, except possum.

¶Abundo frugibus. why is frugibus the ablatyue case? For these neutres trāsitiues be cōstrued with the ablatiue case, Affluo, abūdo, exubero, gaudeo, careo, egeo, indigeo. as Affluo pecunijs. Abundo libris. And these .ij. verbes, egeo indigeo, be also cō strued with the genitiue. as Egeo consilij.

Indigeo patris.

¶Desine maledicere. why is maledicere the infinitiue mode? For these neutres, desino, cesso, perseuero, and pergo for perseuero, be cōstrued only with the infinitiue mode. and so is gaudeo somtyme.

Construction of verbes deponentes.

[Page]SEquor, what verbe? A verbe deponēt. why? For he endeth in or, and hath signification of actyues or neutres.

¶Sequor maiores. why is maiores the accusatyue [...]e? For al deponentes, that haue signification of [...]ctiues, be construed with an accusatiue after them of the sufferer, lyke as actiues be. As sequor, inse [...]u [...], aggredior, adorior, furor, praedor, populor, opinor, and generally all, that besyde theyr nomina [...]iue may haue before them, this qstion what thyng [...]xed of the sufferer. as Precor mortē. Loquor iusta. Except certayn deponentes neutres, whiche shalbe rehersed.

¶Opinor redijsse. why is redijsse the infinytyue mode? For these deponentes, conor, molior, inficior, reo [...], opinor, vereor, hortor, precor, gratulor, of a worde betokenyng a dede, be construed with the [...]finitiue mode. as Molior auferre.

¶Reminiscor huius rei, or hanc rem. why putteste thou the genitiue or the accusatiue aft reminiscor? [...]or these deponētes, recordor, reminiscor, obliuiscor may be construed with a genitiue or an accusatiue.

¶Lamentor, what deponēt? A deponent absolute. why? For with his nominatyue case, and his owne [...]ignificatiō, it may without any other casual worde content the herer. And suche verbes be philosofor, [...]usticor, expergiscor, morior, iocor, nugor, spacior, [...]agor, labor, peregrinor, periclitor, ratiocinor, lu [...]o [...], crapulor, pergrecor, proficiscor, ingredior for gradior, reuertor, congredior, altercor, tumultuor, grassor, lamentor, orior, nascor, renascor.

¶Proficiscor ad vrbem. why cometh the accusatiue [Page] case, with a preposicion, after proficiscor? For neutres absolutes, that betoken mouyng, wyll haue an accusatiue case of nownes appellatyues, answeryng to this question whyther, with one of these prepositions, ad or in. as I go. whyther? To the cite. ad vrbem. And an ablatiue with a prepositiō, a or ab, answeryng to this question, from whens.

¶Proficiscor visum. why cometh the supin in tum, a [...]ter proficiscor? For neutres absolutꝭ betokenyng mouyng, haue aft them a supine in tū, of the worde that answereth to this questiō, what to do. as I go. what to do? To se. Visum.

¶Suffragor, what maner deponēt? A deponent trā sitiue. why? For it hath signification lyke a neutre transitiue.

¶Suffragor amico. why is amico the datiue case? For these transitiues deponentes, auxilior, adminiculor, opitulor, suffragor, innitor, blandior, minor adulor, assentor, medeor, aduersor, obsequor, moderor, insidior, and dominor, with suche other, be construed with a datyue.

¶Vtor pulla veste. why is veste thablatiue case? For these deponētes, vtor, abutor, fruor, fūgor, vescor, potior, be cōstrued with an ablatiue. And potior also is cōstrued with a genitiue. as Potior rerum, and lykewyse to it also misereor. as Misereor inopum.

Verbes actiues construed with .ij. cases. of dyuers thynges.

with an accus. and a genitiue or an ablatiue.

ACcusauit illū īgratitudinis or ingratitudine. why hath the verbe an accus. with a genitiue or an ablatiue aft hym [...] For all verbes actiues [Page] [...]nyng to accusatiō or blame, may beside their [...]satiue, haue a genityue or an ablatiue, of the [...] that betokeneth the cryme. as Culpo, arguo, [...] [...]e furti vel furto.

with an accusatiue and a datiue.

Dicauit illi librū. why hath the verbe a datiue and an accusatiue after hym? For al verbes actiues may, beside their accusatyue, haue a datiue, of the thyng [...] may be answered to this question, to whom. as [...]o, trado, dedo, or demonstro hominem tibi. And lykewyse deponentes of the actiue signification. As Loquor, testor, testificor, gratificor haec tibi.

with .ij. accusatiues.

¶Do [...]eo te literas. why hath doceo .ij. accusatiues [...]ter hym? For these verbes, doceo, rogo, interro [...], [...]ro, quero, flagito, peto, postulo, celo, calcio, [...]nduo, vestio, cingo, may haue .ij. accusatiues after the [...] of the whiche accusatiues their passyues may haue one [...] as Doceor grāmaticen. Induor vestem

And of the said verbes, they that longe to clothyng [...] the accusatyue, of the worde that signifieth clothynge, haue an ablatiue case. As Induo te stola or toga.

with an accusatiue and an ablatiue.

¶Spoliauit me libris. why hath the verbe aft hym an accusatiue and an ablatiue? For these verbes, spolio, priuo, exonero, fraudo, leuo, vacuo, impleo, [...]arcio, refercio, and verbes lyke to these wylbe construed, beside the accusatiue, with an ablatiue. As Spolio te libris. Impleo cyathum vino.

[Page]¶Paulo illum superat. why hath the verbe an accusatiue, and suche an ablatiue with hym? For generally actiues that signifie preferrynge or excedyng, may haue beside their accusatiue an ablatiue after them, of the worde that signifieth the measure, of the excesse or preferrynge. as Praefero hunc multo. Paulo illum superat. Aliquanto eum praecedit.

with an accusatiue, datiue, or ablatyue.

