A uery brefe treatise, ordrely declaring the pri[n]cipal partes of phisick that is to saye: thynges natural. Thynges not naturall. Thynges agaynst nature. Gathered, and sette forth by Christopher Langton.

A uery brefe treatise, ordrely declaring the pri[n]cipal partes of phisick that is to saye: thynges natural. Thynges not naturall. Thynges agaynst nature. Gathered, and sette forth by Christopher Langton.

Table of contents

Title page

¶Wylm̄ Baldwyn▪

The contentes of this Boke.

¶ To the right high and mighty Prince Edwarde, Duke of Somerset, Protector of the kynges maiest. realmes and dominions, and gouerner of his most Royall person, Christofer Langton wyssheth health and encreace of all godlynesse.

The fyrste boke.

¶The fyrste Chapter. Of what kynde of artes Phisicke is.

¶The seconde Chapiter. Of the sectes in phisyke.

¶The .iii. chapter. The partes of phisicke

¶The .iiii. chapter. The distribution of Phisicke in to thre formes.

¶The fyfth chapter. Of the number of thinges naturall.

¶The sixte, chapter. Of the Elementes.

¶The seuen chapter. Of temperamentes

¶The .viii. chapter of humors.

¶The .ix. chapter, of the partes of mannes body.

The .x. chapter, of powers or faculties.

¶The .xi. chapter, of Actions.

¶The .xii. chapter, of spirites.

The seconde boke.

¶The .i. chapter, Of the number of thinges not naturall.

¶The .ii. chapter, of Ayer.

¶Of meate and drinke. The .iii. chapter

¶The .iiii. chapter, Of exercise, and rest.

¶The .vi. chapter, of slepe, and watche.

¶The .vi. chapter, of fulnesse and emptinesse.

¶The .vii. chapter. Of the perturbations, & sudden motions of the minde.

The third boke

¶The first chapter of the number of thinges agaynste Nature.

¶The .ii. chapter, Of the causes of diseases

¶The .iii. chapter, Of diseases.

¶The .iiii. chapter, of accidentes.

The .iiii. boke

¶The first chapter. Of that part of phisick which teacheth the knowlege of thinges yt be past, present, and to cum.

¶Of the vryne. The .ii. chapter.

¶Of the excrementes of the belly. The .iii. chapter

¶Of the spettell. The .4. chapter

¶The .v. chapter of the pulses.

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A uery brefe treatise, ordrely declaring the prīcipal partes of phisick, that is to saye: Thynges natural. Thynges not naturall. Thynges agaynst nature.

Gathered, and sette forth by Christopher Langton.

Anno dn̄i. M.D.XLVII.

¶Wylm̄ Baldwyn▪

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¶Who so desyreth health got, to preserue:

And lost, to procure: ought chefely to knowe

Suche naturall thynges, as therto maye serue:

Great knowlege wherof, this boke wil him show.

Whiche smal though it seme contayneth as much

Of arte to be knowen of them that are wyse,

As byg myghty bokes agastfull to tuche,

As well for the wayght, as for the heauy pryce.

Reade it therfore all ye that loue your healthe,

Learne here in an houre, elles where in a yere

Scarce red, the which Langton willing our welth

Hath englyshed brefe, as it doth appere.

To whome the free geuer of your so great gayne,

Yelde thākes & prayses, a payment for his payne.

Consule valetudini.

The contentes of this Boke.

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¶The firste boke.

OF what kynde of artes physicke is. Cap. i.

Of the sectes in Physycke. Cap. ii.

The partes of physicke. iii.

The distribucion of Physicke in to three fourmes. Cap. iiii

Of the numbre of thinges naturall. v.

Of Elementes. Cap. vi.

Of temperamentes. Cap. vii.

Of Humors. Cap. viii

Of the partes of mannes body. Cap. ix.

Of powers or faculties. Cap. x

Of Actions. Cap. xi.

Of Spirites. Cap. xii.

¶The seconde boke.

OF the number of thinges not naturall. Cap. i

Of Ayer. Cap. ii

Of meate and drynke. Cap. iii

Of exercise, and rest. Cap. iiii

Of Slepe and watche. Cap. v

[Page]Of Fulnesse and emptinesse. Cap. vi

Of the perturbations and sudayne mocions of the mynde. Cap. vii

¶The thyrd boke.

OF the number of thynges agaynst nature. Cap. i

Of the causes of diseases. Cap. ii

Of diseases. Cap, iii

Of Accidentes, Cap, iiii

¶The fowerth boke.

¶Howe to iudge of any disease. Cap, i

Of Vrine, Cap, ii

Of the excrementes of the belly, Cap, iii

Of the Spettel, Cap, iiii

Of the Pulses, Cap. v

Finis.

¶ To the right high and mighty Prince Edwarde, Duke of Somerset, Protector of the kynges maiest. realmes and dominions, and gouerner of his most Royall person, Christofer Langton wyssheth health and encreace of all godlynesse.

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PHisicke hath bene so afflicted & clogged wyth ignoraunt wryters (it were to tediouse to rehearce eyther theyr names or theyre opinions) that before Gallenes dayes, none knewe which was the truth. And though Gallen wrot orderly, yet by the iniurye of tyme, the best parte of his workes be lost, to the great hynderaunce of all suche as shalbe studentes in Phisicke: Yet yf but halfe that that remayneth, were englysshed, I woulde then thynke yt we shoulde haue al thynges [Page] in Phisicke a greate deale the playnar, to the great profit & welth of the realme dyuers wayes. For fyrst it woulde saue great exspence of money, which vnlearned strangers dayly carrye awaye. Than it woulde be the safegarde of manye mennes lyues, whiche myght be able to do the king otherwyse right good seruice: And finally it wolde cause a great encrease of wisdome, whiche passeth bothe golde & precious stones. Wherefore I consideryng the wealth of the greater nū ber, haue taken vpon me to wryte orderly of a great peace of phisicke which I dedicate vnto your grace not that I thynke it worthy so noble a Prince, but partly because I iudge you a man muche desirous to knowe suche thinges as be here set foorth for the bodyly healthe, & [Page] partely for that I trust your noblenes wil further al godly ententes: whiche yf ye doe, ye shall not only encorage me (whiche am but a lernar, and as yet a young student in Physicke) but other also (whiche are alredy perfect in the workes of Physicke) dayly to set foorth suche thinges, as may profit many, and hurte none. Thus I praye god graunt to youre grace in al your affayers, most prosperous successe, and after this trāsitory lyfe, ioye withoute ende. Amen.

The fyrste boke.

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¶The fyrste Chapter. Of what kynde of artes Phisicke is.

SEyng that I haue taken vpon me, to wryte a breefe treatyse vpon Phisicke, for the alonlye commoditie of ignoraunt and vnlearned studentes in the same, I think it very necessarye and expedient to open and declare, bothe playnlye, and brefely what physicke is, whiche in Latine is called Medicina, & in Englysshe woorde for woorde, Medicine.

Hyppocrates in his boke de flatibus, whiche is as muche to saye, as in his boke of Spirites, or blastes, affirmeth that Medicine or Physicke, is nothyng, but the adiection of that that lacketh, or the [Page] subtraction, or takynge awaye, of that whyche is superfluous, & redoundeth: the whych declaration or definition, Gallen alloweth in manye places, & trulie not wtout a cause: For ther is no parte of phisike but it is cōprehended in thys finition. Auerroes in the .vi. boke, and the .i. Chapiter, of his gatheringes dothe define phisicke verye fetely, in these wordes folowinge. Medicina est ars factiuarum vna, ratione, et experimento inuenta, que tum sanitatem tuetur, tum morbum depellit. whiche is as muche to say in englysh, as Phisike is one of those artes whyche dothe make thinges inuented, or found out by reason and experience, and the whyche partly defendeth health, and partly beteth away disease, and siknes.

[Page]Herophilus woulde haue defined it, after this fashion. Medicina est scientia salubrium, insalubrium, et neutrorum.

Whyche in englyshe is as foloweth. Physike is a science of thynges holsome, & vnholsome, and of neyther of bothe: Gallen vseth thys finition, in hys boke yt is called ars medica, not because he doth so greatly alowe it, but because yt serueth hys pourpose, whyche is easie to be knowen of that, that foloweth: where he sayeth that this worde scientia, must be taken in that place, accordynge to hys common significatyon, and not as it signifyeth properlye: wherefore phisike is an arte, and no science, and seynge yt is an arte, I thynke yt well donne, [Page] to shewe in what kynde of artes it is: For there be many differences of Artes, but especiallye .iiii. One is called in Latyne, Contemplatoria, whiche hath his ende only in the seyng and beholdyng of thynges, and maye well be called contemplacion or knowlege, suche is Arithmetick, Astronomie, & natural philosophie, for ther is none of these artes that doth any thing but is onlye ended in contemplacion and studye.

There is an other which is called in Latyn, Actiua, in Englysh practise, and consisteth in doynge, as dawnsyng, and harpyng, wyth other lyke.

The thyrde in Latyn maye be called Factiua, which besyde the practise and studye, leaueth behynde his woorke, as payntyng, & buyldyng, [Page] and of this kynde there be two artes, for some make the workes them selues, as weuyng & tanning, and some correct and amend the thynges, whan they be made: as botchyng and clowtyng of old garmentes houses, & other thīges The fowerth in Latyn is called comparans, which in our tong may be called a gettyng arte, for it doeth make nothynge, but by studye, & industry getteth certen thynges as fysshynge and huntyng, these truly do make nothyng: but their study & labor is to get somthyng. And to be brefe, Phisicke as Gallen sayeth, is a kynde of those Artes whiche restoreth theyr woorkes nowe alreadye done, and correcteth the same, and not of them whiche make theyr workes newe. For Phisicke of her selfe maketh [Page] not her examples, as the arte of buyldyng, knyttyng, and weuing dothe. But as that arte that mendeth olde houses, and piceth olde garmentes: so phisike doth amend the euyll constitution of mannes bodye.

¶The seconde Chapiter. Of the sectes in phisyke.

YT is nowe alredye shewed, that phisike is an arte which restoreth healthe beynge absent, and defendeth the same beynge present, but howe thys art maye be gotten yt is not agreed vpon amongest all men, for some thynke experience sufficiente to the gettyng of this arte, and do cal them selfes therof Empericos. These be they that haue ther firste respect [Page] vnto the heape of accidentes, and begynneth their cure of them, wythout any knowledge ether of the disease, or the cause, and they call the forsayde heape of accidentes in Greke, [...], the whyche in Lattyn is called Congeries, and concursus, and in Englishe a heape, and concurryng, or runnynge to gether. Secundarilye, they obserue, and marke, in the cummynge to gether of Accidentes, Medicines which they know to be mete for the disease, onlye by vse and experience. Thyrdely they lerne remedies of the historie, of suche as they haue before proued: Fowerthly they goe from lyke, to lyke.

For what soeuer remedyes they haue proued by experience, in manye men, and often tymes [Page] (but alwayes they proue them in the same and lyke measure, orelles by chaunce, and as a man woulde saye vnloked for, they marke and obserue them to be lyke, & to haue one effect) the same they vse boldly▪ nothyng curiouse in the inquyryng what facultie or nature they be of, that is to saye whether they be hote or colde, drye or moyste, & they beleue and credit the olde auncientes, whiche hath lefte in wrytyng, suche thynges as they haue noted and obserued by experience, & that yt thē selues haue obserued & marked, they cal in Greke, [...], whiche in Englysh, maye be called theyr owne inspection, and looke what they haue obserued, & marked by chaunce, as yf a mā by fallyng from hygh, be woūded, or hurte, or els yf a man beyng sicke [Page] and folowyng his appetite, drīke colde water, the whiche hath eyther done good or euyll, they call [...], which is to saye an obseruacion made by chaunce. But whan they learne that that is marked by other, they call it in Greke, [...] whiche may be called the obseruation of other.

They vse also to go from lyke to lyke, whiles they intermedle with suche thīges, as they haue not yet proued, althoughe they be of one kynde, and this is called of them in greke, [...], which in englysh is goyng from lyke to lyke, and by this rule they transfer one medicine to dyuers euyls, and from one place affected to another & from one medicine whiche they knewe before, to an other of the same kynde vnknowen.

[...]

[Page]Yf the naturall egestions be holden to long, then the party hath a byndyng disease they saye: but yf they runne to muche, that they call an open disease: And yf a man be bothe bounde and lewse together, than they call that sycknes a combynation of bothe the fornamed euyls: as yf the eye shoulde suffer a fluxe, and an inflammation together, of the whiche, the inflammation is a sycknes that byndeth, and the fluxe an open disease: then theyr remedye in suche a case, is to bynde that that runneth, and to open that that is boūde, as if there be any inflammation in the shoulder or arme, what is their rule? what, but withoute deliberation, or consideration of the place affected, strayght to lewse the bellye, & yf it fortune bothe the forsayde euyls [Page] to chaūce at one tyme, in one membre, then what do they? vtterly necglect that that is of the least daunger: and these be they which reprehende Hyppocrates, because he sayeth that physicke is a longe arte, and that mannes lyfe is but shorte, for they saye that it is not so, but rather cleane contrary. For as they saye, yf al that is superfluous were cut out, phisicke myghte be easily learned in .vi. monethes. The begynner of this secte, was Syrus, Asclepiades scholer: after whome came Thessalus, Proclus, and manye other.

Moreouer there be other which be called Dogmatici, because they grounde all theyr doynges vppon reason. These do learne diligently the nature and cōstitution of all suche bodyes as they take in hand [Page] to heale: and doe marke verye dilygently, euerye day, the alterations of the same, besyde this, they say, that yt is euerye honest Phisition hys part, to know, and consyder well, both the nature of the ayer, waters, and wyndes, and the place also wher the sycke abydethe, and his accustomed diet, as well in meates, and drinkes, as bathes, exercises, & other thinges, to the end, that he may haue a sure knowledge, bothe of the causes, & remedyes, of all diseases. They wyll also that he be suche an one, that he be able, to proue by reason, what nature any kynde of medicyne hath, and that he be able to apoynt, (though he neuer sawe yt before) what yt is able to doe, and they counsel euery Phisition, to begynne his cure, accordyng to [Page] the strength of the sick, and not as ye disease paraduenture shall wyll hym: And they doe not denye, but that experience is necessarye, howbeit they denye it to be sufficient to cure all malledies, and to finde, and serche out, all thynges. And also they say, yt without reson, experience can hardly be come by. The first author, and founder of this sect, was Hyppocrates Lous, withoute dowt, the moste lerned, and noble Phisition, that euer was, after hym came Diocles, Praxagoras, and Chrysyppus, wt many mo, no lesse lerned, then famouse.

¶The .iii. chapter. The partes of phisicke

THere be .vi. especiall partes of phisicke, the firste dothe considere the constitucion [Page] of mannes nature, & bodie. The second defendeth the bodie from sycknes, kepynge it in healthe. The third inquireth the causes, and accidentes, of sicknes, and diseases. The forthe conteyneth the knowledge as well of thinges past, as also present, and to come. The fifth showeth an order, and a way, how all diseases, shoulde be healed: and this part, is deuyded into thre other partes. The firste of the thre, techeth the healing of sicknesses, by diet only, and therefore it is both the chefe, and moste noble parte of phisicke, and without the which, the other partes, which serue to the helyng of diseases, can not be: and hereof it is, that Hippocrates wrot thre great bokes of the remediynge of [Page] all feruent diseases, by diet onlye, in the which boke, he proueth euydently, that of a lytell faut or error in the diet of suche as be sycke, foloweth death without remedy, the whiche thing yf it be true, as vndoutedlye it is, what be such Phisitions worthye, as doe vtterlye necglect the same, and thinke that they haue done a great feat, whan they haue wrytten a byl or two, to the appoticarie, takynge no care in the meane tyme, what manner of dyet, the sicke kepeth.

