THe people therefore conquerours of Italie, A. V. C. CDXXC IX. after they had runne thorow all the length thereof, to the sea it selfe, like a fire, which hauing consumed all the woods in it's way, is broken off at the bank of some riuer passing betweene, in like sort stop a while. But when they saw within kenn a wondrous rich bootie lopt off as it were, and torne away from their Italie, they burnt with so extreme a desire of atchieuing it, that whereas they could not come at it by bridges, nor shut out the sea, they were resolute to vnite it to their dominion by force of armes, and so to make it againe a parcell of their continent. But lo, the destinies willing to open them a way, there wanted not a wished occasion, Messana, a confederate citie of Sicilia, complayning of the Carthaginians out-rages, who aymed at the conquest of Sicilia, as well as the Romans, both of them at the same time, and with equall affections, and forces, hauing in proiect the lordship of the world. Therefore, for assisting their associates, that was the colour, but in very deed spurred on with loue of the prey (though the newnesse of the attempt troubled them, yet valour is so full of confidence) this rude, this shepheardish people, and meere landmen, did well shew, that manhood made no difference whether it fought on horse-back, or on shipboord, vpon the earth, or waters. Appius Claudius, Consul, they first aduentured into those streights which had beene made hideous with poëticall monsters, and where the current was violent; but they were so farre from being deterred thereby, that they made vse of the furie of the hurrying tide as of a fauour: for falling in therewith, they forthwith set vpon Hiero, king of Syracuse, with such celeritie, that himselfe confest hee found himselfe ouercome before hee saw the enemy. Duilius, and Cornelius, Consuls, they durst also fight at sea. And the speed then vsed to build, and rigge a nauie was certainely a signe of speeding. For within threescore dayes after the timber was fell'd, an armada of one hundred and threescore saile, ridde at anchor out of it; so that they seemed not the worke of shipwrights, but as if by a kind of metamorphosis, the gods had turned them such, and changed trees to vessels. But the report which goes of the fight is maruelous, where these slugges, and heauie bottomes seized vpon the quick and nimble nauie of the aduersaries, who were much more cunning at sea, so farre as skill to shift aside oares, and to dally out the strokes of beake-heads, by yare, and readie turning. For the hands of yron, and other the grappling engines of the Romans, the enemie made much sport at, before the battels ioyned; but were then compelled to trie it out in good earnest, as if they had fought on firme land. Thus giuing the ouerthrow at the Iles of Liparae, their enemies armada either sunke, or fled, this was their first sea-triumph. The ioy whereof, how great was it? when Duilius, Captaine generall in that seruice, not thinking one daies triumph enough, did neuer come home from any supper, so long as hee liued, but hee would haue torches borne lighted, and flutes play before him, as if hee triumphed euery day. The losse, in regard of so great a victorie, was but light. The other of the Consuls, Cnaeus Cornelius Asina, entrapt by the enemie, vnder colour of parley, & so surprised, became a lesson against giuing credit to the faithlesse Carthaginians. Calatinus, Dictator, draue the Carthaginian garrisons out of Agrigentum, Drepanum, Panormus, Eryx, Lilybaeum, well-neere all they had. The Romans were once in great feare of a mischiefe about the forrest of Camarina, but through the excellent vertue of Calpurnius Flamma, a tribune of souldiers, wee escaped. For hee, with a choise band of three hundred, did beat the enemie from a ground of aduantage, which hee had taken, and meant to haue made good against vs, holding play, till our whole armie was gotten out of danger. By which his so prosperous successe, hee matcht the glory of Leonidas at the straits of Thermopylae: in this one point our Calpurnius more famous then the other, that hee ouer-liued the exploit, though he drew no characters in bloud. Lucius Cornelius Scipio, when Sicilia was now become a purliew, or suburbe-prouince of the Roman state, and warre crept farther, crost ouer into Sardinia, and Corsica, neighbour Ilands, where he so affrighted the inhabitants, by rasing the citie Carala, and so vanquisht all the Carthaginians, or Paenish-men, as well by land, as sea, that nothing now was left to be conquered, but Africa it selfe. Marcus Atilius Regulus sayled with warre aboord him into Africa. Yet there wanted not some, who fainted at the terrible name which the Carthaginian seas had gotten. Mannius, the tribune also, augmenting by his feare this fearfull conceit, till the Generall menacing him with the naked axe, vnlesse hee obeyed, made him take heart, and put to sea, for feare of his head. They forthwith plyde it with oare & saile: and the feare of our comming was such among the Paenish-men, that Carthage had almost set open her gates, and been taken. The first reward of this martiall voyage was the taking of the citie Clypea (for that stands first in sight vpon the Punick shore like a fort, and sentinell) and aboue three hundred castles, besides the same, were sackt, and rased. Nor fought they only with men but with monsters also; for a serpent of prodigious bignesse, and bred as it were to take vengeance on behalfe of Africa, vext our campe at Bagrada. But Regulus, who conquerd all things, hauing spred the terrour of his name farre, and neare, multitudes of their youth slaine, their captaines dead at his foot, or fast in chains, his nauie fraighted with infinite spoiles, which he had sent heauie laden away to Rome, as stuffe for triumph, laid siege to the chiefe seate of that warre, Carthage itselfe, and lodged close at the very gates. Here fortune wheeld about a little, only that Rome might haue the more glories to adorne it, whose greatnesse is for the more part most improued by great mischances. For the enemies turning themselues to make vse of forreine aids, the Lacedemonians sent them Xantippus for a Generall, who being most expert in the Art of warre, gaue vs a grieuous ouerthrow, & the most stout Regulus himselfe (a misfortune which had neuer hapned to the Romans before) fell aliue into the enemies hands. But he was a man able to beare so great a distresse: For his mind could neither be conquered by imprisonment, nor with the message he vndertooke; because, quite contrary to that which hee had in charge from the Carthaginians, he deliuered his opinion in the Roman Senate, That they should not make peace, nor yeeld exchange of prisoners. But neither was the maiesty of the man embased by voluntarie returne to the foe, in discharge of his honour, nor finally, by captiuitie, nor by nayling on a gibbet for punishment: nay, all these things increased the admiration of him. For what other thing was all this else, then that the vanquisht did triumph ouer the vanquishers; and though not ouer Carthage, yet ouer fortunes selfe? And the Romans were more eager, & more offensiuely bent to take reuenge for Regulus, then to cōpasse victory. The Carthaginians therfore bearing their crests aloft, & the warre comming back into Sicilia, Metellus Consul made such a slaughter of the enemie at Panormus, that there was no more stirre in that Iland. An argument of a most braue day gained, was the seisure of an hundred and twentie elephants: a great prey, had such an heard been gotten, not by warre, but by hunting. Publius Claudius Consull, the Romans were ouercome, not by the enemie, but by the Gods thēselues, whose ceremonies they had contemned, their nauie forthwith sinking in the place, where he had commanded the birds to be cast in, because they had giuen signes he should not fight. Marcus Fabius Buteo, Consul, met the enemies nauie in the African sea, about Aegymurus, sailing onward to the inuasion of Italy, and ouerthrew it. O how great a triumph perished vtterly at that time, by stresse of weather! when the pillage of the enemies ships, driuen by diuerse winds, filled the shores of Africa, the Syrts, the coasts of all nations, and the Ilands about, with wrecks, and ruins. A mighty losse, but it was not without some respect to the honour of the prince of people, the Romans, that the victorie was intercepted by tempest, and the triumph miscarried by shipwracke. And yet when the Carthaginian spoyles floated vp & downe, and were split vpon all the capes of land, & Iles about, the Romans triumpht notwithstanding.A. V. C. DXII. Lutatius Consul, an end was made of this warre at the Ilands called Aegates. A soret sea-fight was there neuer; for in the enemies armada was their prouant, their landforces, their engines, their weapons, and as it were all Carthage; which burthen was their bane: the Romans nauie, yare, light, vnincumbred, in one kind like a landcampe, and in another, like a fight on horsebacke, they were so guided with their oares, as with bridles, & the gallies themselues seemed liuing creatures, their prowes, and beakes nimbly fitted to strike here, or there, at pleasure. The enemies vessels therefore torne to pieces in a trice, couer'd all the sea with their shipwracks betweene Sicilia, and Sardinia. So exceeding great was that victorie, as no question was moued now about razing the bulwarks of their enemies townes. It seemed friuolous to rage against the castell, & stonewalls thereof, when Carthage it selfe was swallowed thus in the bottom of the sea.

THe first Carthaginian warre thus sinisht,A. V. C. a short repose, such as might serue as it were to take breath in, followed: and for a sure signe of peace, and that armes were laide aside indeed, then first after the dayes of king Numa, the temple-gate of Ianus was shut in: but it was forthwith set open againe. For the Ligurians, A. V. C. DXVI. the Galls of Insubria, and the Illyrians prouoked them, as in like sort did the nations from vnder the Alps, that is, from vnder the very entrances into Italy, some one or other of the Gods daily egging them on, that the armes of the Romans might not take dust, or cancker-fret: to be briefe, quotidian, and as it were domestike enemies were as a schoole of warre to the young frie of souldiers; nor did the people of Rome vse this, or that nation of them otherwise, then as a whetstone to sharpen the edge-toole of their vertue vpon. The Ligurians dwelling close vpon the lowest ridges of the Alpes, betweene Varus, and the riuer Macra, sheltred among wilde thickets, were more difficult to come at then to conquer. This tough, and swift generation of men, trusting to their fastnesses, and feet, rather made inroades by flealth, like high-way theeues then an orderly warre. Therefore, after that the Deceates, Oxibians, Euburiades, and Ingaunians, nations of Liguria, had thus for a long time shifted for themselues, by aduantage of their woods, wayes, and starting holes, Fuluius at the last shuts vp their lurking places with smoake, and fire, Baebius drawes them downe into the champaine, and Posthumius so disarmed them, as hee scarcely leaues them yron enough to shooe a plough.