¶Abstulit mihi or a me ensem. why hath the verbe here, beside his accus. a datyue or ablatiue, with a preposition? For all verbes that betoken takyng away. as aufero, eripio, adimo, furor, also arceo, and amolior, may, beside theyr accusatiue, haue a datiue or an ablatiue with a preposiciō. as Eripuit mihi or a me librū. And lyke wyse all verbes betokenyng axyng. as Peto a te. Oro a te. Flagito a te.

Generall cōstruction to all verbes.

Instrument.

SCripsi haec calamo. why is calamo the ablatiue case? For the worde that standeth as instrument, after al maner of verbes, shalbe put in the ablatiue with this preposition cum, vnderstande and neuer expressed. as Alo te carne. Cedo te baculo.

Seruio tibi manibus. sto pedibus. video and videor oculis.

Price.

¶Emi librum decem denarijs. why is denarijs the ablatiue? For after all maner of verbes, the worde that standeth as price, shall be put in the ablatyue case, if it be a nowne appellatyue. as Vendidi auro. Emptus sū argento. Tacet magna mercede. Loquitur [Page] paruo. Dormit nullo precio.

Vigilat magno precio.

¶Diuerto extra muros. why hath the verbe after hym a preposicion with his case? For after al verbes maye be put some preposition with his case, if he sentence require it. as Sum or iaceo in suburbio, or extra muros, or prope flumen. Doceo or doceor in [...]udo. Seruio ad molas.

Laetor iocor cum amicis, or sine inuidia.

Tyme.

¶Habitaui hic annum. why is annum here the accusatiue case? For after euery verbe, the worde that signifieth tyme, and answereth to this questiō, how longe, may be put in the accusatiue or ablatiue, without a preposition. as Studui sex menses, or sex mensibus.

¶But the worde signifyenge tyme, that answereth to this question, whan, must be put in the ablatiue. as Veni hora prima. Except it haue before it any of these prepositions, ante, post, circiter, Intra, for than the preposition muste be expressed. as Ven [...] post or ante coenam, et circiter horam sextam.

Absoluam opus intra paucos dies, or paucis diebus.

V [...]ni ad diem statutum, or in ipso tempore.

Generall construction of all modes gerundyues, and participles.

¶Vtinam audissem Virgilium. why is the accusati [...] Virgilium put after the optatyue audissem? For suche case as the indicatiue of the verbe hath after hym, maye euery mode and tens of the verbe haue, with gerundiues and supines also. as Audiendi audiendo [Page] audiendum, or auditum sacrum.

Construction of participles.

¶Ouidius dictus Naso. why is Naso after dictꝰ put in the nominatiue case? For participles haue after them the construction of their verbes both intransitiue, as Simon creditus amicus, and transitiue. as Amans virtutem. Superaturus hostem. Amatus a bonis. Amandus a ciuibus.

The ablatiue case of consequens.

¶Henrico regnante, haec sunt aedita. why is Henrico the ablatiue case? For whan so euer, in a reason, cometh the englisshe of a nowne and a participle, or a pronowne and a participle, and a verbe with his nominatiue case, of a dyuerse thynge hangynge to them, than shall the nowne or pronowne and participle be put into the ablatiue case. And it is called the ablatiue in consequence.

Examples in all tenses. as Caesar regnynge Virgil was borne.

Caesare imperante, Virgilius est natus.

Me beynge to go, thou shalt abyde.

Me profecturo, tu manebis.

Olde authors beyng red, lres haue florysshed agayn.

Veteribus legendis, refloruerunt litere.

The lesson harde, I wyll come.

Audita lectione, veniam.

The maisters lesson beynge red, thou goest away.

Praeceptoris lectione audita, tu abis.

¶Tempus serendi frumenta. why is the accusatiue frumenta put with the gerundyue? For all gerundyues, as it is sayd before, haue after them construction of theyr verbes. As [...] [Page] [Page] [Page] Studio videndi patres vestros.

Paratus ad gratificandum amicis.

[...]n tribuendo suum cui (que)

Legendo veteres proficio.

Of the actiue gerundiues in di.

THe actiue gerundyue in di cometh after appellatyues. as Tempus abeundi. And certayn ad [...]ectiues. as Cupidus viuendi.

¶The actiue gerundyue in dum, cometh after thre prepositions. Ad. as Ad dimicandum.

[...]nte [...]. as Inter agendum, for dumagis.

Ante. as Ante domandum, for ante (quam) domas.

And the voyce of this gerundiue in the neutre gendre, and the nominatiue case, or accusatiue, with the verbe Sum, betokeneth other whyle behoue or [...]cessite. as Parendum est parentibus.

Censui de his ad te scribendum, or scribendū esse. For whan we say, Censui hanc rem tecū or a te tractandam, It is a participle, and hath this infinitiue esse vnderstande with it.

¶The actiue gerūdiue in do, cometh somtyme by it selfe, and stādeth for a participle of the present tēs. [...]s Hos occidendo, illos accusando totam ciuitatem [...]e factasti. For occidens et accusans, somtyme a [...]t [...]hese prepositions in, de, ex, a, ab, or cum, hauyng the englisshe of the nowne verball in yng, as in saylyng, In nanigādo, Of goyng into the felde, De trā [...]e [...]ndo in agrum, More glory is goten of defendyng than of accusyng.

[...]xde [...]endēdo q ex accusando vberior gloria parat. whan I was voyde from wrytyng.

[...] a scribendo vacarem.

[Page]The maner of wrytyng wel, is ioyned with spekyng. Ratio recte scribendi coniuncta cum loquendo est.

Of the gerundyues passyues.