The seconde parte, healeth by medicins inwarde, & outwardly taken. But there be medicins of .ii. sortes, that is to say simple, and compounde, and first to the parfit curyng of the disease most necessary is the knowledge of the simple [Page] and this care whiche is a greate charge, is commytted to such, as be vnlerned, yea and in many places (more is the pittie) to folish, & ignorant wemen: I wolde rather wishe, the handlynge of suche Iuelles, to be in the handes, of ye best lerned, and wysest Phisitions: For as it is a thinge to be laughhed at, if a Paynter know not his pensill, or a coblar hys nall, or a tannar his lether, so think ye that a Phisition is not to be laught to scorne? yf he know not the matter of that arte, which he professeth? But now adayes he is most set by; and had in the gretest estimation, which knoeth ye least, & which can make one medicine serue a thowsande diuerse diseases, whiche is as lyke to be true, as one shooe to be mete & sit for so many [Page] feet. And as for medicins, they be not worth a vyle straw, except they com out of Ethiop, Arabi, or India, wheras for vs english men, ther is non so good, as our owne Englishe simples: For it can not be proued, yt nature euer brought forthe any wher liuing creatures, where as she left nothing to fede them wyth all, and lykewyse as she hath prouided meat, so hath she medicyns also, but the suttylties of men, for their owne gayne, and priuat Lucre, hath browght to passe that al thing is oute of order, bothe in the shoppes of the appoticaries, and other places elles where. The thyrd part is Surgery, which is wrought by mannes hand, which Gallen commendeth hyghly, in many, and sundry bokes.

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¶The .iiii. chapter. The distribution of Phisicke in to thre formes.

QVre forfathers haue distributed, and deuided Phisicke, into thre formes, or orders, and that for no other pourpose, but that yonge studentes of Phisick, might lerne diligently, and a gret dele the better remember, what so euer they had red, in the monumentes of olde writers. The first order is of those thinges, of ye whiche, mānes body is made of, and it hath plesed the foresayde elders, to call suche thinges, as oure body is cōpact, & made of thinges natural, because to the perfection of mannes body they be necessary.

[Page]The seconde order, is of those thinges, with the which, oure bodye is nourished, that yt may remayne in healthe: & these thinges be called not naturall, not because they be vtterlye agaynst oure nature, but because if they be geuen without discreciō, they may make suche alteration in the bodye, as may extinguishe and abolishe vtterlye, the lyfe.

The thirde order, is of such as hurt, and harme the body, and corrupt it, & therfore, they be called, thinges agaynste nature, be cause they be clene contrary to nature.

¶The fyfth chapter. Of the number of thinges naturall.

[Page] NOwe it is tyme to speke of the first part of Phisicke, whiche entreateth of the naturall cōstitution of mannes bodie, & this part of Phisicke, is not put firste, without a cause: For no mā can do any good with a medicyne, whiche is ignorant in the constitutiō of mannes bodie, therfore the thinges naturall wherof mannes bodye is conpact & made, be seuen in number.

1 Elementes: as the fiere, ayer, water, and erthe.

2 Temperamentes: as hote, cowlde, moyst, and drye.

3 Humores: as blowde, fleume, chollar bothe yelow & black.

4 Partes: as flesh, bone, brayne harte, liuer, heed, and handes

5 Faculties: as Animall, vitall, & [Page] naturall.

6 Actions: as Animall, & naturall.

7 Spirites: as animall, vitall, and naturall.

These thinges I entend (god willing) to expresse so well as the sterillite of my simple wyt, will geue me leaue, begynnyng first wyth the Elementes.

¶The sixte, chapter. Of the Elementes.

TVlly ye eloquent Romain, counselleth very wel euery mā, first of all and before he make any far procedynge, to defyne the thing, of the which he pourposeth to entreat, to ye entent that euery mā may perceyue what it is ye is spokē of therfore according to his counsell (I [Page] wyll fyrst define what an element is: wherfore an element, (as Galen sayeth in the .viii. boke of the decrees of Plato, and Hyppocrates) is the lest part of that thynge, of the which it is an element, and of these amongest the hole nature of thynges, there be but fower in number, which is the fyer, Ayer, water, and yearth: and as of these all thynges naturall, haue there begynnynge, so at the length, they shall be resolued into the same agayne. For Hyppocrates sayeth, in a boke, which he entytelleth the nature of man, that after the soule is once dissolued from the body, euery thinge, wherof the body was of first, is returned in hys owne nature agayne, as loke what in the begynnyng was drye, that is [Page] tourned in to drye, & what was moyste, becōmeth moyste agayne: and lykewyse heat is turned into heat, and colde, becommeth colde agayne, but after these elementes be once mixte in the body they can no more be called elementes, that is to say pure, and simple bodyes, & that ye is made of them, is a bodye mixt, and corruptible.

Therfore as Gallen counselleth in the firste boke of elementes, go not about to serche out or to finde in any naturall body, any thinge that is simple, and not mixt, or compounded, leste thou lose thy peyne, but be contented yf thou se a member that is could, hard, and drye, and a nother that is moyste, rare, and fluxible, to thinke the tone to come of the yearth, [Page] and the other, of the water, And lykewyse whan thou considerest with thy selfe, in thy mynde, the nature of a spirit, then remember the ayer. For seing that the elementes, be the lest partes of owre bodies, it is not possible that they should be perceyued by any sense. Yf these elementes wer not mixte all together, nether man, nor no other liuinge creature, coulde be made of them, for what part of the body they should towch, they must of necessitie, corrupt the same. For ther is no part of the bodie that can abyde safe without hurt, or dammage, the towchynge of any thynge, that is ether extreme hote or extreme colde, moyest, or drye. And herof it is euident that these elementes be not mixt in mannes bodye, as wheate, or barley, is [Page] mixt in a hepe, for of the grayne ther is no alteratiō, seing after the mixture it remaynethe hole, but the elementes be so altered, and chaunged, that after the mixture, ther remayneth nothyng, but onely a signification of theire qualities, the which qualities, whiles they be in the elementes, altering the substaunce subiect to them, do cause the mutuall alteration, of ye elementes. Yt is necessarie for a Phisition, to consider exactlye, and diligentlye, the nature of the elementes, to the ende that he may knowe, howe health is made of the temperature, of heat, cold, dry, and moyst, and of the distemperature of the same sicknes.

¶The seuen chapter. Of temperamentes

[Page] AMongest thynges naturall, the temperamentes, haue the second place, a temperament is no thinge elles, but a complexion, or a conbination of ye fower elementes or elles of heat, coulde, dry and moyst: of temperamentes there be .ix. differencis, of ye which one is temperat, be cause it excedeth in no qualitie, the rest be all distemperat, of the which .iiii. be simple, as hot, cold, dry, & moyst, and .iiii. be compounde, as hot & moyst to gether, cold and dry, hot and dry, coulde, and moyst. The ix. difference, which I sayed before was temperat, may be taken .ii. manner of wayes, ether temperat simple and absolutly, or elles temperate in euerye kynde of [Page] thinges: loke what is temperate simply, and absolutly, that in the respect of all thinges, is temperat and in it the elementes be equally mingled, and such a thinge must be knowen by cogitacion only, for other wayes it cannot, as Gallen is a manifeste witnesse in the firste boke, that he writ in the defence of health.

And that is temperat in euery kind, in the which, is the same mediocrity of contrary elementes, as is conuenient to the nature, not only of man and best, but also of trees, and plantes, and this temperament is in all them that be hole accordynge to there nature, and it may be knowen of hys functions, and officis, who is hole according to hys nature.

[Page]For he that can doe euerie thing well, which he is apt to doe naturally, is as hole as nature made hym, whether it be man or best or it be tree, or plant: as an apple tre is very well, or hole, according to his nature, whā he bereth a great number of good apples, and likewise an horse, whan he runneth very swift. Therfore this is not the temperament, which is mesured by weyght, wherin ther is as many degrees of heat, as of cold, and of drinesse as of moisture, for that is no where, nor can not be knowen, but by cogitation, as is a foresayd: but in this temperament which is in euery kynd of thinges the elementes be so mixt, that the temperament which commeth of the mixture, agreeth both to the nature of mē, bestes, and plantes. [Page] Therefore it is called a temperament, accordynge vnto iustice, which mesureth to euery man, not by weyght, but by dignity: wherefore what soeuer thinge exceadeth this temperament, ether in heate, could, drynes, or moysture, ye same is not temperate: and of the same that redoundeth it taketh ye name, as if it be hete that is superfluous then it is called hot, & loke what thinge hath more hete, then colde, that same is hote, & contrary, yf it haue more cold than heate, it is called could, & lykewise that that hath more moysture, then drines, is named moyst: and agayne, yf it haue more drines thē moysture, then it may be called dry: and here of it commeth ye summer is called hote, because it hath more hete then coulde, and wynter is called [Page] colde, because it hath more colde then heate: furthermore if a thinge excede in heat and moysture to gether, or in colde and drynesse, or in hete and drynesse, or in colde and moysture, then it must take name, of the qualities which excedeth: as yf heat and moysture excede, then it must be called hote and moyste: yf colde and drynes, cold and dry: and so of the other. And hereof it is euident, that sumtyme one temperament is equall and temperate in one opposicion, and distemperate, and not equall in an other.

For yf it be not necessary, for that that is hote to be dry, but may be moyst, then it may also be temperate, because the meane is nygher to the dry temperature, then is ye moyst: and lykewise an other temperature that is colde yf it may as [Page] well be dry as moyst, may be temperate also: because the meane is nigher to the moyst temperature, then the dry is.

The same answere may be made of drye and moyste, that before is made of hote and colde. Therefore it is no maruayle, though there be sumthinge temperate in the one halfe, and not temperate in the other. But here thou must take hede, yf thou be axed of what temperature a man, an asse, or an oxe is, that thou answere not symply and absolutly: For to that that is spoken diuersly, and is diuerie also of it selfe, no man can make absolutely & simply a direct answere: Therfore before thou make thyne answere, yu must bid hym, showe yt ye mā, the asse, or ye oxe, whereof he douteth: then yf he dout of a man, [Page] thou muste haue a respect to the perfit man, whiche (as Gallen sayeth in the firste boke of his tē peramentes) is neyther hote, nor coulde, and as he differeth from hym, so make answere, sayinge eyther that he is hot, or otherwise as thy iudgement shall lede the: but yf he doubt of a best, then thou must haue an eye to the hole kynde of men. For all other kindes, compared vnto it, are distemperat, & as he differeth from mankynde, eyther in hete, or otherwise, so shape hym an answere. And that thou be not deceyued, in makyng thyne answere, thou muste vnderstand, that heat, coulde, dry, and moyst, be taken diuersly: For first they be taken absolutely, and simply, that is to say without any admixtion of other bodyes: and of [Page] this sorte, the only elementes be hot, coulde, dry, & moyst: secondarely they be spoken by excesse, as whan there is in one thing, more hete then coulde, more drynesse, then moysture, or other wyse: and of this fassion bloud, fleme, wyne, oyle, & honny, be called hot, colde, dry, and moyst: and that, that is called hote, colde, dry, and moyste of this sort, is spoken yet .2. maner of wayes. fyrst absolutly, that is compared to no one alone, but to the hole nature of thinges, and of this fasshiō a dog, simply, & absoluetly taken, and not compared to any thing alone, is dry: otherwise that is to say not absolutly, but cōpared to sum one alone, may be moyst, as to a pismyre. And moreouer, there be .iii. diuers maner of comparisons, the first is betwyxt [Page] two of diuers kyndes, as a man to a beaste. The second is whan ye distemperate is compared to the temperate of the same kynde, as a man compared to the parfit man, whereof we spake before. The thirde is, whan .ii. distemperate of one kynde, is compared together: as one man to an other, one lyon to an other, one horse to an other. Whosoeuer dothe diligently examin these thinges, may easly iudge of what temperament the iiii. tymes of the yere, that is to say ye springe, summar, autumne, and winter, be. For euery one of these by hym selfe and without comparison, maye be called hote cold, drye, or moyst, & of this fashion the spring is withoute all excesse, because there is not as is in wynter, more colde then heat: nor [Page] as in summar, more heat thē cold: lykewyse there is a mediocritie of drynesse and moysture, and therfore Hippocrates sayeth, that it is the most holsumest tyme of all the yere, and a tyme in the which there chaūseth no deadly sicknes. For ye moste part of the diseases of the springe, happen by reson that all the euyll humors be driuen from the innar partes, in to the skynne. Wherefore the diseases be rather to be imputed to the body, then to ye tyme of ye yeare. For what body so euer hath good homours, that bodye remayneth styll in healthe, so long as the spryng lasteth: paraduenture it doeth not so in summar, autumne or wynter, because these tymes brede or encrese euyll humors: as summar encreaseth chollar, & autumne melancholy, & wynter fleme & watrish humors. [Page] It is possible, that sum man wyll reprehend my sayinges, obiecting the begynnyng of the springe to be coulde, accordyng to wynter, & the latter ende hot, as in summar. In dede I confesse no lesse, then ye begynnynge of the springe, to be a lytell coulde, and the latter ende, a lytell hote, but not in excesse, as it is eyther in summar, or wynter. Wherfore it can not be called hote and moyest, as sūme doe suppose, because it can not be hot and temperat, both at one tyme. As for summar by the consent, as well of the Philosophers, as of phisitions, is hot and dry, because there is in it more heat then could, more drinesse, then moysture. Autumne simply, and without exception, can not be called colde, and dry, as sūme holde opinion, for it is not [Page] coulde, because there is as muche heate as coulde, seing the middle of the day is much hotter, then the mornynge, and euenynge. Therefore it is founde to be distemperat, in heat, and coulde, and so mixt of bothe, that it can nether be called hote, nether coulde. Therefore it is full of perilouse diseases because it is distempered both in heate, and coulde: and because it hath more drynesse, then moysture, therefore it is called dry. As for wynter it is moyst, & could, not because it is more moyst & coulde, then ye other times of the yere, but because there is more moysture then drines, more could then heate. Nowe that I haue so brefelye (as I coulde) declared the temperamentes of the tymes of the yere, it is mete & cōuenient, [Page] to shewe in as fewe wordes as I can, the temperamentes of the iiii. ages, which are chyldehode, youth, mannes state, and olde age: Chyldehode is from the chyldyng the space of .xv. yere next folowyng, and it is hote and moyst, and that is easie to be perceyued hereof, that the first constitution of the chylde, is of seede, and bloude, the whiche both be hote and moyst. Youthe beginneth where chyldehod endeth, & continueth .x. yeres: in this age ther is more firye heat, & lesse natural heat thē is in childehode as Gallen witnesseth in hys second boke of temperamentes. Mannes state begynneth at .xxv. and continueth to .xxxv. the which tyme is hote and dry: Olde age beginneth at .xxxv. and continueth the rest of the lyfe, though summe [Page] doe recken it but to .ix. and fortie yere, and it is colde & dry. Ye shall fynde in other places, mo differences of ages, howbeit I thinke these sufficient, for suche as be not to deynty, and exquisite. Whoso thinketh hym selfe not satisfyed, with this brefe exposition of temperamentes, let hym reade diligently Galenes .iii. bokes of temperamentes, and I dout not, but he shall be satisfyed. For I makyng haste to better and more profitable knowledge, cānot finde in my harte, to tary any lenger in this disputation, yet whoso euer shall dilygently examine in hys mynde that that is wryttē before, may easely (yf he be not halfe folishe) gather ye rest which wanteth without a techer, or an instructar.

¶The .viii. chapter of humors.