THe Illyricans, A. V. C. DXXIV. or Liburnians inhabit at the farthermost roots of the Alps, betweene Arsia, and the riuer Titius, vpon the whole length of the coast of the Adrian sea for a very mightie way. They not contenting themselues vnder the reigne of Queene Teuta, with spoiles gotten by incursions, added one heinous act to many bold ones. For they tooke our ambassadours, as they sought for an orderly redresse by law, in the points of wrong, and slue them, not with the sword, but like beasts of sacrifice with the butchers axe, burnt the masters of the shippes, and to make the matter fuller of dishonour, all this in a womans reigne. Therefore, Cnaeus Fuluius Centumalus our Generall, they were brought into subiection farre, and neere. So chopping off the chiefe Lords heads, we sacrificed to the ghosts of our ambassadours.

FOure yeeres were scarcely now ouerpast after the first Carthaginian warre,A. V. C. DXXXV. when lo, another brake forth, lesse in respect of the time (for it lasted not aboue eighteene yeeres) but so farre beyond the former in respect of terrible ouerthrowes, that if a man compare the losse together, which both the sides sustained, hee would rather thinke the victors part to bee the partie vanquished. The noble Carthaginians were ashamed, seeing themselues thrust out of the seas possession, and their Ilands violently taken from them, and they to pay tribute, who were wont to impose it. Herevpon Annibal, then a boy, bound himselfe by oath to his father before the altar, to take reuenge; wherein hee was not slacke. Therefore to beget matter for a warre, he razed Saguntus to the ground, an ancient rich citie of Spaine, and a great, but grieuous moniment of her truth, and faith to the Romans; whose freedome being by name prouided for in the generall articles of league, Annibal seeking causes of new quarrels, ouerthrew to the ground, with his owne, and others hands, that by breach of peace hee might open Italy for himselfe. The Romans make not a greater conscience of any thing then of keeping the faith of leagues. Vpon aduertisement therefore that their confederate citie was besieged, they did not presently runne to their weapons, but did rather first choose to assay by way of orderly complaint, what amends could bee had, as remembring they were also in amity with Carthaginians. Meane-while the Saguntines tired with hunger, batteries, assaults, and fire, and their constancie turning into madnesse, and furie, they make a monstrous funerall pile in the most open space of their citie; and laying then themselues, and their whole substance on the top thereof▪ made an end of all together with sword, and fire. For this so foule a destruction, the Romans demanded the deliuerie vp of Annibal. But the Carthaginians paltring in the case, quoth Fabius, the chiefe ambassadour of the Romans, What meanes this delay? lo, in this lappe I bring you war, and peace, choose which of them you like best, and take it among you. And when at these words the voice went round, hee should giue them at his pleasure, which he would; Bee it war then, said he; and therewithall flinging open the skirts of his robe, in the midst of the Counsel-house, which hee had gather'd hollow, and held vp till then, hee did it with such an horrour as if hee had indeed powr'd warre among them out of his lap, or bosome. The end of this war was sutable to the beginning. For as if the last curses of the Saguntines in that their publike self-slaughter, & finall fire had commanded such obsequies to bee celebrated, their ghosts were sacrificed vnto with the deuastation of Italy, the captiuitie of Africa, and the destruction of kings and Generals of armies, by whom that warre was managed. When as therefore that sad, and dismall storm, and tempest of the Carthaginian warre once stirring in Spaine, had forged out of the Saguntine fires, those lightnings, and thunders, now long in breeding, and aim'd at Rome, immediately then, as carryed with a whirl-winde, it rusht thorow the middle of the Alps, and fell vpon Italy from the snowie toppe of those mountaines made higher then they were of themselues by fame, and fables, as if it had beene from heauen. The first rages of the charge burst streightway forth with horrible violence, betweene the riuer of Po, and Ticinum. There, Scipio Generall, the Roman army was put to flight, and the Generall himselfe had falne wounded as hee was, into the hands of the enemy, if his sonne, then wanting of eighteene yeeres old, had not rescued his father from certaine death it selfe with bold bestriding him. And this shall bee that Scipio, who growes vp to the destruction of Africa, and shall make a surname to himselfe out of her calamities.A. V. C. DXXXI. After this ouerthrow at Ticinum followed that of Trebia. This second storme of warre wrought the furious effects thereof, Sempronius Consul. There the craftie enemies, in a cold, & snowie day, hauing first well warm'd themselues at fires, and suppled their limbs with oyle, men (a wonder to bee spoken) cōming out of the South, and sun-burnt climats, ouercame vs at home with our own winter. The third lightnings of Annibal flew randome at vs by Trasimenus lake, Flaminius our Generall. There also, the Carthaginians vented another new trick of their trade. For the lake lying hiddē vnder a thick mist, the cauallerie shadowed from sight with twigs, & long osiars which grew in the marsh, gaue a suddē charge vpon our rere. Neuerthelesse wee cannot blame the enemie, but our selues. For swarms of bees which clustred vpō the Romā ensigns, their gilt eagles vnwilling to come out, and an huge earthquake at the ioyning of the battels, all of thē vnlucky signes, had forewarned our rash Generall of the euent, and preuented it, but that the concourse of the horse, & foot, & the extraordinary lowd clashing of their weapons gaue to Flaminius alone the honor of leading them on, against the other Consuls liking. The fourth, & the almost deadly wound of the empire was at Cannae, an obscure village of Apulia, but through the greatnesse of the blow which was receiued there, it got to be famous at the cost of fortie thousand liues. In that place the General himselfe, earth, heauen, the day, and all things else consented to the fall of that vnfortunate army. For Annibal not content to haue put counterfeit fugitiues vpon vs, who seeing their vantage, forthwith set vpon our men at their backs, but that most dangerous captaine hauing moreouer in the open fields, markt the nature of the place where the sunnebeams did beat hottest, the dust was infinite, and the easterne winde blew stint as it were, he so marshall'd his battels, that the Romans standing with their faces towards all these disaduantages, himselfe had the whole fauour of the skie, the winde, the dust, & sun at once to fight for him. The enemies therfore were so glutted with the execution of two most mighty hosts, that Annibal himself bade his souldiers, spare the sword. Of the two Consuls, the one fled, the other was slaine; hard to say, whether of them the more braue therein. Aemilius ashamed to suruiue, Varro despaired not of better. Signes of the greatnes of the ouerthrow were these, the riuer Aufidus ran bloud for a while, a bridge of dead carcases made at Annibals commā demēt ouer Gellus brooke, two bushels of gold rings sent to Carthage, and the estimate of Roman gentlemen slaine, calculated not by tale, but measure. It was then past all doubt, that Rome had seene her last day, & that Annibal, within fiue dayes, might haue feasted in the Capitol, if (as the Carthaginian, Maharbal, Bumilcar's sonne, is reported to haue said) Annibal had as well vnderstood how to make vse of his victory, as how to obtaine it. But, as the common voice goeth, either the fate of Rome ordain'd to bee empresse of the earth, or Annibals euill Genius, or the Gods of Carthage now auerted, carried him a diuerse way. For when hee might haue put his victory home, he rather made choise to enioy it, & suffred Rome to rest, while hee progrest to Campania, & Tarent, where both he, and his armie lost, by, and by their spirit so, as it was truly said, that Capua was Annibals Cannae. For him whom neither the Alps, nor force of armes could daunt, Campania alone, and the delicate warme springs of Baiae did (who would beleeue it?) subdue. Meanwhile the Romans tooke breath, and rise as it were from death to life againe. Weapons wanted: they tooke them downe out of the temples. Fresh souldiers wanted: they minister the oath of warre to their bondmen, and make them free. Treasure wanted: the lords of the counsell bring gladly all they had, leauing no gold to themselues, but what was in their brooches, belts, and rings: the knights, and gentlemen followed the Senatours example, and the comoners the gentlemens: to bee briefe, Leuinus, and Marcellus Consuls, such abundance of riches was brought together out of priuate contributions for the publike seruice, that the eschequer had scarcely bookes, and clerks enow to enter the particulars. What shall we say of them at this time, in the choise of magistrats? how great was the wisdome of the centuries, or hundred-men, when the yonger sort askt coūsel of the ancient, whom they should nominate for Consuls? For it stood them vpon, not to deale with faire force onely against so cunning an enemie, who had so often beaten them, but to meet with him also in his owne policies. The first hope of their empires recouerie, and, as I may say, reuiuall thereof, was Fabius, who inuented a new method of vanquishing Anibal, Not to fight. And from hence it was, that in happie time for Rome hee got the nick-name, to bee called, The draw-backe, or Cunctator: and from hence it came, that the people stiled him, The shield of the state. Hee therefore so ground and punned Annibal, by coasting him thorow all Samnium, the forrests of Falernus, and Gaurus, that whom plaine strength could not breake in pieces, delay might fret, and weare. Soone after, Claudius Marcellus, Generall, they durst also encounter him, came hand to hand, draue him out of his Campania, and forced him to rayse his siege from before Nola. They durst in like sort, Sempronius Gracchus Generall, pursue him thorow Lucania, and set vpon his backe in his retreat; though, O the shame! the Romans were compelled to fight with the hands of their bondslaues. O the horrible confidence of a people, among so many aduersities! O the high haughtinesse, and brauerie of their spirit, in their so extreme & afflicted estate, that being doubtfull of keeping Italy, they durst notwithstanding tend to other places; and when their enemies flew vp and downe at their throats, ouer all Campania, and Apulia, and made halfe Afrike in Italie, did both at one time beare the brunt of his assaults, and at the same time dispatched forces into Sicilia, Sardinia, Spaine, and other parts of the world. Marcellus was sent into Sicilia, which held not out long: for the power of the whole Iland was put apart into one citie. Syracusae, that great, and till that time, vnconquered chiefe-towne, though defended