Declynson of articles.

Declynsons be fyue.

The fyrst is knowen by his examples. Poeta. & musa And euermore his genityf case singuler endeth ine. And all nownes of the fyrst declynson shal be de­clyned after one of them

¶ The secounde. by his examples. magister radius. and remplum. And euermore his genityf case sin­guler endeth in I And all nownes of the secounde declynson. &c.

¶ The thyrde by his exāples. Sonitas. sacerdos. and vulnꝰ. And euermore his genitif singuler endeth in Is. And all nownes of the thyrde declynson. &c.

¶ The fourth by his exāples. Visus and manus. And euermore his genitif case singuler endeth in vs. And all nownes of the fourth declynson. &c

¶ The fyfte by his examples. meridies & species. And euermore his genitif case singuler endeth in ei And all nownes of the fyfte declynson. &c.

¶ The diuisyon of nownes

¶ Of nownes. Sōme be ꝓpie. somme appellant somme substantif. somme adiectif. somme int (ur)rogatif somme demōstratif. somme redditif. & somme relatif.

¶ Declynson of substantyues

¶ A nowne substantifis declyned with one arti­cle. as hic Poeta. or with two at the moest. as hic and hec sacerdos

¶ Examples of the fyrst declynson

Hic poeta. huius poete. huic poete. hunc poetā. o poeta. ab hoc poeta. The plurel. hi poete. ho (rum) poeta (rum) his poetis. hos poetas. o poete. ab his poetis.

[Page] Here is to be noted that in euery plurell noumbre the vocatyf shal be lyke the nominatyf. and the abla­tyf like the datif. Alto whenne the nominatif singuler of thys declynson endeth in as or ines. thou shalt put a ways. to make y^e vocatyf. as hic thomas hic anchi­ses. o thoma. o anchise: In al other of this declynsen the vocatyf shal be lyke the nominatif. as hic poeta. o poeta

The singuler. Hec musa. huius mu se. huic muse. hanc musam. o musa. ab hac musa The plurell he muse. harū musarum. his musis. has mu sas. o muse. ab his musis

¶ Here is to be noted that theyse. vi. Nownes in this verse makyth y^e datyf and ablatyf plurell bothe in is and in abus

Filia nata deas liberta mulabus equabus

Also the scripture useth. aīabus famulabus, dn̄abꝰ the wiche with all suche be natofvse

These nomnes of hebrewe Pascha. manna. ziza­nia and māmona be the neutre gendre and of noo declynson Though we synde in holy scripture the geni tif and datifine. more of vse thenne of rule. & lyke wi­se adam & abraham. As for alpha & iota And generally al names of lettres theive bocht y^e neutre & vndeclined. And somme lettred mēsay hoc pascha paschatis And polenta is the feminyne gendre vt Plautꝰ. [...] nequam homines polentam pransitant. how beit. Quide vseth hym in the neutre gendre. as. Dulce de dit testa quod coxerat ante polenta

¶ Examples of the secounde declynson.

[Page] Here is to be noted that the datyf & the ablatyf singuler of this declynson endeth al way in o

Hic radiꝰ. huiꝰ radij. huic radio. hūc dium. o radie. ab hoc radio. The plurel. hi radij. ho (rum) radio (rum). his dijs &c

All nownes of this declynson that in y^e noīatis singuler endeth in vs chaingeth vs ine in the vocatif as hic radrꝰ. o radic. hic dn̄s. o dn̄e. &c. Excepte. iij. appel­latiues filius. deus. and agnus filius maketh fili. deꝰ and agnus be lyke the nomīatif. also agnus maketh agne. Sawe propre names of men in ius that doth a way vs and thā remayneth the vocatif. as hic virgi­lius. o virgili. hic gregouꝰ. o gregori

Else in latyn the vocatif shalbe like the noīatyf by chaunginge the article in to o. as hi [...] vir. o vir

Hoc templū. huiꝰ tēpli. huic tēplo. hoc tēplū. o tēplū. ab hoc tēplo. The plurel. hectēpla. ho (rum) tēplorum. &c.

Here is to be noted that all nownes of the neture gendre. of what declynson that euer they be. shal ha­uethre cases lyke in both noumbres. the noīatyf atcusatif and vocatyf. as in templū. and these. iij. in y^e plu­rel noumbre euermore ende in a. Oute take ambo & duo. the whisch be thus declyned. The plurel. Ambo ambe ambo. ambo (rum) barū bo (rum). ambobꝰ babꝰ bobꝰ. ambos bas bo. ambo be bo ambobꝰ babus bobus.

And so is Due declyned in euery case. In y^e thyrde. fourth and fyfte declynson. the nominatif. accusatif. & vocatif plurell shal alway be lyke. of what gendre so euer the nownes be. vt exēpla dorebunt

¶ Examples of the thyrde declynson

Hec bonitas. huiꝰ tatis. huictati. hāc tatē. o tas. [...] [Page] ha [...]te. The plurel. he bonitates. harū bonitatū. &c

Hic & hec sacerdos. hiuꝰ tis. huicti. hūc & hāc te [...] odos. ab hoc & ab hac te vel [...]i The plurel. hi & he sacerdotes. ho (rum) & harū sacerdotū. his tibus. hos & has tes

Hoc vulnus. huius eris. huic ri. hoc [...]us. onꝰ. ab hoc [...]ere. The plu. hec nera. ho (rum) nerū. his neribꝰ. &c.

Whā y^e noiatif singuler of this declynson ende thī is. & y^e genitif plurel in ium. thā may the accusatyf plurel end both in es & in is. as hic ignis. horū iguiū. hos ignes & ignis. hec restis. harū restium. has restes & re­stis. hic hec restis. ho (rum) harū testiū. hos has testes & te­stis. hic hec oīs. ho (rum) harū oīm. hos has oēs & oīs

¶ Examples of the fourth declynson.

Hic visus. huiꝰ sus. huic sui. hunc sum. osus. ab hoc su. The plu. hi visus. ho (rum) suū. his visibus. hossus. &c.

Hec manꝰ. huiꝰ nus. huic nuī. hāc nū. onꝰ ab hac nu. The plu. he manꝰ. ha (rum) nuū. his [...]ibꝰ. has mus. &c

Here is to be noted y^t the yse nownes folowynge make tyeir datif & ablatyf plurell in vbꝰ. But al other of this declynson kepe & be fore bus. versus

Partus. portꝰ. a [...]. ficus. lacus. artus. & archus.

Nuercubꝰ at (que) veru. tribꝰ. & specus exit in vbus.

¶ Examples of the fyfte declynson

Hic meridies. huiꝰ ei. huic ei. hūc em. o. es. ab hoc e. The plurel. hi meridies. ho (rum) erū. his ebus. &c

Hecspecies. hiuꝰ ei. huic ei. hanc em. o es. ab hac­cie. The plurel. he species. harūerum. his ebus. &c

In the fyrst & the laste declynson. the genityf & da­tyf of the syrst noumbre be al way lyke. as huiꝰ poete huic poete. huius meridiei. huic meridiei [Page] Also al nownes of the fyfte declynson lacke thie cases in the plurel noumbre. that is to saye. the genityf da­tyf & ablatyf. excepte these in these verses

Piogenies vel maneries dic materies (que)

Spes acies facies. [...]cres species (que) dies (que)

Declynson of adiectyues

¶ Of adiectyues somme be declyned wyth thre arti­cles and one terminacyō. as hic hec hoc felix. somme wyth thre articles and two terminacyons. as hic hec turpis and hoc turpe. Somme myxte thre articles & thre terminacyons. as hic saluber. hec salubus. and hoc salubre. somme wyth thre dyuerse endynges on­ly. & that thre wyses vs. a. um. as Bonꝰ bona bonū. er. a. um. as Priger nigra nigrū. esse u [...]. a. um. as Sa tur satura saturū. as the example shewyth

Hic & hec & hoc felix. huius felicis. huic felici. hunc & hāc felicem. & hoc felix. o felix. ab hoc & hac & hoc felice vel felici The plurel. hi & he felices. & hec felicia. ho (rum) & harū & ho (rum) feliciū. his felicibꝰ. hos & has felites and hec felicia. o felices & o felicia. ab his felicibus

Hic & hec turpis & hoc turpe. huiꝰ turpis. huic pi. hūc & hanc pem & hoc pe. o turpis & o pe. ab hoc hac & hoc turpi. The plurell. hi & he turpes & hec turpia. horum & harū & ho (rum) turpium. his turpibus. &c

Hic & hec doctior & hoc doctuꝰ. huius oris. huic ori. hunc & hanc ctiorē & hoc ctius. o ctior & o ctius. ab hoc & hac & hoc ctiore vel ction. The plurel. hi & he ctiores & hec ctiora. ho (rum) & ha (rum) & ho (rum) ctio (rum). his ctioribus. &c

Bonus a. um. boni. e. i. noe. o. nūam. um. ne a. ū [...]o a. o. The plu. bonie. a. no (rum)0 arū. o (rum). bonis. &c

[Page] Here is to be noted that al adiectyues in y^e plurell noumbre hathe one voyce for all gēdres in the datyf and the ablatyf case

Niger nigra nig (rum). nigri nigre nigri. nigro gre ro. nigrū grā grū. niger gra grum. nigro gra gro. The plurell. nigri gre gra. nigro (rum) grarūgrorū. nigris. ni­gros gras gra. &c.

Satur a um. saturie. i. saturo e. o. saturū am. um satur a um. saturo a. o. &c. lyke to. Nigera. um.

Al maner of adiectyues with. iij. dyuerse endynges only. be y^e first declynson & the seconde of nownes & lyke one of these.

The myxte

Hic saluber. hec salubus. & hoc salubre. huius bris. huic bri. hunc hāc biem. & hoc bre. o ber. o bris. & o bre. hoc hac hoc bri The plurell. hi & he bres. & hecb ria. horū harū horū brium. his bribus. &c. Of this sorte ben xij. as these verses shewen

Campester volucer alacer (que) pedester equester

Siluester celeber acer (que) celer (que) saluber

Tale paluster opus tale sequester habet.

The which al were somtyme declyned lyke turpis Also it is to be noted that al adiectyues lyke to turpis. or saluber. make the ablatyf synguler only in I. But All cōparatyues and adiectyues of one terminacion make bothe in E & I.

¶ Figura quin (que) declinationum

¶ Degrees of comparyson

All adiectyues that betoken thynges that may be made ore or lesse. may receyue comparyson as fayre more fayre: lesse fayre: most fayre: leste fayre. or else fayre. fayrer fayrest

There be thre degrees of comparison. the posytyf the comparatyf. and the superlatyf

¶ De cognitione positiui.

¶ The posytyfis grounder and fundament of the comparatyf and superlatyf. without excesse. and he is nat fourmed. as fayre foule. whyte. blacke

¶ De cognitione comparatiui.

¶ The comparatyf passeth his posytyf. With this englyssh worde more. or lesse. or elles his englyssh en­deth in er. as more fayre. lessc fayre or fayrer. and his latyn endeth in or. or else he hath thys aduerbe magꝰ. or minus ioyned to his posytyf. as doctior. or else ma­gis doctus velminus doctus

¶ De cognitione superlatiui

¶ The superlatyf passeth his posytyf. with this englyssh worde moost. or leste. else his englyssh endeth in yst. as moost fayre. leste sfayre. or fayryst and his latyn endeth in mus. ma. mum. or else he hath this ad­uerbe maxime. or minime. ioyned to his posytyf. as doctissimus doctissima doctissimū. or else maxime doctus. maxime docta. maxime doctū. minime doctus. minime docta. minime doctum

¶ Here is to be noted that all comparatyues be declyned after doctior. and all superlatyues lyke bonus bona bonum

Deformatione comparatiui

The comꝑatiue is fourmed of his postif of his fyrst case that endeth in I. by puttyng to this termination or. else vs as doctus docta ctum. docti ctior vs. tenuis tenuis tenui tenuior vs. felix cis. ci. felicior vs

Oute of this rule beē excepte these fix nownes folo­wynge y^e which make both y^e cōparatif and superlatif oute of rule. as Bonꝰ melior optimus. Malus peior pessimus. Magnus maior maximꝰ. Paruus mīor minimus. & paruissimꝰ. Multus plus plurimus Nequā nequior nequissimꝰ. Also iuuenis maketh iunior Senex senior. and lacketh the neuter in vs. and also the superlatyfdegre

Such adiectyues y^t ende in vs. & haue a vowel byfore vs. haue nowe no cōꝑatyf in or but alway thys worde magis. & y^e posityf shal supply y^e romme of the cōꝑatyf. as pius magis pius. ꝑpetuus magis ꝑpetuus. extraneus magis extraneus. In such y^e suꝑlatyf foloweth y^e rule as pius p [...]ssunꝰ. strenuusissunꝰ. If thou fynde any otherwyse. it is excused by antiqu [...]e

Al nownes y^t maketh their cōꝑatyf in or may make the cōꝑatyf wyth magis o [...] minus. & the posityf

But such that ende in vs. wyth the vowel &c. ma [...] no wyse make the cōparatyf in or.

Other ꝑtes of reson make cōparison. as this verbe. detero maketh deterior for his ꝯꝑatyf. & deterimꝰ for his suꝑlatyf Also participles goynge into nownes as amās amātior tissimꝰ. These aduerb [...]s preposicyons in these verses with many other m [...] make y^e Cōꝑatyf & suꝑlatyf indirectly. Versus

[Page] Ante. citra. prope. post. extra. supra (que) vel infra Intra. nuper. ocys. vltra (que). pridem. penitus (que). Pene. penes (que) din. sepe

Ante anterior caret superlatiuo

• Citra citerior citiinus
• Prope. ꝓpior. proximus
• Post. posterior. postreinꝰ
• Extra. exterior. extremꝰ. etextimus
• Supra. superior. supremꝰ etsummus
• Infra. inferior. infimus
• Intra. interior. intimus
• Nuper. nuperior. nuperrimus
• Ocys ocyor ocyssimus.
• Vltra. vlterior vltimus
• Pridem. prior. primus
• Penitus. penitior peni­tissimus
• Pene velpenes. penior. penissimus
• Diu. diutior. diutissimꝰ.
• Sepe. sep [...]ꝰ. sepissime.

¶ There be also some nownes that maketh theyr cō paratyf in rule. and lacke theyr superlatyf. as Serus serior. Celsus. celsior

¶ De formatione superlatiuo (rum)

The suꝑlatifis fourmed of his postyf of y^e first case y^t endeth in I. by puttyng to s & simus. as Doctus cta ctum. docti. doctissimus. Felix. felicis. felici. felicissimꝰ Excepte is posityf ende in er. For thenne he maketh the suꝑlatyf by puttyng to rimꝰ. as Niger nigerrimꝰ Saluber. saluberrimus. with double rr

Saue Dexter maketh alway dexti [...]ꝰ. Sinister sini stiniꝰ Also facitis maketh facillimus with double ll. So doth agilis make agillimꝰ. gracilis gracillimus. humilis humillimus. et similis simillimꝰ. wyth their compoundes Also maturus maketh maturimꝰ and maturissinuis. vetus veterimus.

[Page] These. ij. superlatyf degrees. Intimus and Pro­ximus. may sometyme be as posytyfes. and hath for ther comparatyfes. intimior and proximior. and lac­keth their superlatyfes.

Al adiectiues incus that com of dico. facio and lo­quor chaunge vs in entior. for the cōparatyf. & in entissimus for the superlatyf. as Magnificus centior cen tissimus. fatidicus centior centissimus. grādiloquus. quentior quentissimꝰ. If thou fynde any otherwyse it is excused by antiquite. as mirificio [...]irificissimꝰ.

