Apophthegmes that is to saie, prompte, quicke, wittie and sentencious saiynges, of certain emperours, kynges, capitaines, philosophiers and oratours, aswell Grekes, as Romaines, bothe veraye pleasaunt [et] profitable to reade, partely for all maner of persones, [et] especially gentlemen. First gathered and compiled in Latine by the ryght famous clerke Maister Erasmus of Roterodame. And now translated into Englyshe by Nicolas Vdall. — Apophthegmata. English

Apophthegmes that is to saie, prompte, quicke, wittie and sentencious saiynges, of certain emperours, kynges, capitaines, philosophiers and oratours, aswell Grekes, as Romaines, bothe veraye pleasaunt [et] profitable to reade, partely for all maner of persones, [et] especially gentlemen. First gathered and compiled in Latine by the ryght famous clerke Maister Erasmus of Roterodame. And now translated into Englyshe by Nicolas Vdall. — Apophthegmata. English

Table of contents

Title page

NICOLAS VDALL VNTO the gentle and honeste herted readers well to fare.

THE PREFACE OF DEsyderius Erasmus of Roterodame unto a dukes soonne of his countree

¶ A preamble of the enterpreter vnto the saiynges of SOCRATES.

1

The saiynges of SOCRATES.

THE SAIYNGES OF ARISTIPPVS.

THE SAIYNGES OF DIOGENES THE CYNIKE•

THE II. BOOKE.

THE SAIYNGES OF PHILIPPVS KYNG OF MACEDONIE.

THE SAIYNGES OF ALEXANDER THE GREATE.

THE SAIYNGES OF ANTIGONVS THE FIRST KYNG OF THE MACEDONIANS

THE SAIYNGES OF AVGVSTVS CAESAR.

THE SAIYNGES OF IVLIVS CAESAR.

THE SAIYNGES OF POMPEIVS THE GREATE.

THE SAIYNGES OF PHOCION

THE SAIYNGES OF MARCVS TVLLIVS CICERO.

THE SAIYNGES OF DEMOSTHENES THE ORATOVR.

The Table.

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B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

K

L

M

N

O

P

Q

R

S

T

V

W

X

Y

Z

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APOPHTHEGMES, that is to saie, prompte, quicke, wittie and sentencious saiynges, of certain Emperours, Kynges, Capitaines, Philosophiers and Oratours, aswell Grekes, as Romaines, bothe veraye pleasaunt & profitable to reade, partely for all maner of persones, & especially Gentlemen. First gathered and compiled in Latine by the ryght famous clerke Maister Erasmus of Roterodame. And now translated into Englyshe by Nicolas Udall.

Excusum typis Ricardi Grafton. 1542.

Cum priuilegio ad imprimendum solum.

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NICOLAS VDALL VNTO the gentle and honeste herted readers well to fare.

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FOrasmucheas the autour self in his preface here ensuyng dooeth at large declare the nature, the purpose, and the vse of Apophthegmes, to make of thesame matier double inculcacion should bee (as me semeth) bothe on my parte and behalf a thing superfluous, and also a tedious dullyng to the reader. It shall therefore at this presēte tyme be sufficiēte to admonyshe you gentle readers, that of the whole werke of Apophthegmes by the right excellente clerke Erasmus: for the moste plesaunte and the same moste honeste, profitable, & holsome readnyg of allmaner persones, & in especiall of noble menne collected and digested into eight volumes, I haue thought better with twoo of the eight to ministre vnto you a taste of this bothe delectable and fruiteful recreacion, then by suppressyng it vntil y• whole werke might bee perfectely absolued and finysshed, to defraude you of so many goodly histories, so many high poinctes of counsaill, so many notable preceptes of wysedome, so greate a noumbre of philosophicall lessōs, suche vnestymable treasure of morall doctrine, as may of this litle porcion in ye meane tyme with small labour & incomparable delite, coūforte and solace of mynd, bee perceiued, gathered, and acquired. And although vpon consideracions, (at a more propice tyme herafter by goddes grace to bee declared) I haue beē so bolde with myne autour, as to make the firste booke & [Page] secounde, whiche he maketh thirde and fourth [...] Yet in these twoo presente volumes whiche ye see here sette foorth, I haue labou [...]ed to discharge the duetie of a translatour, that is, kepyng and folowyng the sense of my booke, to interprete and turne the Latine into Englyshe with as muche grace of our vulgare toung, as in my slendre power and knowelage hath lyen: not omittyng ne leattyng passe, either any one of all the Apophthegmes as thei stand in ordre (except twoo or three at ye moste beeyng of suche sorte as honestee perswaded me, to bee better passed ouer, then rehersed or spoken of,) orel [...] any Greke or Latine verse or woorde, wherof ye pith and grace of the saiyng dependeth. Wherin I desire the vnlearned readers not to bee offended for that I haue in many places entremixed Greke and Latine with the Englyshe. For in [...]l thynges that I haue alreadie heretofore or herafter shall sette foorth, I ha [...]e an especiall regarde vnto young scholares and studentes, vnto whom it is not possible to bee expressed, what great vtilitee, benefite & knowelage doeth redound of conferryng one straunge language with an other. Neither is it to bee doubted, but that suche as are towardes the disciplines of good litterature in diuerse tounges, maye of suche dooynges as this, pieke out a [...] muche vtilitee and furtheraunce of their studies, as the vnlearned shall take pleasure, and fruite of the Englyshe for their vse. Whoso careth not for the La [...]ine maye passe it ouer and satisfie hymself with the Englyshe. Who passeth not on the Greke, maie sembleably passe it ouer, and make as though he see none suche. Ther is in this behalf no mannes labour lo [...]t but myne, and ye [...] not that all lost neither, if my good zele & honest [Page] entente to dooe good to all sortes, bee in good parte interpreted and accepted. Leat the vnlearned readers somewhat beare with young studentes, as the learned must and will dooe with theim. For as y• one parte maie thynke it muche superfluous to fynd Latine and Greke in an Englyshe booke, so the learned haue no nede of certain annotacions (whiche I haue in places not a fewe entremyngleed, partely to supplye & redubbe that wanteth of the whole werke, and partely to geue necessarie light to ye Greke and Romaine histories) of whiche annotacions euē he peraduēture shall fynd ease, whiche wil fynd faulte with the admixtion of Greke and Latine & will auouche thesame confused medleyng of soundrie tounges rather to contein some spiece of ostentacion & braggue of the p [...]incted sheath, then any argumente or prouf of erudicion. To all whom would Christe I could perswade (as trueth it is) that I seke nothyng lesse then suche shadoe of vnstable glorie, & that my onely wille and desire is to further honeste knowelage, and to call (awaye the studious youth in especiall) from hauyng delite in readyng phantasticall trifles, (whiche contein in manier nothyng but the seninarie of pernicious sectes and sedicious doctrine, vnto a more fruitefull sorte of spēdyng good houres, & by inuityng thesame youth vnto the imitacion of honeste exercises, to dooe good if I maye. But to procede in that I was now about to saie, truly for the Englysheman to bee offended with the admixtion of Latine, or the Latine manne to myslyke the pouthreyng of Greke, appereth vnto me a muche like thyng, as if at a feaste with varietee of good meates & drynkes furnyshed, one that loueth to feede of a Capon, should take displeasure that an other [Page] manne hath appetite to a Coney, or one y• serueth his stomake with a Pertrige, should bee angrye with an other that hath a mynde to a Quaylle, or one y• drynketh single beere should bee greued with his nexte feloe for drynkyng ale or wyne. Now for the better vnderstandyng of the cōceipte, trade and conueighaunce of this booke, I haue thought requisite to admonyshe you, that in eche mānes Apophthegmes the saiyng self is sette out in a greate texte lettre: after whiche ymmediately foloweth in a middle lettre (with this marke) the moralizacion of Erasmus, wheresoeuer to thesame it semed expediente any suche morall sense to gather of the Apophthegme for edifiyng of the reader in vertue or ciuile honestee. That if any matier dependyng of some Greke or Romaine chronicle hau [...] semed needefull to bee expouned, if any poeticall fable hathe come in place, if to any obscure prouerbe or straunge historie hath been made some preatie allusiō nedefull to bee declared, all suche thynges together with the names of persones here mencioned, ye shall fynd sette foorth, and added of myne owne notyng, ouer and besides the woordes and matier of the Latine werke in a small lettre, with some directorie marke. Yea and sometymes in the middes of the texte with this marke of myne if [...]he place semed to require some more light. Sembleably to ye morall interpretacion of Erasmus (where occasiō was minis [...]red) yea and to some Apophthegmes (where Erasmus saied nothyng,) in case my so dooyng myght any thyng helpe the weake and [...]endre capte of the vnlearned reader, I haue putte addicions of thesame lettre and marke, to the ende that in case it bee not all of the fynest, the blame therof maye not light on the autour, [Page] but redound vnto my self accordyngly. And to the entente that nothyng should lacke whiche to the ease and commoditee of the vnlearned reader might seme necessarie, there is added also a large & plain table in ordre of ye A.B.C. whereby to the name of any persone, or to any good matier in the booke conteined, readie waye and recourse maye with a weat fynger easily bee foūd out. That if in any of the premisses either the interpretour or els the prienter shalbe found to haue failled, I for my parte shall not onely thynk my laboure [...] bounteou [...]ly rewarded, but also knowelage myself highly bounden to rendre moste hertie thākes, if the gentle reader shall of his humanitee & honeste herte vouche salue to sette his penne and helpyng hande to emende whatsoeuer errour it shall happē hym to espye: and in ye residue so to accepte both our laboures as we maye thereby bee encouraged gladly to sustein ferther trauaill in wrytyng and settyng foorth suche autours, as maye to the reader bee bothe pleasaunte and profitable.

¶Wryten in the yeare of our Lorde God. M.CCCCC.xlii.

THE PREFACE OF DEsyderius Erasmus of Roterodame unto a dukes soonne of his countree

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FOR asmucheas ye did so gentely afore receiue ye other litle bookes whiche I had then sent as a poore earnest penie (suche as it was) of my good herte & mynde towardes your grace right noble prince, & not onely your self, but also bothe your moste noble parentes did so courteously accepte thesame: I haue thought good at this presēte to ioyne to ye saied bookes some other thyng bothe more meete for your noblenesse & also (except I be muche deceiued) more profitable for your studies. I haue therfore out of euerie good autour for the moste parte, chosen and gathered, that the Grekes callen apophthegmata, that is in englyshe, notable good and brief saiynges: for that I sawe none other kynde of argumente or matier more fitte for a prince, especially beeyng a [Page] young manne not yet broken in the experience of the worlde. In deede ful conueniente and meete to bee knowen are those thynges whiche ye aunciente philosophiers haue lefte in wrytyng of honeste behaueour, of wel gouernyng and ordreyng a cōmenweale, & of kepyng warre. But what one manne emōg many thousādes (yea though he be nothyng cloggued nor letted wt any publique office or ministerie) hath so muche vacaunte tyme, yt he maye bee at leasure to turne ouer & ouer in the bookes Plato wryteth al his bokes in dialogues & in the most parte of theim Socrates is one of the disputers which Socrates pretēdyng echewhere simplicitee & ignoraūce did ofte tymes cō uince diuerse of theim that he reasoned wt all in their owne artes, vsyng to thē suche kynde of reasonyng as here in the texte is recited of Plato the ragmannes rolles, and the taryers or toyes of the subtile knackes, of the drye mockes, and of the lōg inducciōs by familiar exaumples, whiche Socrates dooeth there vse? And as for Aristotle wrote tenne bookes entitleed Ethica, that is, of honeste behaueour & vpright liuyng and dealyng.Aristotle, in deede he wrote largely of maners and behaueour, whiche werke he entitleeth in greke Ethica, but by ye entriked obscuritee and derkenesse therof he appereth to haue wrytē thesame for philosophiers, that is to saie, for menne of high learnyng, and not for a prince. More clere and more plain to bee perceiued, been the werkes that ye same Aristotle wrote of householdyng entitleed Oeconomica, and of ordreyng a citee or cō menweale entitleed Politica, but this māne euerie where requireth a reader bothe [...]eraye attente, and earnestely myndyng [Page] that he readeth, & also well at leasure. And besides this, forasmuche as he vseth no suche manier of rhetoricall style or writyng as maye moue the affectes & passiōs, he dooeth not so greately hold or rauyshe a mannes mynde, yt is wholy bent & geuē to princely cures & buisynesse. Sembleably in ye bookes of morall philosophie, whiche Marcꝰ Tulliꝰ wrote, many thynges there been of suche sorte, as it is not muche to ye purpose, nor anythyng at all necessarie, yt princes knowe theim: Of whiche kynde are those thynges yt he treacteth of the consummacion of good and ill (whiche wee christian menne would call of blisse and damnacion) with more subtilitee of reasonyng and argumentacion, thē fruite to edifie in vertuous liuyng. And suche manier thynges seruen well for ye purpose of theim, who all the dayes of their life dooe nothyng els but talke & dispute of honest [...]e. But for a māne born to bee a prince and a gouernour, it is necessarie yt a readie & shorte waye to learne vertue bee quickely dispeched, and not at leasure disputed & reasoned in woordes. Now resteth the histories whiche because thei dooe represēte to the yi [...] (euē as in a peinted table to bee vewed) aswell the noble actes of prowesse, as the contrarie, and that not without pleasure and [Page] delectacion: seme to bee more fitte for greate menne. But in this behalf though a prince might haue voide tymes enough to peruse ye infinite multitude of bookes of histories, what manne wer hable to comprehend and kepe theim all freashe in his memorie? But like as those persones who been dooers in ye game or feacte of wrastleyng haue in a readynesse at all tymes certain suer poinctes and wayes bothe to catche holde, and also to wend out of holde, when neede is, so thei yt trauaill in the busie occupacions of peace and of warre must of congruence haue in a readynesse suer rewles, by whiche thei maye bee putte in remembreaunce what is in that presente case nedefull or expediente to bee dooen, and what not. And in this behalf, we see yt diuerse highly well learned mēne haue assaied & taken peine by their good diligence to ease the carefulnesse of princes and noble menne, emong whiche, some haue writen lessōs of vertue in brief sentēces, as Theognis a Greke poete yt wryteth in Elegeiacal vses suche morall preceptes of virtue as been in ye litle treatise yt is reade vnder y• nam [...] of Cato. Theognis, and Isocrates a greke oratour wrytyng many litle treatises in prose.Isocrates: & others haue wrytē the feactes of armes, or policies of warre, & the goodly shorte saiynges of famous mēne as Ualerius Max. a latine autoure that wrote a werk of .ix volumes whiche he entitleed, of the saiynges and actes of noble menne. Ualerius Maximus, and Sextus IuliusSextus Iulius Frontinꝰ wryteth also in latine .iiii. volumes, whiche he entitleeth strategematū, that is to saie of armes, or policies of warre. Frontinus, whiche Frontinus declareth ye self fame thyng by diuerse other wryters before hym customeably to haue been [Page] dooen. It is a thyng of no small tyme of leasure to serche out golde in the veines vnder the yearth, or to seeke precious stones in the sande or in the sea. Suche a feloe especially aboue others to a prince wt high & weightie matiers contynually embusied dooeth acceptable seruice and pleasure, whiche to the same exhibiteth & presenteth golde alreadie fyned & made in fagottes or plate, & whiche bryngeth to his hande precious stones that are chosen pieces & well poolyshed, alreadie sette in golde, or vpon cuppes of precious metalle. And this kynde of pleasure & good turne, whereas it hath of many wryters been attempted, yet (after my mynde and sentēce) no māne hath with more dexterite [...] or better effecte accomplyshed & perfourmed then hath Plutarchus was a Greke philosophier & was scholemaister vnto the emperour Traianus in the citee of Roome wher he wrote in Greke many noble and excellente good werkes aswel of histories as also of morall philosophie & of vertue. Plutarchus, who after the settyng foorth of an excellente good & passyng fruitefull werke of the liues of noble mēne, (in whiche werke here & there been myngled and recited aswell the factes as ye saiynges of the same) he gathered in to one litle booke for the vse of Traianus Caesar ye best commended manne of all the Emperours that before his tyme had been, the notable saiynges of soundrie renoumed persones, by whiche as in a veraye true & perfecte glasse the herte and mynde of euerie of theim is to [Page] the yie of ye readers liuely and certainly represented. For in the actes & deedes of princes, a good porcion of the laude and praise the Counsaillour maye clayme and chalēge for geuyng his auise the Capitain for his chieualrie, & the souldyours for their stoutenesse. And a veraye greate porcion of ye same laude and thanke dooeth ladie fortune clayme to haue, by whose cōueighaunce ofte tymes wee see thynges not without high counsaill & wysedome entreprised to haue a veraye vnluckie ende, and contrarie wyse y• misaduised temeritee and vndescreetenesse of some persones to haue right prosperous chaunce, and in ye ende to proue veraye wel. As it is reported that Siramnes the Persian, (a Capitain as I suppose) saied, when he was asked why his deedes wer not aunswerable to his ioyly saiynges, for because (saieth he) what I wil speake, lyeth in myne owne power, but how suche thynges as I dooe, shall ende or bee taken, standeth in the pleasure of fortune and of the kyng. Albeeit honeste purposes & deuises are not therefore vtterly defeacted of their due laude and condigne praise. But the saied Plutarchus dooeth in this kynde ferre excede and passe all other wryters, not onely in choosyng ye best, but also in expounyng and declaryng [Page] yesame. For these saiynges (whiche, as afore is mencioned, the Grekes callē apophthegmata) haue appropriated vnto theim a certain reason & marke of their owne whereby to iudge, so that thei dooe plainly expresse & sette out the veraye naturall inclinaciō and disposicion of eche speaker that thei procede frō, briefly, finely, quippyngly, and meryly within the boundes of good maner. And as euerie seuerall persone hath proprely belongyng vnto hym a faciō of his owne wherby he is commended, and whereby his saiynges & dooynges haue a good grace orels other wyse: euen so like wyse hath euerie nacion, so that not one manier saiynges are conueniente for Alexander and for Philippus or Antigonus. One sorte are meete for Alcibiades: Again one facion agreeable for a manne of Lacedaemon, and an other for a Scythian or a Thracian: and a diuerse from yt again comely for a manne of Athenes, or for a Romain. Now, in expressyng & vttreyng suche saiynges Xenophon seemeth to me somewhat weeryshe, Herodotus voide of quickenesse or life, Diodorus & Quintus Curtius ouer full of woordes, and so foorth of the other wryters, whiche I surceasse by name to speake of. Plutarchus is a perfecte feloe in all poinctes, and therefore I haue [Page] thought best thesame Plutarchus to foloe principally aboue all others. Wherefore all yt euer is cōprised in ye werke of this autour whiche he entitleed de apophthegmatibus, yt is, of feacte and brief saiynges, ye shall fynd here in this werke euerie whitte of it. Wee dooe all knowe that this werke of Plutarchus hath been twis translated out of greke into latine, first by Francisce Philelphus, and afterward again by Raphael Regius, with whom I was somewhat acquainted in the vniuersitee of Padwaye. Philelphus in diuerse places had missed yt cushē, whiche places Raphael dooeth restore and correcte, and yet somewhere stumbleth hymself. The truth is, thei bothe wer menne, and might erre, mystakyng a thyng yt thei read. Albeit either of theim mynded to bee nothyng els but a plain trāslatour of the greke into latine, but I for many causes haue thought better the saied Plutarchus to foloe, thē to translate, to expoune at large, then woorde for woorde out of greke onely to enterprete [...] first that the stile might bee the more clere & plain as beeyng lesse bounden to the greke woordes: (For this presēt booke of myne is not wryttē vnto Traianus, a māne bothe in greke & latine excellentely well seen, and also in lōge experiēce of all manier affaires [Page] gayly well brokē & exercised, but to a prince beeyng yet but a young thyng, yea & by you to all chyldrē and young strieplynges, that labour and sue to atteigne the knowelage of good learnyng and honeste studies: nor yet in that worlde when suche man [...]er saiynges and actes wer by the reporte and cōmunicacion of ye people daily talked & spokē of in baines or whotte houses, at dyners and suppers & abrode in ye streetes whensoeuer folkes bee assēbleed together: and secundaryly that I might h [...]ue free libertee to declare & expoune the fyne wittynesse of the saiyng, if any came to hand that was of sense obscure & derke, as at this presente right many there been hard to bee vnderstanded not onely of suche as haue neuer gon to schoole, but also of suche as dooe ferre surmounte the cōmen sorte of clerkes. And certes for myne owne parte, ye geassyng and redyng what diuers [...] of these apophthegmes should meane or signifie, hath curstely troubleed & vexed my braines, & I cānot saie whether it hath some where beguyled me too. And in places not a fewe I haue had muche strougleyng & wrastleyng with the faultes of enprientyng in ye bookes, at whiche it could not bee avoided, but that the enterpreters and translatours maugre their heddes did stumble. For it is [Page] a thyng vneth beleueable how muche & how boldely aswell the commen writers that frō tyme to tyme haue copied out the bookes of Plutarchus, as also certain yt haue thought theim selfes hable to countrolle and emend all mēnes dooynges, haue taken vpō theim in this autour who ought with all reuerēce to haue been handleed of theim and with all feare to haue been preserued from altreyng deprauyng or corruptyng. For neuer hath there been emong ye greke writers, (especialli as touchyng matiers of vertue and good behaueour,) any one more holy then Plutarchus, or better worthie of all menne to bee read. But the veraye same thyng hath prouoked persones desirous of glorie & of lucre, to depraue & corrupte this autour, to putte in more then he wrote, and also to leaue out of that he wrote whiche ought moste of all to haue feared theim from soo dooyng. For euerie wryter ye better accepted and sette by that he is, and ye greater name that he hath emong learned menne, so muche the rather shall he for lucre & auauntage bee corrupted. That this autour hath been soo vsed, ye veraye diuersitee of ye Greeke texte not agreeyng one copie wt an other dooeth right well argue and proue. For all others omitted, to speake onely of this presēt werke that nowe [Page] is in hand, the translacion of Philelphus hath certain thynges, whiche Raphael lefte vntouched, & Raphael likewise some thynges of whiche Philelphus maketh no mencion at all. Besides this, where Plutarchus in the preface by expresse woordes dooeth plainly testifie that in the liues he had myngleed the saiynges and actes of noble mēne together thone with thother: & in this werke for briefnesse to haue lynked together onely their apophthegmes or saiynges, yet dooe wee see right many thynges admixt & putte in emōg ye apophthegmes whiche in veraye dede are no saiynges at all, nor any other thyng but me [...]e pollices of warre which the Grekes callen Strategemata. Now in ye self same werke one and yesame thynges so often again and again repeated, dooen thei not openly crye this argumente and matier by some other feloe to haue been cōtamynated & sloubreed? So yt wee maye now pardone yt in certain places an apophthegma is recited vnder ye name of the persone that it was spoken to, and not of hym by whom it was spokē, as of Lysymachus & Philippus. For in this treactise of Plutarchus whiche is entitleed Collectanea, that is to saie a manual of soondrie and pretie histories and saiynges compiled together for all readers the aunswer [Page] that Philippus made vnto Lysimachus, is told and reported vnder the title or chapiter of Lysimachus. But yet it was an higher poincte of presumpcion yt of one werke thei haue made it twoo. For because Plutarchus of the saiynges of Lacedaemonians, whiche been a veraye greate noumbre, had touched onely so many as for ye Emperour beeyng with many matiers sore embus [...]ed, semed like to suffice. He, whosoeuer it was, (at lest if it wer but one feloe & no mo that sette handes therunto) hath assigned to the saiynges of Lacedaemonians one propre volume, and that accordyng to the ordre of ye greke letters as thei stand in ye alphabeete, whiche Raphael in his translacion hath turned into the ordre of ye letters of ye latine A,B.C. But this was of all the three euen the veraye wurst. For Ualerius and Frō tinus folowen ye ordre of suche sentencies as thei shewe concernyng religion, concernyng affecciō & loue to mēnes coūtrees, cōcernyng trueth in keepyng promisses made, concernyng mannefull hardynesse and cōcernyng [...]us [...]ice, & likewise of other matiers settyng [...]che of theim in his right ordre and place. Best stādyng with cunnyng and learnyng, [...]s thesame ordre that Plutarchus folowed, [...]bseruyng and kepyng the ordre of regions [Page] and kyngdomes as thei stand in rowe, & in euerie of theim ye ordre of tymes, to euery of the kynges ioynyng his owne capitaines, & to euerie of the capitaines their mates. Frō the Persians he cometh to ye Egyptiās, frō ye Egyptiās to ye Thracians, frō the Thracians to the Scythians, from the Scythiās to the Sicilians, from the Sicilians to the Macedonians, from thens to ye Atheniense, from theim to the Lacedaemonians, folowyng in euerie of these thordre of the tymes, and not of the letters in the alphabete. Frō the Lacedemonians he cometh to the Thebanes, frō the Thebanes to the Romaines, so that the reader by the saiynges of a fewe persones maye familiarly knowe the ordre of the whole historie, whiche ordre that feloe hath pieteously confounded & trobleed and sette out of ordre, that soondreed and disseuered the saiynges of the Lacedemonians frō the others, & yet here and there repetyng the veraye same thynges that Plutarchus had gathered afore vnto Traianus, albeit in soondrie places one thyng repeated is muche more often deprehended and openly found in the other werke of apophthegmes, but in bothe werkes so oftē as thesame fallyng in a slumbre and forgettyng hymself cannot lyghte on Plutarchus a writer of [Page] precise diligence. More ouer, this parte hath no preface at all, and the preface that goeth before the apophthegmes vnto Traianus will not s [...]rue to bothe werkes. Now, what thanke suche persones are worthie to haue whiche dooe in this wyse slabre and defyle ye bookes of famous autores, I will not at this tyme reason, but truely me thynketh it a veraye sacriliege. Yet of me (except a fewe saiynges of Lacedemonians, because the self same been repeated in the other table of rehersall euerie one of theim) is not so muche as one omitted af all that goeth abrode vnder ye name of Plutarchus partely to thēde that the reader beeyng rather a gredie glutton, then a mynion deintie peece might not mysse any thyng that he would faine haue: and partely, for that I sawe nothyng there but woorthie to bee knowen, though some tyme rehersed & tould out of his right place. Neuerthelesse, all the whole werke I haue in manier made my propre owne in yt I dooe more at large and more plainely expresse the thynges that bee tolde in greke, puttyng in sometymes suche thynges as I had well perceiued to bee added in other autours, addyng also out of the other werkes of Plutarchus veraye many thynges whiche wer not in this presente treactise, & eueriewhere [Page] as it wer with litle brief cōmentaries openyng & shewyng aswell the sense of ye apophthegme as also the vse wherfore, and how it maye serue, especially in those places whiche lacked some more light & clerenesse, albeeit thesame haue I dooen briefly in fewe woordes, lest I should haue clene turned awaye from the nature of apophthegmes, whiche ought not to cōtein many woordes. But as for the ordre is wurse broken & confused euē of me, then I found it there, for that, where at the begynnyng I had purposed to make rehersal but of veraye fewe and onely of the principall best sorte, when I was ones entreed in my warke, the veraye heate therof pricked & sette me to chaūge my mynde & to go on still a greate waye ferther, neither should I haue made any ende, had not this as ye would saie an hougemain sea of thynges stil freshe & freshe comyng to mynde enforced & driuē me to blowe retreacte & to recule backe. For as Quintilian emōg ye vertues & graces of a schoolemaister in grammer putteth this to bee one, that he bee in some thynges ignoraunte: so, in this kynde of argumēte it seemeth to bee some parte of diligence certain thynges to passe ouer and to leaue out. Therefore, I haue thought b [...]tter to make at this tyme a deintie feaste th [...] [Page] a coūbreous or troublesome, especially for y• if any thyng be in this presente supper leafte out, it maye at some other supper bee sette before my geastes after yt all this shalbe perfectely digested. And ye incōmoditee of ye ordre of thynges neglected & not precisely kept I haue with a large reportorie or table redoubbed. For the title, it nothyng forceth to bee carefull or scrupleous, sens y• emōg those saiynges whiche Plutarchus vnder ye title & name of apophtegmes hath gathered & cō piled together, there bee many whiche an other māne would rather cal, scornes, taūtes, checkes, iestes, or merie conceipted saiynges to laugh at. But forasmuche as Marcus Tullius in puttyng a seueral distinctiō betwene eche of these kindes, hath takē earnest labour & peine, without any effecte, & forasmuche as Marsꝰ a right wel learned māne hath in this behalf nothyng satisfied Quintiliā, no, nor yet Quintilian in knowlage & litterature ferre passyng Marsus hath satisfied hymself: I haue not thought it a thyng woorthe y• laboure in this behalf to bestowe muche buisie trauaill, cōtented & thynkyng sufficiēte, here & there by y• waye as occasion serueth to haue opened & shewed the kynde & the nature of the saiyng or of the merie iest [...] Certes in those thynges that I haue of my [Page] self added besides Plutarchus dooynges, I haue diligentely foreseen and prouided in no wyse confusely to myngle policies of warre (hauyng no saiyng of this kynde annexed vnto theim) and apophthegmes bothe together, and also that I would in no wyse putte in here any thyng but taken out of ye best allowed and thesame the moste auncyente writers bothe in Greke & Latine: not that I am ignoraunte the later wryters to haue recited many thynges sharpely & also pleasauntly spokē: but suche thynges as antiquitee hath made precious iewels and as ye would saie reliques, been of more autoritee, and meete it was that this werke should haue an ende and not bee infinite. Nor this thyng neither ought to moue any manne that one and thesame saiyng is of one autour ascribed vnto the persone of one māne and of an other autour is attributed to an other manne. For it forceth not so greately of what persone a thyng is spokē, as it dooeth, what is spokē: albeit in deede a famous speaker and one that hath the fauour and hertes of menne geueth to the saiynges muche weight and grace also. This thyng more often cometh in vre, then yt it needeth by exaumples to bee proued. But yet sometymes it chaunceth by reason that mannes [Page] memorie failleth, albeeit there is no cause to the contrarie, but ye one and thesame sentēce maye procede frō soondrie speakers or wryters, whether imitacion be the cause therof orels chaunce, as for exaumple, this staffe of a metre in greke,

[...], that is

Tyrannes by wisemennes conuersacion,

Maye soone bee brought to goodnesse and wisedome,

This is well knowen to bee a verse ofSophocles is a Greke poete of whose writyng we haue .vii. tragedies. Sophocles, yet Plato citeth it out of Euripides also is a greke [...]oete & wrote [...]x tragedies whiche we haue.Euripides. Again this verse.

[...], yt is,

I beeyng aged, as I can,

Will teache the beeyng also an old manne.

Wheras it is in the tragedie of Sophocles entitleed Philoctetes, yet is ye same woorde for woorde found in Bacchis the tragedie of Euripides: like wise this verse.

[...] yt is

Whether thou talke, or hold thy pece,

Thou must in due season, speake or ceasse.

Wheras it is in ye tragedie of Aechylus entitleed Promotheus;Aechylꝰ is also a poete that wrote tragedies in greke. it is foūd also in Euripides onely twoo lettres chaunged [...] and [...], in steede of [...], and [...], Somewhyles autours agree not, neither on [Page] the mat [...]er not yet on the name. As he y• cast in ye teethe of Marcus Fabius that he had by his meanes recouered again ye towne of Tarente, in Tullie is named Liuius Sal [...] uator, in Titus Liuius is named Marcus Liuius, in Plutarche Marcus Lucius, orels as is in the greke exemplaries [...], Also Fabius Philostratus sheweth that one Leo a Sophiste brought all the people of Athenes in a laughter with his bodye beeyng notable grosse and fatte, and Plutarche saieth lanke and litle. Ualerius Maximus and Plinius, in the reportyng of a certain alteracion y• was betwene Cn. Domitius & Lucius Crassus in Roome, how wyde been thei the one from the other, but without all life or solle been those thynges, that in some writers are feigned to haue beē the woordes of certain persones, in the fables of poetes mencioned, as in Philostratus the Sophiste, when he forgeeth and shapeth to Palamedes, to Ulysses, & to other like persones, suche tales and speeches as lusted his owne phantasticall braine to deuise and imagyn, and thesame are made double dedde by euill handleyng, of whiche sorte of saiynges I dooe in this present werke medle with none at all. In the nexte degree to these been suche speeches as ar assigned to diuerse [Page] persones in dialogues, feigned & endited, not for any truthe of the matier to bee beleued, but for disporte and passetyme onely. But in the speeches of the partes, in comedies (that is merie entreludes) and in tragedies (that is, sadde entreludes whiche wee call fraige plaies) there is some more life & pith, and a greate grace thei haue beeyng sette in an apte and fitte place, albeeit the name of apophthegmes, no saiynges can haue except the speaker out of whose mouth thei dooen procede bee a persone of greate name and the woordes purposely applyed to some mater beeyng euen at that presente houre in cōmunicacion, yea and muche the better to bee liked, if thei bee a litle disframed to an other sense or a ferther meanyng then the veraye woordes dooe purporte. As when Aristotle vnto Callisthenes talkyng with kynge Alexander more homely and frankely then was expediente, gaue a bywarnyng with this verse of the poete Homere [...]

[...]. That is.

My soonne, if thou bee [...] thus large of tongue,

Thou shalt surely leese thy life ere long.

[Page] Out of Herodotus I haue had no greate lust to gather any greate noumbre of saiynges, because that most parte of theim appere to haue been inuented of that wryters owne witte. Like trashe and bagguage been those saiynges that are incidente in oracions, whiche the wryters of histories (eche as his witte serueth hym) are woonte to attribute to menne, albeit euen those dooe muche auaill aswell to the readers iudgemente as also to make a manne hable well to frame & promptely to tell his tale. The principall best sorte of apophthegmes is yt saiyng whiche in fewe woordes dooeth rather by a colour signifie thē plainly expresse a sence not comen for euerie witte to picke out, & suche a saiyng, as no manne could lightely feigne by studie, and whiche the longer ye dooe cō sidre it in your mynde, the more and more it dooeth still delite you. And all these vniuersall sorte of wrytynges as doo comprehend prouerbes, sage sentencies, and notable sa [...] ynges or actes, is moste fitte for Princes & noble mēne, who for the vrgente causes and busie maters of the commenweale haue not leasure to spēd any greate parte of their life in studie or in readyng of bookes. And these wrytynges, as thei bee learned wt pleasure & delite, and dooe lightly synke and settle in y• [Page] mynde, so dooe thei contein more good knowelage and learnyng in ye deepe botome or secrete priuetee, then thei shewe at the first vieu. We reade that Augustus Caesar of a custome did cause as many as he could any where geat of suche good lessons to bee exemplified, and the copies therof to send into diuers places. Also wee see the chief and principall studie of the ioyly aunciēte wyse mēne of old tyme to haue been, yt thei might wt the lure of pleasaunt delectacion enplante in tendre young wittes thynges worthie & expediente to bee knowen, to thende that the vnbroken youngth not yet full rype for the serious preceptes of philosophie, might euen with playe & dalyyng learne suche thynges as might afterward dooe theim high seruice all daies of their life. For this entente & purpose thei did as ye would saye spiece and powther Cosmographie, Astrologie, Musike & philosophie aswel naturall as morall with fables and tales preatyly and wittyly feigned. But in this booke that I haue now made shall perauenture seeme to bee somethynges yt maken nothyng to honeste behaueour, but dooe onely cause laughter. Neither dooe Iesteme it a thyng worthie blame euer now and thē with laughter to refreshe the mynde with cures and maters of charge [Page] [...]n maner tiered, so that the matier to laugh at bee pure witte and hone [...]te. For such [...] thynges gladdeth & maketh lustie the wittes of young folkes, and dooeth passyng good helpe and fertheraunce aswell to ye familiar gentlenesse of condicions as also to ye pleasauntnesse of counnyng. For what thyng better sweetteh ye endityng of Marcus Tullius, then that he dooeth euer now and then sauce his stile with saiynges of this sorte? And I praye you, what been the moralles of Plutarchus, but aresse hangynges with suche like colours pictured? More ouer those saiynges that seme moste fond thynges of all to laugh at, by well handleyng become maters of sadnesse. For what could bee a more fond thyng to laugh at thē Diogenes gooyng from place to place wt a cādle in his hande at high noonetid saiyng still yt he did seeke a manne? But in ye meane tyme by laughyng, wee learne that he is not by & by in all the haste a manne, that hath [...]he figure and shape of a māne (whiche im [...]ges also of wood & stone haue,) but to fynd out a māne, the botome of the herte and mynde must bee found out. If the herte and mynde bee guyded by reason and discrecion, rather then lead by wilful appetite: thē and els not hast thou found out a māne. Also what is [Page] so worthie to bee laughed at, as yt Phryne [...] stroumpette in Athenes byndyng by promis [...]e and couenaunte that euerie one of the women that satte then in coumpaignie at ye table, should dooe thesame thyng that she would dooe first, diepped her hande twis in the water, and putte it to hir forehedde discoueryng by this deuise the peintyng of all the other womennes faces, so that all the coūpaignie fel into a greate laughter: where as she by so dooyng appered a greate deale fairer & better fauoured? But this laughter teacheth vs the self same thyng whiche Socrates saied in good sadnesse, yt wee should applye ourselfes to bee in deede of suche sorte as wee would bee accoumpted and estemed lest that when the peintyng is pulled from our visages we haue in the ende shame and reproche in steede of glorie and renoume. It geueth vs also a lesson that wee putte not our wholle trust and staigh in thynges externall and transitorie, whiche by many dyuerse chaunces are wt a trice taken awaye from a manne, but wee should acquire and purchace ye veraye true rychesse of ye mynde and solle, on whiche fortune hath no power ne dominaciō, soo highe a poincte of serious philosophie dooeth that fond toye of ye saied peuyshe harlotte Phryne, teache vs. For [Page] this consideracion Lycurgus (although in other matiers he brought vp & nurtured his countreemēne after a veraye streicte faciō:) yet honeste myrth and [...]estyng, he not onely permitted vnto theim, but also enioyned & commaunded. For he ordeined a kynde of exercise, whiche he named in greke [...] as wee saie, gossopyng, to the whiche all the aunciente or aged menne that wer past bearyng any publique funccions, and for the respecte of their ympotencie wer discharged of that burden, resorted and assēbleed pleasauntly passyng the tyme wt feacte saiynges and honeste bourding, but alwayes of such [...] sorte, as might make either to the commendacion and praise of honestee & vertue, orels to the rebukyng of vice. He sette vp also an image vnto ye god [...], that is, laughter for that he iudged it to bee a thyng of high vtilitee and profite with sobre myrth to refreashe the lustynesse of the myndes, and to make thesame cherfull to honeste trauailles and labours, because that in this worlde as the poete Ouidius saieth.

Quod caret alterna requie durabile non est.

What thyng resteth not, now & thē emong.

But still trauailleth, cannot endure long.

Cleomenes also of thesame Lacedemon beeyng suche a sore and rigoro [...]s feloe that he would not licence neither rymers, nor women [Page] that could syng or plaie on instrumentes, nor any mynstrelles to bee in the commenweale, yet allowed that all thesame countree should striue their bealyes full one with an other in bourdyng or iestyng meete for honeste menne to vse, & in poynaunte checkyng tauntes. For a finall conclusion, as often as vacaunte tyme is geuen, or the case requireth hilaritee and myrth, how muche more decente is it with suche maner saiynges as these been, to passe ye tyme, then to take pleasure of fables voide of honestee, voide of learnyng, and full of rebaudrie. I am of this opinion, that young children might muche more to their profecte and benefite bee exercised in the grammer schooles with themes, or argumentes to wryte on, of this sorte, then with matiers to make vpon, suche as been commenly vsed, (whiche themes for the moste parte, as thei contein nothyng but litle trifleyng senses voide of all pith or fruite, so dooe thei nothyng open the my [...]teries of the Latine toung) so that the shoolemaister dooe open and declare the rewles & wayes how that whiche is briefly spoken maye bee dilated and sette out more at large, and how that that is so [Page] fondly spoken, that the hearers or readers cannot but laugh at it, maye bee turned or applyed to a serious vse and purpose. And this one thyng will I saie more. In sermones percase it is not conueniente to miengle iestyng saiynges of mortall menne with the holy scriptures of God, but yet might thesame muche more excusably bee vsed, to quicken suche as at sermones been euer noddyng, then olde wiues foolyshe tales of Robyn Hoode & suche others, whiche many preachers haue in tymes past customably vsed to bryng in, taken out euen of the veraye botome and grossest parte of the dreggues of the commen peoples foolyshe talkyng. Iulius Caesar Emperour of Roome susteinyng the burden of so many chargeable affaires of encoumbraunce and buisynesse, aswell at home in the citee when peace was, as also abrode in warrefare, vsed to drieue awaye ye werynesse of takyng thought for suche thynges as he had in his hedde to carke & care for, wt taūtyng woordes of bourdyng and iestyng: with whiche he was so greately delited, that he did allow and take in veraye good parte suche as wer spoken by others euen against his owne persone, so that thei wer propre [Page] feacte and well conueighed. Uneth any other of all the aunciente Emperours of Roome was either more holy and better disposed, orels more encoumbreed with buisynesse of the worlde, then was Augustus Caesar: But again, what persone in this kynde more merie conceipted? Of Marcus Tullius, I will nothyng saie at this presente, who is of many menne thought in iestyng to haue remembred or considreed as he ought to haue dooen neither measure nor yet honestee and comelynesse. Xenocrates ye philosophier was of a more soure nature, a ioyly feloe in some other respectes: but Plato moe tymes thē one auised hym, with sacrifice to purchace the fauour of the Graces, that is, so to applye hymself, yt his saiynges and dooynges might haue more grace and bee better accepted & taken of the worlde. zeno beeyng outright alltogether a Stoique vsed to call Socrates the scoffer, or the Hicke scorner of the citee of Athenes: because of his merie conceiptes and tauntyng, that he neuer ceassed to vse: but yet is there no manne, but he will saie that Socrates was a more godly feloe then either of those twoo whiche I named last afore. And to leaue vnspoken that no mennes [Page] saiynges are more taken vp and vsed, then those whiche bee sauced with a certain grac [...] of pleasaunte myrth, vndoubtedly Socrates, Diogenes, and Aristippus would serue better for teachyng and trainyng young children, then either Xenocrates orels zeno. That if the moste wyse aunciente fathers wer not deceiued in that thei thougt it conueniente, with certain knackes of pleasaūte delectacion to lure y• tendrenesse of youngth vnto the loue of sage ladie Sapiēce, muche more is thesame conueniente for one that is bothe tendre of age, and also born to bee a prince or gouernour: whom as it becometh to bee vigilaunte, and to haue in all causes a diligente yie, so it behoueth not either to haue a soure couutenaunce hymself, orels to leat any persone with an heauie looke to departe from his presence. Now, the mynde brought vp in plea [...]aunte and coumfortable studies of recreaciō, is made more lustie and courageous to sustein the burdē of all cures, & also more pleasaūte for allmaner cōpaignie kepyng emong mēne. With these reasones I might sufficientely haue defēded myself though I had gathered together nothyng but merie iestes, wheras now suche saiynges of myrth are but here [Page] and there in fewe places entremedleed emong saiynges of grauitee and sadnesse, as sauces of the feaste. That if I shall perceiue your grace herewithall to bee well pleased: it shall neuer repente me of this my labour & seruice dooyng, though (as some persones shall percase iudge) it bee ouer poore and base. Others dooē wryte bookes for theim that bee ferther entreed bothe in yeres and knowelage: I dooe (as ye would saie) feede the tendre age of a young babe of noble byrth. That if your grace hath alreadie outlearned this geare (as with all my herte I would wyshe that ye had) yet I knowe well it will stand with the good mynde and pleasure of thesame, that the commen studies of young scholares haue been ferthreed, and haue fared thus muche the better for your sake. And I shall perhappes here after geue you thynges of more saigenesse and grauitee, when ye shall perfectely haue learned all this by herte. For these thynges must in any wyse bee cunned by herte, to thende that ye maye haue theim euer readie at hande. Albeeit what nedeth you to haue any thynges of my makyng, ses ye haue at home in householde with you Conradus Heresbachius, a manne in all [Page] kyndes and sortes of learnyng absolute and perfecte, whom I see and perceiue to beare towardes your grace suche good herte and mynde, that (accordyng to the dutie and parte of an especiall good schoolemaister) he reioyceth at the comoditees and the honourable procedynges o [...] you his pupille and scholare, muche more highly then at his owne. And this māne like as he hath alreadie trained & instructed your childehood with learnyng, so shall he bee hable with prudente & feithfull counsaill to dooe you greate helpe and fertheraunce when ye shalbee a manne. And to me also it shalbee a thyng to dooe no lesse ioye and coumforte, then high honestee and auauncemt [...]te, in some behalf (bee it neuer so litle) to haue ferthered your moste excellente towardnesse with my industrious labour. To conclude, I beseche almightie God, that he vouchesalue to conserue, to maintein, and to encreace his giftes of grace, whiche he hath moste aboundauntely bestowed on you, to the ende that ye maye aswell satisfie the desires and wyshynges of your moste vertuous parentes, and that ye maye proue euen like well in all worthynesse as thothers of your moste noble progenie hitherto haue [Page] dooen, as also that ye maye bee an hable manne to enioye the possessiō of that ioyly fruitefull Seigniourie to the whiche ye are born, and appoincted to bee heire. Thus will I make an ende, after one worde more. Whyle ye bestowe your self in this geare, thynk and remembre well, that ye dooe reade the saiynges, not of Christian menne, but of gentiles and myscreauntes, so that ye must reade theim with a iudgemente. Yeuen at Friburge the .xxvi. daye of Februarie in the yere of our Lorde. M.D.XXXI.

¶ A preamble of the enterpreter vnto the saiynges of SOCRATES.

[Page]

[Page]

FOrasmuche as emong al the gentile Philosophiers of old tyme, ther is none, either for integritee of maners, for vpryght liuynge, for quickenes & (as ye would saie) liuelynes of saiynges, or for the perfeccion of philosophical humilitee & suffreaunce to be compared with Socrates: And in consideracion that thesame Socrates firste of all that sorte attempted to wythdrawe menne from vayne studies and desires, to the readynge of morall philosophie, & to the trade of vertuous lyuyng, not onely so framyng and ministryng his doctrine, that he might effectually persuade vnto menne vertue & perfecte honestee, but also directyng ye exaumple and paterne [Page] of all his life and dooynges to the same ende, effecte and purpose: we haue thought moste conuenient to set his saiynges first, as of ye which the studious reader maye gather & take suche presidentes of holy and innocent liuyng, suche nourture of vncorrupt maners, suche lessōs of myldnes and pacience, suche discipline of eschewyng vice, and al carnall pleasures, suche paterne of bridelyng and refreinyng all sensualitee, suche exaumple of cōtemnyng worldly gooddes and other vanitees, as shall bee to thesame right pleasaūt, fruitefull, & profitable.

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The saiynges of SOCRATES.

OUt of the mouthe of 1 SOCRATES it came,God is to be folowed as nere as we maye. the goddes to bee of al the best and moste blissed: and that euery manne the nerer that he draweth to the facions and representaciō of thesame goddes, the better he is and the more heauenlyke. If ye saye one God, as he saied goddes (for there is but one God) nothyng maye be spoken more Christianelyke.

It was also a saiyng of his, that 2 nothynge ought to bee desired of god in mennes praiers,What sorte oure payers ought to be. but vndre this fourme, & with these wourdes (suche thynges as bee good for vs) wythout any ferther addicion. Where as the moste parte of menne dooe aske in their praiers, one a wyfe wt a good dourie, an other asketh ryches, this manne honours, that manne rewle, some long lyfe, as it were prescribyng & appoynting to God what he shuld dooe. [Page] But God of hym self before we aske, doeth best knowe what is good and expedient for vs, and what is not.

3 His mynde was, that sacrifice should bee dooen to ye goddes with as smal charges as myght bee,Sacrifice to God ought not to bee ouer sumptu [...]us. for that the goddes, as thei haue no neede of the gooddes of mortal mē so thei haue more regarde to ye hertes of those yt offre sacrifice, then to their riches: otherwyse, forasmuche as commenly the wurste disposed persones haue moste aboundaūce of worldly gooddes, ye worlde wer at an eiuil poynte, if god wer better pleased wt the sacrifice of ye naughtie persones thē of ye good. And to yt ende he vsed greatly to allow this verse yt foloeth of the greke poete. Eche mā to his power in any wise. [...]. Unto the goddes to dooe sacrifice. This saiyng toucheth vs Christian menne also, which dooe bestowe co [...]t and charge out of all measure in adournyng temples, and in executyng high feastes & [...]uneralles, where as wee should much [Page] better content and please God, yf that, that is aboue good housbādlyke clenlynes, we would bestowe in almes vppon our Christian brethrē, beeyng in extreme nede. Sembleable measure he taught to [...]ee vsed also in receiuyng and intreteinyng of geastes and straungers when thei resorte to vs, euer hauyng in his mouthe the verse aboue written: Eche man to his power. &c.

Whē it was told hym by a frende 4 of his, that agaynst the receiuyng of certain geastes into his hous, he had sclendrely prepaired for theim:Sclendre fare is to much for eiuill geastes. If thei be honeste menne (ꝙ he) it wylbee enoughe: yf not, a greate deale to muche.

One lesson of his was, that mēne 5 should abstein frō meates whiche might prouoke a manne to eate hauyng no appetite nor beeyng houngrie,Uertue & temperate diet to bee vsed. & also frō that drynke whiche myght tempte a manne to drynke, not beeyng thyrstie. For meate & drynke we ought not to vse, but as the the necessite of the bodye requireth.6

Socrates saied,Houngre is y• best sauce in the worlde for meate. the best sauce in the [Page] world for meates is to be hoūgrye. Because thesame bothe sweeteth all thynges, and also is a thyng of no cost ne charge, and by this meanes dyd he for his part euermore eate and drynke with pleasure & delite, for he dyd neither the one, nor the other, but whē he was houngrye and thirstie.

7 Yea and to endure houngre and thirst,The [...]st and appetite must bee refreined. he had purposely exercised & enured hym self. For after swette or greate heate taken in the wrastleyng place (wher thei vsed to wrastle and walke for the exercise of theyr bodyes) wher as others wold nedes haue drynke by and by in al ye hast: Socrates would neuer drynke of the firste cuppe. And beeyng demaunded wherfore he dyd so, that I maye not accustome my selfe, ꝙ he, to foloe my sensuall appetites, lustes and desyres.In takynge meates and drynkes, reason is to bee fol [...]ed & not the appetite. For sometymes though a manne bee thyrstie, yet is it a noysome and daungerous thyng to drynke. And in this case whē reason aduiseth to forbeare, & the appetite pricketh to take drynke, a manne ought rather [Page] to foloe reason.

He saied that suche as had well 8 broken theim selfes to vertuous liuyng and [...]ēperate diete dyd perceiue & take of ye same,Inordinate liuyng, is much more peynful thē vertuous liuyng. both muche more pleasure and lesse peines thē suche as with all high cure and diligence dyd on euery side make prouision to haue all thynges of pleasure.The inconueniencies ensuyng of inordinate sensualytee. Because the pleasures of inordinate l [...]uers, besydes the tormentes of their owne naughtye conscience, besides infamie and pouertee, dooe brede oftymes euen in the veraye bodye more greefe, then delectacion. And contrariewise, what thynges been moste honest thesame weaxen also moste pleas [...]ūt, yf a man haue been accustomed vnto theim.

He saied yt it was a foule shame 9 yf a manne wylfully beeyng as a bonde seruaunt to pleasures of the bodye,To bee as a bond seruaūt to the pleasures of ye body made himselfe suche an one as no manne would by his good wyll haue to his seruaunt at home in his hous. And in suche persons he saied that there was nomaner hope of recouerie, excepte yt others [Page] would praye to the goddes for thē that (for asmuche as thei wer vtterly determyned to bee bond seruaū tes) their fortune might be, to gea [...] good and honest maisters. For his opinion was, that no persones dooe liue in a more fylthy or beastely, and in a more wreched or miserable state of bondage, then suche as bothe in mynde & bodye, been captiue to naughtee pleasures.

10 Socrates beeyng demaunded for what cause he would not beare some publique office in gouernyng the comē weale sens that he could singlare good skyll howe to administre thesame:To dooe bn̄fite to a whole multitude. answered, that persone to dooe muche better seruice in a cytee whiche dyd make a great noūbre of menne apte & mete to bee rewlers in a comē weale, then hym that could well gouerne thesame in his owne person onely. The selfe same answere dyd Nicolaus Leonicenus make vnto me in the cytee of Farrar [...], Nicolaus Leonicenus a physician in Italie. whē I saied: that I meruailled why hym self dyd not practise Physike, of whiche [Page] facultee he was a doctour and a publique reader: I auayll muche more, saieth he in that I teache al the other phisiciās.Williā war [...]am arche bisshope of Canterbury. Nor a muche vnlyke aunswere dyd Wylliam late archebishop of Cāterbury the synguler Mecaenas was a noble man in Rome and a gret mā wyth Augustus Caesar & so great a faunurer, promouter, and setter fourthe of Virgil, Horace & suche other learned menne, that euersens his tyme, al those yt dooe notably promote helpe or fauour studentes or learned menne, are of his [...] me called Mecaenates. Mecaenas of al my studies geue vnto me stiffely refusynge to take a benefice of his collacion and saiyng: with what face maye I take to my vse and profyte the money of those persones, to whom (as beeyng a manne ignoraunt of their language) I can neither make sermons, nor dooe good in rebukynge of their misbehaueour, nor in geuyng theim coūforte: nor yet in duely executynge any parte of the office of a good shephearde or curate As though ye dooe not more good, ꝙ he, in that by youre bookes whiche ye haue made & set forth ye dooe enstruct & teache al pastours and curates, then if ye should bestowe all your tyme and seruice vppon one sole parishe of the coūtree. I knowleged yt it was on his partie veray frēdely spokē, but yet he did not perswade me, ne bryng me in mynde to take the benefice.

Beeyng asked, by what meanes a manne might atteigne an honest 11 name and fame:Honest name & fame how it is to bee perchaced and acquired. If he earnestly apply hymselfe, ꝙ Socrates, to bee suche a manne in deede, as he desireth to [Page] bee accoumpted and estemed. Yf a manne would fayn bee reputed a good player on the recordres, it is necessarie that he perfourme and dooe suche feates as he seeth dooen of theim, who been allowed for perfecte good players on that instrumente. As he that hath veray s [...]lendre sight in ministrynge physike, is not therfore a phisyciā, because he is sent for to take cure of pacientes, & hath by the cō men voyce of menne the name of a physician: so is not he by and by a good gouernoure in a comen weale, or a good offycer, that is by the voyce of the people so bruted, excepte he knowe also the ryght facion and wayes to re [...]le the cytie, and to kepe it in good ordre.

12 He saied, that it was a thyng muche against all reason,The Arte of gouernyng acōmen weale. wher as no manne setteth vp any handyecrafte or occupacion without his greate shame and reproche whiche hath not learned thesame afore, & where no manne wyll put to makyng a nest of boxes or a cupbourd full of almeries of Ioyners werke to one that neuer was a werkeman in that mysterie: that to publique [Page] offices suche persones should be admitted as haue neuer geuē studie to those disciplynes without whiche no manne maye bee hable accordyngly to execute a publique office And wher as euery bodye without excepcion would crye: fye on hym, that would take vpon hym to sitte and holde the stie [...]ne in a shyppe, hauyng none experience in ye feate of marinershyp, Socrates saied, that thei were muche more to bee cryed out vpon, whiche tooke in hāde the regyment and gouernaunce of a comen weale, beeyng vnexperte of ye part of Philosophie whiche geueth preceptes and rewles howe to ordre a cytee or a commen weale. Neither dyd Socrates suppose yt person worthie to bee called a craftie beguiler of menne which of some foolysh body (persuaded therunto) dyd receiue & take either money or some pece of plate which he were not hable to repaye, but muche rather those persones he pronounced woorthie to be accoūpted deceytfull bobbers [Page] of menne, whiche by fraude & guil [...] dyd make eche manne beleue yt they were hable menne to take vpō them the rewle and gouernaunce of the whole worlde, where as in deede they are but vilaines and slaues nothyng worthie to be had in estimacion. This saiyng muche nerer toucheth christian princes, officers and Bishoppes, then ye gentyles or infideles.

13 He was woont to saye, that there is no possession or treasure more precious thē a true and an assured good frēde,A true frēde is an high treasure. nor of any other thyng in the worlde besides, to bee found more good, profyte orels pleasure. And therfore, he saied, that many persones dooe arsee versee,Thei dooe ars [...]e versee that take ye losse of money moore greuously thē the losse of a frende. in that thei take the losse of a lytle money more greuously at the hert, then the losse of a frende, and in that thei crye out and saye thei haue cast awaye and lost a good turne beeyng so bestowed that they haue not as good again for it, whereas by thesame thei haue perhappes purchaced a frende more to bee set by then any gaynes of money in ye worlde.

[Page]As we dooe not put images to 14 makyng but onely to suche werkemenne of whō wee see some noumbre of images welfauouredly and mynionly made afore. So should wee take no persones vnto oure frendship,What mane [...] ꝑsones ough [...] to be receiued into frēdship. but such as wee perfectly knowe to haue tryed theimselfes feithful and seruiceable frendes to others aforetymes.

Of a certain manne somewhat 15 sharpely beatyng a bonde seruaūt of his owne, Socrates asked wherfore he was so vengeable eagre, marie (ꝙ the other) because this knaue, wheras he is the greattest gluttō & rauener of meates that maye bee, yet is he the moste idle lubber aliue and whereas he is the moste couetous feloe in the worlde, yet is he the moste slowethful that is possible to bee.Many menne punyshe in others thesame thynges in whiche thei [...] selfes are offenders. Then saied Socrates, haue ye neuer yet vnto this daye cast well in your mynde, whether of bothe [Page] hath more nede of coylynge, ye, or or your seruaūt.? Would God, yt euerie bodye whensoeuer thei rebuke & punishe in other persones thesame thing that thei perdone in theimselfes, (or if not thesame a much wurse thyng) would saye to theimselfes that Socrates saied to that manne.

16 To a certain persone whiche in in deede would veraye faine haue gon from home to the Olympia, were certaine games of rennyng & wrastleing, which Hercul [...]s did firs [...] ordein in th [...] honour of Iuppiter to bee celebrate & kepte [...]uerye fifth yeare, in a certain place called Olympia, situate & lying in ye coū tree of Achaia, betwene ye twoo townes Elis, and Pisa, in whiche Olympia Iuppiter had a tē ple and was therefore called Iuppiter Olimpicus or Olympius. Olympia, with the tediousnes of trauaillyng so ferre aiourney, vtterly discouraged, thus saied Socrates: wheras beeyng here at home thou walkest too and fro, ofteseasons in maner all y• whole daye, aswell afore dyner, as before supper: yf thou stretch ye walkynges that thou vsest at home, & laye theim on lēgth by the space of fiue or sixe dayes together yu shalt easyly reache to Olympia. This high witted manne dyd euidently shewe that thyng that maketh vs false herted in takyng peines and laboures, to be rather our imaginaciō and conceipte, then the veray laboures in deede. If any [Page] daunger, losse or trauaill must bee susteined about any honest maters, wee fynd excuses, wee will none of it, it standeth clene against our stomakes, whereas in maters not woorth a blewe point (for I will not saye in thynges vnhonest) wee will spare for no cost: Thus some persones beeyng inuited and exhorted to falle to the studie of lettres, make their excuse that thei bee sickely,To take pein or trauaill in honest maters eche man fyndeth excuses. that the [...] can not slepe ne take their naturall reste in ye nightes, that bookes are veray chargeable: and yet in the meane tyme, thei will playe al the whole night through at dyce thei will with bollyng and drynkyng geat the feure, the goute, the hydropsie, and a pair of blered iyes:Diseases of late banquettyng & whorehauntyng. they will with whoorehaūtyng catche the paulsey, or ye great pockes, otherwise called ye frenche pockes.