by the wit of Archimedes, did yeeld at last. Her treble wall, alike number of castles, her hauen of marble, and her fountaine Arethusa, so farre renowned, what auayled they other then thus farre onely, that the citie was spared, in respect of her beautie? Gracchus seized Sardinia: neyther did the wildnesse of the Ilanders, nor the monstrous cragges of their mad mountaines (for so they were called) stand them in any stead. A terrible course was taken with their cities, and with their Citie of cities, Caralis, that the headstrong nation, scarce worth killing, might bee tamed at last with the lacke of their natiue soyle. The two Scipio's, Cnaeus, and Publius, sent into Spaine, had pluckt away once all hope from the Carthaginians, but lost their hold againe, being destroyed by the cunning inuentions of the aduersarie. The Scipio's had gotten indeede great dayes, when they gaue ouerthrowes; but the one of them was circumuented and slaine by their dangerous deuices, as hee was busie to entrench; and the other of them, hauing fled into a tower, was ouerwhelmed frō round about with fire-brands. That Scipio therefore, who dispatcht with an armie into Spaine, to reuenge his father, and his vncles death, was the man to whom the fates decreed so great a surname out of the conquest of Africa, recouered all Spaine, that braue martiall countrey, ennobled for cheualrie, and men of the sword, that seed-plot of the enemies armies, that schoole-mistresse of Annibal himselfe; he conquered all of it, I say (though incredible to say it) from the pillars of Hercules to the Ocean, and I know not whether more speedily, or more easily: the speed, foure yeeres speake; the easinesse, one onely citie manifesteth, being taken vpon the same day in which it was besieged; and it was a fortunate signe of Africa's conquest to ensue, that Carthage in Spaine was so easily taken. Certaine it is notwithstanding, that the admirable continencie of the Generall was of greatest force to subdue the prouince: for he restored their yong sonnes, and daughters, were they neuer so pleasing, or faire, back to the barbarous, without permitting them to come in his sight, that hee might not seeme to haue once sipt or skimd the honour of their chastitie so much, as with beholding them. This was then the carriage of the Romans in diuers countreys abroad, who yet, for all that, could not be rid of Annibal, who stuck close to them in the bowels of Italie; for most nations had reuolted vnto him, and himselfe, a most smart and excellent captaine, vsed Italian forces against Italy. We neuerthelesse had triced him out of most of her townes and countries. Tarentus came in againe of it selfe. Capua, the seat, dwelling house, and the other as it were, Carthage of Annibal, was now also gayned backe, the losse whereof so greatly grieued the man, that thereupon hee turned all his strengths vpon Rome. O people, worthie to bee lords of the earth, worthie of all fauour, and to haue the gouernment of the affaires of men, and gods! Driuen to the worst of feares, yet gaue they not ouer their enterprise, and doubtfull how to keepe their owne citie, they, for all that, quitted not Capua, but entrusting a part of their armie to Appius Consull, and the residue following Flaccus into Rome, they fought where they were not, as well as where they were. Why wonder we therefore? For Annibal encamping within three miles of Rome, was resisted by the Gods (nor will I shame to confesse it) I say by the Gods themselues, because such store of raine fell at euery remoue of his, that he seemed put backe by diuine prouision; not as in defence of heauen, but to keepe him off from the citie-walls, and Capitol. Hee therefore departed, & fled, and retired into the farthest nooke of Italy, hauing done all he could against Rome, sauing only giuen it assault. It is but a trifle to speake of, but yet of much efficacie, to shew the magnanimitie of the Romans, in that the very field it selfe, where Annibal encamped, being, during the siege, set to sale, found a chapman. On the other side, Annibal, to imitate their confidence, cryed the goldsmiths row in the citie, but no man would buy of him. And thus we may see there were presages enow. But so great vertue of men, and so much fauour of the Gods came to nothing. For Asdrubal, brother of Annibal, came out of Spaine with a new armie, new strengths, new weight of warre. Rome had beene vndoubtedly quite ruined, had that man ioyned with his brother: but Claudius Nero, and Liuius Salinator, vtterly distrest him as he was encamping, Nero kept Annibal off in the farthest corner of Italy. Liuius marcht with ensigns spred, into the quite opposite quarter, that is, vp to the very iawes of the first descence from the Alpes into Italie, the distance as great, from our other camp, as all the length of Italie. It is not easie to say, with what high wit, and speed, the two Consuls vnited their campes, and giuing battell to Asdrubal, not aware of that vnion, destroid him vtterly, Annibal al this while not once dreaming what was done. Sure it is, that when the newes came to Aniball, and hee saw his brothers head tost out before his trenches, I acknowledge (quoth hee) the vnluckines of Carthage. This was the mans first confession, not without a sure presage of the fate which hung ouer his head. And now it was certaine out of Anibals own mouth, that Aniball might be vanquished. But the people of Rome, full of confidence, after so many fortunate successes, held it a gallant attempt to make an end of the quarrell, with the sorest enemie they had, and that at his owne home, in Africa. A. V. C. DXLIX. Scipio therefore captain general, they transported thither the whole weight of warre, beginning to imitate Aniball, and to pay him backe in his Africa, for the mischiefes hee did in their Italy. O yee Gods! what forces of Asdruball, what armies of king Syphax did hee ouerthrow? what, and how great were those two camps, which hee in one night consumed with fire? To conclude, hee was not now within three miles of Carthage, as Aniball had beene of Rome, but battred besieged gates themselues therof: and thereby wrung Aniball out of Italie, vpon which hee lay hard, and heauie. Since Rome stood, there was neuer a grater day then that, in which, two the most famous captaines that euer were before, or since, the one of them, conquerour of Italy, the other of Spain, confronted each the other in battle-ray. But yet they came first to a parley about articles of peace: at which both of them stood a good while without speaking a word, as if mutuall admiration had fixt them to the ground. But when they could not agree vpon a peace, the trumpets sound a charge. It is cleare, by confession of both parties, that no armies could bee better marshall'd, nor any battell be sorer fought, as Scipio reported of Anibal's armie, and Anibal of Scipio's. But Aniball notwithstanding gaue place, and Africa became the conquerours reward, and, after Africa, the whole earths empire also.

NOne thought it now a shame to be ouercome, when Carthage was. Macedonia, Greece, Syria, and all other nations, as if carried with a certaine current, and torrent of fortune, by and by followed Africa. But the first who followed were the Macedonians, a people which had once affected the worlds Monarchie. Though therefore a Philip was king then, the Romans notwithstanding seemed to thēselues to haue to deal in him with great Alexander. The Macedonian warre was greater in the name therof, then was answerd in the performances of the nation: The cause of the war grew by reason of the league which Philip had made with Anibal, hauing then a long while tyrannized Italie: which cause increased when the Athenians implored aide against Philips iniuries, in which, exceeding the rights of victorie, hee shewed his rage vpon temples, altars, and moniments of the dead; The Senate thought good to minister succour to so noble suitors: For the kings of countreys, Captaines generall, common-weales, and nations, had sought to this citie for protection: Laeuinus therefore Consul, the people of Rome then first entred the Ionian sea, and trended along the whole coast of Greece, with, as it were a triumphant nauie: for they aduanced in open view the spoyles of Sycilie, Sardinia, and Africa, and a laurell growing vnplanted out of the sterne of the Admirall promised manifest victory. Attalus, king of Pergamus, came in with aids to vs of his owne accord. There came also the Rhodians, expert men at Sea, and with them on the water, and with horse, and foote on land, the Consul made all to shake. The king twice ouercome, twice put to flight, twice stript out of his campe, yet nothing was so terrible to the Macedonians as the sight itselfe of their wounds, which being not made with darts, or arrowes, nor with any Greekish weapons, but with huge iauelins, and swords as huge, were wider then death had neede of. Verily, Flaminius Generall, wee pierced through the Chaonian mountaynes, till then impassable, wee passed the riuer Pindarus, running through broken places, and brake through the very barres themselues of Macedonia; into which to haue entred, was it selfe a victorie. For from that day forward, the king neuer daring to trie his fortune in battell againe, was vanquisht at the dogges-heads, or the hillocks called Cynocephalae, and that in only one encounter, or petie skirmish, rather then a foughten field, the Consull granting him to bee in peace, and leaue to enioy his kingdome. And to take away all prints, or tokens of hostilitie; hee repressed Thebes, and Eubaea, and the immoderate enterprises of the Lacedaemonians vnder Nabis; and restored the Greekes to their ancient state, that they might liue after their owne Lawes, and bee as free as their fore-fathers. O what reioycements were then! O what comfortable cryes! when this proclamation was made by the publike officer in the theater of Nemea, at the Quinquennal, or fiue-yeerly playes! O what were the showts, and clamours! what abundance of flowrs sprinkled vpon the Consul! yea, they made the Herald speake out that sweet word againe, and againe, which pronounced Achaia free; nor did they otherwise relish that proclamation, or edict of the Consull, then as they would haue done some excellently pleasing lesson plaide vpon soft wind-instruments, or violins.

THe Istrians follow the Aetolians in fortune, A. V. C. DLXXVI. whose side they had lately taken. The beginnings of the war were successefull to the foe, but were withall the cause of their destruction. For after they had entred the Roman campe, by force, and were masters of a gallant bootie, Caius Claudius Pulcher sets vpon them afresh, as they were for the most part in their iollitie at sports, and banquets, and so vomited-vp the victorie they had gotten, with their bloud, and liues together. Apulo himselfe, their king, being shifted away on horsebacke, and tumbling downe drunke oftentimes, ouerswaid as hee was with surfeit, and swimming in the head, was hardly at last brought to vnderstand hee was a prisoner, when he came to himselfe.