Declynson and diuision of pronownes

Here be. xv. pronownes bysyde their cōpoundes as. Ego. tu. sui. ille. ipse. iste. hic. & is. meus. tuus. suus noster. vester. nostras & vestras. Of the which, viij. be primatyues. as Ego. tu. sui. &ce. and. vij. diri [...]aty­ues. as Meus. tuus. suus. &c

Ospronowne primatiues. Ego & tu. ben only de­monstratiues. Sui only relatyf. The residue so [...]y­me demonstratif. as when they shewith a thyng not spokyn of a fore Somtyme relatyues. as when they reporteth a thyng spokyn of a fore. All deriuatiues be demonstratiues. Excepte Suus that is somtyme demonstratyf and somtyme relatyf

Declynsou of primatiues

Nomīatiuo. Ego. genitiuo mei. datiuo mihi. accusatiuo me. vtō caret. abltō a me. anglice. I orme the plurel. ntō Nos. gtō nr̄m vel nr̄i. dtō nobis. accō nos vtō caret. abltō a nobis. anglice vs orwe

Here is to be noted y^t al ꝓnownes lacke the vocatif case. saue these. iiij. Tumeꝰ noster & nostras

[Page] Ntō Tu. gtō00 [...]. d [...]ō tibi. accō te. vtō [...]. ablatio [...] te. anglice thou or te. the plu. ntō vos. gtō vestrum vl vestri. datiuo vobis. accō vos. vocatiuo o vos. ab latino a vobis. anglice you orye

These genitiues Mis. tis and sis. were somtyme in vse but now we take. Meus. tuus. suus. theire deriuatyues and leve thaym.

Ntō caret. gtō sui. dtō sibi. accō se. vtō caret. abltō a sc. and lyke wyse in the scounde noūbre. anglice. he she hym. o [...] hye. hit. y^t. then. they. or those. & this is cal­led the pronowne of reciprocacion

Al these. iij. ꝓnownes Ego. tu. sui. with their cōposides be called of the fyrst declynson of ꝓnownes.

Hic. hec. hoc vt [...]iꝰ. anglice. this or these. And iste ista istud. is of the same englyssh. Ille and Ipse. be en­glysshed lyke. Sui. Is. ea. id. eius ei. & cetera. lyke bo nus. anglice lyke Sui.

Al these. v. ꝓnownes Ille. ipse. iste. hic & is. be called of the secounde declynson of pronownes

Of the same declynson be also. viij. nownes with theyr compoundes. Vnus. vllus. totus. solus. alter. alius. quis. and vter. as

[Page]

¶ Also it is to be noted y^t all nownes of this declynsō that nowe ende in ius in the genityf. & in I in y^e datyf made somtyme bothe genitif. and datyf lyke Bonus bona bonū. Also they sayd Illus Ipsus Istꝰ. Where we saye. Ille. ipse. iste vt adhucest videre apd aut [...]es

¶ Declynson of deriuatiues

¶ Meus. a. um. vtō Mi. a. um. Tuꝰ. a. um. Suꝰ. a um. belyke Sonꝰ. Noster. a. um. is lyke. Niger. a. ū. Nostras & vestras. in the singuler lyke Bonitas ād in the plurel lyke Fetix.

¶ Persones be. iij. The fyrst. the secound. the thyrde. wordes of the fyrst persone be Ego & nos. with theyr obliq̄s. Of the secoūde ꝑsone be Tu & vos. with their obliq̄s. & euery vocatyfe case. Al other wordes decly­nable be of the thyrde persone

Here is to be noted that al cases be called obliques. Excepte the nominatyf singuler. & the vocatyf when ne he is lyke hym

¶ Declynson of pronownes cōpoundes.

Idem eadē idem. eiusdē. eidē. eundē. eandē idem. vtō caret. ab [...]cō eodē eadē eodē. The plu. ijdē. eedē. eadē. eorundē earundē eoumdē. eisdē & ijsdē. eosdē easdē ea dē. vocatiuo carꝪ. ab eisdē & ijsdē. anglice. the same o [...] the selfe

Ntō Isthic isthec isthoc vel isthuc. Accō Isthūc isthūc isthoc vel isthuc. Ablcō Isthoc isthac isthac isthoc. The no [...]atif & accusatif plurel. Isthec for the neutre gendre. In [Page] other cases he foloweth bothe Iste and hic

Quis vel qui Que vel qua. Quod vel quid. cuius cui. quem quam quod vel quid. Vocatiuo caret Quo qui. qua qui. quo qui. The plurel. Qui que. que velq̄ Quorum quarū quorum. Quis vel quibus. Quos quas que vel qua. Vocatiuo caret. A quis vel a quibꝰ anglice. that whom or the whiche.

Note wete that Quis and Quid be neuyr relatiues. but alway interrogatyues and infinites. Also q̄ in the nominatyf singuler and in the plurel stondeth for Aliqua and is no relatif

Declynson of a Verbe.

Verbe is beclyned with coniugacyon. mode. tense. noumbre. and persone

Coniugacyons be. iiij.

The fyrst coniugacyon hath this vowel. a longe before re. in the infinityf mode of the actyf voyce. as Amare. Or else alonge before the ris. in the secoūde worde declynyng of hym. as amaris

¶ Excepte Dodas. wyth his. iiij. compoundes of thys coniugacion The whiche hath a shorte. as dare Circundare. Venundare. Pessundare. Satisdare

Here is to be noted that euermore the fourth worde in declynyng of a verbe is the Infinitif mode And the thyrde worde the preter ꝑ [...]ytens of the shewynge moode.

Also the actyf voyce of a verbe is called O. as a­mo And the passyf voyce [...]. as amor

The secounde coniugacion.

The secounde coniugacion hath E longe byfore [Page] re. &c. as docere. Else. &c. as doceris

¶ The thyrde coniugacyon

The thyrde coniugacyon hath E sho [...]e byfore y^e re. &. as legere. Else. &c. as legeris

¶ Te fourth coniugacyon

The fourth hath I longe byfore the re &c. as Audire. Else &c. as Audiris

¶ Moodes of verbes

Moodes be. vij. the Shewynge. the Askynge the Syddynge. the Wysshynge. the Potentyal. the Sbiunctyf. and the Infinityf

¶ Tensys of verbes

Tenses be. v. the presentens. the p̄terimꝑfitens. the preterꝑfytēs. the p̄terpluꝑfytens. the future

Sygnes of tenses be theyse. Do. dyde. haue. had wyll. and Shall

¶ Noumbres of verbes

Noūbres of verbes be. ij. the Singuler as lego I reede. the plurel as legimus. we rede

Persones of v (er)bes be. iij. the Fyrst as lego. I rede the Secounde as legis. thou redest. tho thyrde as legit. he redeth

¶ Declynson of the Actyf voyce

AMo amas. Amaui. Amare. di. do. dum. a [...]m. Amans Amaturus. anglice. to loue

¶ The Shewynge moode

The p̄sentēs. Amo. I loue. or do loue. amas thou louest. ama the loueth or doeth loue. the plu. amamꝰ we loue or doo loue. amatꝰ ye loue or doo loue. amāt they loue or doo loue. Preterim. amabain I loued [Page] or dyde loue. bas. bat. the plu. amabamꝰ. batis. bāt.

Preterꝑfectēs amaui. I haue loued. amauisti vl amasti amauit. the plu. amauimꝰ. uistis vel amastis amauerūt vel amauere. Else amarūt vel are.

Here is to be noted that the preterꝑfytens of the Shewynge mode formith all tenses after hym that ende in ram. rim. ro. by chaungynge I in to e. as of amaui. amauerā amauerim amauero

Also all that ende in [...]em or in se. by puttynge S bytwyxt. as of amaui amauissem amauisse

Also whenne soeuer the preterꝑfytēs of this mode endeth in thys syllabe. ui. thenne may he and all tenses fourmed of hym suffre sincopacion. scꝪ takynge a way this syllabe. ui. or ue. in the secoūde person of bo­the noumbres. And in the thyrde person plurell. as amasti amastis amarūt. Also in all tēses of the forsayd terminacions. as amauerā amaram

But the preterꝑfytens of two syllables doo nat soo as paui laui

¶ Excepte these four Sciui Noui Flaui Fleui the whiche make Scisti Nosti Flasti Flesti

The p̄terplu. amauerā I had loued amaueras. rat. the plu. amaueramꝰ amaueratis amauerant.

The future amabo I wil loue. or shal loue amabis amabit. the plu. amabinꝰ amabitis amabunt

The askynge moode

Here is to be noted. that this same mode is vsed in questyons and is called the askynge moode

Also them [...]e he vseth his nominatif case euer after the verbe. Or else by [...]hyyxte the signe & the verbe as [Page] Loue I? do I loue? loued I? dyd I loue? haue I loued? had I loued? wyll I loue? or shal I loue? He is also cal led y^e promiss yf mode. wyth dyuerse other names.

Also all these latyn wordes serue to the interroga tyf moode Versus

Num. nūquid. nonne. nūnam. nenon. anet anne

The byddynge moode

The present ama. loue thou. amet loue he. In this moode is no fyrst persone singuler. The plurel. ame­mus amate ament

Also in this mode the nominatif case cometh after the verbe. as in the askynge mode. the pretertens lacketh in this mode. But we vse the preterꝑ. and plu. of the subiūctyf moode for them. as it shalbe shewed in the .iij. parte in circunlocutione

The future. amato tu. loue thou here after. ama­to ille. The plu / amemus cote. auto vel antote

These .ij. englissh singnes. lett. & myghte. & aladuer bys of lettyng. or for byddyng serue to this mode

¶ The wysshynge moode

The present vtinam amem god graunte I loue. ames amet. The plurel. amemꝰ ametis ament. The preterin. vtinā amarē wolde god I loued. res ret The plurel. remusretis rent.

Here is to be noted that preterin of the optatyf potencial. & subiunctif of his voyce. be fourmed of the infinitif by puttynge to of m. as amare amarem The preterꝑ. vtinam amauerim. god gran̄t I haue loued amaueris amauerit. The plurel. uerimus ritis rint. The p̄ ̄terplutiuā ainauissem. wold god I had loued [Page] The future. vtinā amauero. god graunt I shal loue

To this mode serueth al aduerbys of wysshyng or desyring. as vtinam. osi. &c. and all such englyssh singnes God graūt. wolde god I pray god. god sende. gyue. orlende grace

The potencyal moode

¶ The present amem. I may loue. I woulde loue I shal loue. &c. The preterin. amarem.

The preterper. amauerim

The preterplu. amauissem

The future. amauero

And this mode is vsed in al questions with the cō dicions of the askynge moode in such englyssh May I loue? wolde I loue: shulde I loue: as it shal be she­wed playnlyer after.

¶ The subiunctyf moode

The present. quū amem. whan i loue

The preterin. quū amarem. whan i loued

The preterꝑ. quū amauerim. whan i haue loued

The preterplu. quū amauissem. whan i had loued

The future. quū amauero. whan I shal

¶ The infinityf moode

The present and preterin. amare. loue or to loue.

The preterꝑ. and plu. amausse. haue loued or had loued. or else to haue loued or had loued

The future lacketh in al verbes. But we take circunloquucion as amatu [...]ire. goo to loue. vel amaturū esse. or be to loue here after

Also the infinityf mode hath neyther noumbre ne persone But generally an accusatyf case byfore hym [Page] expressed or vnderstonde

Gerūdiues in moost comon vse be these. amandi of louynge. or to loue. amādo. in louynge. or of louyge. amandū. to loue. & al gerūdiues be declyued lyke honꝰ. a. um And supynes be vndeclyned & be verbes and euermore ende in um. & in v. bi doynge a waym as amatū. to loue. or go to loue. amātu. to be loued

Here is to be noted that y^e supyne in um. cometh of the actyf. and betokeneth dede & mouyng to a pla­ce also he is a verbe actyf. But the supyne in v. beto­keneth suffringe wythout mouynge. and is a verbe passyf & cometh of the passyf

Sisecus inueneris. non vsum voces. sed abusum

The particyples of this verbe be. amans. anglice louynge. and amaturus. anglice to loue

¶ The verbe of beynge is thus declyned

SVmes. Fui. Esse. Essendi. essendo. essandum ens futurꝰ. And an these be his englysshes am art. it. was. were and be

¶ The Shewynge moode

The p̄sent. Sum. I am. es thou art. est he. is. the plu. sumus we be. estis ye be. sunt the be

The preterin. Eram I was. eras thou war. erat he was. the plu. eramꝰ we war. eratis ye war. erāt thei war. The preterꝑ. Fui I haue ben. fuisti thou hast ben. fuit he hath ben. the plu. fuimꝰ fuistis fuerūt vl fuere The p̄terplu. fuerā I had ben. fueras fuerat the plu. fueramꝰ. ratis. rāt. The future ers. I shall be eris exit. the plu. erimus eritis erunt

¶ The Imperatyf moode

[Page] The p̄sent. sis veles. be thou. sit. the plu. simꝰ sitis veleste sint The future esto tu be thou her after esto ille. the plu. simus estote simto vel suntote

The wysshynge moode

The present vtinā sim. god graūt I be. sis sit The plu. simus sitis sint. The preterin vtinā essem. wolde god I were. esses esset. &c.

The preterꝑ. vtinā fuerim. god graūt I haue ben

The preterplu. utinā fuissem. wolo god I had ben

The future vtinā fuero. god graunt I shal be. &c

The potencyal and subiunctyf moode lyke wyse

¶ The Infirutyf moode

The present and preterin. esse be or to be

The preterper. and plu. fuisse haue ben or had ben

The future as doth the verbes that lacken their supi nes

The gerūdyues essendi of beynge. or to be. essen­do in beynge or of beynge. essendum to be

The particyple of the present & preterin [...]ens beyng

The future. futurus anglice to

¶ Dedynson of the passyf voyce

AMor amaris. amatꝰ sum. amari. amatu. amatus. amandus. to be loued

The p̄sent. amor I am loued. amaris vel amare. thou art loued. amatur he is loued. the plu. amamur we be loued. amamī ye be loued. amāt. thei be loued

The preterin. amabar I was loued. baris vel ba re batur. the plu. amabamur amabamini amabāt (ur).

The preterper. in this moode and in al moodys fo­lowyng of this voyce lacketh But we vse for hyt the [Page] lowyng of this voyce lacketh. But we vse for hyt the particyple of the pretertens. and this verbe Sum of such tens as the verbe shulde be. in this wyse. amatꝰ sum vel fui. I haue be loued. es vel fuisti. est vel fuit. The plurel. amati sumus vel fuimus. estis vel fuistis sunt fuerunt vel fuere The preterplu amatus erā vel fueram. I had be loued. eras vel fueras. erat vel fuerat. The plurel amati eramus vel fueramus eratis vel fueratis. erant vel fuerant.

The future amabor. I wyl be loued. or shal be loued amaberis vel amabere amabitur. The plurel ama­bimur amabimini amabuntur

The byddyng moode or Imperatyf

The present. Amare. be thou loued. ametur. The plurel. amemur amemini amentur. The future amator tu. be thou loued her after. amator ille. The plurel. amemur amaminor amantor

The wysshynge moode or Optatyf

The present. vtinam amer. God graunt I belo­ued. ameris vel amere ametur. The plu. amemur a memini ament (ur). The preterin. utinā amarer wol­de god I were loued reris vel rere ret (ur). The plurell. remur remini rentur The preterin. vtinā amatꝰ sum vel fuerim. god graunte I haue be loued. sis vel fue­ris. sit vel fuerit. The plurel. amatisimꝰ vel fuerimꝰ. sitis vel fueritis. sint vel fuerint. The preterpluꝑ­fectēs. vtinā amatus esse in vel fuissem. wolde god I had be loued. &c▪ The future. vtinam amatus [...] vel fuero. god graunt. I shall be loued. [...]