¶The gerūdyues passiues be euer taken absolutely. The accusatiue passiue, whiche is vsed after the preposition ad, and actiues. as Open ynough to be knowen. Satis illustria ad cognoscendum.

Easy to be lerned. Facilis ad discendum.

¶The ablatiue, whiche cometh after verbes, and without prepositions, is taken absolutely. as The serpent bresteth beyng enchaunted.

Anguis crepat cantando.

¶Also the supine in tu, standeth absolutely. as Harde to be spoken. Difficile dictu.

Incredible to be tolde. Incredibile memoratu.

Construction of prepositions.

APud forum audiui. why is forum the accusatiue case? For these prepositions be construed with an accusatiue case.

Ad, apud, ante, aduersum, cis, citra, circum, circa, contra, erga, extra, inter, intra, infra, iuxta, ob, per, prope, propter, pone, preter, post, penes, secū dū, supra, secus, trans, vltra, uersus, vs (que): this wyse. Ad patriam. Apud villam. Ante aedes. Aduersum inimicos. Cis renum. Citra forū. Circum vicinos. Circa templum. Circiter viginti annos. Contra hostem. Erga propinquos. Extra terminos. Inter naues. Intra moenia. Infra tectum. Iuxta macellum. Ob augurium. Per parietem. Prope fenestrā. Pone tribunal. Propter disciplinam. Praeter officium. Post terga. Penes arbitros. Secundum fores. Supra caelum. Secus viam. Trans ripam. Vltra fines. Romam uersus. [Page] Vs (que) oceanum.

¶Coram testibus. why is testibus the ablatiue case? For all these praepositions be construed with an ablatyue, a, ab, abs, abs (que), cum, coram, de, e, ex, pro, pre, palam, sine, tenus. as A domo. Ab hoste. Abste, Abs (que) inu [...]ia. Cum exercitu. Coram testibus. De fo [...]. E [...]rure. Ex praefectura. Pro clientibus. Praetimore. Palam omnibus. Sine labore. Pube tenus.

¶And these praepositiōs, In, sub, super, subter, and [...]lam, may be construed with the accusatiue, and the ablatiue, in this wyfe.

¶Veni in vrbem. why is vrbem the accusatiue case [...]ter in? For In, whan it betokeneth in to a place, [...]s construed with an accusatiue. as Eo in templum, [...] [...]otum. But whan it betokeneth beynge or doyng in a place, it is construed with the ablatyue. as Disputo mortis.

¶Missus [...]st sub terram. why is terram the accusa [...]yue case? For sub, whan it betokeneth vnder with mo [...]ynge, wyll haue an accusatiue case. as Sub ter [...] [...]bi [...] [...]ago. Also whan hit betokeneth ante or [...]. as Visa sub obscurum noctis.

Sub ipsum Arcturum.

And sub lucem exportant calathis.

But whan it betokeneth in a place, it wyll haue an [...]blatiue. as Sub quercu.

¶Super mediam noctem studet. why is noctem the accusatiue case after super? For super, whan it is taken for vltra, is construed with the accusatiue. as Super Garamantas et Indos.

Super mediam noctem studet.

Orel [...] with the ablatiue. as Fronde super viridi.

[Page]¶Subter cameram. why is cameram the accusatiue after subter? For subter is construed both with the accusatiue, as Pugnatum est supra subter (que) terram, And with an ablatiue. as Ferre iuuat subter casus testudine templi.

Construction of aduerbes.

ELegantius caeteris disputauit. why is caeteris the ablatiue after the aduerbe cōparatyue? For aduerbes of the comparatyue and the superlatyue degree, haue lyke case after them, as theyr nownes cōparatiues and superlatiues haue. as Magis illo. Maxime omnium. But propius and proxime, beside the case of theyr nownes, may haue an accusatiue. as Propius and proxime vrbem.

¶Parum fidei. why is fidei the genityue? For aduerbes of quantite may be cōstrued with a genitiue. as parum pecuniae. Satis fidei.

¶Pridie Calendarum. why is Calendarum the genitiue? For these aduerbes of tyme, Pridie and postridie, may be construed with a genitiue. as Pridie postridie Calendarum, or huius diei. And also with an accusatiue. as Pridie Idus or Calendas. Pridie palilia.

Postridie nonas, or compitalia.

¶Ecce autem alter. why is alter the nominatyue case? For these demonstratiues, En, and ecce, may be construed with a nominatyue. as En probitas. Ecce deus. And also with an accusatyue. as En habitum.

¶Construction of coniunctions.

[Page]XEnophon, et Plato fuere aequales. why be Xenophon and Plato put in lyke case? For cōiunctions copulatiues and disiunctiues wyl euer, [...] all casuall wordes, as longe as they be referred [...]o one verbe, ioyne lyke case. as Xenophon et Plato fuere aequales.

Socratres docuit Xenophontem et Platonem.

And these iiij (quam), nisi, praeter (quam), and an, lyke copulatiues wyll ioyne lyke case.

¶Q (quam) animus horret. why is horret the indicatyue mode? For quāquam and etsi be comonly construed with the indicatiue mode of verbes. as Qua [...]quam animus horret.

[...] vereo [...] [...]udices.

And lyke wyse tametsi. as Tametsi iactat.

Quis and licet moste comonly with the subiunctiue mode [...] as Quis exeat. Licet miretur.

S [...], donec, dum for donec, ante (quam), post (quam), prius (quam), be construed both with the indicatiue and subiūctyue. Vt, for that, comyng a [...]ter a uerbe is construed with [...]he subiunct [...]ue alonely. Lyke wyse vt for (quam)uis.

SVPPLEMENTA.

BVt for the supplyeng of rules of cōstruction, hytherto gyuen, it shalbe necessary to know these that folowe here.

Apposition.