An other certain manne cōplainynge 17 that he was euen doggue werie, and clene tiered with goyng a long iourney, Socrates asked, whether his boye hadde been hable enough to keepe foote with hym all the waye? he saied, yea. Went he leere (ꝙ Socrates) orels charged with the charge of any burdē? he carryed [Page] a good preatie packe on his necke [...] saied the manne. And what? doeth the boye finde any faute that he is werie, ꝙ Socrates? Whē the feloe had saied, naye, & art thou not ashamed (saied Socrates) of suche nicenes, yt gooyng on ye waye emptie & voide of any burden, thou shouldest bee werie, sens that he hauyng caried a fardelle cōplaineth not of werines.Nicenes and tendrenes maketh men vnapte to labour. Socrates declared the seruaunt in this behalfe to bee in muche better case then the maister, that for asmuche as he was better e [...]ured with labouryng, he feeled lesse gref [...] of his laboure.

18 It was his cōmen guise, to tel folkes, thesame that in other places is called, eatyng, or feastyng, to bee called in greke emonges the Atheniens, [...], by the whiche wourde he saied yt we wer putte in remembreaunce that meate ought to bee taken with suche measure and sobrietee,Repastes measurably to bee taken. as neither the bodye, nor the mynde might bee ouercharged. Alludyng [Page] (I suppose) to this, that the Greke woorde, [...], souneth in englishe to bee carryed, wherof is deriued a nowne, [...] in englishe a carre. Albeit, [...] is greke also for meate, and therunto is added this syllable, [...], that vpon the bodie might not bee laied a more heauie burden then it wer well hable to awaye withal. For this sillable, [...], in composicion of greke vocables betokeneth a certain facilitee & cōmodiousnes annexed to the thyng. Thē [...] is to bee not ouer full gorged, but to bee refreshed with a light repaste, suche as the bodie maye easyly and without incommoditee awaye withall, taken by translacion of the easie ladynge or burden of a carte.

He saied that vpon suche children 19 especially,The better of birthe that a childe is, the better ought his bryngyng vp to bee. ought to bee bestowed vertuous educaciō, and good bryngyng vp, as wer best of birth and came of the moste honeste parentage. For in suche is comenly seen (saied he) thesame thyng that [Page] is seen in horses, emong whō, such as been coltishe or ful of courage, and of kyndely towardnes, if thei bee broken in season, & wel taught euē while thei bee veray yoūg coltes, thei growe to bee pure bonie ones, and applyable to dooe whatsoeuer a manne wil put theim vnto: if otherwise, thei weaxe ski [...]tishe past maisteryng, and good for no purpose. And therefore it chaunceth, that in maner all excellente goodly wittes be marred through defaulte of [...]kylle in their teachers and bryngers vp,Excellente goodly wittes marred by e [...]vil maisters. who euen at the first dashe, of quicke horses makē veray dulle asses, because thei cā no skylle how to maister, haulte couraged stomakes, & suche hertes as will not bee brought vnder, ne bee made vila [...]es.

20 Many a tyme and ofte did he saye that persone to dooe lyke one without all shame, whiche, wher [Page] as he made hys oxen euery daye fewer & fewer, yet required in any wise to bee accoūpted a good cowheard: but yet a thyng muche more stādyng against reason, if a manne would desire to be reputed a good gouernour in a commē weale, whē he dayly diminisheth the noumbre of his people. These woordes he spake aferre of against Critias & Charicles, Critias and Charicles, were twoo of the thirtie tyrannes in Athenes. which had put to death many of the cytizens, neither was thesame vnknowē vnto theim. For Critias manaced & thretened hym, that onelesse he chaumbreed his toūgue in season, ther should ere lōg bee one oxe the fewer for hym. And what he thretened in woordes, he perfourmed in dede. For by ye meanes of Critias was Socrates put to death.

He had chosen out of the olde 21 autours certain verses whiche he vsed veraye often tymes for prouerbes, emong whiche this verse of Hesiodus was one:

[...].

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Idlenes euermore worthie blame.

No kynde of laboure is a thyng of shame,

But idlenes euermore, worthie blame.

By this verse he did counsail young folkes not onely from idlenes, but also from all vnprofitable or vn [...]ruyteful accions.Unfruitefull dooynges bee as eiuill as idlenes. For Socrates rekened theim also in the noumbre of idle persones, whiche spent all their tyme in dy [...]yng, in reuellyng or banquettynge, and in whoorehountyng.

22 Also this verse of homere as shewen bothe Gellius and Laertius:

[...].

That is.

VVhat euer is doen eche where about,

Aswell within our hous as without.

By this verse he did not onely call backe suche as would geue eare to hym, from buisie medleyng with other mēnes maters,To bee ouerfull of medleyng in euery bodyes maters. but also from al kyndes of learnyng beeyng not necessarie to bee had: (as from the exa [...]te knowlage of Astrologie, or of geometrie, or of natural causes, or of thynges supernaturall,) to the knowlage of moral philosophie,What goodnes ensueth of the knowlage of moral philosophie. the perfecte intelligence wherof do [...]eth make, that we maye throughly knowe our selfes, and that we maye gouerne and conueigh [Page] aswell our owne priuate maters, as also the publyque affaires of the cō men weale accordyngly, & to good purpose.

To y• same purpose serueth this 23 saiyng also, whiche is fathered on Socrates, and is of great autoritee what is aboue our reache, we haue naught to do withall.Whatso is aboue our reache we haue naught to do withall. For thus was he woonte to aunswere menne, woondreyng why he would euermore bee reasonyng of maners and of good behaueour, but neuer of the sterres nor of thynges gendred aboue in the aier, or of any Suche naturall effectes as bee dooen nigh vnto the sterres, or as ye (would saye) aboue the reache of mānes familiare knowlage, are called in greke, [...], as for example: the generation of mystes, haille, rain, sn [...]we, lyghtenyng, shootynge of sterres, openyng of the aier, blasyng sterres, heggues that are seen in the feldes by nyght like f [...]erbrandes, or torches, with such other thynges. Of the natural causes producyng, and generacion of whiche thynges Aristoteles, writeth fower bookes and entitleeth theim [...]. But Socrates would neuer take vpon him, to determyn suche thynges as wer aboue the coumpace of mannes familiar handleynge.impressions there chauncyng.

When a certain feloe had of a 24 lasciuiousnes or malapertenes geuen [Page] him a spurne on the shynne, as he was gooyng on his waye in the strete: to suche as wondreed that he could pacientely suffre it, why, what should I dooe (ꝙ he?) when thei counsailled hym to take the lawe on the feloe: A gentle ieste (saied Socrates:Paciently spoken.) If an Asse had geuē me a strype with his heele, would ye haue saied to me, take the lawe on hym? He thought no di [...]ference to bee betwene an Asse, and a manne behauyng hym selfe like a brute beaste,Betwene a beaste and a manne of brutishe condicions there is no diference. and [...]ndewed with no vertue or honest qualitee, and to seme a thyng muche against al reason, not to suffre at a mannes hāde, yt ye could fynd in your herte to abyde of a brute beastes dooyng.

25 A certain persone beeyng of him bidden good speede, saied to hym again neither buff ne baff. Neither was Socrates therwith any thyng discontēted. But his frendes meruaillyng therat, & fumyug at the lewde facion of the feloe, he saied [Page] as foloeth. If one should passe by vs that had some wurse disease in his bodie thē we, none of vs would for that respecte bee angrye wyth hym,The patience of Socrates, & angre well refreined. why then should I bee displeased with this feloe, that hath a more cancarde stomake then I haue?

Euripides came and brought vnto 26 Socrate [...] a booke of Heraclitus his writyng and makyng,Heraclitus was a philosophi [...]r, but he wrote so obscure and derke a style yt sca [...]ely any man was hable to vnderstande hym, wherefore he was named: [...] Heraclitus the derke. whiche booke perused, Eurip [...]des asked, what he thought of it. By Iuppiter (saied Socrates) that, that I haue been hable to vnderstand me thynketh to bee ioyly good stuffe, and of like goodnes I suppose to be the residue also, whiche I haue not vnderstand. But we haue neede of some young Marlian to expoune the meanyng of it. He [...]yd in this saiyng (not without a shar [...]e taunte and poynaunte checke) note the obscure and derke style whiche the saied writer with great studie & laboure purposely sought to haue: [Page] wherof in deede he had this name geuen vnto hym [...], that is: Heraclitus the derke. Of ye prouerbe Delius na [...]ator in ye greke prouerbe was called a cunnyng swymmer that could kepe hym selfe styll aboue water without perill of drounyng. And Socrates applyed that to the readers of Heraclitus bookes, meanyng that excepte they wer veray cunnyng they should soone bee drouned and choked, that is to saye: confused and sette at a staye with readyng thesame. Delius na [...]ator (for whom is here putte Merlian) I haue spoken at large in my werke of Greke & Latin prouerbes entitleed Chiliades.

27 When Alcibiades had by the waye of free gift offreed him a fair large platte of grounde,Alcibiades was a young gentleman in Athenes, whose lyfe Plutarchus wryteth at large. to buylde hymselfe an hous vpon, what? (ꝙ Socrates) if I hadde neede of a paire of shooes, wouldest thou come & geue me a pece of leather, whereof to make my selfe a paire of shooes? And in case thou shouldest so dooe, wer not I woorthie to bee laughed to skorne if I toke it? By this similitude he re [...]used ye gift whiche should stand hym in no seruice.A gyfte that wyll dooe no profite is to bee refused.

28 In walkyng vp and downe in ye mercate place as he vewed on eche [Page] syde the aboundaunce of wares yt wer there to bee sold, he vsed thus to saye to himself, how many thynges haue I no neede of.The frugalitee o [...] Socrates But others bee sore vexed at their hertes, thus thynkyng: howe many thynges dooe I lacke. Socrates was of his owne behalfe ioyeous and gladde, that liuyng accordyng to nature, and accustomed to the vse of fewe thynges, he neither was desirous to haue, nor yet did lacke, cloth of golde, of purple, precious stones, iueraye, ares [...]e hangynges, and the other delices of ryche menne, whiche he veraye many tymes saied to be thynges more apte and fitte for disguisynges in stage playes, then for any seruyce, vse or occupiyng to the life of manne necessarie. To whiche menyng he vsed these iambyque verses of a certain greke poete whatsoeuer he was.

[...]

[...].

That is

This siluer plate, and ryche araye

Of purple hewe, dooeth wonderous well

For disguisynges in a stage playe,

Our life nedeth theim not a dele.

He saied that manne to be moste 29 [Page] like vnto the Goddes, whiche feeled lacke of fewest thynges, sens that the Goddes feele lacke of no maner thyng at all. But the cō men people thynketh nexte cousyns or feloes to God hymself to be ryche menne, whose del [...]ces nothyng is hable to satisfie. For of those is sa [...]ed in one of the comedies of Terence, howe ye lead your life in all ease and pleasure.What persones liuē in all ease and pleasure. And that dooeth Homerus attrybute vnto the Goddes whom in many places he calleth [...], [...]iuyng in all ease and pleasure. And he liueth in all e [...]se and pleasure, yt with a veraye litle is throughly contented and satisfied.

30 It was another saiyng of his, yt whoso eateth drye breade with pleasure thesame nedeth no meate to it.Frugalitee. And to whō no maner drynke cometh amysse, thesame requireth none other cuppe but suche as is readie in the waye.Houngre and thirst, the best sauce for all meates. For hoūgre & thirste is for all thynges the beste sauce in the worlde.

31 He saied yt it was a readie thyng [Page] for euerye manne if he had any notable good thynges of his owne, to name what it was, wheras it was a veraye hard thyng to name what true frendes he had,No possessiō so good as to haue a tru [...] frende [...] and yet no possession to bee more dere a [...]d precious or harder to come by, then a true frende. In this saiyng, he checked ye preposterous and ouerth wart iudgement that the commen sorte of people haue of thynges, as the whiche passeth lest of that thyng, whiche ought to bee sette by moste of all. A bodye thynketh hymselfe well emended in his substaunce and ryches, to whom hath happened some good goubbe of money, and maketh a great whynyng, if he haue had any losse of thesame.The preposterous iudgemēt of the cō men people in estemyng thi [...] ges. But he that hath gotten a good frende, thynketh hymself in no more happie state, then he was afore, nor maketh any mournefull chere when he hath lost a frende.

Unto Euclides beeyng veraye studious 32 of contencious conclusions and cauillacions of subtile reasonyng he saied: Euclides ye maye percase matche with ☞sophistes, but [Page] with men ye cannot haue to dooe. Signifiyng that Sophistrie dooeth no helpe,He that wyll lyue emonge menne muste frame hymself to the facions of men. vse ne seruice to dooynges in publique affaires or bearyng offices in a commen weale. Whiche publique offices whoso is a suiter to haue, it behoueth thesame not to playe hieke skorner with insolubles, & with idle knackes of sophisticacions, but rather to frame and facion hymself to the maners and condicions of menne, and to bee of suche sort [...] as other menne bee.

33 He saied that science and cunnyng is the onely good thynge of the worlde:Science and cunnyng is ye onelye good thynge of the worlde, & ignoraunce the onelye eiuill thyng. and contrariewyse ignoraunce the onely eiuill thynge. For whatsoeuer persones dooe commytte any vniuste thynge, thesame offendē in this behalfe, that thei bee ignoraūt [Page] what is to bee dooen toward euerie partie eche in his degree. And such as be māful hardye, for none other thyng bee manfull hardye, but in that thei knowe those thynges woorthie to [...]ee sued for, and to be desired, whiche the multitude demeth woorthie to bee abhorred. And suche as be intemperaūt, that is: foloers of their naughtie [...]ppetites and lustes, dooe in this pointe erre, that thei thynke those thynges to bee sweete and honest, whiche are nothyng so. Therfore the highest good thyng in the worlde, saied Socrates, to [...]ee the science or perfecte knowlage of thynges to be desired with her [...]e and mynde, and of thynges to bee refused or auoided.

To a certain manne saiyng that 34 Antisthenes the philosophier came of a mother that was of the countree of Thrace, and so by the waye of reuilyng or despyte, laiynge to the charge of thesame Antisthenes tha [...] he was a moungreell, and had to his father a citezen of Athenes, but to his mother a woman of a barbarous or saluage countree: what? (ꝙ Socrates) trowest thou that it had [Page] been possible for suche a ioyly man as Antisthenes to bee born of a father and a mother beyng both of the [...]m Atheniens? Noty [...]g the moste corrupte maners of the Atheniens, The corrupte maners of the cytee of Athenes in Socrates his tyme. that much rather of a Thraciā or o [...] Scythiā [...]ight issue an honeste or weldisposed manne, then of an Athenien: and of all the honestee that Antisthenes had, he thought he might thanke his mother.

35 He saied that of al possessions in the worlde,Tyme of vacaciō wel spēt is an especiall good possession. vacaunt tyme of leasure is one of the veraye best. But by vacaunt tyme of leasure, he mened not slouggyng, loyteryng or slouthfull idlenes, but to bee quiete frō troubleous ruffleynges, and coumbreous buisynesse of the worlde, and from the affectionate appetites pertour [...]yng and corruptynge the tranquillytee of the mynde.

36 Of all the saiynges of his, there is none so muche taken vp,The humilitee of Socrates. as that he saied, that he knewe nothyng, sanyng onely this, that he knewe no thyng. For he enquiered of euerie thyng as though he w [...]re in doubte: not [Page] y• in deede he had no certain knowlage of any thyng, but by this dryenesse, he did declare his owne modestie & softnes, and reproued the arrogancie of others, who professed and openly tooke vpon theim that thei were [...]gnoraunte of nothyng,The arrogancie of Sophistes. whereas in deede thei knewe nothyng at al. Certain Sophistes did opē ly take vpon the [...]m, that thei would at the first [...]ight make aunswere to all maner maters that should bee laied afore theim or putte to theim: the presumptuous ignoraunce of suche persones dyd Socrates ofte tymes blanke and confoūd. And for this veray thyng and none els (as himself tooke and expouned the mater) was be by the voice or testimonie of the God Appollo [...]udged a perfecte wyse manne, because that al [...]eit he had ignoraūce of al thynges like as other menne hadde: yet in this behalfe he was aboue theim, that he knowlaged his ignor [...]ūce wher as the residue wer vnknowyng of this thyng also, yt thei perfectly knewe nothyng.

Laertius ascrybeth to hym this 37 saiyng also:Laertius is a [...]r [...]ke autour that wryteth the liues of al the auncient philosophers to haue well begoōne is a thyng halfe dooen. For he saied: yt he [...]ad euē now alreadie finished [Page] half his werke, who had ones entreed [...] begonne. For some ther bee, that in lyngreyng and driuyng foorth and consultyng, spenden out all their life, The saiyng is halfe a verse of the greke poete Hesiodus:

[...].

Begynnyng, is half of the whole.

38 These persones, that bought thynges,As grene geece strawberies, cheries, peason, quadlinges, damase [...]es, wynes [...] &c made rype by arte, ere thei wer full in season, at high prices, he saied to bee in despaire, leste thei should not lyue vntyll the same might bee through rype. Excepte it bee for suche a respecte a great foly it is,Folyshe haste and nedelesse. to bye suche thynges bothe with more charge, & also the thynges beeyng not yet come to theyr goodnes: but beeyng wurse then shortly after thei would bee, whereas within a whyle after thei maye haue thesame thyn [...] both for lesse money and twyse as go [...]. Thus dyd he by all wayes possible [...]ll backe vnto a sobreindgemēt the desirefull appetites and lustes of menne, beeyng voyde of reason.

39 At a certain tyme when Euripides was in suche wise treatyng of vertue, that he brought in these woordes.

[Page]

[...].

These thynges, at auenture in this case

It is best of all, euen to leat passe.

As though vertue might by no meanes possible bee found out. Up stood Socrates, saiyng: that it was a madde thyng, whereas we thynke it laboure well bestowed for our slaue, lackey or page, (if he bee not founde at the first seekynge) still to make ferther enquierye vntyll he bee found out: to iudge vertue vnwoorthie any suche diligente serchyng, yt thesame maye at lēgth bee founde outUertue, though it come not at ye first, yet by diligēt seekyng at lē gth, it maye bee fon̄d out. if it come not to a manne at the first assaiyng.

Beeyng asked of a certain yoūg 40 māne, whether of these twoo thynges he thought be [...]ter for hym, to marrye a wife, or not to marrye:To marrye or not to marrye, both iues bryng repentaunce. whether of bothe thou dooe (saied he) it will turne the to sorowe.

Signifiyng aswell to liue out of wedlocke, as to liue in matrimonie, to haue disquietynges & vexacions ānexed [Page] [...] [Page] [...] [Page] vnto it, the whiche vexacions vtterly to endure, it was necessarie to prepare th [...] mynd afore. To liuing a single lif is annexed solitarynes or lacke of coumpaignie,The in commoditees of liuyng out of wedlocke. lacke of issue, vtter decaiyng and wearyng out of the name, a straunger to enherite your gooddes & possessions after your deceasse. With matrimonie cōmeth [...]arefulnes without ende,The in commoditees of liuyng, in matrimonie. cōtynuall querelyng and complaynyng, to bee cast in the teethe and to haue dayly in your dishe the dourie that your wif brought with hir, the soure browbendyng of your wiffes kinsfolkes, the tatteleyng toungue of your wiffes moother, lyers in a wayte to make the cuckolde, the doutbful ende or prouf and vncertaintee what your children shall come to, with other incommoditees and displeasures innumerable. And therefore in this case, there is noo suche choosyng, as is betwene good and eiuil, but suche, as is betwene lighter, and more greuous incommoditees.

41 One of his frendes, complaynyng and findyng faulte that in Athenes the prices of all thynges was veray high for wyne that was called Chium should stand a manne in xx. s. an hogeshed,Vinum Chiū of the Isle Chios where it was made. purple silke [Page] or crymasyn,Hemina was the half measure of Sextarius, whiche Sextarius was the sixth part of agalō so tha [...] Sextarius was lesse thē our quart and Hemina lesse then our pynte, at lestwise if ye galō measur emōg ye Atheniense in olde tyme wer equall with the galon measure yt we vse now. woold cost after the rate of three poundes the yeard: a pynt of honey xx.d. He toke him by ye hande & lede hym into his boultyng house, saiyng, of this maye ye haue a pynte for an half penie, therfore is corne nothyng deere but cheape ynough. Frō thens ledyng hym to his storehous of oliues, of this (saieth he) ye maye haue a quarte for twoo brasse pens. And therfore not all thynges in ye citee bee deerely sold.

He that is contented with a litle,Where none excesse is vsed al thynges are good cheape. and satisfied with thynges necessarie, is as good as a clarke of the mercate to make al thynges good cheape for his own vse and occupiyng.

Archelaus kyng yt had called Socrates 42 to his seruice,Archelaus kyng of Macedonie. promisyng vnto him many gaye thynges. Socrates made aunswere,Socrates refused to take giftes whiche he was not hable to recō pense. that he would not come to hym, of whom he should receiue any benefites, sēs that he was not hable to gyue hym as good again. [Page] This saiyng dooeth Seneca improue,Seneca was a greate māne in Roome, & a noble philosophier, schoole maister vnto the Emperour Nero, by whom he was putte to death, after yt he had writē many excellēt goodly bokes of moral philosophie. for yt a philosophier (saieth he) persuadyng the contēpte of golde and siluer, geueth a greater gifte, then if he should geue golde and siluer.

43 On a certain tyme when he was come home again from the mercate place, he saied emong his frendes: I would haue bought a robe, if I had had money. He craued nothyng, but did onely after a maidenly sorte geue a bywoorde of his greate penurie. Anon emong ye frendes of Socrates was muche high suite, of whiche of their giftes Socrates should haue this cloke.Socrates could lacke nothyng emong h [...]s scolares. And He yt geueth a thyng after yt it is asked, geueth it ouer late.yet who so euer gaue it after that woorde spoken (as Seneca wryteth) gaue it ouer late.

44 To a certain persone complaynyng, that gooyng into straunge coūtrees for learnyng and knowelage,Unfruitefull beeyng from home in straunge coūtres. had nothyng auailled hym: Not without cause (ꝙ Socrates) hath that chaunced vnto the: For thou wer in straūge places still That is: vsyng ye same faciōs which thou diddest at home. accoū paign [...]ed with thyself. Many folkes, [Page] thynke prudence to bee gathered by rouyng into ferre countrees, wheras Horatius cryeth out saiyng.

Coelum, non animum mutat, qui trans mare currit.

VVho renneth ouer [...]ea, from place to place.

Though he chaūge aier, his mīde is as it was.

The coumpaignie and conuersacion of wise and perfecte good menne,A māne maye come home from beyond ye sea, as wyse and as well learned as he went foorth, except he seeke to vse the coumpaignie of wise and learned menne. bredeth knowelage and experiēce of the worlde, not the mountaines and the seaes.

When he had caught a good 45 cuffe on the eare of a felowe in the strete, The paciēce of Socrates.he aunswered nothyng els but that menne had no knowelage at what seasons thei should come abrode with their salettes on their heddes. A thyng muche like to this dooeth Laertius father vpon Diogenes.

He saied yt he woondreed, where 46 the cunnyng makers of images in stone or metalle, did with all their possible studie and diligēce, the vttermust of their power, that a stone might bee in figure and shape euē [Page] veraye like vnto a liuely creature, that thei did not sembleably prouide, that theim selfes might not bothe appere, and also bee in veray deede like vnto stones insensate. In deede, some writers there bee of this opinion, that Socrates, before he diuerted to spende his tyme in philosophie was a werker of imagerie in stone.Socrates a maker of stone images, afore he went to the studie of philosophie. And that is the cause why he dooeth make the moost parte of all his similitudes by images of Maceons werke.

47 He exhorted young spryngalles, euer now & then earnestly to vewe and behold theimselfes in a glasse:Young folkes, to vewe theim selfes in a glasse. to the ende, that if thei wer beautifull and of good feacture of bodye thei should beware to commytte nothyng vncomely for thesame: if otherwise, that the defaultes of ye bodie might with exercise or furniture of the witte, & with honestee of maners & behaueor be redubbed.The defaultes of ye bodye must with honestee of maners, bee redubbed. So duely did that gaye manne (of al maner thynges) prōptely take occasiō to auise and exhorte al persones to the earnes [...] appliyng of vertue.

[Page]He had sodainly called twoo or 48 three welthie riche menne to supper with him: and his wife Xantippe takyng great care for the mater because the prouision was veraye sclēdre.Xantippe, was Socrates his wif y• curstest quēne that euer wetted cloute. Take no discoūforte (saied he) for if thei be menne of an housbādlyke or thriuyng sorte,Honest geastes, taken all maner fare in good parte. The fourthe apothegmata afore of Socrates & this is in a maner all one. and any thyng sobre of diet, thei will take it in good parte: if otherwyse, we ought not to haue any regarde of any of theim all. Bothe the one parte and y• other of this sentence might iustely shake of from vs all the curious and chargeable pompeousnes and desire to excede, in receiuyng geastes to dyner or supper.

He saied, ye many persones dooe 49 liue purposely euē to eat & drynke:Some persones liue onely to bee gluttons. and that he contrariewise, did eate and drynke, to the ende that he might preserue his lif. For that he vsed these thynges, not for sēsualitee of ye bodye,Feede onely to maintein life. but for y• necessitee of nature. This sentēce did the poete thus expresse in one of his satires woorde for woorde.

[Page]

Non uiuas ut edas, sed edas, ut uiuere possis.

Liue not as a glutton, styll for to eate.

But feede to maintain life, by thy meate.

50 Those persones whiche would geue credence vnto the vnlearned and vnexperte multitude of the people, Socrates affermed to dooe euen like, as if a māne refusyng one pece of money of fowre grotes, would not take it in paymente, and yet a great noumbre of like refuse peces cast in an heape together, he would allow for curraunt & receiue theim in paymente. Whom ye would not trust by hymself alone,He that is not to bee trusted by hymselfe, is not to bee trusted in a multitude, of suche like as he is. is not one whitte better to bee trusted in a great rable of suche lyke feloes as hymself is: for it forceth not how great a noumbre thei bee, but how graue and substanciall. A counterfaicte peece of coyne, bee it euen in neuer so great an heape, is a countrefaicte peice. This maketh against the estemyng of witnesses by the multitude of theim and against the iudgementes of the commen people beeyng vnlearned.

51 When AEschines was afterward a greke oratour, & at cōtinuall strif with Demosthenes. His saiynges foloe in thissame werke. AEschines sued to bee one [Page] of the noumbre of Socrates his disciples and scholares, and did shamefastly laye pouertee for his excuse, saiyng that it was a great greef vnto hym, where the other frendes of Socrates, beeyng welthie, gaue vnto hym many great gyftes, that he had nothyng for to geue, except his owne self:The gētle towardnesse of Socrates ī receiuyng scholares. dooest thou not vnderstand (ꝙ Socrates again) how great a presente thou hast brought and geuen me, except percase thou estemest thyself at a lowe price?The office of a good schole maister. Therfore I shall dooe my dilygence yt I maye restore the home again to thyself a better manne then I receiued the. Other Sophistes wheras thei taught nothyng but mere tri [...]les, yet thei would receiue ne take not a scholare without a great fee. But Socrates toke this poore māne, euē with as good a wil as the great riche gentlemenne.

When a certain persone tolde 52 hym newes, saiyng the Atheniens haue iudged the to death:Death, cōmē to all ꝑsones though to some one waye to some an other. euen so [Page] hath nature dooen theim, ꝙ he again. Menyng, that it is no veray great shrewd turne, if a bodye bee violentely put to death, assured naturally to bee dedde ere longe after, although no manne shoulde slea hym. Albeit certain writers ascriben this saiyng to the philosophier Anaxagoras.

53 Unto his wif, after the womennes facion waillyng, and saiyng:Better to dye an innocente then an offender. ah my sweete housbāde, thou shalt dye nothyng guiltee, and without any offence dooyng: what, wif (saieth he) haddest thou rather that I should dye an offender? The death of good menne,The death of good mēne, is not to bee wailled. euen for this pointe is not to bee wailled, that thei bee put to execucion without deseruyng:A muche more miserable thing, to haue deserued punishemēt, thē to haue suffred. but thei been double woorthie to bee wailled for, whiche suffre death for hayneous offenses, but yet of the two, a muche more miserable thyng it is, to haue deserued punishement, then to haue suffreed.

54 Thesame daye y• Socrates should drynke the In Athenes the faciō was, that persones condē ned to death should drink [...] tēpreed with wyne y• iuice of Hemlocke whiche is so extreme colde that whē the heate of the wyne dooeth sodainly conueigh it to y• herte, it is veraye poison & death remedilesse. For ymmediatly shal the extreme partes of the bodye (as the handes & fete) weaxe colde, and so by lytle & lytle the colde draweth to the herte, & as soone as it streketh to the herte, there is no remedie, but death out of hande. Albeeit, if one drynke thesame iuice first by it selfe alone not tempreed with wyne, there is remedie enough. For if one drynke a good draught of wyne after it, the heate of the wyne shall ouercome the colde of the herbe and dryue it from the herte and so saue the lif.poison, one This Apollodorus was of Athenes a poete that wrote comedies, there was another Apollodorus of thesame citee a teacher of grammer, ther wer also foure moo of thesame name, but of other countrees. Apollodorus (for to coumforte hym by suche meanes as he could) came and [Page] brought vnto hym a riche robe of a great valoure, yt he might haue it on his backe at his diyng houre. But he refusyng the gifte, what (saieth he) this robe of myne owne here, whiche hath been honest enough for me in my life tyme, woll it not bee euen lyke honest for me after I bee departed oute of the worlde? Utterly damnyng the pompeous faciō of some people, with woondrefull high studie, makyng prouision afore hande, that thei maye bee carryed to their buiryall, and that thei maye bee laied in their graues with all worship possible.

To one bryngyng hym woorde,55 that a certain feloe did speake eiuill [Page] of hym:Unwrathfully spoken. and gaue hym a veray eiuil reporte. Marie (ꝙ Socrates) he hath not learned to speake well. Imputyng his toungsore, not vnto maliciousnesse: but vnto the defaulte of right knowelage. Neither did he iudge to pertein to hym, what suche persones talked on hym, as dooe speake of a cācardnesse of stomake,They yt geue vs eiuil report not of a iudgement but of a cācardnesse of herte, are to bee cōtemned. and not of a iudgemēte.

When Antisthenes a philosophier 56 of the secte of the Ciniques, Of ye secte of the Ciniques in thesame place. did weare vpon his backe a robe with a great hole or rupture in it, & by turnyng thesame rupture outward, did purposely shewe it, that euerye bodye might looke vpon it: through the rente of thy cloke (ꝙ Socrates) I see thy peignted sheathe and vaingloriousnesse: Feately notyng that vainglorie of poore garmentes & coure clothyng, is muche more shamefull & abhomynable then of gorgeous apparell or galaunt araye. And would god there wer not emong vs Christian menne many Anthistenes,Pryde maye aswell be in sacklo [...]has in riche araye. whiche vnder a rustie, a course, & a sluttyshe vesture hyden more pryde and ostentacion, then the riche [Page] gentlemenne haue in their veluettes and fyne silkes This was verified in Englād also vntill the deiuil had his Mounkes, Freeres, Nunnes, and other cloystreers again.The cloystres were full of pryde, ambicion and vain glorie.

To a certain persone woondreyng 57 that he was not greuously moued in displeasure against one by whō he was shamefully railled at, and reuiled.Unwrathfully spoken. He railleth not on me (ꝙ Socrates) for the thynges that he speaketh are not in me, nor take any hold on me. But the moste parte of people is euen for this veray cause the more tes [...]ie & fumyshe, if aught bee spoken against one hauyng not deserued thesame. Good menne when thei bee eiuil spoken of, are glad of their own behalfes, that thei bee clere of those myschiefes, whiche are putte vpon theim and laied vnto their charge,Good menne reioyce yt thei bee clere of suche mischiefes as bee put vpon theim. nor dooe take it to bee spoken against theim: no not a whitte more, then if a feloe beyng deceiued in his yie sight, should call Plato by the name of Socrates, and should call Socrates all that naught wer, & speake all thee mischief possible against Socrates: that feloe railleth not on Plato, but on hym whō he supposeth that Plato is.

The olde comedie vsed cōmenly 58 [Page] to make iestyng & scoffyng at the citezens by name.And because there came muc [...]e strif & debate therof a decree was made that no māne should bee named to hys reproche and that was called ye newe comedie. The plain open speakyng of whō, where many did feare, Socrates saied, to bee expedient that a manne should weetyngly & willyngly come in the presence or waye of theim. For if thei speake any thyng againste vs (saieth he) woorthie to bee rebuked, beeyng told of it we shall emend it, and so thei maye in dede dooe vs good: but if thei shall spowte raillyng, slaunderous or reprochefull woordes against, vs & no truth in theim it nothyng toucheth vs.Raillyng against vs, wt out truth nothynge toucheth vs.

59 Socrates after that he had within doores forborne his wif Xantippe a great whyle scoldyng, and at y• last beeyng werie, had sette hym down without the strete doore, she beeyng muche the more incensed, by reason of hir housbandes quietnesse and stilnesse, powred downe a pisse bolle vpon hym out of a wyndoore [Page] and all berayed hym. But vpon suche persones as passed by laughyng & hauyng a good sporte at it, Socrates also for his part,The pacience of Socrates. laughed again as fast as ye best, saiyng:Meryly spokē & paciently withall. Naye, I thought veraye wel in my mynde, and dyd easelye prophecie, that after so great a thoundre would come a rayne.

To Alcibiades greatly wondreyng 60 that he could take so contynual paciēce with Xantippe in his hous,The patience of Socrates [...] beeyng suche an vnreasonable scoldyng brathel: I haue (saied he) now a long season been so well enured with suche maner geare, that I am therewith noo more offended, then if I should heare the squekynge of a wheele yt draweth vp water out of a welle.The scoldyng of brathels is no more to bee passed on, thē the squekyng of welle wheles. For that maner squekyng, suche persones maye veray ciuil abyde, as haue not been accustomed vnto it,Custome easeth the tediousnes of incommodit [...]e [...] and he that dayly heareth thesame, maye so well awaye with it, that to his knowelage he heareth it not.

[Page] 61 To thesame Alcibiades saiyng a muche like thing, why, euen your self (ꝙ Socrates) dooe ye not paciently suffre at home in your hous ye cacklyng of hennes when thei make a clockyng? yes, I leat theim alone (saied Alcibiades) but my hennes laye me egges, & bryng me forthe chekyns. And my sweete spowse Xantippe (ꝙ Socrates) bryngeth me foorth children.Wiues must bee suffreed for bryngyng foorthe chyldren.

62 Some there bee that suppose Socrates to haue kepte in his hous two wiues at ones Myrtho and Xantippe. Socrates had two wiues at ones Myrtho and Xantippe. Therefore to a certain manne greatly meruaillyng to what vse he kepte two women at ones (especially beeyng scoldyng quennes, euer chidyng & braullyng) and did not beate or driue theim out of his doores, thus he saied: these women dooe teache me at home within the hous, ye pacience & suffraūce which I must vse whē I am abrode forth [Page] of doores. Beeyng exercised afore and well broken with the facions of these twoo, I shalbee the better and more gentle to liue or to deale withal, for ye coumpaignie of other menne. The demaunder of this question Aulus Gellius maketh Alcibiades.Aulus Gellius, a Latin writer of elegancies for ye Latin tongue and of other many preatie rehersalles & dyscussynges of diuers thynges.

When Xantippe had pulled awaye hir housbandes cope frō his backe euen in the open strete, and his familiar 63 coumpaigniōs gaue hym a by warnyng to auēge suche a naughtie touche or pranke with his tenne cōmaūdemēntes:Merely spoken and paciently withal. gayly saied (ꝙ he) yea Marie, that while she & I bee towzyng and topleyng together, ye maye crye to vs, one, now go to Socrates, an other hold thyne owne Xantippe. For wt suche maner woordes dooen the lookers on chere & hertē twoo parties matched & sette together by the eares. But this wise māne thought better to shewe of hymself an exaumple of paciente suffreaunce, then to shewe a gase or sight for folkes to laugh at, in stryuyng or cōtendyng wt his wife.

[Page] 64 To one demaūdyng why he had and kepte in his hows the saied Xantippe, The gētlenes and pacience of Socrates. beeyng a woman of suche condicions and facions, as no man might well awaye withall or abide he saied: that menne ought in like manier to liue with crabbed & testi [...] wiues, as thei that exercise & practise theimselfes to the feate of beeyng good horsemenne,Crabbed wiues bee cōpared to rough stieryng horses. gette horses of feerse stieryng natures and of rough cōdiciōs: whiche if thei haue ones throughly maistreed & made to the bridle, and bee hable at all assayes to abyde: thei shall haue al other horses as gentle and easie to rewle as thei can desire. And semblably he yt hath learned to beare with ye faciōs of a crabbed and testie wife, shall wt muche more ease bee hable to coūpaignye with al others,He that [...]an abyde a curst wife, nedeth not to feare what coumpaignie he liueth in. of what sorte so euer thei be.

65 When Lysias had rehersed and read ouer vnto Socrates an oracion,Lysias was an oratour in Athenes & a frende of Socrates, and a māne (as saieth Quintilianꝰ) of swete and pleasaūt eloquence. [Page] whiche he had made for Socrates to pronounce in the defence of hym self before the iudges: It is a ioyly and an elegaunt oracion, saied he, but it is nothyng conueniēt nor comely for Socrates. For it was more fitte to bee made of some manne of lawe,Not all maner oracions wyl seru [...] fo [...] almaner persones. in pleadyng a courte matter or a case in lawe, then to bee pronounced by a philosophier, and namely by suche a philosophier as Socrates. Again to the same Lysias demaūdyng, for what cause if he iudged the oracion to bee good, he thought it to [...]e inconuenient for hym. Why (saied Socra.) is it not a thyng possyble, yt a garmēt, or a shooe may bee galaūtly made & well facioned, & yet thesame not bee mete for some bodies wearyng. This self same historie dooeth Ualerius Maximus reporte after a more churlishe sorte, & more vnlike to y• maners of Socrates. For he reporteth Socrates, in this wise to haue made answer vnto Lysias: Awaye with thissame I beseche y• hertyly. For yf I could by any meanes bee brought to pronoūce this oraciō frō the begynnynge to the endyng, euē in ye ferthest & vttermust [Page] wyldernesse of the barbarous coūtree of Scythia, then would I graunt & yelde 66 my selfe well woorthie to suffre death.

Boldenesse & trust on a mā nes weel dooyng, & on an vpright conscience.When thei that sate in iudgement vpon Socrates could not agree emong theimselfes what punishemente Socrates was worthie to suffre Socrates euen of hymselfe sodainly brake out and saied: for the thynges that I haue dooen, I my selfe iudge and geue sentēce, that I am worthie to haue my fyndyng allowed and assigned for terme of life, out of ye chaūbre of the cytee, in the [...] Prytanis in greke, was ye same officer yt w [...] cal presidente of the counsaill, and chief or hed of all ye rewiers Which office he that had in Athenes, had assigned vnto hym, out of y• [...]ofers & chambre of the cyte [...], an honorable, and a greate liuyng in the Prytane [...], that is to say: in y• chief place of the tou [...]e or castel of the cytee, wher ye saied hed counsaillour had his lodgeyng and dwellyng place. That if it chaunced any māne to dooe vnto the citee some singular and incomparable benefite, then had he a lordes liuyng, or an honorable porcion to liue on, assigned out of the chaumbre of the cite [...], and was allowed with the presidente of the counsaill, durynge his life, and this was the highest honoure that might bee emong the Grekes. And this did So [...]rates clayme, as one that with good enstr [...]ccion, and bryngyng vp of youth in vertue and good maners, and in right moral philosophie, had dooen as high benefite to the commen weale, as did the chief counsaillours of the citee, and that he therby had deserued as good and as beneficial [...] a liuyng as the best of theim all. Pritanei. For yt honour was woont to bee shewed and dooen to suche menne as had dooen some especyal gaye benefite, to the commen weale. Marcus Tullius in the first booke, entitled Marcus Tullius writeth twoo volumes entitleed in Latin, De oratore, that is of a perfecte oratour, which werke hymselfe [...]ekeneth the best that euer he made.of a perfect oratour, reherseth this historie. There was (saieth he) in Athenes, when any persone was vpon arainment condemned (if it wer not by the lawe a penaltee of death) as ye woulde saye a sette fine, and an ordynarie forfeiete of money at the arbitrimente, pleasure, and discrecion of the iudges, whē the partie arained, or defend aunte was ones yelded [Page] into the handes of the iudges: he was asked what fyne he would cōfesse hymselfe veray wel to haue deserued to paye. Whiche thyng when Socrates was asked, he answered, that he had well deserued, to be auaunced with veray high honoures & rewardes, and to haue contynuall fyndyng for terme of life, of the charges of ye citee, frely allowed vnto hym, whiche honoure and preemynēce was estemed and accoumpted the highest that coulde bee emong y• Grekes. With whose answere the iudges were so sette on fyer with angre, that thei cōdemned to death ye moste innocente persone of the worlde.

Socrates mette full butte with Xenophon, 67 in a narrowe backe lane, where he could not stert from hym. [Page] when he espyed hym to be a young strieplyng of rare towardnesse, & like to proue so well as fewe did, he helde out his staffe, & charged hym that he should not a foote ferther. As soone as he stode styll, Socrates asked of hym,The autoritee of Socrates, in maters of philosophie. where soondrie wares were made and sold, that mēne did commenly occupie, when Xenophon had therunto readyly & quickely shaped an aunswer: Socrates eftsons demaunded, in what place of the citee, menne wer made good, honest and vertuous,Fewe ꝑsones know or take heede, where vertue is to bee learned. when the young manne had aunswered, that he was of that mater ignoraunte: Then come with me (ꝙ Socrates) that thou mayest learne. Frō yt tyme forthward begonne Xenophō to bee disciple and scholare vnto Socrates.Howe Xenophon became scholare vnto Socrates. It is a thynge contrarie to all good reason, to haue knowelage, where thou mayest bee serued of a welfauoured & clenly garmēt or of a fair cuppe, and to bee ignoraunt, wher thou mayest purchace the good furniture of the mynde and soule,The furniture of the mynde, That is vertue and cunnyng.

[Page]On a certain tyme as he was 68 walkyng before his dore a greate pace, euē tyl the gooyng awaye of the daye light, when one of the folkes that passed by, had saied: what meane ye Socrates, by thus dooyng? I procure my selfe some cates for my supper (ꝙ he) menyng of houngre, whiche he prouoked with chafyng vp and downe Marcus Tullius dooeth set it out with these woordes: That I maye suppe the better, I dooe with walkyng procure houngre,One of y• be [...] dishes at a supꝑ is houngre. for my chief cates and viandrie.

His saiyng was, that sweete sauours 69 and sweete oyles,Sweete sauours and oyles been more meete for womēne then for menne. wer to bee leat alone for womenne, and as for in yoūg menne no sweete saueoure to haue a better smell, then the oyle whiche thei occupied in exercisyng their bodyes at ye prouyng of maisteries, or at werke. For with oyle of bau [...]ne or of spike, a slaue and a gentlemanne, haue both of theim by and by one maner sauour [...] The swete sauours, meete for menne.

[Page] 70 Beeyng asked wherof it was moste comely for aged menne to smelle:Of what sauour it is comely for aged men to smelle. of honeste and vertuous disposicion (ꝙ he) then beeyng eftsons asked, where poumādres ther of wer to bee sold:Xenophon emong other bookes writeth one whiche he entitleeth [...]. that is the banquet. he rehersed this verse of the greke poete Theognis.

[...].

Of honest menne, wheresoeuer thei bee.

yee maye at all tymes, learne honestee.

Diuerse sentences of this sorte, Xenophon beapeth together in his bāquet.

71 When a certain riche māne had sent his sonne beeyng a propre ladde vnto Socrates, for to examyn & trye his towardenesse, and the tutour that had been the brynger vp of thesame frō his childhood, had saied in this wise: the father of this ladde hath sent hym vnto you Socrates, that ye should haue a sight of hym: by and by saied Socrates to the child: speake some what then, good soonne, that I maye see the. Signifiyng that the disposicion of a māne [Page] dooeth not shewe so clere in his face or visage as in his talkyng,A mānes talkyng dooeth more clerelye shewe his condicions then doeth his face. for this is the moste sure & true glasse of the herte and mynde, and fewest tymes liyng.

He saied that ye woman kynde, if 72 thesame bee diligently enstructed & taught, is no lesse apte then mēne are,The woman sexe is no lesse apte to learne al maner thynges then men are. to take aswell allmaner disciplines or facultees of learnyng, as also allmaner vertues morall, yea euē fortitude & hardinesse, whiche as though it should proprely appertin onely to menne & not to women, is called by the greke vocable [...], [...]. in englisshe, manhood,Manhood. or mannely hardynesse. This did he gather by the sight of a maiden that was a dauncer & a tumbleer, who beeyng brought in where coumpaignie sate at a table, did with woondreous sleight and conueighaunce cast vp and receiue again one after another, twelf trendles or rowndelles, the space of the heigth, and the measures of footyng the daunce soo tempreed and proporcioned, that she neuer myssed. And thesame maiden where the lookers on quaked & trembled for feare, daunced without any feare at all emong [Page] sweardes and kniues, beeyng as shar [...] as any thyng.

73 As Socrates beyng biddē to a supper by one Agatho was gooyng wt tricke voided shooes on his fee [...]e [...] Agatho was a young gentlemannne of Athenes of excellente beautie & fauour. and perfumed wyth sweete sauours, and that contrarie to his accustomed vsage: when he was asked of a frend of his that mette hym on the waye, why he was more nette and piked at that season, thē he had vsed to bee aforetymes? he saied meryly in this wise: that to suche a mynion feloe as Agatho is, I maye goe trymme nette & wel beseen. Where in deede there was no manne aliue, that had lesse mynde or phansie to suche thynges.

74 Thesame daye yt Socrates should drynke the poison, when he after ye strykyng of, of his shacles or fettres, had feled greate pleasure of clawyng where it itched, he saied to his frendes: how woondrefully is it of nature ordeined, yt these twoo [Page] thinges dooe by course foloe either other, pleasure, & greef:Pleasure and pein, by course folowen either other. for excepte peine & greef had preceded or gone afore, I should not now haue feeled this pleasure.

Of the vnder gailloure deliueryng 75 vnto hym y• iuice of hemlocke in a cuppe,The poison yt Socrates should dye of he called a medicine. he demaunded, how that medeicine was to bee taken? forasmuche as ye same officer was well practised and could good skille in that science. Alludyng to the sicke folkes,Alludyng to y• sicke folkes, that is: vsyng suche wordes & termes, as if the gaillour had beē a phisician, and he a sicke manne and the gaillours paciēte. who dooe learne of the phisiciās when and how it is best to receiue a medicinable drynke that thei haue made. And when the seruannte had aunswered, that he must vp with it all at a draught if he could, and that after it he must walke vp and down so long vntil he feled suche weakenesse and feblenesse that he should drawe his legges after hym, & that after this he must lye hym down in his bedde vpright vpon his backe, & then y• drynke would wercke his woonte effecte: Socrates enquiered, whether he might not leefully poure out some parte therof in the waye of sacrificyng & takyng assaye to the Goddes, because in merie dyners, [Page] suppers & banquettes it was the guise and facion (a litle quantitee of the wyne poured out) to sacrifice thesame in the waye of assaye to some God by name (which was called in greke [...],In feastes & dynners, the guise was to powre out a lytle of the drynke in the waye of sacrifice, & takyng assay to some one of ye goddes. and in latin, Libare) The officer aūswered, y• he had tempreed so muche and no more as was requisite for the purpose, menyng by those woordes, that ther was none therof spare to bee poured out. Thē saied Socrates, well, yet is it bothe leefull, and alsoo requisite to beseche the Goddes that this my passyng out of this worlde maye bee happie and fortunate [...]

76 When the vnder officier of the preson had vncouered hym & laied hym naked, because he was now alreadie cold at ye herte. And should therupō dye ymmediately: Crito (ꝙ Socrates) we bee now endebted to y• God Aesculapius of a cocke,Aesculapius the soonne of Appollo, the first inuētour and practiser of Physicke. Whom for ye science the antiquitee, honored as a God and suche as recouered frō any discease dyd sacrifice vnto Aesculapius a liue cocke. But ye poetes dooe fable that he was slain, with lightenyng of Iuppiter, because he had wyth his cunnyng of Physike restored Hippolytus again to life. whiche duely to paye, in no wise bee ye negligente. Euen as though he had vpon the takyng of a medicinable drynke, perfectely recoured again all his helthe. For ‡ Crito had afore dooen all that euer he might possible dooe, yt Socrates should make [Page] meanes to saue his life. And in Socrates there was so rooted a certain veine of honest merynes, euē naturally geuē hym in his cradle, yt he could iest and speake meryly euen at the houre of death, for these are reported to haue been the last woordes that euer he spake.

He taught that the beautie of ye 77 myndes is muche more to bee fauored, then of the bodyes,The beautee of myndes, is more to bee loued then the beautee of the bodyes. and that thesame pleasure whiche a welfauored face when it is looked on dooeth engendre in vs, is to bee translated and remoued to the beautie of the mynde ferre excedyng the other in fairenesse, albeeit liyng hyden from the bodyly yie. But to haue a sight therof, philosophical yies to bee requisite and necessarie. He noted the greke vocable [...] to bee of significacion indifferēte to kissyng or louyng, of whiche twoo thynges the former perteineth to theim that dooe [Page] carnally loue the bodye, the other t [...] suche as dooe verteously loue the mynd.

78 Unto Crito after a veray earnest facion counsaillyng and auisyng hym, that if he for his own parte passed not on his life, yet at lest wyse he should preserue thesame, and contynue in his former good state & condicion, for the respecte of his children beeyng euen then but litle babes, and for his frendes sakes whiche had all their staye in hym. As for my children (saied he) God, who gaue theim vnto me, shal take care.Socrates dyed in perfec [...]e securytee. And as for frendes, when I departe from hens I shall fynde either like vnto you,An holy kynd of dying, in a gentile or heathen manne. or elles better then ye bee, and yet I shall not long bee defrauded of the coū paignie of yourselfes neither, forasmuche as ye are like shortely to come to dwelle euē in the self same 79 place, that I now goo vnto.

Those persones, whiche dooe [Page] beare carnall loue onely to the bodye, Socrates affermed to bee muche like vnto physicians that bee euer need [...]e,Honest & vertuous loue. and that still dooe calle on their pacientes ymportunely crauyng one thyng or other. And again those that bee honest frendes, rather thē carnal louers, to bee like vnto persones possessyng & hauyng lande of their own,The differēce betwene a carnal louer & an honest frende. whiche thei contynually studied and laboured to make better and better. A carnall louer seketh to satisfie and to fulfill his beastly or bodyly pleasure. A true & honest frend hauyng none yie nor respecte to his own persone, thynketh hymself so muche the richer, how much the more honest & vertuous he maketh his frende to bee.

Sittyng at the table at meate in 80 Xenophon his house, euerye one of ye geastes beeyng bidden to tell in what occupacion and crafte, or in what good propertie or feacte that he could dooe, he liked hymself best when the course & turne to speake [Page] came vnto Socrates, he saied in the waye of iestyng,Lenociniū. the best thyng that he could bragge or crake of, to bee lenocinium, Ue [...]iue principally aboue all thynges purchaceth to manne beneuolēce & loue. whiche souneth in englishe enticyng & alluryng, of such sorte as is vsed in houses of bawderie. But the menyng of Socrates was, that he taught true and syncere vertue, whiche dooeth specially aboue all other thynges commende and sette out y• hauer: and the whiche aswell priuately as in y• open face of ye worlde dooeth purchace vnto manne beneuolence and loue.

81 A feloe hauyng sight in physiognomie (who professed and openly tooke vpon hym by the complexion and pleeight of the bodye,The arte and profession of physiognomiers. and by ye proporcion & settyng, or coumpace of the face or visage, to bee hable vnfallibly and without myssyng to fynd out & iudge the naturall disposicion of any manne,) when he had well vewed Socrates, gaue plaine sentence, that he was a lowtishe feloe, a dulle blockehed, besides [Page] that also muche geuen to the wanton loue of women,Of what nature & disposiciō Socrates had been, if he had not geuē hymself to ye studie of phylosophie. foule steyned with the filthie concupiscēce & desire of boyes, a greate boller of wyne, and a vicious foloer of all naughtie appetites and lustes of ye bodye. And whē the fr [...]ndes of Socrates, beeyng brought in a hygh fume, thretened the feloe, & would haue been vpon hym, Socrates kepte theim backe, saiyng: he hath not lyed one whytte,Philosophie altreeth, and clene chaungeth nature. I should haue been suche an one in all pointes in veraye deede, if I had not cōmytted myself vnto philosophie to bee gouerned, & kepte in better staye.

When Aristippus, the disciple of 82 Socrates, Aristippus first of all the schoolares of Socrates, set vp teachynge of phylosophie for money. had of his gaynes, of settynge vp the teachynge philosophie for money (whiche thyng he first of all the scholares of Socrates, did sette vp and begoonne to dooe) had sent twentie poundes vnto his maister: Socrates sent ye money backe [Page] again vnto hym forthwith, allegyng, yt his familiare good aungell would in no wyse suffre hym, to take it. For Socrates [...]a [...]ed, that he had a familiare ghoste,The famyliare ghoste or aūgel of Socrates, called in greke [...], in Latin, Genius. or aungell peculiare and propre to hymselfe, of whom he was by a priuie token forbydden, if he attempted, or went about to dooe any vnhonest thyng. Uerayly, that familiare good aungell, I suppose, was reason.Socrates allowed not yt an [...] manne [...]h [...]uld take money for teachyng vertue, and estemed money so gotten to bee sacrilege. And in ye meane tyme vnto Arist [...]ppus he dyd after a gentle sorte signifie hymselfe not to alowe, n [...] to thynke wel dooen, that he kepte a schoole of morall phylosophie for money, and therfore thesame gifte of his, as a thyng gotten by plaine sacrilege he vtterly refused, and would none of it.

83 One Euthydemus returnyng and comyng awaye from the wrastleyng place,Euthydemus one of the familiare frendes of Socrates in Athenes, & a phylosophier. Socrates, whē he had mette with hym by chaunce, brought home to supper with hym. And as the [...] two wer studiously disputyng and treactyng of many thynges, Xantippe beeyng therwith veraye angrye, arose vp from the table, and [Page] spake many byttur woordes of cō tumelye & despite against hir housbande,The cancardnesse of Xantippe. with whiche woordes, forasmuch as he was nothyng moued at last she typed ye table ouer & ouer and floung downe all that euer was vpon it. But when Euthydemus beeyng therwithall veray sore moued, arose and begonne to departe, why,The pa [...]ience of Socrates. what harme haue ye (ꝙ Socrates?) Did not euen this selfe same thyng chaunce at your owne hous the last daye, that a henne mountyng, cast downe all thynges that were on the table? yet did we your geastes then, not one whitte fume at the mater.

When in the comedie of Aristophanes 84 entitleed, the cloudes,Soc [...]ates [...]ore railled at by name, in y• comedie of Aristophanes entitleed, ye cloudes, or, mystes. he was with many and bittur woordes of raillyng and defamacion, as ye would saye torn, and mangleed in peces: and one of the coumpaignie standyng by, saied, dooeth not this [Page] go to your herte Socrates?The pacience of Socrat [...]s. By Iuppiter saieth he again, it greueth my stomake nothyng at al, if I bee snapped at, and bytten with merie tauntes at the staige where entreludes are plaied, no more then if it were at a great dyner or banquet, where wer many geastes.The custome of diuerse places [...] to haue iesters & s [...]offe [...]s [...]solemne feastes. This custome and vsage, euen yet styl endureth [...]mong [...]ertain of the Germaines, (yea and in Englande also) that in feastes of greate resorte, there is brought in for the no [...]es some iestyng feloe, that maye scoff and iest vpon the geastes, as they sitten at the table, with the which iestyng to bee stiered to angre, is accoūpted a thyng much cōtrarie to all courtesie or good maner.

85 He vsed oftē to saye, yt he whiche moueth his bodye to and fro, with leapyng and dauncyng, hath neede to haue an hous of large roume, but who so exerciseth hymself with syngyng or talkyng to thesame, either standyng, or syttyng, or leanyng, any place whatsoeuer it is to bee sufficiente, and wide or large [Page] enough. By this saiyng he did allowe moderate exercitacions of the bodye, especially after meate taken:Moderate exercitacions of the bodye allowed by Socrates, & the contrarye disallowed. and e [...] ercises any thyng buisie or full of stieryng [...]e disallowed.

Unto Socrates, somewhat sharpely 86 and roughly chidyng one of his familiare frendes, at the table, as thei sate at meate, Plato saied: Had it not been better, to haue told hym these thynges aparte out of coumpaignie? To whō Socrates saied again:Meryly spoken, and nippyngly withall. And should not ye also haue doone better, if ye had told me this aparte out of coūpaignie betwene you and me? He meryly and sharpely withal taunted Plato [...] as y• whiche in rebukyng hym did committe the veraye selfe same faulte, that he rebuked.In rebukyng another, to cō mitte theselfe same faulte, yt one rebuketh.

Socrates as he sate emong coumpaignie 87 at a table, espiyng a yoūg manne somewhat gredyly eatyng the fleashe, and euer emōg depyng or soppyng his breade in the pottage or broth: Maisters, all yt sitte [Page] at this table (ꝙ Socrates) whiche of you vseth his breade in steade of his meate, and meate in stede of his brea [...]e? Immoderate and gredie eatyng, rebuked by Soc [...]ates. A disputacion hereupon arisynge emong the coumpaignie: (For, it is not I, ꝙ one, and it is not I, ꝙ an other, [...] the young manne perceiued ye mater, & blushed as rede as fyer, & begoonne more leasurely & moderately to feede & eate of the meate.