The potencyal mode

[Page] ¶ The present. Amer. I may be loued. wolde beued or shulde be loued

The preterin. amarer. I myght be loued

The preterꝑfer. amatꝰ sum vel fuerim. I myght haue be loued. haue wolde haue be loued. or shulde ha­ue haue be loued

The preterplu. amatꝰ [...]ēm vel fuissem. I myght haue haue be loued wolde haue had or shulde haue had be loued

The future. amatus ero [...]ffuer [...] I may beloued here after. wyl be loued here after. or I shal mowe be lo­ued here after▪

¶ The subiunctyf mode

¶ The present. quū amer. whan I be loued

The pre [...]erin. quū amarer. whan I was loued

The preterper, quū amatus sim vel fuerim. whan i haue be loued /

The preterplu. quū amatus essem vel fuissem.

The future quū a [...]u atus ero vel fuero

¶ The infinityf moode

The present & preterin. amari. to be loued

The preterꝑ. & plu. amatūesse vel fuisse. to haue be loued. or had be loued The futur amatumiri. to goo to be loued. vel amaturū esse or to be loued

The participle of the preter [...] & plu. amatus I loued

The la [...]tre future. amandus. to be loued

¶ The seconde coniugacyon

Doceo [...]es. Docui. Docere. Di. do. dū Doctum

Docens. Docturus. anglice. to teche.

¶ The indicatyf moode

[Page] The present. Doceo I teche. ces. cet. The plu. [...]ꝰ cetis cent. The preterin. docebā. I taught &c. The p̄ terꝑ. docui. I haue taught. cuisti. cuit. the plu. cuinꝰ. cuistis cuerunt vel cuere. The preterplu. docuerā. I had taught &c. The future. docebo. I shal teche o [...] wyl teche. The interrogatyf. vt prius

¶ The Imperatyf moode

Present Doceat. the plu. doceamus cete ceant. The future. doceto tu. to ille. the plu. amus. tote tēto vel tē tote

The opratyf moode

Vtinam doceam. god graunt. I teche. Vtinam do­cerem. wolde god. i taught. Vtinam docuerim. god graunt I haue taught Vtinā docuissem. wolde god I hade taught Vtinā docuero. god graunt. i shal te­che

¶ The Potencyal moode

Doceam. I may wolde or shulde teche

Docerem. &c

Docuissem. &c

Docuerim. &c

Docuero &c

¶ The Coniunctyf moode

Quū doceam. whenne i teche

Quū doceam. &c

Quū docuissem. &c

Quū docuerim. &c

Quū docuissem. &c

¶ The infinityf moode

Present and preterin. Docere

Preterꝑ. & plu. Docuisse

Future. Doctumire vel docturum esse

The gerundyues Docendi. do. dum

The supine Doctum

The participle of the present and preterin. Doceus.

The participle of the future. Docturus

¶ The Passyf voyce

Doceor doceris. Doctus sum. Doceri. Doctu.

Doctus. Docendus.

¶ The Shewynge moode

The present Doceor. I am taught. ceris vel cere. ce­tur. the plu. docemur. docemini docentur

The preterin. docebar

The preterper. & plu vt prius

The future. docebor

¶ The Byddynge mode

The present docere atur. the plu. doceamur. cemini. antur. The future. docetor tu. tor ille. the plurel doceamur doceminor docentor

¶ The wysshynge moode

Vtinam docear

Vtinam doctus sim vel fuerim

Vtinam doctus essem vel fuissem

Vtinam doctus ero vel fuero

The potencyall moode. & the Subiunctyf. vt prius.

Vtinam docerer

¶ The infinityf moode

The present and preterin. doceri the preterper. and plu. Doctum esse vel fuisse the future. Doctum iri vel docturum esse.

The supyne. Doctu. to be taught the preterper. and plu. Doctus. ytaught

¶ The thyrde coniugacyon.
¶ The She wynge moode.

LEgo legis. Legi. Legere. Legendi. legēdo. dum. Lectum. Legens. Lecturus. Anglice. to rede

Lego. I reede. gis. git. the plu. legimus gitis. gunt.

[Page] Legebam bas bat. The plu. bamus batis bant.

Legi gisti. git. The plu. gimus gitis gunt

Legeram ras rat. the plu. geramus ratis rant

Legam ges get. the plu. genius getis gent

Here is to be noted that whenne the Future of y^e shewynge moode endeth in am or mar. thē in the se­coūde ꝑsone and all persones folowynge I shal chaū ge a. in toe.

¶ The Byddyng moode

Lege gat. gamus gite gant

Legito tu g [...]to ille. gamus tote gunto guntote

¶ Te wysshynge mode

Legam gas gat. gamus gatis gant

Legerem res ret. remus retis rent

Legerim ris rit. gerimus ritis rint

Legissemses set. gissemus setissent

Legerorit rit. gerimus ritis rint.

¶ The potēcial moode a subiunctyf. vt prius.

¶ The Infinityf moode

Legere Legisse Lectum ire vel lecturum esse

¶ The Gerundyues

Legendi legendo legendum

¶ The supyne Lectum.

The particyples on of the p̄sent tens & preterin as legens. on other of the fyrst futur as Lecturus

¶ The passyf voyce

LEgor legeris. Lectus sum. Legi Lectu. Lectꝰ. Le­gendus. Anglice to be redde

¶ The Shewynge moode.

Legor. I am redde, legeris velle gere gitur. The plu [Page] legimur gimini guntur.

Legebar baris. vel bare batur.

Lectus sum vel fui. es vel fuisti. &c

Lectus eram vel fueram eras vel fueras

Legar legeris vel gere getur. gemur gemini. gentur

The byddynge moode

Legere legat (ur). the plurel. legamur legimini. legantur

Legitor tu legitor ille. legantur. legiminor leguntor

The wysshynge moode

Legar legaris velle gare legatur. &c

Legerer legereris vel legerere legeretur. &c.

Lectus sum vel fuerim

Lectus essem vel fuissem

Lectus ero vel fuero eris vel fueris erit vel fuerit.

¶ The potencyall moode & Subiunctyf vt prius

¶ The Infinityf moode

Legi. Lectū esse vel fuisse. Lectūiri vel legendum esse.

¶ The Supyne Lectu to be redde

¶ The particyples of the preterꝑ. & plu. as lectus. on other of the last futur. as legendus

¶ The Fourth Conuigacyon

AUdio audis. Au [...]. audire. audiēdi. do. dum. auditum. audieris. auditurus. to here.

¶ The Shewynge moode

Audio audis audit. The plurel. audimꝰ. ditis. diunt

Preterin. audiebam audiebas audiebat. &c

Preterꝑ. audi [...]i auduisti audiuit. &c

Preterplu. audiueram audiueras audiuerat. &c

Future audiam audies audiet. &c.

¶ The Imperayf moode

[Page] Audi audiat. audiamus audite audiant

Audito tu audito ille. audiamus auditote audiunt [...]

¶ The optatyf moode

Audiam

Audiuerim

Audiuero

Audirem

Audiuissem

¶ The Potencyall moode. and Subiunctyf moode. vt supra ¶ The In [...]uityf moode

Audire

Auditum ire vel auditurum esse

Audiuisse

¶ The Supine auditum

¶ The particyple audiens auditurus

¶ The passyf voyce.

AVdior audiris. auditus sum. audiri. auditu. auditus. audiendus

¶ The Shewynge moode

Audior I am herde. audiris vel audire auditur. audimur audimini audiuntur

Audiebar &c

Auditussum vel fui &c

Auditus eram vel fueram &c.

Audiar &c.

¶ The byddynge moode.

Audire audiatur. audiamur audiamini audiant (ur)

Auditor tu auditor ille. audiamur aud [...]ior audiūtor

¶ The wysshynge moode

Audiar &c.

Audirer

Auditus sim vel fuerim

[Page] Auditus essem vel fuissem

Auditus ero vel fuero

¶ The potencyal and Subiūctyf moode vt prius

¶ The Infinityf moode

Audiri

Audicum esse vel fuisse

Auditum iri vel audiendum esse

¶ The supyne auditu

¶ The particyple auditus audiendus

¶ The Particyple

Al particyple hath gendie & case as hath a nowne tyme & signifycacyon as hath a verbe. Noumbre & figure as they haue bothe.

¶ There be. vij. endynge of particyples.

Ans ens. tus. fus. xus. rus. dus

¶ Ens. ans be of the presentens & preterim.

Tus. sus. xus be the preterꝑ. & plu

[...]us and Dus be of the future

The particyples in Ens & in Ans be formed of the preterimꝑfectens of the Shewynge moode. bi chaū gyng bam. bar. or ran in to n & s. as amabam. Loq̄ ­bar. Poteram. chaunge &c. and it wyll be Amās. Loquens. Potens

Oute take Ibam & quibā. the whiche make. Iens and quiens with their compoundes

Sau [...] Ambiebam the whiche foloweth the gene­ral rule in euery poynte

¶ The particyples in tus. ius. [...]us or xus be formed of the Supyne in v. by puttynge to s. as Lectu Lectus. Visu visus. [...]

[Page] ¶ The participle of the fyast future is founned of the supyne in v. by puttyng to rus as lectu lecturns

¶ The particyple of y^e lattre future, is formed of y^e ge­nityf case singuler of the ꝑticyple in ens. or in ans. by chaungynge ris in to dus. As Legentis legendus.

Alinens or in ās. be of the thyrde declynson of nownes [...]nd lyke felix

Al other he lyke Bonus bona bonum

The gerundyife is declyned wyth thre dyuerse endynges. dus da dum. lyke bonus

Here is to be noted that Iens & quiēs. chaungce into v. in al oblique cases with ther compoūdes & also I into E. as Iens euntis. quiens queuntis

¶ The aduerbe

There be many sygnificacions of aduerbes

Some be of tyme. as quando? heri

Some of place as quo? domum

Of noumbre as quotiens: semel

Of ordre. as primo secoundo Of continuacyon. as

Inde deinde Of denneng. as Nō nequa (quam)

Of admittyng or puttynge of case. as Esto. Licet

Of grauntynge. as Ita sic

Of confirmynge. as Profecto quidem

Of werynge. as Polmediusfidius

Of flaterynge. as Sodes amabo

Of shemynge. as en ecce Of metyng. as aduersū obuiam Of callynge. as Heus. cho

Of ausweringe. as Heu. hou

Of exortynge. as Eya age

Of lettynge or forbyddynge. as Ne. neue

[Page] Of pryce. as Care v [...]i

Of determynge or qualite. as Sene. perperam

Of quantite. as Multum satis

Of ex [...]syon. as tantum solum

Of disconfort. as Penitus. prorsus

Of intendinge. as Adeo valde

Of remittynge. as paulatim sensim

Of excesse. as Nimis nimium

Of similitude. as quasi tan (quam)

Of doubtynge. as Forsan forsitan.

Of gaderynge. as Simul. vna

Of depertynge. as se or sum secus

Of comparyson. as magis. maxime.

Of chaunce. as Foue fortuito

Of choyse. as potius. Imnio

Of hastynge. as propere. festina uter

¶ Preposicyon.

Of preposicyons se parable there ben thre sortes

¶ Te fyrst sorte

Ad Apud Ante Aduersum Cis Citra Cirtū Circa Cō ­tra Extra Erga Inter Intra Infra Iuxta Ob Pone Per Propter Prope Secūdum Post Trans Vltra. Preter Supra Circiter Vs (que) Secus. Penes. Pudie. Postridie Aduersus Subius Foras

Al these wyll haue an accusatyf after them

¶ The thyrde sorte

AAb Abs Cum Coram Clam De E Ex Pro. pre Palam Sine Abs (que) Tenus Procul

Al these wyll haue an ablatyf case afterthem

¶ The thyrde [...]

In Sub super & Sub [...]er

Al these wyll haue somtyme an accusatyf case. & somtyme an ablatyf case

Genus in the plurell noumbre may haue indiffe­rently a genityf case or an ablatyf case.

Preposicyons inseꝑable be these. vi. An. Di Dis Re. Se. Con.

¶ A coniunctyon ¶ Of comunctyons. Some be

Copulatyues. as Et Atque

Disiunccyues. as Aut. De

Continuatyues. as Seu. Siue.

Subcontinuatyues. as Quum. Quia

Causales. as Vt Enim

Condicyonals Si Quāuis

Temporals. as Quū. Dum

Resumuynge or concludynge. as Ergo. Ideo.

Aduersacyucs. as Etsi. Tamen

Exceptyues. as Nisi. Preter (quam).

Dimimityues. as Saltem. At

Dowbryng. as or.

Askynge. as An. Ne

Approbatyues. as Nam. Nam (que)

Explatyues. as Quidem. Autem

Of chosynge. as or

Comparison. as (quam). Tam.

All other be reduced to some of these

¶ Interiectyon

¶ Of Interiectyons. Some be

[Page] Of ioye. as Eya. Euge.

Of cursynge. as Makum. Racha

Of mornynge. as Hoi hei.

Of wondre. as Atat. Pape

Of angre. as Ah. Hem

Of laughynge. as Haha. tehe

Of indignacyon. as Ah. au

Of soden answer. as. Ha. hem.

Of reprouynge. as Vath. phi

Of exclamacyon. as O. oho.

Of sodene spyenge. as en. Ehem

Of skorne. as hui

¶ All other be reduced to some of these

¶Diffinicyon of Gendres

¶The masculine gendre is that. that is accordyng to males only in theym that hath both male and fe­male. as vir or else is wonte of auctours to be ioyned to [...] where is noo difference of male or fe­male as Iapis

The feminyne gendre is that. that is accordynge to females only in them &c. as mulier. Or else is wonte of auctours to be ioyned with feminines where is [...] cet (ur)a as petra.

The neutre gendre is that. that is indifferēt to bo the in theym & cet (ur)a. as Ium ertum. Or else is wonte of auctours to be ioyned with neutre where is. & cet (ur)a as Saxum.

The common gendre is that. that is comon both too males and females in thynges only that haue ly fe. as parens. miles

Those nownes be of al gendres that to al thynges may perteyne indifferently. as Felix. Velox

There be also besyde al these some nownes that be [Page] called of the dubyn gendre. the whiche withoute any discrecion of significacyō. be supposed now to the mas culyne. and nowe to the feminyne terminacyon. as Margo. Dies

There be some of the Epycen gendre. the whiche vnder one uoyce and vnder one artycle artycle [...]ōpre hende both male and female. as hic Passer. her dama both for male and female

¶Diffinicyon of cases

(The nominatif case is that. that nameth a thyn­ge as it is only. and natin other respecte. and hys en­glysshe may answere to thys q̄styon. wh [...]. or what set byfore the englysshed of a verbe of certen noū [...]e. and certen persone. as Poeta

The genityfcase generally betakeneth a thyng [...] as the hauer. as poete. and that is the ra [...]e it may be tourned in to the possessyue his signe in englysshe is this worde of. therfore whan that worde. of cometh before a nowne propre. or appellatyf It shal be put in the genityf case. If the reson may be turned in to this wyse. The haf [...]e of my knyf. my knyues hafte. Or el­se comonly it may be sayde by a preposicyon. as Ae­guor a preceptore

The datyf case betokeneth a thinge as to whiche is Gyuynge. wātynge profe [...]. or hurte. or to y^e which is Iykenesse. euynne. sendynge. or pleasure. and his signe in englysshed is this worde to. as I am profyta ble. lyke or equale to the Sum vtilis s [...]lis. vel equa lis tibi

[...] is to be noted that this englyssh worde to. be [Page] [...] bodely mouynge. requi reth the datyf case. But wyth bodely mouynge the accusatyf case. with this preposicyon ad

The accusatyf case betokeneth a thynge. as suffe­rynge. and generally all that. that may receyue y^e de­de of the verbe actyf. or the actyf significacyon. shall be the accusatyf case

¶The vocatyf betokeneth a thynge as called or spoken too.