¶Plato philosophus praecepit. why is philosophus the nominatiue case? For generally al wordes ī one [...], that standeth both other as the sufferer, or the doe [...], or to whom any thynge groweth vnto, as [...] or hurt, or be both as named, or both as in [...]ument, or price, or both as measure or tyme, or [Page] both as place, whether any verbe of beynge or namyng come betwene them or no, they must be put in one case, though they vary in gendre and nōbre [...]. as Homerus fons poetarum auditur a discipulo puero.

Erat ingratus mihi preceptori.

Petrus vocabatur Cephas.

Percussit fuste grauitelo.

Emi centum aureis magna summa.

Studui viginti annos magnam partem virae.

Habitat in vrbe Roma.

And whan there cometh no verbe betwene the wordes so construed, as in the exmamples nowe sayd, be it called the first appositiue. And the other that was spoken of in the rudimentis, the secunde.

Otherwyse thus. The casuall worde, that in one clause standeth as one thyng, with an other casuall worde, must be put in one case with it, whether any verbe come betwene them or no. Examples whan a verbe cometh bitwene. as Tu es ciuis, or haeres, or aeger.

Ego vocor Thomas.

Tu sedes incuruus.

Ille discit inuitus.

Examples, where no verbe cometh bitwene.

Lilius praeceptor. Taurus mons. Thamesis flumen.

Londinum vrbs.

we shall knowe whan any suche worde standeth as one thynge, with the casuall worde before, by this question, who or what. for if it answere to that question, set after the worde before, it standeth as one thynge. Examples, where a verbe cometh bitwene, as in these clauses. Thou art a citezin, or thou art the heyre, or thou art sicke. These wordes, a citezī, the heyre, and sicke, stande as one thynge with the noīatyue, that goeth before the verbe, for bycause they answere to this question, who or what, set after [...] [Page] [Page] [Page] the no [...]atiue and the verbe. Thus. Thou art. what? Thou art a citezin, or the heyre, or sicke.

[...]xample, whan no verbe cometh betwene. as in these clauses.

Lily the maister. London the cite. these wordes maister and cite, stande as one thynge with the casuall wordes that goeth before, for bicause they answere [...]he qu [...]stion, who or what, set after the wordes that go before. as Lily what? Lily the maister.

[...]ondon what? London the cite.

Of the superlatiue.

¶The superlatiue degre, if it be construed in tran [...]yuely, that is to saye in one case, with any worde [...]oyng before, it must agree with the same ingendre and nombre lyke an adiectyue, what so euer be the genitiue folowyng. as Leo est fortissimus animaliū. Rosa est pulcherrima florum.

And i [...] there be no suche worde goyng before, it must ag [...] in gendre with the genytiue that foloweth. as Maxima animalium degunt in aqua.

And the same reason must be obserued in partitiues as Vnu [...] hominum iudicatus est ab Apolline sapiēs. [...] solae animalium retro ambulantes pascuntur.

Of a genityue for a datiue and contrary wyse.

¶Amicus Caesaris. why is caesaris the genitiue case? [...]or of the nownes assygned to the datyue, some by [...]easan of possession or longynge to, may be cōstrued with a genitiue. as Amicus inimicus Virgilij.

Similis or dissimilis maiorum.

As contrary wyse. Some of them that be assygned to [Page] genitiue, may haue a datiue of the worde that hath to before it. as, Praeceptor mihi. Conscius sibi.

Of the comparatyue.

¶Minor fratrum. why is fratrum the genityue after a nowne comparatiue? For nownes comparatiues of the worde plurell, that hath this signe of before it, wyll haue the genityue, lyke partitiues. as, The more of the .ij. bretherne.

Maior duorum fratrum.

Peritior nostrum duorum.

¶Paulo altior patre. why is paulo the ablatyue case, where the comparatyue hath an other ablatiue patre? For all the comparatyue degrees, besyde theyr ablatyue, that was spoken of in the rudimentis: may haue an other ablatiue, of the worde that betokeneth the measure of theyr excesse. as Multo fortior. Paulo altior.

And this ablatiue is cōmune to superlatiues also. as, Multo iucundissimus.

And to receyue verbes, that betoken preferryng or excedynge. as Multo praestat. praeualet. superat. or vincit.

Also to .iiij. aduerbes, Secus, aliter, ante, post. as, Multo secus. Multo post.

And the genityue after comparatiues may be resolued into an ablatiue, with the preposition e or ex. as, Maior iuuenum, maior ex iuuenibus.

Construction of mei, tui, sui, nostri, and vestri: pronownes.

NOn meministi nostri. why saye we here rather nostri, than nostrum? For after all verbes, Gerundyues, or Supynes, that ben construed [Page] with a genitiue. we must of these .ij. pronownes primi [...]iues ego and tu, vse the genitiue in [...]. as Misereo [...] [...] or vestri. Indiges mei or nostri. Except .ij. ver b [...]s, interest and refert, after the whiche, for the ge [...]itiue of these pronownes, we muste vse the ablatiu [...] lem [...]ne of theyr possessyues. as Interest o [...] refert mea tua sua nostra et vestra.

And lyke wyse fo [...] the genitiue sui, we must vse sua. as Interest sua.

¶Men [...]or nostri. why vse we here nostri, and nat nostrum? For a [...]ter all adiectiues, that be construed with a geni [...]yue, we muste vse the genitiue in i. as Plenus or similis mei.

[...]lecius or immemor tui.

Compos or cupidus vestri. Expers nostri.

Except they be numerals, or partitiues, or superlatiues: whiche, whā they must haue the genitiue plu [...]ell of one of these pronownes, we muste vse the genitiue in um. as Vnus or duo nostrum.

Quis (que) or vter (que) vestrum.

Tertius or quartus nostrum.