[Page] HVmours be fower in number, that is to say, bloude, chollar, flewme, and melancholy: of the which, bloude is hote, moyst, and swete. Flewme is coulde, moyst, and vnsauery, lyke vnto the pure water: yelowe chollar, hote, dry, and bittar: blacke chollar, or melancholy, coulde, drye, sowre, and stipticke.

These humours be called hot, could, dry, and moyst, because they be so in power, and not in acte, and ther is great difference betwixte thinges that be hot of power: and thinges hot in acte. For that thing is hot in acte, which is hot alredy, and that is hot in power, which is not hot alredy, but may, and is apt to be hot afterward, & so we call bryne, or vinegar drye, though [Page] they appere to the eye to be moyst, yet experience hath proued them drye, because they consume the superfluous humours, bothe of flesh, & also other thinges. Whan these .iiii. humours reserue theyr forsayde qualities, then the body wherein they be, is hole, and without disease, and the before named humours, be called of the Phisitions, naturall. The receptacles of bloud, be the vaynes, and pulses, but the bloud, that is contayned in the pulses, (as Gallen sayeth in his first boke, and first chapter of affected places) differeth from the blowde of the vaynes, in that, that the blowde of the pulses is both hotter, thynnar, & yelower. The well of the blowde, is the liuer, & not onely that, but also the first instrument of mannes bodye [Page] and the naturall and true cullour of the blowd, is red: which Galen affirmeth in many places. Where blowde redoundeth the body is feat, fayer, mery, & plesantly disposed. Flewme, of cullour is white, which at the length by ye meanes of naturall heat, may be tourned in to bloude: and therefore seinge it is a nowrishment but halfe boyled, nature hath prouided no propre, or peculier receptacle for the pourgynge of it. For flewme engendred in the stomake or mawe, be cause it is carryed together wt the iuice that came of the meate & drinke vp in to ye liuer, is at length by much alteration tourned into bloude, and that which is caryed together with the bloud in the vaynes, may skant be spared, because it mittigateth the greate feruent, and outragious heat of [Page] ye bloud: therfore it hath morenede to tarry styll & be altered, then to be pourged, & caryed away, but yt that remayneth behynde in the guttes, is pourged, & caryed quite oute at the fundament, by reason of the chollar cūmynge fro the lyuer (as Gallen sayeth in the .v. of his bokes, of the vse of the partes of mannes body.) The excrement which falleth frō ye brayne in to ye mouth, can not properly be called flewme but rather muck, or sniuil: flewmatick bodyes, be slothfull, slepy, fleshye, & soone horeheared. Yelowe chollar hath his name, of his culour, & nature hathe prouided a proper place for it, which is ye blather vnder ye liuer: for it was necessary for it to be parted from the bloud, lest at the length ye hole body, should becumne yelowe, as it doth in the yelowe Iawndies. [Page] Cholericke men be angry, sharpe wytted, nymble, and quicke in all theyr affayers, inconstant, and leane and good digesters of theyr meat: melancholy is the dregges and filthe of the bloud, and therefore it is blacke, as it appereth in the name: it were great daunger, for it to be left in the liuer, therfore the splyne is prouided of nature, to receyue it, the which splyne yf it drawe lesse then it should do, then the melancholy, or blacke chollar, is left with the blowde: by reason whereof the body getteth a black colour, or at the least a feuer quartayne. Men that be melancholy, be sottell, couetouse, greate frettars with them selues, vnfaythful, sad, and carefull, enuious ferfull, and weak sprited. The vse of these forsayde humors, is such [Page] in especiall as foloweth. The bloud serueth to the nowrishment of the hole body, flewme helpeth the mouyng of the ioyntes, yelow chollar clenseth the intestines of of their flewme and filthe, melancholy healpeth ye action of the stomake, (as Gallene writeth in his v. boke of the vse of the partes, of mannes body) by reason yt it draweth the stomake together, wherby the naturall heat, is encreased: & the concoction of the meat, made much the more parfit. Soranus an Ephesian borne, wryteth: that these humours rule the body by course, eche of them .vi. houres to gether: as bloud begynneth at .ix. of the clocke in the night, & ruleth vntyll .iii. of the mornyng, yelowe chollar beginneth at .3. in the mornyng, and gouerneth vntyll .ix. of [Page] the mornyng, melancholy beginneth at .ix. and continueth to .iii. in the after noone. Flewme begynneth at .iii. of the after noone, and lasteth tyll .ix. of the night. These humors, sumtyme lose theyre naturall qualities wherby they hurt the body, and be called not naturall. Blowde becummeth vnnaturall, ether whan it putrifieth in the vaynes, be cause the pores be shut, or els whan it is mixt with sūme other euyll humor, as in the dropsy, where it is mingled wt water, or finally, whan it is mixt, ether wt ouer muche chollar, flewme, or melancholy, whereof it taketh a newe name, and is called eyther cholericke blowd, flewmaticke, or melancholy bloud: For it is neuer naturall, except in the mixture, it haue the rule and dominion. Of vnnaturall flewme, there be .iiii. [Page] kyndes, (as Gallen wytnessyth in his second boke & .vi. chapter, of ye differences of feuers). The first is watrysh, & of the cullar of molten glasse, wherof it hathe to name citrine & is very cowld. The second kynde, is that which after ye hawking out, hath a swete taste, & is called swete flewme. The third is sowre of taste, & is not so colde as the citrine, & cowlder then the swete. The fowerth is salt, eyther by ye mixture of sūme salt humor, or elles by putrifactiō, & is called salt flewme. Of vnnaturall yealowe chollar, there be .v. kyndes. The firste is yelowe, lyke vnto the yolkes of egges, & as Gallen sayeth is engendred in ye vaynes The second is colowred lyke leade, or garlicke & is bred in ye stomake or mawe. The thirde is of a rusty cullour, & it also is bred in ye stomake. [Page] The forth inclineth sumwhat towardes grene, and is engendred in the place beforesayd. The .v. is of the cullour of the sea, and groweth in the stomacke also. Of melā choly, or black chollar, ther is but one kynde vnnaturall, & it is sumwhat browne of cullour, and so sharpe and sowre that it eateth, & fretteth the body, where it goethe.

¶The .ix. chapter, of the partes of mannes body.

THe firste diuision of partes of mānes body, is of those, that ye latten men call similares, & dissimilares, whiche in englishe, may be called lyke, and vnlike▪ For similares be such partes as be lyke vnto them selues in all thinges, which when they be diuided, or parted in sonder [Page] the leste of them kepeth the same name that the hole dothe, whereof it is part: and dissimilares, be such as are vnlyke them selfes in all thinges, which whan they be deuided or parted a sunder, none of them can be called by the name yt the hole is, as in example. No part of the head, can (yf it be separat, & parted, from the head) be called an head▪ no more can any part of the hand be named an hand, nor of ye foote, a foote: nor of the eye, an eye: yet euery parte of water is called water, and euery part of bloud, is called bloude, and euerye parte of bone, bone: and euery part of flesh, is called fleshe. Therfore these last rehersed be such as the laten men call similares, and the other be the selfe same, yt be called dissimilares, or instrumentales. Gallen sayeth, yt [Page] the same partes, which the latyns call similares, be the first elementes, and begynners of mannes bodye, although the selfe same, be common to brute beastes also, for ther is nether oxe, horse, ne dogge, but they haue pulses, vaynes, senewes, tiinges, gristilles, skinnes, and fleshe, yet not in all poyntes lyke vnto man, and beside these, other that man hath not, as hornes, bylles, spowres, & skales: of these, the other which be called dissimilares, or instrumentales, be made, as hed, handes, feet, & such lyke. An instrumentall parte, differith from the instrument, because that sūme of the same partes, before is called similares, be instrumentes, and yet may not be instrumentall partes. For euery part (as gallen sayeth) that bringeth forth a parfit actiō, [Page] is an instrument: wherof it commeth that the pulses, vaynes, and senewes, be instrumentes, and no instrumentall partes. Of ye instrumentall partes, there be thre called chefe, or principall: ye brayne, hart, & liuer. There are summe, whiche addeth vnto these, ye priuy partes, because they conserue and kepe ye kinde.

There be belonging to these, iiii. other, as to ye brayne, senewes: to the hart, pulses: to the liuer, vaynes: and to the pryuye partes, the sparmaticke vessayles: besyde these, there be certayne other partes of the body, whiche nether rule other, nor yet be ruled of other, but hath a facultie of them selfes, whereof they be gouerned: as bone, tiynge, skynne and fleshe. [Page] All ye partes of mannes body, haue nede of pulses, and vaynes, to the keping of ther substance: vaynes, to the entent yt they may be nowrished, and pulses for the kepynge of naturall heat in good temper. Hytherto I haue spoken generally of the partes of mannes body: whoso is wyllyng to haue a particular rehersall of all the partes, let them seke Gallen, or Vesal [...]us. For they haue writtē hole bokes, and greate volumes of them: and as for me, I haue written of the same, in an other place, so well as my wyt, lernyng, knowledge, and the sterilitie and baraynes of the english tong, wolde gyue me leue. Therfore if that I should wryte the same agayne. I shoulde both be ouer tedious to such as showld heare me, & also I showld breake [Page] my promyse, because I haue promised, to write a brefe, and a shorte treatyse, vpon Phisicke.

The .x. chapter, of powers or faculties.

A Facultie, or a power, is the cause, frō whence the action procedethe. There be .iii. faculties, or powers, diuers ech to other, which gouerneth the bodye, and be called Animall, vitall, and naturall. The animall power or facultie, cummeth from the brayne by the senewes, & geueth both mouyng and felynge, to eche part of the body, and is author of the senses, and all voluntary actions. The vital power cummeth from the harte, and is caryed in the pulse throughout the bodye, [Page] wherto it geueth life: wherof it is euident, that the hart is the wel of lifely heat: the natural power, cō meth from the liuer, and is caried to euerye parte of the body, by the vaynes, and serueth to the norishynge of the same. This power, or facultie, is deuided in .iiii. other powers, the first is attractiue, the second is retentiue, the third concoctiue or alteratiue, the fowerth expulsiue. The attractiue power, is the same, by ye which, euery part of ye body draweth to it, such iuyce as is mete and conuenient to norishe it, and that iuyce, which is sooneste made like, is most conuenient for nowrishment: therfore this power, seing that it prepareth matter, to the norishment of euery part, serueth to the power alteratiue, or concoctiue. The retentyue [Page] power holdeth ye same which is al redy drawen, vntyl it be altered & chaunged: & this power also, serueth vnto the alteratiue, or concoctiue power.

The alteratiue power, hath name of hys action, for it altereth the iuyce, and at the length, maketh it lyke to the part, that is norished. The expulsiue power or facultie, separateth the euyll from ye good, lest with long tariynge together, the one shoulde marre the other: & this as the other, serueth to the alteratiue power. These .4. powers, be in euery part of euery naturall body, as Gallen witnesseth, in hys bokes, of powers or faculties.

¶The .xi. chapter, of Actions.

[Page] AN action, is an actuall mouyng, procedinge from a facultie, and therefore the facultie is alwayes the cause of the action, wherfore whan the power perisheth, ther foloweth no action at all: That which the action hath made & finished, is the worke: as bloud, fleshe, & bone, and as ye may call euery action a certayne worke of Nature, so ye can not call euery worke, an actiō: as flesh is a work of nature, & not an action. There is in ye body .ii. manner of actions. One is called Anymall, or voluntarie, which procedeth from the synowes, and muscules, & this is suche an actiō, yt whan it is, it may be seased, & whan it is not, it may [Page] be raysed, as a man listeth, as in example. The head, armes, and legges, may be moued, or holden styll, as it shall plese the dody, that hath them. This action is parted in to thre. The first is of feelynge, which is deuided in .v. as in to the action of seinge, hearinge, felinge, smellynge, and tastyng. The secōd, is the action of voluntarye mouyng. The third, is the action, of the cogitation, memory, and reason, which of all the rest, is most noble, and excellent. As for respiration, is a voluntary action, because it is in oure wyll to holde oure breth: or to let it go, which is euident of the seruaunt (that Gallē speketh of) which held his breth vntyl he dyed. Wherfore it is euident, that sūme voluntarye actions, be free: & sum, serue the affectiōs [Page] of the body. For to walke any whither, or to speake with any body, or to take any thinge, be fre actions, but to ease the belly or to make water, serue the necessitie of the bodye. Yt is possible for a mā, to holde hys peace (yf he haue so constitute with hym selfe) an hole yeare to gether, but to hold his excrement, or hys water .ii. monethes, or .ii. weckes, it is not possible. For they prouoke so oft, and greue a man so muche, that oftentymes, they wyll not abyde, tyll they maye be conuenientlye let forth, and lyke vnto these, is respiration, or the actiō, of brething. For whosoeuer hathe his brethe stopped, but a very littell tyme, it is a greate doubte, yf he dye not fourth with all. But the naturall action, which is not voluntarye, [Page] cummeth of the vaynes, and pulses. For let a man doe what he shall, and yet they wyll doe theire office, without any let. Amongest the naturall actions, be reckened, generation, Auction, nutrition, Formation, Alteration, appeticion, attraction, concoction, retention, distribution, excretion, & such other. But as for generation, it is not one simple naturall action, for in it is, bothe alteration, and formation. The amplyfycation, and increacement, in length, bredeth, and depenesse, of all the vttar partes of the bodye, is called auction. Nutrition, is the assimilation, or makyng lyke, of the nurishment to that, that is nurished: to the whiche, apposition, and agglutination or adhesiō be necessary. For after that the iuyce, which [Page] afterward shall nurish euery part of the body, is once fallen from ye vaynes, it must first be put to, and then ioyned or glued, & last of all, made like. It is very mete and expedient for euery Phisition, entending his pacientes health, diligently to consider all the actions, as well the animall, as naturall: because of them, the constitution of the body, is easy to be knowen.

For what body so euer is in health, the same hath all the actions parfit and sownde, and what body is sicke and diseased, it hath cleane otherwise. Moreouer the action for the most part, declareth the place affected. For there can be no action hurt, but that part or instrument, wherin it is, must be affected also.

¶The .xii. chapter, of spirites.

[Page] A Spirit is a subtyl, thynne, and bright substance, made of the finest partes of the blowd, that the power may be caried from the principall partes of ye body, to ye rest: wherby eche maye doe hys dutie and office. There be in number, only .iii. spirites: the animall, vitall, and naturall. The animall spirit, hath his place, in ye brayne, and being dispersed in the senewes, geueth the power of mouinge, and feling, to eche part of the body: It is made of the vitall spirite. The vitall spirit, is in the hart, and is caried in the arteries, throughout the body, being the very cause of all naturall, and lyuely heat: It is made of the exhalations, or the dryest, and finest [Page] partes of the bloud. Yf there be any naturall spirit, it is in the liuer and vaynes, and in dede to say the truthe, there is no greate nede for any spirite, to carry any power of nowrishing through the body, seing yt euery part draweth hys nurishment, euen as the adamante stone draweth yron: & besyde this, the liuer hath no such matter, as any spirit can be made of. For if there were any matter, wherof the naturall spirit might be made, that muste nedes be the vitall spirit, of whome the animall spirite also, is made: but seing that the vitall spirit is engē dred in the hart, and by the pulses carryed through the body, it had ben necessary, that there shold haue ben great pulses, from the hart to to the lyuer, whiche might haue [Page] broughte so much vitall spirit, as shoulde haue suffised to haue made naturall spirite. Howbeit it is euident, yt there cummeth no arteries to the lyuer, but such as be with the smallest for such a pourpose, and then ther is no such cauitie in the liuer, as is in the brayne, or hart, where any generation of the naturall spirit, may be. Moreouer, there is no vesselles prepared of nature for the cariage of it, excepte a man shoulde say, that it is caryed with the grosse bloude in ye vaynes, whych is not lyke: seinge the vaynes, haue but one cote, and that of no great thickenes, nether (& yf that were true,) the vaynes shoulde beat, as ye arteries doe. Also there is no waye or enterance for ayer, wherof it might be nowrished as the animall & vitall be. [Page] And agayne, the bloud of the lyuer, is so grosse, and mixt with other humors, that it is not mete to make any spirites of. Therfore, seinge that there is nether any ende, wherfore it showlde be made, nor matter, wherof it could be made, nor nourishment to preserue it, nor a conuenient place, to make it in, nor finally any way or conduite, wherby it might be brought in to euery part of the bodye: I may iustly, and not with out a cause, doubt of it, although it be a common opinion amongest ye phistions, that there is a naturall spirite.