THe third war against Africa was short in respect of the time (for it was but foure yeeres worke) and,A. V. C. DCIV. in comparison of the other two, the least in labour. For the fight was not so much with the men, as with the citie it selfe, the euen whereof was certainely the greatest that could bee: for it made an end of Carthage. To comprehend in minde the summe of those three times it was thus, in the first, the warre was begun, in the second it was driuen away out of our coasts, in the third it was ended. The cause of this last warre was, for that, contrary to the articles of league, the Carthaginians had once prepared an army at land and sea, against the Numidians, and often terrifide the borders of Masinassas kingdome. Wee bare fauour to this good and friendly king. When the war was settled, the Senate debated what should become of Carthage. Cato, whose hatred admitted no satisfaction, would haue it vtterly rased: but when the Consull demanded anothers opinion, Scipio Nasica stood to haue it preserued, lest the feare of a riuall citie remoued, the felicitie of Rome might growe ouer-ranke, and riotous. The Senate made choise of a middle way, which was, to remoue the citie out of her old seate. For nothing seemed to them more honorable, then to haue such a Carthage as should not bee feared. Manilius therefore, and Censorinus, Consuls, the people of Rome inuading Carthage, the nauie thereof (which vpon ouerture of peace they willingly yeelded) was, in sight of the citie, fired. Then calling foorth the princes, they commanded them, vppon perill of their heads, to depart the countrey. Which blacke decree kindled so great choler in them, as they resolued to endure the worst that could be, rather then obey it. Lamentations hereupon did forthwith fill the citie, and the crie went round, To ARMES, the finall resolution beeing, whatsoeuer came of it, to rebell. Not for that they had now any hope left to free themselues, but because they held it better that Carthage should bee ruind by their owne hands, then their enemies. The furie of the rebels may be coniectured by this, that they pluckt downe house-tops, and houses, with that timber to build a new nauie; for want of yron & brasse, their smiths wrought gold, and siluer into armour; and the matrons clipt the haire of their heads to make cordage for engins. Mancinus Consull, the siege waxt hot both at land, and sea. The hauen of the fortifications, and the first, and second wal were dismantled, when the castle notwithstanding, called The Byrs, made such a resistance as if it had been another citie. Though there was no doubt of ouerthrowing it, yet the Scipio's seemd ordaind by destinie for that purpose. The people therefore of Rome require to haue a Scipio for accomplishing that warre. And that was the sonne of Paulus, conquerour of Macedonia, whom the sonne of that great Scipio Africanus had adopted, to vphold the glory of his house, with this intention of the fates, that the citie which the grandfather had humbled, the grand child should subuert. The enemies being shut vp within the castle, the Romans sought also to cut off the sea. But the Carthaginians digge out a new hauen vpon another side of the towne, not to flie out at, for no man did beleeue they could escape, but from the which a new armada issued, as if it had growne vp suddainely of it selfe. Meane-while no day, nor night went ouer their heads, in which some new worke, some new engine, some new band of forlorne fellowes appeared not, like so many sodaine flashes of flame rising out of cinders, after the fire hath been buried in ouerwhelming rubbish. But things at last growing absolutely desperate, fortie thousand men yeelded themselues, and, that which you would scarce thinke, Asdruball was the first man of them. How much more boldly did a woman, the wife of the captaine? who taking her two children, threwe herselfe with them from the top of the house into the middle of the fires, following that Queenes example, which had founded Carthage. How mightie a citie was destroid, may by the long continuance of the burning (to let other arguments goe) be conuinced. For the fire which the enemies themselues had kindled of their owne accord in their dwellings, and temples, with intent, that so much of the citie as they were not able to deliuer from the Roman triumphs, might be consumed, could not be extinguished in seuenteene whole dayes together.

COrinth, A. V. C. DCVI. the Metropolis of Achaia, presently followed the fortune of Carthage, as if that were an age for subuersion of cities, Corinth, the beauty of Greece, is situated vpon a narrow necke of land betweene the Ionian, and Aegaean seas, as a spectacle, or pageant. it was destroyed (alas the wrong!) before it was registred in the list of proclaimed enemies. Critolaus was the cause of this warre, who made vse of the freedome giuen by the Romans, against the Romans, and it being vncertain whether hee did not also strik their ambassadors with the hand, he for certain did it with his tongue. Metellus therefore, chiefely busie in ordering the affaires of Macedonia, had now this also added to his charge, to take reuenge. From hence grew the Achaian warre, and Metellus, Consull, had the chase, and execution of Critolaꝰ his first forces, through the open fields of Elis all along the bankes of Alpeus. One battell made an end of the warre. And now the citie it selfe was begirt with a siege, when, as the fates would haue it, Mummius came to the victory, which Metellus had foughten for. Mummius, by the aduantage of that honour which the other had atchieued, vanquisht the enemies armie at the very entrance of the Isthmus, or land-necke, and dyed the heauens on each side thereof with bloud. Finally, the inhabitants abandoning the citie, it was first sackt, and then at sound of trumpet quite defaced. What store of statues, rich garments, and goodly moniments in tables were torn downe, burnt, and cast about? what riches were carred away, and fired, you may from hence coniecture that al the Corinthian brasse which is at this day so much commended through the world, is found to bee but the remayne of these consumings: for the violence vsed against this most wealthy citie set an higher rate vpon the brasse therof, because multitudes of statues, and pictures, consisting of brasse, gold, and siluer, melting in the fire, the veines of the metall ranne in one, and mixt together.

ALl this while the people of Rome were in their actions faire,A. V. C. DLXIV. noble, pious, holy, and magnificent. The ages following as they were as full of great acts, so were they also more troublesome, and foule vices still growing as the empire grew. So that if a man diuide into two parts this third age of their power, emploi'd by them in attempts out of Italy, he must worthily confesse, the first hundred yeeres thereof, in which they tamed Africke, Macedonia, Sicilia, and Spaine, to bee, as the poets sing them, the golden age, the other hundred to bee plainely the yron, and bloudy one, and whatsoeuer else is more horribly cruell: as that, which with the Iugurthine, Cimbrian, Mithridatick, Parthian, Gallick and German warres, whose acts made our glorie mount to heauen it selfe, did mingle those Gracchian, and Drusine massacres, yea the bondmens warre, and (that no dishonour might hee wanting) the warre against the fensers also. And finally turning their weapons each vpon the other, they tore themselues into pieces, with the hands of Marius, and Sylla, and lastly of Pompei, and Caesar, as it were in fits of rage, and furie, and in contempt of all religion. Which actions, though they are intricately wrapt one within the other, and confounded among themselues, neuerthelesse to make them the better to appeare, and that their heinous facts may not trouble their heroick, they shal be set forth apart. Therefore, to follow our first method, wee will commemorate those iust, and solemne warres against forein nations, that the degrees of greatnesse by which the empire was day by day augmented, may bee manifest. Then will wee returne to those blacke deeds of theirs, in their monstrous foule, and execrable ciuill battels.