(The ablatyf case betokeneth a thynge as fro the whysch some what is taken away He betokeneth al so tyme. pryce. or instrument. and all these be the sig­nes of the ablatyf case. In. By. wyh. thorowe. for. frō and fro. also by a place. and this worde then. after a ꝯparatyue degree. be signes of the ablatyf case.

¶The worde that signifieth Instrumente hath comenly vnderstonde or set oute. thys englysshe sygne with. and wyl haue neuer after the crafte thys preposicyon Cum

¶Diffinicyon of noumbre

¶The singuler noumbre speketh but of one thyn ge. as vir. a man

The plurel speketh of many thinges as viri. a men

(Here is to be noted that nownes of multytude. as Populꝰ. gens. though they be the singuler noumbre. thei haue the strenght of the plurel. lyke as haue ij. or moo propres or appellatyues. as Dirgilius and Fulgencius. Grammaticus. and Rhetor

¶Diffinicyon of persones

[Page] The first ꝑsone; [...] vs. and we. and is only appropered to y^e thynge that speketh. and of this persone be but two latyn wordes with their obliques. Ego and Nos. vt prius

The secounde persone is knowen by these sygnes thou the. you. orye. and longeth only to the thynge y^t is spoken to

Of this persone also be but. ij. latyn wordes. withe their obliques tu & vos and euery vocatyf case

Al other casuel wordes in the worlde be of y^e thyr­de persone

¶ Diffinicyon of pronownes

A Pronowne is a parte of speche. the whyche is sett for a propre name of a man or any thyng else & receyueth certeyn noumbre and certeyn persone

A ꝓnowne primityfis that. that hath hys begynnynge of none other worde. and those be. viij. vt priꝰ

A pronowne Diriuatyf is that. that is deduct out of his primityf. and is as possessyd. as Meus of ego.

Noster of nos. And they be. vij. vt prius.

A pronowne relatyf

A pronowne demonstratyf

A pronowne reddityf. is so diffinyd. vt prius

¶ Diffinicyon of a verbe

A verbe betokeneth a thynge with some token of tyme. as I loue. I loued. I haue loued

Also he betokeneth to doo. suffre. or to be. as Pugno. Vapulo. Sum.

Of verbes some be Substātyues. as Sum. and all in this verse

[Page] Sum. fit & existo. manet exto. cum fore. consto. with fewe, [...]ermoo. when thei be thus englyssed

Am. art. is. was. wer. or be

Also be. v. verbes vocatyues. s. Nominor. Appellor Vocor. Dicor. Nunc [...]

All other verbes be called adiectyfes. as amolego doceo. curro. loquor. &c.

¶ Of verbes Some be ꝑsonals. as amo lego. the whiche hath certeyn noūbre & persone. & they be coniugate with thre distyncte voyces in both noumbres as Amo amas amat. The plu. amamꝰ amatꝰ amāt

Some be impersonalles as tedet miseret. the whiche be coniugate in the voyce of the thyrde person only singuler in euery mode & [...]ēse of both voyces. as re­de [...]tedebat. amatur amabatur.

¶ Of verbes person alles some be Actyues. as A­mo. Some be Passyues. as amor

Some be Neutres. as [...]rr [...].

Some be Deponentes. as Loquor

Some be Communes. as Largior

Here is to be noted y^t al v (er)bes y^t makethful sentence by thēsilfe. without any casuel worde after theym­ [...] shulde receyue their dede be called absolute. as Sto. Istonde. Iacio. Ilye. Sedeo I sitte

Al verbes else be called trās;itiues. Of these. ij. kyndes some ende in o. As actyues & neutres. & some en­de in [...]. aspassyues. deponentes. & cōmunes

A verbe actyf endeth in o. & betokeneth a dede y^t may go into a resonable thynges. as amo tango

Resonable thynges I [...]al God, angel fende & ma [...]

[Page] A verbe neutre endeth in o. & betokeneth noo dede that may passe into a resonable thynge. as Sto. Curro [...]o

Here is to be noted that all verbes in o. that hath before theym any of theise signes am art &c. be called verbe neutre passyues. as Caleo I am hote. Frigeo I am colde. Insanio I am madde

Of verbes neutres some be pure. as Sto Curro some be substantyues as Sum & Fore. And some be neutre passyues. as Caleo Frigeo

A verbe passyf endeth in R. & betokeneth to suf­fre. and hath also byfore hym one of theise sayde syg­nes am. art. & ce [...]a. and to the moost perfyte sentence he requyreth some thynge after hym to answeere to thys questyon of whō. or of what. as amor ate I am loued of the.

To theses v (er)bes be reduced. vi. verbis that ende in o. as Exulo Liceo Vapulo Veneo Fio & Nubo

A verbe Deponent endeth in R. and hath distin [...] cyon only of the actyf. as Loquer. Or else only of the passyf. as Nascor

And generally verbes y^t ende in R. & haue none of these sayde signes be verbes Deponētes. as Seqr to folowe. Opinor to wene Tro [...]eor suppose

A verbe commune endeth in R. & hath diffiniciō both of the actyf and of the passyf. as Largior to graū te. or to be graunted

¶ Diffinicyon of tenses

¶ The presentens betokeneth a thynge that is in doynge nowe / and hath expressed or vnderstond this [Page] englyssh signe Do. in al verbes transytyues. as I loue. or do loue

The preterimperfytens betokeneth a thynge. as late begunne. But nat yet ꝑfetly endeth or fynisshed and hath exprest or vnderstonde with the condycyon a fore sayde thys englysshe signe dyde. as I loued. or dyde loue

The p̄terꝑ. betokeneth a thynge as ꝑfytly fynis­shed & hath al way exp̄ssed or vnderstond this ēglish signe haue. as I haue loued. I haue taught

The p̄terpluꝑfectens betokeneth a thynge that was perfyth past. of longe tyme a goon. and he hath alway expressed or vnderstonde thys englyssh signe had. as I had loue. I had taught

The future betokeneth a thyng that is to come. & euermore hath exprest or vnderstōde one of these en­glysshe signes wyl. or shal. as I wyl loue. or I shal lo­ue. I wyl teche. or I shal teche

Here is to be noted. that yf the verbe may recey­ue in hys englysshe thys signe haue after to. as Mi­sereor misereris. to haue mercy or pyte. Abundo abū ­das. I haue ynough.

Thēne must I altre some of my signes. and some must I double in this wyse

In the present haue. In the preterimꝑfectēs had. In the preterperfectens. haue hadde In the p̄terplu had had. In the future. wyl haue or shal haue

¶ Diffinycyon of moodes

¶ The shewynge moode signifyeth a thynge. as tolde. as I loue I doo loue. & requireth a nominatyf [Page] or a vocatyf case before hym. as Ego lego [...]

¶ The asaynge mode signifyeth a thynge as que­stion. as loue I? doo I loue? & cōmenly requireth his nominatyf or vocatyf after hym. Else betwyxt his singne and hym bothe in commyn speche. & also in latyn. as Doest thou here hym? Audintuillum?

The byddyng moode sygnifyeth a thynge. as byddyng or commaunded. And requireth his noīatyf ca­se or vocatyf. w [...]e the asaynge mode. as Speke vir­gyll. Loquere virgili. Here you. Audite vos

¶ The wysshynge moode or Optatyf signifye tha thynge as desyred. & hathexprest or vnderstōde both in latyn and in englysshe. vt puꝰ in prima ꝑte

¶ The potēcyal moode betokeneth a thynge. as nat doō. but y^t may or myght haue be done & ha [...] as grete strenghte as one of these verbes. Possum. V [...] ­l [...]. debeo. And y^e Infinuyf moode of the verbe that he cometh of. and his sygnes in englysshe be these may myght. wolde shulde ought. must. & other lyke as raperē I wolde pull. Obtunderē. I wolde knocke

This moode also is vsed cōmenly. other with a negatyf. or with an other condicyonall clause. as. Si hoc non possum: flumina amen. Non expectet Si esset in his fides? non laboremus

Sometyme he is vsed withoute negacyon or condicyon exprest. as Videas gestire dixerit aliqu [...]

Also this mode may be vsed in questyōs. as Quid igitur faciam? Noneam. Quid agas [...]. with suche condicyons as wer shewed afore.

¶ The Subiūctyf mode betokeneth a thynge. as [Page] ther verbe. as Iubeo [...]e facias.

His signes in englysshe be these If. but. & when after that. and many other more

And also these latyn wordes may haue after thē the Subiunc [...]yf mode Versus

Si (quam)uis (quam) (quam). tam etsi. licet. at (que) prius (quam)

Ante (quam). an. donec. vt post (quam). siue quous (que)

Quū. iust. ac si. quando (quam) iungis, vbi

¶ The Infinityf moode betokeneth a thynge. as doon. or to be doon. Withoute other noumbre or per­sone. and sometyme hath exprest these signes to. or to be. as to loue. or to be loued

¶ Diffinicyon of a Particyple

A Particyple is a parte of a speche declyned wyth case. the whiche taketh parte of a nowne. parte of a verbe. and parte of a [...]o [...]he.

He taketh of a nowne gendre and case. of a verbe tyme and significacyon. of both noumbre and figure

(A particyple was ordeyned to make the reason shorter & more ornat auoydyng the concourse of rela­tyues. aduerbes & coniunctyons. whith the whiche. were nat he. the reason shulde be foule accombred

There be. v. tenses in a particyple. as be in a ver­be. One of the presentens & preterinꝑfectens in one voyce. Another of the preter per. & plu. in one voyce. And two particyples of the future in two voyces. One of the fy [...]st [...] and an other of the [...]

[Page] (The particyple of the [...] knowen bothe by his englyssh & by his latyn. for his englysshe endeth in yng or in and. as louyng [...]ouād. And his latyn endeth in ens or in ans. as Legens Amans. and he formed vt prius

The particyple of the preterꝑfectens & plu. is knowen &c. For his englysshe beginneth with I or a. and endeth in D T. or in N. as I loued. I taught. I seen Agoon. and his latin endeth in Tus. sus. or xus. and is formed vt prius

The particyple of the fyrst future is knowen. &c. For his englyssh begynneth with to. without be. as to loue. to teche. and his latin endeth in Rus. as ama­turus. lecturus. and he is formed or prius.

The particyple of the lattre future is knowen. &c For his englysshe begynneth wyth to. & be togydre as To be loued. To be taught. and hys latyne endeth in dus. as Amandus. O [...]cendus. Legendus, and he is fourmed vt prius.

¶ Diffinicyon of aduerbes

AN aduerbe is sett to the verbe to fulfyll and de­clare the significacyon of the verbe

¶ There be. ij. maner of aduerbes

Some be primityues. as Cha [...].

Some be diriuatyues as Clan [...]dum

¶ Thre thynges longe to an aduerbe

Significacyon Comparyson. and Figure

Significacyons in an adverbe be [...] folde Some be of tyme. some of place as it was shewed [...]

[Page] And an aduerbe hath comparison. as hath a nowne The posityf as Diu. The comparatyf as Diutius The superlatyf as Diutissime

¶ Some aduerbes be symple. as Diu. Some be compoūned. as Interdiu. Some be decompounned as Imprudenter.

¶ Diffinicyon of Preposicyon

A Preposicyon is se [...]t before al other partes of speche in apposicyon or in composicyon

A preposicyon stondeth in apposicyon. whenne he is put byfore a parte declynable. and gouuerneth hym in case. as ad dn̄m. a dn̄o. Indn̄o

A preposicyon stondeth in composicyon. whēne he is ioyned to another preposicyon or to any other ꝑrte of speche. And of them two partes remayne but o­ne named after the last. as Peramo a verbe. and pre clarus a nowne

¶ To a preposicyon longeth but one thynge. case only. or power to gouerne case only

(Of preposicyons. some be separable. as the thre forsayde sortes. and only. vi. be vnseparable. as Di. Dis. Re. Se. Con. an

All preposicyōs separable of the fyrst sorte. with a▪ ue after them an accusatyf case

All preposicyons of the secounde sorte. an ablatyf Preposicyons of the thyrde sorte. somtyme an accusa tyf. and somtyme an ablatyf

¶ Diffiuicyon of Coniunctyon

[Page] A Coniunction byndeth or ioyneth wordes togydre in ordre or in sentence

¶ Thie thynges longe to a Coniunctyon Power Figure. and Ordre.

The power of a coniunctyon stondeth in couplynge or disioynyng &c. vt prius

A coniunctyon hath figure. as hath an aduerhe Simple as nam. Compouned as nam (que)

¶ Thys is the ordre of coniunctyons.

Some be put in the begynnynge of a sentence. as at. ac. ast. Some in secounde or thyrde place. as (que). ve ne. autē. Some be commune. as Ergo. ides. igitur

¶ Diffinicyon of Interiectyon

IN Interiectyon betokeneth passyon of the soule with an vnperfyet voyce or noyse. as Haha. Tehe. oure a lasse. and wele alwaye &c.

To an Interiectyon longeth only significacyon The whiche be diuerse vt prius.

¶ The fyrst Concorde

¶ The verbe presonal and hys nominatyfor vocatyf case must agree in two accidentes. Noumbre & person. as Ego amo. O virgili ama

Here is to be noted that if I shal make an englys­she in latyn. I mustre herse it tyll I haue it perfytly & see how many verbes be in the same reason. and yf ther be put one. he is the principal verbe thēne must I put before hym thys questyon who or what. & that worde that answereth to the questyon. shal be the nominatif or vocatyf to the v (er)be. as the mayster techeth this worde techeth is the verbe who. or what techeth the mayster. this worde mayster. here answereth to this questyon. and therfore it shal be nominatyf case as magister docet. And lyke wyse of the vocatyfe. as [Page] Virgyll loue. Virgili ama

¶ If onythynge cometh after the v (er)be I must put before the verbe thys questyon. whom or what. and that worde answereth to thys q̄stion whom or what shal be the accusatyf case mooste commenly as The mayster techet me. whom or what doth he thechet? me. this worde me. answereth to this question. whō or what. and therfore it shalbe the accusatif case to the verbe. as magister docet me. Virgyll loue God. Vir­gili ama deum.

But and yf the worde that foloweth the v (er)be may conueniently answere to thys questyon of whom. or of what. it shal be put in the ablatyf case wyth one of these preposicyons A. ab. abs. De. E. Ex. as I am bete of the maystre. Vapulo a preceptore

Two noīatyf cases singuler with a coniunctiō coputlatyf &c. wyll haue a verbe plurel al way. Excepte the reason be figuratyf. vt planiꝰ post pacebit. as Iohannes I Robertus currunt.

One nominatyf case singuler wyth an ablatyf ca se hauynge this preposicyon Cum. bytwyxt them if they be coupled to some sentence. be of the same strenghte. as Petrus cum Paulo coronabuntur in celis Oratores cum poeta loquuntur

A nowne of multitude in the nomīatif case singuler is of the same strenght. as Turba strauerunt ve­stimenta sua in via

When I haue two noīatifes cases one of the fyrst ꝑson & an other of the secound. else of the thyrde the v (er) ­be shal alway acce [...]de with the nominatyf case of the [Page] first person. as Ego & tu sumus. Viretego stan [...]us

Also if I haue a noīatif case of the secounde ꝑsone & an other of the thyrde the verbe shal accorde with y^e nominatyf case of the secounde. and not of the thyrde as Tu & frater tuus estis discipuli.