The ende of the firste boke.

The seconde boke.

[Page]

¶The .i. chapter, Of the number of thinges not naturall.

THinges not natural, be .vi. in number.

1 Ayer.

2 Meat and drinke, or any thing, īwardlye taken.

3 Exercise, and reste, both of the body, and partes.

4 Slepe and watche.

5 Excretion, and retention, or fulnes, and emptines.

6 Affectes or perturbations of the mynde.

These be called thinges not naturall, because they alter oure bodies, [Page] and if they be not discretly taken, vtterlye abolish health: on the other parte, yf they be wisely and soberly vsed: they doe not only defende health, but also strengthen nature in all her workes and actions. Therfore they be in yt parte of phisicke, which defēdeth health And to the ende that no man, be ignorant in ye vse of them, I pourposse brefely, & in as fewe wordes as I cā, to declare & shew the vses of eche of them alone by himselfe.

¶The .ii. chapter, of Ayer.

QF thinges not natural. Ayer is most necessarye to be considered, because ye naturall heat, can not [Page] be kept in temper, without it, and because, we muste nedes receyue it into our bodies, be the weather neuer so foule, and finallye there can neyther health be defended, nor disease cured, or remedied without it. Therfore it lyeth vs in hand, to take especiall heed, and diligent watche, that we minister it in due tyme and season, that it may be as it shoulde be, a cause of health, which no doubte it shall, if first we marke wel the substaunce of it, whether it be pure and clene, or grosse and thicke, or cloudie. That is ye best and most holsume, which is purest, not infected with no standinge pooles, nor no marrishe groundes, nor with the carren of bestes, nor with the putryfactiō of herbes, fruite, or grayne, and such lyke.

[Page]Whan we haue well considered the substance of the ayer, then we must marke well the qualitie. For as to temperat bodies, the moste temperat ayer is holsumest, so to bodies distempered, ayer distempered in a cōtrary qualitie, is most holsum: as to suche as be cowlde: ayer that is hote, and to suche as be hote, cowlde: and to them that be dry, moyste: and to suche as be moyste, dry. But yf it happen so, yt the ayer be not contrary of qualitie, then it must be prepared and made for oure pourpose by art: as yf the disease or sicknes be hote & dry, then we must by sprinklynge of cowlde water on the pauement or floore, & by strawyng of herbes & be settyng vp of suche boughes as be colde & moyst, prepare ye ayer & make it coulde, & moyst: On ye [Page] othersyde, yf the disease be cowlde and moyst, then the house must be perfumed with such thinges as be hote and dry, vntyll the ayer also be made hote, and dry. In long diseases, ther is none so good a remedy, as to change the ayer: and therof it came, that so many going to saynte Cornelis, were healed & cured of the falling euyl: by changyng of the ayer, and not by myracle, as we poore fooles thought, kneling, & creping, to saynt Cornelis horne: but thankes be to the omnipotent, and euer lyuing god, and to oure noble kynge, such most vyle abhominable ydolatry, is nowe well lefte here in this realme.

¶Of meate and drinke. The .iii. chapter

[Page] I Woulde counsel euery man, as well the hole as ye sicke, to take good hede what they eat and drinke: For bothe the goodnes, mesure, qualitie, custome, delectation, order, tyme, houre, and age, must be considered. Therfore he that purposeth not to be sicke, nor to haue a sickly body, let his firste care be to eat suche meates, as make good iuice.

For there is nothyng so apt to breede sicknes, as is the euyl habit of ye body, which is gotten by feadyng of meates, that make euyll and noughtye iuyce. That is alwayes good meate, which is light in digestyng, and thynne of substaunce, and the which also bredeth good iuyce: and that is euill, which is contrary vnto it. His [Page] next care ought to be, that he eate no more at one tyme, then is sufficient to serue Nature, & so he shall bryng to passe, that eyther he shall neuer or elles very seldome, fall in to any perilous disease: Howbeit ye Phisition shoulde geue great diligēce, in dieting of the sicke, For a litell to much sumtyme, though the meat be neuer so good, maketh a fault incorrigible: & a quicke or sharpe sicknesse, & a sicknes that is long & slow, may not be measured bothe a like. For a sharpe, & a short disease, must haue a thinne, and a slendar diet: and a longe disease, a more fullar. Therfore the Phisiciō in prescribing of diet, must marke well the strength of hys pacient: & first according vnto hys strength, & then according to the nature of the sicknes, prescribe ye measure of hys meates and drinkes.

[Page]After the measure the Phisition ought immediatly to marke well the qualitie of the meates: For such as be hole, to the ende that they may kepe theyr health, muste be fed with meates of lyke, & not of contrary qualitie: and suche as be sicke, ought to be fed wt meates of contrary qualitie: As they that be sycke for hete, must be remedied by meates that be coulde, & they that be sicke of colde diseases, must haue hote meates: and in diseases that be moyste, dry meates: and in dry diseases, moyst meates. Therfore suche as haue moyst bodies, as childrē, must be fed with moyst meates: and such as be sicke of dry diseases, as of feuers, must also be fed wt moyst meates, the tone to kepe theyr bodyes moyst styll, & the other, to amende and correcte [Page] their drynesse: and lykewise of the rest. Such as be hote of nature, must eat hot meates, yt they may kepe theyr heat styll, but yf theyr heat once waxe vnnaturall, then it must be brought in temper, by ye healp of such thinges, as are colde: and yf they be ouer colde, by heat: and yf they be ouer moyst, by dryeth: but if theyr heat, colde, drinesse or moysture be naturall, & excede not, then it must be cherished styll with meates of like qualities, as I said before. Next the qualitie consider the custume, for that ought not to be broken, except there be great cause whye, seing that such meates as a man hath accustomed hym selfe vnto, although they be worse, hurt not so much as the other doe, of the which he hath not accustomed to eat of. Therfore in [Page] diseases, the Phisition may not be to busie, in pluckyng away their pacientes from theyr accustomed meates & drinkes: but if it happen so, that of necessitie there must be a change, then it may not be done rashely, or all at ones, but fayre & softly, and by lyttell, & lytell. For all sudden mutations, be daungerous. And it is mete for the Phisition to obserue, in what meates ye sicke deliteth most. For suche as he hath pleasure of in the eatinge, the same the stomake enbraseth more gredely: and digesteth or altereth much soner, & therfore they must be taken, & preferred before better, though they be worse. Furthermore he must take heed what order his pacient kepe in hys diet, for it is a preposterous ordar, to beginne with quynces or orynges [Page] and ende with sallades, made of herbes, and oyle.

Take this alwayes as a generall rule, that that meat which is most easy to be digested, shoulde be eaten before that, that is hardar: & that also that is moyst, before that that is drie: and that that is leuse and slipperie, before that yt is hard and byndinge. Amongest other thinges, the time of eatyng wolde not be forgotten.

They that be hole, shoulde exercise thē selfes before they eat, & should not eat against theyr appetite, nor abstayne whan ther appetite prouoketh them: & they that be sicke, shoulde vtterlye forbeare, vntyll there fittes were in the declination, or ful finished.

Howbeit the disease may be suche, [Page] & the pacientes strength so weake, yt it shall be nedefull to fede them, both in their fittes, & out of theyr fittes: howbeit I leaue that to the discretion of the Phisition. And I thinke it but well doone, to put you in remembraunce, what your diet should be, in the .iiii. seuerall times of the yere: In winter, more meat and lesse drinke, and meates and drinkes that be hot and drye, as rosted meates, and wyne then may safely be dronken, withoute water. In the spring, we shoulde eat sumdele lesse, and drinke a lytell more then in wynter, and eate also more of fleshe, and change frō rosted to boyled: In summar we must endeuer oure selfes, yt oure bodies may be soft, and colde, and therfore we must eat lesse, & drinke the more, and eat for the most part [Page] boyled meates, & such as is colde. In Autumne we should eat sumthynge more then in summer, and drinke lesse, and of byggar drinkes be sumthinge more bolder then in summer. And as the tyme is to be considered, so is the age also. For chyldren must be fed, with moyst meates. And such as be not yet at their groeth, because their bodies be more temperate, muste haue, more temperate meates. And lusty men such as is alredye paste theyr groeth, because their bodies be hot, and dry, shoulde haue lyke meates, that is to say suche as is hot & dry: olde men because their bodies be ouer cold and dry, must be fed with meates, that be hote and moyste.

¶The .iiii. chapter, Of exercise, and rest.

[Page] EVery softe mouynge, is not an exercise, as Gallen sayeth, but yt that is sūthing vehement, as lepyng, coytyng, runnyng, tennys, footbale, shootyng, and such lyke. Exercise hath many notable commodities but .3. in especiall: the hardnes of the instrumentes, the encrese of naturall heat, and the more vehement and quicker mouynge of the spirites: & eche of these hath hys peculier, and particuler cōmoditie. The instrumentes by meanes of theire hardnes, may endure to labor the bettar, and also perfourme theyre actiō more easely. The encrese of naturall heat amendeth the alteration, and concoction of the meat, [Page] wherby the body is much ye more luckely nurished. The quicker & vehementer mouynge of the spirites, healpeth to pourge the excrementes, bothe by the raynes, skinne, & guttes. Exercise bringeth these cōmodities to ye bodye, yf it be takē in due tyme, or elles it hurteth more then it profitteth: for yf it be taken whan ther is ether any cruditie in ye stomake, or vaynes, it will fill all ye body full of euyll humors, by reason that ye crude, and rawe iuyse, is plucked in to eche part of the bodye. Wherfore exercise, shoulde ether be taken before meat, or elles after that ye concoction of ye stomake & liuer is ended: & ye parfit knowlege of this tyme, is taken of ye vryne. For whan the concoction of the liuer is donne, then the vryne waxeth yelowe. [Page] Howbeit the very best tyme of exercise is whan yesterdayes meat is throughly digested: as one time for exercise, is better thē an other, so one kynde of exercise, profiteth ye body more then an other. That is ye beste kynde of exercise, in the which euery part of the body, susteyneth lyke labor and payne, and yet in the same there may be committed many errors and faultes: for it may be to much, or to littell, yet of bothe, lesse hurteth to lyttle. Therfore the exercise, wolde continue so longe, vntyll the bodye swellethe, and waxinge read, beginne to swete all ouer: and whan any of these tokens chanceth, then the exercise wolde be seased incontinent, lest the good iuice be expelled together with the euyll, & so the body shal be made leaner, and [Page] dryer, which wyll hynder the groinge. As exercise, yf it be discretely mynistred, preuayleth much to the defence of health, so rest and quietnes, yf it be not taken in his tyme, filleth ye body full of sicknes: For it causeth cruditie, which is ye mother, and roote in manner, of all daūgerous sicknes. There be many good tymes for rest, but the very best tyme, as Hyppocrates witnessith, is whā the body is weried with labor, and exercise. For then he sayeth, that ye rest taketh awaye the werinesse.

¶The .vi. chapter, of slepe, and watche.

SLepe is the rest of ye animal power, or as Aristotell sayeth, the priuation & takynge away, of the senses, [Page] whiche cummeth of a profitable humor, fallyng from the brayne in to the senewes. Of slepe the body receyueth many profitable commodities.

For whiles the animall power resteth, the naturall power laboreth most strōgly, by reasō wherof the meat is well digested, and ye bodie luckely nurisshed.

There be .iiii. thinges, whiche in slepe, wolde by earnestlye loked vpon.

The firste is the sleping tyme, as the night, which for slepe of all other tymes, is moste conuenient: both because the night is coulde & moyste, and because that then, all thinges is quiet wtout any noyse. I wolde counsell no man to slepe on the daye except he feele ether a [Page] great wearinesse in al his body, or haue not slept ye night before, and yet then it wolde not be taken vpon a full stomake neyther, but rather fasting, and emptie.

The second is the quantitie, for slepe yf it continue to long, beside other incōmodities, it letteth the pourginge of excrementes.

The thirde, is the lyinge a bed, for therby the disgestion maye be eyther furthered or hyndered. Wherfore first it is best to lye vpon the right side, and then vpon ye lift, that the meat, and drinke, may go lowe ynough, and the mouth of the mawe shet the better.

As for lying vpon the backe, it is vtterly condemned of all men, for it is the cause of many perilous diseases, as the apoplexie, & such lyke.

[Page]The fowerth thing, which must be considered in slepe, is the nature of the dreames: for by them the Phisition shall haue a great gesse of what quality the humor is, which redoundeth and is superfluous. The Phisition ought to be as diligent, in the ministration of slepe, to them that be sicke, as to them yt be hole. For as all other thinges, so slepe, yf it be not well ordred & taken in hys tyme, may hurt very muche. It hurteth them moste, whiche haue any of theyre innar partes inflamed: wherfore such must be kept from slepe, lest the inflammation be encresed withall: and moreouer in shakynge feuers, the sicke ought to be kept waking, whyles the colde shakynge endureth, lest the natural heat, & bloud be drawen in to muche, by reason [Page] whereof, the feuer wyll be much ye more stubberne to be cured. Such as be hole, and without sicknesse, muste beware of ouer much slepe, lest ye good temper of theyr braine be quite marred, & theyr strength also cleane resolued: and of the other syde yf they watche to much, theyre bodies shall be filled with rawe humors: therfore it must be vsed, nether to much, nor to lytell, but moderatlye, & in a meane. Of slepe & watche, much more might be written, howbeit, this maye suffise well ynough, at this time.

¶The .vi. chapter, of fulnesse and emptinesse.

GAllen sayeth yt there is .ii. kyndes of fulnesse. The tone is whan the qualytie alone excedeth, and [Page] the other, whan the humors be growen to much in quantitie. Ther is also yet an other kynde of fulnesse, which is called repletion, and that is properly of meat and drincke.

Howbeit Gallē maketh .ii. kindes of repletion, the tone is, whan the veselles be so ful, that they can not receyue easylye any more, as whā a man hath eaten so muche, that his bellye seemeth to be extended withall: and the other is whan ye power is loded to muche, though the veselles be not halfe full, as whan a man eateth more meate then nature or the power that gouerneth hys body, can digest. Yet the abundaunce of humors, is deuided in to mo kindes, for whan all the humors doo abound to gether, it is called of ye grekes, [...] [Page] [...], and of the latines plenitudo, and in englishe, it maye very wel be named fulnesse: So whan the bloud only redoundeth it maye be called fulnesse, because it is not so pure, but that there is bothe chollar, flewme, melancholy, & water in it: and this fulnesse is mente .ii. maner of wayes, as whan the holowenesse of the vaynes is filled, so that the vaynes swell withall: or elles whan the power that maketh blud, is not sufficient to alter or digeste that that is contayned with in.

Whan the bodye is filled, eyther with yelowe chollar, melancholy, flewme, or watrish humors, then it is called Cacochimia, whiche in Englishe, is as muche to saye, as euyl, and naughty iuyce.