THe whole world almost being now in peace, the Roman empire was greater then that it could be extinguisht by any foraine violence. Fortune therefore beating enuie to that people, which was soueraigne of al other, armd their own selues to their owne destruction. The madnesse of Marius, and Ginna confined it-selfe within the citie, as if shee tride how it would doe; the tempest of Sulla spred wider, yet did it not thunder out of Italy; but the furie of Caesar, and Pompey did hurrie, & sucke into it both the citie, Italy, races, nations, & in a word the vniuersall empire, with a kind as it were of deluge, and gulph of fire, so farre forth, that it cannot rightly bee onely called a ciuill, neither yet a sociall, no nor a foraine, but rather a certaine, common of all together, and more then a war. For if wee looke vpon the captaines, the whole Senate was in sides; if the armies, on the one part eleuen legions, on the other, eighteen, the flower, & strength together, of all the Italian bloud; if the aides of the confederates, on this side, the choise of the Galls, & Germans, on that, Deiotarus, Ariobarzanes, Tarcondimotus, Cothus, the whole powers of Thrace, Cappadocia, Cilicia, Maccdonia, Greece, Italy, and all the Orient; if the space of the warre, foure yeeres, and that, considering the destructions it wrought, but a short time; if the place, and flage, vpon which it was acted, Italy, frō whence it turn'd it selfe into Gall, and Spaine, and fetching a compasse from the west, it sat down with the whole burthen thereof vpon Epirus, and Thessaly; thence it crosseth suddenly into Aegypt; then it glanced into Asia, and lay heauy vpon Africk; last of all, it reel'd back into Spaine, and there at length it went out, and died. But the warre, and hatred of the factions ended not together. For that rested not, til the rancour of the conquer'd parties had in the heart of the citie, & middle of the Senate, satisfide it self with the bloud of their conquerour. The cause of so monstrous mischiefs was the same, which it vseth to be of al, too too much prosperity. For Q. Metellus, and Lucius Afranius, Consuls, when the maiestie of Rome preuailed through the world, and the people chanted the fresh victories of Pompey, the Pontick, and Armenian triumphs, in Pompeis theaters, his ouer-great power (as it often falleth out) moued enuy among the leysurable citizens, Metellus for abatement of his triūph ouer Crete, Cato, who alwaies ranne bias to the mighty, detracted Pompey, & found fault with his actions. The griefe hereof draue him awrie, and compelled him to prouide strengths for vpholding his dignitie. It hapned Crassus at that time flourished in honour of bloud, riches, and authoritie, and yet still coueted more. The name of Caius Caesar was vp, for eloquence, and spirit, and had the honour of a Consulship. But Pompey ouertopt them both. Caesar therefore struggling to get dignity, Crassus to increase it, Pompey to keepe what he had, and all of them alike greedie of great power, easily made a match to set vpon the commonweale. Therefore, while each of them vseth the others strengths for his own glory, Caesar inuaded Gall, Crassus▪ Asia, Pompey Spain, three most puissant armies. And thus the whole world was now become to bee held by three princes in partnership. This domination wore out ten yeeres time. From that time forward, because til then they were ballanced among thē selues through a mutuall feare, vpon the slaughter of Crassus by the Parthians, and the death of Iulia, Caesars daughter, who marrying to Pompey, maintained concord between the son, and father in law, by the league of nuptial loue, emulation brake forth presently. Pompey now was iealous of Caesars greatnesse, and Caesar badly endured Pompeis supereminencie. The one brookt no equall, the other no superior. But O the sinne! they stroue in such sort for principality, as if so great a fortune of empire had not beene ennough for two. Therefore Lentulus, and Marcellus being Consuls, and the affiance of the first pact among them once broken, the Senate consulted to disemploy Caesar, and Pompey labour'd the same; nor was Caesar himselfe against it, if in the first comitiall assembly, or choise-moot, there had beene respect had of him, for the Consulship; which honour ten Tribunes had with Pompeis good liking decreed him in his absence, and was afterwards, vpon Pompeis dissembling, denyed it. He should haue come, & sued for it after themore maiorum. old wont. On the other side, hee earnestly demanded execution of the decree, & would not cashier his armie, vnlesse they at home were as good as their word to him. For this cause he was proclaimed enemy. Caesar, throughly nettled at the newes, resolued to maintaine with the sword, the rewards of his sword. The first field, &arena. Sand-plot of ciuil war was Italy; whose castels Pompey had furnisht with slight-garrisons. But all of them were as it were ouerwhelmed with Caesars sudden comming-on. The first alarm was sounded at Ariminū. Then was Libo more thē al Etruria, Thermus then Vmbria, Domitiꝰ then Corfinium. And the war had bin made an end of without bloud, if, as hee attempted it, he could haue oppressed Pompey at Brundisium. But he escaped by night through the closures of the besieged hauen. A shamful matter to be spokē: the late president of the Senat, vmpire of peace, & war, fled in a torne, & almost naked vessell, ouer that sea, which himself had triūpht. Nor is Pompey sooner driuē out of Italy, then the Senat out of the citie, into which almost empty of people throgh feare, Caesar entring made himself Consul. The sacred inmost treasury, because the Tribunes op'ned it somewhat too slowly, he cōmanded to be broken vp: & violently seis'd the reuenew, and patrimony of the people of Rome, sooner then he did the soueraignty. Pō pey driuen away, & fled, he had a more minde to take order for securing the prouinces, then to pursue him. He kept Sicilia, & Sardinia, the publick pledges of corn, by deputies, or lieutenants generall: there was not an enemy in Gall, himself had made it all peace there. But passing in persō against the Pompeis in Spaine, Massilia was so bold as to shut her gates. Poore Massilia, while it would faine haue peace, fel into a war, throgh feare of warre. But because it had strong walls, he commanded it should be taken for him in his absence. A Greekish citie, but which more hardly then for the name it had lopt bauins for rampire, durst burn the engins bent against it, and encounter vs at sea. But Brutus, who had the charge of the war, tamed them quite both at land, & sea: wherupon yeelding themselues, they were stript out of all they had, excepting that (which they prized aboue all) their common libertie. Caesar's war in Spaine with Petreius, & Afranius, lieutenants generall to Cnaeus Pompeius, was doubtfull, various, and bloudy, attempting to besiege their campe at Ilerda by the riuer Sicoris, and to thrust betweene them, and the towne. In the meanewhile by stopping the stream, whichin the springtime vsed to swell,verni fluminis obundatione. they depriued him of victuals. So his campe was assaulted with famine, and the besieger himselfe remain'd as it were besieged. But so soone as the water was down,sed vbi pax fluminis redit. he scowres the coasts with fire, and sword, and fiercely re-enforceth his pursuit, & ouertaking them vpon their retreate into Celtiberia, hee drew a trench about, and so compeld them to yeeld for thirst. Thus was the hither Spaine taken in, and the farther Spaine delayd not. For what could one legion do, when fiue could doe nothing? Varro therefore of his owne accord giuing way, the Gades, the streights, the Ocean, and all, followed the luckinesse of Caesar. But fortune durst doe somewhat against that captaine in his absence, on this side Illyricum, and in Africa, as if his faire successes were of purpose to be styrped, and inter-wouen with crosse accidents: for when Dolabella, and Antonius being commanded by Caesar to guard the iawes of the Adriaticke gulph, and the one had pitcht his camp vpon the Illyrian shore, the other on the Corcyrean, Pompey being master then at sea, Octauius his lieutenant generall, and Libo, with huge numbers of mariners, closed them in vpon all hands, and Antonius, despite of his most resistance, was enforced to yeelde through famin: and those long boats sent to his aide by Basillus, such as for lacke of ships they were faine to shift with, were taken as it were in an hunting toyle, by a new stratagem of the Cilicians on Pompeis side, the fastning of ropes vnder water: but the tide comming in, freed two of the vessels: one of them which carryed the Opitergins was entangled in the cords, & produced an effect worthy to be commended with honour to posterity: for a band of scarce one thousand young fellowes held play from morning till night, against the force of an whole armie, enuironing them on all sides: and when by manhood they could finde no way forth, at the encouragement of Vulteius, their Coronel, they slue one the other. In Africke also, such like was the valour, and aduersitie of Curio, who sent by Caesar with commission to receiue that prouince, & proud for hauing repulsed, and put Varus to flight, was vnable to stand the sudden comming-on of king Iuba, and the cauallerie of the Mauritanians. Hee might haue fled, but shame perswaded him to die together with that army which his temerity had cast away. But fortune now importunately demanding to make scores euen, Pompey had chosen Epirus for the seate of war: nor was Caesar slowe: for hauing made all safe at his backe, though it were the depth of winter, and so the season vnfit, yet hee embarkt for battell; and encamping at Oricum; when that part of his forces which was left behinde with Antonius, for want of shipping staid with the longest at Brundisium; hee was so impatient, that for fetching them, hee attempted at midnight, and in a frigat to venture ouer, though the sea was terrible rough. His words to the master, afraid at so great a danger, are not forgotten. What fearest thou? thou carryest Caesar. When all the forces which either side could make, were drawne together, & their camps confronted each the other the generals gouernd themselues by diffrēt courses. Caesar naturally fierce, & longing to dispatch, offers battell, eggeth, and prouoketh to it: one while by besieging the camp, about which his workes ran sixteene miles (but what could besieging hurt them, who hauing the sea open, abounded thereby with all prouisions?) another while with assaulting Dyrrhachium in vaine (for the situation of it made it inexpugnable) and besides all this, with daily skirmishes, as the enemie sallied forth (at which time captain Sceua's manhood was admired, in whose target one hundred, & twenty shot were found sticking) now with sackage of Pompeis confederate cities, as when hee wasted Oricum, and Gomphi, and other fortresses of Thessali, Pompei, on the contrarie, contriues delayes, and wayes of putting of, that, by closing the enemy on all parts, hee might breake his heart with lack of victuals, and the violent humor of his most fiery aduersarie might coole, & falter. This wholsome counsell did not long auaile the author▪ the soldier, hee blames lying idle, confederates cry out vpon delay, and the great lords tax him with ambition. So the destinies thrusting thinges headlong on, in Thessaly, and the champain fields of Philippi, chosen for the place of fight, the fortunes of Rome, the world, and all mankinde were set vpon a cast. The people of Rome neuer saw in one place together so great forces, nor fortune so many mighty persons at a time. There were aboue three hundred thousand in both the armies, besides the aides of kings, and Senators. Signes of an imminent downefall were neuer more apparent; runnings away of beasts ordaind for sacrifice, swarmes of bees, notable ouercastings of the skie in day time. Pompey himselfe dreamt ouernight, that he heard a noise in his owne theater at Rome, sounding about him in the nature of a mourning, and in the breake of day hee was seene (fie vnluckie!) before his maine battel in a black vpper garment Caesars armie was neuer more fresh,pullo amiculo. & fuller of spirit. The sound of the charge came first from Pompeis side, but the shot from the other. The iauelin of Crastinus, who began the fight, was noted: and being runne into the gaping mouth with a sword, and found dead with it so, among the carcases, did by the nouelty it selfe of the wound, well declare, with what choler, and madnesse hee fought: neither was the issue of the battell lesse admirable: for whereas Pompey had such multitudes of horse, as hee thought to circumuent Caesar easily, himselfe was circumuented: for after they had fought a long time vpon euen termes, and, at a signe giuen them by Pompey, his troupes of horse fell on in flanke, the Germane cohorts made so boystrous an impression vpon the riders, that they seemd footmen, & these to haue come on horsbacke: the ouerthrow of the light-armd souldiers ensued vpon the slaughter of the flying horstroupes: then the terrour striking farther, one companie putting another into rowt, the rest of the destruction was made as it were at a stroke. Nothing was more the bane of that day, then the hugenesse it-selfe of the armie. Caesar was much in that