88 Beeyng asked whiche was the chief vertue of young menne:The chief vertue of young menne, not to eagerly to attempte any thyng. that thei dooe not (saieth he) ouer feruently or angrely attempte, assaye, or entreprise any thyng. For the feruen [...]n [...]e of tha [...] age beeyng as hotte as [...]oles, will not suffre theim to kepe a meane [...] Terence a latin po [...]te, a writer of comedies, [...] in the first comedie, entitleed Andria. Simo hauyng espied, that his sonne Pamphilus, had fallen in loue with a single woman, named Glyceri [...], talketh of the mater, with his late seruaunt Sosia, and in processe of communicacion, where Simo would haue Pamphilus, not to ferre to procede in wantō loue of paramou [...]es, no by saynt Marie, saieth Sosia, for this I thynke in the life of manne to be as good a thyng as can bee, that he attempte not, ne entreprise any thyng ouermuche. To this thyng had Terence anyie an [...] respecte in the young manne P [...]mphilus

[Page]Letters or writyng (whiche the 89 moste parte of folkes supposeth to haue been first deuised and founde out, for helpynge ye memorie) Socrates saied to bee veraye hurtefull to the memorie.Whether lettres or writyng dooe helpe the memorie, or [...]ls rather hurte the same. For in olde tyme, mēne (if thei had heard any thyng woorthie to bee knowen) thei wrote and graued thesame, not in bookes, but in ye hert and mynde. And the memorie by this cō firmed and made stedfast,The exercise of ye memorie [...] thei kepte in their remēbraunce whatsoeuer thei wer willyng, and what euerye man perfectly knewe, he had alwayes readie with him at his fyngers endes. Afterward, the vse of writyng beeyng ones foūd out,After ye feacte of writyng ones foūd out mēne trusted more to their bookes, then to their memories. while menne put all their affiaunce and truste in bookes, thei wer nothyng like earnest to enprinte in their mynde, such thynges as thei had learned. By that meanes it came to passe, that the exercyse of memorie neglected and nothyng passed on, the knowelage of thynges was nothyng so quicke nor freshe as it had been, and eche manne knewe still lesse and lesse.So muche [...] no more doeth euerie of vs knowe, as we haue suerlye enprinted in our memorie [...] For so muche and no more doeth euery of vs knowe, as we haue fast enprinted, & dooe kepe in our memorie.

When the tyme of his diyng 90 [Page] drewe fast vpō hym, beeyng asked of Crito, how his mynde was to bee buiried:The solle passet [...] out of this worlde more swy [...]tly then any byrd [...]lyeth. o my frendes (ꝙ he) a greate deale of labour haue I spent in vain. For vnto Crito your frende & myn I haue not yet persuaded, yt I shal more swiftely then any byrde flye from hens, & not leaue behind me here any parte or porcion of me. Yet neuerthelesse Crito, if yu shalt be hable to ouertake me, or if yu shalt in any place come by me or geat me buirie me euē how so euer to ye shal seme best: but beleue me, not one of you al shal ouertake me, when I shalbee departed frō hens.The solle is ye mā [...], and the bo [...]ye the tabernacle of ye solle. Socrates mened the solle to bee the manne, & the bodye to bee nothyng els but the instrumēte or tabernacle of the solle,To take care howe to bee bu [...]ried is folysh [...]. & therfore those person [...]s to dooe like fooles yt take care or thought how to bee buiried.

91 Thesame Socrates was woonte to saye that death is like to sound slepyng.Death is like vnto soūd slepyng, or to beeyng in a straunge coūtree. And of this, we cal in englishe a soūd slepe, a dedde slepe [...] orels to a longe pylgrymage, [Page] yt is to saye, long beeyng in a straūge countree, frō whens at length to returne home again.That ye solle shal at length returne again into ye bodye, not onely shal bee at the generall resurreccion accordyng to our beleef, but also was the opiniō of Socrates, of Plato, and of their disciples albeeit after another sorte. Ueray sound slepyng taketh away for the tyme all operacion of the bodily senses, & the solle beeyng departed away from the bodye, shall at length returne again into his tabernacle, that is to saie 92 into thesame bodye.

Thesame vsed also many tymes to saie, that if the vniuersall calamitees of all menne should bee gathered all in an heape to gether,If the vniuersal calamitees of al men wer in an heape egually to bee distributed, eche manne would rather take his own again, then eguall porcion with all his feloes. & ymmediately to eche manne seuerally by hymself should bee distributed eguall porcions out of thesame heape, it would come to passe, yt eche manne would rather choose to receiue his owne former calamitees again, then eguall porcion wt his feloes out of the cōmune heape. This maketh against the commune maners and guise of mēne, who grutche & repine at the state & cōdicion of others, and whyne contynually at their owne.93

He learned to plaie on the harpe [Page] after y• he was well striken in age, and that, emong childrē. And vnto suche persones as meruailled at thesame as a thyng veray vnconueniēte and foolyshe, he saied, that it was no shame nor folyshe thyng for a mā to learne those thynges of whiche he wer ignoraūt.It is no shame for a man to learne that he knoweth not, of what age soeuer he bee For it is turned to no mānes rebuke to procure & geat such thynges, as he hath need of, if thei bee wātyng, neither in this behalf is to be regarded a mānes age, but his need.

94 He saied that to make a good begynnyng,To haue made a good begynnyng, is no small porcion of the werke do [...]. is not a litle, but nexte cousin to a litle, orels thus, to make a good begynnyng, is not a litle, but a litle more. The greke woordes renne thus, [...], whiche he y• translated Laertius out of greke into latin, hath inter [...]reted in this sense: that to make a good begynnyng, is not a small mater, but a veray greate thyng. Albeeit the woordes of Socrates dooe expresse an other sense in maner contrarie. But he meneth (if I bee not deceiued) that, to make a good begynnyng, is not a litle [Page] mater in veray deede, but to bee litle estemed, orels to make a good begynnyng, not to bee a litle, but to bee nexte doore [...]y a litle, or nexte cousyn to a litle. For men ought to begynne thynges fair & soltely & to procede by litle & litle,The more hast ye wurst speede. because that suche persones as dooe make moste hast in y• begynnyng haue cōmunely (accordyng to our englishe prouerbe) wurst speede toward y• endyng. So that he alludeth vnto the poete Hesiodus, who biddeth, that we shal adde a litle to a litle. The quickenes and pith of the saiy [...]g resteth in the greke vocables [...], and [...], No nor yet in englishe neither. Albeit I thynke the saiyng of Socrates to haue this sense and menyng, that to haue made a good begynnyng or entreaūce, is not a lytle but a lytle more, or a degree ferther then a lytle. That is to saye: as good a forth deale, and auauntage towardes the ende of the werke, as if a good porciō of thesame wer already finyshed. For accordyng to our englishe prouerbe, a thyng well begoonne, is more then halfe dooen. For who so hath ones made a good begynnyng of his werke, shall easily bryng thesame to suche ende, and to such passe and effecte as he would dooe. As for alludyng vnto Hesiodus (as Erasmus here taketh it.) I suppose Socrates mened nothyng so, at lest wise, in this presente saiyng. For in Hesiodus is no suche worde as [...]. Whiche Erasmus interpreteth, Iuxta pusillum, besydes a lytle, and [...], is an aduerbe signifiyng, Ferè poenè, yt is in englishe: almoste, or welnigh, so that the saiyng of Socrates maye purporte this sense, and bee thus interpreted, to bee ones entreed, is not a li [...]le begoonne, but the whole mater welnigh dooen. and thesame cānot wel [...]ee expressed in latin.

[Page] 95 It was also a lessō of his teachyng yt geometrie ought to be studied vntil a bodye be sufficiētly hable both to receiue or take, [...]. What geometrie Socrates would to bee studied & laboured. and also to geue out or deliuer grounde by measure. I suppose he mened, yt menne ought not to purchace, but landes & possessions moderate, whiche it might well stand wt a bodies ease and commoditee, bothe to receiue of his auncestours, and also to leaue to his heires. For ouer greate possessions of landes, as thei bee not purchaced ne gotten without muche a dooe, so thei come to the heires hādes not peaceably nor without gret trauerse. The quickenes and pith of the saiyng cōsisteth in the greke woorde [...],Ouer greate possessiōs are incōmodious bothe to the owner and to his heire. whiche in significaconn is indifferente to the arte of geometrie, and to meters of landes or grounde in a felde. Yea, and also in the greke woorde [...], that is, by measure. For he would mennes purchaces not to extend beyōd the coumpace of sufficiencie,Purchace of landes ought to bee moderate. but to consist within ye boundes of mediocritee. Whereby he reproued y• vnsaciable desire of menne to haue possessions infinite. Albeeit, this saiyng cannot well bee expressed to haue any grace in y• englyshe toungue.

96 To a certain persone takyng greuously that he was clene out of [Page] regarde and estymacion at what tyme the thirtie tyrannes had inuaded and vsurped ye gouernaūce of the communeweale:In Athenes y• comenweale was gouerned by the co+̄men [...], til y• in So [...]rates tyme, thirtie tyrannes vsurped and toke vpon theim, the regimente whiche tyrannes wer afterward destroyed by the policie of one Thrasibulus Of the noumbre of those tyraūtes wer Critias and Charicl [...]e, of whō is made menciō afo [...]e in the twētieth saiyng of Socrates. why, hast thou dooen any thyng (ꝙ Socrates) yt greueth thy consciēce or repēteth ye? Menyng, that it is not to bee taken in y• euill parte, if a manne bee despised or made an abiecte by vnhonest & naughty disposed feloes: and that no persone ought for any suche cause to myslike hymself: but if [...]e haue dooen some faulte trespa [...]e, or offense wherfore he should iustely encurre the displeasure & indignacion bothe of hymself, and of other honest menne. For to bee myslyked of e [...]uill persones, is a pointe of high praise and commendacion.

When hym semed that one sai [...]d 97 vnto hym in his sleepe, this verse of the greke poete Homerus

[...].

On the third daye, nexte after this,

Come to Phthia, and dooe not mysse:

he saied vnto Aeschines, Socrates knewe & saied that he should dye, three dayes before by a vision and voice yt he had in his slepe. this daye thr [...]e dayes shall I bee a dedde manne. Interpretyng & expounyng [Page] the verse of Homerus for an annswer o [...] declaracion of Goddes wille and pleasure, and the thyng came euen so to passe. Phthia a citee in the countree of Thessalia the region of Achilles. Phthia was a citie in y• regiō of Thessalia, y• cōtree of Achilles, was the soonne of Peleus kyng of Thessalia, and of Thetis doughter of Chiron, the moste puissaunt and valiaunt warrice that was emong all the kynges of the Grekes, at the battaill of Troie. Achilles. And the fren [...]des of Socrates did what thei could to persuade vnto hym, that he sh [...]uld flee into Thessalia, because he had there many good frendes.

98 It was also one of his saiynges that menne wer boundē to bee obedient to the lawes of ye citee or coū tree: and wiues to the maners and facions of their housbandes that thei liue in coumpaignie withall. The rewle to liue by, and to bee ordreed by for the wif,The rewle to liue by for y• wife, is hyr housbande, if he bee obedient to the lawe [...] publique is the housbande [...] whiche wif liueth well and vprightly, if hir housbande, bee obediēte to the lawes publique of the Realme.

99 He gaue warnyng, that naughtie pleasures of the bodye,He that hasteth towarde vertue muste anoyde the naughtie pleasures of the bodye, as he would y• mō stres of ye sea. ought none other wise then the Mermaides of the sea called Sirenes, to bee passed [Page] by and eschewed of any persone y• maketh haste in his waye toward vertue, as though after a long iourney had gotten at last a sight of his countree. He alluded vnto the fable of Ulysses, who stopped his eares with waxe, and by that meanes in sailling, passed awaye by the m [...]nstres of the sea called Sirenes (in englishe mermaides / whē he had after his returne frō Troie [...]nes espied the smoke of his countree Itacha mouniyng into the aier out of the chymneyes.The po [...]tes fables saien y• Sirenes, wer these three, Parthenope, Lygia, & L [...] cosia, doughters of the floodde A [...]helous, and of Calliope one of the nyne Muses, and that thei had their abydyng in a certain Is [...]e betwene Italie and Sicilie, and by the swet [...]nes of their syngyng, the [...] allured passengers on the sea, and when the [...] had theim, slewe theim. Wherfore U [...]ysses returnyng frō Troye, to Ithaca his countree, stopped the eares of all his coumpaig [...]e with waxe, a [...]d caused hymselfe to bee fast bound to the m [...]st of the shippe, and so escaped from the Sirenes, as Homerus write [...]h. And the Sirenes for angre and sorowe that thei wer so despised, [...]umbleed hedlong into the sea and do styll remain there.

When he heard the dialogue of 100 Plato entitleed Lysides, Socrates of an hūblenesse of mind wold not knowlage the la [...]des & praises that Plato attributed vnto hym. readē, oh lord in heauē (saieth he) how many lyes the young manne forgeth on me. B [...]t [...]er for tha [...] of his [...]umilitee and lowelynes he would not knowelege the laudes and prayses whiche Plato did attribute vnto hym, orels because he feigned [Page] many thynges on Socrates in tha [...] dial [...]gue.

101 Unto Aeschines, who was sore oppressed wt pouertee, [...] Howe an eiuill housbāde maye borowe money of him selfe to gette afor [...]hande. Magnum uectigall persimonia. he vsed to geue warnynge and auise, that he the said Aeschines should borowe or take vsurie of his ownself, & moreouer shewed the wayes how, that was, by abatyng of his sumptuous fare at his table. Accordyng to the prouerbe: good housbandrye and sparyng in an hous, is a great penie rent of yerely reuenues.Good housbandrye is a great [...] y [...]rely reu [...]n [...]e to an householder. The moste readie waye to encrease a mannes richesse, is to abate of his [...]harges. And (as our englishe prouerbe saieth) hous keepyng is a priue theef.

Beeyng asked concernyng Archelaus 102 the soonne of Perdicca, Archelaus ye sonne of Perdicca. who at y• season was estemed a veray valiaunt and hardie manne, whether he iudged hym to bee in perfecte blisse, or not: I cannot tell (saieth he) I neuer had communicacion wt hym. And to the other partie then saiyng, after that sorte or maner ye maye aswell doubte of the kyng [Page] of the persians whether he bee in ye state of perfecte felicitee, or not: yea what els (ꝙ Socrates) forasmuche as I knowe not how well learned he is, or how good and how honest he is. Socra [...]es measured the blissefulnes of a māne by the veray true good qualitees & vertues of the mynde.The state of blissefulnesse of a man consisteth in the vertues of y• mynde & not in worldlye thynges. This doeth Cicero reporte and cite in the fifth booke of the Tusculane questions, out of the dialogue of Plato entitleed Gorgias.

THE SAIYNGES OF ARISTIPPVS.

NExte after the maister I thynke moste congruente to sette his own scolare, yt was bothe in age and tyme first and in autoritee chief of all the others [...] that is, Aristippus:Aristippus a phylosophier of an excellēte witte and of singular dexteritee: y• first and chiefe of of all t [...]e disciples of Socrates. Who taught phylosophie for money, as is aforesaid. The disciples and foloers of Aristippus wer called after his tyme, Cyrenaici, because he came to Athens out of y• coūtree. then whom, emong all the philosophiers, there hath not been any one eith [...]r of a more apte or readie and prompte witte in conueighaunce or castyng of thynges, and more agreable to all maner states, sortes or facions of liuyng, orels in his saiynges more meriecōceipted, within the boundes of honestee, or more pleasaunt. Albeeit [Page] he seemeth not to haue shewed that holynesse of maners, and behauour in liuyng whiche all menne dooe honour and highly esteme in Socrates.

1 Betwene Aristippus and Diogenes ye Cynike, there was muche good cockyng,Betwene Aristippus & Diogenes was muche good cockyng and emulacion. & striuyng, whether of theim should wynne the spurres, & beare the belle, because thei wer of twoo sondrye and in maner contrarie sectes, trades, or professions of liuyng. Diogenes called Aristippus the kynges hounde, because he was a dayly waiter, and gaue cōtynuall attendaunce in the Courte of Dionysius the Tyranne of Sicilie. Against whom Aristippus on the other syde vsed to saye:Aristippꝰ one of the courte with Dionysius the Tyranne of Sicilie. If Diogenes could behaue hymself to bee familiare wt kynges and dayly about theim, he should not neede to eate rawe or grene herbes. Then Diogenes again countreyng,The countreyng of Aristippus and Diogenes. saied: If Aristippus had learned to bee contēted with rawe herbes, he should not neede to bee [Page] the kynges hounde.

When he had on a tyme commaunded 2 a per [...]rige to bee bought, whiche he might not geat vnder ye price of fyftie drachmes yt is xvi. s. viii. d. sterlyng,A Drachme was about ye value of a [...]ro [...]e s [...]erlyng or somewhat more. or there about, vnto a certain persone detestyng & crying abominacion on suche riotous superfluitee or prodigal excesse in a philophier: why euē thou thyself (ꝙ Aristippus) if ye price of a per [...]rige wer an halfpenie, wouldest not thou bye of theim? when he had aunswered, yes: And euen as muche & no more doe I sette by a merke & fowertie pens (saied Aristippus) as thou dooest by thy halfpenie.Aristippus despised golde [...] siluer. Thesame thing that the o [...]her iudged to bee an ab [...]minable pointe of riot, excesse, & prodigalitee:Who so is driuen frō byyng, by reasō of the hyghe price, setteth not litle by y• thyng, but setteth [...]uch by the money. the philosophier turned an other waye, to the la [...]de and prayse of despisyng money. For who so is by reason of the costlinesse or high price feared & driuē awaye frō biyng, thesame dooeth not sette litle by the meate, but setteth muche by ye money. But to the estimaciō [Page] of the philosophier, no whitte more i [...] valour wer fiftie drachmes, then to the other feloe an halfpenie.A right philosophier despiseth money. Then [...] Ar [...]st [...]ppus beeyng in the desirefulnesse of that cates, nothyng wurse then y• other feloe, in y• contēpte of money, was ferre better.

3 When Dionysius had brought foorthe before hym, three beautiful young damyselles of light conuersacion, biddyng hym to choose one, whiche soeuer he would of the three: Aristippus laied hāde on theim all, & tooke theim to hym, saiyng:When Eris, ye goddesse of of strife & cō tencion, had trilled along ye table (wher al the goddesses were at a banquette assembleeed) a goldē aple wt this poysee written or engr [...]ued about it. Bee this geuen to the fairest. Iuno, Pallas, and Uenus, all th [...]e claymed to haue the said aple. After muche striuyng in presence and coumpaignie of all the goddes. In fine, Iuppiter sent Mercurius with thesame three goddesses and the aple, vnto Pari [...] the soonne of Priamus, then kynge of Troie, who adiudged the aple vnto Uenus, whiche Uenus promysed hym in rewarde, that he should haue the fairest ladie that was on the earth of all mortall creatures, and that was Helena, the wife of Menelaus, then kyng of Lacedeamon, whom the saied Paris stole from hir housbande, & conueighed to Troie And for hir begoonne the battaill of Troie, wherof ensued not onely the vtter destruccion, extermynacion, and death of hym & of all his blood, but also the subuersion and desolacion of the noble citee of Troie, whiche the Grekes burned, not leauyng so muche as one hous standyng. that Paris of Troie had found it a thyng not a litle to his peine, yt of three ladies, he gaue preemynence to one, before the other twain. And so be brought theim all three vnto the courte gates, and there tooke his leue of theim & suffreed theim to departe, no lesse gē [...]le, quicke and read [...]e in abandonyng, then he had been afore in embracyng

[Page] Strato, or after other writers, Plato, 4 saied to Aristippus:To Aristippꝰ onely was geuen this gifte to bee bothe a galaūt courtyer, and also a sage philosophier. vnto thee onely is this gifte geuen, to weare bothe the shorte or cutted cape of a galaūte & ruffleyng courtyer, (whiche was called Chlamys) & also the syde robe or rope of homely and course cloth, suche as the beggerye philosophiers & none els vsen to weare. Thesame thyng did the poete Horatius note when he saied.

Omnis Aristippum decuit color.

All coloures, and facions of araye

Became onely Aristippus, allwaye.

Aristippus euermore considered and remembreed honestee & comelynesse.

In the courte of Dionysius he would daunce in purple and crymasyn silkes or veluettes, & sometymes he would weare a course pilche, mātle, or cope down to ye foote, but yet euermore hauyng in mynde what, when, and how, best became him, & [Page] to dooe neither of these thynges other wise then might stand with honestee, comelinesse and good facion.

5 Beeyng all berayed in the face with the spettyng of Dionysius, Aristippꝰ toke paciētly to be spetten vpon so yt he might w [...]nne Dionysius to the studie of phylosophie. he tooke it veraye paciētly, & to theim that fumed at yt spitefull touche, thus he saied. The fisher menne to take a litle gougeon dooe abyde to bee all embrued with ye foule salte water of the sea: and should not I, to take a great whale bee contēted to bee sprincleed with a litle spettle of ones mouth? By the name of a whale, notyng the kyng, whom he d [...]d all that in hym laye, with his pacience to allure vnto y• studie of philosophie.No smal vtilitee groweth to cōmēweales, by the sapience of learned princes. And in deede no small vtilitee & benefite it is, that groweth to comenweales by the sapience and high knowlage of learned princes.

6 Beeyng asked what fruite he had receiued of the studie of philosophie:The fruite of philosophie is that a manne shall speake plainly as ly [...]th ī his hert. Marie (ꝙ he) that I can to all persones whatsoeuer thei bee talke boldely, frankly, and plainly as [Page] lyeth in my mynde. For neither did he feare menne of power and autoritee,Aristippus feared no manne nor disdeigned any persone. nor disdeigne inferiour persones of lowe degree, forasmuche as he had a mynde free and clere voide, aswel from hope, as from feare, he was no mannes dogbolte, ne in any mānes bondage, nor held vp y• yea & naye of any persone contrarie to yt he thought in his own herte.

When certain persones did by ye 7 waye of reproche cast in his teeth that he liued gentlemanlike and passyng deintyly,Aristippus loued gaye apparell & good fare. beeyng one that professed philosophie:Whether in gaye clothyng and in dentie fare bee any vice. If that wer a vice (saieth he) it should in no wise bee dooen in ye solemne feastes of the Goddes. For in thesame solemnitees mēne vsen of a coustome bothe to bee gayly & trymmely apparelled, and also to haue the moste deyntie fare yt can bee gotten or dressed. And forasmuche as the Goddes been earnest enemies to all vices, thei would not bee appeaced, but rather sti [...]red to wrathe & angre by suche maner royaltee, if thesame conteined any spiece of synne or viciousnesse. Thus in deede he auoided & clene defeacted the cōtumelious checke, but he did not shewe what was best.

[Page] 8 Unto Dionysius demaundyng of hym,Phylosophiers wold liue wel, though there wer no lawes. what high thyng was in the philosophiers more then in other menne, he saied: that if all lawes wer anulled & fordooen, yet would wee liue still after one maner rate. The moste parte of people is barred from offendyng,To a physophier, [...]eason is a lawe. onely by prestripcions of lawes, but a philosophier accoūpteth and vseth reason in stede of lawes: not dooyng that is vpright & honest, because the lawe hath so commaunded, nor refreining fro deedes of myschief, because the lawe hath forbidden thesame: but for that he knoweth the one to bee of it self vpright & honest, and the other of it self to bee abhominable.

9 Aristippus and Plato bothe of theim wer awaiters in ye court with Dionysius. Plato & Aristippuz bothe wer in courte with Dionysius. But Aristippus absteined not frō the pleasures of the courte when thei came in his waye. Plato euen in the middes of all superfluitees & excesse of ye court [...] endeuoured to keepe a sobre t [...]ade in all behalfes. Therefore when Plato checked and rebuked Aristippus for that he was [Page] so sweete mouthed, and drouned in the voluptuousnesse of high fare, he asked of Plato, what he thought of Dionysius, whether he semed to bee an honest manne, or not, when he had aunswered, yt he seemed to bee honest: And yet he (ꝙ Aristippus) liueth much more delycately then I dooe. Therefore nothyng leatteth, but that a māne bothe maye liue takyng his parte of good fare, and also liue well and vertuously.There is nothyng to ye cō trarie, but yt a manne maye liue, takyng parte of good fare, and yet liue vertuously.

Unto Dionysius demaundyng how 10 it chaunced, that the philosophiers did frette and weare the threshholdes of riche mennes houses, & not contrariewise,Why phylosophiers haūt ryche mennes houses & not cōtrariewise. he saied: because the phylosophiers dooe knowe what thei wante, and the riche menne knowe not. The philosophiers dooe knowe that without money, there is no liuyng,Without money there is no liuyng. and therefore thei drawe to suche persones as been hable to geue theim, that thei haue neede of. That if ye riche menne, did like well vnderstand & perceiue, that thei lacke and neede wisedome, [Page] thei would muche more haunt and trede the dores of the philosophiers houses. For more miserable is the pouertee of the mynde and solle, then of the bodye [...] More miserable is the pouertee of the mynde thē of the bodye. And so muche the more pieteously beggered, and with extremitee of neede oppressed are the riche mēne: that thei dooe not vnderstand, of how precious and how necessarie a thyng thei bee destitute.

11 Beeyng asked in what pointe ye learned diffreed frō the vnlearned:What difference there is betwene the learned & the vnlearned. in thesame pointe (saieth he) that horses well broken, dooe diffre frō the vnbroken.As [...]n vnbroken horse is vnapt to dooe any seruice, so thei that bee leed by affeccions, are vnmeete for all coūpaignies & sortes of liuyng. As an horse not yet broken, is by reason of ignoraunce what he should dooe, and of skittishenesse, nothyng apte, but all vntoward for any vse or seruice to bee putte vnto: so he that is forceably rewled or violently leed with affeccions, that is to saye: with the corrupt mocions and sodain pangues or passions of the mynde (whiche pangues and affecciōs or passions, nothyng but onely phylosophie, maistreeth and subdueth) is vnapte and vnmeet [...] for all coumpaignies and facions or sortes of liuyng.

12 When he resorted on a tyme to a paramoures hous of his, he perceiued [Page] one of the young menne yt wer there presente, to blushe as read as fyer, as though it was a foule shame for a phylosophi [...]r to sette his foote in to any hous where bawderie wer kepte: to hym Aristippus turned, and saied: youngmanne, to entre into suche a place as this, is no shame at al, but not to bee hable to go out again, in deede that is a foule shame. He mened that it is but a veniall and a pardonable mater, if a manne dooe moderately vse the coumpaignie of women, not offendyng ye lawe B [...]t to bee a thyng woorthie no perdone or forgeuenesse, if one bee as a bondeseruaunt vnder the contynuall yoke of fylthie pleasures of the bodye. This saiyng might in that worlde bee wel taken, whē no temporall lawe, nor ciuile ordynaūce did forbidde mēne to coumpaignie wt harlottes: but now besyde ye wyttynes of makyng a readye e [...]cuse of his synne,That excuse of synne, that maye seeme to serue a Gentile, maye not serue a Christian man. there is in it nothyng worthie laude or prayse. And it was the saiyng of a corrupte Gentile, to whom the lawe of God was no parte of his profession, and not of a Christian manne.

To a certain persone that had 13 [Page] propouned an harde reedle, & was veraye earnest to haue hym soyle thesame, he saied:Meryly spoken. what thou foolyshe feloe, wouldest thou haue me to looce that thyng, which euē beeyng fast bounden setteth vs all werke enough to dooe? He foūd a merye toye i [...] the ambiguite, of ye word loocynge, for ye greke woorde, [...], and latin woorde, soluere, (whiche souneth in englyshe to looce, or to vnbynde) is indifferente to soylyng a doubtefull questiō, and to loocyng a māne or a beast, that is fast bounden. And in deede it wer a foolyshe pranke, to vnbynde & looce a madde manne, or a perillous beaste, whiche beeyng looced would dooe the more scathe and myschief.

14 It was a saiyng of his, ye muche better it is to bee a begger,Better it is to bee a begger then a manne without learnyng. then to bee a manne without learnyng, for that the one wanteth onely money, and the other lacketh all pointes to a manne belongyng. He [...]s neuerthelesse a manne that hath no money, but he is no manne, that hath nomaner knowlage nor learnyng. And yet he th [...]t [Page] wanteth money, beggeth of suche persones as he meeteth wit [...]all, but he that lacketh wisedome,Such ꝑsones a [...] [...]ack [...] w [...]sedom will not seeke it. is nothyng buisie in askyng any manne to haue it on hym.

When he had many despiteou [...] 15 woordes geuen hym of a certain feloe, he wēt his wayes, [...]istippꝰ beeyn [...] [...]ailled at wēt his waye and gaue not a woorde again to au [...] swere. & aūswered not so much as one worde: but whē the railler, the faster that he w [...]nt awaye came still ye faster after hym saiyng: why rennest thou awaye? Marie (saieth he) because thou hast power to speake railyng woordes, & I to choose whether I will heare theim or not.To geue [...]l [...] ce to a railler. He did wh [...]th a [...]eraye curs [...]e ta [...]n [...]e, checke & re [...]uke the shameles fa [...]iō of the feloe, whiche wheras hymself tooke vpō hym free libertee & autoritee to speake al that euer naught was, would not graunte to an other at lestwise so muche l [...]bertee, as to cōueigh hymself out of presence, and to leaue hearyng eiuill. For this voice, why rennest thou awaye? was, as it had been of a manne laiyng to ones charge, and makyng a querele for some iniurie or shrewed turne dooen vnto hym.

A certain persone of rancour,16 [Page] malice, & greate hatered speakyng against philosophiers the wurst woordes that he had in his bealy [...] Philosophiers bauntē ye houses of ryche m [...]nn [...], as physicians dooen ye houses of sicke folkes. emong other thynges saied also, yt he might espye and see theim euermore awaytyng, & as it wer laiyng siege at riche mennes gates. To whom Aristippus saied: And the physicians to, bee contynuall resorters to the houses of sicke folkes, & yet is there no manne yt would rather choose to bee the sickemanne, then to bee the physician.Sapience is diffined to bee y• knowelage of thynges ꝑteining to god and m [...] ̄ne, or of th [...]nges diuine & worldly, which thei that had [...]otten wer called Sapientes, y• is [...] mē of ꝑfect knowelage, vertue, & honestee. For of right knowelage cōsequētly ensueth honestee of life. He did fynely and su [...]tilly turne the checke to a contrarie purpose. The p [...]ilosophiers make muche preachyng of felicitee and perfecte blisse, whiche thei dooe wholly reserue & auouche to belong to a manne of perfecte s [...]pience onely, and to none other, and yet thei bee dayly and hourely conuersaunte in riche mennes houses, prollyng for somewhat at their handes, wherby the feloe g [...]thered that the ryche menne are in a more blissefull state, then the philosophiers. But Aristippus interpreted & declared the philosophiers chiefly for this entente and purpose to bee cō tynuall resorters vnto richemenne [...] because [Page] thesame beeyng through superfluitee or excesse, and through delicious pleasures more foolyshe,Riche menne are through excesse & delicious pleasures, more foolyshe & more corrupte then any others. and more corrupte then any other liuyng creatures, had more neede of the preceptes and holsome lessons of sapience then any other persones. And a philosophier is the physician of myndes and solles diseased.A philosophier is the phisician of myndes diseased. And to conclude more nere the state of blisse it is to bee the physician, then to bee the sicke manne: ergo &c.

On a tyme when he was in a 17 shippe sayllyng towardes the Citie of Corinthus, and a tempeste beeyng sodenly arysen, made theim euerye mynnte of an houre to looke when the shippe should synke & bee drowned,Aristippꝰ beeyng in ieoperdie of death feared & weaxed pale. Aristippus weaxed wanne of colour & pale as ashes for feare. One of ye passyngers a grosse carle & souldyarlike feloe, & one yt loued no philosophiers, espiyng and markyng thesame, as soone as the tempeste was laied again, begoonne proudely to cocke & crowe, saiyng: why dooe ye philosophiers, whiche are euer preachyng and teachyng [Page] that death is not to bee feared, yet neuerthelesse loke with pale faces by reason of feare in tyme of perill & ieoperdie, and we beeyng menne vnlearned are in no feare at all? Aristippus aūswered:A great differēce be [...]wene the solle of a phylosophier and of a verlette. Marie because thou and I dooe carke & feare for a solle or life of vnegual valour. Aulus Gellius addeth this to it, I feare perishyng of the life of Aristippus, and thou fearest not leesyng the life of a knaue: whiche woordes yet for all that bee more full of galle,We feare not harme taking of thynges of small valour. then to bee conueniente for Aristippus, whose vrbanitee & merieconceipted woordes are not of so poynaunte a sorte. We feare not the harmetakyng of thynges of veray small valour, wherof cometh the latin prouerbe, Hydria in foribus. Hydria in foribus. A stene or a canne in the more, is a prouerbe, by whiche Aristoteles and other auncient writers, vsed to signifie a thyng so vile & of so small valoure y• no māne would attempte to purloyne or stele, or if any did, there wer no greate losse in it, forasmuche as an other of like sorte might bee euery where gotten for an halfe peny or lesse money. And because it was a thyng of so small price, if an yearthen potte stoode in a bodyes doore, no theef or false knaue would stoope to take it vp, nor set his mynde to conueigh it awaye. But ouches & perles wt other like thynges, dooen such feloes studie how to come by. As for a pitchaer euery bodye may without any feare of stealyng sette (if hym please) in the open strete. So writeth Plutarchus, that the bryers whiche by theim selfes wil catche and take holde on eche bodyes gowne, euery manne neglecteth and passeth by, but vynes and oliues no manne but desyreth and wil seeke for. Seneca also in his epistles writeth in this maner. Many persones dooe passe by thynges that lyen open, but for thynges lyyng hidden in secrete corners, thei will make narrowe serche. Thynges curiously and suerly sealed, or faste locked vp, dooe saye to a theef, come steale me. It seemeth not woorthie takyng vp from the grounde, whatsoeuer lyeth abrode And thynges lyyng open a breaker of houses will not foyle his handes withall: but to breake into secrete corners, is sette all his mynde and desire. A stene or a canne in the doore. For this respecte Aristippus found a merie toye, that the other feloe chaunged not colour: not forthat he was of a better stomake & courage, or of more hardinesse in tyme of perill, but because forasmuche as he was a feloe of no price, but a villain and a rascall, and had a mynde or solle clere voide of all vertue, it should haue been a small losse or none at all, if he had turned vp his heles and [Page] perished. A manne of profoūde learnyng & highly endued with sapience, perisheth not, but to the sore losse & dāmage of the commenweale.

To a certain persone makyng 18 his vaunte, that he had veray good sight in soondrie facultees or disciplines, (as though he had learned, all that might bee learned,) Aristippus saied: like as, not those per [...]ones that eaten moste meate, and [Page] dooe by good digestion voide thesame again, bee in better helthe of bodye, then suche as take that is sufficiēte and no more: euen so, not thei that haue had moste varietee of readyng,Uarietee of learnyng and readyng dyuerse bookes maketh not a learned man. but suche as haue read thynges profitable are to bee accoumpted good studentes, & menne of learnyng. He gaue a vengeable checke to tho [...]e persones, who with troubleous or inordin [...]te and vnmeasurable readyng porre th [...]ir throtes and bealies thrastyng full, and dooe not conueigh vnto the botome of the mynde or herte suche thynges as thei read to liue ther after, but dooe onely laye it vp & couche it in the memorie. by reason wherof in ye ende, thei bee neither any thyng encreased or [...]ert [...]ered in cunnyng, nor yet any thyng emended or bettered in their liuyng.

19 A certain oratour had in a courte of iustice made a plea in the defēse of Aristippus beeyng there personally arayned, & preuailled in the mater of trauerse. An [...] when thesame oratour, as auauncyng his arte of [Page] rhetorike aboue philosophie, saied what good hath Socrates dooen the o Aristippus?Phylosophie is of more excellent dignitee then rhetorike. This profite haue I gotten by Socrates (saied he again) that the oracion, whiche thou hast made in my defense and commendacion hath been true. The oratour had defended hym as beeyng a right honest manne, and innocēte in the mater that was laied to his charge. And, that euer he was a manne of suche sorte, as he was by the oratour reported for, had been the acte of onely Socrates whose scholare he was in philosophie. It is no parte of an oratours playe, to make that a manne bee of perfecte honestee and vertue, but that he maye appere to the iudges to bee suche an one, although in veray deede he bee not so. Then a thyng of muche more excellēcie it is, that the philosophier dooeth perfourme, then that the oratour can dooe.

His doughter, beeyng named 20 Areta, Areta the doughter of Aristippus. he brought vp and enstructed with holsome doctrine & preceptes of vertue, accustomyng hir in all cases to refuse and renounce what [Page] soeuer passed the boundes of mediocritee.Measure is in al thynges a treasure. Because in euery thyng measure is chief, and principall, and in a woman it is a pointe of moste high vertue to rewle the sensuall lustes and appetites.The chief vertue in a woman.

21 To a certain persone demaundyng in what behalf his sonne should at length bee the better,What auaū tage children geattē by goyng to schole. if he should bestowe the labour and cost to sette hym to schoole: though nothyng els (said he) yet at lest wise at Maye games and open sightes there shall not one stone sette his taile vpon an other. In olde tyme the places,The faciō of stage plaies in olde tyme. where open sightes and shewes of games wher exhibited, wer made circlewise round about with settles or benches of marble, staier wise one aboue an other, on whiche ye people sate and beheld the games and sightes.A ꝑsone voide of learnyng & sufficient vttr [...]aunce, diffreth nothing from a stone. And a stone [...] thei commēly called. Euen as we also dooe) a feloe yt had neither learnyng nor good vttreaunce of toungue.

22 A certain manne was in hande with Aristippus, to take his sonne to schoole to hym, but when the philosophier [Page] required in rewarde for his peines of teachynge, fiue hundred drachmes (whiche was aboue the summe of eight poundes sterlyng.) The other partie beeynge clene discouraged with the greatnesse of the pryce, saied: for lesse money or better cheape then so, myght I bye a bondeman, that should dooe me tall and hable seruice: But here now (ꝙ Aristippus) thou shalt haue twain.The peines of teachyng is woorthie great wages. His menyng was, that with thesame summe of money whiche was to bee paied for one bondeman, he should purchace bothe a philosophier yt should stand hym in good steede, and also a sōne obediente to his father.Moste parte of mēne geue moore wages to their horse kepers, then to the good bryngers vp of their children in learnyng and vertue. He did feactely checke the iudgemente of the commē people, who in no behalf are greater haines and niggardes of their purse, then in prouidyng to haue their children well and vertuously brought vp in learnyng and maners, and dooe bestowe more coste on kepyng or dressyng their horses, then on the good guydyng and ordreyng of their sonnes and doughters.

Beeyng reproued for yt he was 23 [Page] a taker of money of his frendes,Why Aristippus tooke money of riche folkes. he saied, yt he dyd not take any suche money to the entente and purpose, to conuerte it to his owne vse and commoditee, but that thei might learne vpon what thynges money ought to bee bestowed.The due and right vse of money. For the moste parte of riche folkes casteth away their money, either vpon horses, or on buisie and sumptuous buildynges, orels other ryottous wayes: wheras it ought to bee geuen in almes to good and honest menne, if thesame bee in neede. Yea and a manne maye an other waye also vnderstād & applye this saiyng. Aristippus [...]id not spend any money, but on thinges for his liuyng necessarie,Aristippꝰ did not spend money, but vpon thynges necessarie. and therfore he tooke rewardes of richemen, to declare plainly vnto the same the right waye to applye it to good vses, and that could he not dooe, onelesse thei had found vnto his handes wherewithall to dooe it: as he that hath an earnest desire to learne the feacte of writyng, fyndeth and deliuereth papyre, penne & ynke to the partie that shall teache hym.

24 To a feloe laiyng vnto hym in ye waye of reproche, that in a cause [Page] to his owne persone apperteinyng he had with money hyered ye helpe of an oratour to pleade for hym at the barre, he saied: why, that is not so greate a woondre, for when I would haue any supper dressed too, I hyer a cooke. The other parties mynde was, that it should appere ye oratour to bee of more excellēcie or dignitee then ye philosophier,A philosophier to bee of more excellencie and dignitee, then an oratour. for this pointe, because ye philosophier gaue money to haue his helpe, & he turned it clene cōtrarie [...] notyfiyng hym to bee ye inferiour & of lesse dignitee, yt is hyered. For the office of an oratour, or a manne of lawe [...] is of a more basse sorte, thē to become a philosophier.

He was on a tyme bidden this & that to talke out of his bookes of 25 philosophie. And when Dionysius woondreous earnestly and instaū tely required hym therūto, beeyng at that tyme veray eiuill willyng & loth to medle, he saied: It is a fond & a mad thyng, if ye desire me some what to saye in philosophie, and yet yourselfe will teache me & appointe [Page] when my moste oportunitee & occasiō is to speake. He mened that one of the chief pointes to a philosophier belongyng, is euē this, to knowe what tymes it is moste meete to speake, and when not to speake.The philosophier self, best knoweth whē to speake and when not. But he that maketh requeste to heare any one thyng or other out of philosophie, declareth that he would learne philosophie of the philosophier. On the other side again, he yt would constreigne a manne to speake whether he bee disposed or no, sem [...]leth & pretendeth to bee maister or superiour in learnyng to the philosophier self, in yt he taketh vpō hym to haue better knowelage of the due and cōueniente tyme whē to speake, then the veray philosophier indede. The kyng beeyng for this answere of Aristippus in an high fume cōmaūded hym to sitte in ye lowest place of al, at the table. Aristippus in this case nothyng discōtēted, saied in this maner: Sir kyng it is your pleasure (I perceiue) to nobilitate this place & to make it honorable.Not the lowe place maketh the manne of lesse dignitee, but of ye worthynesse of ye persone much honoure groweth to the place. Signifiyng not ye place to make the mā of lesse dignitee, but of ye worthynes & honestee of the persone much honoure to redounde and growe vnto the place.

[Page]A certain feloe standyng highly 26 well in his own conceipte for his cunnyng in swymmyng, Aristippus could not abyde. And arte thou not ashamed, saieth he, with [...]uche a saucy and presumpteous braggue to boste thyself of those thynges whiche been naturall propreties of the dolphin fishes?It is a folishe thyng for a māne to boste hymselfe of suche feactes as other thynges cā of their naturall propretee do better then he. It had been more preatie and feacte, if he had saied, of frogues. It is comely for a manne to glorie and braggue of suche thynges, as bee naturall for a manne onely to dooe. And nothyng is more aggreable with ye nature of māne, then to excelle in reason, wisedome, and discretion. There is no manne so expert a swymmer, but that in this feacte & qualitee he is ferre passed & ouercomed of the dolphin fishes.The dolphin fishes haue a propretee to swymme aboue the water, and the [...] are delited in the melodious armonye of all musicall instrumentes. They beare notable loue towardes manne, in so muche that diuerse of theim haue caried children about, & ouer the sea dayly of course & custome, as wee read in Cicero, in Plynius, in Aulus Gellius, & in other writers [...]

Beeyng asked in what thyng a 27 manne of perfecte sapiēce diffreed from a man voide of all learnyng & knowelage. Send one of either [Page] sorte naked, saieth he, vnto menne vnknowen, and thou shalt see. He signified, that a manne indewed with sapience, carryeth aboute wt hym wherwith to cōmend hym self and to bee welcome vnto all maner persones in the worlde. If therefore ye should send a learned manne, and a persone vnlearned, either of theim as naked as euer thei wer born, in to a straūge conntree, where neither of theim bothe haue any acquaintaunce:What difference [...]here is betwene a learned manne & a p [...]rsone vnlearned. the sapiente manne vttreynge & shewyng forth ye treasures of his high knowelage and cunnynge, should anone fynd and geat bothe money and frendes, the other not hauyng a raggue to hang about hym, should bee skorned & laughed at, as a Iacke of bethleem, & should hard [...]y escape to perishe and dye for hoūgre.

28 To a feloe makyng his boste yt he could drynke muche, and yet not bee drunken:Boste of drinkyng, is vain what great wondre is it thou talkest of, saied Aristippus, sens that euery mule and horse dooeth thesame?

29 A certain persone laied vnto the charge of Aristippus as a vice, that he kepte coumpaignie with a commē [Page] stroumpette. Whome he confuted with an induccion, suche as Socrates commenly vsed, in maner as foloeth: Goo to, tel me this, dooest thou thynke it to make any mater, whether a bodye take an hous, whiche many haue inhabited, orels an hous, whiche nomanne hath afore dwelled in? Whē he had saied that it made no mater: What saied Aristippus, doeth it any thyng force whether one bee a passinger and dooe saill in a shippe that hath carryed a greate noūbre aforetymes, orels in a shippe yt hath carryed none? Whē he had saied naye to that also: what mater of force is it then, ꝙ he, whether a manne haue to dooe with a womā, that hath bestowed hirselfe on many soondrie persones afore, orels vpon none at all. This saiyng also might bee (as a thyng meryly spoken) accepted emong theim, in whose opinion simple fornicacion was not rekened for a synne.

[Page] 30 When he was taken vp and reproched of a feloe, because that beeyng the disciple of Socrates, he was (contrarie to the vsage of Socrates) a taker of money for his teachyng of philosophie:Why Aristippus was a taker of money for teachynge phylosophie, more th [...]n Socrates was. I dooe that (ꝙ he) not without good cause why. For vnto my maister Socrates a greate noūbre of riche and welthie frēdes did send bothe wheate and wyne, of the whiche, his maner was to reserue a small porcion for his necessarie occupiynge, and the residue to sende backe again. In deede he hadde to his stewardes, the greateste gentlemenne of all the Atheniens, and I haue none other stewarde, but myne owne boundseruaunte Eutychides whom I boughte with my money.Eutychides ye seruaunte of Aristippus. He notified that he did sette euen as litle by money as did Socrates, but that Socrates had frēdes of more bountee. By this coloure might some persones excuse theimselfes euen now of dayes [Page] professyng outwardly in woordes excedyng greate contempte of golde and siluer, wheras thei haue right good store of money lyyng in the handes and custodie of their frendes,The excuse of some ꝑsones that in woordes professen contempte of money, & yet haue money enough lyyng in store in the hādes of their frendes. that forenyers, they had bounteous stewardes and proctours for all their necessarie store of foode and viandrie, but that nowe thei should make full many an hungry mele, if thei had not a good summe of money in one place or other laied vp in store.

The reporte goeth that Aristippus 31 was a customer of one Lais a veray notable mysliuyng woman.Aristippus a customer of Lais the harlotte. Lais was a stroumpette dwellynge in Corinthe, vnto whō for hir excellent beautie resorted many riche louers, out of al parties of the countree of Grece, but no man had his pleasur on hir except he gaue hir owne askyng whiche was euermore a greate For whiche mater wheras he had a veraye eiuil name abrode emong all ye people, to a feloe obiectyng vnto hym yt beeyng a philosophier he was at the becke & cōmaundemēte of Lais. Naye marie (ꝙ he) Lais is at my commaundemente, and not I at the commaundemente of Lais. Signifying that it was no mater of dishonestee, nowe and then to take pleasure: whiche at that season was thought lawef [...]ll, but to bee as a bondeman, and to bee wholly geuen therunto, woorthie [Page] to bee reke [...]ed in the noumbre of thynges skamefull and abomynable.

32 At an other season, to a feloe laiyng to his rebuke, that he was ouer deintie of his mouthe and dyete, he did with this reason geue a stoppyng oystre. Couldest not thyself [...]ꝙ he [...] fynd in thy herte to buye of y• same kynd of meates or dishes yt I dooe [...] if thou mightest haue theim for a dandypratte? And when he, yt would needes shewe hymself to bee a despiser of al delicates, had therunto aunswered, yes: Then dooe not I, saied Aristippus, so earnestely mynde or tēdre sensualitee, as thou dooest auarice. For he would fain haue vsed as delicate fare as Aristippus, I [...] it would haue come of free cost, or for a veray litle money.Man [...] y• [...] th [...] contemp [...] of del [...]t [...] would fa [...] of y• best [...]f th [...]i mig [...]t of f [...] cos [...] or for a litle money. In thesame wise dooen certain nacions laye vnto the Germains quaffyng,The Germain [...] are noted of much drynkyng [...] and the Engl [...]shemen of muche eatyng. & to the englishe menne gourmaundyng & eatyng while y• bealye will hold, wheras there bee no gre [...]ter raueners or gluttons in the worl [...]e, then theimselfes, if at any tyme suche chaunce dooe fall, that thei maye of free cost eate [Page] [...]nd drynke their fille.Couetousnes ofte tymes be guileth y• bealye. Then more couetous are those nacions, & not more tēperat [...] or sobre of diete. Ueray muche like vnto this [...] it is: that I shewed of the pertrige afore, in the secoūde saiyng of thissame Aristippus.

The receiuer generall and treasourer 33 vnto Dionysi [...]s, named Simus, Simus y• receiuer general and treasourer to Dio [...]ysius. a Phrygian born, shewed vnto Aristippus his mainour place, beeyng in euery corner veray neat and clene, yea euen the veraye floore couered & checkerwise set, throughout with square pauyng stones of greate price. Aristippus, when he had well looked about and vewed euery thynge, voided the spetle of his mouth euen full in the bearde of Simus:Aristippꝰ s [...]e [...] ted on the eiuill fauoured face of Simꝰ [...] and to thesame Simus highly fuming at the mater, he excused hymself by this colour, yt he could espye no place ne thyng in al the whole hous more meete to receiue the filthye dreiuill or spattreyng of the mouth. Notyng thereby, [...]hat in y• [Page] whole hous there was nothyng more lothsome to behold, or more vnclene, thē the face of that barbarous feloe,The face ought to bee the most clene of al the partes of the bodye. wheras that parte of a manne ought to bee moste clene of all. Albeit this saiyng is more like to bee of some Cynike, thē of Aristippus, how so euer it is fathered on hym.

34 Beeyng on a tyme delited with a notable sweete smelle, that was about a delicate feloe, thus he saied now a mischief on ye hertes of these naughtie & wretched mutton moungres that haue brought suche a singulare good thyng as this, in slaū dre and infamie. Menyng, that a great noumbre of thynges of theimselfes good,Many good thyn [...]es be reie [...]ed through the faulte of lewd p [...]rsons vsyng y• same naughtely. bee abandoned and reiected from honest mennes occupiyng, through the faulte of other lewde persones who putte the same thynges to eiuill vses.

35 Beeyng asked the question, how Socrates ended his life:Aristippꝰ wished to dye no wurse th [...]n Socrates had dooen. euen so as I woulde wishe to dooe, saieth he. Menyng that suche diyng is rather to [...]ee wished for, thē any kynde of life in this transitorie worlde. Neither was it possible for hym in fewer woordes to describe a more blissed maner of diyng. The [Page] pith of y• saiyng consisteth in this pointe that the philosophier aūswered an other thyng, then the demaunder looked for. The one asked his question of the kynde of death,It forceth not what kynd of death we hau [...] so we dye verteously. that is, whether he had dyed of some sickenes, of a sweard, by poison, or by breakyng his necke by reasō of some fal frō an high place: the other thynkyng that mater to bee of small force, aunswered that he had made a blissed,Socrates made a blissed ende. a perfecte, and [...] [...]ertuous ende.

Poliaenus ye sophiste beeyng entreed 36 into the hous of Aristippus, Polyaenus a Sophiste. when he espyed there, women gorgeously apparelled, & a feast of high prouision and furniture, begonne to reproue suche greate excesse in a philosophier. Aristippus makyng as though he had not marked that chy [...]yng, within a whyle said vnto hym: maye ye fynd in your herte to take peines at dyner here with vs for this ones? when the other had aunswered that he could bee contented so to dooe with all his herte:Many y• reproue dentye fare & delicates, can well fynd in their hertes to take parte of the same. why fynd ye faulte at it then, ꝙ he? for ye seeme not to reproue ye table [Page] for the dentie fare, but for the cost [...] For if the feaste had for this pointe mysliked hym, that it was ouer delicate, he would haue refused to bee one of the geastes.To allow the fare, & to bee offended with the cost of the same, argueth not a man sobre of diete, but lothe to spend money [...] And as for the ordeinaunce to allowe, and with the charges of thesame to bee offended or discontented, semeth to bee a pointe, not of one that abhorreth excesse of meate and drynke, but of a niggarde, & of one that is lothe to spend any money.

37 It is vneth beleueable that Biō reporteth of hym,Aristippus a despyser of golde and siluer. whē his seruaūte bearyng money of his, as he trauailled in a iourney, was ouercharged with the heauie burden of thesame, he saied: cast awaye the ouerplus, and carrye that thou mayest with thyn ease.

38 Trauaillyng by sea on a certain tyme, after that he had due knowlage that ye shippe belonged to pyrates & rouers on the sea, he laied abrode his golde,Aristippꝰ caste his golde into the sea. and begoonne to tell it, & anon after soodainly leat it fall ouer boorde into the sea for the nons, & then gaue a great sigh, [Page] sembleyng that it had fallen out of his hande vnaw [...]res, and muche against his wille. By this ingen or sub [...]e deuise [...]e found meanes to saue his own life, when the mater and occasiō why to kill hym or to trye maisteries wt hym for his money was ones takē awaye from ye pirates. Some writers there bee, that reporten hym to haue spoken these woordes also.Better y• money bee caste awaye by a manne, then a manne to bee cast away fo [...] moneys sake. Better it is that all this geare bee cast awaye by Aristippus, then Aristippus to perishe and to bee cast awaye for this geares sake.

Unto Dionysius demaūdyng why 39 Aristippus was come into Sicilie forsakyng Socrates, Why Aristippus left Socrates & went into Sicilie. he aūswered: Marie to ye ende that of suche thynges as I haue, I maye geue you parte, & of suche thynges as I haue not, to take parte with you. There been that reporten hym in this wise to haue aunswered. When I wanted sapience I resorted vnto Socrates, & now because I want money, I am come to your grace.

Aristippus vnto Plato chydyng with 40 [Page] hym for yt he had bought a greate deale of fishe for one dyner,Aristippꝰ chidden of Plato for biyng diuerse cates at ones, what he aūswered. he aunswered, that he had bought it all for an halfpenie. And when Plato had thus saied: of that price euen I myself could haue foūd in my herte to haue bought it: ye see then o Plato, ꝙ Aristippus, Plato loued money, better then Aristippus loued good fare. In the .ii. in ye vii. and in ye xxxii. saiynges of Aristippus. that, not I am gredie to to haue plentee and varietee of sondrie cates, but yourself to beare greate loue to money. Ce [...]tain saiynges muche like vnto this been a fore recited.

41 Thesame manne in the citie of Aegina, was a goodlye cytee adiacente vnto Pelopōnesus not ferre frō the hauens mouth, called Pyraeus, & it stode euen directly against the coūtree of Attica, & therfore was of a certain Atheniens called Lippitudo Atticae. yt is the bleryng of Attica. For the goodlynes of Aegina dyd muche disgrace ye beautie of Attica, and did, as ye woulde saye: drowne it. Some geue ye name of Aegina to the whole Isle. Aegina at the solemne feastes of Neptunus Iuppiter and Pluto, were three brethren and soonnes of Saturnus gotten vpon Ops the sister and wife of thesame Saturnus. They so diuided the regions, that Iuppiter should haue vnder his dominion, the high countrees, Pluto the lower countrees, and Neptunus the Isles and the seaes. Wherof the poetes haue feigned Iuppiter to bee the God of heauen, Pluto of helle, and Neptune of the waters. In honoure of Neptunus were yerely celebrate in the Isle or towne of Aegina, certain solemnitees, whiche wer called Neptunalia, of Neptunus his name, and by another name Salatia of Salum, the sea. Neptunus, had to dooe with ‡ Phryne a mysliuyng woman there. And when a feloe had cast hym in ye nose yt he gaue so large money to suche a naughtie drabbe, who sticked not to leat beggerie Diogenes the Cynike to haue parte of hir bodie: Aristippus in this maner aunswered: I geue hir money and many other [Page] gaye good thynges, to haue my pleasure on hir for myn own parte, and not to thentēte, that nomanne els should. This is left in writyng of ye said Phryne, yt although she was a passyng fair womā, yet was she as cōmen as the carte waye, on who soeuer came, without preferryng or choyce of this manne, or that manne, whether thei wer riche, or poore, shewyng [...]ir self disdainfull and coye to wardes no persone, come who would. To this had ye poete Horatius respecte in thus saiyng.

Me libertina, nec uno cōtēta Phryne macerat

I frette and pein with burnyng loue

Of Phryne, who this other daye

Out of hir bondeship did remoue,

And now is commen, as cartewaye.

[Page] 42 Diogenes in this maner rebuked Aristippus for hauyng to dooe with Phryne:Aristippus rebuked of Diogenes, for kepynge coumpaignie with Phryne the harlotte [...] o Aristippus, thou arte a great medleer with this woman, beeyng a stewed stroumpette, and therfore either playe the doggue as I dooe, or els leaue suche facions, as thou dooest vse. Aristippus by inducciō in this wise shifted him of. Diogenes seemeth it vnto the a thyng to bee abhorred, that a man should dwell in an hous, which others aforetymes haue inhabited? when he had saied no: what (saieth Aristippus) is it shame to saill in a shippe, that hath aforetymes carryed a greate noumbre moo? when that also he had denyed to stand against reason: why then dooest thou suppose it to bee vnreasonable, ꝙ he, to ioyne with a woman, of whom a greate noumbre [Page] of persones haue tofore had their pleasure This is aboue mencioned, sauyng that Athenaeus dooeth in this maner and fourme tell the tale.Afore in the xxii. saiyng. Athenaeus, a greke historiographier.

When he had lost a woondre full 43 pleasaunt Mainour place with all the appurtenaunces, vnto a certain persone earnestly lamentyng thesame his pietous chaunce, he saied:Aristippus a man of good possessions [...] landes. what, dooest thou not knowe well enough, yu haste but one litle poore hous with a small piece of lande to it, and that I haue yet three whole lordshippes leafte? when the other partie had theretoo graunted, he saied: why dooe we not then rather lamente thy case? Menyng yt it had been an vnwise parte of hym rather to take sorowe for yt that he had lost,When a man hath lost any parte of his substaūce, he shoulde take coumforte of that, that is leafte. thē ioye & coumforte of that that was leafte.

To one that by the waye of opposyng 44 hym asked this question, art thou euery where? I leese no freite money then, ꝙ he, or I spend no freite money in waste if I bee in [Page] euery place. Aristippus wt a mock [...] alone wiped awaye the sophistical question, whether one & thesame bodye maye at one tyme bee in diuerse or soundrie places at ones.Whether one and thesame bodye may be in sondrie places at ones. When he aunswered, that so beeyng, there was no perill of leesyng his freite money or of spendyng freite money in waste. For he leeseth his freite money, who, when he hath paied his money, is not carryed thither as his desire is It maye, by leauyng out the negaciō, bee taken in this se [...]se also. Then haue I in my dayes lost some freite money, or then haue I spent in waste and haue lost muche good money geuen hereto fore for freite or [...]ote hyere.

As though he should haue saied: if one bodye maye bee in moo places then one at ones [...] I haue many a tyme in my dayes paied money in vain, and haue like a foole spent money in waste, to bee carryed ouer sea in a shippe from one place to an other, forasmuche as I was there alreadie before I came.

The menyng and sense of the woordes of Ari [...]tippus in so saiyng, (as I vnder the correccion of Erasmus take it [...] was: I leese no freite money thē &c. I caste waye no freite money then &c. that is, I spend no freite money then &c. For he leseth his money that spendeth, when he hath nomaner neede nor occasion to spend it. And he that is alreadye in euery place where he would bee, nedeth not to spende money to bee carryed thither. As if he should haue saied to the feloe: If one bodye maye bee in all places at ones, thou mayest bee assured, [Page] I would not bee so madde as to geue freite money, when I wer disposed to take shippyng & to go ouersea from one place to an other.

Beeyng confounded and made blanke in a disputaciō of a certain 45 feloe yt was sauce & presumpteous,Aristippꝰ was nothyng greued to take a blanke in disputacion. but thesame a furious rageyng feloe, of no more wit [...]e then a beaste: whē he sawe hym hoppe & fette his gambaudes for ioye, and swellyng in pride by reason of that victorie. In dede, ꝙ he, I goo awaye confounded, but yet like to sleepe this night more sweetely and soundely,Unwrathfully spoken. then thyself, that hast putte me to this blanke.