Maximus or minimus vestrum.

Of sui and suus.

¶The pronowne sui, is neuer vsed, but aft nownes or pronownes of the thirde person, other returnyng their owne dede to them selfe. as Cicero loueth hym selfe. Cicero diligit se. And lyke wyse Reminiscitur sui. sauet sibi. loquitur secum. Orels an other mans dede to them. and comōly after one of these .iij. cō iunctions, vt, ne, and, ꝙ. orels the infinitiue mode. as, Rogat te, vt uenias ad se, or venire ad se.

Dicit ꝙ obliuisceris sui, or to obliuisci sui.

¶And whan the dede of the thirde person passeth ī to a thyng, longyng to hym, or possessed of hym, we muste vse the possessiue suus. as Cicero remembreth his clientis. Cicero meminit clientum suorum.

[Page]Cicero loked to his owne businesse.

Cicero prospexit rebus suis.

Of the infinitiue mode.

CVpio spaciari solus. why is solus here the nominatiue after the infinitiue mode? For the infinitiue mode, that cometh after a verbe, if hit be the dede of the person that goeth before the verbe, it may haue suche case after hym, as that person standeth in. as I couet to ryde alone.

Cupio equitare solus.

And if it be the dede of an other persō, it must haue before hym, expressed or vnderstāde, an accusatiue, to signifie the ꝑson. as I cōmaūde the, to lye alone. Iubco te cubare solum.

And if suche an infinitiue haue a datiue before hym it is a reason of the other verbe, and nat of the infinitiue mode. as, Permitto tibi dicere.

¶Delectat me viuere ruri. what is the noīatiue to delectat? The īfinitiue viuere, with that that is ioyned with hym. why so? For these thryde persons iuuat, decet, delectat, oportet, may haue for theyr nominatiue an infinitiue mode, with that, that is ioyned with hym, and also an accusatiue aft them. as Iuuat me incumbere literis.

Except oportet that hath no accusatiue after hym.

¶Iuuat euasisse hoc malum. why is that, that standeth for the noīatiue set after the verbe? For whan so euer the infinitiue standeth for the noīatiue before the verbe, it is wont alway in spekyng to be put after it. as, Delectat viuere in patria.

Oportet prospicere in futurū. Cōtigit ducere vxorē. Miserum est semper timere mortem.

Verbes lyke impersonals.

OF verbes absolutes, there be some that be referred other to god, or to some worde of theyr owne signification. and therfore comonly they [Page] haue but the thyrde person singular. as, Pluit, for deus pluit, or pluuia fit. And lyke to these be tonat, [...]ngit, grandinat, fulminat, gelat, lucescit, vesperascit. &c.

Verbes absolutes.

QVid facis? Scribo. what maner of verbe is scribo in this spekyng? A verbe neutre absolute. why? For generally euery verbe stā dynge in a reason, as answeryng to one of these questions, what do I, what doest thou, what doeth he? may be a verbe absolute. as Amo, scribo, loquor, seruio. if they stande, as answeryng to any of these sayd questions.

Impersonals with a datiue.

NOn vacat mihi ludere. why is mihi the datiue case? For these thyrde persons neutres, Accidit, contingit, euenit, competit, placet, libet, licet, expedit, liquet, patet, constat, sufficit, uacat, [...], Contingit oppetere, Vacat scribere, hauynge an infinitiue for theyr nominatyue, may haue a datyue [...]tem them. as, Contingit tibi ducere vxorem.

Sum with a genitiue.

HI [...] ager est Pauli. why is Pauli the genitiue? For this verbe, Sumes fui, is construed transitiuely with a genitiue, of the worde that foloweth hym, and that hath this syllable is or es, ioyned to it in the ende. as, This is Georgis boke. Hic codex est Georgij. Also with a datiue, as whan it is expounned by habeo. as, Est mihi nouerca. for hēo [...]ouercam.

Verbes with an ablatiue.

PAlleo timore. why is timore the ablatiue case? For the word standyng as cause, for whom or by whom, after all maner of verbes, maye be put in the ablatiue, without a preposition, orels in the accusatiue with ob or propter. as [Page] Caleo igni et propter ignē. Palleo et frigeo timore. Tremo frigore. Mendico egestate.

Non largior penuria. Non maneo or abeo pudore.

Of adiectiues of price.

PLuris vendidi (quam) emi. why is pluris the genitiue? For of adiectiues there ben .viij. whiche, if they stande as price, and haue none appellatiue with them: must be put in the genitiue. and they be these, tanti, quant [...], pluris, minoris, quantiuis, quātilibet, quanticun (que), and tantidem. as, Quanti emisti. Pluris constitit. But if they haue any appellatiue with them, they must be put in the ablatiue. as, Quanto precio metiris. Tanta summa emi.

Except tantidem, the whiche hath no ablatiue.

Propre names of townes.

PRofectus est [...] Eboracum. why is Eboracum the accusatiue case? For whan so euer after any verbe cometh the propre name of any towne in the sinification to a place, or answerynge to this questiō, whyther, it shall comonly be put in the accusatyue case, without a preposition. as, Eo Romam.

And rus and domus be lyke wyse vsed. as Eo domum. Eo rus.

¶Veni Roma. why is Roma the ablatyue case? For whan the propre name of a towne comethe after a verbe, that hath the signification as fro a place, or answereth to this question, fro whens, it shalbe put in the ablatiue without a preposition. as Veni Roma, Tarento.

Also we say, Veni rure, domo.

Lyke wyse if they signifie by a place. as Transiui Roma, Tarentino, rure, domo.