¶ The secounde concorde

The adiectyf & the substātyf must agree in. iij. acci dentes. gēdre. noūbre. & case. as vir doctus legit

Here is to be noted that two substātyues singuler with a coniunctyon copulatyf comynge bytwene. or else hauynge this p̄posicion cū wyll haue an adic [...]tyf plurel. as Iohānes & robertus sedent scribentes. Pe­trus cum paulo sunt [...]oromandi in celo.

¶ And whan I haue two substantyues cominge togydre one of the masculyne gendre. and an other of the feminyn. or of the neuter ioyned with an adiectyf than shal the adiectyf agre wyth the substantif of the masculyne in gendre. and lyke wyse it is bytwyxt the feminyne and the neutre. as Ego & soror me a sumus albi. soror tua & iumentum estis pulchre For lyke as the fyrst persone is more worthy then the secounde. or the third. so is the masculine more worthy then the feminyn or the neutre

Also whē so euer I haue a nowne or a pronowne adiectyf. I must put to thys questyon. who. whome. or what. after hym. & then alway the worde that answere the. shal be the substātyf. as moch breede much what breede. my gowne. my what gowne

¶ If the adiectyf be a partitiple. thys questyō muste goo byfore. as growynge trees. who or what gro­wen [Page] trees.

Here is generally to be noted that all wordes that stande as one persone. muste euer be put in one case and al that be in une case. stande as one ꝑsone. Ther fore it is comynly sayde. that all y^t longeth to one thynge shal be put in one case. as My fader a man loueth me a chylde. Pater meus vir. diligit me puerū. My moder a wooman loueth me a chylde. Mater mea mulier diligit me puerum

¶ The thyrde concorde

The thyrde is bytwyxt the relatyf of substaunce, and his antecedēt. the which muste euer agree in. iij. accidentes Gendre. noumbre. and persone. howe be it he may discorde wyth the verbe somtyme in perso ne. as Equus quem video currit

Here is to be vnderstande that there be two ma­ner of relatyues. One of substaunce. And one of accydence. The relatyf of substaunce requireth a substā ­tyf for his antecedentes. as Qui. Ille. Ipse. Sui. Is. and Idem. The relatyf of accidence reherseth an adiectyf for hys antecedent. as Talis. Qualis. Tantus. Quantus.

Also whan I haue a relatyf of substaunce. I shal put after hym this question who. whom. or what. & that worde that answereth to this question shall be y^e anteredent to the relatyf. as Virgyll is dede y^e whych was a poete. The which what. Virgyll. Thys word Virgyll answereth to the questyon. and therfore it is hys antecedent

This relatyf Quiis knowē by these signes. that [Page] who me. or the which

Whan ther cometh a nomiatyf case bitwyxt the relatif and hys next verbe. than shal the relatif be su­che case as the verbe wylle haue after hym as Ego quem p [...]eceptor docet aduerto.

And whanne noo nominatyf case. & cetera. The relatyf shal be the nominatyf case to the v (er)be as Ego qui sedeo scribo

It is to be noted also. that the relatyfe may agree wyth hys antecedent in .iiij. Gēdre. Case. Noumbre and persone. as Homo monetur. Idē homo currit

(Whan hys worde that comythe in a reason if I may put thys englyssh the whyce in hys place it shall be made by thys relatyf Qui if not so that it reporte ony thynge a fore sayde bysom pronoune relatyfe, if hyt betokyng schewyne by Ille. illa. illud. Or some other pronownes demonstratiues. and whanne it be tokeneth a thynge. as willed to be done by. Vt and a thynge as tellynge the cause by ꝙ or quia or other ca­suall coniunctions

Coniunctions copulatyries and disiunctyues dubitatyue and interrogatyues wyl ioyne comonly ly­ke Case. Gendre. Noumbre. Mode. and Tens

Also two antecedentys singuler with an E [...] coniunction copulatyf comynge bitwene. will haue a relatyf plurel. as Iohannes & Robertꝰ quos ego do­cui non discunt delige [...]er

Whāne I haue a relatyf comynge bitwene two substanyues of dyuerse gendres longyng both to o­ne thynge. If the substantyf that foloweth be appe­latyf. [Page] thenne the relatyf may accorde wyth eyther of theym indifferently. as in Gendre. as Eo Oxoniam. que vel qui est locus studendi.

But and if the substantyf that foloweth be a now ne propre. the relatyf shall accorde wyth the latter al­way in gendre. as Est locus incarcere quod tul [...]ia [...]ū appellatur

Whāne there be many verbes in a reason. euer more the fyrst verbe shalbe the princypall verbe Ex­cepte he come sone aft (er) one of these signes That who­me. or the whyche. or ony of these. If. But. whenne. after that. before that. although. Sith. Excepte or o­ther lyke. Or else after ony of these latyn wordes. Si (quam)uis. &ce. Or else after ony of these signes To. or To be as To loue. or to be loued

¶ Here is to be noted. that where as manye ver­bys be in a reason. that verbe is princypalle that ma keth the reason persyte

Also where as be many verbys. one verbe at the lest wyse cometh bytwyxt the forsade signes. and the principalle verbe. as the boke that I begynne to write yf it were ended shulde profyte chyldre muche. Li­ber quem incipio scribere. si perfieretur multum pro desset pueris

A pronowne relatyf may nat be sett in that same rea son. that his antecedente is in. But euermore he maketh a reason imperfyte in hymselfe

¶ A pronowne relatyf maybe sett in one reason with his antecedent. as Patrem sequitur sua proles. Sua cui (que) satis placebant. dominum [...] dabunt

¶ Strēnght of compulynge case

The verbe of substance. and all that be of lyke englyssh wyll haue suche case after them. as they haue before them. as I am a man. Ego sum vir

The same strenght hath all v (er)bes vocatyues. as Nominor. Appellor. Nuncupor. &ce. I am called tho­mas. Ego vocor thomas. Also appareo. sedeo. wyth other lyke

And generally all verbes may couple lyke case whenne the worde that goeth before the verbe & the worde that cometh after the verbe longe both to one thynge. as Iaicꝰ nō seder iudex in causis ecclesiasticis

¶ Note wele.

A▪ nominatyf else a vocatyf may nat stonde with oute a verbe finite set oute. or vnderstonde

Nor lyke wyse a verbe finite wythout a nomina tif or vocatyf case

A verbe is called finite in al modes. Excepte the ī finityf. Also euery Infinityf mode may haue an accu satif case set byfore hym expressyd or vnderstonde. as for such maner of spech. Cui nunc cognomeē Iulo. Is more after vse than crafte

Nor an aduerbe may nat stonde wythout a ver­be. Not a coniuncuō wyth oute two clauses. and two verbes set ou [...]e. as Ego lego. & tu legis. Or vnderstō de. as Lego virgilium & ciceronem for lego virgilium & lego ciceronem

Nor two clauses. or two verbes withoute a cōiū ­ctyon. Excepte that one be an Infinityf mode, or else [Page] ioyned with a relatyf

Nor a preposicyon without a case. Not an adiectyf without a substantyf. Nor a relatyfe withoute some worde rehersed. of y^e reason afore. the which may be called the antecedent

Not a relatif without a verbe diuerse from the v (er)be of the antecedent. yf the relatyf be a nowne

Whan wordes must be construed togydre beto­kenynge thynges that be as one persone. they must agree in as many accydentes as they may

A persone is called in gramer. the beer. the doer. the sufferer. the hauer. the thynge that is had. that. y^t groweth to. as auauntage.. or hurt. angre. or plesu­re. Also pryce. tyme. instrumente. & other lyke

Accidentes I calle. Case. Gendre. Noūbre Per­sone. Mode. & Tens. &c

This infinityf mode Esse. when he cometh after ony of these v (er)bes. Volo soleo. cupio. incipio. disco. or ony other lyke standynge personally wyll haue after hym a nominatyf case. after the use of greekes what so euer be vnderstond afore. as Volo esse rex. Soleo esse amicus. Cupio esse doctus. Disco esse pater. &c.

But and if the verbe that cometh afore esse be impersonall. the worde that foloweth shall somtyme be the datyue case. Licet mihi esse bono. Placet tibi esse regi

¶The wythspe kynge though it be approued by the vse of Greekes. and latyns. yit it is nat after the crafte

Nownes of the cōparatyue degre wil haue after [Page] theym an ablatif case, whā this signe than. foloweth theym. as I am wyser than these Sum doctior ijs. And a genityf whan this signe of foloweth theim. as This is the wyser of yout [...]yne. Hic est doctior vestrum duorum

The superlatyue wyl haue a genityf plurell of all wordes. excepte the nowne of multitude. of whome he is contente. wyth a genityf case singuler. as Virgilius erat doctissimus poetarum. Troiane gentis for­tissimus erat Hector

Euerry verbe is construed with case after his significacyon. Therfore if it be nat englysshed after hys constructyon. it is nat englysshed after his significa­cyon Wherfore these verbes Noceo and placeo. and such other the wyth haue after theym adatyue case. must haue these englysshes I do greue. I do plesure. and contrary wyse [...]edo and offendo. I hurte and of­fende rather than I do hurte. or offence. and lyke wyse in one verbe. as Vaco tibi. I take hede to the.Va­co doctrine. I lacke konnynge But where it is harde to englyssh theym after their constructyon. We mu­ste go as nygh as we may, and for their construction to be knowen say generally that all verbes actyues. deponentes and communes may haue after theym an accusatyf case. or somwhat sette in the stede of it. as Amo Loquor Veneror orationē. Amo legere. Cu­pio vt legas. & so they haue the nature of actyues.

(Al verbes may haue after theym a da [...]yf case to the thynge the which is gyuynge. sendinge. vauntage. or damage. or such other lyke. of the same strēgthe [Page] be all verbes that be token proferrynge or comparyson. as Homo prestat homini

Euery v (er)be adiectif that hath no passif signe with his englyssh. may haue after hym an accusatif case. of a worde that is of the same significacyō. or else that mesureth his significacyon. and so is as an actyf. as Curro cursum. or stadium. or multum. Viuo vitam infelicem

Euery verbe may haue after hym an ablatyf ca­se that standeth as pryce. dotynge. or armare

And generally of all verbes that be as instrumēt as Emi equum centum nummis. Induo te tunica Percussus pugione

Oute of this rule be excepte adiectiues of vncertē pryce the which shal euer be put in the genitif case singuler. & neutre gendre substantyuate if they be with substantyues. as Magni iuterest. parui constat

But and if the substantyf be exprest. they shal both be put in the ablatif as Penus emitur magno p [...]ecio vel multa pecunia

To these be reduced verbes be tokenynge. lacking as Careo Vaco

Also such verbes Exulo. Spolio. Nubo. Priuo Also verbes be tokenyng inouynge wyl haue after them the first supine. or else the gerundiue in dū with this preposicion ad. as. Eo cubitum. vel ad cubandū

And where this generall rule wil nat satisfye. we must say specially. that some verbes wyll haue after them a genityf case. as In [...]lo. accuso. [...] re­cordor. potior. and misereor. Some wyth the ablatyf [Page] [...] passiue wyth the accusatyf. as Grauor. doceor. postulor. To these be reduced two particyples. Exosus. and percesus. as Exosus contubernium. pertesus ignauiam

¶The ablatyf case absolute

¶Whan so euer I haue in a reason a Nowne. or a pronowne substantyf. With a nowne. pronowne. or particyple adiectyf comynge togedre wythout ani verbe or other worde of whome they may be gouer­ned. they shal be put in the ablatyf case. whiche is cal­led the ablatyf case inconsequente If there come a nominatyf case with his verbe hangynge other byfore or after. as Cesar reynynge. Virgyll was borne. Ce­sare regnante. Virgilius natus est. vel natus erat.

¶This case is called absolute or inconsequente by cause that he is lowsed from de power of all gouernaunce, and stondeth in a reason. as the maister techy [...] ge. the scolers muste take hede. Docente preceptore discipulos oportet anim [...] [...]uertere.

I beynge dede. thou salt lacke helpe. Mortuo me in­dige his aurilio

The ablatyf inconsequent may be expowned. or be [...]lared by these aduerbes. Dum. quum. or quādo. and such tenses of the verbys. as the particyples be. whan I haue a particyple in the sayde ablatif case, as pre [...]eptore disco vel discebant. i. Dum. quū or quando pre [...]eptor docet vel docebat.

More ouer whensoeuer I haue in a reason any suche signe. whyles Allonge as after that. if. although [Page] notwythstādynge. [...] turne y^e nexte verbe into a particyple & sette hym ī ablatyf case inconsequēte in cōformite of case gēdre. and noūbre to the woode y^t semeth to be the noīatyf case to the sayde verbe of whyles I lyue. thou cāste lacke no thynge Dū ego viuo. vel me viuente pote st [...]bi nihil de esse Prestis after theyr materes be sayde hye them sylfe to masse Sacerdotes dictis prius matutinis. parant sese ad missā. Firste serue thy maker whan them hast doo so go aboute other thynges. Primum serui creatori. quo facto. alias res mundanas age

¶ Constructyon of verbys with dyuerse cases ¶ Desino. Cesso. Desisto

These thre verbes Desino desinis. Cesso cessas. & Desisto desistis haue alone englyssh anglice to Leue Cesse or Let be

But Desino desinis. wyl haue after hym a genityf or an ablatif case wyth a preposy­cion of the thynge y^t we bydde to be lefte. as Leue thy playnge. Desine ludi vel a ludo

Cesso cessas. wyl haue an accusatyf case. or else an ablatyf wyth a prepoūcyon indifferētly. as Cesse thy vengeance. Cessa vindictā tuā vela vindicta tu [...]

Desisto desistis wyl haue an ablatyf case wyth a preposicyō. as Excepte you leue youre malice I wyll slee you. Nisi desistatis a malicia. interficiam vos

¶ Supersedes

This verbe Super sedes. anglice. to leue of [...] haue after hym a datyf case. vt inquit. Aulus gelius. Exemplis supersedes I leue of examples

¶ Abstineo

[Page] Abstineo. es. anglice. to be absteyne. with ho [...] or for bere. as metes drynckes. or delectatiōs may haue after hym a genityf or an ablatyf case wyth a p̄posicyon. wythoute of the thynge y^t we kepe our silfe fro. as we must forbere flessh y^e frydayes. Sextis ferijs carniū carnibꝰ. vel a carnibꝰ abstinere debemꝰ. But there is comēly exprest or vnderstōde y^e accusatyf reci­procatiue. as Debemus abstinere nos a carnibꝰ.

Other while he is thus englysshed to holde or kepe And thēne he hath an accusatyfe or an ablatyfe with a preposicyō exprest or vnderstōde. And so wyl Contineo. as kepe thy honde oute of y^e dysshe. Abstine [...] ma­nū a disco. I kepe my fyfte from his cheke. Contineo pugnū a mala. The [...]ꝰ. Non manū abstines ma­stigia. Idē. Vix me contineo quin in capillium in volē

¶ Egeo Indigeo. Careo.

These. iij. verbes egeo. indigeo. careo. hath alway one englysshe. anglice to lacke. wāt. mysse. neede. ha ue mysse. or haue neede

But Egeo & indigeo may haue in differently a ge­nityf or a ablatyf with a preposicyō of the thynge y^t is away or myste. as Egeo vel indigeo salutis vel salute And cared euer more an ablatyf. as cares by [...]eto. thei hath other cases of anti (qui)te. But it is nat after crafte.

¶ Desum. Deficio.