[Page]I coulde neuer nether in Gallen, nor in any other notable author, find any mo differencis of fulnes, then is afore rehersed: therefore seinge that I haue brefely, sayed all that I can concernyng the differences of fulnesse, or repletion: it remayneth behynde to shewe my mynde concernyng the differences of emptinesse, or euacuatiō, which may cum many wayes: as by lettyng of bloud, pourgyng of ye belly by medicyne, by the settyng to boxing glasses, by fastinge, by slepynge after hungar, by vryne, by drawyng out of the spettill, by bledynge at the nose, by bryngynge downe of wemens flowers, by the Hemorrhoides, by carnall copulation, by insensible euaporation. Of the which I entend to speke of eche in hys ordar. The body, hath [Page] most nede of bloud lettinge, whan the vaynes be so full, that they be extended withall: For than it is a present remedy, and howe muche the more a man fealeth hym selfe heuyer then he was wont to be, so much that kynd of fulnesse which is referred to the strength, is encreased: but then the vesselles, are thought to be full, whan the body is much extended with prickynge paynes, & then the Phisition may be bolde to open ye vaynes, so that ye pacient haue cōpetent strength, but the other kynde of repletion, may not alwayes be remedied wt bloud letting, but sumtimes other wayes, as by fastynge, pourging, and such lyke, & it is as necessary to opē the vaine, whan by meanes of sūme stroke, or for sūme greate payne & grefe, or by the debylitie [Page] of sūme part, the bloude is inflamed, as it is in the kyndes of fulnesse, or repletion before named: to be brefe whan so euer the disease is outragiouse, yf ye strength serue, ther is nothyng so necessary as to let bloud. Amongest al other thinges in lettyng of bloude, the age must be considered: for childrē before .xiiii. yeares be ful complete & ended, & old mē after they be past lxx. yeres ought not but vpō great considerations be let any bloude: Howbeit, if in this age they be ful of bloud, and haue good strength, and yf the tyme of the yeare also serue, and the disease be such, that it requireth bloude lettynge, the Phisicion maye boldlye open the vayne a lyttell. Therfore the number of the yeares are not onely to be considered, but the complexion, [Page] or the habyt of the sicke mannes body also. For sūme at .lx. yeares, may abyde more, then other sūme at .l. wherfore whan the strength serueth, & the sickenesse requireth the takynge awaye of bloud, the phisitiō may boldly, & at one time, take away as much as shal be cō ueniente, to the curyng of the disease: but in case the strength of the paciente be feble and weake, then the bloude wolde not be taken awaye al at one tyme, but rather at twise, or thrise, as the sicke, maye departe withall. In extreme burninge feuers, if the strength serue, the best remedy is, as Gallen sayeth, to let bloude, vntyll the bodye waxeth faynte, and swoune with all, for the coolynge of the body, wyll extinguishe the feuer, and in manye, bothe lose the bellye, [Page] and also prouoke sweate. In letting of bloude, the naturall constitution of the body, must be wel loked vpon, for they that haue great vaynes, & be nether to leane, nor to whyte, may spare more bloude, then they yt be very leane, & white, & haue but small, and litell vaines. The region, may not be forgotten nether, for such as doe dwell in regions which be very muche distē pered ether wt heate or colde, may not abyde the takynge awaye of much bloude, because that theyre bodies whiche dwell in the colde region or contrye, losing much naturall heat wt theyr bloud, waxe afterward to colde: & the strength of theyre bodyes whiche dwell in ye hote contrey, is afterwarde dissolued or dissipate, wt ouermuche heate: and by this reason, nether [Page] summar, nor wynter, be conuenient to let bloude in, but the springe only, because that it is temperate. As cōcerning what time, or houre of the daye, Gallenes counsell is, that theye that be hole, in the morninge, within an houre after that they be risen, & they that be sicke, at all houres, both of the day, and nyght (so that theyr strength and sicknesse do so require.) The Phisitiō ought before he let any vaine be opened, to inquire diligently of hys formar life, and diet: For yf he haue liued ydellye, and haue bene fed with such meates as nurrishe much, he may take boldly & wtout feare ye greater quantitie of blud, howbeit yf he haue bene a greate riottour, & a common drunkarde, then Gallen sayeth that it is mere foolishenesse to do any thynge at [Page] all, for such by theyr intemperat lyfe, wil fil as fast as they be emptyed. In bloud lettyng, the especiall care ought to be, of the vayne. For seinge that ther is .iii. vaynes in the arme, ye innar vayne, which is called of the Surgiens, basilica, and is the lyuer vayne, shoulde be opened, for all swellynges, or payne vnder the necke. But the vtter vayne, which is called cephalica, & in englishe the head vayne, owghte to be smitten whan the partes aboute the necke be troubled, as ye head, and face. The middell vayne, which is called Mediana, wolde not be medled with, but there as the other vaynes, appere not. There be vaynes also at the knees, and anclees, which whan ye disease liethe lowe, is most meet to be opened. The last care, and charge showlde be, of the stintyng [Page] of the bloud: For how much the better it runneth, so muche the soonar it wolde be stinted, or stayed: but after that ye vaine is ones smitten, it shoulde not be stayed, vntyl ether that the bloud, or pulse were chaunged. The seconde way of emptiynge the body, is by medicyne receyued in to the stomake, which should not be vsed but whā the body is replete with euyll, and corrupt humors: wherfore such as be in healthe and haue good and swete humors, Hippocrates wold in no case to be purged, by any medicine, for feare of dissoluing theyr power. But such as haue nede of pourgynge, must first make them selfes apt & meete for the same, by bathes & eatyng of moyst meates: for so they shall delyuer theyre guttes from obstructions. [Page] Howbeit yf the humors be thicke & clammy, then they must be made thinne, & subtell and apt to runne, by suche decoctions & syrupes as doe incyde grosse matter. But yf ye humors be thinne and subtell, thē they haue no nede of any preparatyue, and the Phisition ought alwayes to obserue, that he pourge no humors whiche be crude and rawe, except for theyr multitude they swell the bodye, then withoute any more delyberation, they muste forthwithal be taken away with a pourginge medicyne: leste the strength of the body be dissolued, or the fyerye heat of the feuer encresed, or finally the humors be dryuen to sū principall part, wherby Nature shalbe lesse able to deliuer the body: For yf nature be not holpen before that tyme, she [Page] shall be in suche a rage, that nothynge can be done well or orderlye in the bodye. The next care is what humor should be pourged. Therefore the Phisition shoulde take heede that he pourge no moo humors, thē be hurtfull to the bodye: As yf fleume do redounde & hurt ye body, it only is to be pourged: yf chollar, ether yelowe, or blacke, offende the bodye, then he should vtterly abstaine frō fleume and likewise whan water aboundeth, it only shoulde be taken awaye: for as Hippocrates sayeth, if such humors be pourged, as ought to be, it profiteth the bodye, and is donne, withoute gryefe or payne, but elles it is cleane cōtrary. Besyde this, the time of ye yeare woulde be considered, as well in pourging as in lettyng of bloud. [Page] For there be summe tymes of the yere in the whiche it is very madnesse to lewse ye bellie: For in winter, whan it is frost or snowe, or in summar, when the heat is outragious, whosoeuer is pourged shal be much the worse for it: and yet of both times, the lesse mete for pourgyng, is the summar. For then the body is so adust, with heate of the wether, that it is not well able to beare the sharpnesse of the medicyne, and nature also beinge made weake with the heate of the summar, is more weakned of the medicyne: insomuch that many being pourged then, fall sicke of feuers, & be quite destitute of their strength. Therefore the springe tyme, of all other tymes of the yere, is moste holsome, bothe to powrge the body, and to let bloude.

[Page]In pourgynge the body, the region also must be considered. For yf it be very hot, it letteth the workinge of the medicyne, because it draweth the humors in to ye skin, and the aboundaunce of heate healpeth to dissolue the strength. The age may not be forgottē: For chyldren because they be not yet at their groweth, be nothing mete for pourgations: lykewyse olde mē whē they waxe weake, shoulde not be troubled wt any medicines. And as in all euacuations, so in pourging of the belly, the strength of the sicke must be earnestly loked vpon: For so longe as the sicke, maye abyde easilye the taking away of his humors, he may safely be pourged, & no longer though all be not gone.

[Page]In leusyng the belly, vehement & stronge laxes, be vtterly to be abhorred: for besydes that they weaken the strength, they hurt maruelously the stomacke. Laste of all in pourgyng of the bellye, the excrementes wolde be taken heede to, of the Phisicion, because he may diuine diuerse thinges bothe of their substance, qualitie, and coulour. The thirde way to cleanse the bodie is by vomit, wherof Nature hath much good: For they that vomit often, for the most part be alwayes hole. For there is euacuation made as well of flewme, as of chollar: by meanes wherof, the stomacke is not filled with euyll humors & the head findeth muche ease. Vomiting is most profitable for them that be cholerick, hauing large brestes, short neckes, & wide [Page] mouthes, it profiteth also to such as by meanes of great eatynge & drinkinge, reserue crude, and rawe humors in theyr stomakes: yet he that wyll be hole and pourposeth to be olde, let hym not be to busye with vomittynge: For the muche vse of it causeth deafnesse, & hurteth the eyes, it breaketh ye vaynes of the breste and lunges, it offendeth the teathe, and causeth head ache. Therfore it is ye Phisitions dutie to declare, who is apt to vomit, and who is not. For suche as be not apte to vomit, shoulde be pourged dounwarde, and in no-case constrayned to vomit: such as be not apt to vomite be they that be betwixt fat and lene, hauynge theyr brestes narrowe, and theyr neckes long: and such as be leane, slender, and haue wyde brestes, & [Page] shorte neckes, be apt to vomit. In vomittyng the excrement must be loked well vpon, for the sight of it, shall amend the coniecture of the Phisicion. The forth way of emptying ye body, is by boxyng: which (as Gallen sayeth in hys boke yt he wrote of boxing) doth not only make euacuation and drawe oute muche matter, but also easeth the payne, and diminisheth the swellyng, dissolueth wynde, and styrreth vp appetite where it was almost lost, confirming the strength of weake stomakes, calleth againe life in swounes, and fayntynges, it draweth also swellynges and fluxes, from one part to another, & stinteth bledyng, and stayeth wemens flowers. There be .2. kindes of boxing, on is withoute any scarifiyng, which preuayleth moste in [Page] drawing backe of humours, as in ye drawing back of wemens flowers whā they rūne to much, & these be light boxing glasses, which be vsed wtout scarifiyng. The other is wt scarifiyng, which is vsed in hard swellynges, cummynge of melancholy, or whan ye partes be troubled wt the fluxe of any sharpe matter, whiche muste be drawen from one to another: & in sharpe & quicke diseases, wheras ye pacient may spare no bloude: scarifyinge profiteth watryng eyes, and also paines, both of head, brest, & backe The .v. kynde of emptying the bodye, is by bathe, and here ye muste marke that there is .ii. kyndes of bathes, one is naturall, and an other artificiall. That is called natural which springeth of his owne accorde, without ye healp of mānes inuention.

[Page]Of naturall bathes summe be hote by the mixture of niter, salte, allume, brimstone, chaulke, lyme, yrō, copper, goulde, syluer & tinne, which ether lieth in the bothom of the bathe, or elles in the rockes, or hylles from whence the springe cūmeth, whereof water taketh his qualitie: & by this reasō, ye bathes which be in a towne, called Bathe here in Englande, be hote: to the great admiration of all ignorante people. These kyndes of bathes be good for suche as be diseased in their ioyntes or haue crude, & raw matter in theire bodyes, and be diseased ether with pockes, pyles, or emeroides: but for men, that be in health, and haue swete humors they be nothyng mete, yea and the vse of them, is very perilous. Artificiall bathes, be made by mannes [Page] witte, therefore they be not in all places lyke: But here in Englande they be nothing so commendable, as in Germany and other places. For here there is but one hotte house, and therefore the subtell parte of the humor is drawen out, and ye grosse is left behinde. But in Germany, & in other places, they haue diuers houses, first one, wher they put of their clothes & an other where they be annoynted and rubbed, and in the thyrde house they sweate and be washed: the forthe house is not so warme as the thyrde, & the fyfthe is sumwhat colde: nowe that I haue declared the partes of the artificiall bathes, whiche were vsed in the olde tyme, and yet be in many places, I purpose to shewe in as fewe wordes, the commodities of the [Page] same, begynnyng with the firste part, which is a warme house prepared with fire, or wyth warme water and swete herbes, to the entente that the littell pores of the skynne may open easilye, and the hole body with all the humors, be sumwhat warmed. The nexte house beinge sumthynge warmer, stirreth vp the spirites, and dissolueth the grosse humors, and the rubbyng with the annoyntynge, correcteth & amendeth the hardnes of the senewes, ioyntes, and loynes: the thirde house by hys greate heat, dissolueth mightilye the grosse humours, by meanes, wherof nature pourgeth the bodye of them: and the luke warme water, moysteth the hole body, & taketh away werynesse, yf ther be [Page] any in the vtter partes: ye fowerth house, because it is sumwhat coldar, reducethe nature by litell, and litell, to here pristinate state. The fifth by meanes of his colde, shutteth agayne the pores of ye skinne, which beateth the naturall heate in, and causeth good concoction, amendyng the action bothe of the stomacke and liuer. The sixt kinde of those thinges which lewseth the body, is sweat: and it ought to be prouoked whan any euyll humors, is in the innar partes, as in feuers & pestilent agues.

It may be prouoked diuersly as by the heate of drye bathes, hote stones, & yrons, or by swete herbes and warme water, ether in pottes or in blathers. But in all vehement, and sharpe diseases, [Page] and especiallye in hote agues, the Phisiciō shoulde take great hede of the sweat, markynge very dilygentlye which is good, and whych is euyll: For by them he may coniecture muche of the cause of the grefe, but as Hyppocrates sayeth, those sweates in feruent and hote diseases, which cōmeth in the iudgyng dayes, & doe ende the feuer, be best and most holsume: and it is not euyll whan the patient sweateth in euery part of hys body, so hys paynes waxe lesse withall: but whā ye body sweateth muche, and the paynes encrease, it is not good: Howbeit it is worst of all, yf the sweate be cold. And whan the face, head, and necke sweat onlye, if it be in any hot ague, it declareth dethe whichout any remedy. In prouokyng of sweate, the Phisition [Page] shoulde take hede, that it be not to much, for feare of dissoluyng of the strength of hys pacient. The seuenth kynde of euacuation is exercise, wherof we spoke before in the fowerthe chapter, of this same boke. The .viii. kynde is abstinence, or hungar, which doth not extenuat nor make euacuation of him selfe, but by meanes that that is not restored which wt abstinence or fastinge, was wasted. Fastyng or abstinēce may be takē .ii. wayes eyther vtterly to forbeare bothe meate and drinke, or elles to take so much, as is sufficient to kepe the soule and the body together, and no more. Ther is nothyng, that so muche profiteth ether the sicke, or the hole, as doth abstinence, yf it be taken in due tyme and orderly: and therfore Plinie, (none of the [Page] worst wryters of Physycke) commendeth sobrietie in meates and drinkes, sayinge that it is verye profitable for all men to be temperate in their diet. And the very father of Phisicke Hyppocrates, affirmeth moderate eatynge and drinking, to be the castel of health, and many tymes such as be diseased and sicke, be cured onlye by abstinence. In prescribynge of abstinēce, the Phisitiō shoulde discretly consider who may best beare it, for as Gallen sayeth in his .2. boke of temperamentes. They yt haue small vaynes, haue but lytell bloude, wherfore they can not faste without hurtyng theyre bodies, & they that haue great vaynes, haue plentye of bloude, wherefore they maye the better away with abstinence, without any decay of theyr bodelye health or strength: of such [Page] as be sicke, they yt be full of crude, & rawe humors, be least hurte wt fastyng, yea the best remedye to all such is abstinēce: but to be brefe none shoulde be cōmaunded to fast of the Phisicion, but suche as be stronge, or elles be sicke of suche diseases as cū of cruditie. As abstinence, if it be geuen in seasō, & to suche as hath nede of it, profiteth very muche, so if it be taken out of time, or be geuen to such as nede it not, it hurteth twise as much: It is taken out of time, whā ye bodye is weake & the disease easy to be ouer cumme, or elles whan it is prescribed vnto such as be of nature cholericke, for in such it bredeth chollar & causeth feuers with many frettes and pinchinges both in the belly & also in the mouth of the mawe.