battell, and halfe between souldier and soueraigne: speeches of his were ouer-heard as hee rid vp, and downe; the one bloudy, but according to the Art of the sword, and powerfull for gaining the day, Souldiers, foine at the face; the other tending to vaine glorie, Souldiers, spare our countrey-men; when his owne selfe notwithstanding chased them. Happie Pompey, for all this miserie, had hee shared in the fortune of his slaughtred armie: but he ouer-liued his own glorie, that with the more dishonour he might poste for his life through Thessalian Tempe; bee beaten from Larissa; and vpon a forlorn rocke of Cilicia, studie, whether he should flie into Parthia, Africa, or Aegypt; briefely, that vpon the Pelusian shore, by the command of a most vnworthie king, by the counsell of gelded-men, and (to take all the misfortunes together) that murthred by the sword of Septimius, his fugitiue, vnder the eyes of his wife, & children, he should conclude his dayes. Who would thinke that the war should not bee determined with Pompeis life? But the embers of the Thessalian fire waxt much more hot, and forceable then euer: and in Aegypt there was warre without any partakings of ours: for when Ptolomea, king of Alexandria, had committed the most hainous act of all those other which were committed during the ciuill warre, and had, by means of Pompeis head, settled his owne termes with Caesar, fortune casting about for a reuenge, therby to appease the ghost of so great a potentate, wanted not occasion. Cleopatra, that kings sister, throwing herselfe at Caesars feet, besought restitution to her part of the realme. To plead for her, came the ladies beauty, which was doubled by this, that so rare a creature seem'd to haue wrong, & the hatred born to the king himselfe, who, in killing Pompey, gratifide the fortune of the contrarie faction, not Caesar, against whom hee would also, without all question, haue dared as much, if it would haue serued his turn. Whē Caesars pleasure therefore was, that shee should bee restored to her kingdome, by as it were a Gauelkind, he being forthwith be-set in the palace roial, by the same instrumēts who murthred Pompey, with wondrous valour, & a slender company, did beare the brunt of a mighty army. For, by firing the next tenements, & the Arsenal, he dislodged the enemie, who plide him from thence with shot. From thence he suddenly escaped to the penile of Pharus. Beaten out of that, & glad to plunge into the sea, hee got, with admirable good fortune, to the next ships, by swimming, fain to leaue his robe in the waues, whether by chance, or of purpose, that the aduersarie might pelt, & mawl it with stones, and shot, in stead of him. Receiued at last among his own mariners, & assailing the enemy in all quarters at once, hee paide the ghost of his son in law the vengeance due to it, vpon that cowardly, and trayterous nation. For not onely the kings tutor, Theodorus, (author of the whole warre) but not so much also as those maskes of men, the Eunuchs, Photinus, & Ganymedes, flying by sea, and land, came to euill ends. The yong kings body was found as it lay wallowed vnder mud, and known by the honor of a golden curace, or brest plate vpon it. New stirs were likewise in Asia, begun in Pontus, fortune watching as it were of set purpose, to make this the end of Mithridates kingdom, that the father should bee conquer'd by Pompey, and the sonne by Caesar. King Pharnaces, rather vpon trust of our discord, then his owne valour, fell vpon Cappadocia with an offensiue armie. But Caesar setting vpon him, in onely one, and that too (so to say) not an whole battell, ground him as it were to dust, after the manner of lightning, which at one, and the same moment of time, came, hit, and went away: neither was it a vaine brag which Caesar made of himselfe, that the enemie was ouerthrowne there, before euer hee set eye vpon him. Thus went matters in forreine parts. But in Africk, the fight of Romans with Romans was more deadly, then it had beene in Pharsalia. Hither the remaines of the shipwrackt faction were driuen by a certaine pang, or fit of fury: nor would you call them remaines, but a whole, and entire warre. Pompeis forces were rather scatterd then consumed. His tragedy made them more solemne, and zealous to fight. Nor did the succeeding Generals degenerate. For Cato, and Scipio founded full enough in the place of Pompeis name. Iuba, king of Mauritania, made one in the quarrell, forsooth that Caesar might haue the more to conquer. There was therefore no difference, nor oddes betweene Pharsalia, and Thapsus, sauing that the eagernesse of the Caesarians was both the more, & the more sharpe, as chafing that the war grew though Pompey was dead. To bee briefe, a thing which neuer hapned till then, the trumpets sounded a charge, through the souldiers forwardnesse, without the cōmandement of the General. The ouerthrow beganne at Iuba, whose elephants not throughly manned to fight, and but lately taken wilde out of the woods, quite confounded at the sudden shrilnesse, forthwith dis-ranked their friends army, & made that the captaines could not escape by flying, all of them comming to their ends remarkably. For Scipio was now gotten on ship-boord, but his enemies ouertaking him, he ran his sword thorow his owne belly; & one asking after him in search, he answered in these very words, The Generall is well. Iuba gotten into his palace, after a royal banquet made to Petreius, the companion of his flight, among his cuppes, and dishes call'd vpon him for a killing. And Petreius had enough of that both for the king, and himselfe: so the viands, halfe as it were eaten, and the funerall messes swam mixt with royall, and Roman bloud together. Cato was not at this battell, but encamping at Bagrada, hee lay for defence of Vtica, as at the other maine fort, or barre of Africa. But hearing the defeat of his partners, hee dallied not at all, but (as it became a wiseman) did euen ioyfully hasten his owne death. For after hee had embraced, and bidden good night to his son, and companions, hee reposed himselfe awhile in his bed, hauing perused by a light Plato's booke of the Immortality of the soule, and then, about the first releeuing of the watch, vnsheathing his sword, hee therewith thrust himselfe with a re-enforced stroke into the body. After which, the physicians presumed to wrong the braue man with laying salues, which he permitted till they were out of the roome: but then hee rashed them away, and the bloud following amaine, he left his dying hands in the very wound. Warre, and sidings brake out againe, as fresh, as if there had neuer past a stroke in the quarrell: and by how much the troubles in Africa were beyond those in Thessaly, by so much Spaines surpassed those in Africa; & the brother linesse of the Generals drew exceeding sauor to that side, when for one Pompey there stood vp two. The encounters therfore were no where so terrible, or hazardous. The first conflict was in the very mouth of the maine Ocean, Varius, and Didius oppositely lieutenants generall. but the strife with the sea it selfe, was sorer then that of Fleete with Fleete: for the Ocean, as it were to chastize owne countreymen for their madnesse, dasht indifferently of either of their nauies in pieces. What a ghastly, and hideous sight was that, when at one, and the same instant, seas, stormes and tackle fought together! Adde to all this, the fearefull situation of the place, where the shores of Spain, and Mauritania on this coast, and on that, doe offer in a manner to claspe, and meete the sea both mediterranean, & maine Ocean, and Hercules pillars, opposite mountaines, hanging ouer. At which time, foule weather, and fierce battell raged round about. After this, both parts ranged here & there, employing themselues in the siege of cities; whose case was miserable, while betweene the leaders of seuerall sides, they smarted deepely for their friendship with the Romans. The last battell of all was at Munda. Here the fight was not answerable to the felicity of other fights, but doubtfull for a long time, and discontentiue; so as fortune plainely seemed to deliberate vpon the doing of some, I know not what, thing. Certainely, Caesar himselfe was seene before the armie sadder then for his wont, whether in regard of humane frailty, or as suspecting that the excesse of prosperitie would not hold out alwayes, or as fearing the same things which Pompey found, so soone as once he came to be what Pompey was: but in the very battell it selfe, after the armies had with equall slaughter done nothing for a long space but kill, suddenly (the like whereof no man liuing could remember) in the most heate of the fight, there was a deepe silence on both sides, as if they were agreed▪ this was euery ones coneit of it. Last of all, which Caesar in foureteene yeeres before had neuer seene, the selected tride band of his old souldiers (an hainous matter) gaue backe: so that although they fell not as yet to flat running away, nothing was playner notwithstanding, then that they resisted more for pure shame, then valour. Caesar therefore putting his horse from him, ranne like a mad-man into the head of the battell: there hee staid such as were shrinking, cōfirming them, and finally cried, and flew through all the squadrons with his eyes, and hands in that perturbation, it is reported hee debated within himselfe, what to doe with himselfe, if the worst befell, and his countenance was, as of a man, who meant to make his owne hand his owne executioner, had not fiue cohorts of the Pompeian horse crossing the battell, as sent by Labienus to guard the campe in danger, giuen a semblant of flying: which either Caesar did himselfe beleeue, or cunningly laying hold vpon the occasion of that seeming, charged as vpon flyers, and did thereby both put fresh spirit into his owne people, and did also daunt his enemies: for his people thinking they had the vpper hand, followed the more boldly, and the Pompeians, while they supposed their fellowes ranne away, did fall themselues to running. How great the slaughter was of the enemies, and the wrath, and furie of the victorious, may bee by this coniectured: such as escaped out of the field, betaking themselues to Munda, and Caesar commanding them to bee forth with besieged, a rampire was made by piling vp dead bodies, dragg'd thither from all about, and fastned together with speares and iauelins. An abominable spectacle euen among the barbarous. But Pompeis sonnes despairing, in truth, of victorie, Cnaeus Pompeius flying out of the battell, and, wounded, as he was, in the legge, seeking to saue himselfe in the desarts, and vnfrequented places, was ouertaken at the towne Lauro, and there (so little he as yet despaired) was slaine by Pesennius who had him in chase. Meanewhile, fortune hid Sextus Pompeius safe in Celtiberia, reserued for other warres after Caesars death. Caesar returnes victorious home: the pomp of his first triumph was furnished from the Rhene, and Rhone, and with the image of the captiue Ocean in gold. The stuffe of the second was bay-tree of Aegypt; and, for shewes, the images of Nile and Arsinoe, and of the watchtowre Pharus, as it burnt in the top like a flaming beacon. The third was the chariot of Pharnaces, and the spoyles of Pontus. The fourth represented king Iuba and his Moores & Spaine twice conquered. Pharsalia, Thapsus, and Munda (those greater arguments, & matters then ouer which hee triumpht) were not mentioned. Here, for a while, were weapons layd aside, the following calme without bloud, and the cruelties of warre were made amends for with goodnesse: not a man put to death by commandement, except Afranius, (for whom once pardoning was enough) and Faustus Sylla, because Caesar had learnd to feare him for his father in law, and Pompeis daughter, with her vncles by Sylla's side: in this hee tooke care to make posteritie secure. His countrey therefore not ingratefull, all sorts of honours were heaped vpon this one prime man; images about the temples; in the theater a crowne deckt with rayes; a chaire of state in the Senate-house; a pinacle vpon his house top; a month in the Zodiac; and besides all these, himselfe proclaimed Father of his countrey, and perpetuall Dictator: last of all (and it was unknowne whether it were with his good liking) Antonius, Consull, the ornaments of a king were offred: all which prooued but as ribbands, or trimmings of an host ordained to be slaine in sacrifice. For the mildnesse of this prince was lookt vpon with enuious eyes, and the power it selfe, which conferred benefits, was to free mindes cumbersome. Nor was the forbearance of him an acquitall any longer: for Brutus, and Cassius, and other Patricians, Lords of the highest ranke, conspired to assassinate him. How great is the force of fate! the conspiracy was knowne far abroade; a scroll was giuen also to Caesar himselfe, vpon the very day of the fact; & though an hundred beasts were sacrificed, yet not one of them had any signe of luckines. He came into the Senate-house with a meaning to aduance a warre against the Parthians: there the Senators stabd at him, as he sat in his court-chair, & with twenty three wounds he was driuē to the ground. So, he who had embrewed the whole earth with ciuill bloud, did with his owne bloud ouerflow the Senat-house.