Helicon of the toune of ☞ Cysicus 46 a philosophier in Plato his tyme had prognosticate ye eclipse of ye soonne:Helicon Cyzicenus a philosophier of Athenes excellyng in all the mathematical sciencies, in thesame tyme when Plato was. who, after that it had chaunced accordyng to his prognostication, had of Dionysius a talente of siluer in rewarde. Then saied Aristippus to ye reste of the philosophiers: I also [Page] haue a right woondreous thyng yt I could prophecie. Thei hartely desiryng hym thesame to vttre: I prophecie (ꝙ he) that Plato and Dionysius wil ere many dayes to an ende breake a strawe betwene theim.Dionysiꝰ offended wyth Plato, longe ere he would shewe it outwardly. For he had alreadie perceiued ye kyng now a good while to keepe his mynde secrete, and to dissemble his angre and displeasure conceiued against Plato.‡

47 He saied, this in the maners and facions of menne to bee the wurst thyng that was possible to bee,Frēdes ought to bee tryed ere thei bee receiued into famyliarites. that in publique sales thei dooe narrowely serche pottes and pannes ere thei wil bye theim, and wil not serche and examyn the life of suche [Page] persones as thei matche to theimselfes in frendship, and entiere familiaritee. And yet a muche higher vtilitee and profit redoundeth to a māne of feithfull frēdes, then of pottes or pannes: and a muche greater losse and disauanntage excepte he choose of the right sorte,A great disauaū [...]age yf a manne choose not his frendes o [...] the best sorte. suche as should bee.

When Dionysius at a bāquette had 48 cōmannded that all the coumpaignie should addresse theimselfes to maske etche man in purple. And purple in those dayes was for the wearyng of none but kynges & princes,Purple in old tyme was for the wearynge of none, but kynges and princes. wher now it is cōmunely taken vp with euery sowter & cobler. Plato refused to dooe it,Plato refused to daunce in purple at ye request of Dionysius. recityng for his purpose these me [...]re verses out of some tragedie.

[...]

To bee disguised in womannes clothyng, is vnfitte for a mā.

[...].

My herte abhorreth, that I should so

In a womannes kirtle, myself disguyse,

Beeyng a manne, and begotten to

Of a mannes prosapie, in manly wise.

But Aristippus made no courtesie at the mater,Aristipppꝰ refused not to daūce in purple at the biddyng of Dionysius. but beeyng dressed in [Page] purple, and readie to goo to dauncyng, he pronounced these verses without any studie soodainly.

[...]

[...].

Nothyng cā corrupte a mynd wholly dedicate to vertue.

Euen em [...]ddes, the furious rageing

Of sacrifice dooen, to the God Bacchus,

A minde, wholly addicte, to sobre liuing

Wil not bee corrupt, ne made uicious.

49 As he was makyng suite and intercession on a tyme to Dionisius in the behalfe and fauour of a frende of his, & the kyng would not heare his suite and peticion, Aristippus fallyng down flatte on the grounde before hym, begoonne to embrace and kisse the kynges feete, and by yt meanes at last obteined his purpose & requeste. And when certain persones reproued thesame facte of his, as more vile & more hūble then was comly for a philosophier I am not in ye blame, ꝙ he, but Dionisius, Wittyly spoken. Dionysiꝰ had his eares in his feete. whiche hath his eares standyng in [Page] his feete.Aristippus a man of a passynge readye witte, aswell to dooe as to excuse any thyng. A witte like prōpte & readye at all assayes, aswell to dooe, as also to excuse any thyng whatsoeuer it wer.

In the countree of Asia he was attached by Artaphernes the high capitain, or leuetenaūt general there,50 vnder ye kyng of the Persians. Artaphernes leuetenaūt generall in Asia vnder y• kyng of the Persians. And at thesame present season, whē one demaūded of hym, whether euē there also his old accustomed stoutenesse of herte failled him no more then it had been wont to do.Aristippus arested in Asia by Artaphernes. Folyshe dawe ꝙ he, as though I haue at any time in al my life beē, of a better courage or stomake,Aristip. stood in drede of no māne lyuyng. then euē at this present houre, yt I must speke to Artaphernes. Uerayly this thynge by the benefite of philosophie was roted in hym, that he stood in drede of no manne liuynge, but would bee frāke and free with euerie persone to saye his mynde.

Those persones, who beeyng 51 furnished with the liberall studies of humanitee and of the toungues, did slouthfully neglecte the studie of philosophie morall,Suche as beeyng furnished with other disciplines, do neglect moral phylosophie, are lyke the woers of Penelope. he likened to [Page] the wooers of Penelope the doughter not of Icarꝰ, but of Icarius, & the wife of Ulysses: who durynge the absence of hir housband tenne yeares, b [...]yng awaye at the battaill of Troie, and other tēne yer [...]s wandreynge o [...] the [...]eats, ere he coulde g [...]atte home into his coūtre [...] of Ithara, kepte hirself chaste and true wife vnto thesame Ulysses. And where she had moste ymportune, and thesame contynuall suite made vnto hir, by many ioyly ruflleyng wooers, to haue hir in mariage, she droue theim of all by this colour, that she had [...] lou [...]e of lynē cloth in weauyng, whiche beeyng ones finyshed she would geue vnto hir wooers a determynate and a fynall aū swere. Then vsed she this policie, to vnweaue in the night as muche werke, as she had made vp in the daye before. By reason wherof diuerse of the gentlemenne that wooed hir, beeyng with their long suite weryed and tyered, fell in hande to haue wanton conuersacion with Melanthon & Polydora hir handmaydens, as vttrely despairyng that euer thei should achiue to the obteinyng of Penelope hirselfe. Penelope. For t [...]ei entreed loue with Melāthon & with Polydora beeyng hir handmaidens, and conceiued hope sooner to obtein all the worlde besides, then mariage of the ladie hir self. His menyng was, that y• liberal sciencies been, as it wer, the handmaidēs of morall philosophie, whiche morall philosophie is with the f [...]rst of all to bee putte in vre, and for whose respecte and cause all the other disciplines ✚are learned. A muche like thyng Aristo * also is reported to haue saied of Ulysses, who when he was descended to hell the said Aristo aftermeth that he talked familiarely with all the other solles there for the moste parte, sauyng that he could not so muche as ones come to the sight of the queene hirself.

[Page]To one demaūdyng what thynges 52 wer moste requisite & necessarie to bee learned of young folkes,What thynges are moste requisite to bee learned of young folkes. he saied: thesame yt maye dooe theim best seruice when thei shalbee at ye ful mannes state. This saiyng is ascribed to others also besides Aristippus. The principall best thynges are euē at y• first begynnyng to bee learned,The principal best thynges, are euen with the first to bee learned. neither the tendre and vnbroken youngth, whiche is of it self moste apte to learne,Younge age moste apte to learne. is to bee forepossessed with thynges superfluous.

After that Aristippus had gathered 53 together greate gooddes and substaunce [Page] of money,Aristippꝰ gathered together much richesse. and Socrates hauyng conceiued greate meruaill therof, saied: howe hast yu come by so much richesse? howe haue ye come by so litle, ꝙ he again? For he t [...]ought it a thyng no lesse wo [...]hie admiracion, that Socrates beeyng [...] p [...]ilosophier of so greate estimacion, [...] hauyng suche greate frendes, should bee poore, thē that hymself should bee riche.

54 To a certain commen woman saiyng: I am with childe by you Aristippus:Wittyly and [...]eatly spoken that can ye not for a [...]uertie knowe (ꝙ he again) any more then gooyng on thornes standyng as thicke as is possible one by an other, ye maye truly auouche this thorne it is, that hath pricked me.

55 A certain persone openly blamyng hym, yt he did in suche wyse exile, cast of, and leat renne at all auentures his soonne,Aristippꝰ cast of his sonne, and leat hym renne at roners. as if thesame had neuer been begotten by hym, he saied: dooe we not cast awaye from vs, as ferre as wee can, [Page] bothe flegme and spettle, & also lyce, with other vermyn bredyng of our owne bodyes, as thynges. seru [...]ng to no good vse ne purpose? He mened theim not woorthie to bee accoumpted for a mannes soonnes,Menne maye iustely refuse those sonnes, in whiche is no grace at al. that had noothyng els wherwith to shewe theimselfs woorthie the fauour of their parētes, but onely that thei wer of theim begotten and brought into this worlde. So the olde manne in the comedie saieth.

The wordes of Menedemꝰ to his sonne, Clinia in the third comedie of Terence.

Ego te meū dici tantisper uolo, dum id quod te dignum est facias.

So lōg & no lenger, thou shalt my soonne bee,

As thou behauest thyself, with honestee.

When Dionysius had geuen in rewarde,56 vnto Aristippus money, & vnto Plato bookes, Aristippus beeyng checked of a certain persone, as one whose mynde was more on his halfpenie, then Plato had sette his:Dionysius gaue in reward, to Aristip [...]us money, & to Plato bookes. what mater maketh that, ꝙ he, I had neede of money, & Plato of bookes. Menyng, that neither of theim bothe was blame worthie to take ye thyng whiche might best serue his purpose: for of a likelyhood Dionysius had put either of theim [Page] to the choise, whether thei would haue money, or bookes.

57 Beeyng asked for what cause Dionysius did in such wise cal hym foole and all to naught,Dionysius would ca [...]l Aristippus foole, & all to naught. for the ve [...]aye same cause (ꝙ he) that other folkes dooen. Menyng the plaine & franke speakyng of a philosophier to bee [...]oumbreous and hatefull to all persones,The playne speakyng of a philosophier, no m [...] ̄ can well allow. and therefore no meruaill to [...]ee, if the kyng might [...]iuill abyde it: all vndre one together intimatyng the kynges iudgemente nothyng to di [...]fre from the iudgemente of the grosse multitude, forthat fortune dooeth not conferre the endewemente or gifte of sa [...]ience.Sapience is not geuen by fortune.

58 He asked of Dionysius at a tyme by the waye of peticion a talente. And when the kyng hauyng gottē an occasion to cōfound hym by his owne woordes, & to cast hym in his owne turne, saied: diddest not thou openly afferm [...], and saye that a philosophier is neuer in penurie of extreme neede?A philosophier is neuer in extreme penurie. well, geue me the talente (ꝙ he) & then wee shall afterward reason of that mater, when he [Page] had receiued ye money: And was it not well and truely saied of me, ꝙ he, that a philosophier is neuer in ex [...]emitee of neede? That persone is not in extreme penurie,He is not in penurie, who at al tymes of neede is assured where to haue enough. who at all tymes of neede is assured where to receiue, and to haue enough.

Unto Dionysius recityng out of a 59 tragedie of Sophocles, these twoo litle verses.

[...]

[...].

Whoso a Tyrannes courte, dooeth haunt.

There to bee a continuall d [...]eller,

Is unto thesame, a bondeserua [...]nte.

Though he wer no bond mā, ere he came ther:

Aristippus aūswered onely a syllable or twaine of the later verse corrected in this maner.

[...] [...]

A free mynde is euerywhe [...] free.

Is not to thesame a bondeseruaunte.

If he wer no bondeman, ere he came there.

Signifiyng none to bee free and out of bondage in deede, excepte whose [...]eraye mynde & herte, philosophie hath [Page] deliuered discharged & made free bothe from hope & feare, for to bee a free manne outright, it is not enough, to haue been born in freedom [...],True libertee perteineth to ye mynde more then to birth. or out of seruitude & bondage. Some writers ascriben this saiyng vnto Plato.

60 When betwene Aristippus & A [...]schines, A breache of loue betwene Aristippus & Aeschines. had befallen a litle distaunce & breache of loue, and a certain feloe had saied, where is now that your greate high frendship become? It slepeth, ꝙ he, but I shal awaken it and raise it vp again. Herupon Aristippus by reason of this seasonable,A small variaunce dooeth commenly, by reason of silēce growe to a scabbe of open [...]mitee. or oportune [...]d plain speakyng of the said feloe, wi [...] a tryce ended all ye strife and made all well again. To thentente that the sore might not by reason of silēce growe to an open scabbe, (as moste cōmenly it dooeth) he of his owne voluntarie wille came vnto Aeschines, and saied in this maner: Shall not wee twoo, euen now out of hande bee at one again as good frendes as euer wee wer, and ceasse thus to playe ye children? orels shall [Page] wee rather tarye vntil we shall ministre to iestyng knaues mater to prate and iangle of vs twain on ye ale benche? To whom when Aeschines had made aūswer, that he would wt all his herte bee reconciled & full agreed. Then, yet remembre, (ꝙ Aristippus, Aristippꝰ beeyng the elder manne, offreed first to bee agreed with Aeschines.) that I beeyng the elder and the more aunciente persone of the twain, haue come and sought on ye first. Then said Aeschines: of a veray truthe thou art a greate dele more perfecte honest manne then I am, for of me begoonne all this our fallyng out, and of the to haue a perfecte atonemente. By this meanes thei wer reconciled of newe, and as good loue and frēdship betwene theim as euer there had been tofore.

At a certain season saillyng in ye 61 coumpaignie of three or fower of his own countreemenne or neighbours, he was cast on lāde by shippewracke.Aristippꝰ saillyng to Rhodus, was cast on lande by shipwracke. And when he had on the sandes espyed the priente of mathematicall [Page] figures of geometrie drawen in ye sande: All is well maisters, ꝙ he, I haue espyed the steppes and signes of menne. And beeyng entreed the citee there nexte by, he neuer leafte serchyng vntill he found out what p [...]rsones wer there studious of disciplines:Aristippus after [...] mette w [...] learned [...] in a [...] coū [...] was high [...] [...]ll entre [...]d both he [...] [...]ll his coū paignie for his sake. and after that he was ones mette with thesame, thei did with all humanitee possible entretein not onely hym for his own persone, but also the others that came with hym, yea and besydes y•, g [...]ue theim money enough in their purses for their costes & charges, vntil thei should returne thither again in their waye homeward. After certain dayes when the others that had come at the first wt Aristippus addressed theim selfes to returne into their countree & asked of hym, whether he would any message to bee dooen at home to his neighbours & countremēne, he saied: Nothyng but that thei applye theimselfes to acquire & purchace such maner rychesse,True and ve [...] r [...]ches of the mynde. as maye not perishe & bee lost by shipwracke but maye geat to lande with their [Page] owner. The self same mater dooeth Uitr [...]uius reporte in ye sixth volume of Carpētrie or deuisyng, Uitruuiꝰ writeth in Latin volumes of carpentrie, or deuisyng of buildynges. saiyng more ouer that Aristippus at that season came to the citee of Rhodus.

When Socratesspake fore against 62 suche persones as wer perfumed wt sweete sauours, & Charondas, or (as some writers holdē opinion) Phaedon demaunded what feloe it was, so perfumed with sweete oyles and sauours, Aristippus saied, euen I it is miserable and wretched creature yt I am, and a more miser then I, the kyng of the persians. But marke, saieth he, that lyke as he is in this behalf nothyng superiour to any other liuyng creature, so is he not a iote better then any other manne. His menyng was,A man by e [...] ternall gooddes, is not made better. that manne by e [...] ternal or outwarde gooddes is made not a whitte the better. Bothe an horse all be smered wt oyle of baulme or spyke, should haue the self same sauour, that should a kyng: and a sely poore [...]egger beeyng anoynted or perfumed with ye lyke kynde [Page] of oyle or sauour, smelleth euen as well as dooeth y• highest prelate of theim all.

THE SAIYNGES OF DIOGENES Cynici, wer philosophiers of the secte of Antisthenes & Diogenes & were called, Cynici either of the place Cinosarg [...], wher Antisthen [...]s kepte his schole, orels of y• greke [...]otable [...] doggues. Because thei wer euer moste importunely barkyng and raillynge against the vices of menne, orels bec [...]use ī wordes of rebaudrie and shamelesse speakynge, thei did with their foule mouthes represente the curryshenesse of doggues. THE CYNIKE [...]

THe ordre (as I suppose) shall appere to hang veray well together, if nexte after the holynesse of Socrates, by saiynges of mirth vttreed, and after y• merie plainnesse of Aristippus, wee make mencion & rehersall of Diogenes was scholar vnto Antisthenes. And thei twoo wer the [...]irst and principall autours of the secte of the Cynikes, and therfore was he called Cynicus. Whose life doeth Diogenes La [...]rtius write and largely prosecute. Diogenes of Sinopa, [...]o, long) was a citee in Pontus orels veraye nigh to it. Bui [...]ded by the Milesians, a florent citee, and of great power, in whiche wer many goodly houses and mansiō places of royall buildyng, with schooles, mercate steedes, walkyng places and gorgeous temples. And in this citee wer borne Timotheus Patrion, Diphilus a writer of comedies, and Diogenes Cynicus, who was therof called Sinopensis or Sinopa [...]us. Sinope, who in allmanerfolde grace of his saiynges, ferre passed & excelled y• others. howbeeit, all these three philosophiers though in deede for vnlike & in maner cō trarie qualitees, yet neuerthelesse dooe I iudge one euē as highly as an other to be estemed & had in honour: so y• although thei wer of veraye vnlike facions, yet maye ye well saye that thei were in degree, feloes like one with an other [...]

[Page]First of all hauyng departed out 1 of his owne coūtree, & placed hymself in Athenes, he resorted to the philosophier Antisthenes, Diogenes would needes bee schoolare vnto Antisthenes. to bee his disciple: by whom although he was ofte tymes putte backe and shifted of [...] (for Antisthenes would take no scholares) yet would he not ceasse stil to bee an hanger on about hym:Antisthenes would haue no scholares. in so muche that when Antisthenes on a tyme offreed to geue hym a strype with a staffe, he willyngly putte out his hedde vnder the staffe, saiyng: Stryke if thou bee so disposed, yet shalt thou not fynd any staffe so harde, wherewith to beate me awaye from ye, as long as thou shalt speake that maye concerne maters of learnyng. A notable exaumple of sapience with whole herte & mynde [...] feruently desired and zeled.Diogenes had a woondrefull lo [...]e and zele to sapience.

Whē he by chaūce sawe a mous 2 [Page] rennyng and whippyng about frō place to place in a certain greene with in ye citee of Athenes called Megaricū, whiche mous neither sought any hole, nor was afeard with the stieryng of folkes, nor had any lust to eate meate: A ioyly gaye exaumple of libertee, saied Diogenes. And euen forthwithall, renouncyng and forsakyng the worlde, he begoonne to take vp his dwellyng in a tubbe.Wherof Diogenes toke occasi [...]n to take vp his dwel [...] place in a [...].

3 To menne woondreyng that he had neuer a litle house or corner of his owne,, where he might quietly [...]ate his meate:Why Diogenes had no house of his owne to [...]a [...]e & [...]ynke in he shewed with pointyng of his fynger the galerie or walkyng place that was called [...]ouis porticus, and saied, that the people of Athenes had builded to his vse a royall mansion place where to dyne and suppe,Iouis portieꝰ Iuppit [...] his [...] galerie [...] Iuppiter his walke, a pl [...]ce in Athenes and to take his repaste. The thyng that was publique, he enterpreted to bee made and ordeined for hym also particularely.A thyng publiq [...]e is [...] for ye vse o [...] euery p [...]rtic [...]lare ꝑsone also seuerally Neither could he wishe or desire a fresher or a more galaunte parloure to eate in.

[Page]The schoole of Euclides, (for that 4 thesame Euclides seemed to teache in deede wittie conclusions,Euclides was in ye later dayes of Plato who wrote muche of conclusiōs in geometrie, which w [...]rke wee haue yet in greeke and lati [...]. but yet nothyng to ye furtheraūce or helpe of vertuous liuyng,) he called not [...], a schoole as ye vsuall woorde was in deede, but by a nicke name [...], whiche souneth in englyshe cholere, angre & trouble,Diogenes nickenamed the scholes of Euclides, and of Plato. contrarie to y• significaciō of ye right woorde [...], whiche souneth quiete vacacion. Sembleably, the scholastical exercitacion and cōferryng of Plato called in greeke [...], [...], [...], [...], Diogenes by deprauyng and corruptyng the woorde called [...], [...], yt is, myspendyng of muche good labour & tyme, because that Plato beeyng sequestred & exempted from the practike liuyng emong menne abrode in ye worlde, did spend all his dayes & tyme in disputaciōs of woordes, wher as Diogenes liuyng emonges ye thickest of the worlde abrode, had [Page] more mynde and affection to liue philosophically,Diogenes set his m [...]de more to liue after phylosophie, then to dispute therof. that is, accordyng to perfecte vertue, then onely in woordes to dispute & reason therof.

5 The games called Dionysiaca, whiche wer with greate charges & muche pompe celebrated & holden at the citie of Athenes in the honour of Bacchus [...] after the feignyng of the po [...]tes [...] was [...]uppiter his [...]e, bego [...] [...]n vpon Semele the doughter of Cadmus, who beeyng slain with lightenyng, Iuppiter tooke the childe, and sowed it within his thighe and so kepte it, vntill it was of maturitee to bee born, and then was he borne out of the thighe of Iuppiter. He is called the God of wyne, because he first found out the vse of wyne, he is called in greke [...], and therof is deriued Dionysia. And of Dionys [...] is denominated Dionysiaca certamina, whiche the Latin m [...]nne callen of Bacchus Bacchanalia, the rites of Bacchus, whiche in the moste parte of the citees of Grece wer kepte euery third yeare. Bacchus, he called the greate woondrementes and gazynges of fooles. For that in thesame was nothyng dooen, but all to gether foolyshe and worthie skorne.

6 The oratours & aduocates (who wer had in high price and estimacion in Athenes,) he called the cōmen droudges & pages of euery Iacke [Page] and Iille, for that thei wer of force cōstreigned to speake all that euer thei didde, to please menne, & euen like bonde slaues to flatre ye beastly foolyshe rable of ye people. And the assemblees of ye people swarmyng about thesame oratours, he called the pymples or litle wheales of glorie.Frequente assemblees of y• people gatheryng about y• oratours been y• pymples of glorie. The greeke woorde that he vsed, was [...], that is, litle pymples or pushes, suche as of cholere and [...]alse fleagme budden out in the noses and faces of many persones, and are called the saphyres & rubies of the tauerne. Menyng thereby (as I suppose) that like as suche pushes in the visages of menne, are angrye thynges & greeffull, and also finall discoumforte to the parties, that thesame maye not for shame shewe their faces, but hyden theimselfes, and refrein to come in coumpaignie: so the frequēte assemblees of people, swarmyng about oratoures, dooe fynally purchace & conciliate vnto thesame muche enuie, displeasure, hatered, trouble and vexacion, ensuyng of the glorie that thei haue in the begynnyng. As chaunced to Demosthenes, and to A [...]s [...]hines in Athenes, and to Cicero in Roome.

Diogenes as often as in the life of 7 menne he considereed and thought vpō the gouernours of citees, physicians, [Page] & philosophiers, affermed no liuyng thyng to bee more sapiente then manne.Nothyng more sapiente th [...]n manne. Thesame Diogenes consideryng in his mynde expouners of dreames, reeders what shall folo [...] this dreame or yt, southsaiers, & others of like sorte, orels suche persones as wer wholy subi [...]cte to glorie & richesse: auouched, yt to his seemyng there was nothyng more folyshe, thē manne. [...] manne. Notifiyng the witte of māne to bee applyable & apte to all goodnesse, if it bee exercised & e [...]ured therwithall,The wi [...]te of manne, ap [...]e to all good [...]nesse if it bee s [...]te therto. but if it fall frō his right kyn [...] to vice, then to bee many degrees wurse then ye dummebrute [...]eastes.

8 He vsed customably to saie, yt in our life wee should oftener prouid [...], that is, a talker then an halter. The g [...]eke woorde, [...] signifiet [...] in latin sermonem, [...] in englyshe communicacion or talkyng. And ye greke vocable, [...], [...] is in latin, laqueus, in englyshe an halter or a streng, [...]uch as a bodye maye by ye necke bee hanged withall. Whiche he spake, for that such persones as are werie of their liues, & are in suche [Page] despaire, yt thei would [...]ain bee out of the world, dooe many of theim by & by hang & strāgle theimselfes,What thyng desperate persones should dooe. wheras thei ought rather to haue recourse to good cōmunicacion yt might recoūforte their spirites and bryng theim a gain frō despaire. For to y• herte beeyng in heauynes & vtter discōforte: ye best phisiciā is good & holsome cō [...]unicaciō. Neither shall the sense bee out of square, [...]fye take ye greke vocable [...] (as in an other significaciō it maye w [...]l be takē) for reason. And then ye sense shalbee, yt men ought rather in tymes of displeasur [...]s [...] misauc̄tures, to staye theimselfes by reason, [...] to vse their discreciō & wisdome,In tymes of mysfortu [...]e is wisedome and discreciō most to bee vsed. in takyng my [...]chaūces paciently as menne should dooe, then vpō trifleyng occasiōs to falle in despaire, and so wilfullye to cast awaye theimselfes, as many haue dooen. Albeeit takyng [...], for talkynge, I thynke, Diogenes mened, yt mē ought so to prouide, that their woordes & cōmunicacion at al tymes bee vertuous and fruitefull, aswel to ye heater as to the speaker,Mēne ought to haue no cō municacion, but suche, as maye be fruitfull and [...]difiyng, aswell to the hearer, as to ye speaker. and not of suche sorte as ye speaker maye afterwarde haue cause to repente and wishe within his beallye again. As Seneca noteth the improuidencie and vnaduisednesse of many persones, whiche often tymes (as he speaketh it in Latin) Emittunt uoces per iugulū redituras, as, that is, leatten escape wordes, that must afterwarde come backe again by their own throtes,No manne ought to leat escape woordes, whiche muste afterwarde come home againe by ye throt [...] and cost theim their neckes. So that Diogenes would no mennes cōmunicacion to bee suche as might afterwarde bee found hangyng maters and redounde to their owne confusiō, but rather [Page] to bee fruitefull and vertuous. For onely suche woordes and none other,No woordes been worthie the name of talkyng, but suche as been fruitefull. been woorthie the appellaciō, or name of communicaciō and talkyng, of whiche redoundeth aswell to the hearer, as to the speaker some fruite, profite, & edifiyng: and for whiche bothe parties maye bee the better, and not haue cause afterwarde to be shrewe theimselfes. And suche as vsen naughtie and pernicious bableyng,Suche as vsē ꝑnicious wordes are cōmē ly autours of th [...]ir own cō fusion. dooen often tymes procure their owne harmes, and been autours and werkers of their owne confusion.

When Diogenes at a feaste of high 9 fare sawe Plato not ones to putte his hande to any of the dentie dishes but to feede onely vpon a fewe oliues, he saied: what is befallen moste sapiente father,Plato a man of sob [...]e diete. that wheras to come to suche maner fare as this, ye made ones a viage in to Sicilie, ye dooe here now abstein from readie prouisiō of meates purposely dressed for you.Syracuse the hed citee of al Sicilie, yt noblenesse & richesse, of whiche Tullie dooeth at lar [...]e describe in the accions a [...]ainst Uerres To this saied Plato again, yet iwys, o Diogenes, euen in Sicilie also I was satisfied with suche meate for the moste parte as this that I eate now: why then needed you to saill vnto the Citee of Syracuse, saied Diogenes? wer there no [Page] oliues at that seasō growyng wtin the coūtree of Attica? This saiyng some writers ascriben to Aristippus.

Diogenes on a tyme, as he was 10 eatyng figgues, mette with Plato, and offreyng to hym a fewe of his figgues, saied: ye maye take some parte with me, if ye bee disposed. And when Plato had taken some, & eaten theim, Diogenes saied: [...]. ye maye take some parte, with me, were my woordes, and not to raumpe theim vp on that facion. This mery ies [...]yng woorde maye bee applyed to a serious matter, that is to weete, to bee spoken on suche persones, as abusen ye gentle permission and suffreaunce of their prince, of their scholemaister, or of their parentes, to the attemptyng or dooyng of thynges vnlawfull. As (for exaūple,) if one beeyng aduertised, yt it is a thyng not vnprofitable to take a taste, & to haue a litle sight in logique, dooe bestowe all the dayes of his life on that studie. The saiyng is, in suche wise recited by Laertius, that one maye doubte whether of ye twoo did offre the figgues to the other.

[Page] 11 Plato in deede was a frugall man and a great sparer or housbād,Plato a sparyng mann [...], but a louer of clenlynesse. but yet one yt loued to haue all thynges picked net, and clene. And cōtrariewise, Diogenes a veraye sloouen,Diogenes a veray sloouē. and one that cared for no clenlynesse. Therefore trampleyng with his durty fete vpō Plato his fyne piloes & other beddyng,Diogenes trā pleed wt his durtie feere vpon Plato his p [...]loe and beddyng. to certain y• familiare frendes of Dionysius beeyng there in coumpaignie, whom Plato had desired to dyner, he said, I dooe now trede the ambicion of Plato vnder my feete Plato anone aunswered thus, yet in how greate pride swellest thyself o Diogenes, The ambiciō and pride of Diogenes. while thou thynkest thyself to trede another mannes pride vnder thy feete. The selfe same thynge is by other writers more pleasauntly reported. To Diogenes, saiyng: I trede the pryde of Plato vnder my feete: So thou dooest in deede, (ꝙ Plato) but it is with another kynde of pride, as [Page] great as myne. For euen thesame was a pointe of pride,To make bost of contēnyng pride, is an high point of pride and ambicion. that he made so greate boste and vaunte of contemnyng clenlynesse. And those persones yt dooe glorie & braggue of their niggy she sloouenry, & simplenesse of their habite, been of their appetite, and in their hertes, no lesse ambicious, then suche as setten out theimselfes in gorgeous apparel, albeeit of an other sorte, and in an other kynde.More dishonestee is in seekyng prease [...] by countrefeacted vertue. And a greate deele more dishonestee is there in that ambicion whiche seeketh laude and prease of the false colour and cloke of vertue coūtrefeacted. Yet Sociō ascribeth this saiyng, not to Diogenes, but vnto Plato the Cynike.

Diogenes had desired of Plato a litle 12 courtesie of wyne,What thankes Diogenes rēdred vnto Plato, for geuynge hym wyne and fyggues more thē he asked. & eftsons to haue also a fewe figgues. Plato sent hym a whole stene or pitcher full. To whom ye Cynike rendreed thankes in this maner: when it is demaunded of the, how many is twoo and twoo, thou aunswerest, twentie: so neither dooest thou geue thynges accordyng to a bodyes askyng, ne makest a directe aunswer to suche questiōs as are demaunded of the. [Page] He noted Plato,Diogenes noted Plato of vnmesurable verbosite [...], & so did Aris [...]ot [...]l [...]s also. The eloquēce of Plato is of all writers est [...]ed, to bee suche, that if Iupp [...]t should sp [...]ake Greke h [...] would v [...]e the [...] of [...]. as a manne out of measure ta [...]katif, whiche selfsame thyng did Aristoteles also note in his wrytynges. Notwithstandyng Aristotle his notyng, whiche proceded of enuie, Plato is of all the Greekes estemed to be of so wyttie inu [...]ncion in his wrytyng [...]s and of so greate varietee, shift, eloquence and good vttreaunce in speakyng, that thesame Gr [...]kes pronounced, that in case Iuppiter should or would speake Greke [...] he woulde speake with Plato his toungue and phrase. And no lesse digni [...]ee & [...]l [...]encie is to the same Plato attributed by Cicero, Quintilianus, and all other latin writers also, beeyng of any iudgement.

To one demaundyng in what 13 parte of all the coūtree of Grece he had seen good menne: Menne (ꝙ he) nowhere: but in the citie of Lacedaemon, I sawe good laddes.The m [...]ste corrupte and vicio [...]s maners of all ye countree of Grece thr [...]ughoute, in the tyme of Diogenes. Notyng the moste corrupt and vicious maners of all grece throughout, in so muche that euen emong the lacedemonians [...] a nacion lest corrupted of all others [...] o [...]ely in the children remained the aunciente integritee and vncorrupcion. And all vnder one he signified that in the residue of the countree of Grece, not so mu [...]he as the children neither wer good, honest, or vertuous. And this thyng moreouer did he notifie, the menne to bee muche more vicious, then ye boyes, wheras [Page] as of congruence the children ought by theim to bee trained and nousleed in vertuous disposicion,Childrē ought of congruēce to bee trained & framed to vertuous disposicion. and framed to an honest trade of liuyng.

When Diogenes on a certain tyme treactyng, and makyng a declaracion 14 of an earnest and saige mater of philosophie, had not one hearer that would geue diligente eare vnto hym,How Diogenes rebuked the people, for that thei wer readie to harken vnto maters of lightnesse, & slacke to geue eare to maters of grauitee. he begoonne to syng suche an other foolyshe song, (as Robyn hood, in barnesdale stood &c.) & sembleed as though he would daunce withall. And when a veraye greate multitude of people had now gathered together, & swarmed about hym, he tooke theim all vp for stumbleyng, because that to thynges foolyshe and seruyng to no good purpose, thei came rennyng by whole flockes, & as merye as pyes, where as to serious maters, & thesame muche auailable vnto good liuyng, thei neither would resorte or approche, nor diligently geue [Page] [...]are. Ueraye like vnto this it is, y• some writers ascriben to Demosthenes, of t [...]e So it was, that Demosthenes on a tyme beeyng hotte in makyng an oracion to the Atheniens: the people were soodainly in suche a greate rore emong theimselfes, that thei gaue no eare to Demosthenes, but rather troubleed hym in his tale. Wherupon he saied, that he had twoo or three woordes to saie vnto theim, requiryng theim to hold their noyse, & to geue good eare what he would saie. Immediately was made silence, and Demosthenes in this wyse begoonne. A certain young manne had hyered an Asse from Athenes, to the towne of Megara. And bothe the parties wēt together in coūpaignie. And beeyng somer season, about noone the sonne weaxed so feruente hotte, that for to couer theimselfes from the sonne, either partie would needes hyde hymselfe vnder the shadoe of the Asse. But thei fell at variaunce about it, and either partie would needes putte of the other. The one saied, that he had sette out the Asse to hyere, but not the shadoe, the other on his partie auouched, that forasmuche as he had hyered the Asse, he had best right and title for the tyme duryng, to the shadoe of the Asse to. And ymmediately after thus much of the tale told, Demosthenes came downe frō the pulpite or scaffolde. The people wer so fain to heare the reste of the tale, that thei caught Demosthenes by the gowne & held hym backe, nor would at no hande suffre hym to departe, but required hym in any wyse, to make an ende of his tale. Then saied Demosthenes vnto theim: Why are ye so desirous and fain to lysten a tale of the shadoe of an Asse, and haue no will ne mynde at all to herken me speakyng of maters weightie, serious, and touchyng the commen weale? shadoe of an asse.

15 He rebuked menne, for that thei exercised and practised theimselfes with fettyng gambaudes & with sembleable toies,Menne wylle put theimselfes to peines for the atteignyng of all thynges, sauyng vertue [...] honestee. to thende that thei [Page] might at length bee exercised and cunnyng therin, & not one of theim all would putte hym self to any peine, that thei might in fyne proue weldisposed, and honest menne.

From no sorte of menne in the 16 worlde did he refrein or chaumbre the tauntyng of his toungue.Diogenes sp [...] red tauntyng no manne lyuyng. Diogenes checked the grammarians. He saied that he greatly woondreed at the Grāmatici, wer those yt spent their studie in humanitee, and whō wee call schoolemaisters. Grammarians, that thei did wt suche earnest studie make deepe inquisicion of the harde auentures of Vlysses, & knewe nothyng of their owne myschaunces. The grammarians in olde tyme spēt moste of their studie and were moste famyliare in the Rhapsodies are, that wee call thynges patched together, as the werkes of Homerus wer. For Homerus hymself was blynde, and made voluntarie, and soong ex tempore, that is without studie. And after his death Aristarchus gathered all his makynges together, and compiled theim into two werkes, the one entitleed Ilias whiche is of the battaill and destruccion of Troie, & the other Odyssea, of the wandreyng of Ulysses, ere he could geat home to Ithaca, after that Troie was burned. And because those werkes were cōpiled by patches, thei wer called, rhapsodiae, as ye would saie patches or [...]loutes boched together. rhapsodies of Homerus. And he in his wercke entitleed Odyssea maketh mencion and rehersall of diuerse the wandreynges of Ulysses on theseaes & about soondrie countrees ere he could geat home to Ithaca after the burnyng of Troie.

[Page] 17 With the Musicians also he found faulte,How Diogenes found faulte with ye Musicians. for that about their harpes and other musicall instrumentes, thei would bestowe greate labour and diligence to sette the strynges in right tune, & had maners gerryng quite and clene out of all good accorde or frame.

18 How Diogenes reproued ye professours of the Mathematical disciplines.He reproued also the professours of the Mathemati [...], war the professours & [...]udē [...]s of geometrie, Musike, Arithmetike and Astrologie. For [...] wer called sciēcies Mathematicall, because that where thei ar [...] learned by clene intelligence of the witte, yet thei procede of [...] and sure principles and conclusions, that thei maye bee [...]re c [...]t [...]inly and perfectely perceiued and proued, then Logike, Rhetorike and Philosophie, or any other suche.Mathematicall sciencies, for yt thei wer alwayes gazyng and staryng vpō the soonne, the moone, and the sterres, and yet could not see what thynges laye before their feete.

19 At the oratours also he had a saiyng, for yt thei wer buisie enough [Page] to speake thynges standyng with right and iustice,How Diogenes reproued the oratours. but to putte thesame in execuciō, and to dooe therea [...]ter, thei wer veraye slacke.

The couetous persones he ratleed 20 & shooke vp,How Diogenes ratleed & shooke vp couetous persones. for yt in woordes thei dispreased money, wheras in their hertes thei loued thesame of life. For this speciall propretee the couetous persones haue,None dooe in wordes more crye out on auarice, then ye couetous ꝑson [...]s. that none aliue dooe in woordes more defye and deteste auarice, then theimselfes dooe.

The cōmen people also he tooke 21 vp for stumbleyng, because thei praised & commended good menne principally vpon this grounde and title,Howe Diognes checked y• commen people. for that thei wer despisers of money, & yet in ye while, thei would neuer the more foloe the steppes of thesame good menne whom thei moste highly commended: but rather foloed those persones that had the grummelle sede & mucke of the worlde, whom in woordes thei did greatly dispraise.

[Page] 22 He neuer lynned rahatyng of those persones that offreed sacrifice for to haue good helth of bodye & euen in the veraye sacrifice dooyng,How Diogenes rahated suche ꝑsones as did sacrifice to haue bodyly heith. (in yt thei were vnmeasurable raueners, and gourmaunders, and would not leaue eatyng while the bealy would hold) thei did al together against the good helthe of the bodye.Diogenes hated gluttons.

23 He saied, that he meruailled at ye seruauntes,What faulte Diogenes found wt bonde seruauntes. that when thei sawe their maisters deuoure meate beyond all reason or measure, thei tooke not awaye the meate from theim, allegeyng that to bee ye waye to preserue their maisters in helthe. And for bond seruauntes, or slaues is it more conueniente then for honest mēne, to bee euer maunchyng,It is not for honest menne to bee euer ra [...]e [...]yng. and fillyng the gutte.

24 Thus ferre hath it been mencioned and rehersed, what persones, for what causes the said Diogenes rebuked, and found faulte withall. Now lysten what [Page] sorte of menne he praised. He allowed theim that wer towarde wiuyng, & yet wiued not:What persones Diogenes allowed & praised. yt wer in a readynesse to saille on the sea, and yet tooke no shippe: that wer about to geue children their fyndyng, and yet found none at all: that adressed theimselfes to entre dooynges in the commen weale, and yet entreed not in deede: that had prepaired and framed theimselfes to bee in courte, & to liue in householde wt high states or menne of greate power, and yet came not therto. Signifiyng, that best it was from all the said thynges vttrely to abstein, and therefore those persones to seeme wise, whiche hauyng had [...]arnest mocion or prouocacion to any of thesame, had in season chaunged their myndes, for that when menne are ones alreadie entreed in suche maters, it is not in their owne power or free libertee to altre that thei haue aduisedly resolued vpō,When a man hath ones entreed any greate mater, it is not in his owne power, to goo backe againe, or to chaunge his purpose. although it repente theim of y• trade or waye yt thei haue chosen. Whoso hath ones marryed a wife, is not now from thensforthe all together his owne māne: [Page] but in maner half maisterfast:The state of maryed men, of saillers on the sea, and of officers in a cōmen weale. whos [...] hath auentured to committe hymself to the sea, must of force stand in the grace of the wyndes whither to bee cōueighed or carryed: whoso hath ones stepped foorth, and sette in foote to take charge of a commen weale, & to haue dooynges in publique affaires, must remedylesse serue To serue y• staige, is a prouerbe takē out of ye latin Scenae seruire, by whiche is signified [...] to dooe as the tyme wil suffre, and as the presente case requireth, so eche persone to a [...]l [...]e hymselfe. Cicero wrytyng vnto Brutus, saieth to h [...]m: Tibi nunc populo & scenae, ut dicitur, seruiendam est. Nam in te non solum exercitus tui, sed omnium ciuium, [...]c poenè gentium coniecti sunt oculi. that is, Thou must nowe of neces [...]e serue the people, and the staige (as saieth the prouerbe) For on the are directely and wholly cast the yien, not onely of thyn owne armie, but also of all the Citizens of Roome, yea and in maner of all nacions in the worlde too. So that the prouerbe maye vera [...]e congruently bee spoken of suche persones, as haue takē in hande some high office or charge in a commen weale, orels the conueighaunce and e [...]ecucion of some veraye noble acte or mater to bee dooen in the face of the worlde [...] whiche thei must of force, either to their high honour, praise, glorie, & renoume go through withall and finyshe, orels with the greate infamie, shame, and reproche, quail and laye all in the dust, because of the expectacion of menne in suche a case. the staige, and goo through with the parte that he hath taken in hande to playe: yea and though his herte would neuer so faine, yet is it as muche as his life is woorthe, from a publique office of gouernyng a commenweale, to retiere vnto a priuate state and condicion of liuyng.

[Page] Diogenes hath the name to bee the 25 autour and first brynger vp of this ridle also: that menne ought not to putte forth their handes to their frendes wt their fyngers fast clynched together. Betokenyng that it is not enough if wee shewe ourselfes lowly, gentle, & familiare to our frēdes,Howe wee ought to behaue our selfes to our frendes. but that to thesame courtesy of behaueour, we ought, also to couple liberalitee and bountee for a coumpaignion. Whoso dooen gently and courteously handle and entreacte their frendes, are saied proprely in greeke [...], [...]. that is, to take by the right hande, and courteously and louyngly to entretein.

At what tyme Diogenes beeyng taken 26 presoner in the Isle of Crete, whiche is now called Candie, was brought forth to bee sold, vnto the [...]ryer demaūdyng wherin his chief feacte or cunnyng did stand,By what tytle Diogenes would bee cō mended to the byers, when he shoulde bee sold. and by what title he should commend hym to the byers, Marie, (ꝙ he) saye yt thou hast a feloe to make money of that hath ye right knowelage how [Page] to rewle menne of freedome,Xeniades a Corinthian bought Diogenes to his bondeman. one Xeniades a Corinthian hauyng muche meruaill at ye straūgnesse of ye crye, approched vnto Diogenes, & demaunded whether he had perfecte skylle to dooe yt he professed & tooke vpō hym. And whē by the cōmunicaciō of ye philosophier he perceiued hym to bee a man bothe of high wisedō, and also of profounde learnyng, he bought hym, and had hym home wt hym to his hous, & committed his children to hym for to bee taught,Xeniades cō mitted his sō nes to ye guydyng and tea [...]hyng of Diogenes. whiche children Diogenes tooke vnto his cure, and thesame right gentlemanlike trained bothe in learnyng and maners. And first & foremoste, he taught theim ye liberal sciencies,What thynges Diogenes taught ye sonnes of Xe [...]iades. and shortly after he taught theim ye feacte of ryding an horse, he taught theim to bend a bowe and to shoote in it, to whurle with a slyng, and to picke or cast a darte. In the wrastleyng place, he would not suffre [Page] that their tutour (which had ye cure of their bodyes and health) should exercise theim wt peinfull labours after the maner of menne of fense,What exercise of bodye Diogenes permitted to his young schoolares. but so ferre and so muche as might bee auaillable to ye roddynesse of colour, & for good helthe of ye bodye. He found the meanes yt thei should learn by hearte & memorie al yt euer good was out of ye poetes,Diogenes his maner of teachyng poetes and other autoures. & other writers. In cōsideracion yt we haue true knowlage & perfecte intelligēce,We haue perfecte knowelage of no more then is engrauen in our memorie. onely of suche thynges as wee haue suerly enprinted & engrauen in our memorie. At fewe wordes, ye summe, ye effect & pith of al doctrine he drewe out for theim,Diogenes drewe out the sūme of all disciplines for his scholares. cōpiled together by abrigemēte, to the ende yt bothe thei might in shorter tyme haue a through sight in it, and also the more substancyally for euer cō tein it in their memorie.Howe Diogenes trained ye soonnes of Xeniades in their maners. Thesame children he broke & taught how to awayte on their parentes at home [Page] in their hous,Childrēs diet composed or assigned by Diogenes. and to bee weel pleased with light meate, and suche as was easye to bee gotten, and to bee contented with water to their drynke: and where others kepte their longe lockes well trymmed and decked, for an ornamente, and for the better settyng forth of theirfauour and beautie, Diogenes commaunded these children to haue their heddes polled. And if at any tyme suche occasion chaunced, that thei must goo foorth of doores, he brought theim foorth vnkembed, & vnpiked, without cotes, barefoote and bareleggued, and not a woord with theim. Ouer and besides this, he did breake theim in the feacte of huntyng, in this behalf folowyng the guyse and custome of the Lacedemonians.The Lacedemoniās broke and exercised their children and youth in huntyng. By reason of these thynges it came to passe, that Diogenes had muche reuerente attendaunce dooen to hym by the saied children, and that he was for their sakes highly estemed [Page] and accepted with their father Xeniades. Other writers tellen the tale, that the cryer by the biddyng of Diogenes did in this maner speake his woordes. Is there any manne that is willyng or mynded to bye a maister?

When he sate hym downe in the 27 sale tyme, he was forbidden to sitte on his taille, & was charged to stād vpon his feete, for this entente (I suppose,) that the cheapman might the more easyly vieue & trye what he bought. Tushe, (ꝙ Diogenes) what mater maketh that, sens that fishes after what facion so euer thei lyen, bee bought vp. Notyng ye folyshenesse of the commen people, whiche gooyng about to bye a bondmā, wylbee wise and well aware that no faulte of the bodye maye escape vnespied,The habite of the mynde is best perceiued by a mā nes talkyng. & will not wt like prouision & caucion serche and trye what state & case ye mynde is in. And as for ye habite of ye mynde is moste euidētly perceiued by a mannes communicaciō & talkyng. And not by sittyng or standyng.

He saied that it seemed to hym a 28 meruaillous mater, that whereas [Page] menne would not bye a potte or a potteled,The ou [...] sight of many persones in bying of menne. but well tryed with knockyng on it, orels by ye tyncklyng & soune therof: in bying a manne thei could bee contented and satisfied with onely lookyng on hym with their yie. Signifiyng that a manne is by nothyng in ye worlde better knowen, then by his communicaciō.A māne is by no thyng better knowen then by his cō municacion. Therfore like as thei that goo about to bye an yearthen potte, or vessell for an orkyn, dooe knocke vpon it with their knuccle, & by the soune that it geueth dooe soone disterne whether it bee whole, of suche claye or metalle as it should bee, & seasoned in ye keil, or not: so before yt thei bye a manne with poundes moo then one or twoo, meete it wer to prouoke the partie to speake, & to tell one tale or other, and by his talkyng to fynd out what maner feloe he is. To ye selfsame purpose apperteineth ye saiyng nexte afore. A fyshe is dumme and cannot speake, neither maketh it any force how thesame lyeth on the stalle, forasmuche as nomanne cane make therof any thyng but a fyshe. Sēbleably it is no mater ne difference at all, of what habite [Page] pl [...]ight, or complexion of bodye ye bye a māne, if ye bye hym, neuer hearyng hym speake.

Unto Xeniades by whom he was 29 bought, he saied: Sir, ye must remedylesse bee obediente to me, and rewled by me, allthough beeyng now your bondeseruaunte, in consideracion that whoso hath to his bondeseruaunte a shipmaister,The maister ought to bee auised by his seruaunte, if he bee wyse. or a physician, is of force driuen to bee rewled by thesame, if he bee disposed to haue any commoditee or profitable seruice of hym.

The reporte goeth, that in the 30 hous of thissame Xeniades he contynued and liued vntill he was a veraye aged manne, and was there buiryed of his owne scholares. And beeyng asked by Xeniades how his desire was to bee buiryed,How Diogenes desired to bee buiried. grouelyng ꝙ he, with my face toward ye groūde And to thesame Xeniades demaūdyng the cause why, he saied: for, ere long tyme to an ende, it [Page] will come to passe, yt those thynges whiche now lyen downward shalbee turned vpward. Alludyng herunto, that at that presente season, y• Macedonians had gotten the ouer hande vpon the Atheniens, and had achiued to the empier of all Grece, and of, in maner vilaines or slaues, thei wer become veraye haulte, and frō veraye basse, thei wer mounted to high domynion.The Macedonians conquered all Grece, and helde the domynion of thesame, in y• tyme of Diogenes. That if all thynges should so bee turned vp side down, it should saunce faill come to passe that his dedde carkesse also should ere many dayes after bee turned from lyyng grouuleyng, to liyng with the face vpward. Percase his menyng was this, to bee no mater to bee passed on, after what maner of liyng or facion the dedde bodye bee putte in y• graue, about whiche mater, greate was the supersticion of the moste part of people,The maner of buiriyng ī olde tyme. for thei wer carried to their buiriall wt their feete liyng forth towarde y• towne gate, thei wer burned in maner of stādyng vpright, and at this daye ye Iewes (as I heare saye) are putte in their graues as if it wer standyng on their f [...]ete, at lest wise y• Christians euery one of theim without excepcion are laied in their graues wt their faces vpward.The Iewes are buiryed, as it wer stā dyng on their feete, and the Christians wt their faces vpward.

31 Standyng on a tyme in the open [Page] mercate place, he cryed wt a loude voice. Approche ye mēne, approche ye mē, as though he had had some earnest mater to saye vnto the people. And when thei had gathered veraye thicke about hym, and he for all yt, ceassed not but still cryed: approche ye mēne, certain of theim takyng greate indignacion at the mater, aunswered: loe, here wee bee, saye thy mynde. Then Diogenes dryuyng theim awaye wt a staf, saied: I bade menne to approche, and not dounge hylles or draffesackes. He thought not the name of a manne to bee a congruente or a right name for suche persones, as liued not accordyng to reason, but were leden and rewled by sensual mocions,Thei that liuen not accordyng to reason, but are leden by sensuall affectes and passions, are not worthie to bee called menne. and pangues, after the maner of swyne and other brute beastes.

Alexander Magnus when he was at 32 the citee of * Corinthus, wente vnto Diogenes sittyng in his tubbe,Alexander talked familiarly many thynges wt Diogenes sittyng in his tubbe. & talked familiarely with hym many thynges: from whom after that he [Page] was departed, to his familiar [...] frēdes takyng high disdeigne and indignacion, that beeyng a kyng, he had dooen so muche honoure to suche a doggue as Diogenes, Howe highly Ale [...]āder Magnus estemed the philosophicall mynde of Diogenes. who would not vouchesalue so muche as ones to aryse vp from his taille to dooe his duetie of humble obeysaunce to so greate a prince, he sayed: wel, yet for al that, wer I not Alexander, I would with all my hert bee Diogenes. So meruaillous highly did he esteme,Nothynge more like to a kyngdō, then a true philophical mynde. that same the mynd and herte of thesame Diogenes constitute and beeyng in moste perfecte freedome, and ferre surmountyng the coumpace or reache of al worldly, or trāsitorie thynges: that he iudged nothyng to bee more like to a kyngdome or empier [...] The principall and chief felicitee of kynges,The prīcipall and chief felicitee of kynges. What highe cōmoditees redoundeth of philosophie. is, that thei owgh seruice or homage to no yearthly creature, but whatsoeuer thyng standeth with their wille and pleasure, thei dooe and beraye easyly bryng to effecte: & secoundaryly, that thei feele wante of nothyng yearthly: and all this dooeth philosophie more substancyally & more assuredly perfourme to a manne, [Page] then dooeth any empier vnto kynges. Albeeit to bee Alexander,To bee Alexander, Alexāder thought to bee more, then to bee a kyng. Alexander deemed in his opinion to bee a somewhat higher and greater poynte, then to bee a kyng.

He auouched y• suche folkes as 33 wanted their hearyng or lacked their sight, ought not for that respecte to bee called feble & maymed persones,What folkes Diogenes thought worthie to bee called feble and maymed persones. but suche as had no scryp hangyng by their syde. He dalyed wt the affinitee or likenesse of twoo greeke vocables, the one, [...], [...], and the other, [...]. [...]. For [...], of the grecians is called, a maymed persone, a creple, or one that hath lost the vse of some membre or lymme of his bodye, and [...], he yt is without a scryppe, suche as ye poore that asken almes frō doore to doore haue hangyng by their syde. Notifiyng in myne opiniō,A man voide of phylosophie is ferre vnmete for al good occupacions. a manne to be ferre [Page] vnmeete for all good occupacions to be [...] dooen in this life, that is voide of philosophie.The Cynikes had no prouision of vitailles, but in their scryppe. For the scryppe was for al prouisiō and store of vitailles that the Cynikes had [...]

34 Hauyng on a tyme entreed a place wher a coūpaignie of young ruffleers wer banquettyng & makyng good chere, wt his polle shoren pate, he was not onely nothyng courteously welcomed and entreteined, but also sent awaye with as many strypes of whyppyng and scourgeyng as his backe could beare, on which persones in this wyse he auenged hymself. The names of the yoūgmenne by whom he had been scourged,How Diogenes auenged hymselfe [...] on certain yoūgmenne, yt had whipped and scourged him he regestred in a piece of paper, and so walked vp & down with his cope wyde open. The markes or scrattes of the stripes declared as plainly as if he had spoken it with his toūgue, how he had been handleed, and the white paper vttreed theim yt had dooen the dede. By this meanes he publyshed the vngētle yoūg feloes, to bee chidden and rahated of all the worlde.

[Page]Because he was a Cynike, he 35 was called doggue, and this kynde or secte of liuyng was of many persones highly praised,Uertue is preased of many, but no māne will foloe it. but yet no māne would foloe thesame. Wherupon he vsed ofte tymes to saye, yt he was the hounde of many that praised hym, but yet that neuer a one of his praisers had the herte to goo on huntyng with the hounde that was so muche praised.

A certain feloe makyng vaunte 36 and boste of hymself, and saiyng: I wynne euer ye victorie of menne in the games called Pythia, wer games & playes, yerely celebrated, & holden in the honour of Apollo, for Python was a great serpent by the cōmaū demente and becke of Iuno (as ye poetes dooe fable) sette vpon Apollo to de [...]r [...]ye hym, when he was an infaunte, but Apollo euen in his tendre infancie, with his bowe and aroes slewe the serpente Python, and therof was su [...] named Pythius, and therof cometh Pythia. Of these games is [...]fore mencioned. Pythia, No, it is I (ꝙ Diogenes) that wynne the victorie of menne, and thou, of slaues. Ones again he dalyed with the affinitee and likenesse of the greke woordes, that is betwene [...], menne, and [...], bonde slaues. And bondeslaues did he cal, whatsoeuer persones wer as subiecte and geuen vnto sensuall lustes, and desires. And these cupiditees by philosophie to ouercome, is a more honest and ioyly thyng, then in the games [Page] called Pythia to ouercome menne.

37 To a certain persone auisyng hym, that beeyng now a manne strikē in age, he should repose hymself and rest from labours, what, (ꝙ he) if I wer rennyng in a race: whether wer it conuenient, beeyng now approched nigh to the gole, and to the ende of the race, to slacke my course and pace of rennyng, orels rather to streigne and enforce thesame? His iudgement was right and true, that the studie of vertue is so muche the more earnestly to bee pursued, as the lesse tyme to liue dooeth remain:The lesse time that a manne hath to liue, the more earnestly is ye studie of vertue to bee proceded in. in consideraciō, that it wer a foule shame in a mānes later dayes to be discōforted, or to haue a cold herte in ꝓsecutyng an honest trade.

38 Beeyng on a tyme inuited & bidden to supper, he saied plainly that he would not come. And to ye partie demaundyng ye cause why, he aunswered: Because I had not my thā kes [Page] yesterdaye for my comyng thyther. The moste parte of menne requireth to haue thankes,A philosophier deserueth high thākes, that beeynge desired he wil vouchesalue to bee a geast at an other mannes table as it were for some great benefite, if thei haue had a bodye at dyner or supper wt theim. But Diogenes (although beeyng a poore manne) demed great thākes to bee duely owyng vnto hym, yt he would vouchsalue & not refuse to make one at a mannes table, for yt he came nowhither without bearyng his porciō of the shot for his repaste,A philosophier, wheresoeuer he cometh paieth well for his repast if he talke in philosophie. but did wt cōmunicaciō of philosophie muche more dentyly feede ye myndes aswell of ye partie yt made the feast, as also of ye other geastes, then thesame maker of the dyner fedde the body with good viandrie.

He tooke on a tyme Demosthenes 39 beeyng at that season but a young strepleyng, euen with the maner dynyng in a comen tauerne,How Diogenes rebuked Demosthenes conueighyng hymselfe preuylye ferther into a tauern when he was foūd there at dyner in an outer roume. and when the same Demosthenes hauyng espyed Diogenes conueighed hymself awaye into an inner roume of the hous, so muche the ferther in (ꝙ he) shalt thou bee in the tauerne. Signifiyng that he was like much ye more for that to bee a talkyng stoke to al the geastes in the coumpaignie, that not [Page] onely he haunted suche a place, but also had conueighed hymself priuely out of sight, as though he had been found in some mater or deede of myschief. For yt was a thyng more to bee talked of, then that he was makyng good chere there. Other writers tellen, that this was spoken to a certain yoūg māne, not namyng what he was, but thesame might bee euē Demosthenes too. As for the sense is the more plain and opē, that wee take or vnderstand,The more se [...]te yt a man [...] [...]an ciuill [...] ye more v [...]rayly is he in it. that ye young manne was putte in remembreaunce that he should auoid not ferther in to suche a place, but clene out of doores. For the ferther in that he hidde hymself secrete out of sight with in the tauerne, the more truely he was in the tauerne.

40 To certain straungers beeyng veraye desirous and fain to haue a sight of that ioyly feloe Demosthenes that had euerywhere so great a name,How Diogenes shewed Demosthenes vnto certaine straūgers, beeyng [...]esirous to set hym. Diogenes stretchyng out his middle fynger, and pointyng with it, sayed: Thissame is that ioyly feloe Demosthenes the oratour of the Atheniens. The fore fynger nexte vnto the thumbe is called in latin, index, Index. as if [Page] ye should saye in englyshe, the pointyng fynger, or the shewyng fynger, because yt stretchyng forth thesame fynger on lēgth wee vse to shewe this, or that. And the middlemust fynger was emong menne of olde tyme rekened slaūdreous, for a cause at this present not to bee rehersed. And Demosthenes had in euery mānes mouth an ciuill reporte, of mysliuyng and abusyng his bodye. Whiche thyng Diogenes notifiyng, had more phansie to pointe to wardes hym with the middle fynger, thē with the fore fynger, as other folkes vsed to dooe.