¶Seuerus imperator mortuus Eboraci. why is Ebo raci the genitiue case? For whan the prope name of a towne cometh after a verbe, that hath the significatiō at a place, or answereth to this qstion where, [Page] [...] be the first declination or the secunde, and the [...]nguler nombre, it shalbe put in the genitiue case. as Fui Rome, Tarenti, with these .v. nownes domi, liumi, militie, belli, foci. If the townes name be the plurel nombre, or any other declination, it must be put in the ablatiue. as Fui Athenis, Sulmone, Neapoli.

And one nowne in the datyue, Ruri.

Personals somtyme impersonals.

POenitet me vidisse. why is me thaccusatiue case? For these .vi. verbes, penitet, tedet, miseret, miserescit, piget, and pudet, whan they stande as p [...]onals, and haue an infinitiue before them for their no [...]atiue case, than they may haue an accusatiue aft them. as Poenitet me videre hec mala. But ofte tyme they lacke an infinitine or an other thyng for a nominatiue. and than they be called impersonals, and be [...]oustrued with a genitiue and an accusatiue also of dyuerse thynges. as, Poenitet me erroris.

¶There be many special constructions of verbes be [...] these called ideomata, the which shalbe shewed [...].

O [...] chaūgyng gerūdiues of verbes actiues into pa [...]ticiples passyues.

THe participle in dus hath somtyme the signifi [...]tion of the present. as amādus beyng loued. But the vse of it is most in obliques. And some [...]me [...] hath the signification of the future. as Amandus to be loued.

¶ But here is to be knowen that gerūdiues hauyng an accusatiue case aft them may be sayd by the par [...]ple in dus, if the englisshe be tourned passiuely. [...] [...]he accusatyue ioyned with the sayd participle [...] [...]he case as the gerundiue was.

[...] that somtyme by the present significatiō of the participle on this wyse. By the gerūdiue in di. I was [Page] let to day by the besynes of writyng letters. Impediebar hodie occupatione scribendi lras. And by present signification of the participle in dus. I was let to day by besines of letters beynge wryten.

Impediebar hodie occupatione lrarum. scribēdarū

¶And by the gerūdiue in do. Lernyng these p̄ceptis thou mayst profyte. Discēdo haec precepta proficias. By the present signification of the participle. as These preceptis beyng lerned thou mayst profite. Discendis his praeceptis proficias.

¶And by the gerundiue in dum. In gyuyng of thā kes this chaūced me. Inter agendum gras hoc mihi contigit. And by the p̄sent signification of the participle. In tyme of thankes beynge gyuen, this chaū sed me. Inter agendas gratias hoc mihi contigit.

¶Agayn by the future signification of the participle, thus.

¶By the gerundiue in di [...]. we shall haue liberte to morowe to eate flesshe. Erit nobis cras libertas comedendi carnē. And by the future significatiō of the participle. we shall haue liberte to morow of flesshe to be eatē. Erit nobis cras libertas comedēdae carnis.

¶By the gerūdiue in do. I shal haue besines to morow in redyng poetꝭ. Cras erit mihi negocium in enarrando poetas.

And by the futur significatiō of the participle, thus. I shall haue besines to morowe in poetis to be red.

Cras erit mihi negotium in poetis enarrandis.

¶By the gerūdiue in dū. we shal go to morow to gether nuttis. Ibimus cras ad colligendum nuces.

And by the futur signification of the participle.

we shall go to morow for nuttis to be gethred.

Ibimus cras ad nuces colligendas.

Construction of certayn prepositions. Vs (que).

¶Some prepositions haue special cōstuctiō, as vs (que): [Page] whiche hath with hym som other p̄position. as Vs (que) in pamphiliam. Vs (que) ad Taurum. Vs (que) ad festum.

Except propre names of townes, and rus and domꝰ, with the whiche it is ioyned comonly alone. as Romam vs (que). Neapolim vs (que).

Tenus versus.

¶These .ij. tenus and versus, agaynst the nature of prepositions, come after the wordes that they be cō strued with. as, Romam versus. Pube tenus. And cū somtyme is lykewyse set. as, Qui cum. quibus cum. mecū. tecum. secum. nobiscum. vobiscū. And versus with wordes, that be nat propre of townes, is often tyme ioyned with ad or in. as, Ad occidētem versus. In Italiā versus. And oftē tyme without. as, Italiā versus nauigaturꝰ erā. Amanū versus profecti sumꝰ. And tenus is ofte tymes cōstrued with the genitiue, but euer in plurel nōbre. as, Aurium tenus. Crurium tenus. And with the ablatiue both singular and plurell. as, Pube tenus. Pectoribus tenus. Verbis tenus.

Construction of certayn interiections.

HEu mihi. why is mihi the datyue case? for these interiections, hei and veh, be construed with a datiue. as, Hei mihi. veh tibi.

¶And heu with an accusatiue. as, Heu stirpē inuisā. Somtyme both heu and hei with an nominatiue. as Heu pietas. hei misera.

¶ Proh is construed with a nominatiue and an accusatiue. as, Proh Iuppiter. proh dolor.

Proh deum at (que) hominum fidem.

¶ O may be cōstrued with a noīatiue case. as, O for [...]ati, quorū iam menia surgūt. O ego ne possem. with an accus. as, O fortunatos. And with a vocatiue, but than it is an aduerbe of spekyng to. as, O Melibee.

Of copulatyues ioynyng diuers cases.

¶ [...]mi equum centum denarijs et pluris. why hath [...] the coniunction capulatiue here lyke cases? For [Page] somtime the proprete of wordes let copulatiues and disiunctiues to couple case. as, Emi equum centum nummis et pluris. Fui Rome et Thebis.

FIgures o [...] constructions be Eclypsis, zeugma syllepsis, prolepsis, and Enallage.

Eclypsis.

¶whan no worde lacketh in a reason, to perfite cō struction of wordes, than the reason may be called hole and iuste.