CAesar, and Pompey slaine, the people of Rome seem'd to haue returned to the state of their ancient libertie, and had returned indeed, if Pompey had left no children, nor Caesar an heire; or, which was more pestilent then both, if once his fellow in office, and then his riuall in honour, that firebrand of Caesars power, and whirlewind of the ensuing age, Antonius, had not ouer-liued. For, while Sextus Pompeius seekes to recouer his fathers estate, no part of the sea was free from feare of him; while Octauius reuengeth his fathers bloud, Thessalia was againe to be stirred: while Antonius, variable-witted, either disdained that Octauius should succeed to Caesar, or for loue to Cleopatra, takes vpon him to bee a king: for hee had no other way to be safe, but by turning vassall. In so great preturbation we are to bee glad notwithstanding, that the whole power of Rome came to be setled vpon Octauius, first Caesar Augustus, who by his wisedome, and dexteritie reduced into order the body of the empire, shaken, and distempted on all sides, which without all doubt could neuer haue been brought together, and made to agree, vnlesse it had beene gouernd by the authoritie of some worthie one, as with a soule, or mind. Marcus Antonius, & Publius Dolobella, Consuls, fortune now busie in transferring the empire to the house of the Caesars, the troubles of the citie were various, and manifold: that as in the change of yeerely seasons, the stirred heauens doe thunder, and signifie their turnings by the weather; so in the change of the gouernmēt of the Romans, that is to say, of all mankind, the world troubled throughout, and the whole body of the empire was turmoiled with all sorts of perils, and with ciuill warrs both at land, and sea.

ANtonius, of his owne nature, troublesom to peace, and troublesome to commonweale, Lepidus comes in like fire to flame: because there was a necessitie of entring into the bond of a most bloudy league against two armies. The intentions of the boutefeus were seuerall in kindling these firie-blazes: Lepidus, couetous of riches, the hope whereof stood vpon troubling the state, Antonius desirous to be reuenged vpon them, who proclaimed him traitour, and Caesar for the death of his adoptiue father vpon Cassius, and Brutus, offensiue to his vnreuenged ghost. Vpon these termes of as it were a league,A. V. C. DCCXI. peace was established among the three captaines, and at Confluents betweene Perusia, and Bononia they ioyne hands, and their armies embrace: so the triumuirate is entred vpon with no good fashion. The common-weale opprest with force, Sulla's proscriptions returne, the hideous crueltie whereof containd no lesse then the number of one hundred, and fortie Senatours: the ends of such as fledde for their liues ouer all the world, were gastly, foule, and miserable.

THE partition of such lands as Caesar diuided in campe among the old souldiers for reward of seruice,A. V. C. DCCXII. raised another war. Lucius Antonius, who was alwaies in his owne nature a most wicked man, was stirred vp the more by Fuluia his wife, a virago, who had serued in the warres like a man. Therefore by encouraging such as were disseised of their tenements, there was going to armes againe. In this case, Caesar sets vpon him, not vpon his owne head, or opinion, but as vpon a person whō all the Senate sentenced an enemy: & shutting him vp within the walls of Perusia, compelled him to the extremest termes of yeelding, by such a famine as had left no filthie thing vnfed vpon.

HEre ended the ciuill wars. the rest were against strangers, who, while the empire was turmoild with these intestiue miseries, sallied out against vs in diuers quarters of the world. For peace was but greene, and the stif-swoln necks of nations, not yet inured to the curbe of seruitude, slipt the yoke which had but newly beene imposed. the climat which is almost vnder the northpole, bare it selfe more roughly: the Noricks, Illyrians, Pannonians, Dalmatians, Mysians, Thracians, and Dacians, Getes, and Sarmatians, and Germans. The Alps, and snow vpon them, whither warre could not climbe, gaue incouragement to the Noricks. But Caesar throughly quieted all the nations of that tract, the Brenns, Senons, & Vindelicians, by his son in law whose mother hee had married, Claudius Drusus. How sauage those crafty people were, appeared wel enough by the women, who for want of mischieuous weapons, pasht their sprawling babes on the ground, and hurld them in the souldiers faces, as they came against them. The Illyrians also liue vnder the Alps, possesse the vallies between, and guard certaine passages, at it were barres, themselues wrapt in with abrupt water-falls. Against them hee went in person, commaunding bridges to be made. Here the waters, and enemies empeaching him, as our souldiers were slacke to scale, hee rasht a target out of one of their hands, and led the way, the troupe then following thick: but the Illyrian hauing with their multitude saw'd in sunder the bridge, his hands, and legges were wounded in the fall; so the bloud which dropt from him, making him shew the brauer, and his danger it selfe the more maiesticall, he assaild the enemy at the back. The Pannonians are wall'd in with two wilde forests, and three great riuers, Drauus, Sauus, and Ister, and they, hauing first foraged their next neighbours, retired themselues within their defences. For taming these hee sent out Vibius: who slue them on either banke of their riuers. The armours of the vanquisht were not consumed with fire, as the fashion of warre was, but were preserued, and throwne into the streames, that the newes of their fellowes ouerthrow might so be conueighed to the residue. The Dalmatians, for the most part, dwell close at wood-sides, which makes them wondrous forward more then all other, to commit robberies: Marcius, by burning Delminium, their principall citie, had now as it were cut off their head: Asinius Pollio amerced them with the losse of their cattell, armes, and tillage: but Augustus commanded Vibius to subdue them vtterly: Who made those fierce nations digge in mines, and to refine gold-oare, which they, the most couetous men of the world, doe search for with careful diligence, that they may seeme to hoord it for their proper vses. How wilde, and grimme the Mysians be, and how barbarous aboue all barbarisme, is horrible to bee spoken. One of their captaines stepping out before the armie, pray'd silence, and said; Who are yee? answere was made; We are lords of the world. They replide, Yee may well say so, if you conquer vs: Marcus Crassus, General, tooke the word as a faire forebodeing. The Mysians forthwith offer-vp an horse before their battalions, vowing to sacrifice, and eat the bowels of those captaines of ours whom they should kill. I may very well beleeue the Gods heard their speech: they could not stand out the sounding of a trumpet. Domitius, a captaine, strooke no little terrour into the barbarous, himselfe a man of a barbarous blunt wit, but which did well enough among his likes, who carrying, for as it were his crest, a chafing-dish, or little harth vpon his helmet, and the coales thereof kindling with the motion of his body, the flames seemed to blaze as if his head were on fire. Before them in time, the most mightie people of Thrace rebelled, who as barbarous as they were, yet were accustomed to militarie ensignes, and discipline, yea and to Roman weapons also: but being vtterly subdued by Piso, they shewed their wood rage in their very bondage it selfe. For attempting to gnaw their chaines in sunder with their teeth, they punisht their owne wildenesse. The Dacians keepe them to their mountaines, till the yce haue knit both the bankes of Danubius together; and then as often as it is hard frozen ouer, they passe it, as vnder the guidance of Cotiso their king, and destroy the border-countreys. Caesar Augustus thought good to make that practice too hot for them, though it was a most difficult matter to come where they were. Sending Lentulus therefore against them, he draue them beyond the farther banke, and planted garrisons on the hither. If Dacia was not conquer'd then, it was put by, and deferred. The Sarmatians gallop, and ride in champaine fields: and it was held enough, to command them by the same Lentulus not to approach Danubius. They haue nothing but snow, and thinne woods. Their barbarousnesse is so great, as they vnderstand not what peace meanes. Would Germany also had not thought it so great a matter to ouercome. It was more basely lost, then gloriously gained. But Augustus, forsomuch as he knew his father hauing twice past ouer Rhene by bridge, had sought warre there in honour of his memorie, he desired to make a prouince of it: and it was done, could the barbarous aswell haue brookt our vices, as obeyd our commands. Drusus, sent into those regions, first tamed the Vsipetes, then ouer-ran the Tencthers, & the Catti. For hee had trimm'd a certaine high hillock in manner of a trophea with the most speciall spoils of the Marcomanni. After that, he inuaded these other most puissant nations, the Cherusci, Sueuians, & Sicambrians at once: who burning twenty captains of ours, had bound themselues by that fact to maintaine warre against vs, with so assured hope of victory, that they diuided the prey by bargaine before-hand. The Cherusci they would haue the horse, for their share; the Sueuians the gold, and siluer; the Sicambrians the prisoners. But all went quite backward on their sides. For Drusus preuailing, did share, and sell their horses, cattel, and chaines of gold, and themselues, as lawfull prize. Moreouer, hee left garrisons euery-where behinde him, and guards for defence of the prouinces. Vpon the riuer of Mose, of Albis, of Visurgis, and the banke of Rhene, hee planted aboue fiftie castels. Hee ioyn'd Bonna, and Gelduba together with bridges, and strengthened them with shipping. Hee opened the Hercinian wood, till that time pathlesse, and vnseene. To conclude, such was the peace in Germany, that the men seemed not the same men, the soile seemed other then it had bin, and the