A piece of breade had fallen frō 41 a feloe,Folish sham [...] to no purp [...]se. who lefte thesame liyng on the grounde, for that he was ashamed to take it vp again. Diogenes myndyng to refourme the foly of the partie, putte a corde about the necke of a potte, & trailled it after hym on the grounde along the Ceramicus, Ceramicus, was a place ī Athenes, seruyng for th [...] buiryall of theim yt ha [...] been slain i [...] battaill. dooyng thesame thyng in a potte, whiche the other feloe was eiuill ashamed to dooe in a piece of breade.

Where he semed to many folkes 42 [Page] tootoo muche and tooto earnest [...] philosophier, he aūswered,How Diogenes aunswered theim, to whome he semed tooto earnest a philosophier. he yt the [...] in foloed the maner of the maister chauntres that sette the kaye, or take the first parte of a song to begynne it in a quiere, who of a custome & vsage, dooen somewhat excede ye right tune yt thei should take to the ende that ye others maye take ye due time, that thei ought to dooe. For what excedeth or passeth the meane, although it bee vicions, (For al vertues sayen the morall philosophiers) dooen consiste in the meane betwene to vices,All vertues dooe consiste in the meane, betwene two vices [...] as, for exexaumple liberalitee betwene nygardship and prodigalitee, true religion betwene supersticion & contempte.) Yet thesame much auailleth to stiere vp, & to quicken the slouggardie of others. Sembleably the robe or cope, and the tubbe of Diogenes, did not without their greate reproche vpbraide to the riche and welthie folkes their nycytee and their delices.

43 It was one of his saiynges, that no small noumbre of menne are in a deeper kynde of madnesse,Many are in a deeper kynd of madnesse, then if thei should pointe with one fynger in stede of an other. then the errour of myspoyntyng with the fynger extended vnto. For if a bodye should still stretche out the middlemust fynger to pointe therw• in stede [Page] of the forefynger, he shoulde echewhere bee accoumpted as one out of his witte if one, putte forth the forefynger to that vse, he is thought sadde and well auised. But many a thousand folkes there been, whiche dooe much more greuously playe the madde menne in serious maters, then if thei should putte out one fynger in stede of an other, and yet suche persones are not emong the people commenly taken for mysauised. As euen at this present day [...], the parentes dooe in their children chastice for a greuous offēse,The foly of some parētes in chasticyng their childrē. if thei vse the liefte hande in stede of the right hande, but thei dooe not sembleably chastice theim, when thei choose and take thynges abhomynable, in stede of honest.

He taunted ye foly & madnesse of 44 men in this pointe also, ye thynges precious,The preposterous estymacion of ye people in bying & sellyng of thynges. thei bought & solde for litle or nothyng, & thynges nothyng woorth at veray high prices,Images and porteratures of menne we [...] in olde tyme bought at high prices. for he saied: yt the porture of a mā in brasse or stone, should bee bought vp with three thousād *pieces of coyn, wher as a pecke of mele was to bee sold for two brasse pēs. And yet ther nedeth no such image or porture for any necessarie [Page] vse of mannes life, without meale there is no possibilitee of mainteinyng y• life. It had therefore been conueniente that meale should bee sette at a muche higher price then images of stone or brasse. The philosophier estemed the prices of thynges by the naturall vse or necessarie o [...]cupiyng of thesame,Wyse menne [...]en ye prices of thynges, by the naturall vse of thesame. the peuyshe multitude of ye people estemeth it by their foolyshe persuasion.

45 Thesame tale that a litle afore we recited of Xeniades, certain writers tellen in this maner, where as it was Diogenes yt was bought, yet as though himself had bought Xeniades, he saied vnto thesame: See yt thou bee obediente to my cōmaū demētes. And when the other saied again in greke,The maister owght to bee rewled by the seruaūte beeyng a philosophier. [...], as ye would saye, that wer euen the riuer to renne vp the hylle, betokenyng the mater to goo clene arsee versee, if the seruaunte should cōmaunde the maister: why, ꝙ Diogenes, if [Page] thou beeyng in some greate sickenesse or maladie haddest bought a physiciā,tranquillitee of manne. wouldest yu not bee rewled by him prescribyng, thy diet? wouldest yu saie to hym, [...], ye riuer renneth vp ye hylle? If y• maister beeyng eiuil diseased in his body, bee glad & faine to obeye y• seruaunt hauyng good sight and practise in phisike, much more dooeth it become one yt is sore sicke in y• mynde or solle, to bee obediēte to his seruaunte, beeyng profoundly experte in philosophie.Philosophie healeth all the dis [...]ases of y• mynde. For what y• facultee or arte of physike perfourmeth to the body, thesame dooeth philosophie accoumplyshe to the mynde or solle. The one healeth the feure, the other healeth the corrupte and naughtie appetites. And how muche the mynde or solle is of more dignitee then the bodye,How muche ye solle is better then y• bodye, so muche the more greuous are the diseases of y• solle then of the bodye. so muche the more greuous & dedly are the diseases of the solle, then of the bodye. Laertius saieth more ouer, that Diogenes, when he was asked of the cryer, by what title he would bee sette out in woordes, and he had aunswered that he could skylle to rewle and to ordre men of freedome,Diogenes would needes bee solde to one that had neede of a maister. Assone as he had espyed a certain māne passyng by, trymmely decked and araied, he [Page] [...] [Page] [...] [Page] [...] [Page] [...] [Page] saied to thesame cryer, sell me to thissame feloe here, for he hath neede of a maister.

46 To one makyng suite to be receiued of Diogenes vnto his secte & discipline of philosophie, after y• admissiō of ye feloe, for to proue & trye the same, Diogenes deliuered vnto hym a gāmoūd of bakō to carye ī ye strete, & cōmaūded him to come after him The partie castyng awaye by reasō of shame, ye thyng yt he bare in his hāde, stole priuely frō hym & conueighed hym quyte away. Within fewe dayes after Diogenes by chaūce meetyng wt hym, laughed & sayed, thy frēdship & myne, a poore gammoūde of bakon hath set at twain. Dooyng to meete, yt he was no meete or apte disciple for philosophie, yt could not cōtemne & shake of folishe shame.Foly [...]h shame [...]o no purpose For it is not a thyng vnhonest for one to carrye a gāmōde of bakō in his hāde,To shrynke awaye frō vertue, is a foule shame. but to shrynke awaye frō honestee & vertue is a thyng shamefull & abomynable. Diocles telleth theselfsame mater, some what v [...] riyng from y• wordes aboue, mencioned. [Page] When a certain persone makyng suite to bee a disciple of Diogenes, had saied vnto hym, Maister Diogenes cōmaunde me to dooe some seruice: To thesame receiued into his seruice, he deliuered a lūpe of chese to carrye, & whē ye yoūg mā for shamefastnesse, refused to beare ye said piece of chese. A lytle piece of chese (ꝙ Diogenes) hath clene dashed the amitee & frendship of vs twoo.

When he had espyed on a tyme a 47 lad drynkyng out of ye palme of his hāde, he saied:Nature hath prouided for euery body al necessarie furniture of housholde stuf. This lad is in frugalitee a degree aboue me, yt dooe carry about me superfluous furniture of houshold, & forthwith toke out of his scryppe a litle treē tākard or dishe yt he vsed for his cup to drynk on, & yesame cast awaye frō hym, saiyng: I knewe not, yt nature had in this behalf also made ꝓuisiō for vs Whē he had seen an other boye, for asmuch as his treē saucer was brokē, to take vp Lēticula, is a poultz, called chittes, which (because we here in Englāde haue not in vse to [...]ate) I translate peasen. peasen out of ye potte [Page] wt a crust of breade made holowe for that purpose, he cast awaye frō hym his treen potagedishe too, as a thyng superfluo [...]s.The frugalitee of Diogenes, maye shame our superfluitees & excesses. I can bee veraye well contēted that these thynges bee thought worthie skorne and derisiō, so that wee graunte this excedyng great exaumple of simplicitee and plainnesse, to make veraye well to this purpose, that wee maye bee ashamed of our superfluitees, & excesses, that are vsed echewhere emong vs at these dayes.

48 That to a manne sapiente, nothyng is wantyng, he concluded by this syllogisme:A syllogisme, is a perfecte argumente of logike, in whiche, two thynges or moo, first putte, & thesame graū ted, the conclusiō dooeth ineuitably foloe of necessitee. The Goddes are lordes of all thynges, and haue all thynges in their possession: the sapiente menne and the Goddes are mutuall frendes, either to ye others, and all maner thynges that one frende hath, is commen or readie for the other also, Ergo the sapiente menne are lordes of all thynges, & haue all thynges in their possessiō.How Diogenes concluded that a manne sapiente hath all thynges in his possessiō. But by the selfsame syllogisme he might haue been shaken of, when he desired [Page] any thyng: why dooest thou craue, sens thou hast all thynges already in thy possession?

When he had espyed a woman 49 liyng prostrate before the Goddes,How Diogenes rebuked a woman lyyng vncomely prostrate afore the Goddes. hir bodye so boughed down, that behind hir, some partes of thesame appered out, whiche is not comely, ne honest to bee made bare to ye yies of mē: he wēt vnto hir, saiyng, art yu not a feard thou womā, lest y• some God standyng behind thy backe (for all places and thynges of the worlde are replenyshed with the presence of God) thou demeane thy self vncomely? He is reported to haue consecrated to Aesculapius a tormētour,Diogenes cō secrated to Aesculapius, agyaūt with a clubbe in his hande. who should come rennyng and all to trample, and crushe such persones as would falle down prostrate vpon their faces before Aescul [...]pius. By this colour and false pretense causyng folkes vtterly to renounce and abandon supersticion, whiche haue a beleef that the Goddes will not heare theim, excepte thei make much doukyng, [Page] stoopyng, beckyng, and prostraciōs vnto thesame with vncomely gesture of their bodye.

50 He vsed veraye often in y• waye of iestyng to saye, that the tragicall malediccions and cursses hadde mette with hym,Tragicall excecraciōs met with Dioge [...]es. for that he was (accordyng to the fourme of suche maner execraciōs) [...], destitute of an house to putte his hedde in, [...], abandoned frō dwellyng in any citie, [...], as a manne banyshed out of his countree, [...], cō streigned to begge his breade, [...], driuen to wandre about from place to place as a vagabounde, & [...],Ch [...]liades a noble and a right clerkely werke, made by Erasmus in whiche he hath gathered certain thousādes of greke & latin prouerbes. not sure on the one daye, where to haue his dyner the nexte daye foloyng. This he saied, alludyng to some place of one or other of the tragedies. Of the execracions and curses of ☞ Oedipus I haue spoken at large in my werke of greke and latin prouerbes whiche is entitleed, Chiliades.

51 Ferthermore, he is reported to haue vsed this saiyng also, that to matche against fortune,How Diogenes matched fortune, lawe & affeccions. he sette alwayes the confidence or stoutnesse of courage:Whereby is purchaced & mainteined y• against ye lawe, he sette nature: against affeccions, mociōs, [Page] or wilfull pangues of ye mynde, reason. For yt by these three thynges is purchaced and mainteined the tranquillitee of menne. Against the bloustreyng stormes & rages of fortune, a strong herte, beeyng voide of all maner feare, is to a sapiente māne a sure buckler and defense: in stede of a lawe, the wise manne foloeth nature, to the whiche nature if ye lawe bee repugnaūte, he despiseth ye lawe And wt reason he caulmeth, asswageth, and kepeth down, the troubleous assaultes of desires and affeccions inordinate.

When Alexander Magnus came to 52 see Diogenes, he chaunced to fynd hym in the place that was called, Craneum, Craneū [...]e lōg was a place of e [...]ercise in the Citie of Corinthus. sittyng in his tubbe, and patchyng together with glewe or paste ye toren leaues of his bookes. And after that the kyng hauyng familiarly talked many thynges with hym, addressed hymself to departe, and saied: Bethynke thyself Diogenes, How Diogenes vsed the kyng, Alexander the great inuityng hym to aske of him what gifte he would. what thou wouldest moste faine aske of me, for what soeuer thou shalt desire or wyshe, yu shalt [Page] assuredly haue, well (ꝙ Diogenes) of other thynges we shall talke anon at leasure, in the meane tyme stand aside frō me a litle out of the waye, when ye kyng had gone backe frō hym, supposyng that ye other was mynded to cōsyder wt himself what he might best aske: to thesame of a preaty while speakyng not a word, he repeted his former woordes & ones again saied: aske what thyng thy mynde and wille is Diogenes. Marie euē this same was my wille and desire to haue, ꝙ he again, for before, thou diddest keepe awaye from me the sonne, beeyng moste requisite and necessarie for this busynesse or occupacion that I am about now. Other writers tellen, that he sa [...]ed thus: Do not make shadoe betwene the sonne and me. For that he was disposed to sonne hym selfe.

53 This also is recorded in writyng, [Page] that Alexander spake vnto hym after this sort: I am come hither Diogenes to succour and to relieue thee, because I see thee to bee in greate penurie and neede of many thynges. To whom Diogenes aunswered thus again.Diogenes auouched hym selfe to bee richer then Alexander the great. Whether of vs twoo is in more penurie, I, yt besides my scryp and my cope, dooe mysse, ne desire nothyng at all, orels thou, whiche not beeyng contented with the inheritaūce of thy fathers kyngdom dooest putte thyself in auenture,The in [...]aciable mynde of Alexander, to haue empier. & hasarde of so many perilles and daungers, to enlarge the limites of thyn empier, in so muche, that vneth all the whole worlde semeth hable to satisfie thy couetous desire?

On a certain tyme when Diogenes 54 had bene readyng of a lecture a veraye great whyle together, was at last come so ferre that he sawe a voide page of a leafe: Bee of good [Page] coumforte maisters, ꝙ he, I haue espyed lande. Makyng resembleaunce to a coumpaignie of mēne beeyng weried with long saillyng, who are well refreshed in their hertes, when the porte or hauen aferre of appereth vnto theim.

55

Uain sophisticacions, are rather to bee skorned, then to bee soyled.To one by sophistical insolubles concludyng and prouyng, that Diogenes had hornes, feelyng & handleyng his forehedde & his temples. In feith, ꝙ Diogenes, but I see, ne feele none. He thought better to laugh suche a peuishe trifleyng argumēt to skorne, then to soyle it.

56

When Zenon readyng a lecture in the schooles, laboured with moste subtile and moste craftie reasons to proue that neither was there, ne possibly myght bee, any mouynge, (In whiche mouynge dependeth a greate porcion of the veritees, concluded in naturall phylosophie.) Diogenes arysyng vp out of his place,How Diogenes confuted zenon, labouryng to proue that mouyng is a thyng vnpossible. begoonne to walke vp and downe. Zeno maruaillynge thereat, saied: why, what dooest [Page] thou nowe, Diogenes? Marie (ꝙ he) I falsifie and confute thy blynde reasons. Rebukyng all vnder one, the vaine braggue and ostentacion that zenon made of his witte.

A certain sophiste, willyng in the 57 presence of Diogenes, How Diogenes mocked a Sophiste, arguyng him to bee no māne. to shewe the quickenesse of his witte, made a sophisticall argumente vnto hym, in maner & fourme as foloeth. That I am, thou art not: when Diogenes had therunto graunted: And I am a māne, ꝙ the other, ergo, thou art not a manne. Then saied Diogenes:Euery ꝑfecte syllogysme, hath three partes or mēbres as, that I am thou arte not, the maior: but I am a māne, the minor: ergo, thou art not a manne, the conclusiō. Leat the first membre of thy syllogysme begynne of me, and the conclusion of thyne argumente shall assuredly bee right and true. He would not vouchesalue to discusse what defaulte & errour was in the argumente, but thought better to geue a mocke to the feloe yt stood so highly in his owne conceipte for the respecte of suche trifleyng bagg [...]age. If his minor had been this, thou art a manne, then after Diogene [...] his sentence, the conclusion had been [Page] good, for it had foloed that the Sophis [...]e was no manne.

58 To one for the ostentaciō of his witte,How Diogenes mocked a feloe yt made muche pratleyng in astronomie. Aboue in the xxiii. saiyng of Socrates. buisyly pratleyng and makyng many gaye good morowes, of the skye, and the ste [...]res: I praye you good sir, ꝙ Diogenes, how long seus, came ye downe from heauen? In this he represented Socrates, whose saiyng was, suche thynges as are aboue our reache, to bee no parte of our playe to medle withall.

59 A certain Ennuch, Ennuchus, is a ge [...]de [...] man. beeyng in sore infamie and slaundre of vicious and vnthriftie liuyng, had writen vpon the doore of his hous, no eiuill thyng motte there entre here. Diogenes thesame inscripcion espiyng, saied: ye owner of the hous for his owne parte, what waye dooeth he vse to goo in? The Ennuch had sette vp ye title as a poysee, or a woorde of good lucke, that no mysauēture might light on the hous, and thesame did Diogenes wrest and transferre to the vices of the mynde,The vices of y• mynde onely, are in deede [...]uil thynges. wiche onely are in veraye deede eiuill thynges.

[Page] Diogenes hauyng gotten perfume,60 rubbed & enoynted his feete therwith,Diogenes enoynted his feete with perfume, where others, enoynten their heddes. contrarie to the cōmen vsage of al other folkes. And to suche persones as made a greate woondreyng therat, he saied: Thus I dooe because that perfume beeyng poured vpon the hedde, reketh out into the aier: but from the feete it ascendeth vp to the nastrelles. Sembleably did an other persone dissallow and dispraise the commen vsage, by whiche menne sette garlandes of sweete herbes and floures vpon their heddes,Mēne should weare sweete floures in their bosome [...] rather then in their cappe. wheras it is more conueniente to putte thesame benethe the nastrelles, forthat the [...]apour and aier of the redolente sauour dooeth not of his propretee so muche descende & soke downwarde [...] as it dooeth mounte and ascende vpwarde.

The preestes, or mynisters (of 61 suche diuine rites, sacres and mysteries, as in the gentilitee of that tyme wer vsed in Athenes,) would haue persuaded Diogenes, and haue brought hym in mynde, to take ordres, [Page] and to bee a mynistre of the temple emong theim,How Diogenes replyed to y• Atheniens, auysyng hym to bee a preste or a minister of their holy rites. allegeyng, y• suche as in their life tyme had been within holy ordres, had highest preemynence, emong the dedde. To the whiche aduertisemēte, Diogenes thus replyed. That is a mad rekenyng, saieth he, as euer I heard, if the valiaunte Capitaines Agesilaus & Epaminondas, Agesila [...]s, a noble & a victorious kyng of y• Lacedemonians, and Epaminondas a right valiaunte capitain of the Thebanes. because thei wer neuer prestes, bee lyyng in y• backehous diche, and Patetion that theefe, with all ye rable of other like spittle vilaines, for this onely respecte that thei been within ordres, shall sitte in God almightie his owne lappe. It was a sore che [...]ke geuen to the facions of the prestes, who for their emloumente, lucre, & auantage, did flater, and with faire promyses feede the supersticion of the blynde and ignoraunte people, bryngyng thesame in full beleef that takyng ordres,The blisse of heauen is not conferred for the respect, of this ordre, or that, but for good liuyng. or professyng religion, should conferre eternall blisse after this presente life, where as thesame felicitee is ordeined and prepaired onely [Page] [...]or those, y• by godly and noble dooynges haue deserued it, whether thei be men of the churche & within holy ordres, or not.

At his first entreyng into his 62 philosophicall profession or trade, when he in his tubbe eatyng drye & musty breade, all solitarie without the coumpaignie of any creature, hearde all the whole citee whoughtyng and shoughtyng euerywhere with ioye and solace, (for it was a fest daye of high solemnitee and pastyme) he feeled in his herte no small tediousnesse, and a good preaty while it rāne so in his hedde, that he was more then half mynded,How Diogenes beeynge more thē hal [...] mynded to geue ouer the philosophical trade yt he had entreed into, was staied. to geue ouer the trade of liuyng, which he was entreed into. But when at last, he sawe myce come crepyng about his tubbe, and eatyng vp the crummes of breade, he saied to hymself, why art thou out of conceipte with thyself Diogenes? thou art a greate estate [Page] out right, and kepest a royall porte, loe, thou kepest a table for smelfeastes too, that are gladde, to seeke their dyner with the.

63 To Plato for y• respecte of his slouenrie & beggerlynesse of liuyng, callyng hym curre & doggue: Yea marie (ꝙ Diogenes) ye saie soothe [...] Diogenes tooke in good parte to bee [...]alled doggue. for I am come rennyng home again to theim that sold me awaye. For it is y• guise & maner of doggues if thei bee sold, to renne home again to their olde maisters. He was nothyng offended with the opprobrious woorde, but rather to his owne purpose interpreted thesame. In sallyng towardes Aegina he was before his arriual, taken priesoner of certain pirates, and so brought into y• Isle of Crete,Crete, is the same Isle, yt wee call Candi [...], of which wee haue noted in another place. & there sold. Those pirates (I thynke,) wer Corinthians, or Atheniens, or at lestwyse Aeginetes.

64 When certain persones had demaunded on hym as he was commyng homeward frō y• hotte baine hous, whether there wer at yesame, many menne, no verayly, saied he [...] [Page] And beeyng eftsons asked whether there wer at the said stewe muche presse of folke, yea by ye rood is ther, ꝙ he. Notifiyng, that to bee called a manne, is a fitte name but for a fewe.The appellacion of a man is fitte, but for fewe.

This also goeth in a tale, albeit 65 vneth beleuable. Plato had thus diffined a manne:This diffin [...] cion of a man Aristotle also in his logike dooeth improue. A manne is a liuethyng with twoo feete, hauyng no fethers. And when the scholares of Plato had made signes and tokens of well allowyng thesame diffinicion, Diogenes brought foorth into the schole,How Diogenes improued the diffiniciō of a manne, whiche Plato gaue. a cocke pulled naked out of al his fethers both great & smal, saiyng: loe, here is Plato his manne. Wherupō it was added to the diffinicion, hauyng brode nailles, for that no byrdes ha [...]e any suche.

To one demaundyng at what 66 houre best wer, for a manne to goo to his dyner:At what hour it is best for a man to dyne. If he bee ryche, ꝙ Diogenes when his pleasure is, if poore, when he maye.

Beeyng at Megara, when he 67 [Page] sawe the rammes goo with thei [...] wulle on their backes vnshorne for takyng harme of the bitturnesse of colde,Megara was [...] toune in the coūtree of Attica, not ferre from the citee of Athenes. and their young childrē goo clene naked without any clothes at all, he saied: It is muche better to bee the ramme, then to bee the soonne of a Megarian. It is writen of the Megarians, that thei wer woondrefull rechelesse in nouryshyng & keepyng [...]p their children.The Megarians were rechelesse in kepyng their children.

68 A feloe carriyng a long loggue in the strete, gaue Diogenes a good rappe wt the one ende of it, for lacke of takyng heede, & incontinēte (as the guyse is in suche case) saied: Beware: why, (ꝙ Diogenes) dooest thou entend to geue me an other rappe yet? Other writers do thus tel it. Whē the feloe saied:It is ouerlate to bidde beware, when y• hurt is dooen already. beeware, Diogenes rapped his staffe on the pate of the other feloe, and after the stroke alreadye surely sette on and past, saied as thesame had doen afore to [Page] hym, beware. Geuyng vnto thesame taunte pour taunte, or one for an other. For, beware, should haue been saied before the harme dooyng, and not after.

Diogenes on a tyme, bearyng in 69 his hande a lighted candle, walked vp and downe the mercate stede, in a veraye bright and clere daye, like one that sought a thyng loste.A manne is a rare thyng to bee founde, though he bee sought with a candle. And diuerse persones askyng, what he did: Marie I seeke a manne, ꝙ he. Notyng the publique maners of the citee scace honest enough for any persone, bearyng the name of a manne.

When he had on a tyme been so 70 souced with water, that he had neuer a drye threde about hym, and stood droppyng on euery syde and parte of his bodye, diuerse persones standyng about hym (as commenly in suche case thei will) tooke muche pitie on the poore solle, as one that had been serued a veraye vngoodly touche, and vsed or hādleed [Page] out of all good facion. To whiche persones, if ye bee wyllyng saieth Plato, (for he also emong others was happyly at yesame tyme presente) to take pietie and compassion vpon Diogenes, departe hens and gette you from hym. Notyng in hym beeyng a philosophier desirefuln [...]e of glorie.Priue ambicion & desire of glorie in Diogenes. Forasmuche as therefore to bee vnto y• by standers suche a woondreyng and gazyng stocke was to Diogenes greate pleasure and delectacion: he was rather happie and fortunate, thē to bee pietied, but if he had been wetted frō toppe to toe, no mā standyng by to see it, then had he been miserable in veraye deede.

71 To one that gaue hym a good, cuffe on the eare,The patience and modera [...]aciō of Diogenes. in good south (ꝙ he) I had no suche knowelage ne warnyng to goe with a salette on my hedde. And that was all that euer he did to bee auenged on the partie that had strieken hym.

72 But he did not with sembleable pacience forbeare one Midias, How Diogenes requited one Midias geuyng hym a blowe on y• eare. who after a good whistersnefet, truely [Page] paied on his eare, had saied: There bee three thousande brasse pens now readie assigned and laied out for thee in the eschecquier: in the waye of mockage, biddyng muche good dooe it hym, for that he was assured to recouer of Midias so much money for a forfaicte,The penaltee or forfaicte [...] for geuyng a blowe in th [...] olde tyme a [...] Athenes. if he would take ye lawe for the blowe geuyng. But Diogenes ye nexte daye foloyng tooke abrode thongue, suche as ye champions vsed of neates leather sette with studdes and bosses, and thesame wel fauouredly bestowed about ye ribbes and pate of Midias, he saied euen in the veraye same wyse, as the other had dooen afore to hym: there bee three thousande brasse pens now readie assigned & laied out for thee in y• eschecquier. Aulus Gellius telleth of a feloe whiche had a goo [...] sporte to geue menne buffettes with his hande, and ymmediately after, would commaunde to bee told out in readie money y• summe of y• forfaicte, [Page] out of a purse, whiche he had cōtynually carryed about wt hym for that purpose. But Diogenes plainly declared, not all menne to bee of that pacience, that thei can bee satisfied, and hold theim contented with the penaltee of the sette forfaicte.

73 The philosophiers had in this behalf, a veray eiuill name abrode, that either thei beleued not any goddes to bee, orels thei did contemne thesame. This thyng Lysias half signifiyng,How Diogenes aunswered Lysias, demaundyng whether he beleued any goddes to bee. asked Diogenes, whether he beleued that there wer any Goddes. To whom Diogenes, aunswered. How maye it stand with reason that I should not beleue,Lysias was an oratour in Athenes whō for his exceadyng sweetenesse, Quintilian praiseth [...] yes: sens I am fully persuaded yt thyself art a feloe of the Goddes abandoned and accursed? This saiyng some writers dooen attribute to Theodorus. He made none aunswer to y• question, but reuersed the woordes to the parties self, that had in the waye of despite [...]utte the question to hym.

74 Espiyng a feloe for the obseruaunce of religion, washyng hym [Page] selfe with riuer water, (for by this rite did menne of olde tyme vse to purifie and clense theimselfes, if thei beleued any offense on their partie against the Goddes to haue been cōmitted) miserable creature, saied Diogenes, How Diogenes eluded a feloe spryncleyng water vpon hymselfe for pourgeyng his synne when thou hast erred in any pointe of grāmer, thou art not assoyled by castyng water vpō thyselfe: then muche lesse shal sembleable spryncleyng of water ridde or deliuer thee from synfulnesse of liuyng. He did veraye well note the supersticion of folkes, in that thei beleued the spottes and staynyng of the solle to bee pourged and scoured awaye,The supersticion of folkes in old tyme. with the sensible, grosse or carnall elemente of bodyly water, excepte thei had also cutte awaye the inordynate lustes and desires of the herte.

He did woonderous highly rebuke 75 those persones,Diogenes r [...] buked those ꝑsones, who blamed fortune, when their maters went awrye. who, if any of their maters framed not, but went awrye, would blame and wyte fortune therefore (as in deede ye moste [Page] parte of menne vsen to dooe, and Diogenes auouched the parties selfes muche more woorthie to bee shent, whose guise and facion was, with all earnest requeste & instaūce to craue at the handes of ladie fortune, not suche thynges as in veraye deede wer substanciall good, but suche as in their owne phansie and opinion seemed good. For if menne would permitte or leaue to the arbitrimente, wille and pleasure of the Goddes, to send suche thynges,If god might bee lea [...] alone he would sēd to māne that were best for hym. as thesame dooe iudge to bee best and moste expediente, thei would send it. Now, forasmucheas menne receiuen accordyng to their own moste agre & ymportune suites they dooen like feloes hauyng no shame in theim, to laye vnto ye Goddes y• faulte of quaillyng and mysprouyng.

76 The supersticion of suche persones as would bee frayed with dreames, in this maner did he deride and skorne, what thynges ye dooe whyle ye are awakyng, saieth he, that care ye not for, and what [Page] thynges ye dreame whyle ye are slepynge, ye dooe carefully serche out. For to the felicitee, or miserie of a ma [...]ne, it maketh not so greate force what cometh to thesame in his slepe,The superstition of many folkes about their dreames as what he dooeth awakyng, while one is awakyng if he perpetrate any vnhonest or synneful acte, it wer requisite to feare the wrathe of Godde, and ye wofull ende to ensue therof, and not if menne see this or that, in their slepe.

At the Olympia, the cryer thus 77 proclamyng, Doxippus hath woonne the maisterie of menne, Diogenes corrected hym, saying: no, Doxippus of slaues or vilaines,The bōdeseruauntes of glorie. The philosophier onely hath victori [...] of menne. and I of mēne. Signifiyng, theim that proued maisteries at the saied olympia and other like games, not to bee menne, but bondeseruauntes of glorie, onely the philosophier and none els hath the ouer hande of menne: like vnto this, is one other of his saiynges aboue mencioned.

When Philippus had an armie in the countree of Cherronea, This Philippꝰ was kyng of the Macedonians, & father of Alexā d [...]r y• greate. there to 78 make warre, thither came Diogenes, and beeyng taken by ye soldyers, [Page] he was brought vnto the kyng, who, when he sawe Diogenes a persone vnknowen, cryed out in a greate furie, A spye, a spye. To whom Diogenes replyed, saiyng: yea, euen a veraye spye in deede. For hither am I come to vieue ye brainsiknesse of thee,How Diogenes aunswered Philippꝰ, chalengeynge hym for a spye. who, not beeyng cō tented with ye kyngdome of the Macedonians, for to geate other mennes kyngdomes into thy hādes, dooest cast thyself in greate perill & daunger of leesyng bothe thyn owne kyngdome, and also thy life. The kyng meruaillyng, at the franke plainnesse of the māne, discharged thesame, and sette hym at large, biddyng hym goo where he would at his free libertee.*

79 Alexander the kyng of the Macedonians [Page] had sent letters vnto Antipater by a certain persone named Athlias, Diogenes at thesame houre beeyng happyly in place. Who, accordyng to his Cynicall guyse, saied: Athlius from Athlius by Athlias to Athlius. It was nothyng but a toye, in daliyng, with the affinitee and similitude of woordes. For the name of the messager was. [...], with [...], and [...] in greke souneth one beyng in myserable state or condicion, & sore vexed or beaten with manyfolde trauailles, peines and troubles. For whiche respecte the fightyng menne, or the champiōs & maisters offense, had their name deriued out of ye same vocable, and wer called bothe in greke and latin Athletae. Athletae. Princes whiche for ambiciō of honour rewle and dominion are in contynuall strife, bee in miserable state, and full of wooe. The menyng of the philosophier was, that princes for the ambicion of honour, rewle and domynion, beeyng in contynuall strife and hurlee burlee, are in veraye deede persones full of miserie and wooe: and euen in like miserable state of wrechednesse to bee all those that are readie, prest, & willyng seruauntes, aiders or furtheres of the appetites and desires of thesame. So then true it was, that Alexander for the carefull and troubleous life that he leed woorthyly [Page] called Athlius, that is miserable, wrote and sent lettres by Athlias, beeyng no lesse worthie the appellacion of Athlius then his maister, vnto Antipater as muche woorthie to bee called Athlius as any of the other twoo, in that he was at all tyme [...] bounde to obey [...] and serue Alexander.

Beeyng spoken to, and inuited 80 to come vnto Alexander, he refused so to dooe.Diogenes refused to go to Alexander. But to Perdicca the high Capitain, or graund Maister vnder thesame Alexander thretenyng to take his life from hym,Perdicca, [...]raūd maister vnder Alexander. excepte he would come. In feith, saied Diogenes, then shal ye dooe a noble and a valiaunte acte. For aswell the litle wourme which (both in greke & latin) is called Cantharis as also the blacke spyder called Phalangium, is hable at all tymes to dooe asmuche. Cantharis, Cantharis. is a litle litle vermyn, not muche vnlike in facion to the beetle or the hornet, but hauyng in it starke poyson. Phalangium, Phalangiū. is the spyder of the moste venemous sorte, neither did he sti [...]ke or feare, on his partie again to threten Perdicca, that he should liue happyly, though he liued without his [Page] [...]o [...]mpaignie, notifiyng theim to bee in a [...]eraye wreched case or state, that liued with Perdicca.

He affermed the Goddes to bee 81 gentle and soone entreated to geue life vnto menne, but thesame life to bee a thyng vnknowen to suche persones as seeke to haue of these marchepaines or wafers wt other like iunkerie,The life of manne standeth not in carnall pleasures nor i [...] sensualitee. and their sweete perfumes or poumaundres, and other sembleable delices. For those persones who haue all the pleasure of the saied thynges beleuen theimselfes to liue, where as onely wisedome and perfecte vertue dooeth assure ye veraye true life in deede replenyshed with tranquillitee and pleasaunte sweetenesse.Onely ꝑfecte vertue geueth to manne veraye true life in deede. Wherefore not the Goddes are to bee putte in faulte, but manne, who of his owne mere [...]olye dooeth earnestly craue of the saied Goddes, not life, but sensuall pleasures of the fleshe.The prepo [...]erous praiers of carnal persone [...].

Espiyng a delicate and nyce feloe,82 to haue his shooes putte on & buccleed by his seruaunte. Naye [Page] in feith, ꝙ he, thou lackest yet one pointe or degree of perfecte blisse, whiche is, that thesame feloe there wype thy taille too. And yt should soone bee, if thy hande or fyngers wer cutte of. It seemed to Diogenes a thyng as muche contrarie to reason to abuse the page his seruice in dooyng on his maisters shooes,Diogenes thought it a [...]hyng vnnatural, yt ye seruaunt should [...]ul on ye mai [...]ers shooes. in case the maister bee strong and lusty enough to helpe hymself therin, as if he should after commyng from the [...]akes putte his seruaūte to the office of wypyng his taille. Albeeit, [...]t maye bee also vnderstanded of wypyng the nose. To an ethnike philosophier, it seemed nycitee, beyōd the course of nature, yt an ethnike or gentile should haue his shooes dooē on by his seruaūte. And yet I knewe a Christian manne, beeyng a preeste, yea and a diuine, who although he had all his lymmes perfecte, & none of his membres maymed or lame, yet euer when he should goo to the stoole, would call seruauntes, moo then one, for to vntye his pointes: & also, when he came frō thens, to trusse thesame again. Whiche thyng when I sawe, thus did I thynke with myself. Now would Christe that Diogenes wer here presente, to behold this geare.

[Page]When he sawe a feloe gooyng 83 to prieson yt had embessed and conueighed awaye a cuppe of golde out of the treasourie or chaumbre of the citee. (And so it chaunced yt he was lede to prieson by the officers of the citee whiche thei called in greke ☞ [...]:) See, see, ꝙ Diogenes, the graunde theues leden the petie theef to warde.The graunde theues ledē ye petie theef to preison, saie [...] Diogenes. Would God thissame woorde might not bee wt out a lye saied of some publique officers of Christentee, by whom sometymes is tr [...]ssed vp, & hanged on ye galoes a poore sely solle, that hath percase pielfed away tenne grotes, where theimselfes by great pielage, brybrie, or extorciō, yea and for a fair touche, by deceiuyng & beguylyng their prince, or the commen weale, dooe growe dayly and encrease in welthe and richesse, nomanne saiyng blacke is their [...]yen.

[Page] 84 Beholdyng a ladde hurleyng stones at a gibette, well dooen, ꝙ Diogenes, thou wilt surely hitte the marke: Signifiyng that a daye would come when the partie should surely bee hanged.

[Page]When a sorte of young striepleynges 85 standyng about Diogenes had cryed vpon hym, doggue, doggue, doggue, and ymmediatly beeyng afrayed, had begoonne to renne awaye, and beeyng asked why thei ranne awaye, had saied, lest thou shouldest byte vs, bee of good chere my soonnes, ꝙ he, a doggue eateth no Beetes is an herbe called in greke [...] in latin Beta, of whose excedyng weryshenesse and vnsauerynesse, euen of olde antiquitee dawecockes, lowtes, cockescombes & blockehedded fooles, wer in a prouerbiall speakyng, saied: betizare, to bee as weerishe and as vnsauerie as beetes. Plautus in his comedie entitleed Truculentus, saieth: Blitea est meretrix, it is a pea [...]yshe whoore, and as we saie in englyshe as wise as a gooce, or as wise as hir mothers apern streng. So a feloe that hath in hym no witte, no quickenesse, but is euen as one hauyng neither life ne solle, lab [...]rius calleth bliteam belluam, a beaste made of beetes. And in Menandez also (as citeth Erasmus in ye prouerbe, betizare,) the housbandes reuile their wiues, callyng theim, bliteas, of so small shifte or helpe, that thei wer as good to haue wiues of beetes, for whiche we saie in our englyshe prouerbe, wiues of cloutes. And because all effeminate persones dooē in fine growe to sembleable sotyshenesse and dotage, as if thei wer not maisters of their owne witte, but as persones rapt into an other worlde, Diogenes tooke occasion of comparyng and resembleyng ye boyes (in whom was no likelyhood ne sparke of good towardnesse, but rather of al vngraciousnesse) to the weryshe a [...]d vnsauerie beetes. beetes. Couertly & by a priue nippe, vpraidyng the [...]m of maners effeminate, wanton, and foolyshe.

[Page] 86 To a feloe that tooke hymself for no small foole, because he ietted about the stretes wt a lyons skynne on his backe, Diogenes saied. Thou feloe,How Diogenes skorned a feloe, yt beeing but a sheepe, [...]ettyng vp & down in a Lyons skynne. wilt thou neuer leaue puttyng the mantell or gaberdyne of manhood and prowesse to shame? He thought it a ful vncomely thyng, that a persone effeminate (and suche a sheepe yt durst not shewe his face emong menne, but was more like to crepe in to a benche hole, then to dooe any manly acte,) would vsurpe the wearyng of the wede of Hercules was ye sonne of Iuppiter, gotten in the cit [...]e of The [...]s vpō quene Alcumena the wife of Amphitruo, while he was from home in battaill. Hercules was a manne of singular manhood and prowesse, and did in hys tyme .xii. notable valiaūte actes of whiche one was, that he slewe a feerse Lyon in the forest of Nemea, & wor [...] the skynne of thesame as a thyng woonne by strong hand & in that wede or habite he is sette out in all imagerie or pictures of hangynges or peinted clothes. Hercules. The selfsame maye bee saied to those persones yt with monstreous disguysyng of their vesture professen holinesse, their maner of liuyng beeyng nothyng aūswerable to thesame.

87 When certain coumpaignie had greate communicacion of Callisthenes ye philosphier,Diogenes thought not theim moste blissed that li [...]ed in kynges courtes. that he was happye, [Page] fortunate, and euen in heauen, forthat he was in the courte of kyng Alexander wt muche high fare and preparacion entreteined, No Marie, ꝙ Diogenes, he is in wreched case, and in miserable condicion, forthat he must bee fain to take his dyner and his supper when pleaseth Alexander. Menyng, nothyng to bee in ye state of perfecte blisse, if libertee bee awaye.Nothyng i [...] in the state of perfecte blisse if libertee bee awaye. This is Callisthenes the disciple of Aristotle, whom Alexander at last did cast in prieson,Callisthenes the disciple of Aristotle at length cast in prieson by Alexander. where he perished and dyed. Some writers for Callisthenes, dooe putte Aristotle hym self, of whose singular good fortune and happe, when coumpaignie made muche talkyng, for that he liued familiarly wt a kynges soonne: yea, ꝙ Diogenes, Aristotle dineth at suche houre as pleaseth Alexander, and Diogenes, when pleaseth Diogenes.

If Diogenes, at any tyme stood in 88 greate neede of money, he would take it of his frendes. But to suche persones as with many checkyng woordes did (as ye would saie [Page] bayte hym, for that contrarie to the dignitee and honestee of a philosophier, he would after y• maner of beggers aske and craue. No, ꝙ he, [...]. repetere, A philosophier dooeth not begge, but requireth his owne duetie. I dooe not aske their almes, but I require my duetie. For the latin woorde, repetere, is vsed in his propre significacion, when we demaunde or require to haue rendreed or redeliuered vnto vs any thyng, whiche either by the waye of loue, orels by leauyng it in the custodie or kepyng of an other persone is out of our owne hādes. And one frende geuyng to an other that is in necessitee, dooeth not geue a free gifte, but rēdreeth or paieth home again that he owghed by true debte. For whosoeuer in suche a case dooeth kepe or restreigne his money, thesame dooeth wrongfully detein & withhold yt is none of his owne propre gooddes,Who so restreigneth & kepeth from his frende in tyme of necessitee, wt holdeth that is none of his owne. but due to an other bodye.

When a certain young manne 89 beeyng kembed, piked, and decked all of the myniō tricke, had moued & putte foorth a fonde or peuyshe question to Diogenes: certes, ꝙ he, I will make you no aunswer to your [Page] question, till by takyng vp or dooyng abrode your clothes, ye shall haue shewed, whether ye bee a manne, or a woman. By his apparell and araye nothyng fitte ne comely for a manne [...] Ouercutious apparell, argueth wantonesse and nycitee. he noted y• effeminate wantonesse and nycitee of the partie.

To an other young manne feactely and trickely representyng at the baines, a certain lastiuious playe, whiche to exhibite ye grekes callen, [...], was a foolysh game y• louers had, and vsed to playe at dyners, suppers & other banquettes, by ye bobleyng that the drynke made, whiche remained in the cuppe after thei had dronkē, for ye drynke yt was left, they would cast vp on high, and by the clockyng, plashyng, or, soune that it gaue in the falle, thei would take a significaciō whether their louers wer true to them or not. And therof [...], to playe that kynde of play [...]. [...]: Sirrha, yoūg manne, (ꝙ Diogenes,) the better ye dooe, ye wurse it is. Utterly dissallowyng & condemnyng the feacte which of it self was vnhonest and naught, of whiche sorte is also playing at dyce, wherin the more cunnyng werkemanne that euery persone is, the wurse manne is he and the lesse honest.

As it fortuned Diogenes to bee 91 presente, and to make one emong ye [Page] moo at a dyner, the coumpaigni [...] callyng hym doggue,How Diogenes serued a certain coumpaignie that cast bones to hym, as if he had been a doggue. cast bones to hym in derision, in consideracion that thesame is a thyng customably vsed to bee dooen to doggues. But he in departyng from ye coumpaignie, pissed vpon euery of the geastes yt sate at the table behinde at their backes, signifiyng thesame also to bee, one other propretee belongyng to doggues.

92 The oratours & other persones dooyng all thynges for glorie & renoume, Diogenes called by a woorde that might bee taken in a double sense, [...], thris double menne. [...], Oratou [...]s and other persones dooyng al thynges for glorie Diogenes called thris double menne. For as the commen sorte of people denyeth that persone to bee a man that is neither learned nor yet of gentle condicions, so did the philosophier call hym a miser, that had no qualitee aboue the cōmen rate of manne. For accordyng to ye saiyng of Homere: No liuyng creature is more miserable then manne.Manne of all creatures mo [...]e miser. And therfore, thris double menne, Diogenes called thris double misers, as the whiche [Page] bestowed & applyed al their studies vpon a thyng of moste vanitee in the worlde, & wer as bonde seruauntes or pages to the multitude of the grosse people, beeyng a beaste of many heddes.The people, a beaste of many heddes.

A certain riche manne hauyng 93 nomaner knowelage ne learnyng at all, & yet gooyng in gorgeous & gallaūt apparel, he called in greke, [...], that is:Riche persones voide of learnyng Diogenes called sheepe wt golden flyces. a sheepe with a golden flyce. For in the poetes it is found written, that Suche a sheepe was in Colchos whose flyce Iason by the helpe of Medea the kynges doughter fet awaye, sleayng the bulles & dragon, that kepte it. suche maner shepe haue been. And those persones, who wer sely poore solles, and had no more store of witte then thei must needes occupie, were euē then and yet styll are in all toungues, and places by a commen prouerbe: called sheepes heddes, or sheepe.

Passyng by the hous of a certain 94 prodigall and ryottous persone, where it was writen vpō the doore this hous is to bee sold, if any man will bye it. Yea by my feith, ꝙ Diogenes, I espyed veraye wel, and prophecied ī my mynde,Ryot and ꝓdigalitee, causeth menne to spue vp whol houses. that by reason of thyne vnmeasurable gourmaū dyng [Page] and surfaictyng, thou wouldest at laste spue vp some house. For he had alreadye consumed and deuoured his hous, before he offreed thesame to sale, by settyng that inscripcion vpon the doore. So that it might more truely bee called a spuyng, then a vendicion or sale.

95 To a yoūg feloe, fyndyng greate faulte, that he was eiuill coūbreed and troubleed of many persones, nor could bee in reste for theim: Marie, and ceasse thyselfe also, ꝙ he, openly to shewe tokens of beeyng out of quiete. Signifiynge the saucy and buisye medleyng of suche persones as will neuer ceasse dooyng mē shrewd turnes and displeasures,The best way to ceasse the molestacions of buisy medleyng feloes is to dissemble that wee bee greued wt theim. by no yearthly thynge better to bee quieted or ended, then if the partie that is harmed or wrōged dissemble his greef. For suche persones as dooe haggue and baye at a bodye, purposely to bryng hym clene out of quiete, & to vexe hym at ye botome of y• hert rote, wil ceasse & leaue of in case thei see y• partie to bee nothyng moued with their doyng. Albeit I haue half a geasse y• greke wordes cōprehēd another priue [Page] or couered sense. For whē the young feloe cōplained, & found hymselfe greued, yt a sorte of buisie medleers would not leat hym alone, ne suffre hym to bee in reste, Diogenes thus aunswered in greke: [...]. That is, yea and ceasse thou also to carrye about with thee, the tokens of a person wanton and effeminate. For suche persones neuer lacke trouble or vexacion, but euery bodye will haue a saiyng at theim, accordyng to the latin prouerbe, Malū uel mus audet rodere. That is, an eiuill persone euē ye veraye mous dareth to snappe at.An eiuill persone euen the veraye mous dareth to snappe at. And coumpaignie is bothe greuous and odious to those that are vnhonest, or malefactours, as witnesseth Christe in the Gospell, saiyng. Menne loued derknesse more then light, because their deedes wer eiuill. For euery one that eiuill dooeth hateth the lighte,Euery one yt eiuill dooeth hateth ye light Ioh. iii. neither cometh to the lighte, lest his deedes should bee reproued.

A mynstrell that was a player 96 on the harpe,Why Diogenes commendeth an harper, whom all others dispraised. beeyng of no cūnyng in the worlde, and therewithall a great gorrebealyed chuff, yea and besides that, dispraised of all persones [Page] that heard hym, for ye wurste that euer twanged, onely Diogenes, did commende and praise. And to theim that woondreed wherfore he should so dooe: I allowe hym and gan hym thanke, saied Diogenes, that beeyng suche an one, he hath had more mynde and wille to sette hymselfe on werke, and to bee occupied with his harpe, then to take a standyng by the high wayes syde for a pourse or a bougette. Signifiyng that the feloe beeyng of bodye valiaunt and stourdye, and grosse or rude of witte, was by all similitude of outwarde tokens, more apte to haue been a robber on the high waye, then to bee an handleer of any musicall instrumente. The grace of the saiyng, dependeth of ye place of rhetorike,The place of rhetorike ab inexpectato. ab inexpectato, that is grounded vpon a thyng yt a body would leste thynke on. For who would haue looked for suche an aunswer of Diogenes?

97 An other harper, who, as oftē as he plaied on his instrumente, was forsaken and left alone in place of [Page] all his audience: Diogenes, How Diogenes saluted an harper y• droue awaye his audience as often as he plaied o [...] soong. when he mette hym in the strete, saluted in this maner. God ye saue and see goodman cocke. And where the feloe beeyng offended with ye straūgenesse of that salutacion, saied: why goodman cocke? Marie, ꝙ he, because that with thy crowyng thou reasest euery body yt heareth the. He deuised to fynd a iestyng toye of ye ambiguitee or indifferencie of ye greke voice, [...]. For he is proprely saied in greke, [...]. [...] [...] both that reaseth a bodye out of his slepe, as the cockes vsen to dooe, when thei crowe with an eiuill grace, & also yt reaseth one sittyng on his taill, to arise out of his place, as this harper euermore vsed to dooe.

When a great noumbre of people 98 stood gazyng and staryng vpō a certain young striepleyng of excellente good fauour and beautie, Diogenes stoopynge downe veraye lowe, gathered into his lappe as fast as he could, the poultz called [Page] Lupines. This kynde of poultz, called lupinus, we haue not in englande groweyng. And the yies of all the folkes turned to behold that sight, he auouched, that he meruailled: why thei would leaue the young māne, to looke on hym. Notyng in that by worde, their intemperancie and wanton disposicion.

99 To a feloe that was exceadyng supersticious, and sore subiecte to the terrours of buggues, and sprytes, or goblyns, that walken by night and in places solitarie, and yet manaced to slea Diogenes, How Diogenes mocked a supersticious feloe, yt was afrayed of [...]prites, thretenyng [...]o slea hym. saiyng vnto hym, I will at one stroke all to crushe thy hedde to powther: In feith ꝙ he again, if thou so dooe, I shalbee ready at thyn elbowe to playe the parte of hobgoblyn or collepixie, & make thee for feare to weene the deiuill is at thy polle.

Signifiyng yt he was hable to make the [...]other partie afrayed, euen beeyng dedde, of whom he was so contemned & sette at naught beeyng aliue. And yet thissame foolyshe mynde & fansie, euen at [Page] this veraye presēt daye possesseth no smal noūbre, who although thei be fierse & ful of cockyng against liues men, yet are the same moste feare full creatures yt possible may be of solles walking (as thei cal it [...])The supersticious feare & ymaginacion of many folkes, that solles walken.

Beeyng desired and praied, by one Hegesias was a philosophier Cyrenaique, yt is to saye, of Epicure his sect a manne of so greate eloquēce (as Ualerius Maximus writeth) that he did so liuely declare and sette out all the eiuils of this presente life, that the pieteous & lamētable representacion of thesa [...]e eiuils, through his woordes, depely engraued & enpriented in the hertes of menne, veraye m [...]ny ꝑ [...]ones tooke occasion to hate [...]his presen [...] life, and had a [...] earn [...]st de [...]refulnesse willyngl [...] to ridde theimselfes out of the worlde. And therefore he was b [...] [...]he commaundemente of kyng Ptolomeus forbidden any more to speake of any suche mater. Hegesias, to lend hym the vse of 100 three or fower bookes: Thou art a madde feloe Hegesias, ꝙ he, (yt where in choosyng figgues thou wilt not take figgues peinted or countrefeacted, but veraye true and right figgues in deede) thou canst fynd in thy herte, (ye veraye true actual exercise and practise of philosophie neglected), to renne to the philosophie scribleed or peinted in paper. In this saiyng he noted those persones, who all their whole life through, dooe nothyng but reade the bookes and werkes of philosophiers cōteinyng preceptes or rewles of vertuous liuyng, wheras vertue is more effectually lerned by practisyng or puttyng thesame in vre, then by readyng. The greke vocable [...], whiche Diogenes vsed, is a voice indifferente to writyng and to peintyng. [Page] And therefore vertue sette foorthe in bookes, is vertue muche like, in maner as if it wer peinted on a cloth or table. And in dede against all reason it is, in choosyng figgues to bee curious and precise to take none but of the best and in vertue to bee nothyng so.

101 To a certain persone in ye waye of reproche obiectyng vnto hym that he was a manne banyshed his countree: Thou sely creature, saied he, for this veraye cause did I at ye first become a philosophier. Either forthat banyshemente had enforced and driuen Diogenes to entre the studie of philosophie,Why Diogenes first became to bee a philosophier. orels because he had purposely learned philosophie, to the ende that he might bee hable with a paciente & contentefull mynde, to endure banyshemente, and other sembleable chaunces.

102 Unto an other feloe saiyng to hym in despite, Naye, the Sinopians haue condemned thee with banyshyng the,How Diogenes aunswered one, ye cast in his teeth yt the Sinopians had banyshed hym. neuer to come more in yt countree, & I theim, ꝙ he, to abyde [Page] & neuer to come thens. Signifiyng hymselfe, in yt he was biddē to goo seeke hym a dwellyng place in an other countree, to bee no pointe in wurse state or cōdiciō, thē those persones, which remained sti [...] wellyng in their owne coū tree, not hable paciētly to suffre banyshmēt if it should chaūce. For egual miserie it is, to make abode in a place by enforcemente and compulsion,To bee exiled frō a place by compulsion, & to abyde in a place by compulsion is eguall miserie. & to be banyshed or eriled from a place by enforcemente and compulsion. A philosophier, who in differently taketh euery grounde & euery lande vnder the cope of heauē (whiche so euer it bee) for his owne natiue countree,A philosophier indifferently reputeth al places vnder ye cope of heauen, to bee his natiue countree. if he bee cōmaunded to departe any whēs by bany [...]hement, is a manne exiled out of some one particulare citee or naciō onely. But he that cannot liue in another place besides his owne countree, where he was born and breden, is a manne banyshed out of regions almoste innumerable. As touchyng Diogenes,Why Diogenes was banyshed out of his owne coū tree. in deede he was banyshed his countree for countrefeactyng or coynyng of money, as menne thynke. And born he was a Sinopian. This presente historie Plutarchus in y• his treactise, entitleed of banyshmēte, reporteth in maner & fourme here ensuyng. The Sinopians haue by their decree, banyshed the out of Pontus and Euxinus, are taken all for one. And it is parte of the sea from Bosphorus of Thrace, vnto y• greate Maryce of Scythia called Meotis. It is also abrode [...] wyde region marchyng roūd about y• [...]oostes of thesame sea, encoumpacyng many ꝓ [...]incies, as Colchos, Armenia, & Cappadocia. And in Cap [...]docia (beyng a deserte and barē) coūtree stood Sinopa the Citee in whiche Diogenes was born. Pontus for euer [Page] Yea, but I condemne them in this pein, ꝙ he again, that thei remain still enclosed and pend vp within Pontus, and the ferthermust strandes of al Euxinus, neuer to come out from thens. Diogenes had chaūged his countree, but thesame for the better. The Sinopians wer more like folkes banyshed or exiled, in that thei wer remedilesse, appoynted and assigned, to cōtynue al their liues in suche an incommodious, vnfruitefull, & baren region, as Sinopa.

103 Those persones, that wer commē dooers, in prouyng maisteries at the games of Olympia, wer called in greke [...]. Of which sorte when Diogenes had by chaunce foūd one kepyng shepe. O Moun sire Capitain, saied he, with howe greate celeritee and speede haue ye conueighed and gotten yourselfe from Olympia to Nemea. Nemea, is a region of the coūtree of arcadia, situate and liyng betwene twoo citees the one Cleone, & the other Clitorium, in th [...] whiche Clitorium (as witnesseth Ouidius) was a welle or fountain of whiche whosoeuer did drynke could not afterward awaye with drynkyng wyne. In the wodde or foreste of this Nemea did Hercules kill the hougie greate lyō whose skynne he woore on his backe for his weede. And in the honour of the said Hercules, did the people of Argo [...] euen there celebrate and keepe solemne games, which wer named Nemea of the place in whiche thei wer holden and kept, in like maner as is afore saied of Olympia. Findyng a mery toye in the affinitee or similitude of y• greke vocables. For [...] in greke, are certain games of prouyng maisteries so called, of the place where thesame wer [Page] celebrated and holden, euen as olympia, afore mencioned. And the greke verbe [...], souneth in latin, pasco, in englyshe, to keepe or feede catalles in the pastures, and [...], is in latin, pascu [...], in englyshe, pastures or leasues.

Beeyng asked wherefore the 104 champions or fightyng mēne called Athletae, had no sense ne feelyng: Marie, ꝙ he, because thei haue been brought vp altogether with porke and beef, and suche other grosse feedyng. For that sorte of menne are fedde vp with the grosse kyndes of meates,Grosse meates maken y• bodye strong, but the witte dulle. whiche in deede conferren to y• bodye hard brawne, & clene strength but as for the witte, it maketh as grosse and dulle, as cā bee thought. But to this presente mery saiyng, the ambiguitee or doubtefulnesse of the vocable, & nothyng els, gaue place, and was occasion of it. [Page] For as with the grekes, [...], and with the latin mē, sentire, so in englyshe, to haue a feelyng, belongeth aswel to the mynde as to the bodye.To haue a feelyng in a matter. But the demaunder of the question, asked what was the cause, wherefore the saied champions, lackyng (as ye would saie) bodyly sense and feelyng, were neuer offended ne greued with strypes or strokes. And Diogenes had more phansy to note the brutyshe grossenesse and dumpyng of the mynde. For wee saie commenly in englyshe, that wee feele a mannes mynde, when wee vnderstand his entent or menyng, and contrarie wyse, when thesame is to vs veraye derke, and harde to bee perceiued, wee dooe commenly vse to saie, I cannot feele his mynde, or, I haue nomaner feelyng in the matter. &c.

105 He vsed now and then to resorte to ymages of stone or brasse, or other metalle, sette vp in the honour of this or that Godde, and to aske one or other boune of theim. And to suche persones as made greate woōdreyng, wherfore he so did, yt I maye enure myself,Use assuageth greefes. ꝙ he, not to bee moued, ne to take in eiuill parte, if at any tyme, I dooe not obtein my [Page] requestes & peticions that I aske of menne.

After that Diogenes by extreme 106 pouertee (coarcted and driuen ther unto) had begoonne to begge for his liuyng, his accustomed guyse was, after this fourme to falle in hande with menne for their almes:The fourme of beggyng y• Diogenes vsed. If thou hast been a geuer of almes to any other person heretofore geue to me also, if to no bodye, begynne nowe at me. He signified that he was no lesse woorthie to haue the [...]haritee of mēne, then the residue of beggers, and therefore to bee mete, that who wer liberall in geuyng to eche bodye at auenture, should e [...]tende his liberalitee vnto Diogenes also: and who wer suche a niggarde or hayn, that he coulde not fynd in his herte afore that daye to departe with an halfepenie to any creature liuyng, for suche a feloe to bee high tyme ones in his life, to begynne to departe with somewhat to the poore.