Slepe hathe the .ix. place, of [Page] those thinges which healpe euacuation: howbeit all slepe dothe not extenuat, nor at all tymes, but that only which is taken the body being hungery, or elles by and by after exercise and labor: for the naturall heate in slepe is called in to the innar partes, whych whan it findeth no nurrishment nor meate to be altered and digested, it doth waste and consume the profitable humors of all the body, and so of necessitie it both drieth the body, & lessenneth it also: the which thing Hyppocrates witnesseth sayinge: Much slepe drieth his body which before hath bene to muche pourged any manner of way. Also in hys .ii. boke that he writ of good ordar of diet, he affirmeth yt slepe extenuateth the body which fasteth or kepeth abstinence, and maketh [Page] it coulde, consumynge all the humiditye wythin it. Of all other tymes, that slepe whiche is taken in the morninge after exercise, dryeth the body most, & the same also doth slepe taken after bathes. For the bathe opening the poores, maketh euacuation of all the excrementes which lurked in ye skynne, and slepe immediatly folowinge the bathe, calleth in the naturall heat agayne and wasteth the profitable humidity of ye innar partes. The .xii. kynde of euacuatiō is the prouoking of vrine, which should be vsed whan ther is any obstruction, or any great abundaunce of humors about that part of the liuer, which in latten is called gibba or els in the raynes or bladder, for if the obstruction be in cauo hepatis (which as gibba is the plumppest [Page] parte and the toppe of the liuer, so cauum is the holowest parte & the lowest of ye same) thē it is better to lewse the bellye, then to prouoke vryne. For Gallen sayeth as the toppe of the liuer, which before is called gibba is clensed by prouokinge of vrine, so the holowe part of the liuer, which I called cauum is pourged by lewsyng of the belly. The which sayinge he repeteth in the .vii. chapter, of his .ii. boke that he write to hys frynde Glauco, and in many other diuers, and sundry places. In the prouokynge of vrine ye Phisicion must beware that there be no fluxe of bloude, nor exulceration in the raynes or bladder: for thē it is better to pluck from thence in to other partes of the body, thē to drawe from other places thyther.

[Page]The .xi. kynde of euacuation, is the drawinge downe of the spettell, or the excrement of the braine, by the mouthe: whose vse is, whā the breste and the instrumentes of brethynge shoulde be pourged: wherfore whan the spettell is equall bothe in quantitie, and collour, then it declareth the brest, & the instrumentes of brethynge, to be in perfit health: but whan it is otherwyse, that is to saye of diuers cullours & not equall, it declareth the instrumentes of brethynge, and the hole brest so farre to be distempered, as it differethe from hys owne naturall cullour, and quantitie. Wherfore the Phisicion shoulde diligently consider what Hyppocrates hathe writ in the .ii. boke prog. and Aphor .43. & also in sūme of the other folowing. [Page] The .xii. kinde of euacuation, is by holdyng medicynes in the roofe of ye mouthe, which is called gargelyng, vnder the which kynde is cō tayned the puttyng of medicines in to the nose called nisynge: and these if they be vsed in theyr time, profiteth and healpeth the braine very much. The .xiii. kynde is the bledyng at the nose, which amendeth the obstructions of ye brayne, & the distillations from the heade, in to all partes of the body: wherfore the Phisitiō shoulde diligently attende that in bledyng at the nose, he knowe whan to stynt it, & whan not: For sūme tyme, whan it hathe bled but a verye litell, it must be staied incontinent. Sumtyme it is not stayed wtout greate daunger, as yf it chaunce by the abundaunce of nawghtye bloude, [Page] for then it is better to healpe nature to expell the nawghtie bloud, thē to stay it: wherfore euery Phisicion, shoulde wel remember this sayinge of Hyppocrates: whan so euer the bledynge at the nose, quieteth not the body, it must be stopped wt a dry medicyne. The .xiiii. kynde of euacuation, is wemens flowres, which chaunce to wemē at times appoynted of nature, that by the meanes of them, ye hole bodye may be pourged, and so health defended: wherfore if the flowres be suppressed at any tyme, excepte that tyme that the woman goethe with childe, or geueth sucke, it decayeth health vtterly, and marreth the good constitution of the body, as well as whan they runne to muche, which Hyppocrates witnesseth saying as foloweth. [Page] Of to many flowres, cūmeth diseases, but of to fewe or not at all, foloweth diseases of the wombe. Yet in stopping of the flowres, the Phisicion shoulde behaue hym selfe wiselye, lest he stop them to sone or to late. For sū wemen hath them naturally longer, then other haue, which Hyppocrates witnesseth saying: to such womē as haue moyst bodies, their flowres continueth long, & if they cū not downe quickly, they swell with all. The xv. kynde of euacuation is done by the hemorrhoides, which is the name of certayne vaynes cūminge to the loweste parte of the fundament, by the which nature purgeth the body of melancholye wherby it deliuereth the bodye, of many diseases: which Hippocrates affirmeth, sayinge. They that haue the [Page] hemorrhoides be safe frō all paine of their sides, and inflammatiō of their lunges, nor shal be troubled nether with byles, scurfe, nor no kynde of lepry. Therfore the Phisiciō must take great hede in stoppynge of them, lest they be the authors of great and perilous sicknessis, as of the dropsie, & consumtions. He that requireth a longer disputation of this matter let hym reade ouer Hyppocrates bokes, written of the same matter. The xvi. kinde of euacuatiō is the fleshly or carnall copulation, which profiteth ye body much yf it be vsed moderatly and in due tyme: For it amendeth the fulnesse of the body, and as Aetius in the .viii. chapter of hys .iii. boke, & Agineta in the 3. chapter of his .i. boke witnesseth, [Page] whan the body is at the groweth it maketh it strong, nymble, and quicke, and amendeth the hard habyt of the bodye: For it mollifieth the instrumentes, and dilateth the pores and pourgeth the body of flewme: Morouer it quickneth ye wit & pacifieth anger, wherefore it profiteth all them, that haue lost ther wyttes, either with anger or elles wt sorowe, it profiteth them also, which haue the fawling euil: & such as haue heauinesse in theyr browes, and ache in theyr heades, many tymes be cured by it. Which Hyppocrates confirmeth saying: carnal copulation, which is called venus▪ amendeth all diseases that cum of flewme, howbe it yf it be vsed to much, it hurteth the eyes, and all the sensis, and the head, senewes, brest, raines, loynes [Page] thyghes, and morouer hasteneth olde age and deth, and vtterly dissolueth the strength of the bodye: and hereof it commeth that they that vse it to much, be forgetfull, and be weake & full of payne, both in their ioyntes, loynes, & thighes, & it bringeth many to ye strangury, & many to the gout. Of all tymes of the yere, it may safest be vsed in thy springe, it is vtterly to be abhorred in autumne, and in sūmar. Winter also by meanes of hys greate colde, is not very good: the best houre for it is as Gallē sayeth whan the body is in a meane, betwixte full, and emptie, and excedeth nether in heat nether in colde, drynesse nor moysture. Therefore who so euer wyll vse it, let hym beware of cruditie, drunkennes, hungar, werynesse, vomittynge, [Page] pourging of the belly, watchyng, and all other such as healpeth to dissolue the strength of the body. After moderate eatyng is the best time of it, and before slepe, for that amendeth ye strength, and maketh that there foloweth no colde after it. For slepe immediatly folowing it, taketh away the werines of the muscles and senewes, and calleth in the natural heat: which maketh the concoction perfit. Moreouer this time is best and aptest, to the procreation of children for many causes: but especially because the woman whyles she slepeth, holdeth her husbandes seed beste. The .xvii. kynde of euacuation is perspiratiō, or euaporation, which is done ether by nature, or elles by medicine, which so finely subtylith the humors, that they passe by [Page] the insensible poores of ye skinne, without any putrifiynge. Hitherto I haue declared the kyndes of euacuatiō, or emptines the which euery diligent Phisition must so well obserue, that he may knowe whan to vse this kynde or that, or elles whan to stop, for sumtyme it is better to encrease humors▪ then to diminishe them. Finallye the Phisition shoulde obserue, and marke, howe he should make euacuation and where, and what, and whan, and how much.

¶The .vii. chapter. Of the perturbations, & sudden motions of the minde.

[Page] THe Affections, which be the sudden motions, and perturbations of the mynde, ought not to be neclected of the phisitiō: because they be of great might, and make great alteratiō in all the body: ye whiche amongest al other, feare, Ioy, angar and sorowe declare euidently. Feare by drawing the spirite and bloud in to ye innar partes leaueth the vtter pale for colde. Anger setteth the body on fire with mouing of the bloud to the vtter partes & as in anger the pulse beteth mightely, so in fere it beateth almost nothyng at all: sorrow is an affection wc the which ye hart as though it were smytten, is drawen together, and doth tremble and quake, not without great sense of payne: [Page] and so by lyttel and lyttel whiles the sorow goeth not away, the strength of the hart, is quite ouerthrowen, and the generation of spirites is letted, by meanes wherof, the lyfe is vtterly extinct: suche a cruell scourge is sorow vnto mā.

Feare and sorowe differ of this fashion, ye sorowfull mā suffereth that by littell and litell, which the fearfull mā doth suffer all a tonse. Ioy is a sudden motion, with the whiche ye harte reioysing dilateth hym selfe, and suddenly sendeth furth al hys naturall heat and spirites, wherby sumtyme it chaunseth that a weake body diethe in Ioy, because for lacke of strength the hart cā not call in agayne his naturall heat and spirites. Aulus Gellius, in hys .iii. boke and .xv. chapter writeth ā historye worthy [Page] to be remembred of one Diagoras yt had .iii. sonnes, which were all crowned of the people in one day at the playes of the hil Olimpia, & whilest the people and his iii. sōnes reioysing, embrased their father, castyng theyre garlandes vpon hym, he died in theyr armes.

Philippides also a maker of playes whan he had ye victorie amongest the Poettes, whiche he loked not for, died by and by amongest them all.

Howe be it anger kylleth no man, because it nether cooleth the naturall heat nor yet dissolueth the strength.

The phisition shoulde marke earnestlye not onlye these, but all other affectes of the mynde also: partly, that he may know of them, what humor redoundeth: but especially, [Page] that he may lerne, how to resiste them: and by hys counsell master them in the ende.

❀The ende of the seconde boke

The third boke

¶The first chapter of the number of thinges agaynste Nature.

THynges agaynste Nature be .iii. in number: the firste is the cause which goeth before the disease.

The seconde is the disease it selfe, by whome the action is first hurt.

The third is the accidentes folowyng the disease.

[Page]This same parte of phisicke, which inquireth of the causes and the accidētes of diseases, is called of the Grekes, [...], soundeth nothing elles but the mouyng of any thing that is affected: wherfore he hath hys substance no lenger, then he is in mouing, altering, or changing: and so he differeth from affection taken specially, the which is nothynge elles but an alteration remayning in a thing that hath suffered: by this meanes, the disease and the cause, with the accidente, which be affections of oure body, as pale, and euyll culour, be called affections, and yet the same accidentes be called also passiōs. The reste which be the faultes of sum action, as ouer much inanition, or retentiō, be alonly called passions [Page] & not affections: because they be not thinges permanent, but is only, and remayne so long as they be in growing. Here it is to be noted, that a thyng may suffer .ii. manner of wayes: firste whan it suffereth of it selfe, as if the guttes suffer payne, of anye sharpe, or bytynge humors conteyned within them, which may be called theyr owne passion. Secondarily, whan a thynge suffereth not of it selfe but of another, as whā the head suffereth payne by reason of euyll vapowres, cummynge from the stomacke, which is called a passiō by consent of other: ye shall finde this matter disputed more at large in Gallenes firste boke of places affected.

¶The .ii. chapter, Of the causes of diseases

[Page] THe cause of ye disease, is an affectiō against nature, going before the disease, and stirring it vp: which of it selfe, & firste, hurteth no action: but accidentally, that is to say, by other. And secōdarily, as by healp of the disease cummynge betwixt, as shall be shewed more playnly hereafter. There be .ii. manner of causes of diseases: one is externall so called, because it is outwardly receiued, and was not before with in the body: as colde, and such other. The tother, is called internall, which is within the body, as humors putrified within the body, & growen out of temper. Gallē speaketh of no mo causes of diseases then these .ii. Yet Auicen wt [Page] other of the same layer, affirme that ther is an other cause, which ioyneth euer with the disease: and the takyng away of it, is as they say the curynge of the sicknes: as yf rotten, or putrifyed humors, kindell a feuer, thē by theyr saying so soone as the putrified matter is takē away, ye feuer must cease of necessitie: howbeit it is for ye most part sene that ye feuer remayneth after the putrifactiō is clene gone. wherfore it is euident, that Auicen, and all that be of hys opinion is foule deceyued therin: howbeit I thinke this to be ye thing, which deceyueth them. They define sycknesse as it were the actiō hurt alredye, and not that that hurteth [Page] the actiō first, so that they call that the sicknesse, which Gallen calleth but the accidente of the sicknesse: & I coulde take Auicennes parte in this matter, sauinge that he agreeth with Gallen in the defining of sicknesse, forgettyng hym selfe to be in contrary tales: wherfore I wolde counsel all yonge studentes in phisicke, to lerne the causes of sickenesse of Gallē, or elles of such as folowe hym, as Aetius, & Paulus Aegineta. Howebeit there is none to be compared with Gallen because he hath wrytten of them in suche a good ordar, as neuer any other hath wryt the lyke, and this I dare affirme that euerye wel lerned man, can do no lesse thē confesse the same.

¶The .iii. chapter, Of diseases.