ayre it selfe more milde, and temperate then euer. And that most gallant yong gentleman (I call him not so, out of flatterie, but as he well deserued) dying there, the Senate, which it neuer had done to any other, surnamed him of Germanie, Germanicus. But it is more difficult to keepe a prouince, then to conquer it. Prouinces are atchieued by the sword, but retayned by iustice. Therfore that reioycement was short. For the Germans were rather ouercome then tamed, and vnder Generall Drusus they rather admitted our customs, then submitted to our forces. When hee was once dead, they beganne to hate the lawlesse humour, and pride of Quintilius Varus no otherwise, then as they would haue hated crueltie. But hee durst set vp a Law-Court, and sit in iudgement within his campe, as if hee had beene able to restraine the violence of the barbarous, with his serieants roddes, and cryers voice. But they, who now a good while since had seene their blades canker'd with rust, and their horse of seruice growne foggie with ease, no sooner saw our gownes, and lawes more cruell then our weapons, but they make Arminius captaine, and fall to armes. When Varus, in the meane space, was so aduenturous vpon trust of peace, as hee tooke no heed at all, though the conspiracie of the captains was foretold, and disclosed to him by Segestes, a prince among them. Therfore (O strange securenes!) as hee sat vpon the tribunal, citing parties, they at vnawares assaile him on all hands, taken absolutely vnprouided, and fearing no such matter, sacke his campe, and destroy three legions. Varus followed the vtter losse of things there, with the same fate, and minde that Paulus Aemilius did the deadly blow at Cannae. Nothing was more bloudie then the slaughter which was made through the woods, and marshes; nothing more intolerable then the insultings of the barbarous, specially against pleaders at the bar, plucking out the eyes of some, and lopping-off the hands of other some; one had his mouth stitcht-vp, after his tongue was first cut out, which the sauage actor grasping in his hand, sayd to it: Thou viper, at last giue ouer hizzing. The body of the Consul himself, which the souldiers had in their pietie buried, was digged out of his graue. The barbarous doe as yet withhold two of our ensignes, & two of our eagles; the third the eagle-bearer plucking off, before the enemies layd hand vpon him, and carrying it hidden in the hollow of his belt, was plunged so into the bloudy marsh. By this ouerthrow it came to passe, that the course of empire which had not stopt at the Ocean, stayd vpon the banke of Rhene. These things hapned north-ward. In the South of the world there were rather hurly-burlies then war. The Musulanians, & Gaetulians who border vpon the Syrts, were chastised by Cossus captain generall, at Caesars commandement, who was therfore proper-named Gaetulicus. The victory spreds wider. Hee left the Marmarians, & Garamants for Furnius, who subdued them: & might haue return'd entituled Marmaricus, but that his modesty rated not his conquest so high. In the orient, there was more to doe with the Armenians. Thither Caesar sent one of his nephewes. Both were of short life, and the one of them inglorious. For Lucius died of sicknes at Massilia: Caius died in Lycia of a wound, as he recouerd Armenia, withdrawing it selfe to the Parthians. Pompey, hauing vanquisht king Tigranes, tide the Armenians to this only poynt of bondage, that they should haue no gouernours but at our appointment. This right of ours, hitherto intermitted, was reuiued by Caius, not without bloudshed, and yet without much bickering: for Domnes, whom the king had made gouernour of Artaxat, faining a reuolt, assailes him as he was busie in perusing a scroll, which himselfe had reacht vnto him, pretending it containd an account of the treasures; and with his drawne sword, runnes him into the forehead. but the Barbarian was tilted at on all sides by the armie, who being destroyd with sword, and fire, into which hee threw himselfe wounded,superstiti etiam non Caesari satisfecit. satisfied Caius ouerliuing him, but did not satisfie Caesar. In the west part of the world, all Spain was at quiet, excepting that quarter which abutting close vpon the rocks where the Pyrenaean mountaines end, is washt with the hither Ocean. Here, two most puisant nations, the Cantabrians, and Asturians liued free from command. the Cantabrians were the more forward of the two, the haughtier also, and stifer in holding out a rebellion: for not contented to maintaine their owne freedome, they sought to encroch vpon their neighbours, and wearied the Vaccaeans, Curgonians, and Autrigons, with often incursions. against these men, because they were said to deale more outragiously then ordinarie, Caesar commanded not an expedition to be made by any other, but went in person: came himselfe to Segisama; pitcheth his camp; and from thence euen then, diuiding his armie into diuers parts, hemd all Cantabria about, and conquerd that wilde nation, by inuironing them as beasts within a toyle. nor was the Ocean theirs: for our army well-appointed for warre, plaid vpon the backs of the enemie. His first battell against the Cantabrians was vnder the walls of Vellica. from hence they fled into that most steep high mountaine Vindius, whither they beleeued the waues of the Ocean might as soone haue clambred, as the Roman armie. thirdly, the towne Arracillum made great resistance, but yet was taken at the last. In the siege of mount Edulius, about which hee had drawne a trench of fifteene miles in compasse, the Romans mounted on all sides: and when the barbarous saw no possibilitie to escape, their strife was who should kill themselues first with fire, and sword amidst their feasts, or with poison, which is commonly there scruzed out of Tax-trees, and so the greater part of them deliuerd themselues from that which seemd to them captiuitie. Caesar had these seruices done for him by Antistius, Furnius, and Agrippa, his deputies, while himselfe wintred vpon the sea-coasts of Tarracon. He present in his owne person at the doing, drew some of the vanquished from dwelling on the moūtains, of some hee tooke hostages, and of others he made slaues, and sold them vnder garlands. It seemed to the Senate an action worthy of laurell, and a chariot: but Caesar was now at that heighth, as he might contemne to triumph. About the same time the Asturians came powring downe from their mountaines in an huge troupe, nor did they stay their owne,vt barbari impares. (as the barbarous are vnruly) but pitching their campe by the riuer Astura, and, diuiding their force into three armies, they prepared to assaile three seueral camps of the Romans all at a time. the fight had beene doubtfull, and bloudy, and had made an end of both parts, they comming then, as they did, so strong, so suddenly, and with such sound deliberation, but that the Brigaecins betrayd them, by whom Carisius hauing intelligence, he came vpon them with an armie, and destroyd their deuice, neuerthelesse, the battell euen so was not vnbloudy, such as remained vnflaine of that most puisant assembly, retired themselues into the citie Lancia: where the fight was so sharpe and hot, that when our souldiers demanded leaue to set fire on the citie after it was taken, the Generall could hardly obtaine the fauour at their hands, that it might rather bee a moniment of the Roman victory, standing, then burnt to the ground. This was the last warre of Augustus Caesar, and the last rebellion of Spaine. Constant allegiance, and eternall peace forthwith ensued, aswell by reason of their owne inclination more bent to peace, as by Caesars courses, who fearing the boldnesse which mountaines bred in them, commanded them to inhabit from thenceforth in those camps of his which were vpon plaine ground. This began to bee found a matter of high wisdome. The region round about was naturally full of gold-oare, of vermilion, orpiment, and other colours. Hee therefore commanded the groūd should bee searcht, and wrought. For while the Asturians digged their owne treasures, and riches which lay deepe hidden, to serue others turnes, themselues also began to vnderstand their value. All the West; and South of the world being at peace, and Northward also (excepting onely the Rhene, and Dababius) as likewise in the East, betweene Taurus, and Euphrates, those other countreys who were free from our power, had a feeling notwithstanding how great it was, & reuerenced the people of Romes victorie ouer nations. For both the Scythians sent their ambassadours, and the Sarmatians also, desiring friendship. The Seres moreouer, and the Indians inhabiting right vnder the Sunne it selfe, came with precious stones, and pearls, and dragging elephants also along after them among their presents, thought not so much of any thing as of the length of the way, which tooke vp foure yeeres trauell: and the very colour it selfe of the men spake for them, that they came from vnder as it were another Sunne. The Parthians in like sort, as if they repented their victorie, restored of their owne accord the ensignes taken at the destruction of Crassus. So all mankinde had euery-where an entire, and continuall either peace, or paction. And Caesar Augustus seuen hundred yeeres from after the building of Rome, durst shut the Temple of doublefaced Ianus; twice onely clozed before that time; once vnder king Numa, and the other time when the first warre of Carthage was concluded. From henceforth, bending his minde to peace, hee corrected many things in the times which were prone to all mischiefe, and which ouerflowed in riotous loosenesse, with graue, and seuere edicts. For these so many, and so wondrous great deeds of his, hee was called perpetual Dictator, and Father of his Countrey. It was also debated in the Senate, whether, because hee had founded the empire, hee should bee styled Romulus. But the name Augustus seemed to bee a more holy, and venerable word then the other, that so euen now while hee liued on the earth, hee might bee as it were deifide by the name it selfe, and title.