Beeyng on a tyme asked the 107 question of a certain tyranne of [Page] what sorte of brasse metalle it was moste cōueniente yt ymages should bee made: of the verayesame, ꝙ he, in whiche When the cit [...]e of Athenes was oppressed and holdē in seruitude by thirty tyrannes [...] Harmodius and Aristogiton, by suche prouision as thei made did subdue and destroie ye saied tyrannes. Wherefore, the people of Athenes agnisyng their vnestimable benefite receiued at the handes of the said Hermodius and Aristogiton, made and sette vp in their honour and perpetuall memorie, their ymages and portures in coppre, whiche ymages wer long tyme after, had in suche reuerence and honour, that Xerxes, when he had woonne Athenes, tooke from then [...] y• said ymages, and thesame carryed in to his owne kyngdom. And after many yeres Seleucus made proui [...]ion, and found the meanes to haue thesame ymages con [...]eighed home again to Athenes, and to bee sette vp in their olde places. Also the Rhodians did thesame ymages (beeyng arriued at their citee in the waye homewarde) highly receiue with procession, & honourably entreacte theim at the publique charges of the citee, & did place theim in the tabernacles of the Goddes, as witnesseth Valerius Maximus. Harmodius and Aristogito [...] were casten. Betokenyng, that the par [...]ie, if he wer well serued, was woorthie to bee dispatched out of y• waye. For the said Harmodius & Aristogiton, had been tyrann [...]quellers.

108 To one demaūdyng after what sorte Dionysius did vse,How Dionysius y• tyrāne vsed his familiare frendes. handle, & entreacte his frendes that wer familiare about hym: like as if thei [Page] wer bottles, saied he, the fulle he hangeth vp, and the emptie, he casteth asyde in a corner. Signifiyng, that by the said Tyrāne Dionysius the riche & welthie of his subiectes wen [...] dayly to the potte, and wer chopped vp, and suche beggery wretches as had nothyng to leese, wer nothyng medleed withall, ne had any thyng saied vnto theim.

Hercules was in olde tyme, wurshypped 109 vnder the name of [...],How Hercules was wurshipped in olde tyme, and by what surnames. that is: the depoulsour and driuer awaye of all eiuils: because of the valiaunte sleayng of many soondrye monstres,Hercules [...]. by hym extincted. He was also the soonne of Iuppiter, and by another name called, Callinicus, Hercules Callinicus. for respecte of his manyfolde actes of prouesse, & noble victories that he had gotten, in subduyng aswell his enemies, & gyauntes, as also other hougie monstres, as afore saied. And so it was, that a certain persone had writen [Page] vpon the doore of his hous, this high triumphaunte title or poysee: The soonne of Iuppiter Callinicus Hercules, in this hous hath his habitaciō, no eiuill thyng therefore motte there entre into this place. Diogenes by this inscripcion espiyng ye folly of the feloe, [...], id est, post bellum, auxiliū. saied: when the stede is already stolē, shutte ye stable doore, or, when I am dedde make me a caudle. Notyng y• it was ouer late to saie, God saue y• hous from all eiuils, nowe that suche a lewd feloe was already entreed to dwelle in it.Aide, after y• [...]he fel [...]e is all ready fough [...]en. For it had been necessarie, that the said Hercules, [...], that might saue the hous from all mysfortunes, or mysauentures, had takē vp his habitacion in thesame, before the owner self of the hous, had settleed hym selfe to dwell there, who on his owne partie and behalfe was suche a feloe as a manne should [...]ake helle for.

109 Espiyng a ryottous surfeactyng feloe in his hoste his hous, eatyng oliues towardes ye euenyng: Sirtha, saied he, if thou haddest made [Page] thy dyner with such meate as that, thou wouldeste not nowe suppe with the meate that thou dooest. Meanynge, it not to bee for any pointe of frugalitee, or sobre diete, that he had nothyng to his supper besydes a fewe oliues, but for that his stomake beeyng ouercharged, with the excessiue dēty dyner whiche he had made at noone,The best medicin to make one haue a good appetite to his supper, is a light dyner at noone. had no appetite to take any thyng at supper. For a light and a spare dyner, is the best medicine or sauce in the worlde, to make one haue a good appetite to his supper.

Full ofte and many a tyme did 110 he saie, couetousnesse of money,Where couecousnesse of money is, the [...] reigneth all myschief. to bee the hedde‡ palaice, or the hedde citee of all eiuilles or mischiefes. Not veraye muche variyng frō the sentence of the wise manne Salomon,i. Timoth. vi. who saieth, that couetousnesse of money is the roote of all eiuils.

[Page] 111 Uertuous and good menne, he affermed to bee the liuely & true ymages of the Goddes.Diogenes auouched honest and vertuous menne to bee y• true ymages of y• Goddes. Forasmuche as the Goddes, of their veraye nature been altogether full of all goodnesse the propretee of thesame is, to dooe good to all folkes, and to hurt no bodye. And this ymage is muche better represented in sapiente and good mēne, then in dedde ymages of stone or metalle, sens that the Goddes are thynges mere ghostly or spirituall, and not materiall or bodely thynges.

112 Loue he saied to bee the occupaciō or busynesse of idle folkes,Loue, is the occupacion of idle persones. that had nothyng els to set theim selfes on werke withall. Because this pangue or guierie of loue dooeth especially aboue al others, inuade and possesse suche persones as been altogether drouned in idlenesse. And so cometh it to passe that whyle thei geuen theimselfes wholly to idlenesse, thei stumble on a thyng y• filleth their handes as full of coūbreous busynesse, as thei are hable to awaye withall, and yet in the meane tyme, the deiuill of the one chare of good werke thei dooen.

[Page]To one demaūdyng, what was 113 the moste miserable thyng in this life?What thyng Diogenes rekened y• most miserable in this life. he made aunswere: An aged bodye in extreme pouertee. For when the sure stayes or [...]eny [...]g postes of nature dooe faill a manne, th [...]n muste the feblenesse of age bee propped, bolstreed vp, or vndersette with the succour and helpe of worldly substaūce Albeeit,He is not to bee accoumpted poore y• hath in youth purchaced good disciplines, and honeste frendes. that persone is not to bee rekened [...]r accoumpted in the noūbre of poore folkes, who hath in his youth, purchaced vnto hymself good disciplines or other craftes & honeste frendes, the moste assured & trustie prouision to liue by in a mannes olde dayes. That feloe is a begger in moste wretched condicion, that is endued with no good qualitee.He is in the most wreched state of beggerie, that is endued with no good qualitee.

Beeyng asked, what beaste had 114 the moste perilous and hurtefull styngue:What beast [...] hath the most p [...]rilous and hurtefull styngue. If thy questiō bee of saluaige beastes, ꝙ Diogenes, ye backebyter: if of tame beastes, ye flaterer. For the backebyter hydeth not his hatered towardes any bodye, ne recketh who knoweth thesame: the flaterer, vnder the visour or cloke of a frende, hurteth tenne tymes more greuously then the other.

[Page] 115 Beholdyng twoo The Centaures wer a people of the Countree of Thessalia, not ferre frō the moūte peliō. Thei wer the first that e [...]er fought on horsbacke. Whiche thei wer driuē to, for to destruie a great heard of wilde bulles, that did muche scathe in all ye countree about. And of this (because to y• sely people beholdyng theim a ferre of, thei appered after a monstreous facion and shape) the poetes dooe feigne that thei wer gyauntes, in the vpper parte of the body menne, and in the nether parte horses, and that Ixion begotte the first of theim on a cloude, thei are called of the latines Centauri, of the greeke woorde, [...], that is to pricke, or to spurre, because thei keeked and sette spurres thicke to the horses sides, when thei galopped in chacyng the wilde bulles, but their greke name, was a woorde compoūde hippocentauri, for [...] is an horse. Centaures fightyng in a peinted table, of woondreous eiuill werkemanship, whether of these twoo, saied he, is the wurse? Notyng the rudenesse and defaulte of cunnyng in the peint [...]r, as though he stood in doubte whether of the bothe had been wurse drawen or sette out in peintyng. But the pith of the saiyng consisteth in that he vsed a woorde that maye bee taken in two soundry senses: For the greke vocable [...], i [...] englyshe, wurse, is saied aswell of one that is wurse in estymacion of value, or any other comparison, and also that hath the wurse or is putte to the wurse in fightyng.

116 Fair and smoothe speakyng, not procedyng from the botome of the [Page] herte, but altogether framed to please the hearer,Fair & smoothe speakyng framed onely to please the hearer, Diogenes called a trappe or snare of honey. Diogenes customably vsed to call an hony brake, or a snare of honey. Because thesame vnder the pretense of loue, embracyng a māne as though ye speaker wer ready euen to cr [...]pe into the bosome of the hearer, cutteth the throte of thesame.

The bealy of excessiue gourmaū ders 117 and gluttons,The bealyes of gluttons Diogenes called ye charybdis of mānes life. he called the Charybdis of mannes life, for that thesame deuoured all that euer it might geatte, and yet was neuer saciate. Charybdis & Scylla, after the feignyng of ye poetes are twoo monstres of the sea, in the way betwene Calabria and Sicilia, standyng the one directly ayenst ye other, & the same so daungerously, that thei destruie all the shippes that come within the reache of either of the [...]. F [...]r Charybdis thei fable to bee a monstre that swalloweth vp al thynges, and thesame shortely after spouteth vp [...]gain: but in veraye deede, it is a daungerous goulfe, makyng sore ouerfalles by reason of the meetyng of soondry streames in one pointe. And Scylla in veraye deede, is a gr [...]at at rocke in thesame streighte standyng so directly ayenst Charybdis, that e [...]cepte the shippes cutte and take course euen iustly betwene bothe, thei hardely escape drounyng. And because that Scylla aferre of, representeth to the [...] figure and shape of a christen body, and to the eare (by reas [...]n of roryng and beatyng of the waues) it representeth the ha [...] kyng of doggues, therfore the poetes haue feigned, yt Scylla is a monstre of ye sea. hauyng in ye vpper parte, the shape of a maid [...]n and in the nether parte the likenesse of a fyshe, the bealy of a woulf, and the taille of a dolphin fyshe, as witnesseth Uirgilius in the thirde volume of the Aeneidos. Albeeit, Homere write [...] that Scylla hath sixe heddes, and twelf feete, and ba [...]ket [...] like a doggue. Charybdis swalloweth vp onely suche thynges, as are carryed by sea, & after a litle tyme, casteth vp again whatsoeuer it goulped in before: but the bealyes of gullyguttes (that can naught dooe, but eate & drynke, and slepe) neither ye aier, nor ye lande, nor the flooddes and riuers, nor yet all the seaes are hable to suffise. yea, and rather then faill, bothe whole mainour places, and also whole lordeshippes, thei make no bones, ne sticke not, quite and clene to swallowe down the narrowe lane, and thesame to spue vp again.

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[Page] 118 When certain persones made relacion to Diogenes, howe that one Didymo was attached for liyng wt another mannes wife: If ye wretche were well serued, ꝙ Diogenes, he should bee hanged vp euen by the same thyng, that he beareth the name of. In deede, Didymi, Didymi. is greke for a pa [...]re of mannes stones, so yt the mynde of Diogenes was, yt suche a synnefull Caitif, ought to bee hanged vp by that membres of the whiche he had his name, and by the [Page] whiche he hadde committed the offense and trespace.

One that laboured the studie of 119 naturall philosophie, opposed Diogenes with this question, for what cause golde looked to the yie somewhat pale and wanne of coloure?For what cause gold [...] looketh to the yie pale and wanne of c [...] lour. Marie, ꝙ he, because there bee so many folkes liyng in awayt for it. Suche persones, as knowe that thei haue awayte or watche layed for theim, cānot but bee a feard. And ye propretee of any body beeyng in greate feare, is to looke with a pale and wanne colour.

When he sawe a woman sittyng 120 in an horse littre, or charrette, he saied: that another maner caige then that, hadde been more meete for a beaste of that kynde.

Notyng, that suche frowarde creatures as many women are, ought rather to bee pended vp in a caige of iron. Lectica was a certain maner of seate, for noble womē, whiche I dooe here call an horselittre, because we haue no kynde of seate so nighe, or so like in facion to [...]he Lectica. Albeeit, thei wer not in olde tyme drawen with horses, but carryed vpon sixe menne [...] [Page] shoulders, and thei wer made with preatie latesse wyndoores and crosse barres or grates, & paines to shutte and to opē, for lookyng out at pleasure So that it shewed & represented to the iye muche what the facion or lykenesse of a caige for byrdes, or of a pende, wherein to kepe other beastes. And in suche, did the riche or welthie women: yea, and also the other nycibecetours or dēty dames, cus [...]omably vse, bothe to [...]ytte for their pleasure, and also to bee carryed about the stretes for their solace and recreacion.

121 Espiyng a bondseruaunte, that was a renneawaye, or at lestwise a strayer from his maister, sittyng by a welles syde: take hede young manne, saied he, that ye sitte faste, for geattyng a falle. He did noo more but dalye with a woorde, that maye indifferentely bee taken in diuerse senses. For ye greke verbe, [...] so [...]neth in latin Excidere, in englyshe to geat a falle, or to haue a falle. And he is proprely saied in greke [...], in latin excidere, in englyshe to geat a falle, bothe that falleth down into a pitte or a welle, and also that is violently toumbleed or taken out of his place. And myne opinion is, that welles in olde tyme emong the gentiles, had the strength of sanctuarie, and yt it was not leeful violently or by force, to plucke [Page] any bodye from thesame, no more then out of the temples of the goddes, or from the ymage and porterature of the prince.

When he hadde espyed at the 122 hotte hous, a feloe that vsed to steale awaye gounes and cotes, or other garmentes (and suche an one ye grekes callen: [...] he saied vnto hym: Syrrha, are ye come to the bath, orels to the bayte. Albeeit, Diogenes dalyed with the affinitee of greke voices, whiche it is not possible with equall grace to expresse either in latin, or yet in our mother tongue. The greke woordes been, [...], betwene the woordes, at (lest wise in soune,) there is woondreous small difference. For of the verbe [...], is deriued a noune, [...], that is, oyntemente or enoync [...]yng, and therof Alipte, wer those to whose cure wer cō mitted those persones to bee [...]noy [...]cted (yt thei might haue their ioynctes nymble & lithye [...] that should [...]ight in the solēne games that wer celebrate & holden in the honour of any of the goddes. He is also called alipta that enoyn [...]teth woundes or sore places of the bodye to [...]ouple theim. [...], whose office was to enoynct menne, had their name. And of [...], is fourmed a diminutiue [...]: now, [...], are twoo soondry woordes, albeeit by reason of ye figure called synalephe (whiche is, when twoo vouels concurryng together, the former leeseth his power, and soune by collision) [Page] it seemeth in maner no more but one diccion, for if one take awaye the synalephe, the whole woordes been [...]. That is, another litle garmente, so that the veraye right woordes yt Diogenes spake to the feloe, were these: Are ye come to bee enoyncted, orels to steale another garmēt For in the baine or hotte hous, folkes were in olde tyme enoyncted, and in y• selfe same place the pikepurses and stealers of apparell diligently applyed, and went about their occupacion: for it was the guise to washe naked, their clothes putte of, and laied asyde. Diogenes therfore gaue a quippe to the embesleer or bryber, that thesame hauyng stolen some garmēt elswhere afore, was nowe come thyther to purloyne and conueigh awaye an other. And because a goune or a cote so rechelesly cast asyde, is a good bayte for one that seeketh it: and to thentente y• the saiyng myght haue some what the more grace, I haue thus translated it, to the bath, or els to the bayte. That if it had not been more for dischargeyng y• duetie of a translatour, then for any greate delite or profecte to the vnlearned reader, I would haue passed ouer this apophthegine & left it clene out.

123 Whē he was on a tyme entreed into an hotte hous, that laye horrible filthy, sluttishe and vnclene, [Page] he saied in this maner: thei yt washe in this place, where bee thei washed after it? He signified that suche persones as came in thither pure and clene, wer there embrued with durte & fylthynesse, & suche as wer at any tyme washed there, to haue veraye greate neede of a secounde rynsyng, wherwith eftsons to bee scoured, and made clene.

When he had on a tyme espyed 124 women hangyng vpon an oliue tree, and there strangleed to death with the halters: would god, saied he, that the other trees too had like fruite hangyng on theim. For Diogenes was one that loued no women in no sauce,Diogenes was [...], that is one y• hated women to the deiuill of helle. but hated theim dedly, and for yt cause had a greate zele and affection to see theim euery one swyngyng and tottreyng in halters,

Diogenes yieyng a certain feloe,125 How Diogenes saluted one that had an eiuill name for robbyng of dedde menne [...] toum [...]s. that had a veraye eiuill name and reporte that he should bee a spoyler and robber of dedde mennes toumbes & herses, salued, or, hailled [Page] hym wt this verse of homere.

[...],

[...],

Moun sire, for what purpose hath your good grace.

At this presente now approched hither?

To spoyle any of these, whiche in this place

Lye dedde, and buiryed here together?

126 Beeyng asked the question whether he had any manne or woman seruaunte of his owne,Diogenes had neither māne ne womā seruaunte. he aunswered, no in good feith, not one in the world. And whē the demaūder had ferther saied, why, who shall then carrye thee to thy graue, in case it fortune thee to dye? Marie, ꝙ he, euen whosoeuer shall haue neede of my hous, for to dwell in it. Many persones are veraye supersticiously carefull, how and by what persones the [...] shalbee brought to their graues,Diogenes toke no thought howe or by what ꝑsones he should bee buiryed. and laied in ye grounde: of all suchemaner thought or care was Diogenes clere voide, castyng no doubtes, but that there should come one or other bodye, that would conueigh his dedde carkesse [Page] out of doores, though it wer for nothyng els, but to make the hous voide. Albeeit his chaunce was in fine, to bee veraye honestly buyried.

Beholdyng a certain young 127 spryngall, as he slepte rechelessely at all auentures, he pounched thesame with his staffe & recited the verse of Homerus here foloyng.

[...],

[...].

The daunger of slepyng negligently in euery corner.

Sus, leste some bodye whyle thou slepest here.

Come & gore ye through the backe wt a spere.

The grace of the saiyng consisteth in this poynte, that Diogenes feactely applyed the verse of Homere to his purpose, by saiyng [...], in stede of [...] for in Homere it is, [...]. that is,

Lest some manne, whyle thou rennest awaye for feare.

Thrust the behinde, quite through wt a speare,

It been the woordes, of Diomedes, in the .viii. of the Ilias, vnto vlysses: whom, when he was ren [...]yng awaye, Diomedes, biddeth to turne again for shame, and not to flee: lest some manne. &c.

To a feloe that was beyond all 128 reason, or out of all course euen ful [Page] and whole geuen to good chere, & all kyndes of ryotte and excesse, he applyed yt piece of Homer his verse: [...]. That is. In feith my childe your dayes are but shorte. Signifiyng that the part [...] would with his ryottous facions kill hym selfe ere he wer halfe olde.

129 The Like as ī materiall & sensible grosse thinges, wee see that the ho [...]y [...]rs haue hangyng by them in their shoppes purposely certain paternes, out of whiche thei take the facion of y• clocke of an hose when soeuer thei must make any suche: and sembleably ye sh [...]oemakers haue alwayes ready hangyng on a na [...]lle paternes of lether purposely reserued and kept whereby to shape the vpper leathers, & also other paternes for y• heeles of al the shooes yt thei make: so did Plato afferme, yt there bee, and eternally haue been, of eche natural thing certain generall paternes to euery of ye same kyndes seuerally belōgyng, whiche paternes onely the ymaginacion and vnderstādyng of mānes reason, is hable to cōprehende or to cōceiue. And that out of the exa [...]mple or copie of those generall paternes, nature frō tyme to tyme hath, stil, dooeth, & contynually shall fourme and shape all singulare or particu [...]are t [...]ynges of euery seuerall kynde: so that an Idee is the appropriate [...]ourme, & peculiare likenesse of thynges in euery kynde, out of y• whiche as beeyng a substāciall paterne e [...]ernally remanyng, are figured shaped and produced, al particular thynges in this or that kynde For exaumple and declaracion wherof, as when wee see in wa [...]e a thousande soondry emprientynges all of one likenesse, wee dooe easily and promptely conceiue, that all thesame emprientynges wer originally made and empriented with one s [...]ale, so maye we by our intelligence cōprehende that all the particulare menne in the worlde, haue been fourmed of one generall paterne of mankynde, whiche hath in eternall substaunce remained ready for y• purpose. And sembleably, must the ymaginacion or reason conceiue of an horse, of a table, of a cuppe, and of all other kyndes of naturall thynges. And this the posiciō and assercion of Plato dooeth Saincte Augustine allow and vpholde (as ye maye reade in his treactise of the lx [...]. questions) and also Eusebius in his werke de praeparatione euangelica, bothe whiche authours Ambrosius Calepinus, dooeth in his dictionarie cite for [...]estimonie and d [...]claracion of the said Idees.Idees, that Plato deuised, & muche treacteth of, euen Aristotle laughed to skorne. And so it was, that at a certain season, when Plato made a greate long circumstaūce, about the declaryng of the Idees, and tooke muche peine with vocables of his owne forgeyng, to expresse and plainly to sette out thesame Id [...]es, a thyng feigned, and founded onely in the conceipte of ymaginaciō, hauyng in his mouth at euery secounde woorde the said forged vocables of the Idees, as for exaumple, tableitees, for the facion of a table, by itself to bee conceiued [Page] in ye imagenaciō of ye mynde for a comen paterne as it wer laied vp, and kept in the mynde, whereby all other like tables are to bee deuised & shaped. And cuppytees, for the commen paterne whereby all drynkyng cuppes are to bee deuised, facioned and wrought by the maker: Diogenes mockyng suche quidificall trifles, that wer all in ye cherubyns, saied: Sir Plato, your table and your cuppe I see veraye w [...]ll, but as for your tableitee, and your cuppitee, I see none suche. Albeeit there bee euen at this present daye too, that with their sorteitees, and their ecceitees bee in their owne conceiptes euen doctours of the chaire. Yet neuerthelesse Plato paied Diogenes home again wel enough, and gaue as good as he brought. It is no meruaill, saied Plato: for thou hast yies with the whiche cuppes & tables are seen, but witte and reason thou hast not [Page] with whiche are perceiued and seen the tableitees and the cuppytees.

130 To one demaundyng when best season wer to wedde a wife:Whē Diogenes thought moste expediente for a mā ne to wedde a wife. for a young manne, ꝙ he: it is to soone, and for an olde manne ouer late. Albeeit the greke woordes by reason of a certain vicinitee, haue moste grace, [...] not yet, and [...], not at all. Geuyng a preatie watche woorde, that best were vtterly to abstein from matrimonie. But the demaunder [Page] would veray fain haue learned, at what yeres of a mannes age, or in whiche parte of the yeare, it wer expedient for a māne to choose his make: As Aristotle dooeth by prescripciō appointe the cōuenient or rype tyme of beyng maryable, to a virgyn, ye age of eighten yeres, to a manne,The ripe time of beeyng marryable for mā & woman by ye prescrip [...]iō of Aristotle. the age of thirtie & fiue yeres. And the Romaines thought the monethes of Aprile and Iune propice and good to wedde in, and the moneth of Maie vnlucky.The Romaines thought Aprill & Iune lucky monethes to marrye in [...] & Maie vnlucky.

To a feloe demaundyng what 131 he woulde haue, to take a blowe or a buffette: Marie, ꝙ he, a salette. This mery ieste too, hath al his grace of the soodain aunswer that nomanne woulde haue looked for.A Mery aunswer vnlooked for. For the other partie looked to heare what recompense or hyer, Diogenes would require for a blowe on the cheeke.

When he sawe a young ruffleer 132 trymmyng hymselfe after ye moste galaunte and mynion facion:What Diogenes said to a yoūg māne, trymmyng hymself after the galaunt [...] sorte. If that trymmyng bee for mēne, saied he, it will not bee: if for women, it should not bee. This saiyng souneth more pleasaūtly in greke, by reason of the affinitee of the twoo voices, [...] thou fail [...]e [...]t of thy purpose, and [...] thou dooest [Page] plain iniurie. For it is in vaine for one māne to trymme hymselfe for an other, sens that betwene theim cā bee no maryage: And a weked deede dooeth any young manne, if by settyng foorth of his beautie, he dooe laye abayte to be guile ye frail sexe of womākind, wheras a wife ought to bee woonne, not wt the lure of wantō nesse, but with honest maners & behaueour.A wise ought to bee woonne with honeste maners and behau [...]our.

133 To a certain young ladde blushyng, & by reason of thesame blushyng sore dismaied: take a good herte my soonne, ꝙ he, yt same hewe or coloure is of vertues dyyng,Blushyng in a yoūg thynges chekes is of vertues d [...]yng. or, dooeth ye dyeuatte of vertue geue.

134 When he had heard twoo cunnyng lawers contendyng, trauersyng, and earnestly laiyng the lawe betwene theim selfes together,What Diogenes saied of twoo lawers contendyng, laiyng y• one against the other. about a mater of thefte: he saied, thei wer false knaues bothe of theim, and condemned aswell the one as the other, allegeyng that the one had committed thefte, and that the other had lost nothyng. Signifiyng that bothe of theim were well woorthie [Page] to bee hanged. The subtilitee of this presente saiyng consisteth in this poynte onely, whoso pieketh or priuely stealeth awaye any thyng, hath some auaūntage and gayne thereby: and the partie, from whom any suche thyng is piel [...]ed and brybed awaye, hath by thesame, disauauntage and losse. But in this presente case, there had a madde or fonde knacke befallen. The one partie had pielfed, or embesleed awaye a thyng of the others, and yet the parti [...] from whom the thyng was pieked, susteined no losse ne damage, for hymself had stolen ye same thyng afore, whiche his feloe brybed awaye afterward from hym again.

To one demaūdyng what wyne 135 he best loued and liked with his good wille to drynke, marie, ꝙ he, of another mannes purse.The best wine is, yt a bodye drynketh of an other mannes cost. Here al so the ready aunsweryng muche contrary to the expectacion of the demaunder geueth to ye saiyng all his grace. The other partie looked for another maner aunswer, as the whiche in his question askyng, mened of the kynde of wyne.

To one that saied vnto hym: all 136 the worlde almoste dooeth mocke thee. Yea, but for all that, saied he [Page] again: I am not mocked. And this a manne would thynke to bee a thyng vnpossible, that one should strike you, and yet ye not bee striken. But Diogenes denyed that he was had in derision, either for that he was no manne woorthie why, orels for that he thought the skornyng of the fond people, nothyng to touche hym,Diogenes thought the skornyng of the fond people, nothyng to touche hym. nor hymself to be in any pointe the wurse for thesame.

137 To another persone affermyng that it was a miserable and a wretched thynge to liue here in this worlde. No, saied Diogenes, to liue is no miserable, ne wretched thyng, but to lede an eiuil or a vicious life is a thyng wretched and miserable.To liue is no miserable thyng, but to lede a vicious life. The moost parte of folkes calleth it a miserable life, or a doggues life, yt is subiecte or in presēte daūger of trauailles, of bodyly greef or peines, of sickenesse or diseases, of losse of goodes, of exilinges and banyshementes, & many sembleable incommoditees. But the philosophier rekened nothyng to bee [...]iuill or miserable, sauyng that was lynked or coupleed with vice and dishonestee.Nothyng is eiuil, but that is coupleed wt dishonestee & with vice.

138 Diogenes had a seruaunt, that was [Page] called Manes, Manes the seruaunte of Diogenes. and when this Manes had taken his heeles and renne awaye from his maister, the frendes of Diogenes, auised hym to seeke out the renneawaye: Marie sir, ꝙ Diogenes, The aunswer of Diogenes to his frendes auisyng hym to pursue after his bondemanne, that was renne awaye from hym. that wer a madde thyng of all thynges, if Manes dooe alreadie willyngly liue without Diogenes, and Diogenes could by no meanes liue without the coumpaignie of Manes. yet many menne pursue after their seruauntes in mynde and purpose, to bee auenged on thesame: but Diogenes had regarde to the neede of vsyng or occupiyng a seruaunte. That if any one philosophier bee of righter sorte then another, it is he, yt nedeth fewest thynges.The best philosophier is he that feeleth nede of fewest thynges. And in consideracion therof, Diogenes would not in any wise seme wurse then his bondmanne. For Manes had renne awaye from hym, because he could lyue without his maister well enough.

On a tyme Diogenes made al his 139 dyner with Oliues onely: and tarte and other sweete meates, anone after brought in place, he floung frō hym, & therwithall soūg this greke [Page] verse, out of some olde tragedie.

[...].

Stand utter ye geast unbidden, picke you hen [...]

Abacke, out of our sight & regall presence.

And also this piece of Homere his verse.

[...].

Somewhiles with scourges, he chaced awaye.

Callyng hymself a kyng, a contemner of all sensuall delices,Diogenes a contemner of all sensual delices. whiche delices, his wille [...] mynde was, to haue clene out of all menne [...] presence and occupiyng abandoned.

140 Diogenes was commenly abrode called doggue. And of doggues ther been diuerse [...]ortes moo then one: For there bee haryers, or buckehoundes, there bee spanyels made to ye hawke, or for takyng of foule, there bee shepeheardes curres, ther are tye doggues or mastifes for keepyng of houses,What maner a doggue Diogenes was. there been litle mynxes, or puppees that ladies keepe in their chaūbers for especiall iewelles to playe withall [...] And so, to one demaundyng what maner a doggue he, for his parte was, he feactely aunswered, and saied: when I am houngry I am a litle mynxe full of playe, and [Page] when my bealy is full, a mastife. For that, when he had good luste or appetite to eate, he would fawne vpon folkes, & speake theim faire, and when his bealy was well filled, he wouldeuermore buff, and barke, and byte agood.

Beeyng asked, whether philosophiers 141 wer eaters of tartes or sweet meates too?Philosophiers eate allmaner meates as others y• are menne. yea, of all thynges (saied Diogenes) euē like other christian bodyes. In this also, he made an vndirecte aunswer, to the question that was asked of hym. The demaunders question was, whether it wer conuenient for philosophiers (who professen frugalitee or temperaunce) to feede of tartes and marzepaines, the meates of dē ty mouthed persones. Diogenes sembl [...]yng to haue no greate witte ne knowlage, [...], but to bee more then half a foole, so shaped his aunswer, as though philosophiers were no menne in deede, and yet did eate meates to the diete of manne belongyng. For euery kynde of ye brute beastes dooe not eate allmaner thynges at auenture without excepcion. The oxe eateth heigh, the lyon woll none of it: the sheepe loue the leffes and toppes of wieloe twygges, the horses would haue otes. Some byrdes are fedde with the beries of Iuniper, some foules [Page] are deuourers of fleshe, some dooe fede altogether on fyshe. And to this alluded Diogenes.

142 When Diogenes on a tyme at the table emong coumpaignie, was eatyng of a tarte, and one that sate in yesame coūpaignie, saied: what art thou eatyng now Diogenes? (demyng that ye cynike philosophier had no knowelage what maner thyng a tarte shoulde bee:) he aunswered breade, of a veraye good makyng, or breade veraye well handleed in the bakyng. Pretendyng, that he knewe not, what it was. To others it was sweete tarte, to Diogenes it was no better then breade, who did not eate it for sensualitee, or for to sweete his lippes, but for his necessarie foode and susteinaunce.

143 To one demaūdyng why mēne wer liberall to geue almes bounteously to other beggers,Why menne geue almes m [...]re bounteously to other beggers then to philosophiers. and to philosophiers nothyng so, Marie, ꝙ he, because thei haue hope to see it sooner come to passe, that thei shalbee lame or blynde, then that thei [Page] shalbee philosophiers. Suche folkes as taken pietee and compassion vpō persones visited with affliccion, (of whiche sorte are all beggers for the moste parte) dooen the same in consideracion of the state, condicion, or chaunce of this worlde, beeyng indifferente and commen to al mortal menne in this presente life. So thei releue a blynde bodye, castyng thus in their mynde: this veraye selfe same thyng, maye in tyme to come, chaunce vnto myself: but of a philosophier, thei haue no suche cogitacion. The saiyng hath somewhat the more grace, by reason of the impropre vsyng of the latin woorde, sperant, in englyshe, thei haue hope or affiaunce: for a man in processe, to become a philosophier, maye bee hoped for, b [...]t for ye losse of the yiesight, or for haltyng like acreple, no manne vseth to hope.

Diogenes asked, whatsoeuer it 144 was, in the waye of almes of a feloe beeyng a nyggarde and lothe to departe with any thyng: whome when he sawe long in dooyng, and more like vtterly to saye hym naye then to geue hym aught: O thou manne saied he, I aske thee for a [Page] dynyng, not for a dyyng. To expresse as nere as maye bee, the affinitee of the greke vocables, [...], and [...], of the whiche [...], is in latin cibus, in englyshe meate and [...], in latin sepultura, in englyshe, a graue. As if he should haue saied: what nedest thou to make so muche stickyng at the mater: I dooe not require the to go hang thyselfe, but onely to geue me as muche money as maye suffise to paie for my poore dyner. Which he spake, because the feloe made as muche stickyng, & shewed hymselfe as lothe to departe with any money, as if Diogenes had saied vnto hym: goo thy wayes at ones, and hang thyselfe. All the mater is in dalyyng with the greke dictions.

145 To a certain persone laiyng to his charge, that he had in tyme tofore, been a false coyner of countre feacte money, (for he was vpon suche a mater banyshed his countree,In the .cii. apophthegme of Diogenes. as is aboue mencioned:) I cō fesse, saieth he, the tyme to haue been, when I was suche an one, as thou art now, but suche an one as I am at this presente, thou art neuer like to bee, whyle yu shalt liue. It was a checke to those persones,Many dooe rebuke in ot [...]rs the trespaces of youth and yet emende not their owne in their olde age neither. who dooe in others fynde greate faulte at the [Page] errours and folyes of youth, whereas thesame dooe emende and correcte their owne mysdedes, no not in their olde age neither.

To another feloe castyng hym in the nose with theself same mater 146 he defended his cryme by the pretexte of youth, saiynge: Yea I did in my youth many thynges moo then that, whiche I dooe not now in myne age. For at yt age I could haue pyssed quickely with out any peine, so dooe I not nowe at this daye. With a Cynical circuicion or goyng about the bushe, he signified young age,Many menn [...] dooe many poyntes of foly in youth [...] whiche thei will not doo [...] in age. whiche dooeth easyly, and at the first assaye make water, wheras olde folkes bee muche coumbreed with a spiece of the [...]trangurie, that thei cannot pysse, but with great peine, one droppe after another. So m [...]ned Diogenes, that in his old age he could not possibly by any persuasion or meanes haue been brought to coyne false money, wherunto the foly of youth had afore brought hym, through default of mature discrecion.

Takyng a iorney on a tyme to 147 the toune of Myndus, Myndus a toune in Asia. when he sawe greate wyde gates and of gorgeous or royall buildyng, where as [Page] the toune was but a litle preaty pyle: he saied, ye toune dwellers, or ye enhabitauntes of Myndus, shutte fast your toune gates, that your citee goo not out at theim. Notyng tee toune to bee so litle, that it were possible for thesame to goo foorth at the gates.

148 Seeyng a feloe attached, that hadde by priue stelth embesleed a piece of purple sylke, he applyed to thesame, this verse of Homere.

[...].

That is,

The death of purple, hath thee by the backe

Purple, death and princely desten [...].

And by princely destiney, þu goest to wracke.

It cannot haue y• full grace in englyshe. But [...], in greke, and purpureus, a, um, purpureus, a um, an epithe [...]on of mor [...]. is a denominatiue of purpura: and the poetes dooen often ioyne it for an epitheton with the substantiue mors, death. Because that when a bodye is slain, the gore bloode that issueth out of the wounde is of purple colour. And he called it princely destiney to dye in riche araye, or for preciou [...] and gaye thynges.

149 Craterus the lieutenaunte or high Capitaine with Alexander the greate [Page] beeyng a manne of greate welth & richesse,Craterus lieu tenaūte with Alexander the greate. had of his owne mere mocion inuited & hertyly praied Diogenes to come & dwell with hym: To whom, Diogenes made this aunswer.What Diogenes aunswered to Craterꝰ inuityng hym to come and dwell with hym. I can better bee contented to liue in Athenes with breade and chese, thē with Craterus at myne owne will, to haue all the deyntyes in ye worlde. Menyng that libertee (bee it neuer so poore) is rather to bee chosen,Libertee, bee it neuer so poore, is to be preferred to al delices, where libertee is restreigned. then all the delices and iunkerie, or sumptuous fare of the ryche cobbes, to bee restreigned & kept shorte of libertee.

Anaximenes a philosophier, the scholare & successour of Anaximander, & ye maister & next p̄decessour of Anaxagoras. Anaximenes the rhetorician had a 150 panche as fatte and greate as he he was hable to lugge awaye with all, to whom Diogenes came,What Diogenes saied to Anaximenes the rhetoriciā hauyng a greate bealy. and spake in this maner: I praye you geue to vs lene craggues some bealy too: for bothe yourself therby shalbee well lighted and eased of your burden, and ye shall dooe to vs a good turne and a pleasure.

[Page] 151 As Anaximenes was on a tyme in makyng an oracion to the people, Diogenes bearyng in his hande, and holdyng out a pestle or gāmounde of bakon, made all the audience full and whole to turne awaye frō Anaximenes to gaze vpon hym. Anaximenes fumyng & takyng high indignaciō at ye mater, held his peace, as a mā destitute & forsakē of his auditorie. Then saied Diogenes, loe, one poore halfpenie mater hath clene dashed all this earnest and solēne talke of Anaximenes. Signifiyng that all his bableyng was of light and friuelous maters, whiche made not the audience veraye attente, or willyng to geue eare vnto hym.

Certain persones obiectyng vnto 152 hym as a poincte against all good nourture, that he would goo maunchyng and eatyng euen in the open strete:Why Diogenes woulde eate as he wēt in the open strete. what meruaill, ꝙ he? hoūgre cometh on me in the strete. He made a reason, of that the logicians [Page] callen, relatiuè opposita. Relatiuè opposita, or, relatiues, in logike, are two thynges so connexed, and mutually dependyng the one of the other, yt thesame doe eu [...]rmore eit [...]er the other ymporte & notifie, as to beeyng a father, belongeth hauyng a childe, and to beeyng a soonne or doughter, belongeth hauyng a father. And sembleably of hoūgre & [...]a [...]yng. If houngre wer not hasty on a manne in the open strete, it myght percase, bee a mater of [...]hame to eate in ye opē [...]trete. But by the selfsame coulour he might haue defended hymself if he did his easemente orels made water in the open strete.

There bee writers that dooe father 153 this also vpon Diogenes, How Diogenes taunted Plato secretely, reprouyng hym for his course fare. Plato happyly fyndyng hym washyng a sorte of salade herbes, saied vnto hym roundyng in his eare. If thou wouldest haue been rewled by Dionysius, iwys thou shouldest not after this maner washe these herbes. Diogenes roūded Plato in the eare again, saiyng: iwys If thou wouldest haue washed herbes for thyne own dyner, thou shouldest not in this maner haue been a Ihon hold mystaf to Dionysius. Afore in the first saiyng of Aristippus. But this appereth to bee a tale forged after the likenesse or exaumple of the saiyng afore reported on Aristippus, [Page] As thissame in like maner, whiche I will putte now nexte of all.

154 To one saiyng, [...]ogenes no [...]yng passed on theim that had hym in derision. many a manne hath the in derision (o Diogenes) and theim perauenture, many an asse, ꝙ he, again. The other feloe saiyng moreouer, and thus replyyng, yea, but thei care nothyng for the asses, he aunswered, and I asmuche and not a iote more for theim that ye speake of. He attributed vnto asses the propretee of mockyng or skornyng, because thei dooe euery other whyle, by shewyng their teeth bare, as ye would saye, countrefeacte grennyng and makyng mowes with their lyppes. And besides that, when menne dooe mocke any bodye thei wagge their handes vp and down by their eares at the sydes of their hedde, and dooe coutrefeacte the facion of an asses eares. So then the asse also appereth by waggyng his eares vp and down, to mocke and skorne folkes, yet is there no body therwith displeased, or greued.

155 Seeyng a young striepleyng to applye the studie of philosophie, well dooen, ꝙ he, the harkeners of [Page] carnall beautie, thou callest awaye to ye beautie and goodlynesse of the mynde and solle. Menyng, that the partie, in yt he laboured to garnyshe & adourne his mynde with vertues or good qualitees,Who laboureth to adourne [...]he mynde wt good qualitees, and honeste disciplin [...]s, shalbee assured of muche y• better frendes. & with honest disciplines, should fynally, atteigne, to bee assured of better frēdes, by a great waye. For there is nothyng more goodly or beautyful then sapience, nothyng then vertue more amiable.

The custome & vsage of menne 156 in olde tyme was, suche persones as had been saued from greate perilles, or mysauentures, to hang vp in the temples Donaries, that is to saye: giftes, presentes, or oblacions, as agnisyng to bee the onely benefyte of the Goddes, yt thei had been preserued and saued harmelesse. Therfore, whē to Diogenes, hauyng taken a iourney into ye countree of Samos is an Isle in the sea called Mare Aegeum adiacente, marchyng, [...] bordreyng vpon the countree of Thracia, whiche afterward by reason of the commirtiō of bothe peoples was named Samothracia as witnesseth Uergilius, saiyng: Threiciam quae Samum, quae nun [...] Samothraci [...] fertur. This Isle was consecra [...]e to Iun [...], who w [...]s in thesame Isle born, breden, and brought vp, and finally mareyed to Iupiter. There was also another Isle in thesame sea of thesame name foreayenst Ephesus Samothracia, wer shewed the iewelles or oblacions, that soondrie persones hauyng been from perishyng in battaill, from dyyng [Page] by sickenesse, frō beeyng drouned and lost on the sea, or from any other greate hasarde preserued, had offreed vp, yea, ꝙ Diogenes, but these would bee a muche greater noumbre, if all those persones, whiche in like case haue not been saued, had offreed vp suche gyftes as these. He mened (myne opinion is,) those persones that wer saued from mysauentures, to bee saued by veraye chaunce, and not by the benefyte or grace of y• Goddes.Diogenes supposed menne to bee saued from mysauetures by mere chaunce, & no [...] by ye grace or gifte of god. That in case it bee to bee ymputed to ye Goddes, if a māne bee preserued, to thesame is it also to bee imputed, that mo in noumbre dooe peryshe, then are escaped. There been writers yt dooen attribute this present saiyng to Diagoras Melius,Diagoras a philosophier surnamed [...], that is [...] a mys [...]reaunt not beleuyng that there, wer any goddes, ne the same to bee of any power. a myscreaunte and a wieked despyser of the Goddes. And as for the Samothracians wer sore blynded and infected with greate supers [...]icion in suche maner thynges.

[Page]To a welfauoured yoūg spryngall 157 gooyng on his waye towardes a feaste or banquette, he saied: Thou wylte come home againe wurse manne, then thou gooest foorth. So when thesame young manne returnyng homewarde again from the banquette, had saied to Diogenes, I haue been at ye feaste, and yet am returned nothyng the wurse manne therfore. Yes, ꝙ Diogenes, [...]. and so muche the wurse, euen for that worde. Notifiyng to bee vnpossible, but yt suche a young strepleyng must remedy [...]esse frō excessiue & vnsobre reuellyng,A yoūg māne from excessiue reuellyng returneth wurse manne, thē he went thither. come home lesse honest, then he went thither. And that he had of the pottes and cuppes taken suche stomacke and ympudencie, as without ferther prouocacion to chatte, and choppelogike with an auncyēte philosophier, was a manifeste argumente and an euident declaracion, that his condicions, wer rather appaired then emended, besides that it was a token of small grace, to bee so blynded in folye, yt he would not see ne knowlage his faulte.

Diogenes asked of one Euritius some 158 greate thyng whatsoeuer it was, & [Page] when thesame (as is the guyse) sa [...] ed naye to his requeste with these woordes: I wyll dooe it: if yu canst persuade me therunto: If I wer hable, ꝙ Diogenes, to persuade the to dooe al thynges after myne aduise I had long ere this daye, geuen ye coūsaill to hang thyself. In this saiyng, out take Cynical plainesse & boldnesse of speakyng,The Cynicall plainnesse of Diogenes, in speakyng his mynde. & there is no great poincte to bee maruailled at. Excepte percase he thought requisite, to reproue the fastholdyng of such niggardes, as will departe with nothyng to ye poore, but with more suite and praiyng then the thyng 159 is woorth.

He had been to see the citee of Lacedemon, and beeyng from thens returned to the citee of Athenes, one asked of hym (as the maner is) whither he would,The corrupt & effemynate maners of ye Atheniens. and fromwhens he was came. Forsouth, ꝙ he, from veraye menne to veraye women. Notyng, ye maners of the Atheniens with sensuall pleasures & delices effemynate, wher as ye Lacedemoniās wer hardely brought vp.

160 One asked hym as he returned [Page] homeward from the Olympia, whether he had not seen there a greate coumpaignie, yes truely, ꝙ he, a veraye greate coumpaignie, but woondreous fewe menne.Muche coumpaignie and fewe menne. This also appereth to bee countrefeacted and forged by the other saiyng,Afore in the lviii. saiyng of thissame Diogenes. that is afore rehersed of the hotte hous.

Those persones, who of a ryottousnesse 161 did prodigally lauesse out and waste their substaūce or gooddes vpon cookes,Wastefull [...] ryottous lauessers of their gooddes to what thyng Diogenes likened. on reuellers, or ruffyans, or harlottes, & vpō flaterers: he auouched to bee like vnto trees, growyng on ye edges or brynkes of clieffes & rockes of a down right pitche, or a stiepe down falle: y• fruites of whiche trees no māne could euer geatte a taste of, but the same wer frō tyme to tyme, deuoured by the crowes and the rauens. Menyng on that one parte, suche persones as seruen onely the throte and the bealye, not to bee woorthie the name of menne.Thei y• seruē onely y• throte & y• bealye, are not woorthie the name of menne. and on the other syde, gooddes so wastfully spent, to bee wurse then cast awaye.

[Page] 162 The grekes, if thei wyshe to any body extreme myschief,Diogenes a [...]ouched to [...] more daūgerous to falle in the handes of flaterers, thē of wylde beastes. or shamefull death, thei dooe (by a prouerbiall speakyng, in their toungue vsed) bidde theim goo pieke theim to ye crowes, in greke, [...]. But Diogenes of a customable woonte auouched to bee a thyng muche more daungerous to falle in the handes of [...]. To light emong crowes then emong flaterers. Diogenes alluded to the greke ꝓuerbe [...], hens to ye crowes, and (as wee saye in englyshe) to ye d [...]iuil [...] of hell. Erasmus in his Chiliades citeth zenodotus for his autour, that there was a certain place of execucion in Thessalia, called, the Crowes, in to ye whiche, persones founde giltie of any cause or cryme of death, and therupon condemned, wer carryed, and cast hedlong, so to peryshe there. The originall cause why the saied place was so named, whoso is desirous to knowe, if he bee learned, maye at large reade in Erasmus vpon the prouerbe aboue cited.flaterers that will hold vp a mannes yea and naye (bee it true or false) then to lighte emong crowes. For the crowes dooe not pe [...]ke but the carkesses of dedde menne, the flaterers deuoure menne euen whyle thei are aliue, [...]e thei neuer so honest, and good. The pleasauntenesse of this saiyng (whiche in ye greke by reason of the affinitee of the vocables hath an excedyng greate grace) both in latin & in englyshe vtterly quailleth or dyeth. For crowes ye grekes callen [...], & one litle sole letter chaūged, thesame called flaterers [...]. This saiyng is ascribed to Antis [...]henes also.

[Page] Of Phryne it is noted afore in the xli. saiyng of Aristippus. As touchyng this psente apophthegme, the moste lik [...]ly hood is, that vpon the Image yt Phryne had consecrated, was thus writen: This golden Venus hath Phrynae offreed and geuen unto Apollo, when Diogenes read this scripture, he wrote hard at the taille of it this addicion of the inordinate liuyng of the Grekes. Phryne a naughtypacke, or a 163 woman of light conuersaciō, hanged vp for a iewell, by the waye of oblacion in the temple of Apollo at the toune of Delphi an ymage of Venus made of clene golde. Diogenes espyynge thesame image, wrote and sette this posee or testymoniall vpon it: Of the inordynate and uicious l [...]uyng of the Grekes. For it was a plaine conuincyng of the grekes, yt thei wer tootoo muche drowned in the vice of the body that a commen [...]troumpette had gathered together so muche golde, of money gotten by suche abhomynacion.

There been that ascryben to Diogenes, 164 this saiyng too. When Alexander ye greate had come vnto hym, [Page] and saluted hym, Diogenes demaunded who he was: And when the other had in this maner aunswered, I am that noble Alexander ye kyng: Marie, ꝙ Diogenes again:Diogenes gloried as muche in his libert [...]e, as did Alexander of his kyngdome. And I am yt ioyly feloe Diogenes, ye doggue. Takyng no lesse pride and glorie of his libertee, that he was at no mannes becke ne commaundemente, then Alexander did of his kyngdome, and croune Emperiall.

165 Beeyng asked, for what prankes or dooynges, it had come to his lotte to bee cōmenly called doggue of euery bodye:How it came to Diogenes his lotte to be called doggue. Marie, ꝙ he, because that, on suche as geue me aught, I make muche faunyng: at suche as will nothyng departe withall, I am euer barkyng: and suche as bee naught, I byte, yt thei smart again.

166 To Diogenes pluckyng fruite of a certain figtree, when the keper of the orcheyeard had spoken in this maner: vpon thesame tree, yt thou [Page] gatherest of, a feloe not many dayes agon hanged hymselfe. Marie (ꝙ Diogenes) and I will purifie and clense it again. The other partie supposed, that Diogenes beeyng so aduertised would haue forborne ye tree inquinate or polluted, in that it had borne a dedde carkesse. But Diogenes beeyng free and clere from all spiece of supersticion,Diogēes clere voide of all spiece of supersticion. estemed the fruite to bee no poyncte the more polluted, or ympure for that respecte.

Markyng one that was a greate 167 prouer of maisteries in the games of Olympia, What Diogenes saied whē he sawe a chalenger of Olympia set an earnest yie on a wenche. to sette an earnest yie on a commē stroumpette, in so muche that he turned his hedde backe, & behelde hir, after that she was gon past hym, he saied: loe, how a principall ramme, for the touthe of Mars hymself, is leed awaye in a bande (his necke sette clene awrye) by a damisel, that is as commen as the cartewaye. He thought it a mater of laughter for the feloe to bee a prouer of maisteries with picked or chosen menne of price, & [Page] thesame to bee haled or drawen awaye as a priesoner without any chordes at all, by a shiten arsed gerle.

168 Well fauoured or beautyfull stroumpettes,Beautyfull stroumppetes Diogenes likened to sweete wyne tempered with dedly poyson. he auouched to bee like vnto bastarde or muscadyne, tēpered & mixte with dedly poyson. For that thesame caused in deede at the begynnyng, delicious pleasure & voluptee, but euē at ye heeles of whiche pleasures, ymmediately ensued endlesse doloure and wofulnesse.

169 As he was makyng his dyner, euen in the open strete: when a greate noumbre stoode rounde about hym for the straungenesse of the sight, and euer emong made a criyng at hym, doggue, doggue: Naye, ꝙ Diogenes, ye bee doggues rather, in that ye stand roūde about a māne beeyng at his dyner.Diogenes called theim doggues, y• stood rounde about hym whyle he dyned. For that is one of the commen propretees that doggues haue.

170 When mencion was made of a boye in moste detestable abomynacion abused, Diogenes beeyng asked [Page] what countreeman the boye was: Made aunswer, by daliyng with a woord that might bee twoo maner wayes taken, and saied: he is a Tegeate. For Tegea, is a citee of Arcadia. Tegea, a citie of Arcadie. And therof is deriued a noune gentile Tegeates, Tegeates. a Tegeate, or a persone of Tegea born. And the greke vocable [...], is otherwhyle in one significacion, Lupanar, a brothel hous, or a place where bawderie is kepte. And therof the philosophier vsurped a woorde of his owne deuysyng or forgeyng, & called ye boye a Tegeate, of [...], for respecte of the moste abomynable vice, with whiche he had been defoyled.

when he sawe a feloe now takyng vpon hym to practise & ministre 171 physike,How Diogenes mocked one that from a wrasteleer fell to bee a physician. who had afore been a commen dooer in the games of wrastleyng, but in deede, was a veraye slouche, and a veraye dastard he saied vnto thesame: wilt thou now by course ouerthrowe theim again, that haue heretofore ouerthrowen thee? A wrastleer is proprely [Page] saied, to cast or to ouerthrowe any parti [...] whom he ouercometh & putteth to the wurse. And the physiciā also ouerthroweth those persones,Two kyndes of castyng, ouerhrooweyng, or, geuyng a fall. whō he coucheth in bedde, or bryngeth to their long home. As for ye menyng of Diogenes was, yt the partie was nowe as eiuill a physician, as he had afore been a false herted wrastleer. A mery ieste muche like to thissame there is in the poete Martialis, of a feloe which frō a physiciā, hauyng become a fighter in harnesse, did none other beeyng Hoplomachus then what he had doen beyng a physiciā.

172 To a bastarde or basseborne boye, that had a commen harlotte to his mother, and was whurleyng litle stones emong the thickest of y• people at auenture, he saied: Take heede sirrha and beware, l [...]st thou hitte thy father. For he was born of a commen naughtypacke and by reason therof, his father not certainly knowen.

Certain persones highly-magnifiyng and praisyng the bounteous 173 liberalitee of one that had geuen to Diogenes a thyng what euer it was: And why dooe ye not praise [Page] me to, saied he, yt haue deserued to haue it geuē me? For to bee worthie a benefite, is more thē to haue geuē a benefite, accordyng to yt the sentēce of Publius Mimus:To bee woorthie a benefite is more then to haue geuen a benefite.

Beneficiū dando accepit, qui digno dedit.

Hymself, by geuyng receiueth a benefite

VVho geueth to a persone worthy to haue it

To one that required of Diogenes 174 restitucion of his robe or mantell,The aunswer of Diogenes to one yt had geuen hym a mantell, and would nedes haue had it from hym again. he thus made a woondreous feacte and pleasaunte aunswer. If thou gaue it me freely, I haue it: if thou diddest lend it me, I dooe stil occupie it. Signifiyng, yt he was nothyng mynded to restore it home again, whether it was of free gifte, orels by the waye of lone for a tyme that he had receiued it. It is shame for a bodye to require again that he hath freely geuen. And it is a pointe of inhumanitee hastyly to snatche awaye, that ye occupier hath neede of, and cannot well forbeare.

Supposititii partus, are in latin called childrē 175 that bee feigned or sembleed to haue been borne of that wombe, foorth of whiche thei neuer came (as for exaumple) if a womanne should bee deliuered of a monstre, or of a dedde childe, and haue an other liue childe of due fourme and shape laied by hir in the place of thesame, or if a woman [Page] should bryng foorth a wenche and thesame conueighed away, should haue a manne childe of an other womans bearyng, laied by hir in stede of hir owne, or if a woman should countrefacte trauaillyng and labouryng of childe, and haue an other womans childe laied by hir, and vsed as though she had been deliuered of it hir self in veray dede,) that childe so impropreed to a wrong mother maye proprely in latin bee called partus supposititius, as ye wold saye in englyshe a childe mothered on a woman that neuer beare it, or, a chaungelyng, and suche persones are euer after called supposititii, or, suppositi. Suppositus, is also a participle of supponor & sou [...]eth in englyshe laied vnder as a piloe is laied vnder ones hedde in the night. There is also an other latin woorde, indormire, in englyshe, to slepe vpon, or to lye vpon whyle we slepe. And it maye bee taken in twoo diuerse, and in maner contrarie senses. For we are saied in latin, indormire, to lye vpon, or, to slepe vpō our gooddes or treasure for safe kepyng of thesame, and we are also saied in latin, indormire, to slepe vpon, or to lye slepyng on a thyng that we sette no greate store by, nor dooe any thyng passe on, as a matte, or a couche.Howe Diogenes taun [...]ed a chaunge lyng who in skorne & derisiō saied that Diogenes had golde sowed in the patches of his cope. And in dede Diogenes vsed his mantell in y• night season in stede of a mattresse. And so it was, that when suche a chaungelyng as is aboue mencioned, had saied to Diogenes in skorne, Loe, he hath golde in his mantell, Diogenes laied the reproche veraye well in the feloes owne necke saiyng, [Page] yea, & therfore supposito indormio. Menyng ye partie to bee a chaūgelyng, & therfore despiceable or woorthie to bee cōtēned: wher as the woordes might in the grosse eare of the feloe, soune also to this sense, that Diogenes laied the mantell nightly vnder hym when he slept, for safe kepyng of suche a precious iewell.

To one demaundyng, what auauntage 176 he had by his philosophie:What auaū tage and foredele is gotten by philosophie. though nothyng els, saied he, yet at lestwyse this foredele I haue, yt I am readie prepaired to almaner fortune good or badde. This saiyng hath scacely any smelle or sauour of Diogenes, although he beareth the name of it.

Beeyng asked of a feloe what 179 countreemā he was,What countree man Diogenes affermed hymself to bee. he aunswered [...], that is, a citizē of the worlde. Signifiyng that a philosophier in whatsoeuer place of the worlde he is resyaunte or maketh his abode, liueth in his owne natiue countree. And all the worlde to bee but as one citee for manne to inhabite.

When Diogenes on a tyme asked 179 an almes,After what fourme Diogenes asked an almes of ye cōmen almener of ye citee. and in speakyng to the publique almener of the citee (who [Page] is in greke called [...],) he vsed none other style but this verse of Homere.

[...]

[...].

That is.

As for other persones, despoyle of their geare

But thy handes frō Hector, see thou forbeare.

The festiuitee or myrthe and pleasaunte grace of the saiyng, in this pointe consisteth, that where he should haue saied [...], geue me your almes, or, geue me your charitee, he vsed a woorde of contrarie significacion, saiyng: [...], despoyle out of harnesse, or turne naked out of the cloutes. By the name of Hector, notyng his owneself. And that persone committeth plaine robberie or spoyle, who denyeth an almes to any poore creature beeyng in extreme neede. And in deede, menne of this ordre been moste commenly full of brybyng embesleyng, and purloynyng.

179 Paramoures, he affermed to bee the queenes of kynges,Stroumpet [...]es and paramour [...]s, Diog [...]nes affermed to bee the queenes of kynges. because the same might craue of the said kynges, whatsoeuer their phansie lusted, and bee assured to obtein their askyng. For vpō this he gaue to theim the name of queenes, not for that thesame [Page] wer pieres, mates, or feloes like, with the wiues of the kynges: but for that thei abused the kynges selfes as subiectes vnto theim at eche becke and cōmaundemēte. The kynges selfes dooe not at al seasons impetrate of the people that thei would haue by exacciō, but to a paramour nothyng is denyed.To paramo [...] res nothyng is denyed. Of this sorte & trade, myne opiniō is, that the barbarous or saluaige kynges wer in olde tyme.

The Atheniens of mere adulacion 180 or flaterie to please Alexander, made a decree, that thesame Alexander should bee taken and wurshipped for Bacchus (who by another name was called Liber pater. How Diogenes mocked y• decree made, by the Atheniēs, that Alexander the greate should bee taken and wurshipped for liber pater that is to saie for Bacchus.)☞ This honour Diogenes laughyng to skorne, saide: And I praie you my maisters, make me * Serapis too. For in thesame degree that Bacchus was emong those that wer called ‡Satyri, was Serapis, wurshipped of the Egyptians, in the similitude or likenesse of an oxe. And Diogenes thought hymselfe as truely to bee the one, as Alexander was the other.