¶whan any worde lacketh due to construction, if it for more shortnes be lefte out by the cōmon custome of spekyng of authors bicause it may be vnderstande of other wordes in the reason: than the reason may be called figurate and the figure is called eclypsis. as Lego Virgilium. where to the perfitnes of construction must nedes be vnderstande ego.

¶There be customably vnderstande in laten tonge, wordes of al partes. Nownes, as after the relatyue q, and pronownes relatiues, that is rehersed of the reason before, and in the same case gendre nombre, and person, that the article or the relatiue is in. as Virgilius recitat, quē cupio videre. where after quē is vnderstande Virgilium. And, Audio Virgiliū, qui longe prestat caeteris poe [...]is. where after qui, is vnderstande Virgilius.

And in this maner the figurate is comonly vsed: the hole but seldome: except a speciall cause.

¶Also after this interrogatyue quis, in the masculine gendre, often tymes is vnderstande other homo or deus, after as the sentence requyreth. as, Quia currit? for quis homo currit. Quis mūdum creanit? for quis deus.

¶Also before suche verbes, pl [...]it, tonat, lucesci [...], i [...] vnderstāde other de [...]s, as pluit, for de [...]s pluit, or el [...] som word of their significatiō. as pl [...]ia t [...]nitru [...].

[Page]¶Also there be customably vnderstande pronownes as before al verbes of the [...]irst and secūde ꝑson: these noīnatiues, Ego, tu, nos, & vos. as scribo. where is vnderstāde ego. Scribimus. where is vnderstāde nos. And in this maner, the figurate is more vsed thā the hole: except for sum certayn specialte. somtyme ille, or some of lyke signification. as, Didimus est medicus, et tamen scribit pueris, for tamen ille, or idem, or is scribit pueris.

And verbes often tymes be vnderstāde, specially the verbe Sum, almost in all modes, tenses, no [...]bres, and persons: except the imperatiue. as Omnia uanitas. where is vnderstād sunt. Quis omnia vanitas. where is vndestande sint. Hinc mihi prima mali labes. where is vnderstande erat. Promisi me vltorem. where is vnderstande futurum esse or fore.

¶Also ī answeryng to questiōs. if we answere nat by an expressed verbe, there must nedes be vnderstande the verbe that is in the question. as to this question. Quis scripsit haec? if he be answered Thomas: there must be answered, scripsit. But if the verbe in the interrogatiue or axyng be the fyrst person, it must ī answeryng be vnderstande in the secūde ꝑson. as Quot versus scripsi? If it be answered by an other, decem. there must nedes be vnderstande, scripsisti. And if the verbe in axyng be the secunde person, it must be vnderstande in the first: as in this question. Quot annos natus es? If it answered, decē, there must be vnderstande, natus sum.

¶ Quem vocas? Nicolaum. why is Nicolaum the [...]accusatiue case? For euer the casual wordes in the answeryng must be put ī lyke case to them that they answereth to, in the axyng. as, Quē recitas? Virgiliū. Except the verbe be diuersly cōstrued with the wordes, in the axynge, and in the answeryng. as

Emisti ne tanti? Imo vilius vel duplo.

[Page]Damnatus ne es furti [...] an sacrilegij? Imo utro (que).

Cuius est hic liber? Meus, and nat mei.

¶Also before verbes of the subiunctiue mode be oft tymes is vnderstād, this imperatiue fac with the cō iūction vt: as mittas, for fac mittas, or fac vt mittas. And somtyme the cōiūction only. as Velim mittas. Careat successibus opto: for vt mittas, vt careat.

¶Also participles be vnderstād: as wher̄ .ij. nownes or a pronowne and a nowne be put ī the ablatyue of consequence, without any other participle must nedes be vnderstande this participle, ens: though it be out of vse. as [...] Cesare et [...]ibulo cōsulibus, for entibus cōsulibꝰ. And ī this maner the figurate is only ī vse.

¶Also p̄positions seruyng to the ablatiue ofte tyme be vnderstād these, a, cum, e or ex, pro, and in. as Alcibiades intestino malo patria liberata, for ab intestino malo. and Duo iuuenes candidis equis apparuerunt, for cū candidis equis. And, Procijce tela manu sanguis meus, for e manu. And, Multum et ille et terris [...]actatus et alto, for in terris in alto.

Zeugma.

¶ Somtyme .ij. or mo lyke sētēces be closed togeder with one verbe, adiectiue or participle singuler: whiche is vnderstāde in euery clause, and set out but in one, and agreeth with som word of the same clause. as Cicero scribit, et Homerus, et Virgilius.

Catullus erat doctus et Horatius.

And this maner of spekynge is figurate, and the figure is called zeugma.

Syllepsis.

¶ Somtyme diuerse clauses, that is to say, hauynge wordes of diuers gēdre, nōbre, and person, be closed with one verbe: adiectiue or participle: the whiche if it be singuler must euer agre with the next propre or appellatiue, or noīatiue case. as, Tu quos ad studiū, at (que) vsum formabis agrestem.

[Page]Vtinam, aut hic surdus, aut haec muta facta sit.

Hic illius arma hic currus fuit.

But if the adiectiue or participle be plurell, it mu [...]e agree in gendre and person, with the moost worthy o [...] the wordes, in dyuerse clauses.

¶And of gendres the masculyn is more worthy thā [...]he [...]emynine. And of persons, the first is more worthy than the secūde or the thyrde, and the secunde [...]s more worthy than the thyrde.

Example of gendres.

Pater et mater mortui sunt.

Examples of persons.

Ego et tu discimus. Tu et ille discitis.

¶And lyke wyse in one clause, in the secūde apposi [...]iue cōstruction, if the noīatiues be of dyuers persōs. the verbe must agre with the more worthy. as, Ego Thomas scribo. And this maner of spekynge is figu [...]ate, and the figure is called syllepsis.