These. ij. v (er)bes Desum. & Deficio. be of the same englyssh. But they wyl haue a noīatyfe case of thynge that is away or myst And a datyf of the ꝑson y^t nedeth or lacketh. as in psalmo. Nihil mihi deerit. Deficiunt mihi pecunie

¶ Abundo. Affluo

[Page] These. ij. v (er)bes [...] Abundo as. anglice [...] haue plentye or ynough haue a noīatif of the lordre or possessor. an ablatyf of the thynge y^t is had. as Rex. afflicit diuina. anglia abundat m [...]bus Else a noiatyf of thynge that is had & a datyf of the Lordre. or po­ssessor. as Diuitie affluunt regi Milites abundāt anglie

¶ Dominor. Misereor

Dominor aris. anglice to haue lordshyppe to gouerne. to haue power. or to be owner of. & Misereor reris. anglice to haue pyte or mercy. may haue after them indifferently a genityf or a datyf. as Pater meꝰ dn̄abitur multarū terrarii. vel multis terris. Deꝰ misereatur nostri vel nobis

¶ Arguo. Moneo. Accuso

All verbes that betoken accusynge. reprouyng. Damnynge. monisshynge. or warnynge. as Arguo Moneo. Accuso. Damno Reprehendo. & other lyke may gouerne after the man accusatyf of the persone & a genityf else an ablatyf wyth a preposycyon of the faute or vyce. as Preceptor arguit discipulos tardi ad uentus. velde tardo aduen [...]

¶ Obliuiscor. Reminiscor.

All v (er)bes y^t betoken remembryng. or forgetynge. as Obliuiscor Reministor. & Recordor may gouerne after them a genityf. an accusatif. or an ablatif with a p̄posicion. as I thynge upon thy gētlenes. Record or tue humanitatis. veltuā humanitatē. vel de tua hu­manitate

¶ Priuo. Spolio

These. ij. v (er)bes prius as. & spolio as anglice. to rob be. steele. or to take away. wyl haue an accusatyf of y^e [Page] owner. & an ablatyf wythoute a p̄position of thinge taken away. as Iohannes priuauit me cultello. And their passyues alway wyth an abla [...]yf of the thynge takē away. as Priuorquin (que) libris. Spolior diutijs.

All passyues hath before them a nominatyf of y^e suffrer. and a ablatyf with a preposicyon of the doer. And somtyme a datyf. in the whyche is vnderstonde an ablatyf. as Darippa amat [...]ame. vel mihi. They may haue also all such cases as theyr [...]wordd [...] actyues. as Arguor abs [...]e mei tardi aduentus. velde meo tar­do aduentu.

¶ Aufero Rapio. Eripio. Adimo

There four verbes. Aufero aufers. Rapio rapis Eripio eripis. & Adimo adimis. anglice to Robbe. stele. or to take away. And generally all verbes that be­token diminucyon or takyng fro. gouerne an accusa­tyf of the thynge stolen. and a datyf else an ablatyf wyth a preposicyon of the owner. as Latrd aufert pe­cunia mihi. vel a me. Eripuit argentum tibi. vel ate. Rapiam face migni. del abigne. Mors adimit vitam nobis vela nobis

¶ Benedico. Maledico

These. ij. v (er)bes Benedico. anglice to blisse. & Maledico to curse. gouerne after them indifferētly a dafif else an accusatyf of the sufferer. as benedico tibi vel te

¶ The scripture is ful of suche examples

But Benedico anglice. saye wele of. & maledico to saye yll of. wil somtyme haue an accusatif of the lawde. & an ablatyf with a p̄posicyō of the person. as Pa­ter multa bene dicit [...]. Onmes bene dicunt de te.

[Page] But whēne I shal make anysuche englysshe I am bounde to blysse my fadre. Thou shalt blysse me. or any other lyke I may muche bettre make thē by Op­to as. p̄cor aris. Execro as. deuoueo es. Imp̄cor aris & suche other lyke with bene or male. ioyned to them as. Discipuli habēt bene dicere nō male dicere p̄ceptori Scolers ought to say wel & natyll by their mayster Habeo bene optare p̄ceptori. vel habeo bene precari magistro. & tu habes imprecari illi

Cōsulo is. anglice to aske con̄scil. is a v (er)be actyfe. & may gouerue an accusatyf of the ꝑson y^t I aske of. & a genityf or else an ablatyf with ap̄posicyō of y^e thynge that I coūseil for. as Cōsulo te remedij. vlde remedio Cōsulo is. anglice to geue coūseil. is sometyme a verbe neutre I wyl haue a datyf of the ꝑson y^t I geue coū seil to, as Medici cōsulunt mihi. He is also in this significacyō somtyme a v (er)be aftyf. I wyl haue after hym an accusatyf of thyng y^t I geue coūseil for. & a datyf of the persone. as Consulo commodum tibi.

Consulo is. anglice to see to. or prouide. or to helpe is alway a verbe neutre. I hath after hym a datyf case only. as Helpe me in this mater Consule mihi in hac re. See to thy sone. Consule filio tuo

¶ Sum es fui

Thys v (er)be Sum es fui. whā he betokeneth the cō ­mendacyon or dispraysynge. may haue after he [...] a genityf or an ablatyf case of the lawde or reproue. vt Virgo est pulchre venustatis. Vir forti animo. Whē this englyssh for may be chaunged in to this worde to It is alway the signe of the datyf case. vt. Lac est bonū [Page] pueris

¶ Valeo. Consto

Valeo es. anglice to be worth. & Cōsto as. anglice to coste. whā they be token certeyn pryce. gouerue af­ter them an ablatyf case of the word that betokeneth pryce. as Liberineꝰ cōstabat viginti denarijs. Equꝰ tuus valer centum solidis

But when they betokē vncerten price. they gouer­ue a genitif case. as liber meꝰ cōstabat pluris (quam) valet Equus tuꝰ multi valet. Cit (ur) Quod mihi constat plu­ris (quam) si in foro emissem Somtyme he is put for this verbe Scitur or Patet. & then he gouerneht a datyfe case also. as Thys is open or knowen to euery body. Hoc cōstat oībus. & somtyme he is laten to coste vts̄.

Also after Gwarrē. he is englysshed somtyme to stande togydre. as Salustius saith. Multitudinē ꝓ­cul hostiū cōstare viderunt. also for Cōuenire anglice to agre to or agre with. vt Citer Adhuc que dicta sunt arbitror mihi constare cum ceteris artuū scriptoribꝰ Also for manifestum esse. anglice to to be open or kno­wen. as Citer. Hoc mihi at (que) asuersarius constat. Also for Consistere et firmum esse. as Constat pedibꝰ constat animo. constat mente

Somtyme he is taken for thys verbe. Est Fio. or cō ­struor. and then he is construed wyth an ablatyue ca se with a p̄posicyon. as Domus cōstat ex tecto parie­te & fundamento. i. Est Fit vel Construitur Qua [...]u or sunt elementa ex quibus omnia constant

¶ Attineo. Pertineo. Specto

These. ij. v (er)bes Attineo & Pertineo. anglice to ꝑtetne. or longe to. haue after them alway an accusatyfe [Page] with this p̄posicyon ad. as Cōperiebam nihil ad Pā philū quic (que) attinere. Hec res pertinet ad te.

¶ Tis v (er)be specto. is of the same cōstructyon. vt Hoc ad ꝑtes spectat. filij ꝓbe educantur

¶ Illudo

Illudo is. anglice to mocke. or to laugh to skorne. may gouerne after hym a datif an accusatif. or an ablatyf wyth this preposicyon in as. Certant (que) illudere capto. Verbis virtutem illude superbis Therentius in Audria. In quibus sic illudatis

¶ Metuo. Timeo. Vereor

These. iij. v (er)bes Metuo. Timeo. & Vereor. anglice to fere. whā they betoken loue or fauoure they go­uerne after theym a datyf case. as Timeo vel metuo mihi ne moriar But when they betokē hatered. thei muste haue after them an accusatyf case or else an ablatyf wyth oone of these. vi. preposicyons. A. ab. abs De. E. Ex. vt Timeo vel metuo te vel abste. ne per cucias me. Vereo & dyabolū. vel a dyabolo. The rēctꝰ in Andria. Ego non nihil veritus sum daue abs te ¶ Also alle verbes that betoken feere. haue the same strenght. as Paueo. Formido. and other lyke

¶ Fugio. Caueo

(These. ij. verbes Fugio is. and Caueo es. angli­ce to flee. or to be ware. to Eschewe or auoyde. gouerne after them an accusatyf. or else an ablatyf with a p̄ posicyon. as Fuge vel caue equū vel ab [...]quo

Moreouer this v (er)be Caueo When he betokeneth loue or fauoure. Wyll nede haue after hym a datyfe case. as Caue capitine hoc frangatur ictu

¶ Abrenuncio

[Page] This verbe Abrenuntio. anglice to forsake. gouer­neth after hym a datyf case. as Abrenuntio sa [...]hane

¶ Sum

Here is to be noted. that whā the v (er)be of Substā ce gouerned after hym a nomīatyf case with a datyf. than may y^e sayd noīatyf be put in to the datif. & so he may gouerne a double datyf. as Mors est mihi cura Et mors est mihi cure. & mihi vita pudor Sic est mihi vita pudori.

¶ Composita de Sum

All the compoundes as Sum es fui. may gouerue after them a datif case. as ꝓsum tibi. desum inimici

¶ Insum

Moreouer this verbe Insumes. besyde his datyf may haue an ablatyf wyth thys preposicyon In. as Inest mihi. vel in me maxima virtus. Tibi vel in te magnum in est vicium. Insum etiam in temporibus hyems. estas. ver. autumnus

Al the verbes in these verses folowyng gouerne after them a datyf case. as. Obuio tibi. parco pueris. placeo regi. noceo mihi. &c.

¶ Oduio. parco. placet. noceo. [...]aco. supplico scruit

Subuenit. officio succurit propirior (que)

Sufficit aspiro. valedico. gra [...]or. astat

Insideor pa [...]eo. minde ac obtempero. fido

Obstat obedit. eis fauer. heret. proficit addas

Congruo. compacior. confert. succedit, adulor

Occureit. restat. & cedo quando locumdat

Whanne soeuer I haue afore ony of these forsay­de verbes ony of these sygnes. am. art. Is. was. we­re or be. That that semeth to be the nominatyf case. [Page] shal be the datyf & the thyng that doth the dede. shal be the ablatyf wyth a preposicyon. as I am serued of my sonne. Mihi seruitur a filio meo. The kynge is plesed of his subgettis. Regi placetur a stus subditis.

All these v (er)bes folowyng in these verses. may gouerne after theyn a double accusatif case. as Postulo te veniā. Doceo te grāmaticam The latter accusa­tyf of whom may be gouerned of theyr passyues. as Postulor veniā. Doceor grāmaticam. Versus

Postulo. posco. peto. doceo. rogo. flagito. celo

Exuo cum vestit. monet. induo. calceo. cingo

Oro. petunt quartū simul ac interrogo binum

But these v (er)bes postulo. posoo. peto. rogo. flagito oro & interrogo. anglice to aske or desyre. & al other ly­ke. may muche better gouerne an accusa tyf case of y^e thynge yasked on desyred and an ablatif wyth one of these forsayde▪ vi. p̄posicyons of the person that we aske or desyre ought of. as Postulo veniam abste

These. v. v (er)bes Exulo Vestio Induo Calcio & [...] go. & all lyke. may muche bettre & eleganter gouerne an accusatyf of the body. & an ablatyf wythoute a preposicyon. of the garmēt. or of the thynge yworne. as Exuo me tunica. I doo of my cote Paulꝰ in epistolis. Accinxit lumbos suos fortitudine

And the passyues of the forsayde. v. v (er)bes may gouerne elegantly an ablatyf case without a p̄posicion. as Exuor tunica. In psalmo. Accīgere gladio tuo super femur tuum potētissime

¶ Celo

This verbe celo as anglice to couer or to hide coū seil may gouerne by syde his strenghte an accusatyf [Page] case. of the thyng that is couered or hidde & a datyf of the ꝑson y^t is ignorant. as Celo meū consiliū tibi. Or else hee may haue an accusatyf of y^e thynge that is couered or hidde. & an ablatif case with a p̄posicyon of y^e person that is ignorant. as Celo meū consilium a te

These v (er)be folowynge in this v (er)se wyll gouerne an ablatyf case wythoute apposiciō as vescor solo pane

Vescitur & fruitur. vtor. fungor (que) potitur

Vescor ris. caret preteritis & supinis. anglice to ete Fruor ris. fruitꝰ vel fretus. anglice to vse at oure pleasure. or to do after Vtor eris. anglice to vse or to occupy. as thynges necessary Potior eris. veliris. anglice to occupy as pleasure or delyte

Fungor ris. anglice to doo oure offyce or dewey

¶ Particyples Serundyues. & Supynes.

Al may gouerne after them al such cases. as doth the v (er)bes y^t they come of as Doceo grāmaticam. vel sum doceus grāmaticā. Loquor tibi. velsum locutꝰ ti­bi. Disco Virgiliū & venigracia discendi Virgiliū. Audio missam & vado auditum missam

¶ Perfiguram Synodochen

Whan this englysshe signe. y^e. foloweth an adiectyf. nowne. particyple. or else a v (er)be passyf or neutre. & cometh before the ꝑte of a bodi. the ꝑte of y^e body mai be put in y^e accusatyfcase wythout a p̄posicyō by this fygure Synodoche. as Hec est virgo vetust a faciē Frater meꝰ est lotꝰ tybiā Doleo caput. frāgor brachiū

Moreouer al nownes adiectiues. y^t may gouerne an accusatif case by y^e forsayde signe. may gouerne an ablatyf by y^e same strenght vt Hec est virgo venusta [Page] faciē vel facie. Vir fortis brachisi vel braachio Tu es hilaris vultiū vel vultu.

¶ Quā coniunctio

This cōiunceyon (quam). anglice than. causeth the wordes that be cōpared. to be of one case. as I loue brede bettre than chese. Amo panē plus (quam) caseū. I loue thy mayster better thā thou. Diligo preceptorem melius (quam) tu?

¶ Nisi Preter (quam)

These. ij. cōiunctyōs Nisi & p̄ter (quam). anglice but. sa ue or excepte. causeth y^e substātyf of the signe vniuer­salis. & the worde y^t is excepte to be of one case as Ois hō p̄ter (quam) simō currit. Video oēm hoīem p̄ter (quam) simonē currere. Nemo discit nisi ego. Neminē videtis dis­cere nisi me

¶ Signa uniuersalia

Al these adiectyues be called signes vniuersales Omnis. quiuis. quilibet. quis (que). vnusquis (que). quicū (que). & vter (que). anglice Eche or euery. & Nullius. neuter. anglice. notre or neuer one. Also Nihil & nemo. be signes vniuersales substātyfes

¶ Opus

This nowne Opus anglice for neede. vndeclined wyl haue after hym an ablatyf case of the thinge that Incede of. as Habeo opus pecunijs

¶ Fulnes Emtynes

All wordes y^t be tokē Fulnes & emtynes. may ha­ue after them a genityf or an ablatyf case. as Maria est plena gracie vel gr̄a. Tues vacuꝰ virtutis. vel virtute

¶ Worthynes. vnwortynes

Also al nownes that betokeneth worthynes & vnworthynes. be of the same strēgt. as S [...]um dignꝰ landis vel laude. Indignus honoris vel honore.

¶ Plentefulnes. Pouerte

[Page] Al nowns that betoken plentefulnes or pouerte be of the same strenght. as Sum diues auri. vel auro Tues impotens sanitari vel sanitate.