[Page]Beeyng chidden, for yt he was 181 [Page] a gooer into places full of stynke and all vnclenelynesse, he saied: why, the soonne also dooeth crepe vnder houses of office, and yet is not therwith defoyled nor embrew [...]ed, or made durtie. His menyng was yt the honestee of a perfecte vertuous mā, is nothyng empe [...]hed, [...]tayned or made wurse for ye infamie of any place yt he resorteth vnto.An honest mā is not y• wurse for y• infamie of any place that he resor [...]eh vnto.

When it fortuned hym to bee at 182 supper in a temple, and mustie or sluttyshely kept loues of breade to bee sette afore hym: he cast the loues and all out of the temple, allegeyng, that none ympure or sluttyshe thyng ought to entre into ye hous of God.None ympure thyng ought to entre ye temple of God.

183 To a feloe, malapertly demaundyng, why Diogenes, [...]ens he had nomaner learnyng ne knowelage, professed and openly tooke vpon hym the name of a philosophier: he saied: If I countrefaicte a philosophier, or if I shewe any neere towardenesse, [Page] of a philosophier, euen that veraye pointe is to bee a phisophier outright.To shew nigh towardenesse of a philosophier, is a great porcion of beeyng a philosophier out right. Halfe notyng, philosophie to bee a thyng of so high difficultee, yt euen to countrefeacte thesame, and to shewe any towardnesse of it, is no smal porcion of philosophie. As yt persone hath an high pointe, and a greate fordeale, toward beeyng a kyng, that cā expertely and cunnyngly, in gesture & countenaūce represente ye state of a kyng. So in deede, whoso coūtrefeacteth or maketh shew or countenaunce of a thyng, dooeth as muche as in hym lyeth, imitate & foloe all the facions to thesame belongyng. And by imitacion to drawe nigh to all the facions or pointes of a philosophier is a great parte of beyng a right philosophier in deede, that is to saie, of beeyng a studious and peinfull labourer to atteigne philosophie or perfecte sapience.

A certain persone brought a 184 childe vnto Diogenes, to thende that thesame childe, might take some parte of his doctrine. And so, to cō mend hym, that he might bee the more welcome and the better accepted of the philosophier, the partie [Page] [...] [Page] [...] [Page] auouched the ladde to bee alreadie bothe with excellente witte, and with singular good maners and behaueour highly endued. At these woordes Diogenes saied: why, what neede hath he then of my helpe, if he bee alreadie suche an one? He gaue a shrewd ch [...]cke to ye vnmeasurable praiser,Unmeasurable laude and praise Diogenes improueed. who attributed to the ladde that thyng, for the sole atteignyng and g [...]attyng wherof, children are at all tymes sette and committed vnto the handleyng and trainyng of philosophiers. It had been enough to praise & exalte in the childe an honeste towardenesse, disposicion or aptitude,Honeste towardnesse or aptitude and good hope is a sufficiente praise in a childe. & good hope of well prouyng in suche thynges as should bee taught hym.

185 Those persones who talked muche of vertue,Suche persones, as talked of vertue and liued not vertuously, Diogenes likened to an harpe. & yet did not lede a vertuous life, he affermed to bee like vnto ye harpe, whiche with the soune or melodie did pleasure and good to other, but itself neither perceiued, ne heard any thyng at all. This saiyng varieth not veraye muche from the saiyng of Saint Paule,1. Corin. xiii. of a tynkleyng cymballe.

[Page]On a certain daye, as the people 186 wer comyng out frō the place where sightes & playes wer exhibited, he on his partie wtal his might thrustyng & shouldreyng, against y• throung of the people, heaued, shoued and laboured to geate in. And beeyng asked why he so did, he saied: This am I of purpose earnestly bent al dayes of my life to dooe. Menyng, that to dooe the duetie & parte of a right philosophier,The better philosophier the more earnestly bent to discorde from the people. is, in all accions or thynges to bee dooen, all yt euer maye bee to discorde and to bee of contrarie wayes frō the multitude or commen rable of the people, for because the moste parte of folkes are lede with carnall lustes and appetites,The moste parte of mēne are lede wt carnall appetites. and not by reason or good discrecion.

Beholdyng a yoūg mā, bothe of 187 apparell & of demeanure, nothyng comely ne conueniente for one that should bee a māne:How Diogenes tooke vp a young māne yt apparelled & demeaned hymself vnmannely. Art thou not ashamed, ꝙ he, to bee more backe frēde to thyself then the mynde or wille of nature self hath been? For [Page] she created and made the a manne and thou dooest diguyse and reforge thyn owneself into a womā. The selfe same woordes maye bee well spoken of many an one, whom, where as nature hath created and made menne, theimselfes of their owne voluntarie inclinacion, fallen from their propre nature and kynde, to the abusions of swyne, & other brute beastes.

188 When he sawe a certain mynstrell, settyng his instrumente in tune,How Diogenes rebuked a mynstrell of inordynate maners and behaueour. where hymself on his owne behalfe, was a lewde and vicious feloe, and of demeanure clene out of all good ordre and frame, he saied: Thou feloe, art thou not ashamed of thy selfe, that thou knowest the waye howe to sette tunes in true corde vpon a piece of woodde, and canst no skylle to frame thy life by the rewle of right discrecion and reason? This apophthegme too, appeareth to haue been deuised and drawen out of some others aboue writen.

189 To a certain feloe, who, at what [Page] tyme Diogenes moued & auised hym to the studie of sapience, found and alleged many excuses, saiyng, I am nothyng apte to learne philosophie: why dooest thou liue in this worlde then (saied he again) if thou haue no regarde to lede a vertuous life?Diogenes thought that persone not woorthie to liue y• woulde not, studie to liue [...]teously. For a manne dooeth not liue here to this ende, that he maye go [...]p & down loytreyng, and nothyng els [...] but that he maye learne to liue in a right trade of vertue and honestee.Philosophie geueth ye gifte to liue verteou [...]ly. To liue, is the gifte of nature, [...]ut philosophie geueth the gifte to liue vertuously Nature produceth vs into this worlde apte to learne,Nature produceth vs [...]pt to learne, but not all readie learned. and to take vertue, but no manne is alreadie endued with cunny [...]g at the first daye that he is born into this worlde.

To a feloe yt despised and would 190 not knowe ne looke vpō his owne father,How Diogenes rebuked one that despised his own father. he saied: hast thou no shame to despise that persone, to whom onely and nomanne els thou art bounde to thanke euen for this veraye pointe, that thou setteste so muche by thy peinted sheathe? [Page] The grace of the saiyng resteth in the collacion or comparyng of twoo contraries. For these twoo thynges will in no wise accorde, to despise an other, and to stand well in ones owne conceipte.

191 Hearyng a young striepleyng of a veraye wel fauoured and honest face, vsyng vnhonest communicacion, art thou not ashamed, ꝙ he, to drawe a sweorde of lead out of a an ieuorie sheathe?To drawe a sweorde of lead out of an ieuorie sheath. Ieuorie was taken for a precious thyng in olde tyme, and muche sette by. And the mynde or solle of manne is couered, & (as ye would saye) housed or hidden within the tabernacle or skryne of the bodye, & dooeth in a mannes cōmunicacion clerely appere & euidently shewe itself.The mynde dooeth clerely appere ī ones communicacion.

When a feloe had in the waye 192 of reproche laied vnto his charge, yt he was a drynker at commen tauernes:How Diogenes auoided a checke geuen to hym for drynkyng in a tauerne. So am I shoren at the barbers shoppe too, ꝙ he again. Signifiyng, that it is no more dishonestee to drynke, then to bee rounded, or to bee shauen. And as nomanne fyndeth faulte at beeyng shauen in a barbers shoppe, because it is a [Page] place for that thyng purposely ordeined, so it ought not to bee thought a thyng vnhoneste, if a bodye drynke in a commen tauerne, so [...] yt he drynke wt measure & wt reasone:To take e [...]cesse of drynke is euerywher abhomynable. for to take excesse of drynke, in what place soeuer it bee, is a thyng shamefull and abhominable.

To one reprochefully castyng 193 in his nose that he had takē a cope or a mantell,The aunswer of Diogenes to one obiectyng yt he had taken a cope of Philippus of Philippus the kyng, he aunswered with a verse of Homere in this maner.

[...].

Giftes of honour, are not to bee refused,

VVith y• whiche men, are by y• Goddes endued.

That Homerus wrote of the beautie and fauour of the bodye,The defense of Erasmus for takyng geiftes & rewardes of noble menne or of bishoppes. (whiche is the benefite & gifte of god,) that did Diogenes wrest to a mantel geuen hym by a kyng. Thesame verse might euen I myself also ryng in the eares of such persones, as dooe by a wrongfull querele obiecte vnto me, that I dooe now and then take of noble menne or of bishoppes suche thynges as bee geuen me for to doe me honestee. There is not one of theim, of whom I haue at any tyme in all my life craued any thyng, either by plain woordes, or by other meanes, but in deede suche thynges as thesame [Page] of their owne voluntarie willes & mere mocions, dooe laye in my lappe, I receiue gladly with all my herte, not so greately for rewardes to thenrichyng of my purse, as for testimonies of their beneuolence & fauour towardes me, especially sens their habilitees are of more welthie enduemente, then to wryng at the abatemente of so small a porcion as cometh to my snapshare.

In the thirde booke of Homere his Ilias Hector, rebukyng his brother Paris, emong other woordes of reproche, saieth vnto hym in skorne & derision after this maner.

Your harpe, and syngyng melodious

VVith the other giftes of Venus

As, your goodly heare, and aungels face,

So amiable, and full of grace,

VVill not you saue, ne helpe, this is iuste,

VVhen ye must lye toppleyng in the dust.

To whiche pointe, emong other thynges, Pari [...] maketh aunswer after this sorte.

Thou dooest naught, to entwyte me thus,

And with suche woordes opprobrious

To upbraid the giftes amorous

Of the glittreyng Goddesse Venus.

Neither ought a manne in any wise

Proudely to refuse orels despise

[Page]Any giftes of grace and honour,

VVhiche, the Goddes of their mere fauour

Conferren, after their best likyng,

And nomanne hath of his owne takyng.

Diogenes curiously and with earnest 194 diligence teachyng a lesson of refreinyng angre, a certain saucy or knappyshe young spryngall (as ye would saye, to take a prouf and tryall, whether the philosophier would in deede shewe & perfourme that he taught in woordes) spetted euen in the veraye face of hym. This thyng Diogenes tooke coldely and wysely,The pacyenc [...] of Diogenes saiyng, In deede I am not angry hitherto, but yet by saint Marie, I begynne to doubte whether I ought nowe of congruence to bee angry, or not. He mened that sharpely to punyshe suche a saucy pranke of a lewde boye had been a deede of almes, and of charitee.

Yiyng a certain persone humbly 195 crouchyng & knelyng to a woman of eiuill conuersacion of hir [Page] bodye, forto impetrate yt he desired, he saied: what menest, thou wretched creature that thou art? It wer muche better for the not to obtein that thou suest for. To bee reiected and to haue a naye of a stroumpet,To bee reiected of a stroū pet, is a more happie thyng then to bee takē to fauour. is a more happie thyng, then to bee taken to grace & fauour. And yet many one maketh instaunt suite, to purchace their owne harme, & byen thesame full deere.

196 To a certain persone hauyng his heare perfumed with sweete oyles:Sweete sauoures of the bodye, dooe cause a mannes life to stynke. Beware syrrha, ꝙ he, leste y• sweete smellyng of thy hedde, cause thy life to stynke. The greke vocables that geuen al the grace to the saiyng, ar [...] [...], fragraunt odour, & [...], ranke stenche. For sweete oyles or powthers, in one that should bee a māne, plainly argueth womanly tendrenesse and nycitee of the life. And ye fame of euery persone,A mannes fame is the chief odour y• he smelleth of. Contynually to smelle of sweet odours is an eiuill sauour in a manne. is (as ye would saye) the odour yt he smelleth of. A muche like saiyng hath the poete Martialis.

Neuole, non bene olet, qui bene semper olet.

O Neuolus, that manne smelleth ill,

That smelleth of sweete odours euer still.

[Page]Betwene bondeseruauntes, and 197 their maisters beeyng vicious and eiuill persones, he auouched to bee none other pointe of difference, besydes the names, sauyng that the drudges or slaues did seruice vnto their maisters,Maisters beeyng vicious persones and voide of grace, dooe liue in wurse seruitude then their boundeseruauntes. and the maisters vnto naughtie appetites. Signifiyng, bothe parties to bee bondeseruauntes, and yet of bothe, the maisters to liue in more miserable state of bondage, then the slaues: in case ye maisters bee vicious persones and eiuill disposed, or, voide of grace. For whoso is led by the direccion of the corrupt mocions or appetites of the mynde,Whoso is led wt euery pangue of naturall mocions, hath many maisters to serue, & thesame detestable and mercylesse maisters. hath many maisters to serue, and thesame bothe detestable, and also mercilesse, and voide of all pietee.

Bondeseruauntes, namely suche as 198 bee renne awayes, are called in greke [...], whiche vocable semeth to bee compouned of [...], a manne, and of [...], a foote. Albeeit the grammarians declare another maner propri [...]tee of significaciō for thei saien theim to bee called [...] because that bondemenne are in respecte and comparison, the feete of their maisters, & these [Page] as the heddes of the seruauntes. So when a feloe, ful of vngraciousnesse and of lewde disposicion had demaunded of Diogenes, vpon what original cause, bonedseruūates that would renne awaye from their maisters, wer called by ye name of [...],Why fugitiue bondemen are called [...], in greke. Marie, ꝙ he, because thei haue the feete of menne, and a mynde or herte of suche disposiciō as thy self hast at this presente which mouest the question. Menyng that ye partie had the mynde or stomake, not of a manne, but of a veraye brute and saluage beaste.

199 Of one that was a prodigall & wastefull spender of all that euer he had, he asked fowertie shillynges at ones, in the waye of almes. The partie meruaillyng at his earnest and ymportune crauyng, asked this questiō of Diogenes: wher as thy vse and custome is, of other menne to desire an almes of an halfpenie, vpō what occasiō dooest [Page] thou aske of me ye sūme of awhole pounde or twoo? Marie, saied he again, because y• of others, I am in good hope after one almes to haue an other again at another season: but whether I shall euer haue any more almes of thee,Why Diog [...] nes of a prodigall wast [...] of his gooddes, asked an almes of xl. [...]. at ones. after this one tyme, or not, [...], y• is, lyeth in goddes hande onely, or muste bee as pleaseth God. For that halfe verse of Homere, he lynked to his saiyng, to make it perfecte, because it made so directely, and was so fitte for his purpose. And ī dede a good plain maner of knowelag [...] geuyng it was & a shrewd likelyhood, to bee towarde & euen at hāde, to light on the necke of suche a wastefull consumer of his gooddes within fewe dayes to bee brought to suche extreme penurie, yt he should not haue so muche as one poore halfpenie leaft to coumfort or helpe hymself withall.

Certain persones laiyng to hym 200 in reproche, that he was a commen crauer & asker of thynges at euery bodye his hande, wheras Plato beeyng a philosophier (as he was) did [Page] not so, he saied: well, Plato is a crauer aswell as I,Diogenes said yt Plato was a priue crauer and he and open asker.

But laiyng his hedde, to on other mānes eare,

That no straunge persones maye it heare.

For that is ye englyshe of this greke verse of Homerus.

Odysseae. [...].

[...],

Whiche verse Diogenes abused in an other sense then Homerus did, to signifie yt Plato was euē as great a begger & proller as he was, sauyng that Plato did craue priuely whispreyng in mennes eares, & he apertely, makyng no counsaill of it.

201 Espiyng a feloe shootyng veraye eiuill at his marke, he sate hym down euen hard by the pricke: and to suche persones as demaunded ye cause of his so dooyng, he saied,Meryly spoken, lest he should by some chaūce hitte me. Signifiyng, that the feloe was like to hitte what soeuer other thyng it wer, sooner then the marke: yet other lookers on, conueighen theimselfes aside as ferre as possible is, wyde from ye marke, for feare of catchyng a clappe.

202 Those persones that shoote or [Page] cast wyde of their marke, or other wyse mysse to hitte it, are saied proprely in greke [...], to lese their shotte or cast, or to shoote or cast awrye.What persones shoote or cast al awry. But Diogenes auouched plainly, not those persones to mysse to lese their shotte, or to hitte awrye, that wer wyde or shorte of their marke, but theim that directed and leuelled their cares and studies towarde sensual pleasures as towarde their marke or butte. For by suche pleasures,Through sensualitee mēne fall in to the deepe pitte of miserie and wrechednesse. thei seeke and desire to haue perfecte beatitude, whereas by meanes of thesame, thei fall or tumble down into the moste deepe pitte of miserie and wofulnesse.

Beeyng asked the questiō, whether 203 death wer an eiuill thyng: by what meanes possible should it bee eiuill, ꝙ he,How Diogenes argued death not to bee an eiuill thyng. sens yt wee feele it not at ye veraye houre whē it is come? And when it is awaye, it is eiuill or harme to no body. As lōg as a man [Page] hath perfecte sense and feelyng, he is aliue, so then death is not yet in place, that if thesame bee presente, then sense and feelyng is awaye. And eiuill is it not, that is not felt. This maner of argumentacion or reasonyng, certain writers ascriben to Epicurus. And in dede death it selfe is not eiuil, but the iourney or passage to death is pieteous & full of miserie. Of thesame iourney if we stand in feare, all ye whole life of manne what other thyng is it, but a passage or iourney towarde death?

204 Thei tellen that Alexander the greate, standyng at the elbowe of Diogenes, demaunded of thesame, whether he wer in any drede or feare of hym. Then saied the other again,The aūswer o [...] [...]iogenes to Ale [...]ander demaundyng wh [...]er [...]e stood in drede of hym. why, what art thou, a good thyng, or an eiuill thyng? Alexander aūswered: a good thyng. And who standeth in drede of a good thyng, ꝙ Diogenes? He plainly cōuinced that a kyng was not to bee feared, excepte he would to all the worlde denounce hymselfe to bee an eiuill or a myschieuous persone. But if that [Page] wer a sufficient good argumente, he might thereby haue gathered and concluded yt God wer not to bee feared.

Erudicion or learnyng, Diogenes 205 by these woordes commended vnto all menne,How Diogenes commended erudicion to all menne. allegeyng that thesame vnto young folkes geueth sobrenesse, to aged persones coumforte and solace, to the poore richesse, to riche men ornamēt or beautifiyng. For because that the tendre youth, beeyng of the owne propre inclinacion readie to fall, it brydleeth and restreigneth from all inordinate demeanure, the incommoditees or displeasures of a mannes later dayes, it easeth with honeste passetemps and recreacion, vnto poore folkes it is sure costage to liue by (for thei that are learned, bee neuer destitute of necessaries.) And the substaunce of welthie persones it dooeth gayly vernyshe and adourne.

The greke vocable [...], dooeth 206 indifferently betoken the balle of the yie, and a virgin or a maiden. And so it was, that one Didymo, Of the selfsame Didymo afore in ye cviii saiyng of this Diogenes. (who was in greate slaundre or infamie, and had in euery bodyes [Page] mouth a veraye eiuil name of beeyng a muttonmoungre) had in cure the yie of a certain young damisell. To this Didymon Diogenes saied, see yt ye bruise not your cure. For that waye, the saiyng maye haue some grace in englyshe, by reason that the woorde, cure, maye bee taken in a double sense, like as Diogenes dalyed wt the ambiguitee of ye greke woorde [...] [...].

207 Beeyng aduertised and dooen to weete by a certain persone, that awayte was laied for hym by those whom he tooke for his frendes, to thentente that he might beware therof and prouide for hymself: why, what should a manne dooe (saied he,) if in our conuersaciō we shall bee all in one maner case and takyng, bothe with our frendes, & with our foes? Wee vse to beware of our enemies, that thei maye not hurte vs, our frendes wee dooe nothyng mystrust.It is small pleasure to liue, if a māne may not trust his frendes. That if we shall haue nede, to bee as well ware of the one as of ye other, small pleasure or coumforte it is, to liue in the worlde.

[Page]Beeyng asked what was the 208 principall best thyng in this presente life, he saied: libertee.The best thyng in thi [...] presente life, is libertee said Diogenes. But that persone is not in veraye true libertee or freedome, who is vtterly subiecte to vices: neither maye he possibly bee a manne of perfecte freedome,The couetous persone, y• ambicious, or other wyse geuen to vic [...], cannot bee free. that standeth in greate neede of many soondrie thynges: and veraye many thynges wanteth the couetous persone, the ambicious persone, & whosoeuer is drouned in delices or sensualitee.

In scholehouses, there wer comē ly 209 peinted of an auncient custome, ye Muses, as presidentes & ye ladye maistresses of studies. Entreyng therfore into a schoole, when he sawe there many Muses, & veraye fewe scholares, he saied vnto the schoolemaister: with the goddes ye haue many scholares. Dalyyng with the phrase of greke speakyng, indifferente to bee taken in a double sense, for the grekes saien: [...], with the Goddes, for that that we saye in englyshe, Goddes pleasure beeyng so, or, by the wyll and grace of God, or, and God before, or, God saiyng amen. [Page] And sometymes ye preposicion, [...] [...] [...]he preposicion of greke. [...], with signifieth a thyng ioyned with an other coū paignion, as in this maner of speakyng, that here foloeth with many persones I tooke thy parte. Th [...]t is to saye: I and many persones moo besides me, tooke thy parte, or held on thy syde.

210 Whatsoeuer thyng wer not of it felf [...]iuill, Diogenes affe [...]med not to bee eiuill in the opē [...]trete neither.Whatsoeuer thyng wer not of it self vnhonest, he affermed not to bee vnhoneste in open presence, or, in the face of al the worlde neither. Wherupon he made a reason or argumēte in this maner & fourme. If to dyne bee not a naughtye or eiuill thyng, then to dyne abrode in the open strete is not eiuill neither, but to dyne is no pointe of naughtynesse, e [...]go, to dyne in the myddes of ye strete is no eiuil thyng neither. Thus ferre y• Cynicall syllogisme might bee re [...]sonably born withall, but who could abyde hym that after like fourme of arguyng would conclude, to ease the bodye by gooyng to stoole, or to make water, or one to coumpaignie with his wife, or a bodye to turne hymself naked out of all his clothes, is no eiuill [Page] thyng, ergo, to dooe thesame in the open strete is no pointe of naughtynesse neither? Uertuous and weldisposed persones loue honestee and shamefastnesse euerywhere.Uertuous & well deposed persones loue honestee and [...]amefastnes in all places.

He auouched vse and exercitacion,211 as in outwarde accions concernyng the bodye:Use ī all thynges maketh maisteries. right so, euen in the accion of vertue and of the mynde, to engendre bothe a certain celeritee or spedynesse of dooyng thynges, and also facilitee or easynesse to thesame.

It was also a saiyng of his, yt 212 neither is there any lawe without a citee or bodye politike, nor any citee or bodye politike without a lawe.Neither is ther any lawe without a ci [...]tee ne citee wt out a lawe.

Noblenesse of birth, or dignitee 213 & other sembleable enhauncementes of fortune, Diogenes affermed to bee none other thyng els but y• clokes or couertes of myschief & vngratiousnesse.Noblenesse of birth or dignitee with other high giftes of fortune Diogenes called the clokes of vngraciousnesse. For richemenne, wher as thei bee not one iote better then others, yet thei dooen amysse and perpetrate muche vnhappynesse, [Page] with lesse restreint of correccion or punyshemente, accordyng to that, ye saiyng of the poete Flaccus of a riche persone:

Et quicquid uolet, hoc ueluti uirtute peractū

Sperauit magnae laudi fo [...]e.

VVhatsoeuer thyng, shall stande w• his will,

He hath assured trust and affiaunce

To turne to his laude, bee it neuer so ill,

As a thyng dooen by uertues gouernaunce.

And in deede the moste parte of the galaunt ruffleers, euen at this presente daye, thynke al that euer theimselfes dooe,Greate gen [...]le [...]ēne thy [...] [...] [...]ll well yt the [...]mselfes dooe. to be lawfully and well dooen.

214 Whyle he was bondeseruaunte with Xeniades, his frendes wer together in communicacion for to bye his fredome, and to ridde hym out of seruitude. No, not so, ꝙ Diogenes, Diogenes willed his frē des not to redeme hym out of seruitude. is it not to you knowen, that not the Lyons are as bondeseruauntes to those persones by whom thei are kept vp, but rather ye keepers as bondeseruaūtes to attende vpō the Lyons? For a Lyon wheresoeuer he is, contynueth alwayes a Lyon. And a [Page] philosophier is not by his condicion of seruitude any thyng the lesse a philosoph [...]er.

When he was awaked out of 215 his mortal slepe, that is to saye, the last that euer he had before his death, and the physician demaunded, howe it was with hym? right well, ꝙ he, for one brother enbraceth the other. Alludyng vnto ye poete Homere who feigneth [...], death & [...] slepe to bee brothers germain.Homere fe [...] gneth death & slepe to bee brothers ge [...] main. For that slepe is a certain ymage and representacion of death.

Beeyng asked, how he would 216 bee buiryed, he bidde yt his dedde carkesse should bee cast out in the feldes without sepulture. Then saied his frendes: what, to the foules of the aier, & to ye wyld beastes? No by saint Marie, ꝙ Diogenes again, not so in no wise, but laie me a litle ruttocke hard beside me, wher with to beate theim awaye. The other eftsons replyed, saiyng: How shal it bee possible for ye to dooe so? [Page] for thou shalt feele nothyng. Why then, ꝙ Diogenes, Diogenes neglected all curiousnesse of sepulture. what harme shall the teryng, mangleyng, or dismembryng of the wylde beastes dooe vnto me, beeyng voide of all sense and feelyng?

217 When Plato gaue a greate laude and praise to a certain person for this poynte & behalf,Ouermuche humanitee in a philosopier Diogenes r [...] proued. that he was excedyng gentle and courteous towardes all folkes: What laude or thanke is he woorthie, saied Diogenes, that hauyng been so many yeres a studente contynually occupied in philosophie, hath yet hitherto geuen no bodye a corrosif? Menyng to bee the propre office of a philosophier,The propre office of a philosophi [...]r is to cure the vices of menne. to cure the eiuill condicions or vices of menne, and to bee vtterly ympossible thesame to take effecte, but by the onely meanes of feare & of greef: feare of reproche, and greef of the open shame and slaundre presēte.

218 Thesame Diogenes, yiyng a certain feloe of a straunge countree, in the citee of Lacedaemon, curiously [Page] trymmyng and deckyng hymself against the solemnitee of an high feastefull daye, saied: What dooest thou? is not euery daye without excepcion high & holy to an honest manne?To a vertuous & well disposed persone euery daye is high and holy. He mened all this vniueruersall world to bee a temple for God conueniente,All this vniuersall worlde is the temple of god. in the whiche manne beeyng constitute and sette, ought of his bounden duetie, to behaue hymself and to liue perpetually after an honest sorte, as in the sight and face of the deitee, who presently beholdeth all thynges,God psentely beholdeth all thynges. & from whose yie nothyng is or maye bee hidden. And to this mater he wrested ye prouerbe [...]n whiche it is saied: that with the slouthfull and idle lubbers that loue not to dooe any werke, euery daye is holydaye.With idle ꝑsones it is euermore holydaye.

It was his cōmen saiyng vnto 219 young striepleynges beeyng towardes mannes state, Syrrha, go into the houses of harlottes,What goodnesse maye bee gotten by the consideracion of harlottes facions. that thou mayest throughly see, what vile and filthie thynges, how derely thei are bought. To this mater alluded Terence, saiyng: all this geare to knowe, is helth and safegarde vnto youth.

[Page] 220 Unto the helthe and safegarde of a manne,Unto the safegarde of mēne it is nedefull to haue either feithfull frendes orels eagre enemies. he saied that it was nedefull to haue, either feithfull frendes, orels eagre enemies. In consideracion, that the one geuen a bodye gentle warnyng of his faulte, and the others doen openly reproue and checke. So bothe parteis (in deede after contrarie sortes) but yet egually, dooē to vs benefite and profite, whyle by thesame wee learne our faultes. This saiyng dooeth Laertius appoynte to Antisthenes, and Plutarchus to Diogenes.

221 Beeyng asked by a certain persone, by what meanes a bodye might best be auenged of his enemie,How one maye best bee auenged on his enemie. he aunswered: if thou shalt from tyme to tyme approue & trye thy self a vertuous and an honeste māne. This poynte whosoeuer dooeth accomplyshe, bothe dooeth to hymselfe moste high benefite, and in the best wise possible vexeth and tormenteth his enemies. For if a mannes eiuill willer beholdyng his grounde well tilled and housbanded, is therewith greued at the veraye herte roote, how shall it bee [Page] with hym, if he see thyne owneself beautified, and adourned with the substaunciall and vndoubted Iewels of excellent vertue?

When he came to visite Antisthenes 222 lyyng sicke in his bedde, he spake vnto thesame in this maner. Hast thou any neede of a frende? Signifiyng, that menne should in tyme of affliccion,Mēne should in afflicion moste of all bee bolde on their frendes. moste of all bee bolde on their feithfull and trustie frendes, whiche maye either helpe theim in veraye deede, orels by geuyng good woordes of coumforte, ease some porcion of their greef and woe.

Unto thesame Antisthenes, at another 223 seasō, (for because it had come to his eare, that thesame Antisthenes, for loue and desire that he had to liue, did take his sickenesse somewhat ympaciently) he entreed with a woodknife by his syde. And whē Antisthenes bemonyng hymself had saied vnto hym: Alas, who will dispetche and ridde me out of these my peines?Death riddeth a bodye out of peines. Diogenes (the hanger shewed foorth), saied: euen thissame feloe [Page] here. Naye ꝙ Antisthenes (replyyng again) I saied,Anthistenes was loth to dye. out of my peines, not out of my life.

224 Makyng a iourney vnto the citee of Corinthus, he entreed ye schoole whiche ☞ Dionysius beeyng expulsed and driuen out of his kyngdome, had ther sette vp. And heard his boyes saye their lessons veraye naughtyly. Dionysius in the meane whyle comyng in, because he thought verayly, that Diogenes had come to coumforte hym, saied: It is gently dooen of you Diogenes, to come and see me. And loe, suche is the multabilitee and chaunge of fortune. Yea, ꝙ Diogenes again,What Diogenes entreyng ye schoole of Dionysius saied vnto hym. but I meruaill, that thou art suffreed still to liue, that diddest perpetrate so muche myschief in the tyme of thy reigne. And I see, that thou art in all behalfes, euen as lewde a schoolemaister now,Dionysius as lewde a scholemaister, as he had been a kyng afore. as thou wer [Page] an eiuill kyng afore.

Another of the saiynges of thesame 225 Diogenes was this: Emong the other sortes of menne, to suche as liue in welthe and prosperitee, life is sweete, and death hatefull: & cōtrarie wyse, to suche as are with calamitee and mysfortune oppressed, life is greuous, and death to bee wished for: but vnto tyrannes bothe life and death are peinfull & coumbreous.Unto Tyrannes bothe life and death are coumbreous. For like as thei liuen more vnpleasaūtely, then those persones who dooen euery daye with all their hertes wyshe to dye, euen so dooen thei none otherwyse stand in contynuall dred and feare of death then if thei ledden the moste sweete & pleasaūt life in all the worlde.

[Page] 226 To a certain persone that shewed hym a diall:Diogenes disallow [...]d geometrie wt the other sciēcies Mathematicall. In feith, ꝙ he: A gaye instrumente, to saue vs from beeyng deceiued of oure supper. Menyng the arte of geometrie, with all other the sciencies The artes or sciencies Mathematical are, Geometrie, Musike, Arithmetike, [...] Astrologie. Mathematicall, to bee to veraye litle vse or purpose.

227 To another feloe makyng great vaunte of his cunnyng in musike and in playyng on instrumentes, he made aunswere with these twoo greke verses:

[...],

[...] [...]

Householdyng is not mainteined wt syngyng and pypyng.

By the prudente auise, of menne uerayly

The states of citees are well preserued

VVith the glye of carolles, and mynstrelsie,

Priuate householdyng, is not wel mainteined.

228 When Speusippus beeyng ympotente by reason of shakyng with ye palsey, was carryed in a wagen towarde the schoole called * Academia, and to Diogenes meetyng hym on the [Page] waye by chaunce, had saied, [...], well art thou: So art not thou, ꝙ Diogenes again, that wheras thou art in suche takyng, canst fynd in thyn herte to liue. Menyng to bee a poyncte of a true or right philosophier, of his owne mynde to preuente the tyme of death, after yt he wer ones no longer hable to [...]iere about and to helpe hymselfe, as other menne didde in this presente life. And that thyng ‡ Speusippus didde afterward in deede.

When he sawe a litle boye vnmanerly 229 behauyng hymself, he gaue ye creāsier or tutour, that had the charge of bryngyng vp the [Page] same childe, a good rappe with his staffe, saiyng: why dooest thou thus teache thy pupille? Notifiyng, y• it is principally to bee ymputed vnto the breakers and instructours of tendre childhood at the begynnyng,It is to be ymputed vnto y• bryngers vp, if youth ꝓue well manered or otherwyse. if youth proue well manered, or otherwyse. The reporters of the tale are Aphthonius and Prisc [...]an.

230 To a certain persone obiectyng pouertee vnto hym in reproche,How Diogenes aunswered a flagicious feloe, obiectyng pouertee vnto hym in reproche. whereas hymself was a feloe full of naughtynesse and mischief, he saied: I neuer yet sawe any manne putte to open punyshemente for his pouertee, but for knauery many one.

231 To pouertee he gaue a preaty name,Prouertee a ve [...]tue learned without a teacher. callyng it, [...] a vertue that is learned by it self without a teacher. Riche folkes haue neede of many rewles, preceptes, and lessons,Riche folkes haue neede of many lessons to dooe well. that is to weete, to liue a frugall or sobre life, to exercise their bodyes with labours, not to sette their delite or felicitee in pompeous or stately apparellyng and deckyng of [Page] the bodye, and others mo out of noumbre, all whiche thynges pouertee teacheth hir owne self without any other schoolemaister.

¶ Nexte after these three philosophiers, but thesame in this kynde, moste excellyng, we shall adde like noumbre of kynges & no mo, whiche for their saiyngees with ciuilitee and good facion replenyshed, haue a name of honour aboue all other kynges. That we maye not with to many thynges pestre and cloye the reader.

Notes

☞

Sophistes at the fyrst begynnyng wer men that professed to bee teachers of wisedome and eloquence, and the name of Sophistes was had in honoure and price, and they wer of thesame estimacion and of the veraye same ordre, facultee and science, that afterwarde wer called Rhetores, that is Rhetoricians, yea and also Logicians. For when the Sophistes fell to cauillyng, brableyng, and triflyng, by lytle and lytle, their estimaciō decayed, so that ere the tyme that Socrates liued in, a Sophiste was a name of contempte and hatered, and so is it yet styll vnto this daye.

↵

‡

Crito was an honest citezen in Athenes, and a true frende vnto Socrates, and the other as good, and as louynge a frende again to hym in all pointes, of mutuall familyarytee.

↵

‡

Phryne was an harlotte of exccellente beautie, but so commen that she refused none, whatsoeuer he were: and (as occasion ser [...]ed for hir mercate) she customably resorted to all places, where [...]ny solēnitee of sacres or martes, or any other occasion of great haunte and resorte was. Albeeit hir moste dwellyng was in the citee of Athenes. She is muche mencioned, not onely in the poetes and historiographiers, but also in sondrie places of this present w [...]rke.

↵

☞

Cyzicus or Cyzicum, an Isle in Propontis, hauyng a waye to the main lande by two bridges, & hauynge also a cytie of the same name, with walles, castelles and toures of marble stone as fair & goodly as myght bee, & in largenesse, coūpace & amplitude hable to compare with the chief citees in all Asia. It was so named, by one Cyzicus sometyme kyng there, whome Iason vnawares slewe. It was also a citee of greate power, and indifferently sette, either for peace or warre.

↵

‡

A talente of siluer, the frenche enterpreter folowyng Buda [...]us dooeth translate, sixe hundred crounes, whiche after the rate of fowerteen gro [...]es the croune, ammounteth to the summe of one hundred and fourtie poundes of our currant money.

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✚

For moral philosophie was to theim, that diuinitee and holy scriptures are to vs Christian menne.

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This Aristo was a philosophier, and was called in maner as by a surname, Scepticus, because he was altogether occupied in consideryng & serchyng the state of humain thynges. He was borne in the Isle of Coos, albeit some saye he was Chius, and was scholare (as some writers saien) to zeno, the first autour & brynger vp of the Stoikes secte, after some writers, he was a Peripatetike, that is, of Aristoteles his secte. But as cōcernyng philosophie, aswell morall as naturall, his determinacions and doctrine is of al the aunciente good writers reproued and vtterly condemned as naught. For by his opinion all thynges are in differente, & no diuersitee betwene beeyng in perfecte good health and in extreme sickenes, and so of other thynges. Wherfore his doctrine was disallowed of all menne, as testifieth Cicero in the proheme of the offices and in his werke, d [...] finib [...]s bonorum et malorum. Ther was also another Aristo [...]her vnto Plato.

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Corinthus, sometyme a right noble & a riche citee in Achaia [...] situate and lyyng betwene two seas, the one called Aegeum, and the other Ionium, a marte towne of greate haunte. It was first builded by Sisyphus the sonne of Aeolus and called Corcyra. After that it was called Ephyre. Then was it destruied, and eftsons reedifyed by one Corinthus the sonne of Orestes, and called Corinthus. Then was it yet again burned & clene destruied by the Romaines, and finally reedified by Augustus Emperour of Roome.

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Tribus nummūm millibus. The frenche interpreter translateth thr [...]e hundred crownes, whiche after the rate of fowerteene gro [...]es a croune, maketh the full summe of three score and tenne poundes of our englyshe coyne:

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Oedipus (as the fables of poetes maken relacion) was the sonne of one Laus, kyng of Thebes: who perceiuyng his quene [Page] Iocasta to bee wt child, sued to the oracle of Apollo, to haue true knowelage, what childe his saied wife Iocasta shoulde brynge foorth. Aunswer was made by Apollo, yt she should bryng foorth a sonne, by whō he the saied Laus should bee slain. In cōsideracion wherof, ymmediately: as soone as euer the childe was bor [...] Laus deliuered it vnto his shephearde, to dooe thesame to death. But the shephearde moued with some compassion, would no [...] out ryght kyll the infante babe, but bored through either of his feete an hole, and with a twyg putte through the holes, houng hym vp aliue on a boughe of a tree. But one Phorbas beeyng shephearde vnto Polybius, kyng of the Corinthians, fyndyng the said childe, bare thesame to his quene: who (forasmuche a [...] she had no children of hir owne) kepte and nourished the childe, as if it had been of hir owne bodye born, and of the swellyng o [...] his feete, by reason of the holes he was by hir named, Oedipus (for [...] in greke is to swell, and [...], a foote.) When this Oedipus was come to mannes state, a strife and debate begynnyng emong the Phocensians, the said Oedipus vnawares and vnknowyng, slewe his owne father Laus aforesaid: Upon this, it fortuned that Sphinx the monstre, standyng on an hyllocke, at the citee of Theb [...], would not suffre any bodye to passe by hir, but to all suche persones as trauailled on the waye, she propouned redles and doubtefull questions, & as many as could not soyle thesame redles, she kylled out of hāde. Then was made a decree, and vpon thesame a proclamaciō, that whosoeuer could soyle the redle whiche Sphinx propouned, shuld haue the quene Iocasta to wife, and should enioye the kyngdome of Thebes. The redle that Sphinx propouned was this: what one and the same liuyng creature it was, that went on twoo feete, on three feete and on fower feete: This redle Oedipus soyled, affermyng it to bee manne, who in his infancie crepyng vpon his handes & feete was fower footed, afterwarde beeyng growen to more full yeres of youth, went vpright on twoo feete, and in age decrepit [...] vsyng a staffe, went with three feete. Sphinx this hearyng, for angre & sorowe, toūbleed hirselfe hedlōg downe of a greate rocke and so perished. And Oedipus accordyng to ye statute aforemade [Page] had the quene Iocasta to wife, and with hir the kyngdome o [...] Thebes. On Iocasta he begotte twoo soonnes, ye one Polynices and the other named Eteocles. At length Oedipus had knowelage, b [...]th that he had slain his own father, and also that he had marryed his owne mother. For sorowe wherof he pulled out his owne yies wt his owne hādes. And then was leden about blynd by his doughter Antigone, who saued him ones or twys, whē he would wilfully haue slain hymself. Nerthelesse ye Thebanes hauyng suer knowlage & due prouf of all the premisses, exiled & banyshed Oedipus out of their citee and countree for euer. And he departyng as a banyshed manne, accursed his sonnes Polynices & Eteoc [...]es (because thei did not in suche an extremetee aide their father) that neither of theim might enioye the enheritaūce of his croune in the kyngdome of Thebes, but that thei myght slee either other in battaill, and neuer haue power to returne safe into their citee &c. with many other moste dire and bittur maledicciō [...] whiche lighted on theim, and on all the whole familie of theim. For Polynices and Eteocles, fyghtyng hande to hande, for the succession of their fathers croune, gaue either other his deathes wounde: so that they bothe fell downe and dyed euen there, out of hande. Iocasta their mother slewe hirself. And Oedipus was with a flashe of lightenyng soodainly striken to death: And of this notable plague the malediccions of Oedipus are in a prouerbiall speakyng taken for notable greate mysfortunes, & eiuill chaunces, suche as Diogenes here in this present his apophthegme dooeth menciō: and Erasmus in the said Chiliades dooeth more at large recite.

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Chertonea, the countree where Plutarchus was borne, a region nigh to Hellespontus. And in this place did Philippus cō qui [...]e & subdue all Grece. It is called by another name Chersonesus, because it is in maner round about enuironed with the sea, and is by reason therof in maner a veraye Isle. And for the excell [...]ncie, it is ofte tymes sette for Hellespontus.

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In the olde tyme there was of an aunciēt custome in Grece at certain seasons a commē assemblee, of certain the moste saige and prudente persones, by eleccion appointed therunto, out of all the chief citees, after a muche like sorte, as nowe here in Englande are chosen knightes for eche shier, and bourgeoisses for euery toune, and by a commen consente assigned at tymes requisite, to repair vnto the parliamente. And it was called in Greke [...], of ye latines, Amphictyonicus cō sessus, the sittyng of the Amphictyons, or, conuentus Amphictyonum, the assemblee of the Amphicctyons, or, Amphictyonicum consilium, the counsail or parliamente of the Amphictyons, orels, concilium Amphictyonum, the conuocacion of the Amphictyons. Some writers holden opinion, that the name of Amphictyons was geuen vnto it of comyng or resortyng ou [...] from all citees and tounes of Grece to the said parliamente (for the bordreers, or bounders, inhabityng round about any place are called in greke [...],) And some authores deriu [...] ye name frō Amphictyon, ye soonne of Deucalion, who in tyme of his reigne here is chronicleed to haue called together a coūsail or parliamente of the nacions of Grece, & by a cōmen ordinaūce enacted to haue instituted the saied maner and fourme of assembleyng. The people of Grece whiche repaired to the said counsaill are noūbreed twelue: the Ionianz, the Dorianz, the Perre [...]ianz, the Boetianz, the Medonites, the Achaeanz, the Ph [...]hiotes, the Melianz, the Dolopianz, the Aeneanz, the Delphianz, [...] the Phocensianz. And the bourgeoisses, that wer by publique autoritee chosen, appointed, and sent from any of the coūtrees aboue named vnto the said counsaill, wer called [...], and by an other name [...], of, [...], the place wher ye parliamente was holden.

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The greke woorde is [...]. as if ye should saye, the place where all eiuils are conceiued, or from whens all eiuils dooen issue. For it is conmpouned not of [...], measuryng nor of [...], a mother, but of [...], a matrice, that is to saye, the place of concepcion, and of issuyng. And therof is metropolis, called the chief citee where the archebishop of any prouince hath his see, and hath all the other diocesses of that prouince subiecte to hym, as Canterburie [...] and porke, here in Englande.

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Liber pater, Was one of the names of Bacchus, or Dionysius the Godde of wynes, for Bacchus first inuented the vse and the makyng of wyne: and because wyne deliuereth the herte from all care and thought, when a bodye is pipe merye, Dionysius [Page] was emong the latines called liber, of ye verbe libero, ras, to deliuer, to ridde, to dispeche, or to discharge.

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Serapis or Apis the highest & ye chief God of the Egyptians, whom thei wurshipped in the likenesse of a liue oxe. For so it was, that Osiris ye soonne of Iupiter, & of Nio [...]e ye doughter of Phoroneus, beeyng the kyng of the Argiues, first succeded thesame Phoroneus in the kyngdome of the saied Argiues, and when he had there reigned certain yeres, he left his brother A [...]gia [...]us protectour & gouernour of the kingdome of all Achaia, and to wynne wictorie, honour and cōqueste, made a voiage into Egypte, and the Egyptians subdued, he tooke to wife Isis, by an other name called Io, the doughter of Inachus first kyng of the said Argiues, and reigned ouer the Egyptians. Emong whō as well Isis for inuentyng the fourme of letters, and the feacte of writyng, as also Osiris for many other royall artes and feact [...]s whiche he to theim taught, wer bothe honoured & wurshipped as Goddes. At last Osiris was priuely by his brother Typhon slain, and long sought by Isis, and at length found hewed and mangl [...]ed all to gobbettes or pieces, not ferre from the citee of Syene, whiche Syene (as Plinius in the secounde booke testifieth) is situate in zona torr [...]a, so directely vnder the tropike of Cancer. that, when the soonne beeyng at the highest, dooeth entret into the said signe of Cancer at midsoomer (about fifteen dares afore the feaste of the natiuitee, of Saint Ihon Baptiste) it [...]yeth [...]ust ouer the toppe of the citee [...] and causeth in thesame nomaner shadoe of any thyng at all to bee seen or to appere. Isis c [...]used hir housbāde with muche mournyng and lamentaciō to bee buiryed in a litle Isle then called Abatos [...] in the Marice nigh to the citee of Memphi [...] (beeyng the chief or principal citee of all Egypte nexte after Alexandria, wiche Marice was from thensforth named Styr, that is the place of mournyng & waillyng) But when in thesame Marice had soodainly appered to the Egyptians a certain ore, thei estemyng the oxe to bee Osiris, fell prostrate, and kneled to it, and tooke the oxe aliue [...] & brought hym to a temple (which afterward was called Serapion) where thei did to hym, all honour and homage, & wurshipped thesame as their god, seruyng hym dayly with golde and all precious ve [...] selles, and with all delicates mete for a kyng or a god to bee serued withall. And called hym Apis, whiche in that language is an oxe. And euer after a certain tyme, thei would cast hym aliue as he was into a floodde, where he should bee drouned. This dooē thei would goo with mournyng and lamentacion, and neuer ceasse seekyng vntill thei had found a newe oxe as like in colour and all proporcion of feacture vnto the first Apis, as might possibly bee. And thus frō tyme to tyme wurshipped the Egiptians a liue oxe as their god, and gaue to thesame first of all the, name of Apis, and afterward that the first was dedde or the secounde in processe Serapis by a woorde coumpouned of Apis & [...], a cophin, (suche as y• carkesses of noble persones are cheisted in, ere thei bee laied in their graue.) And so was it first Sorapis, & in conclusion by chaungeyng, the letter, o, in to, e, Serapis, so yt Osiris, Apis, and Serapis is all one.

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Satyri, (as the poeticall fables tellen, and Plynius in the fifth booke dooeth testifie) wer fower beastes in the mountaines of Ethiopia, and of the Indes, of excedyng lightenesse of foote, and swiftenesse in rennyng, of the figure, shape, and likenesse of a manne, sauyng yt thei had hornes, & had the feete and legges of a gote, clouen and full of rough heare. And these maner monstres the olde antiquitee beleued to bee the goddes of the forestes, of wildernesse, and of all rusticall places of housbandrie. Wherof Saint Hierome saieth in this maner, speakyng of Saint Antonie. He sawe an e [...]fishe manne, with a long croked haukes nose, [...] a forehedde or brough with hornes stickyng out, whose nether partes of the bodye grewe out into feete suche as gotes haue. And when Antonie, (the signe of the holy crosse premised) had in the name of god demaunded, what he was, it is reported that the other thus made aunswer. I am a mortall manne of the worlde, one of the bordreers on the edge of wildernesse, who, by the gentilitee with vain errour deluded, are called Fauni, Saty [...]y, and Incubi.

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There reigned in Sicilia Dionysius the father, and nexte after hym Dionysius the soonne, who for his moste horrible tyrannie was expulsed out of his kyngdome, and afterwarde receiued again, but at last, by fynall extermynion banyshed for euer. And beeyng expulsed from Siracuse, he went to Corinthus, [...] there after that he had a certain space liued a bare life, at length for veraye extreme neede, he was drieuen to excogitate some way and meanes whereby to gette his liuyng. Wherupon he sette vp a schoole and teachyng of children, and so contynued vntill his diyng daye.

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Academia, was a place full of groues, one mile from the citee of Athenes. And it was called Academia of one Academus a noble manne that had there inhabited. In thesame grounde was a mainour place in whiche Plato was born, and in thesam [...] afterward taught philosophie, of whom for that cause the philosophiers of his secte haue been from thens hitherto named Academici.

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Spuesippus was a philosophier of Plato his secte, brought vp vnder hym, and in teachyng his schoole [...]ucceded hym, and contynued eight yeres maister of that schoole. He was Platoes sisturs doughters soonne. At length he killed hymself for pei [...] and sorowe beeyng a veraye aged manne, albeeit Plutarchus & some others writen that he dyed of lyce contynually growlyng out of his fleshe as Scylla and Herode didde.

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THE II. BOOKE.

[Page]

THE SAIYNGES OF PHILIPPVS KYNG OF MACEDONIE.

Philippus, kyng of the Macedoniās, and father of Alexander the greate first cō quered Athenes & brought all Gr [...]ce vnder his subiec [...]ion. A manne of all writers muc [...] praised for his greate humanitee, courtesie and most princely gentlenesse. OF all the kynges, that emong the Grekes in auncient tyme haue reigned, in my sentence & mynde hath not been one, whom we maye with Philippus kyng of the Macedonians, & father of Alexander the greate, woorthyly cō pare, either in dexteritee and good conueighaunce of witte, orels in disporte of saiynges consistyng within the boundes of honestee and good maner.

1 This Philippus vsed many a tyme and oft to saye, that hym thought y• Atheniens to bee much happie, who could euery yere fynde the full noumbre of tenne soondry persones, whom to create their Capitains for bataill: where he for his parte in many yeres had found one sole Capitain for warrefare [Page] onely, that is to weete, Parmenio. Parmenio y• onely Capitain of Philippus his warres. Signifiyng, to bee a thyng litle to the benefite of a commen weale,Oftē to chaū ge Capitaines to bee vnprofitable to a cōmē weale. euery other whyle to chaunge the Capitaines, but to bee muche better, whom ye haue ones found a fitte or meete manne for the purpose and trustie with all, in no wyse to chaūge thesame for a newe. Ferther and besides that, to make no force how many Capitaines there bee in noumbre but how apte and meete for conueighyng a batta [...]ll, and for warrekepyng.It forceth not how many Capitaines ther bee, but how meete for keepyng warre.

When tydynges was brought vnto hym, y• many soondry thynges 2 had in one daye happyly and prosperously fortuned on his syde and for his behouf, (for at one & thesame tyme Tethrippo had gotten the price and chief maisterie at Olympia, and Parmenio had in battail discoumfeicted or vanquyshed the Dardanians, and his quene Olympias hadde been brought a bedde of a soonne,) liftyng vp his handes on high to heauen, he cryed wyth a lowd voice, and saied: And thou [Page] lady fortune, for so many and thesame so great good chaunces,The praier of Philippus when he had soondry good chaunces all in one day [...]. dooe me no more but some light and small shrewd turne again at an other season. This manne beeyng of passyng high prudence, and moste profounde experience or knowlage in the course of the worlde, did not insolently skippe and leape, or shewe tokens of ioyfull gladnesse for his well spedyng, or for the successe of thynges, but rather did suspecte and mystrust the cockeryng of fortune,The cockeryng of fortune is to be suspected & mystrusted. whose nature he knewe to bee, that to whom she werketh vtter confusion and exterminion, thesame persones she dooeth first laugh vpon & flatre with some vnquod prosperitee of thynges. To this mater apperteineth, that Plynius reporteth of *Polycrates the Tyranne of the Samians.

[Page]After that he had subdued all 3 the Grekes, whē certain persones [Page] moued hym and would haue had hym to kepe the citees with garysons, that thei might not forsake hym, or fall from hym again, he saied, I haue more wille and desire, long tyme to bee called good, and easie or gentle to awaye withall, then for a fewe dayes and no longer, to bee called souerain. Menyng a reigne or empier,A reigne or empier with benefites and hertie loue holden, is perpetuall. that wer with benefites and with hertie loue holden, to bee for euer perpetual, that by power and dred onely, to bee of no long contynuaunce.

4 A certain buisie open mouthed feloe was a dayly and a commen speaker of raillyng woordes against Philippus. And so it was that his frēdes aduised hym, thesame feloe to exile & banyshe the countree. But he saied, yt he would in no wise dooe it, & to theim greately meruaillyng why, he saied: lest that he wandreyng and rouyng a bout frō place to place shal report [Page] eiuill of me emōg mo persones. That he did not hang the railler vpon the galoes, was either a pointe of clemencie and mercifullnesse that he forgaue hym, orels of magnanimitee and princely courage that he contemned hym:Philippus cō temned a feloe yt vsed dayly to speake raillyng wordes, against hym. that he would in no wise driue hym out of ye countree, came of prudence. For the feloe beeyng in straūge places should haue been hable to dooe to hym the more vilanie.

Smicythus cōplayned to the kyng 5 vpon Nicanor, that he still without ende spake eiuill of the kyng. And when the frendes of Philippus aduised hym, that he should commaund the feloe to bee fette, and so to punyshe hym,The clemēcie and moderacion of Philippus. Philippus aū swered in this maner. Nicanor is not the wurst of all the Macedonians It is therefore our parte to see, lest wee dooe not our duetie, but bee slacke in some thyng that wee shoulde dooe hereupon, after that he had knowelage ye same Nicanor to bee greuously oppressed with [Page] pouertee, and yet to bee neglected & nothyng looked on by the kyng, he cōmaūded some gift or reward to bee borne to hym. This dooen, whē Smicythus eftsons enfourmed ye king, yt Nicanor didīal coūpaignies without ende reporte muche praise & goodnesse of hym: Now then, ye see, ꝙ Philippus, yt it lyeth in our selfes,It lyeth in our selfes, to bee w [...]ll or eiuill spokē of. to haue a good report, or eiuil. An excedyng thyng it is, how ferre odde those persones are from the nature of this prince, whiche neuer thynken theim selfes to bee praised enough wheras thei do nothyng woorthie laude or praise, neither dooe thei studie wt benefites to wynne or allure beneuolence & hartie good wille of menne, but haue more appetite and fansie to bee dreded, then to bee loued. And wheras thei dooe often tymes perpetrate thynges to beedetested and that in the open face of all the worlde, yet farewell his life for an halfpenie that presumeth or dareth so hardie in his hedde, as ones to open his lippes against theim.

6 He saied, that to those, who in ordreyng or administryng thecō men [Page] weale of the Atheniens were y• chief ryng leders he was muche bound to ough moste hertie thankes,Philippu [...] oughed moste hartie thankes to y• rewlers of the Atheniense, for their raillyng at hym. for that by reason of their reprochefull raillyng at hym, thei caused hym aswell in vsyng his tounge, as also in his maners and behaueour to proue muche the more honeste manne, whyle I endeuour myselfe, ꝙ he, aswell by my woordes as by my dooynges to make and proue theim lyers. O the right philosophicall herte of this prince,The right philosophical herte of Philippus. who had ye waye, euen of his enemies also to take vtilitee and profite, neither, (as the commen sorte of menne are woont) to this sole thyng to haue an yie how to dooe scathe, and to werke some mischief to suche as railled on hym, but that hym selfe might bee emended and made lesse eiuill,How to tak [...] vtilitee & profyte of a mā nes enemie. beeyng well admonyshed & putte in remembreaunce of hymselfe by their slaundreous reportyng.

When he had freely perdoned 7 and leat goo at their libertee the Atheniens, Of Cheronea it is aforesaid & at this Chero [...]ea did Philippꝰ cō quere & subdue al Grece. as many as euer had [Page] been taken priesoners in batail at Cheronaea, and thei, not thynkyng that to bee enough, required also to haue restitucion of their apparell and all their bagguage, and did for thesame entre accions of detinue, and cōmense suite against the Macedonians, Philippus laughed, saiyng: what? dooeth it not appere, the Atheniense to deme and iudge that thei haue been ouercomed by vs, at the hucclebones? So myldely did he beeyng the conquerour take the vnthankefullnesse of persones by hym conquered and subdued,The ciuilitee of Philippus who did not onely, not rendre thankes ne saie remercies for that thei had been leat bothe safe and sounde,The ingratitude of ye Atheniens towardes Philippus. and also without any peny of raunsome paiyng to escape, but also with naughty language sued the Macedonians, and laied to their charges because thesame did not also restore vnto theim bothe their apparell and also all their other ragges and bagguage. As though thei knewe not of what nature the lawe of armes was, and as though, to trye yt mater wt dynte of swearde [Page] wer nothyng els, but to trye it at the [...], is in Latin, talus, and it is the litle square hucclebone, in the ancle place of the hyndre legge in all beastes sauyng manne, & suche beastes as haue fyng [...]rs, as for exāple Apes and Mounkeyes, excepte also beastes that haue y• houfe of y• foote not clouen, but whole. With these hucclebones thei had a game in olde tyme, as chyldrē haue at this daye also, whiche game was in this maner. If the caster chaūced to cast that syde vpwarde, whiche is plain, it was called, canis or canicula, and it [...]oode in stede of blanke or of an ace, & that was the lest and wurst that might be cast, and y• caster should thereby wynne no parte of the stakes, but was of force cons [...]raigned in the waye of repele to laie down to the stake one peece of coyne, or one poynte, or one coūter, or one whatsoeuer thynges wer plaied for, and to take vp none at all. The contrarye to this (which was the holowe syde) was called, venus or Cous, and yt was cocke, the beste that might be cast. For it stoode for a sice, by whiche castyng, the caster should wynne & take vp from the stakes, sixe pieces of coyne, or sixe poyntes, or sixe counters. &c. and besides that, all the repeles by reason of canis found [...]leepyng. The other twoo sydes of the hucclebone wer called, the one chius, by whiche the cas [...]er woonne & tooke vp three, and the other, senio, by whiche the caster gotte and tooke vp fower. In the hucclebones, there was no dewce, nor cinque. This was the commen game, but there wer other games, as there been varietee of games in dice playyng, whiche dice thei called, tesseras, of their squarenesse. Albeit, tali are sometymes vsed for tesserae, and taken to signifie dice-plaiyng, as euen here also it maye bee taken.hucclebones, whiche is a game for boyes and children.

When the canell bone of his 8 throte, or his chest bone had been [Page] brokē in battaille, & the surgeon yt had hym in cure, was from daye to daye euer crauyng this & that, he saied: Take euen vntill yu wilt saie hoe, for yu hast ye keye thyselfe. Dalyyng with a woorde that might bee in double sense taken. For ye greke voice [...] signifieth bothe a keye, suche as a cupborde, or a doore is opened withall, and also the canell bone, or chestbone, that knitteth together a mannes shoulder with the breste. And what thyng could there bee of more ciuilitee,The ciuilitee of Philippus. then this ye herte of Philippus, who had a pleasure to vse testyng woordes and to bee merye both in his dolourous greef, and also towardes his couetous surgeon, neither to bee for his most peinfull smarte any thyng the more waywarde or testye, nor with the importunitee of the incessaunte crauer any thyng displeased or offended.