[Page] A Disease, is an vnnaturall affectiō of the body, by which the action is fyrste hurt, therfore it differeth frō the cause in that ye the cause neuer hurteth anye action of hym selfe, but by meanes of the disease. Of diseases ther be .3. chefe & principal kindes: one is in those partes of the bodye that is called of ye latins similares, such be ye bones, senewes, vaynes, with all other simple, & sparmaticke partes: another is in the instrumentes, as in the heade, eyes, handes, and feet: the thirde consisteth in them both. That disease yt happeneth in ye sparmatick partes, is such a distemperature ether of heat, coulde, drynesse, or moysture, that it hurteth summe action, for [Page] a man may be distempered in sum part and yet be hole, and not sicke: but whan the distemperature groweth so much, that it hurteth any action of the body, then it may be called a disease of the sparmatike partes. Wherefore who so is of this sort distempered, is sicke: and he that is distempered and hath no action hurt, may not be called sicke, but intemperat. For of them that be hole, yf sum shoulde not be temperat and sum intemperat, one of these .ii. muste nedes be true, ether all men alwayes to be sicke, or elles all men to haue one distemperature, which bothe be very false. The same distemperature which before I called a disease of ye sparmaticke & symple partes, is deuided in to .ii. Egall, & not egal: it is called an egall distēperature, whan all partes of the body, are [Page] distempered alike, as in the feuer hectica, which is a cōsūptiō, wherin al partes of ye body, be like hote: and the contrary vnto this, is the distemperature, which is not egal as in that kynde of dropsy, that falleth in to the legges, and feete, and in all kynde of feuers, excepte the before named hectica. Of vnequall distemperature there is also ii. kyndes. The .i. is the only alteration of the qualitie, as the burnynge of the fire, or of the sunne. The .ii. is, besyde the qualitie, the fluxe of sum humor, as in yt kynde of swellynge, yt is called phlegmon, Besyde this of distemperatures, one is simple, and an other is compound: it is called simple whan on qualitie, as heat, or colde, excedeth alone: and compound, whan many excede together, as hot and moyste, colde and drye, excedynge [Page] to gether, in one member. The tother kinde of disease which only is in the instrumentes, may be called the euyll constitution, or composiciō of them. But there be .ii. kindes of instrumentall diseases, for sum be simple: and they be .iiii. in number, one is to be sene in the vncumly comformation, another in the number of partes, the thirde in the quantitie of eche part: and the .iiii. in the composition. The disease of conformation happeneth of the vncumly figure, as whan summe part is holowe from the natiuitie, or elles after by casualtie, which shoulde not, and also sum other part rough that shoulde haue ben smothe: of number, whan there be ether to many, or to fewe partes: of quantitie whan they be ether to big, or to litel: of cōposicion whan [Page] they be put in wronge places, or whā they that shoulde agre together, doe not. The thirde kynde of disease, is common as well to the simple and sparmatick partes, as to the instrumentall: and it is the deuision of that that is hole, and of one pece, which diuision yf it be in the riynges or byndynges it is called anulsiō: in the fleshe, a byle: in the bone, a broken creuise: in the senowes, a conuulsion, or crampe. These diseases sumtyme be compounde, whiche is whan they be ioyned to other. Hitherto I haue brefly declared the .iii. first kindes of sicknessis, of the which sum be verye quicke, and sum be dull, or slow: Such as be very quick, wil be at the worste, in .iiii. dayes, or soone after. Of such as be quicke and sharpe, there be .ii. sortes, for [Page] sum wyll be at the worste, in .14. dayes, and sum not vnder .40. All other diseases, which passe .40. dayes before thei be at ye worst, be called dul or slowe. But as quick, and shorte diseases, haue theyr begynnynge of bloude and chollar, which be hote humors, so slowe & dull haue theyr disseases, beginnyng of colde humors, as of flewm & melancholy. Let this generall, and brefe declaration of diseases, at this tyme suffice.

¶The .iiii. chapter, of accidentes.

[Page] THis worde accidente is takē .2. maner of wayes: generally and specially, generally, it signyfyeth any thing contrary to nature: specially, all thinges agaynst nature, excepte the causes of diseases, and diseases them selfes.

Therfore it is nothynge elles but an vnnaturall affection of the body, which foloweth the disease, as the shadowe foloweth the body. The accidentes specially taken, be deuided in to .iii. partes. For sum be the fautes & errors of actions, sum affections of oure body, other sum folow them both, ether by ouer much excretion, or retention of excrementes & other like such thynges. Of the error in actions, there be .ii. differences: animall, & natural. The faultes, or errors, [Page] of the animall actions, be yet deuided in to .iii. for ether they be faultes of ye sences, as of hearing, seinge, tastyng, smellyng, felynge, or els of mouinge, or finally of the principall actions, as of ymagining, thinkinge and remembring. These be all the animall actions, of the which eche one may be hurt iii. manner of wayes: firste if the action be vtterly extincte, as yf a man see nothyng at all: secōdarily, yf it be not vtterly abolished, & takē away but decayed sumthing or not parfit, as whan a man seeth but euen scantly as they do, which the ignorant call sand blynde. Thirdly whā it is depraued, and wronge wrasted, as whan a man of force, seeth thinges which he did not beholde with hys common sense, as they do which loke a goggell: [Page] And as it is euident, that all these fautes happen in the sight, so they happen also in eche one of the other before named sensis.

There be thus many as folowe naturall actions, appeticion, concoction, digestion, pulsatiō, attraccion, alteration, retention, expulsion. Of the which eche may erre .iii. manner of wayes, as is sayed before in the actions animall: and the fautes or errors of the same, be accidentes folowyng diseases. There be besyde these .iiii. manner of accidentes, which be affections of oure bodies: as vnnaturall cullers, ether in ye hole body, or elles in sumpart of it: Fylthy sauors also ether of ye mouthe, nose, or eares and obsurde and vnnaturall sapores, belonging to the taste: and beside these, hardnes, drines, & roughnes [Page] of the skynne.

As for the vnnaturall inanitions, or detentions from whense so euer they cum, they be contayned vnder one of these .iii. differencis: For eyther they be vnnaturall ī their hole substance, as that fluxe of bloude that is called commonly the emorroydes: or elles they are in theyre qualitie, as sumtyme it chaunseth in wemens flowres: or finally in their quantitie, they be founde vnnaturall, as the great abundance or lacke and scarsnes eyther of the vryne or sweat. The whiche euery one, is handeled to the vttermoste in Gallē, where he entreateth of ye causes, of accidentes.

¶The ende of the thirde boke

The .iiii. boke

[Page]

¶The first chapter. Of that part of phisick which teacheth the knowlege of thinges yt be past, present, and to cum.

THis is that same part of phisicke, the which (as I sayed before) contayneth the knowlege of thinges that be past, and the inspection, or the beholdynge of such as are present, and the prophecie, or prognostication of thinges to cum. And therfore the mo cōmodities it hath the more exactly it wolde be lerned: for first it teacheth ye knowlege of all passions, & diseases: in ye which (yf the Phisition be ignorant) he shall neuer be able, to do any thing worthy prayse, in the body. [Page] Therfore that yonge studentes, may the more luckely, attayne to the knowlege, of this parte of phisicke, I wolde counsell euery eche one of them, to reade diligently Gallens .vi. bokes of places affected: in the which he handleth this matter at the large. For so it shall be brought to passe that he shal be experte in the diseases, of euery part, be the part neuer so lyttell.

Who so is exactly sene in this knowlege, shal besides other, haue this especiall commoditie, which is, that among the sicke, his credit shall be greate: for the sicke man trusteth none so muche, nor is so well ruled of any, as he is of that Phisitiō, which is able to declare thinges present paste, and to cum. Therfore the disease is easilye cured whan the Phisition, and the [Page] pacient, be both against it, & moreouer he shal beare no blame, what so euer chaunce or happen to hys pacient, yt I may omytte the great prayse, glory, and renoune, which with one consente shall be geuen hym euery where. Therfore Hyppocrates counselleth all Phisitions, diligently to learne this knolege. The whiche, no man hath so well discussed (I except Hippocrates alwayes) as Gallen hath. Wherfore they that be able to vnderstande hym, let them go no farthar: but as for yonge and ignorant studentes, (for whose sake only I haue taken this in hand) if they reade diligently this littell rude worke, I truste though they be not satisfied, yet they shall not lese all their payne. Therfore first of all to the accomplysshynge, or [Page] gettyng of this knowlege, it is necessarye to expounde this worde Crisis, which the lattyns call iudicium, & in english it may be called iugement: but at this present time it signifieth any suddē mutation in euery disease whether it be longe or short, and this sudden mutation is parted in .iiii. For ether the sicke is made hole incōtinent, or elles is in a greate towardnesse to health, or dieth out of hand, or finally becūmeth a greate deale worse. The first of these mutations, which wt out any delay cureth the disease, is simply and absolutly called Crisis, The other which only amendeth ye disease, is called crisis insufficiens, which is to say ā insufficient iugement. The third is called mala crisis, that is to say an euyl change, or iudgement. The .iiii. may be called [Page] both vnparfit and euyll also. To ye knowlege of this chaunge which is called crisis, the .iiii. times of the disease, that is to say, the beginnyng, the encreasynge, the heyght, and declination, must be obserued, and marked of the Phisition. The beginnyng is deuided in .3. the first inuasion of the disease is the firste beginnynge, & is simple wtout any bredth. The .ii. hath bredth, and continueth to the thirde day. The third is the tyme afterwarde, tyl ye begynnyng of concoctiō. The time wherin the sicknes groweth, is frō the begynnyng of concoction, vntil the disease be at his ful strength which before is called the heygth. The .iiii. tyme which is called the declination, begynneth after the heygth, and lasteth tyl the disease be ful past and ended.

[Page]These be the vniuersall tymes in disseases, besydes whiche there is other called particular: as in such feuers as kepe fittes, the beginnyng of the fitte, is the colde in the vtter partes: the growynge is whiles the body waxeth hote: and the state, or hayght is, whan the heate is egally dispersed throughout the body: the declination, whā the heat goeth away. Before I declare howe to knowe this sudden mutation, which of the grekes is called Crisis, I thinke it expedient, and necessary to shewe in fewe wordes, the difference of ye signes & tokens goinge before, which be of thre sortes: of the first sort, is ye signes of cruditie, and concoction, as the excrementes of the bellye, the vryne, and spettel: by the egestions of the nether belly it is knowen [Page] how the stomacke altereth: the vryne ether declareth cruditie, or good concoction in the vaynes: the spettell showeth ether ye good, or euill constitution of the lunges, and instrumentes of breathing.

These signes what tyme of the disease so euer they happen, kepe alwayes theyre power firme and stable: For the signes of concoccion, alwayes declare health, & the cōtrary signes, ether great paines longe sicknes, deth, or finally the turnyng agayne of the euyll. Of the .ii. sorte be the signes of life & dethe: as quicke slepe, easy brethinge, goodnes of the pulse, like in face to them that be hole, hansume & cumly liyng in bed, sweat, and such as to these be clene contrary. Of the third sort be the iudgynge signes, of the which sorte [Page] there be .ii. kyndes: for sum be as signes, and causes both together, as vomittynge, excrementes of the belly, the great quantitie of vryne, and sweates, bledynge at the nose, or the falling of humors out of one place in to another: and other be as signes alone, as watche, deade slepes, troublesum dreames, difficultie of breathynge, dimnesse of sight, dulnesse of sense, head, necke, and stomacke ache, singinge in the heade, involuntary teares, quiuerynge of ye neyther lippe, forgetfulnesse, face, eyes, & nose red, abhorryng of meat, vehement thurste, wt other such lyke. All these, in that yt they declare any sudden mutation, be called iudgynge signes: and in that that they folow diseases, they be called iudgynge accidentes. [Page] These haue not theyr power alwayes firme, and certayne, as the signes of concoction, and cruditie haue, but they are to be liked if they happen after concoction, that is whyles ye sickenesse is in the state: and in the begynnyng, and before any concoctiō, they be not only not to be belyked, but to be fered, as deadly signes. Concernyng ye Nature or propertie of signes, for this tyme, let this suffice: but as for such signes, as declare sudden mutation before called crisis, to be good▪ I entend yet (god willing) to speake a lyttell more, whiche maye be knowen .iii. manner of wayes. First yf before Crisis cum, there be concoction of the disease, [Page] I meane of the vryne, the egestions, and spettell: the which eche, ought to be considered in hys proper place: For in the diseases of ye brest, & lunges, the spettell should be taken moste heade of, and beste marked, and yet the vryne ought not to be neglected, no nor the excrementes of the belly nether, but in an ague, which is without any inflammation eyther of the lyuer raynes, bladder, or splene, ye vrine must be regarded especially: as yf the stomake, or mawe, be greued, the excrementes of ye belly wolde be considered before the other. Yet the vryne, is not then to be abiected nether. Secundarily yf the cū mynge of it, be signified by any of the iudgynge dayes, it is to be lyked of the Phisition: the declaration of the which dayes, I omyt, [Page] because I haue obserued that ther is in them, more error then truthe, more superstition, then knowlege: and bysyde this, the scripture commaundeth vs Christen men, to obserue no dayes: yet yf any man be wylling to know them let him seke what Hyppocrates, & Gallen hath written of them: & then I doubte not (though he be dull wytted) but that he shall quicly know what is ment by them. Thirdly it is good, yf the mesure, and forme of the excrementes, be correspondent, and aggreable to the disease: as yf in an hot burnynge feuer, the sicke blede at the nose: or after a feruent shakynge, sweat much, and hot in all partes of hys bodye: or vomite muche chollar, or finally voyde much by syege, for so ye feuer tertian shoulde ende: the quotidian not [Page] only by much sweatyng, but also by the avoydynge of flewme, both vpward, and dounward, in greate quantitie. The frenesie, is iudged by much hot sweat, cummynge in euery parte of the body, but especially yf the head sweate feruently: yet sumtyme it is iudged and ended, by bledynge at the nose: howe be it in the lythargie, bledynge at the nose is euyll.

The pleuresie is betwixte these .ii. For bledyng at the nose in it, is to be lyked better, then in the lithargy, & worse then in the phrensie. The inflammacions of ye liuer and splene, be alwayes iudged by bledynge at the nose: the liuer, if it blede on the right side, and ye splene f the lift: beside these, the age and complexion of the sicke, and also hys forma [...] diet, and place wherin [Page] the sicke abydeth, with the tyme of the yere, and the present constitution of the ayer, be to be considered of the Phisitiō, whiles he iudgeth crisis to be ether good or euil. For as the disease is cholerike, & all these cholericke also, it is necessary that whan crisis happeneth, chollar plē tifully to be voyded: so if flewme redounde it is nedefull for flewme to be pourged: if diuers humors, ye euacuation muste be also of diuers humors. But whan the Phisition shall know these thinges exactly, then of ye ende, he may easily know the rest: for yf the sicke, which alredie hath suffered crisis, be deliuered of his ague and other accidentes & be better culloured, hauyng also better pulses, and more strength to rise, without doubte the crisis was good.

[Page]The knowlege of the euyll Crisis, as ther is in it much coniecture, so ther is also in it much incertaynty: For as where nature is strong, and ruleth easily the humors, she moueth orderly, and maketh an ende of her actions: so whan she taketh a fall, her motions be both incertayne, and inordinate, and therfore hard to be knowen. wherfore such a case requireth an artificer, and a well exercised Phisitiō, the which may firste declare whether there shall be any Crisis, at all or no: secūdarily wether this day, or that: last of all whether it shall kyll the sicke forthwith, or but only hurte hym. What shoulde nede many wordes, by these .3. it is easily to be knowen whether the sick shall die, or liue: first, by the kinde of the disease: secundarily, by the greatnesse [Page] of it: thirdly, by the manner, and fashion of it: fortly by the mouyng of it. The kynde of the disease, is knowen of ye accidentes folowing it, as in example: the pleuresie is knowen by the prickyng payne of the syde, ye difficultie of brething by the fieuer whiche alwayes is annexed to it, by ye coughe, & hardnesse of the pulse: but ye greatnesse of it, may be learned by the quantitie, & vehemency, of the forsayde accidentes: and the manner of it, by the accidentes which folow it: as yf they be many in number, yf they be longe, mightye, and euyll, or such as to these be cleane contrary, the mouynge of it, by the tyme of the partes of the fit. To these .iiii. the consideration of the cūtry, the tyme of the yere, the nature, & cōstitutiō of the sickmanes [Page] body, with other such, as is in this same chapter before rehersed is necessary also. Of these, that Phisition which is an artificer, shall easily iudge life or deth in his pacient: & he yt is not, let hym speake no farther thē he knoweth, & so he shall sustaine no blame nor shame.

¶Of the vryne. The .ii. chapter.

SEing that the vryne is the alonly marke of ye liuer & vaynes, in what error thinke you that the Phisitions are now a dayes which take vpon them, to iudge all diseases by the vryne: which is as absurde & impossible, as of the spettell, to declare the gryefe of the bladder, and raynes: wherfore seinge that agaynste all knowlege, and good lernynge, they do so shamefully abuse the lookynge of the water, & [Page] deceyue the poore, ignorant, and simple people so craftily, I thinke them worthy to be called, as Aristophanes calleth them, couetouse and vnlerned Phisitions, sithens that they esteme more theyr filthy lucre, then the truthe. But nowe to my pourpose. The vryne is the excrement and watry substance of the blood, which after ye concoction doone in the vaynes, is drawen thense by the kidneyes or raynes, in to the bladder, where it is reserued tyl it may cōueniently be let out: in the beholding of the which, ther is .4. thinges to be cō sidered, which be these folowing: ye substance, cullar, quantitie, & cō tentes: of ye which no man can wel iudge, which knoweth not parfitly ye holsummest, & of all other the best vrine, wherto he may cōpare the rest.