¶ Also many other wayes in .ij. clauses, wordes of the one be wont to be lefte out, the whiche nat with [...]andyng to the supplyeng of perfite cōstructiō, must [...]edes be repeted of the other. as, multi mortales pe [...]te perie [...]e. Plures ferro cecidere, for plures mortales. Sol auget ventos et comprimit, for cōprimit vē [...]s, Est doctior (quam) ego, for (quam) ego sum. Scribit melius (quam) ante, for (quam) ante scribebat or scripsit. But specially [...] a wo [...]de is vnderstāde, whan clauses be ioyned [...] [...]hat answere to gedre. as tantus quan [...] N [...] modo sed etiā. Tam. quā. Ita sic. Adeo vt: with [...] other. Examples. Tantū reposui quantum tu, [...] tu reposu isti. Non modo nobis inuidet, sed etiam [...]bi, for tibi inuidet. Sic viuit vt ego, for ego viuo. Tam est lactis abundans (quam) pecoris, for pecoris a [...]undans.

And in all these supplyenges, whan the worde that [...] [...]derstāde is one in al accidentes with the worde [Page] that is set out in the reasō. the figure is called zeugma. And if it be diuerse gendre, nombre, and ꝑson, mode or tense. It is syllepsis.

Prolepsis.

¶whan the worde plurell that goth before in generalte must nedes be vnderstande in the parties that folowe, the figure is called prolepsis. as, Aquile volant, altera ab oriente, altera ab occidente. where muste nedes be vnderstande twyse aquila, to fulfyll construction. Nos scribimus, tu versus, ego prosam. where is vnderstande, scribis and scribo. Duorū [...]fratrum, alter indoctus, alter doctus. where is twyse vnderstande frater.

Enallage.

¶Authours also put sometyme one parte of speche for an other. and thā the speche is figurate: and the figure is called enallage. as a nowne for an aduerbe. as, Sole recens orto. And sublime volat, for recenter and sublimiter.

¶And a pronowne for a nowne. as, Non ea vis animo, for tanta or talis. And, Quae tua humanitas est? for qualis.

¶A verbe for a nowne. as, Scire tuum nihil est, for scientia.

¶A participle for a nowne .iiij. wayes, whan they be vsed for appellatiues. as, Cupiens litiū. Fugiens laborem. whan they receyue comparation: as doctu [...] doctior. whan they take comparison other wyse thā theyr verbe receyueth. as, Doceo indoctus.

¶A preposition for an aduerbe: as post for postea: and ante for antea.

¶An aduerbe for a nowne. as, Sic vita erat, for talis. Genus vnde latinū, for a quo. Hinc ille lachryme for ex hoc. And for a cōiunctiō: as cum, whan tamē foloweth. as, Cum preuideris, tamen non cauisti.

¶A cōiunction for an aduerbe. as quidē for pro [...]ecto [Page] or certe. And somtyme one kynde, that is vnder one part for an other kynd of the same part, as an appellatiue for an adiectyue. as, Dardana suscitat arma, for Dardania.

¶And one pronowne for an other. as, Viuite felice [...] quibus est fortuna peracta Iam sua, for vestra.

¶And an absolute for an actiue. as

Ardebat Alexim, for amabat.

And an actiue for an absolute, or a passyue. as

Sistunt amnes terrae (que) dehiscūt: for stant or sistuntur.

¶And often the p̄ters of verbes neutres absolutes, that be taken of doyng of place supply a significatiō passyue. as, Iuit: he is gone. Venit: he is come. Sur [...]exi [...]: he is rysen.

¶A ꝑticiple passiue for an actiue. as tacitꝰ for tacēs.

¶One preposition for an other. as

Multa super Priamo, for de Priamo.

¶Aduerbes of place for aduerdes of tyme. as

Hic and ibi for tunc.

¶ A coniunction copulatiue for a disiunctiue. as

Subiectis (que) vrere flammis, for subiectisve.

¶And somtyme one accident for an other. as case for case. as, Proijce tela manu sanguis meus, for mi. It celo clamor, for ad caelum.

¶One gēdre for an other. as validi silices: for ualidae.

¶One nombre for an othes. as, Medio (que) ex hoste recepti. for medijs ex hostibꝰ. and pars volucres factae.

One person for an other. as, Omnes aquae quae super celos sunt, for estis.

One mode for an other. as, Facile omnes perferre ac pati, for perferebat, and patiebatur.

One tense for an other. as, Accedo ad pedissequas, que sit rogo. for accedebā and rogabā, or accessi and [...]ogaui. and, Samia mihi mater fuit, for erat.

Finis.

§

§

Impress. Londini In aedibus Pynsonianis. Cum priuilegio a rege indulto.

[Page]

Information about this book

Title statement

[Rudimenta grammatices]

Linacre, Thomas, 1460-1524.

Edition statement

1525

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Publisher

Text Creation Partnership,

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Ann Arbor, MI ; Oxford (UK) :

Date

2003-01 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1).

ID [DLPS]

A05516

ID [STC]

STC 15637

ID [STC]

ESTC S120159

ID [EEBO-CITATION]

99855359

ID [PROQUEST]

99855359

ID [VID]

20846

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(EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A05516)

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— [Rudimenta grammatices], Linacre, Thomas, 1460-1524..

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[80] p.

In ædibus Pynsonianus. Cum priuilegio a rege indulto,. [Impress. Londini :: [ca. 1525]]. (Title from STC; place of publication and printer's name from colophon, publication date estimated by STC.) (A different work from STC 21938 and 22564--STC.) (Signatures: a-e⁴ A-E⁴.) (Imperfect; lacks a⁴.) (Reproduction of the original in the British Library.)

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