¶ Praysynge. Dispraysynge

¶ Whēne there cometh an nowne substātyf with the token of the genityf case (scz)scilicet of. whyche substantyf hath an adiectyf ioyned to hym betokenyng praysinge. or dispraysing. thēne set them bothe in the genityf case or ablatyf. whiche is more elegāte. And this may be after a nowne substātyl. a pronowne demōstratif & after Sum es. fui. as Vidi mulierem nigri faciei vl nigra facie. Sum elegātis forme. vel eleganti forma Ille pressorum narium. vel pressis naribus est inimi­cus patris mei

¶ Similis. Dissimilis

These nownes Similis & dissimilis may haue after them a genityf or a datyf. as. Sum similis tui vel tibi

¶ Tyme

Al nownes that betoken Tyme may be put indifferently in the accusatyf or ablatyf case Excepte they be the nominatyf case to the verbe or other wyse gouuerned as in example folowe The rētius in eunucho Dies noctes (que) me ames. tercentū vixerat annis and other while in the genityf case. as Sum decem & sep­tem annorum.

¶ Lenght. brede. space.

Al wordes that betoken Lenghte. brede. or space may be put in the ablatyfcase. Hec virga est decē pe­dibus lōga. Hec scola est tribꝰ vlnis lata. Distant Lō ­donie ab oxonia quinq̄ginta passum.

[Page] And also in the accusatyf. vt O [...]idiꝰ Mi [...]ia quor [...] es distat ab vibe decē. Erāt eis iacula q̄tern [...]s longa pedes

¶ Infinitiuus modus

The Infinitif mode takē in the neutre gendre & in declynable. may be the nomīatyf case to a v (er)be somtyme sett alone. somtyme ioyned with other wordes. & so may somtyme a hole sentence be. as in these exam ples. It is gode to rede. what is gode? to rede This infinityf mode to rede is noīatyf case to thys v (er)be Is. as Legere est bonū. It is holsome to ete lytyl. Pauxillū comedere est salubre

¶ Endynges of Gerundyues

How many endynges of Gerūdyues. ben there as many as be of particyples of the last future tense & so they be declyned in all cases. and al noumbres as Nominatiuo Amandus. da. dum

¶ Difference of Gerūdiues and particyples

What differēce is bytwyxt Gerūdyues & participles? Gerūdyues betoken necessyte & dede wythou­te tyme / And ꝑticyples betoken tyme wythoute necessyte or dede. Examples of Gerūndyues. Tenet me occupatio iuris discēdi. Tenet me cura dotis numerā de. Examples of Particyples. Cras legēdos esse. a [...]s Nasonē & Virgilium anglice. To morowe thou sayst that Virgyl & Ouide shal be redde.

How may Gerūdyues be mooste in vse: iij. whi­che. in. Di. do. dū. Howe shal they be occupyed: thus as it foloweth.

¶ De gerundiuo in Di

Whēsoeuer the englyssh of y^e Infinityf mode cometh after ony of these nowne. Tēpus. Causa. Locꝰ. [Page] Libertas. Ius. voluntas. ars. licētia. modꝰ. otium. & ony other nownes that betokeneth accidēt. whyche nowne hath hys gouernyng of some other worde I may put the gerūdif in Di. in y^e stede of the Infinityf mode. as It is tyme to pray. Tempus est orādi. I ha­ue cause to wepe. Habeo causam flendi.

And whē soeuer In must speke by a relatyf. I shal occupy y^e gerundyfe in Di. as Hic dies attulit initium dicēdique vellē. Non autē dicendo (rum) eo (rum) que vellē

Also a gerundyf in Di may gouerne after hym a genitif case plurell. Pla [...]tus in cap. scdo.

Nominādi tibi isto (rum) erit magis (quam) edendi copia

Particyples & many adiectyues that cometh off verbes be enioyned aswell to the gerūdyf in Di. as to the infinitif mode as Timens nauigare & nauigā di. doctus cantare & catandi cupiens peritus. promptus. consuetus & similia. Timidus. cupidns. auidus habere & habendi. & similia

¶ De Gerundiuo in Do

¶ Whēne the englyssh of y^e Infinityf mode cometh after a v (er)be y^t betokeneth Praynge or besechynge. It shal be put in a gerūdyf in Do. with thys preposicyō de before hym. Or else I may take the coniūctyf mo­de. as Ore te de scribēdo mihi latinitatem. Et oro scri­bas. vel scribas mihi latinitatem

Also whēne the englyssh of a particyple of the presentens wyth this englyssh sygne of alore hym coēth after a owne adiectyf it may be put in a gerūdyf in do wyth these preposicyons In or De. vel sine prepositi­one si placet. as I an [...]wer yoffyttynge. Fessus sum [Page] sedendo. vel de sedendo

Also whē I haue y^e englysshe of a ꝑticiple of the presentēs with this p̄posic [...]ō In. afore hym ioyned with noo substātyf y^e sayde englyssh may be put in a gerū dyf in Do with this p̄postciō In or withoute si placet as scolers in takynge heed growe to cōnynge. Scholastici aduertēdo vel in aduertēdo euadunt docti

Also I may haue a gerundyf in Do. after ony of these examples & in all other lyke Plinius posterior. Sermonibꝰ dies trassigebat quū a scribēdo vacaret Cicero Ex quo ardescit siue amor. siue amicitia. vtrū (que) enim dictum est ab amando. Itē ab edēdo factꝰ est satur. Item Tuquid togites de transeundo in epyrū scire sane velim. Ediscēdo ali (qui)d cōmodi capio. Ex defendendo (quam) accusando vberior gloria comparatur

Also I may haue a gerūdif in do. withoute a p̄po sicyō whē I haue these englysshe wordes. whē. whil se. or as [...]ōge. ioyned wyth a passyf significa [...]yō. as as lōg [...] as mynde is occupied. it is encressed as al other thynges. Memoria excolēdo sicut alia [...]ia augen [...] ▪ Excolēdo. i. dū coli [...] [...]fe [...]a videndo. i. quū vide [...]

¶ De gerundiuo in Dum

Whē the englyssh of y^e infinitifmode cometh after a reason & telleth the cause of y^e reason. It may be put in the gerūdyf in Dū. with this p̄posicyon ad byfore hym. as I come to lerne grāmer. Venio ad discendū grāmaticam Also I may haue a gerundyf in dū with these preposicyons In ob propter. or ante. as in these examples. and all other lyke. as Vado in capiē dum hostem vel ad si placet. Ego venie ob te vel propter [Page] te redimendum. Virgilius Nam (que) ante domā, dum ingentes tollent animos

Also I may haue a gerundyf in Dum. wyth thys preposicyon Inter. whan so euer I haue ony of the­se englyssh wordes. whan whyles. or aslonge put be fore a cōiunctif moode. as whyles thou playest. thou forgetest moch thyng Inter ludendū. multa de discis Virgilius. Age tytire & inter agendū occursare capro cornu ferit ille caueto

Whan the euglyssh of the Infinityf mode foloweth this englyssh. It is it may be put in a gerundyf in Dum with this v (er)be est. set imꝑsonally. & that that semeth to be the noīatyf shalbe the datyf. as The kyn­ge it is to fyght. Regi pugnandum est

Also whā I haue this englyssh must. where as it semeth to be made by thys v (er)be Oportet. It maybe made lyke wyse. as I muste nedys cost goo to towue Mihi eundū est in oppidum

After al such verbes that betokē callyng shewynge. mouynge. or rest. I shal euermore haue a gerun­dyf in Dum. & neuer the Infinityf mode. as Vocaui te ad currendū. nō currere. Surgo ad audiendū. nō audire. Sto ad pre dandū. non predari

But these verbys folowynge. the Infinityf. & not the gerundyf. as Iubeo re arare. nō ad arandū. cogi­to timeo edificare. nō ad edificandū. Sū be indifferēt to bothe. as Hortor te studere. & ad studēdū. Flagitor. paratus sum. aptus. idoneus. militare. & ad militan­dum. But such for the most parte. wyl haue the gerū dyf & leue the infinityf mode.

[Page] The gerundyf is knoween fro the ꝑticyple in dus. by that y^t it betokeneth the doynge of a thyng withoute ony respecte of the tyme. as Sum or oc [...]patus in docendo pueros. or in docendis pueris

The ꝑricyple in Dus betokeneth a thinge to be done in tyme to cōme. as Chremes est exotandus a me

Bytwene In docēdo pueros. & In docēdis pueris is this difference that in docendo pueros. is of y^e acryfsignificacyon. & may be exponed outher by the nowne verbale in io. or by the present Subiunctyf. & vt occupatus sum in docēdo pueros. for in doctione puero­rum. or Vt doceam pueros In docēdis pueris. is of y^e passyf & passuely exponed. as Occupatus sum in do­cendis pueris. for vt doceant (ur) And generally all gerundyf be actyfly expowned except they stōde ab­solutely. as Vrit (que) videndo. i. dū videantur. illustria ad cognoscendum. hoc est cognoscantur

The gerūdyf in do hath these p̄posicyōs In o [...] De as In or De trāsen̄do in epyrū. with E & Ex. Aor. ab as Ex discedēdo Ab audiēdo. with cum. as Cum loq̄ [...] do

¶ De supinis

¶ Whē the englyssh of the īfinityf mode cometh af­ter a v (er)be or a ꝑticiple betokenyng mouynge or goynge to a place it shall be put in y^e fyrst supy [...]e as I goo to huntyng. Ego vado venatū. Also I may haue the fyrst supyne after al such v (er)bes that be token pryue mouīg. as Do cōcedo. admitto. recipio & many other lyke. as Do filiā [...]. Cōcedo edes venū. [...] a te spectatū. Cōced [...]t (ur) edes venū. admitt [...] specta [...].

Also I may haue the la [...]tre supyn after al nownes [Page] of the neutre gēdre y^t be of the cōꝑatif & suꝑlatif degre as Quo (qui)d magis abhominabile eo turpiꝰ dicto? Et quāto magis est aliqd studiosum. tāto digniꝰ honoratu. Optimū fa [...] (qui)d sit ne scio. Dignissimū intellectu est illud opus. Also I may haue the lat [...]re Supyne after all these nownes adiectyues in al gendres. & noūbres. (scz)scilicet Dignꝰ. turpis. rarus. iocundꝰ. absurdꝰ. seuerus. seuus. obseuus. suꝑbus. austerus. clarꝰ. du­rus. & al other of lyke significacyō. as Naso dignus lectu. Res digna visu. Pecus dignū amatu.

Also it is to be noted that Supines may in noo wise be ioyned with adiectyues in cōformyte of case gendre & noūbre Nor thei may nat be gouerned of noo p̄ ­posicyon Also they haue noo case but alway be v (er)bes Also they be nat gou [...]erned of v (er)bes. nor of ꝑticyples but of adiectyues. vt Miserabilis visu. i. vt videatur Also they be of affiny [...]e with the Infinityf mode

¶ De infinitiuo modo

¶ When. ij. v (er)bes come togedre withoute a relatyf or a cē iunctiō comynge bytwene them the lattre v (er)be shal be the infinitif mode. as Volo legere. cupio doceri. And one Infinityf mode may cause one other v (er)be to be the Infinityf mode. as dicome non posse venire Therentius ai [...]se videre [...]e cupere

Such adiectyues Dignꝰ. indignꝰ. iocundꝰ. letꝰ. tristis. be enioyned better to the infinityf mode thā to y^e gerundyf. vt Tues dignꝰ habere opes. Tues dignꝰ honorari. Tu es letꝰ me bn̄ valere Tu es letus me honorari Moreouer wheresoeuer I take the Infinityf mode of the prefentens or preterꝑfitens of y^e passif [Page] significacyon. there I may take the latter supyne o [...] the same verbe. as Tu es dignus honorari vel honeratu. sed non versa vice

Also whenso euer I take the fyrst supine. there I may take the neutre gendre substantiuate with this preposicyon ad. or the gerundifin Dum. vt Curro locutum regi. vcl ad loquendum regi

¶ De participijs

Whan the englyssh of the particyple of the presē ­tens else of the infinityf mode of the aciyf significacyō cometh after ony tens of Sum es fui. I shal make the vulgare by the said verbe Sum. and the particyple in Rus. as I am goynge forth from home in to the cō trey. as I am to go. & cetera. Profecturus sum domo rus. and like wyse of other tenses. as Lecturus eram martilogium. Auditurus eram grammaticam Fuit visurus rhomam si vixisset pater. Lyke wyse I may make such englysshes of the future tens. I wyl soupe byfore fyue of the clocke. Sum cenaturus ante quin tam. The saudiers shal fight in batel Milites pugna turisunt in bello. And if the englyssh of the said infinityf mode. be of the passyf significacyon. or cometh af­ter the signe must. shulde. or ought. it shal be made bi the said verbe Sum. and the particyple of the gerundyf in Dus. as These oxen be to selle. or to be solde. hi boues sunt vendēdi. Chyldre must be chastysed Pueri sunt castigandi

(Also the particyple in Dus. goth somtyme in to the strength of a nowne. and than he betokeneth as much. as Dignus digna dignū. with an infiuitif. mode [Page] of the passyf significacyon. vt Iste liber est legēdus id est dignus legi vellectu. &c.

There is a difference bytwixte the fyrst supyne & the particyple in Rus. For the fyrste supyne cometh after the verbe that betokeneth mouynge & he hym silfe signifieth bodely dede

But the particyple of the fyrst future moste cōmenly cometh after verbes that betoken rest. and he nouther betokeneth mouynge nor bodely dede. But al ō ly a tyme to come vncerten. Example of the supyne. Eo cenatum. eo cubicum. Example of the particyple in Rus. as Ego quidem cenaturus sum. Non tamē eo cenatum. Et scio te cenaturum esse. sed non protinus ire cenatum

¶ De circunlocutione modi Indicatiui. Optatiui. & Coniunctiui

All tēses of the forsayde modes that are made by circūlocucyon ar made by Sūes fui. & a particyple ī Tus or in Sus. so that there be cōformite of case. gendre. & noūbre. bytwyxt the particyple & the noīatif case to the verbe. as Vir est amatus. virgo amata est, Capud amatū est. Viri amati sunt Virgines amate sunt. Capita amata sunt. In verbes passiues & such that hath circunlocutiō the imperatyf mode may haue pretertenses nat of hys owne wordes but vsynge for them preterper. & plu. of the cōiunctyf. as Doctus es vel esto. doctus sit vel esto. ornatꝰ es vel esto. orna­tus sit vel esto. Locutꝰ sis prius (quam) ad me redeas: and this vertu such spech hath that what we cōmaunde. [Page] may be paste in a certen tyme to cometh. vt causa sit mox fenestra. Post horam sit iuratus. Auto [...]e pusciano in secumdo Mi [...]s

¶ De circunlocutione modi Infinitiui preteritiperfecti & plus (quam) perfecti

The circūlocucyon of y^e p̄terꝑfitens & pluꝑsitēs of the forsayde mode of y^e passyf voyce is euermore ma­de with one of these. ij. wordes Esse or fuisse. & the ꝑticiple in tus. with cōformite of case. gēdie. & noūbre by twixte the ꝑticyple. & the casuel worde that goth before the Infinityf mode. as Vir dicebatur amatꝰ fuisse Virgo amata fuisse. Caput amatūfuisse. Viri ama ti fuisse. Virgines amate fuisse. Capita amata fuisse Et similiter de Esse.