[Page]The best water, or vryne, and the which is of a temperate man, in substance is nether to thicke nor thinne, but moderate, in quantitie as much, & no more then he dronk: in cullar sumwhat inclinynge towardes yealowe, hauynge a white, light, and equall sediment: & such a water as this, of a yonge Phisition shoulde often be loked vpon, to the entent that whan he seethe any other differ neuer so litell from it, he may forthwith cō iecture the same man, whose water he hath sene, so much to differ from parfit health, how much hys water differeth from the other. Now after I haue showed which is the best water, ther remayneth behynde, the declaration of such thinges as is in ye vryne, especially to be cōsidered: which I pourpose [Page] to declare orderly. The substance of the vryne, is ether thicke, thynne, or moderat and equall betwixt both. That which is moderat, is of all other the best, and yf it be to thinne or thick, it declareth vnparfit concoction: Of the thyn vryne, there is .ii. differences: For the one is pissed thynne, and clere, and so remayneth styll: and the other is pissed thinne and clere, and after becummeth thycke and troubled: but they be both crude, & rawe, and doe lacke concoction, & thus they differ: The tone signifieth extreme cruditie, declarynge nature as yet, not to haue begūne any concoction. The tother showeth that nature hath begun concoctiō but very lately. The troublesumnes signifieth great plenty of wyndie spirites, to be mixt with [Page] the watry substance of the vryne. Of thycke and troubled waters, there is also .ii. differencis: yf it be thick whan it is pissed, then afterward it waxeth clere, hauing a residence in the bothome, which proficieth of sum inequall turbulent matter remayning behynde in the vaynes: And on the other side, sum other water, whiche after it is made is thicke, and remayneth so stil: which signifieth great trouble and agitation, as yet to remayne in the bloode. Hitherto I haue declared the substance of the vryne, wherfore now foloweth the cullar: of the which ther be .vi. differencys in especiall, which is white pale, tawny, yealow, red, & blacke: For all the rest be contayned vnder these. Vndar white is contayned the cullar of cristall, snowe, & [Page] water, the which all signifie great cruditie. Not so whyte as these is milke, horne white, & the hearres of a chammell: And as the vrynes of these cullars, differ from very white, so they declare better concoction. After whyte they be next, that be sum deale pale, the which because they be a littell tincte, they ar not extreme crude. A pale cullar is made, by the mixture of chollar, and water together, so that in the mixture there goeth but a litell chollar, to a great dele of water: of pale by meanes of concoction, sū time is made a light tawny which Actuarius, taketh to be the cullar of gilt. After a tawny followeth a light yelow, which is a cullar like the floures of cartamus, which is commonly called the gardyn saffaron: after the which, commeth yealowe, whiche is the cullar of [Page] saffaron: and a light red, whiche is ye cullar of a certayne drug, called bolum, is next: then red it selfe which is the cullar of a cherry: after these is a darke red, whiche is the cullar of a mulberry: and yet there is a darcker, which is made of whyte, and red, egally myxte together, and of the latyns it is called, Venetus: grene is the cullar of beetes, whiche the gardiners call the whyte beetes, or elles the cullar of ye precious Emmoroyde: Besyde these, there is yet other cullars, as the cullar of oyle, the cullar of lead, and all cole blacke cullars, which is knowen almost of euery chylde. Yf I haue here in the discripsions of cullars, misse or wronge named any cullar, I praye the paynters, to accept my good wyll, and pardon my ignorancye: [Page] in the iudgyng of cullars ye Phisiciō shoulde be prouident, because that oftentymes, with euery light occation, the cullar of the vrine dothe alter, and change, not only in them that besicke, but also in thē yt be hole: & of this mutatiō, or chaunge there is .3. special causes. The first is meate not wel altered, or disgested, which is not apt to make bloude, wherfore it changeth the cullar of the vryne to ye same cullar that it selfe is of, which is wont to happen to them that is sicke and diseased, yea and sumtyme to such also as is hole: moreouer sum medicine will alter the cullar of the vrine. The second cause of ye altering of ye cullar in ye water, is the drinke: for the vryne cōmonly kepeth the cullar of those thinges which is receyued in the [Page] drinke. The .iii. cause is the collyquation of such thynges, as consume and melt in the body, as the fat, which whan it wasteth, for the most part cullereth vryne. Besyde these there be other causes also whiche do the same, as exercise, hungar, slepe, watche, wt a great many other such like. which in the beholdynge of the vryne eche one by hym selfe shoulde be diligently considered of the Phisition. Now I entende to declare what may be coniectured in the vrine of the substance, & cullar. A thinne vrine, signifieth the lacke of natural heat, not without the obstructions of y• liuer, raynes, & splene, by meanes of cruditie: A thicke declareth excesse of matter, & humors fillinge the belly, guttes, and the holowe partes of the liuer: which yf it be sene in a feuer, thynne goinge [Page] before, it signifieth the dissoluing of ye feuer. But if after yt the feuer is alredie cū, ye vryne appere thick, nor in continuance of time waxeth no thinnar, thē it signifieth plenty of humors. Concernyng ye cullars what white, pale, yelowe, & read signifie, partly is alredy declared, & more may be gathered, of these ye folow. The darke red which is the cullar of the mulberry, showeth yt the bloode burneth in the vaynes. The grene signifieth the worste kind of chollar to be encresed both in quātitie, & qualitie. That vryne which hath ye cullar of oyle, showeth ye colliquatiō of ye hole body, or elles of ye raynes only. The blacke water sumtyme declareth healthe as in the pourginge of melācholy, but if grene went before, thē it is a very argumēt of death, & it is more [Page] to be feared in men then wemen. Now we be cū vnto the quantitie which in them that be hole should be so much as was dronken. The water excedeth in quantitie for ye most part, by meanes of these causes folowynge: first whan a man eateth and drinketh to much, the meat being to moyst, or the drinke being watrishe wine. The second whan he hath taken medicynes, which prouoke vryne. The thirde whan the raynes is distempered with ouer much heat. The forth whan the belly is drier, then it ought to be naturally. The fyfte whā ther procedeth no euacuatiō of ye belly nor other wayes, which Hyppocrates witnesseth, sayinge: Water much in quantity, made in the night, prophecieth of a small siege: Litel water hapneth of cō trary [Page] causes: First of littell drinkynge, drinesse of meates, muche exercise, and other lyke vnto these, which be wont to dry the body. Secondarily, for meates & medicyns whiche for their grosnesse, make obstruction in the liuer and splene, and other places. Thirdly for the grosnesse and clammynesse of humors. Forthly for the plentifull pourgynge of the belly. Fyftly for the vehement heat, and drinesse in a feuer. Sixtly, for the weaknesse of the excretiue power, both in the raynes & other partes seruynge to the avoydynge of the water, or vryne. The .iiii. thynge which in the vryne is to be considered be the contentes, so called (I thynke) because they consist in euerye parte of the altitude of the body of the water. And as the [Page] heyght of the body of the water is deuided in to .iii. as in to the bothome of the vryne, the brinke, or highest region, & in to the middell of these extremities: so of the contentes sum swymmeth in the top, and other hangeth in the middell, and sum goeth to the bothom. In ye contentes ther be .iii. thinges to be considered, ye substance, cullar, and quantitie. The substance, because sūme be thicke, and other sum thynne, and sūme in a meane betwixt bothe. The contentes of healthy waters, be moderat of substance, light, & egall. They be called light, which be continuall & of of one pece, not rough, nor broken in any part, & suche as is to these contrary may be called rough. Cō tentes yt be grosse, signifie copie & plenty of crude, & raw humors in [Page] the vaynes, & sumtime ye strength of the excretiue facultie, in pourginge superfluous humors. Contentes yt be thinne, signifie weaknesse of nature in ye secōd cōcoctiō ▪ & declareth also grosse humors to be subtyled, & made thynne. Concernyng the cullar of contentes, sū be very whyte, summe pale, sūme yealowe, sūme red, sūme bluddy, sūme blacke, & sūme of diuers cullars. Contentes very whyte be ether peces of slymye humors, or els matter to much baked: whiche commeth from sūme of the innar partes: pale contentes be euill, because they decline from the naturall cullar: yealowe be euyl also, in that yt they declare the ouer muche encreasinge of chollar: red signifie lacke of concoction, and the contynuynge of the disease. Blodie declare yt the blood is not throughly [Page] labored of nature: blacke signifieth ether ye mortifiyng of naturall heat, or elles the pourgynge of melancholy. Nowe since that I haue brefely declared the cullar, and substance of the contentes, ther remayneth behynde the quantitie, which if it be much, as it showeth the nurisshynge of the body, so it dothe the fortifiynge of the excretiue facultie. For while nature laboreth much in alteryng the nurrishemente, she must nedes make many excrementes. The scarcity & lacke of cōtentes, happeneth ether of fastyng, or exercise, or obstruction in ye vaynes, or finally of ouer slowe concoction. Sumtime there is an euill sauor in the vrin, which signifieth ether rottennesse of sum part of the body, or elles the mortifyinge of the hole body: specially [Page] yf ye substance, & cōtentes be euill.

¶Of the excrementes of the belly. The .iii. chapter

THat siege, or excrement is best, &, moste naturall, whiche is soft, and lieth together hole, and well compact, made at the accustomed tyme in health, and in quantitie, correspondent to that yt is eaten: of the contrarye part, that is an euill and an vnnaturall siege, or excrement which is hard, thynne, or rough, not made in ye accustomed howre of healthe. If the siege be very much cullared, it is euyll and signifieth ouer muche chollar in the guttes: and if it be not tincte at all, but like vnto the meat whiche was eaten, it signifieth cruditie, & [Page] no chollar at all to resorte to the guttes: but if ye siege be yealowe in ye declination of the sicknesse, thē it declareth the body to be pourged of chollar very well. If the siege be grene it showeth that there is great plentie of rustie chollar: and yf it be blacke it signifieth ether the abundance of melancholy, or elles the adustion of blood in the stomacke. Yf it be of the cullar of leade, then it betokeneth the mortifiynge of the innar partes, or at the leaste an extreme colde in the same. If it be ether fatty, or clammye, & no like meat hath be eaten immediatly before, it signifieth the hole body to consume. If it be verye muche stinkyng, it is a sure token of putryfaction. In these thinges, the nature and qualitie of the meates, be as well to be cō sidered, [Page] as the imbecillitie an weakenesse of the guttes, in suffering fluxes, and reumes from the head. whan the excrement in cummynge forth maketh any noyse, it declarethe winde to be mixte wt thynne moysture, and the fundement to be drawen nere together. Whan any wyndye spirit striueth with moysture, then commonly there remayneth sum fome in the siege. The siege being diuers in cullar, showeth ye body to be diuersly affected: wherfore for the most part it is a signe of long sicknesse.

¶Of the spettell. The .4. chapter

THe spettell is to be considered in all diseases, but especially in the diseases or griefes of the brest, and lunges: in the which diseases, yf the pacient spet nothing at all, it is a tokē [Page] of extreme cruditie: but if he spet, though it be moyst & crude it signifieth the first part of the disease, which is the beginning to be newly ended: after that it is more baked & cummeth vp first a littell, & then more & more, thē the sicknesse is almost in ye state & at the worst, & whan it is well baked, & cūmeth a great pase, then the disease is alredy in the state, which is to say at the heyght, because thē it cā grow no hygher, & after cummyng lesse, wt more ease & lesse grefe in coughyng, and takyng of breth, beinge also well cōcoct, & not crude, it signifieth ye sicknesse to decline, & depart. Yf the spettel be sumthynge nigh vnto yelowe, wt a light fome vpon it, it is a token, of cruditie only, without any furthar euill. But if it be very yelow, tawny, grene, or [Page] blacke, or clammy wt much fome, it is not to be beliked at all: if it be blody, it is nothynge so euyll as blacke and yealow, but the manner of excretion, must also be well marked: For if it cum vp easily, thē it is to be accounted good, and yf not but wt difficultie of brethyng, thē it is euel. The absolute note, & marke, of concoction is whan the spettel is light, white, and egal, & of substance nether thynne, nor thicke: yf the spettell be thynne, & not blacke, it signifieth nothynge but the lacke of naturall heat, but yf it be the cullar of leade, or rustinesse or blacke, it is extreme euyll.

¶The .v. chapter of the pulses.

THe pulse is a sensible mouynge of the hart and Arteries, (that is to say vaynes, hauing [Page] two coates growing of the hart, & carriynge both blod and spirit) by the which they be lifted vp and let done againe. This mouynge hath ii. vses: For in the dilatynge of the arteries, colde Ayer is drawen in which doeth not only stirre vp, but also refresheth the vitall power, wherof the Animall spirites be made, and in the submission, or cō traction of the forenamed Arteries, the smoky excrement whiche came of burnte & humors aduste, is expelled. Parauenture summe will loke, that here in this place I shoulde haue declared the differencys of the pulses, because that wtout the knowlege therof, there can be no diuinatiō by the pulses. Howbeit I willingly at this time omyt them, because Gallen and [Page] Archigines with other mo auncient writers are not as yet agreed of them, & Cornelius Celsus (non of the worst Phisitions) semeth to doubt much whether any thynge may certaynly be coniectured by them or no. But this I am assured of that though I should haue set them furth so playnly as I coulde for my lyfe, yet they shoulde not haue bene throughly knowen, but of such as alredy be well entred, & practised, not only in the workes of Phisicke, but also in Arithmaticke, and Mathamaticke: and as for such let them serche what Gallen and other olde phisitions haue wrytten: For to them this littel rude boke is not written, but only to suche as are ignorant in the lattyn tong, yt they may by healp of this my boke, not only lerne sū thyng [Page] for theyr bodely health, but also saue theire money, which they dayly wast in feeding such Phisitions as be not lernyd, wherfore gentyll readers accept my good wyll though I haue not satisfied youre expectation, remembrynge the olde poetes sayinge: ‘Rebus et in magnis est voluisse satis.’ which is to say that in matters of weyght, to haue ben wyllynge it is sufficient.

Finis.

§

§

¶Imprinted at London in Fletestrete at the signe of the Sunne, ouer agaynst the condyte, by Edvvard VVhitchurche the .x. day of April.

Cum priuilegio ad imprimendum solum.

[Page]

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Title statement

A uery brefe treatise, ordrely declaring the pri[n]cipal partes of phisick that is to saye: thynges natural. Thynges not naturall. Thynges agaynst nature. Gathered, and sette forth by Christopher Langton.

Langton, Christopher, 1521-1578.

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1547

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2006-06 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1).

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A05064

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STC 15205

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ESTC S121147

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99856334

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99856334

ID [VID]

21869

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(EEBO-TCP ; phase 1, no. A05064)

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— A uery brefe treatise, ordrely declaring the pri[n]cipal partes of phisick that is to saye: thynges natural. Thynges not naturall. Thynges agaynst nature. Gathered, and sette forth by Christopher Langton., Langton, Christopher, 1521-1578..

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[190] p.

In Fletestrete at the signe of the Sunne, ouer agaynst the condyte, by Edvvard VVhitchurche,. [Imprinted at London :: the .x. day of April] Anno dni. M. D. XLVII [1547]. (Imprint from colophon.) (Signatures: pi⁴ A-L M⁴ (-A1).) (Reproduction of the original in the British Library.)

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