¶ De circunlocutione futuri temporis acti [...]i significationis modi Infinitiui

The circūlocucyō of the future tens of y^e actyf voyce of y^e forsayd mode is made with this infinityf mode Ire. & the ꝑticiple in Tus or Sus Or else with this infinityf mode Esse & the ꝑticyple in Rus with cōformite of case gēdre & noūbre bytwixte y^e ꝑticiple & the casual worde. Also y^e said future tēs betokeneth tyme. mouynge. & bodely dede. as Volo te amatūire. vel ama turū esse me. Amatā ire. vel amaturā esse me. &c

¶ De circunlocutione futuri temporis passiue significationis ante dicti modi

The circūlocucyon of the future tens of the passif significacyō is euermore made with this infinityf mode [...] & the ꝑriciple in Tus or ī Sus. or else with this infinityf mode Eē, & y^e ꝑticyple in D [...]ꝰ with cōfo [...]es [Page] of case gendre & noūbre betwyxt the ꝑticyple & the casuel worde. as Intelligo. scio. credo. video. opinor. exi­stimo peccarū [...] facie [...] esse vel pati factū iri. Neglige [...] faciendā esse vel pati factā iri.

Saue it is to be noted that y^e particyple in Tus or in Sus. wyth all circōlocucyons of the future tens of the actyf significacyō. betokeneth tyme present at hā ­de. as Video te accusat [...] ire me. id est mu [...] anglice. I see that nowe thou doest accuse me.

Also the ꝑticyple in [...]us. with al circūlocucions of the future tens of the actyf significacyō betokeneth vncerteyne tyme wythoute ende. as Nūc video te ac­cusaturū esse me. anglice Nowe I see thou wilt ōs ac­cuse me. i. post hac tēpore incerto. But all circūlociōs of y^e future of the pas [...] significaciō betokeneth bothe tyme & dede p̄sent. & to come indifferētly as video me accusatū iri abs re. i. video re vel accusatū ire me vl accusaturū esse me &c. anglice. I see I am accused of the now or else I see I shal be accused of the herafter

¶ Exulo. Vapulo. Veneo. Liceo

¶ Whēne soeuer I am cōpelled to make a latyn by one of these. iiij. v (er)bes Exulo. Vapulo Veneo. & liceo that thynge y^t doth the dede. shal be y^e ablatyf wyth a p̄posicyon. & the sufferer shal be the noīatyf case. as y^e kyng hath banysshed many a [...]raytour A rege multi traditores exularūt. The mayster beteth scolers. A p̄reptore vapulāt discipuli. The fysshers sel theyr fysshe deere A piscarijs pisces care veneūt Thou doest app̄yt te thy seruaūt. A te tuꝰ seruꝰ licet

¶ Nubo

This v (er)be Nubo bis. hath euermore a nomīatyf [Page] case of the woman & a datyf of the māin all comō spe­ches as my brother hath wedded thy suster. Fratri meo nupsit soror tua. I shal wed thi moder. Mihi nubet matertua

¶ De hoc vulgaris signo &c

Whanne soeuer there comyth a propre name of a place or towne after thys englisshe signe at. It shall be put in the genitif case. so that it be the singuler noū bre. and the fyrst declinson. or the secounde. as I lerne grammer at Oxforde. Disco grammaticam Oxonie. I dwelled a whyle at yorke Manebam aliquam diu Eboraci

But and if the forsayde propre name be y^e thyrde declynson or the plurel noūbre. It shall be put in the ablatyf case wythoute a p̄posicyon. as Thou waste borne at Chartage. Tu eras Thartagine natus. Thou dyddest studye at athenys. Studuisti athenis

Moreouer I may take an accusatyf case. or else an ablatyf of y^e forsayde nownes. wyth a p̄posicyon of a conueniēt significacyō. as Manes apud chartaginē and so of al other. as sum apud Londonias

¶ De hoc vulgari signo To

Whansoeuer I haue a propre name of a place af­ter this englysh signe To. it may putte in the accusati ue case wyth a prepostcyon. or wythoute indifferentli what noumbre or declynson soeuer he be. as Eo oro­niam. vel ad oxoniam Londonias. vel ad londonias Chartaginem. vel ad chartaginem

¶ De hoc vulgari signo Fro

Whan soeuer ther come a propre name of a place after this englyssh signe fro. it shal be put in the abla­tyf [Page] case wych a preposicyon or wythout in differently what noumber orde [...] euer he be. as Venio oxonia vel ab oxonia. [...]. vel a lōdonijs. Chartagine. vel a chartagine Thes rules be alway true except the ꝓpre name of towne or place be compouned for then I must haue euermore an accusatyf case or an ablatyf wyth a preposicion of a cōueriēt significacyō. as Eo ad sanctū Iacobū. Fui apd terrā sanctam. Venio a sancto Iacobo. vel a terra sancta

¶ Rus. Domus. Humus. Militia

These. iiij. nownes. Rus. domus. humus. & militia foloweth the rules of the sayde ꝓpre names of places. as maneo ruri. venio rure. vado rus. Sū domi. eo domū. proficiscor domo. &c.

Of the same gouernaūce we fynde Belli. Duelli & many other indiuerse autours. The whych euery [...]hon be aduerbes alway wythout they be ioyned to the sayde preposicyons. vt supra

¶ Penitet. Tedet. Piget. Miseret. Pudet

These. v. v (er)bes in iꝑso nalles Penitet. anglice to be sorye. or to repente. Tedet. & Piget. anglice to be we­ry. or to haue no luste Miseret anglice to haue pyte or mercy. or to be sory for fauour. Pudet. anglice to be as hamed. gouerne an accusatyf case in the stede of y^e no minatyf and a genityf of the thyng that we be sory fore. or haue pyte of. wery or ashamed of. as I repent me for my lewdenes. Me penitet mei maleficij. Te­det animā meā vite mee. I am sory for thy losse. Me [...]. calamitatis. Nos pudet nostro (rum) p [...]ōrum.. Te pigeat inunensi laboris

¶ Iuuat. Dilectat. Deret. Oportet. Latet

These. v. v (er)bes imꝑsonels Iuuat & dilectat. anglice to desyre or haue pleasure. Decet oportet. anglice to must. or to be bounde & Latet. anglice to [...] or to cannot telle haue also euermore an accusaif case of that. y^t semeth to be the noīatyf. as Me iuuat veldi lectat ludere. Te decet vel oportet ascultare preceptori Nos latet doctus ne es an stolidus

¶ Interest. Refertest

These. iij. verbes imꝑsonallees Interest. refert. & est. anglice to be ꝓfitable or accordyng hath euermo­re a genitif case of the worde that semeth to be the no­minatyf. as Fratris mei interest amare me

Oute of this rule be excepte these. v. ꝓnownes (pri) ­matyues Ego. tu. sui. nos & vos. & this nowne int (er)ro­gatyf Quis in stede of whom I shal take y^e ablatif ca­se feminyne gēdre & singuler non̄bre of them possessyues That is to say Mea. tua. sua. nr̄a. vestra. & tui [...]. as Mea interest discere. Tua int (er)at docere. Sua int (er)fuit andire. Nr̄a interfuerat cauere. Vestra intererit monuisse. who is bound totel y^e trouthe? but he that knoweth al the mater Cuia interest enarrare veritatem nisi sua qui nouit omnem rem

Also when I haue ony suche englyssh. It is my office. my duty. or my ꝑte. It longeth for. It behoueth. It is good reason. or accordynge. or ony suche other y^t encludeth duty I may cōueniently occupy one of the se. v. v (er)bes. Decet. Opo [...]tet. Interest. Refert. de Est Wyth the forsayde gouernaunce of case.

Al these v (er)bes in these v (er)ses folowynge may haue [Page] [...] of the ꝑson that the dede lōgeth to. as Mihi licet ludere. Thou taryst nat wherer. I lyue or dye Tibi nō vacat inorearne an viuam Versus

Her liber at (que). licet liquet. & patet. accidit at (que)

Congruit. euenit. attinet. expedit & licet adde

Pertinet. incumbit. vacat. & sedet addito cōstat

Conuenit & prestat. contingit. iunge sa [...]it

Sufficit ad ternos. cum competit aduoco casus

All v (er)be imꝑsonalles of the passyf voyce gouerne before them an ablatyf with a p̄posicyon. else a datif of the ꝑsone that doth y^e dede. as Ame vel mihi amat (ur) & after them an accusatif or an ablatif with a preposi­tyon. but neuer withoute as Ame [...] antiquam siluam. Ame auditur. Ame statur in foro

Saue other whyle they may haue after thē such cases as hath y^e v (er)bes that they be diriues of. as Ame seruit (ur) tibi. Interdictum̄ est tibi aqua et igni.

Euermore before the Infinityf mode of a v (er)be imꝑsonall of y^e passyf voyce I must expresse y^e ablatif with a preposicyon of the do [...]. as Volo a me amati id est volo amare. Volo a me seruiri. i. volo seruire

¶ Benefit. Malefit. Satisfit

These v (er)bes Benefit. malefit. & Satisfit. wil haue before thē an ablaf case with a p̄posicyō of y^e doer. & after thē a datyf case of y^e [...] Ame benefit tibi

Whensoeuer ther [...]emeth ony of these. [...]t. signes [...]. act. Is was. were. or be. byfore a verbe [...] betokeneth bodely mouyng I may euer more take y^e preterꝑfytens of the Indicatyf mode or some other y^t is formed of him. as y^e vulgare [...] [Page] the preterperfytens of the Indicatif mode [...] bysyde his owne strenght. bothe for the presentens & the preterimꝑfytens And so he & all tenses formed out of hym haue the passyf significacyon. as my maister is come. Preceptor meus venit. my folowes bengoon. Mei condiscipuli abierunt

How many ꝑticyples come of a verbe Imꝑsonal of the passyf voyce? one. which one? A ꝑticyple of the p̄tertens & the neutre gendre only. as Ntō hoc oppositū. abltō ab hoc opposito. & he hath after hym a datife case. as Mihi prius opposito tibi opponetur

¶ Incipit. Desinit Debet. Potest. Solet. Vult These. vi. verbes Incipit. Desinit. Deber. Potest Solet. and Vult. ioyned to the Infinityf mode of verbes impersonalles be impersonalles and wyll haue before them such cases as wyl the verbes impersonalles. as me incipit te de [...]s vigilie. Mihi desinit placere studij. me debet pudere maleficij. bonos solet penite re flagitij. me vult delectare dormire. Else they be al way verbes impersonalles. and haue before them a nominatyf case. as Volo legere. &c

¶ Pono. Fers

These two verbes actyues Pono and Fero compowned wyth pre. or ante. be thus englyshed. to telle more price. to set more by. to loue better, to haue leuer wyll haue after theym an accusatyf case of thing that we make moost of. and a datyse. of the thynge) we make leest of. as Prepono virtutem vicus. I am neminem prepones Ca [...]i. Prefero [...] Nescio vtrū altria [...] feram

[Page] And of this [...] be al these v (er)bs with many other such. as Valeo es. preponder [...] as presto as anglice vt prius. as Ingenio vales

Item other whyle with an ablatyf with a p̄posicon. vt Tullius ad modum valuit in genere dicendi ternatius numerus preponderat binario

¶ Postpono

But postpono is of contrary cōstructyon. to Antepono. as Postpono aud [...]um visui

¶ Cello. Eo. Cedo

These iij. v (er)bes Cello. Eo. & Cedo. cōpowned with Ante. p̄. or extra. anglice to passe. excede. excelle or be better. gouerne afore them a noīatyf case of y^e thinge that we make moost of. & after them an accusatyf of the thynge. vt supra as I passe ferre al my bretherne both in [...] & redynge. Ego ante cello o [...]es fratres meos & scribendo & legendo. Also ablatyf [...] with this p̄posicyon In. vel sine si placet. of the thynge that we compare in. as Thou excedest me in myghte. as moch as I passe the in conynge. Tu antere disme fortitudine. vel in fortitudine tanto. quāto ego an­te cello te scientia Virgilius ante cellit alios poetas carmine. vel in carmine

The same strēght hath Supero as. & all other v (er) bes that hath the forsayde englyssh

Whā no word lacketh in a reason to the most ꝑfyt sentēce. than it is called ful. as Ego lego virgiliū

And whā ony thynge that is required to ꝑfyt sentēce lacketh if it be vsed to be vnderstōd by y^e [...] stomes of romaines y^e reason may be called figurate [Page] as Lego litteras. where must nedes be vnderstōd E­go & the signe is called Eclipsis

There be customably understōde in latyn tonge these with euery relatyf the worde that it reherseth of the reason afore in the same case. gendre. noūbre. & ꝑ­sone. as the relatyf is. as Lego virgiliū qui est poeta. Where is vnderstonde with (qui) virgilius. or else more general. as Stude nam ea res proderit

Ofte tyme the worde that the relatyf reherseth is exprest wyth the relatyf. & vnderstonde afore. as Vr­bem quam statuo vestra est. Where is vnderstonde before Est this worde vrbs

Also in answeres comōly the v (er)be that is in the askynge. as to thys askynge. Quis est. if I say Ego. is vnderstonde Sum

Also Ego. tu. meus. tuus. suus. as Verb ero filiū Where is vnderstonde Ego. & after filiū. meū. tuum or suum. as the mater requireth

Sus es est. as Bonū discere. Doctior (quam) ille Where is vnderstonde Est.

Also Ens wherfoeuer. ij. or mo propres or appellatyues. or one ꝓpre. an other appellatyf. come to gedre in one case & one clause wythoute ony v (er)be or coniū ctyon bytwene. as Vrbē rhomā. for vrbē entē rhomā

Also nownes after suꝑlatyues whan they [...] in gendre with the genityf after them. as Pulcherri­mum florum. where is vnderstonde flos

And after partityues. as after duo (rum) hominū where is vnderstond. homo. but else they haue the cōstructyon of adiectyues

[Page] Also coniunctyons of [...] poetys else nat. but the spekynge be changed into interragatiū or [...]. as Surge pa [...]. abi. whe­re to vnderstond twyse e [...]. & specially vt before subiūc­tiues. as Fac mittas. for far vt mittas

Also p̄posicion with names of townes. as Vade rhomā. Where is vnderstōde ad. Veni rhoma where is vnderstonde a. also Fui thebis. where is vnderstōde in. The which spekinge though it be figurate is when we say. fui rhome or tarēti. But there is onderstōde besyde the p̄posicyō In. locus. vrbs or oppidū

And lyke as in these y^e figurat is more vsed then y^e fulso is it in Statur Curritur. where is vnderstonde Stacio. & cursus. And in all suche. as Pluit. tona [...]. fulminat. is vnderstōde Deus. And in these. v. verbys. Miseret. Tedet. Penitet. Piget & Pudet. as ofte. as they haue nat an Infnityf with them. is vnderstōde one of ther owne nownes miseratio. penitētia. pudor to the which nownes alway perteyneth tho genityfe that foloweth these verbes. as Penitet me tui. for penitētia tui penitet or a afficit me. the accusatyfis ioyned to the verbe as an actyf

Somtyme. ij. or more like clauses be closed to gedre with one worde singuler. the whiche is vnderstonde in euery clause. and set oute in one. as Cicero Virgiliꝰ Homerus scripsit. and of thys spekynge the figure is called zeugma

But of diuerse clauses none lyke other in gendre. no sibre or ꝑson. be clo [...]ed wyth one worde, then in the fygure. Sylepsis. & the worde that closeth is wont to [Page] agre with the last. as Vir & mulier magna ad [...] Hic illius arma [...]

But yf the worde that closeth be plurell. thenne it must agree in gendre & ꝑson wyth the cheef. as Ego & uxor amati sumus. in the whiche is sylepsis in ꝑson & gendre. but nat in noumbre

To this fygure may be reduced suche cōstructiōs Vrbē quā statuo. & Fabulas quas fecisset &c.

¶ When. ij. or more thinges be generally cōpared in one worde & afterwarde specyally set oute. as Aqui le volauerūt vna abonēte. alia ab occidente. then is y^e fygure Prolepsis. ac.

Cetera plātus & plentus discesex Sulpitis.