9 There wer twoo brethren, of whō the ones name was in greke, Amphoteros, whiche vocable soūeth in englyshe, bothe: the name of the other Hecateros whiche by interpretaciō souneth in englyshe, the one [Page] & the other. Philippus therfore espyyng and markyng the saied Hecateros to bee a prudente feloe, and a fitte manne to haue dooynges in thynges, and cōtrariewise Amphoteros to bee, a loutyshe persone vnmeete to haue dooynges, and a veray beast: clene turned, & countreframed their names, affermyng, yt Hecateros was Amphoteros, and Amphoteros, was to bee named Vdeteros, which souneth in englishe neither of bothe. Signifiyng the one of the brethren, that is to weete, Hecateros, in hymselfe to comprise the vertues and good qualitees of bothe twain, and the other brother to haue in hym not so muche as one good pointe or propretee. Therfore the name of hym, that was called Amphoteros, he chaunged to the contrarie that he should bee named Udeteros, in token yt he was for ye respecte of his qualitees not to be estemed worth a blew point or a good lous.

To certain persones, geuyng 10 hym counsaill, yt he should deale [Page] with the Atheniens & handle theim after a more sharpe and rigorous sorte then he didde, he aunswered that thei didde against all reason in that thei aduised hym, both doyng & suffreyng althynges onely for mere glorie & renoume to caste awaye the staige of thesame his glorye and renoume,Philippꝰ called y• citee of A [...]henes, the [...]taige of his glorie and ren [...]me, that [...] to saye, the [...]l [...]c [...] [...]n whi [...] al y• world [...] [...]ene & [...]old his [...]. whiche he studied and laboured to achiue. Signefyyng that he studied and went about, not how to destroye the citie of Athenes,A [...]henes in ye t [...]me of Philippus flouryshed with the aboundaunce of many excellente highe clerkes. but how to approue and to commend his vertues or good qualitees, vnto that right famous citie beeyng in moste flourāt state by reason of the greate aboundaūce & multitude of many excellent high clerkes & mēne of learnyng in ye same citie reciaunte.

11 Twoo feloes beeyng lyke flagicious,The iudgement of Philippus vpon twoo flagi [...]ious feloes accusyng either other before hym. and neither barell better hearyng, accused either other, the kyng Philippus in his owne persone sittyng in iudgement vpō theim. The cause all heard, he gaue sentence and iudgemente, that ye one [Page] should with all speede and celeritee auoid or flee the royalme or countree of Macedonia, & the other should pursue after him. Thus Philippus acquited neither of theim bothe, but condemned bothe the one and the other with banyshememte.12

Whē he addressed to pitche his tentes in a fair goodly groūd and was put in remēbraunce, yt there was in yt place no feedyng for the horsses & other catalles,The miserable condicion of warrefare. he saied: what maner of life is this yt wee haue, if we must of force so liue, as may bee for yt cōmoditee of asses?

When he had prefixed and appoynted 13 to take a certain castle and fortresse beeyng veraye strōg and well fēsed, and his spyes had brought woorde again, to bee a thyng out of perauentures hard to dooe, yea and (the south to saye) vtterly vnpossible: he demaunded whether it wer of suche hardnesse [Page] and dificultee, that it were not possible for an asse beeyng heauie loden wt golde to haue accesse and entreaunce or passage vnto it. Signifiyng, that there is nothyng so strongly fensed, but yt it maye with golde bee woonne.There is no [...]thyng but yt with gold it maye be ouer comed and woonne. Whiche veraye selfe same thyng the poetes haue signified by the fable of Ahas the xii. kyng of the Argiues, had a sonne called Acrisius, whiche Acrisius succeded his father in the kyngdome of the said Argiues, and had onely one doughter called Danae, a goodly and a passyng beautifull ladie. And so it was, that Acrisius had knowelage geuen to hym, by an oracle, or voice comynge from heauen, that he should be slain of his doughters soonne. Wherfore he enclosed and shutte vp the saied Dana [...] his doughter in a veraye stronge toure, and there kept hir, to thentente that she myght neuer haue soonne. At length Iupiter in fourme of a shoure raynyng droppes of golde gotte Danae with childe. So by Iupiter she had a soonne called Perseus [...] Whiche thyng beeyng come to light, and beeyng knowen, hir father sette bothe hir and hir infant childe en [...]losed in a troughe or trounke of wood in the wilde sea. So was she carryed by auentures on the sea, vntyll she arriued in Italie, and there Pilumnus the kyng, and graūdfather of Turnus, tooke hir to wife. And afterward Perseus beeyng ones come to mannes stature killed Medusa, and deliuered Andromeda. And at last returnyng to Argos, he slewe y• kyng Acrisius his graundfather (accordyng to the prophecie) and reigned in his stede. Danae by Iupiter defloured, but not vntill thesame god Iupiter had first transfourmed hymselfe in to golde, whereof ye poete Horatius speaketh in this maner.

Aurum per medios ire satellites, et perrumpere pere a mat castra potentius ferro.

Golde hath a fansie, and great delite,

Through harnessed mē, passage to ieperde,

And to make waye through tentes of might

More forceably, then deynte of sweorde [...]

[Page]Whē those persones that wer 14 at Lasthenes found theimselfes greued, and tooke highly or fumyshly, that certain of the traine of Philippus called theim traitours, Philippus aūswered, yt the Macedonians wer feloes of no fyne witte in their termes,The Macedonians wer plain feloes [...] callynge eche thynge by it right name. but alltogether grosse, clubbyshe, and rusticall, as the whiche had not the witte to calle a spade by any other name then a spade. Alludyng to that the commenused prouerbe of the grekes, callyng figgues, figgues: and a bote a bote. [...]. As for his menyng was, that thei wer traitours in veraye deede. And the fair flatte truthe, that the vplandyshe, or homely and plain clubbes of ye countree dooen vse, nameth eche thyng by the right names.

[Page] 15 It was his guyse to aduertise his sonne Alexander after a courteous & familiare gētle sorte to vse hymselfe and to liue with the Macedonians, A good lesson to all young princes. and through beneuolence and hertie loue in the meane tyme purchaced abrode emonge the cō menaltie, to gather vnto hym mighte & puissaunce, while duryng ye tyme of an other mannes reigne it laie in hym without any his harme or hindreaunce to shewe humanitee & gentlenesse. Like a prudent and an expert manne right well perceiuyng and vnderstandyng, like as an empier by no yearthly thyng better or more fermely to bee establyshed,A kyng maye not to all persones wtout excepcion shewe fauour. then by the hertie loue and good wille of the subiectes towardes their prince, euen so, to bee a thyng of moste high difficultee and hardnesse for any persone that hath ones taken vpō hym the office of a kyng, & hath now alreadie in hande the gouernaunce and ordreyng of a royalme or empier, towardes all parties without excepcion, to shewe gentlenesse and fauour, not onely because the office & power [Page] of a kyng, lyeth in the open waye to bee enuied, but also for that a commenweale maye not possibly bee preserued and kept in perfecte good state, onlesse haynous transgressions bee restreigned and suppressed by due punyshemente and correccion.Haynous transgressiōs must of necessitee bee suppressed by due correcciō and punishement. For kynges must so ferre extende humanitee and fauour towardes their subiectes, as thei maye in the meane tyme accordyngly vpholde and maintein their autoritee and estate royal.Kynges must so ferre extēde fauour, yt thei maye in the meane tyme not empeche their autoritee and estate royall. For goodnesse and fauour, without ende or measure shewed is many a tyme and ofte the mother of contempte.

Thesame Alexander, he auised & 16 counsailled, that he should wynne and make frendes vnto hym, all suche persones bothe honeste and vnhoneste, good and badde,Kynges must vse honest persones, and abuse the vnhoneste. as beare any rewle, stroke or autoritee in the commenweale, and that the good menne he should vse, & the eiuill persones he should abuse, yt is to saye, applye to some good vse, that of theim selfes thei are not apte nor inclined vnto. The chief and highe [...]t feacte of kynges [Page] is, to reiecte no person,The chief [...]ea [...]te of kynges, is to reiecte no persone, but to make all persones profitable to the commen weale. but rather to applye the labour and seruice of all menne, to the publique vt [...]litee and profite. As almightie god beeyng the onely Monarche and prince of the whole vniuersall worlde abuseth the eiuill sprites, and the weeked menne, to the vtilitee and profite of the churche, so, princes of high wisedome and policie haue the feacte to make instrumentes aswell of the honeste persones as of the vnhoneste, not that theimselfes been werkers of any eiuill thyng, by the helpe of the eiuill persones,Wise [...]rinces haue ye feacte to make profitable instrumentes, aswel of y• [...]iuill persones, as of the good. but that by the eiuill, thei dooe punyshe the eiuill. Nerethelesse, many princes there bee, whiche contrarie to the right course, dooen abuse the good menne and vse the eiuill. In executyng matiers of cruell tyrannie, thei associate and ioyne vnto theim suche persones as for the opinion of holynesse are famous and of greate name, to thentent that the people should esteme all thyng that thei dooe, to bee good and godly.

17 Thesame Philippus when he laye for hostage and pledge in the citee of Thebes [...] soiourned & was lodged in the hous of one Philo a Thebane, and besydes his high entretainmente [Page] in that behalfe, he receiued at ye hādes of thesame Philo many high beneficiall pleasures. And when the said Philo would in no wyse take any rewarde or gifte of Philippus again.Neuer māne did any thyng for Philippus but that Philippus did asmuch for him again. Naye, (ꝙ Philippus) robbe me not now (by leauyng me behynd hande in bountifulnesse,) of that laude & praise whiche hitherto I haue euer had, yt, yet vnto this presēte daye no māne hath passed me, or gon beyōd me, in doyng mutual plesures & benefites. Oh an hert & stomakeworthie a croune emperiall. He demed it a more high and ioly thyng to haue ye ouerhande in dooyng deedes of boūtie, then in ye prerogatif of power.

Whē a greate mayny hauyng 18 been taken priesoners in warre, wer in sellyng, Philippus sate at the portesale his garmēt or robe short tucked vp about hym, muche vncomely. And so it was, yt one of the captiues yt was to bee solde, cryed [Page] lowd voice: Bee good and gracious lorde vnto me o Philippus, and graunte me perdone, for I am your frende, and my father was an olde frende of yours. And Philippus demaundyng in this maner, how so good feloe, and by what meanes is this frendshippe beetwene vs twoo come about? If I maye approche nerer to youre grace, ꝙ the partie, I shall shewe you. And beeyng herupon licenced and bidden so to dooe, as though he should haue told hym some secrete mater in his eare, the feloe saied: Sir, leat downe your cape a litle more about you, for after this cutted facion as it sheweth now, ye sitte woondreous eiuil fauouredly & vnsemely for a kyng. Ymmediatly saied Philippus, leat this feloe departe free. For I knew not til now, that he was to me in veraye deede a welwiller, & [Page] a frende. Beeyng so greate a kyng,Philippꝰ beeyng a greate kyng, was no thyng displeased to haue faulte found at hym he was nothyng greued ne displeased, neither with the coulourable pretense, nor with the faulte fyndyng or admoniciō of a feloe that was to hym a straunger of none acquaintaunce: but did all vnder one, bothe with mutual simulacion on his partie couer and kepe secrete the colorable dooyng of the saied feloe,The beneficence of Philippus. and also recompense that veraye siēdre poynte of kyndenesse with the greate and high rewarde of free charter and dimission when he stoode to bee sold as a bondeman.

Beeyng on a tyme, by an especiall 16 frende of olde acquaintaūce, desired to a supper, in gooyng thitherward, he tooke with hym to bee his geastes a greate mayny that he happely mette on ye waye as he wente. But when he perceiued ye partie, which receiued hym into his house, to bee sore dismaied, for that the purueiaunce that he had made, was nothyng nere enough for so greate a coumpaignie, he sent a ladde aforehand about to euerie of his frendes then [Page] presente, and bidde theim to kepe a corner of their stomakes for the tartes, wafrie, and ioūkettes, that wer to bee serued and to come in after the meate. Thei beeyng brought in ful beleef therof, while thei gaped for tarte & other like confecciōs, fedde litle or nothyng on the other cates, so came it to passe, that the supper was sufficient to serue all the coumpaignie. With this pleasaunt merie toye, he both made his frēdes beleue ye moone to be made of a grene cheese, & also found a waye to saue the honestee of hym that made the supper.

20 Hipparchus of Euboia beeyng deceassed, Philippus by manifest tokens declared how heauyly he tooke his death. Wherupon, to a certain persone beeyng desirous to mitigate & asswage his doloure,Why Philippus so greuously and so heauyly toke the death of Hipparchus an Euboian. and allegeyng in this manier: well, he is at a conueniente age and tyme departed, beeyng now allreadie [Page] well strikē in yeres, yea, ꝙ Philippus, for his owne parte in deede, he is at a conueniēte age departed,The liberall herte of Philippus. but to meward, long afore his daye. For death hath by preuencion taken hym awaye before yt he hath receiued at my hāde any benefite woorthie and meete for the frendship that was betwene hym & me. It is a veraye rare thyng in princes to feele the mocions and pangues of the graces but many noble menne vsen their frendes none other wyse, but euē as thei dooen their horses. As long as thei bee hable to dooe theim seruice thei sette by theim & kepe theim when thei bee past occupiyng and dooyng any more seruise, thei ridde & dispetche their handes of thesame, and shift theim awaye. Yea and rather spoyle theim of that thei haue, then dooe theim good or helpe theim with condigne benefites or preferremente.

When he had secrete knowlage 21 brought vnto hym that Alexander his sonne found hymselfe greued for that his father was a getter of children by soondrie women, he [Page] gaue vnto Alexander an exhortaciō in this manier.The exhortacion of Philippus to his soone Alexander. Well then, sens it is so yt thou hast mo feloes besyde thyself to stande in eleccion for to haue this empier & to weare the croune after my deceasse, so applye thyselfe that thou maiest at length proue an honest or vertuous and a weldisposed manne, that thou maiest appere to haue achiued the croune not by me, but by thyn owneselfe. This manne with right princely wisedome and experiēce endeued, did not with sweete wordes put his soonne in any cumforte, but putte the same ferther in feare, to thende that he might the more pricke hym foortheward vnto vertue, geuyng notice and intymacion that there was none other waye for hym to conceiue any hope to bee kyng after hym, excepte he shewed hymselfe a mā worthie to succede in ye croune, neither to bee of so greate momēte to attein and geat an empier,It is not of so greate momēte, to haue an empier, as to bee woorthie to bee a kyng. as woorthyly to haue deserued to bee a kyng of a royalme.

22 He exhorted thesame Alexander that he should geue good eare & [Page] attend well to Aristotle, How Philippus exhorted his soonne Alexander to y• studie of Philosophie. to whom he had been committed to bee broken and brought vp, and that he should diligently applye hymselfe to ye studie of philosophie, lest that thou dooe committe and perpetrate, ꝙ he, many thynges, whiche thynges in tyme past to haue doen, it dooeth now repente me. Right well perceiued this excellēte wise prince that no manne beeyng vntraded in philosophie is an apte and mete persone to bee a kyng.A learned kyng an vnestimable treasure. Neither was he ashamed to confesse that he had through errour dooen amysse in many thynges, by reason that he had not euen from his tendre babeship been nousleed in the preceptes of philosophie. For those persones, who by their ownemere practise assaiyng & experymētes, dooe learne to ordre & gouerne a royalme and to execute y• office of a kyng, although thei haue euen frō their mothers wombe, been of neuer so excellente high witte, yet bothe ouer late, and also to the greate scathe and ympechemente of the commēweal, after long processe of yeres thei growe to bee good kynges. ButWho commeth to ye office of a kyng armed aforehande with y• preceptes of philosophie, cānot lightly swerue from y• right trade of vertue. who cometh to the administracion of a royalme, [Page] armed aforehande with the holsome preceptes and rewles of philosophie, if there bee in hym a mynde and herte with no spice of corrupcion entangleed, it shall vneth lye in his power to swerue from the perfecte right trade of honestee and vertue. Where been thei now, whiche yalle and rore, that learnyng, and the studie of philosophie is vtterly nothyng auailable to the gouernaunce and administracion of a commenweale?Thei are in a wrōg opiniō that supposē learnyng to bee nothyng auailable to y• gouernaūce of a commē weale

23 He had created and autorised one of ye frendes of Antipater to bee of the noūbre of ye iudges.Of antipater read in his saiynges. But afterward, when it was come to his knowlage yt the partie vsed to dye his bearde & his heare, he deposed thesame again & discharged hym of that office, allegeyng that who in the heare of his hedde was not feithfull and vpright,Who vseth deceipte and guile in small thynges, is eiuill woorthie to bee trusted in higher and more weightie maters. the same in publique dooynges semed full eiuill woorthie to bee put in truste. He vsed deceipte, and falshood in dyyng his heare, whereby was no great auaūtage no gaine to bee gotten, muche more was it like that he would vse deceipte and falsehood in publique affaires, where guile dooeth at [Page] a tyme auauntage to a manne a good potte of wyne. And this ought to bee the chief care of kynges, that thei putte in authoritee persones vpright and void of all corrupcion to bee hedde officers in hearyng and iudgeyng of causes. And how maye that possibly bee, where the offices of sittyng in iudgemente bee sold for money, & that persone appoynted and made iudge, not that passeth others in honestee and goodnesse, but that cometh first to enoyncte or greace the handes, of hym that geueth the office, or biddeth moste money for it? But with Philippus, no not the autoritee of his dere beloued frende Antipater might weigh and dooe so muche, but that he deposed the suspected persone from the benche and ordre of the iudges.

Sittyng in iustice on ye benche 24 he had before hym, to geue sentēce and iudgemente vpō, the cause of one Machaetes, but he was so heauie of slepe yt he could in no wise hold vp his yies, ne geue his mynde, as he should haue dooen, to the equitee of the lawe.The equitee of ye lawe is, that ye lawers callen the epicai, whiche thei take for y• moderacion of all s [...]uerite & rigour of ye lawe, when iustice & lawe is ministred with fauour. Wherupon he gaue sentence and iudgemente against Machaetes. And when thesame [Page] cryyng with a loude voice, had saied, that he appealed from thesame sentēce, the kyng beeyng angrye saied again, to whō dooest thou appeale? for the woorde of appealyng (whiche is euermore from the inferiour iudge and power to an higher) vnto kynges veray odious. Thē, ꝙ Machaetes, euē to your ownself sir kyng, do I appeale, if your grace will awake, & with more earnest & tēdre attenciō of mynde, heare my cause. Immediately here vpon, the kyng arose and stood hym vp. And when he had better weighed the matter with hymself, and well perceiued, that the saied Machaetes had had wrong,How Philippus vsed one Machaetes by his sentēce wrōgfully cō demned. in dede the sentēce of iudgemēte ones geuen & alreadie pronounced, he would not reuoke ne breake, but the summe of money, in whiche Machaetes had beē cast & condemned, hymselfe paied out of his own purse euery ferthyng. [Page] Loe, in one facte, howe many soondrye argumentes and tokens of pryncely vertue. He contynued not to be angry [...] wyth the feloe bothe appealynge from hys sentence, and also openly in the face of the courte layenge slepynes to hys charge: but leasurely wyth better dyligence he consydered the matter in hys owne mynde, beynge nowe clere voyde of all wrath and indyngnacyon. Bee thys a poynte of ciuilitie and of pryncely moderacyon: but that nowe ensueth, was a poynte of hyghe prudence and wysedome, that by a wyttie and polytique deuyse, the party condē ned, he did in such wyse delyuer and despetche of all losse & damage, that yet neuerthelesse he dyd not stayne ne putte to lacke or rebuke hys royall autoritie in geuyng sentence of indgement, the penaltie and fyne that Machaetea was caste in, he priuately satysfied and payed as if hym selfe had been therein condēned.

[Page] 25 The frēdes of Philippus fumyng and takyng high indignacion, for that theThe Peloponnesians wer the inhabitauntes of Peloponesus whiche was a region of Grece, in olde tyme called Achaia & nowe Mor [...]a, liyng betwene two seas, the one called Ioniū and the other Aegeaū: and with thesame seas so enclosed, that it is in mani [...]r a veraye Is [...]e. It was named of Pe [...]lops ye sonne of Tantalus kyng of the Phrygians. And Pelops was housbād to Hippodamia the doughter of Oenomaus, kyng of the saied region, on whom went a Prophecie, that wh [...]nsoeuer his doughter maried, he should leese his life. Wherfore with all suche princes & knyghtes as came to sue for the mariage of Hippodamia, he (the saied Oenomaus) appoynted tornamentes for life & death with this condicion, that who so could that waye wynne his doughter should haue hir, who so wer ouercomed should suffre death. After many wooers thus slain and put to death came Pelops, and corrupted Myrtilus the maister of ye chairettes with Oenomaus promisyng to thesame Myrtilus that in case he would bee his trende that he might haue victo [...]ie, he should lye with Hippodamia the first night. Then did Myrtilus sette in the chairette of Oe [...]omaus, an a [...]eltree of weare by reason wherof at the first ioynyng it brake, and Pelo [...]s woonne the victorie. Wherupon Oenomaus killed hymselfe. And Pelops not onely obteyned and enioyed the ladie Hippodamia, but also succeded Oenomaus in the kyngdome of Achaia. And when Myrtilus required his promysse, Pelops caused hym to bee cast into the sea, whiche sea of his name was called Myrtoum. In the region of Pelopennesus wer these noble & florente citees, Argos, Micenae, Corinthus, Lacedaemon, Patrae, the mountain of Malea lyyng on the sea coste Epidanrus, and these countrees, Arcadia, and Sicyona. Peloponnesians did with hissyng mocke and skorne hym at ye games of Olimpia, especially hauyng receiued many benefites at the kynges hande, and with that tale prickyng and stieryng Philippus to auenge hymselfe on theim: why ꝙ he, how will the matier then go if we dooe vnto theim any eiuill? Graciously and with woondreous ciuilitee turned he the argumente of his frendes to the contrarie, thus: If thei bee of suche frowarde nature and disposicion, that thei mocke and skorne those persones, who haue dooen theim benefite, thei will dooe muche more annoyaunce and harme, if a bodye therunto prouoke theim with shrewd turnes or dedes of myschief. A manifeste token and prouf it was not onely of moderacion or paciente suffreaunce and of mercifulnesse, but also of a certain excellente high magnanimitee, a kyng to neglecte & sette lighte by the hissyngs, of ingrate persones.

[Page] Harpalus in the fauour and behalfe 26 of Crates beeyng bothe his familiare frende and of alyaunce and sued at the lawe vpon an accion of trespace for wronges and extorcion by hym dooen, made instaunte requeste and peticion vnto Philippus, yt the same defendaunte might paye the damage and fyne [Page] but yet might for sauyng his honestee bee quieted and dispetched of the suite and accion,The vprightnes and in [...]egritee of Phil [...]ppus, in ministreyng the l [...]wes and in doyng iustice. leste that beeyng in the face of the court cō dēned, he should haue all ye world to raill and speake eiuill on hym. At these woordes, better it is (ꝙ Philippus) that he bee eiuill spoken of, then me to haue an eiuil name for his cause. He was tendre and fauourable to his frendes, & beare with theim albeeit no ferther then he lawfully might without empechemente of the existimacion and credence of a iudge.

27 When Philippus beeyng in the campe with his armie had slept a great long while together,Antipater the de [...]utie and high [...]pitain vnd [...]r Philippus. beeyng at last awaked, I haue slept in safegarde saieth he, for Antipater hath in my stede watched and for borne slepe. Declaryng by ye watche woorde, not to bee the parte of a prince,Not to bee y• parte of a prince to t [...]ke his full reste & slepe, especially in tyme of warre. to lye in bedde, all daye, or to take his full reste and slepe, especially in tyme of warre, & yet nerethelesse, that thesame maye at a tyme without perell or daungier bee dooen, if a [Page] kyng haue a tru [...]tie and a peinfull deputie.A prince may bee in securitee that hath a trustie and a vigi [...]aunte deputie. Thus with the laude & praise of his frende, he made a good excuse in that he had ouer slept hym selfe.

At an other season eftsons it fortuned, that while Philippus in the 28 daye tyme tooke his reste & slepe, a sorte of the grekes (whiche had in a great noumbre assembleed aboute his doore) tooke peper in ye nose,How parmenio excused Philippꝰ slepyng in the daye tyme. and spake many woordes of reproche by the kyng, for that by reason of his sluggyng thei might not at ye first choppe bee brought to his speche: then Parmenio beeyng in presence,Parmenio was one of Philippꝰ gē tlemenne and a capitain & in veraye high fauour & trust with hym, & after his dayes, with Alexander Magnus. in this manier defended the kyng, and made excuse in his behalfe, saiyng: Meruaill ye not if Philippus dooe now repose hymselfe & take a nappe, for when all ye wer in your ded slepe, he watched. Signifiyng, that the grekes rechelessely conueighyng their affaires, Philippus broke many a slepe to prouide for their defense and safegarde.

[Page] 29 Like as hymself was mery cō ceipted and ful of preatie tauntes so did he muche delite in the saiynges of others, if thesame had any quickenesse or grace in theim. Wherfore, when he was disposed on a tyme, as he sate at his supper, to coumptrolle a mynstrelle plaiyng at yt presente before hym, and talked his phansie of fyngreyng and strykyng the strienges of the instrumente:Eu [...]ry bodie is best iudge of his owne arte and facultie. God forfende sir kyng, ꝙ the mynstrelle, that ye should haue more sight and knowlage in this geare, thē I. Pleasauntely and as might stand with good manier, did the feloe take vpon hym to iudge in his owne art and facultee, and yet nothyng offended or displeased the kyng, whom he iudged to bee of more dignitee and high estaste, then for to contend or striue with a mynstrelle about ye twangyng of harpestrienges and lutestrienges.

Yea and ye right sharpe or poynaunte 30 saiynges of others (so it [Page] wer spoken in tyme & place oportune, & not toto ferre out of course he coulde take in good parte.The human [...] tee & paceinc [...] of Pilippꝰ. For when he was foule out, both with ☞ Olympias his wife, and also with Alexander his soonne, he demaunded of Demaratus a Corinthian euen at that presēte tyme happyly comyng vnto hym in ambassade,Demaratus ambassadour from Cori [...] the wt Philippus. what concorde, peace & vnitee the grekes had emong theimselfes one with another. Immediately saied Demaratus to hym again. Iwys iwys, ye dooe of likelyhood take great thought and care for the cō corde and tranquillitee of the grekes, when those that are nighest & moste dere vnto you, beare suche herte and mynde towardes you. What would a manne in this case haue looked for, but that the kyng beeyng highly displeased with ye bolde and plain speakyng of Demaratus, should haue commaunded the same to bee had awaye out of his sight? Yet for al that, because ye woordes of Demaratus [Page] meaned to reuoke hym [...]rom ire and wrathe, to takyng better wayes: the kyng pacified and reconciled hymselfe at the correpcion of the straunger, and all indignaciō and wrathe laied a parte, fell to a fulle atonemente with all his folkes.

[Page]To an olde wife beeyng a poore 31 sely solle, and cryyng and callyng vpon Philippus to haue the hearyng of her cause before hym, nor ceassyng with this ymportune & earnest prayer in manier dayly to ryng in his eare,The office of kynges is to heare the complaintes and causes of all persones wt out excepcion he at last made aunswer, that he had noo leasure. And when the olde wife had eftsons cryed out vpon hym, saiyng [Page] why, then bee no longer kyng ne [...] ther: Philppus greatly meruaillyng at her bolde and franke speakyng did fromthensfoorthe geue eare not onely vnto her, but also to all others like. This selfesame thyng the latines dooen attribute vnto Adrian Emperour of Roome.

32 Philippus, when it was come to his eare that his soonne Alexander had in a certain place shewed him selfe to bee a cunnyng musician,Not euery arte is meete for a kyng. graciously and courtisely chidde hym for it, saiyng: Art thou not ashamed of thyself to haue so good sight in musike? Signifiyng that other artes then musike were more meete and seemyng for a kyng.

33 Thesame Philippus hauyng on a tyme gotten a falle in the wrastleyng place,Philippus reproued the ambicion of manne in des [...]ryng empier when in the arisyng again he had espied the priente & measure of his wholle bodie in the doust, he saied: Oh the foly of [Page] manne, how we to whō of nature a veraye small porcion of the yearth is due, desire to haue in our handes all the vniuersall worlde. Would god this saiyng had been well enpriented in ye herte of his soonne, to whose ambicion and couetous desire all the wholle worlde semed but a litle angle.The ambiciō of Alexander.

Philippus chidyng his soonne Alexander 34 for yt he laboured & sought with presentes and giftes to purchace the beneuolence and hertie loue of the Macedonians, did thus frame & sette his woordes: what (the deiuill) consideracion or meanes hath putte suche a vain hope in thy hedde, and brought the into this fooles paradise, to suppose that thei will in tyme to come bee feithfull and true vnto the,Beneuolence ought to bee purchaced by vertue & not by giftes. whom thou shalte haue corrupted and bought with money? what? dooest thou goo about to bryng to passe, that the Macedonians shall esteme y• [Page] to bee, not their kyng, but their almoyner, or pursebearer?

35 The Atheniens had sent an ambassade vnto Philippus. Thesame graciously receiued and heard, to thende that he would with all possible courtesie and humanitee dimisse the Ambssadours, he willed theim to speake, in what thyng he might doo to ye Atheniens any good pleasure. Anon, Demochares taking the tale in hāde, saied: forsouth sir, if ye goo & putte your necke in an halter & hang yourselfe. This Demochares was one of ye Ambassadours, and for his malaparte toungne called at home in his conntree in their language, Demochares parrhesiastes, one of ye ambassadours sent in Legacie frō the Atheniens vnto Philippus. The boldenesse yt some ꝑsones haue, plainly & with out respecte, feare, acception or sparyng of any bodye whatsoeuer he bee, to vtter & to speake that lyeth in their stomake yea, whether it bee to geue a checke and a rebuke to ones face, orels any otherwise howsoeuer it bee, is called in greke [...], and therof whatsoeuer persone hath that propretee without feare or sparyng to saie his mynde in al thynges as he thynketh, is called Parrhesiastes. And suche an one was this Demochares. [...], is in a manne the qualitee contrarie to assentacion, whiche assentaciō is the southyng of eche bodyes tale and saiynges, and holdyng vp theyr yea and naye. Parrhesiastes, (as ye woulde saye in englyshe) Thom trouthe, or plain Sarisbuirie, The kynges frendes at suche a carlishe aunswer fumyng and takyng high indignacion Philippus appeased theim, and commaunded theim safe and sounde to leat goo that same * Thersites. Then turnyng hymselfe to the residue of the Ambassadours, he saied Goo beare woorde again home to the Atheniens, [Page] muche more pride and stately presumpcion to rest in the speakers of suche vngoodly woordes as these, then in theim, whiche heare the same spoken vnto theim, and suffre it to passe vnpunished. When all is dooen, these are the stomakes and hertes worthye to haue empier.

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THE SAIYNGES OF ALEXANDER THE GREATE.

IN the saiynges of Philippus there was nothyng [...] but whiche besides the vrbanitee and pleasaunte grace myght not also auayll to good maners & honest behaueour. Nether dooe I see, whom more conue [...]iently to ioyne vnto Philippus, thē his owne soonne Alexander.

2 This Alexander beeyng yet but a little boye, when his father Philippus [Page] executed many right high entreprises, & many right puissaunte and noble actes of prowesse achiued wt veraye prosperous happe and successe: was therwithall nothyng wel apaied, but to his plaifeeres, and suche as wer brought vp at nourice with hym, he vsed thus to saye: my father will leaue nothyng at all for me. Thei saiyng again: yes iwys, it is you and none other for whom he purchaceth and procureth all thissame. And what good maye it dooe me, ꝙ Alexander, if beeyng a lorde of greate possessions, I shall haue none affaires wherabout to bee dooyng, & to bee sette on werke?Alexander euen of o child was of an ambicious [...] stieryng nature. Euen at that age might a bodye right well espye and knowe in hym a sparke of an ambicious and actif or stieryng nature towarde.

Thesame Alexander whereas he 2 was passyng light or nymble of [Page] bodye and veraye swifte of foote to renne,Alexander veraye nymble of bodye and swifte to renne. to his father willing him at the games of Olympia to renne the race emong ye others, I would sir with all my herte, saieth he, if I should haue kynges to renne for the price or maisterie with me. In this poynte also maye ye euidently espye and knowe a manne of haulte courage and one yt would not to any persone liuyng geue place,The haulte courage & stomake of Alexander. or yeld an ynche, in the tryall of laude and dominacion. Hymself was not yet come to bee a kyng, & for all that would he not vouchesalue in prouyng maisteries to bee matched with any persones beeyng vnder the estate of kynges.Alexander in prouyng maisteries wou [...]d not bee matched but with kynges.

When a certain young womā 3 was veraye late in ye night brought vnto Alexander to bee his bedfeloe, the kyng demaunded, where she had been so long: the woman makyng aunswer, that she had taryed & awayted, vntill hir housbande might first bee gon to bedde: he called his seruauntes, that [Page] had brought hir and gaue theim an high and a sore rebuke, saiyng conueigh this woman home again, for I was not ferre from ye poynte, nor failled but veraye litle thorough youre defaulte, to bee made an auoutreer. A passyng gaye exaumple of chastitee,A notable example of chastitee in Alexander. on the oneside in a young manne, and on the other side in a kyng (and mo [...]te of all in an ethnike.) For emong theim, simple fornicaciō was reputed for noo cryme ne synne at all. And by this historie it semeth lik [...]ly, that the maner and vsage at those dayes was, (as in Italie yet still at this presente daye it is) that mennes wiues laye aparte in a soondrie chaumbre and bedde from their housbandes,In old tyme ye wiues laye a parte in a soōdrie chaū bre and bedde frō their husbandes. onlesse thei wer at this or that season called.

To Alexander in his childehood 4 excessiuely makyng incense and sacrifice vnto the goddes, & euery pater noster while ren̄yng to take still more and more of the frankincēse, Paedag [...]gus is he yt hath y• tuiciō, gouernaunce, nourturyng, breakyng & bryngyng vp of a childe aswell in maniers as in learnyng, whiche was in olde tyme aswel emong the Romains as the Grekes an honorable bothe name & funcciō. Neither was there any noble mā nes sōne, but that he had a peculiar tu [...]our and gouernour. But Alexander because he was soonne to so noble a kyng, and also was of singular courage, stomake and towardnes had many p [...]edagogues, nour [...]urers and schoolemaisters, emong whom the chief preeminēce had Leonides, and to hym by especiall commission apperteined the principall, cure, charge, autoritee and rewle ouer Alexander, partely for that he was a manne of singular grauitee, wisedome, and seueritee of maniers, and partely because he was of nere kynred and frēdship [...]owardes Olympias the mother of Alexāder. Nerethelesse because Leonides thought the name of Paedagogue ouer basse and vile for a manne of suche dignitee as hymself was, Lysymachus had the name of Paedagogue, and in veraye deede was he that contynually attended and tooke dayly peines in nourturyng, teachyng, and breakynge Alexander, and Leonides was called his tutour, gouernour, directour, and (as ye might saye) lorde Maistee. Leonides who was his gouernour and had chief cure & charge of his bodye and of his bryngyng [Page] vp, and at that tyme was there presente, saied: Sirrha, my childe, thē shall it bee meete for you with thus great largesse to make incēse vnto the goddes, when ye shall haue subdued the countree where this incense groweth. After long processe of tyme, when Alexander had in deede conquered thesame countree, hauyng freshe in his remembraunce the saiyng of Leonides aboue especified, he wrote letters vnto hym with this clause: I send vnto ye * certain talentes of frankinsense and of casia, to thentente yt thou maiest not fromhensfoorth bee a niggarde towardes the goddes, sens thou art not vnknowyng, that we are now cōquerours and lordes of ye countree yt produceth frankincēse & swete odours.

[Page]When he was readie & would 5 nedes auenture battaill vpon the souldyers of Darius at the floudde Alexāder makyng a v [...]age and gooynge with an armie royall of thirtie fower thousande footemenne, & fiue thousād [...] horsemēne against Dariꝰ kyng of the Persians, cō ueighed his hoste & passed ou [...]r Hellespontus (whiche is a narowe and veraye daungerous sea, reachyng from the Isle of Tenedus, vnto Propontis) & so came to Granicus a floudde in the countree of Phrygia, whiche Phrygia is a region of Asia the lesse. At Granicus because it was (as ye would saye) the gates of Asia, and for that there was none other entreaunce nee passage into Asia to come to ye Persiās: y• Capitains of Darius had so sette there souldyers in araye to resiste Alexāder, that there might bee no waye made but with dynte of sweorde. Wherefore, Parmenio the dere frende, the moste feithfull herted counsaillour and the moste trustie Capitain of Alexander auised hym for many consideracions in no wise to enterprise so harde and so daungerous an auenture. Why, ꝙ Alexander again, Hellespontus would blushe for veraye shame, now that I haue alreadie passed ouer it, if I should bee afeard to wade ouer so litle a floudde as Granicus, and then after that he had encouraged his souldyers to haue cherefull hertes, takyng with hym thirteen rayes of horsemen, hymself flounced me into the floudde, & at length in despyte & maugre the heddes of all his enemies, he gotte to the other side of thesame. Granicus, he badde the Macedonians to feede lustyly at their dyner, not sparing to fille their bealyes with such vitailles as thei had, for they should bee assured ye morowe next folowyng to suppe of the prouisiō [Page] [...] [Page] [...] [Page] of their enemies. A lustye courage, & an herte yt could not faint ne bee dismayed and as touchyng the ende of the battaill beeyng in nomaner doubte, mystruste, ne feare but that the victorie should goe on his syde.

6 Parillus one of the noumbre of Alexanders familiare frendes,Parillus one of Alexanders familiare frē des. desired of Alexander some dourie of money towardes the maryage of his doughters. The kynge badde him take fiftie talentes of money. [Page] And when ye other had aunswered tenne talentes to bee sufficiēt, yea, (ꝙ Alexander) soo muche is enough for y• to take,The bountee and munificence of Alexander. but the same is not enough for me to geue. Gayly & royally spoken, had not his towardnes vnto vertue been vitiated & corrupted wt ambiciō.7

Alexander had commaunded his treasourer to deliuer vnto the philosophier Anexarchus how muche money so euer he would aske, And when ye saied treasourer had herde the requeste, & beeyng therewith more thē half astonned, had made relacion vnto Alexander that the philosophier asked no lesse then an hundred talentes:The bountee and munificence of Alexander. he dooeth well (ꝙ the kyng) knowyng hymself to haue a frende, whiche is bothe hable and willyng to geue so great a summe. Here maye a manne doubte whether of these twoo thynges he ought rather to maruaill at, the kynges liberalitee in geuyng, orels the vnreasonablenes of the philosophier, in askyng [Page] excepte we lust rather to calle thesame assured trust and confidence that he had in the 8 kynges beneficence.

When he had seen in the citee of Miletus many and thesame right greate, and bowerly images and porturatures of suche persones as had tofore tymes woonne the victories or chief prices in the games of Olympia & of Pythia, Apollo by one other name was called Pythius of the great dragon Python, whiche dragon to his great honour glorie & reno [...]ne, [...]e slewe wt his bowe & aro [...]s. And for a memoriall of y• acte there were holden & kept in y• honour of Apollo Pithius, certain games of iustyng, rennyn [...], wra [...]tleyng, & shoo [...]yng, and of the name of Apollo thei wer called Pythia. he saied: And where wer these so great gyauntlike bodyes, when the barbarous did besiege your citee? Nippyngly did he taunte and checkyng the foolishe ambicion of theim, who glorie and braggued of suche persones as beeyng in greatnes & strength of bodye perelesse, had gotten victorie in turnamentes, [...]ustes, wra [...]tleyng, rennyng & other sembleable games made for p [...]easure & disporte, whereas in so great pere [...]les & daūgers of ye citee, there had been none at all, that could trye and shewe theimselfes to bee such ioyly valiaūte feloes.

9 Where Adas quene of the Carians had a great delyte and phantasie [Page] styl day by day,This Ades Alexander for fauour yt he had to hir, of his owne mynde tooke for his mother, & so called hir, and made hir queene of the Carians. ordynarily to send vnto Alexander presentes of cates and of iunquettes or confeccions dressed and wrought wyth greate cunnynge, by the fynest deuisers pastlers & artificers of such thynges, that coulde bee gotten: Alexander sayde, that himselfe had of hys owne muche better cookes & dressers of his viandrie,The cookes yt Alexāder had to dresse his meate. yt is to weete, for dyner, his iourneyeng ye night afore, and for supper, a spare and lyght repaste at noone.*

On a certayne season, all thynges 10 beyng in a perfecte readynes to ioyne battayle and to fightyng the felde, when he was asked the questiō, whether his pleasure wer yt any thing els shulde bee doone: [Page] Nothynge (ꝙ he) but ye beardes of the Macedonians to bee shauen of. Parmenio woonderynge what thys saiyng should meane: why, dooest thou not knowe, sayed Alexander, yt there is in battayll nothyng better or more apte to take holde on then a bearde?Beardes are in bat [...]ll a great [...] l [...]tte & hindreaunce. He sygnyfyed that fyghtyng in warre ought to bee within handye grypes, in which kynde of stryfe and tryyng beardes are a greate hynderaunce, for that the souldyers or menne of warre maye veray easely bee caught by the beardes and bee holden faste.

11 Darius offreed vnto Alexander these condicions,The condicions offred by Darius vnto Alexander. that he shoulde haue tenne thousande talentes of money, & besydes that the empier of the whole countree of Asia to be egually deuyded betwene theim twaine. When Alexander this offre refused: I would surely haue takē it, ꝙ Parmenio, if I wer Alexander. And so would I, ꝙ Alexander, if I wer Parmenio. But vnto Darius he [Page] made aunswer in this maner,The aunswer of Alexander concernyng ye condiciōs offreed to hym by Darius. that neyther the yearth might endure or abyde twoo soones, nor ye countree of Asia twoo kynges Here also myght one allow & commende his haultenesse of courage or stomake: if the saiyng did not sauour of a certain inordynate wylfull heddynes to bee lorde alone,Alexander would needes bee lorde of all the worlde alone. and to haue all vnder his owne subiecion.

When Alexander was like at a 12 certain toune called The battaill betwene Alexander & Darius, foughten at ye toune of Arbeles. Arbeles to bee putte to the plounge of makynge or marryng & of habbe or nhabbe to wynne al, or to lese al (for he had to fight with a million of menne of armes wel appointed, and prepaired to trye it by strokes) there came vnto him certain of his souldyers that bare towardes hym veraye good & true feithfull hertes, and complained on their feloes, that in the campe thei made a muttreyng emong theimselfes, and cō spired together, of all the preade & bootie that thei should geat, not [Page] to bryng a iote into ye kynges pauilion, but to conuerte it full and whole to their owne peculiare profite and auauntage. These thynges heard, Alexander smyled,How Alexander toke, that his souldyers had cōspired emong theimselfes to conuerte all the booties that they shoulde geat, to their owne priuate vse. and saied: Sers, ye haue brought me good tydynges. For I heare the words of feloes minded to wynne the victorie, & not to flee. Neyther was he deceiued in his geasse. For vnto hym came right many an one of the souldyers, saiyng: Be of good chere sir kyng, and haue good herte, neither feare ye the greate noumbre and multitude of your enemies, thei shall not bee hable to abyde, no not so muche as the veraye smelle of vs.*

13 The same Alexander, his armie now alreadie sette in a raye, & appoynted euen out of hand to fight [Page] the felde, whē he espyed one of the souldiers euen at the same present houre trymmyng a strop or loope to sette on his darte,A stroppe is y• streng that is fastened in y• middes of a darte, wherin to putte ones fynger when he picketh it. he putte out of wages, and discharged of his roume, as one lyke to do no good seruice at all, whiche then and not afore begoonne to make redie his weapens when it was alreadie high tyme to occupie thesame.It is an eiuill man of warre that wil haue his weapē vnreadie when he should occupie it. This was to bee putte rather emong stratagemes then emong apophthegmes, euē as is also thissame, whereof I shall nowe ne [...]te after make rehersall.

Alexander was readyng a lettre 14 sent from his mother, whiche lettre cōteined certain secrete maters of coūsail, together with false crymes surmised agaynst Antipater These lettres did Hephastion after his accustomed maner reade together with the kyng.Heph [...]estion was so highly in fauoure with Alexander, yt he called hym, a [...]ter se, the second Alexander, and vsed hym as familiarly as his owne self hydyng from hym none of all his secretes. Neither did the kynge forbidde hym to reade, but after reading of the epistle, he [Page] pulled his signet rynge from his fynger, & sette it hard to ye mouth of the said Hephaestion, warnyng the same by thus dooyng, to kepe his counsaill secrete. An example of notable truste and affiaunce hauyng in his frende, yea and also of passyng great humanitee, in that he would these false accusaciōs and cōplaintes to bee spred abrode, although in deede he loued At the first begynnynge, who so high in price, estymacion or trust with Alexander, as was Antipater? in so muche that Plutarchus in the life of Phocion reherseth for a thyng notable and woorthie memorie, that thesame Alexander neuer would vouchesalue to shewe to any persones so muche honoure, as in his Epistles or lettres to write vnto theim this familiare clause in the begynnyng of his lettres, we grete you well, sauyng onely to Phocion of Athenes, and to Antipater, whiche twoo persones he had in espeall high regarde and honour. And Iolas one of the soonnes of Antipater was vnto Alexander chief butler and cuppe bearer But in the later dayes Antipater lost vtterly all the fauour of Alexander, and was of thesame suspected, mystrusted & dedly hated. Antipater at that tyme no better then a doggue.

15 In the temple of☞ Ammon, whē he was by the presidente or chief preest there, called the soone of Iupiter: it is no meruail (saieth he) for Iupiter in deede of nature is father [Page] vnto al menne, but of theim he taketh for his veraye owne children in deede, especially al suche as are good and honest. He did after a veraye humble sorte expoune the Oraculum an oracle, is proprely the mynde & aunswer of God by some diuine interpreter declared, as by some Prophete, preste, or otherwyse by manne. oracle. For the mynistre of the temple, called hym the soonne of Iupiter in the waye of flatterie, as if Alexander had been lykewise begotten of Iupiter, as Hercules was reputed and beleued to be the soonne of Iupiter. But Alexander confessed that Iupiter was of nature the autour & parente of all mortall menne, but yet that the same did agnise and knowelage peculiarly or proprely for his soonnes, suche persones and none other, as by vertue and noble actes drewe nighest, and were moste aunswerable to the nature of god. And that is, vnto all persones without excepcion to bee beneficiall.

[Page] 16 When his leggue was wounded with an aroe in battaille,What Alexā der said, whē he was woū ded with an [...]roe. and many came rennyng about hym, whiche had of a custome ofte tymes vsed to call hym a God, he wt a bolde and a mery countenaunce alludyng to a verse of the Poete Homere, saied:

Alexāder beeyng wounded knowlaged hymself to be a mā mortall.

This that ye see, is blood withouten oddes

Euen such like, as cometh from the Goddes

Mocking in veraye deede the vanitee of those flattreers, forasmuche as the thynge selfe declared hym to bee nothynge els but a mortal manne, as others wer. As for the allusion yt he made, was to a place of Homere in the fifthe volume of his werke entitleed Ilias, where it is tolde howe Uenus was wounded of Diomedes.

17 Many persones highly cōmendyng [Page] and praisyng the frugalitee and spare maner of liuyng that Antipater vsed, who leed a life veray homely or grosse, & farre from all delices: yea, ꝙ he, Antipater weareth a white mantelle outwardely but wtin he goeth in purple euery ynche of hym. Notyng the feigned & colourable sparyng and homelynesse of the saied Antipater, wheras he was, yt not withstandyng, in veraye deed as ambicious and stately,Antipater, though he sē bled to liue homely, yet in deede was ambicio [...]s [...] stately. as the best.

When he was on a daye in the 18 wynter seasō, and in sharpe colde weather, feasted by a certain frēde of his, and sawe there a litle litle herthe, & in thesame a litle preatie small fyer, he saied:How Alexander noted a frende of his to plaie the niggarde of his woodde. Sers, either laye on woodde, or cast in frankincense. Half geuyng a checke vnder a colour, that the feaster or banquetter plaied as muche the niggarde of his woodde,Unseasonable housbandrie. as if thesame had been frankincense, wheras in suche extreme colde, euen veraye frankincēse ought not to haue been spared: and farther signifiyng yt there was fyer sufficiēt for makyng [Page] incense to the goddes, but not enough to defend and keepe awaye colde.

19 Whē he supped on a tyme at ye hous of Antipatrides, and thesame had brought in before Alexander at ye supper a passyng faire damysel, beeyng a mynion dooer in syngyng, Alexander beeyng rauyshed wt the sight of her, was soodainly striken with hotte burnyng loue. And anon demaunded of Antipatrides, whether he for his owne parte wer not ferre in loue with the damysell:The continē cie and greate chastite of Alexander. Antipatrides plainly confessyng, yt yes, Alexander saied: O vngracious manne, wilt yu not wt all haste haue her away from ye table and this coumpaignie? How ferre was th [...]t herte and mynde from defylyng an other mannes wedded wife, whiche stood in so greate feare of hymself, lest he should fall ouer ferre in loue with the lemā of his frende makyng hym a supper.

20 At what tyme Alexander reuersed backe again to the sea (to departe [Page] out of his armie,) as many of the Macedonians, as wer sickely, maimed and feble or impotēte of their lymmes, there was one persone bewraied,Plutarchus in the life of Alexander nameth this mā Eurylochus. that had billed hymself in the noumbre of the sickefolkes, wheras in deede he had no disease nor ympedimente at all. This manne when he was brought to the sight and presence of Alexander and beeyng examyned, did cōfesse that he had made a pretexte and sembleaunce of a disease or maladie, for the loue of a woman called Telesi [...]pa, who was gon afore towarde the sea, Alexander asked, to whom might bee committed the charge to commaunde the saied Telesippa to returne backe again to the armie. (supposyng that she had been bondewoman to one or other of his souldyers.) But when he had due knowelage that shee was no bondewoman, but fre born: why, (ꝙ Alexander) thē [Page] leat vs o Antigenes (for that was the feloes name,) entreacte, and by fair meanes perswade Telesippa to tarrye still with vs. For by force or violence to compell hir therunto beeyng a free womanborne, in no wise lyeth in vs.Alexander would not enforce or compell any persone free borne. In suche sorte did he fauour the loue of a stoute and valiaunt manne of warre, whom he was desirous to kepe still in his armie, that neuerthelesse he would not ye freeborne womā to come backe again, but if she might bee brought ī mynde so to dooe with hir owne consente and agremente.

21 When the grekes, that tooke waiges to fight against Alexander vnder the baners of his enemies, wer come vnder his power and iurisdiccion,How Alexander vsed the Grekes whiche toke waiges of his enemies to fight against hym. as for the Atheniens he commaunded to bee laied fast in shaccles and fetters because that, wher thei might haue had waiges competente at home at ye publique charges of their owne citee, thei had for all that become souldyers [Page] with his enemies. Of the Thessaliās also, he commaunded thesame, for asmuche as thei hauyng a right fertile countree of their owne, did l [...]at it lye waste without bestowyng any tillage or housbandrie vpon it: but the * Thebanes he demised and leat goo at their libertee, saiyng: These poore solles are by vs put out of all together, nor haue any thyng at all leaft vnto theim, nether citee to dwell in, nor lande to till. So did he moderate the punyshemente of theim all,The moderacion of peine ministreed by Alexander vnto the Grekes yt had highly offended hym. that those persones, who had well deserued to dye, he commaunded no more but to bee laied in irons, and the faulte of theim whiche might iustely make their excuse, that by veraye necessitee thei had been driuen to dooe as thei did he laied from theim, and tooke vpō hymself.

[Page] 22 A certain Indian taken in ye warres, bearyng name of a feloe perelesse in the feacte of shootyng, in so muche yt by the commen reporte and bruite that went on hym, he could as oft as hym lusted shoote his aroe quite & clene euē through a ryng, Alexander commaunded to shewe a poynte of his cunnyng. And where the partie refused so to dooe, the kyng takyng therewith high displeasure and angre, commaunded that he should bee put to death. As he was in ledyng [Page] to the place of execucion, he saied to theim that ledde hym, that he had not of long tyme afore practised his feacte of shootyng, and by reason therof to haue stand ī feare lest he should haue myssed. When woorde herof was brought backe again, and relacion made vnto Alexander, that the feloe had not of any disdeigne or frowardenesse, refused to shoote, but onely for feare of beeyng opēly shamed for euer, if he should haue failled, the kyng hauyng woundre at the nature of ye feloe so desireful of glory and renoume,Glorie & renoume is to many ꝑsones more sweete then life. both gaue vnto the same perdone of his life, and also dimissed hym bounteously rewarded, because he had been ī mynde and will rather to suffre death, thē to appere vnworthie the name & fame that went on hym. Here it appereth not to bee altogether a lye, that is [...]o commenly spoken in the prouerbe,Like beareth loue vnto like. like [Page] beareth fauour and loue vnto like. For Alex [...]ander beeyng out of all measure desirous of renoume, loued the sembleable affeccion and appetite in other persones.

23 Taxiles one of ye kynges of India, presētyng hymself vnto Alexander, This Taxiles (as t [...]stifieth Plutarthus in ye life of Alexander [...] was a manne of singulare wisdome and sapien [...]e, and had vnder his gouernaūce ye more parte of India, enuironed with al the whole circuite of ye vniuersal coūtree of Egypte, a [...]anke groūde for pasture, & an excellente good corne countree. And of this Taxiles Alexand [...]r tooke many greate giftes and presentes, and gaue to hym as many again, and last of all sente vnto hym for a gifte, a thousande talentes at ones. spake vnto hym in this maner, I ꝓuoke ye sir kyng (saieth he) not to fightyng, nor yet to battail, but to another sorte of tryyng maistries. If yu be inferiour to me, take some benefite at my hādes: if superiour, let me receiue some bn̄fite at thine To whō Alex. thus aūswered. Marie, euē for yt veraye poynte ought we to striue together, whether may in dooyng benefites haue ye ouer hāde of ye other. And herupon. wt al possible humanitee embracyng ye said Taxiles, he did not onely not depriue thesame of his domyniō, but also gaue hym more to it.

24 Whē he had herde of a certain rocke in the Indies, whiche by reasō [Page] of the excedyng heigthe of it is called in greke, [...], [...], a rocke in the Indies. byrdelesse, as if ye would saie, so high, that ye byrdes maye not geat to ye toppe of it. When Alexander had heard of this rocke, that the place self was harde to bee woonne, but the capitain that kept it, to bee a fearfull feloe, and to haue no more herte then a sheepe: By this tyme, ꝙ Alexander, ye place is easie enough to bee gotten, Signifiyng, that fortresses & municiōs doo nothing auayle at al excepte an hardie mānes body defēd & maintein thesame.Fortresses & municions do nothynge auaill, excepte hardie & valiaunte mēnes bodyes, defēde and main [...]ai [...] thesame. For a castle, or any strong holde is not so sure and fafe from enemies by the fense of dyches and walles, as by valiaunte and hardie mennes bodyes.²⁸

[Page] 25 An other certain capitain, wher he held, and kepte a rocke vnpossible to be won (as it was thought) neuerthelesse submitted and yelded hymselfe into the handes of Alexander. How Alexander vsed a capitaine that gaue hymself and his holde into his handes & mercie. But Alexander, not onely did make thesame partie lorde & gouernour of all that seignourie & countree about, but moreouer spake & saide as foloeth. I holde this manne sapiente and wise, in that he thought better, and had more phansie, to putte his trust & affiaunce in an honest and a good manne, then in a place strong and well fensed.

26 After the takynge of a certain strong holde or fortresse standyng on a rocke, when ye frendes of Alexander saied, that in featesmarcial and in noble actes of prowesse he ferre surmounted Hercules:Alexander cō tēned Hercules in re [...]pecte of hymselfe. Nay, ꝙ he, I thynke ye actes, that I haue doone sens I haue been a kynge, [Page] are totoo ferre oddes, to bee in the waye of cōparison conferred with the thynges whiche Hercules did in his tyme,The mynd of Alexander no f [...]aterie was enough to satisfie. The other spake to flater hym, but the mynd of Alexander no flaterie was enough to satisfie.

27

Certain of his frendes he punyshed by ye purse, and putte to their fine, because he had perceiued thē, in plaiyng at dyce, not to play for pastyme,How Alexander vsed certain of his frēdes for beeyng ouer earnest in playyng at dyce. as meete was. For many there been that bestowe & vse themselfes in this game, as if it were in the moste earnest mater of the worlde. For those persones dooe not playe, who dooen hasard and auenture all their substaunce at ones,The incommoditees that come by plaiyng at dyce. yea and sometymes their soones and heyres too, too stande to the grace and direccion of the dyce At lest wyse, homely playe it is and a madde pastyme, where menne by the course of the game goo together by the eares, and many times murdre one another, or at lestwyse of [...]yght louyng frēdes, are made mutuall enemies all dayes of their life after.

Emong those, whom he reputed 28 and tooke for his principall frendes, [Page] or chief seruaūtes about hym and most of power, he shewed him selfe to honour Graterus aboue the rest,Alexander of al his frendes and true seruaūtes moste honoured Craterꝰ, but moste loued Hephaestion. but aboue all others to loue Hephaestion. For Craterus (saieth he) loueth the kyng, and Hephaestion loueth Alexander. This saiyng hath more grace in the greke, by reason of these twoo woordes [...] and [...].Craterus [...], Hephaestion [...]. The menyng of Alexander was, that Craterus in suche thynges as concerned his dignitee royall did the partes of a true faythfull frende, but Hephestion of a certain priuee affeccion to beare his hertie loue and beneuolence towardes the persone of Alexander without ye respecte that he wa [...] a kyng. Wherfore these twoo parties, whose loue and affeccion towardes hym proceded of vnlike respectes, he did after two soondrie sortes egually rewarde, either accordyng to his demerites. So high in dignitee and autoritee wer these twoo wt Alexander, that all the Macedonians whiche had any suite [...]o the courte, wer from tyme to [...]yme assigned to fette their aunswer and despeche at the handes of Craterus, and all ye Barbarians of Hephaestion. And so highly did the kyng honoure Craterus, that when thesame Craterus was on a tyme sore sicke, Alexander did openly muche sacrifice to the Goddes for his helthe & wrote letters with his owne hande to Pausanias his physician, that he should with all diligence and attendaūc [...] possible, not onely tempre drynkes and medecines for hym, but also bee presente with hym to teache hym how thesame should [...]ee receiued.For Craterus he auaunced to high dignitees, & Hephestiō he receiued to moste entiere familiaritee about his persone

[Page]Unto Xenocrates ye philosophier,29 he sent of free gifte fiftie talentes:Xenocrates refused to take money of Alexāder. which when the philosophier refused to take, allegeyng that he had no neede of money, the kyng demaunded whether he had not so muche as any one frende neither, that had neede. For to me (saieth Alexander) vneth all the treasoures and richesse of Darius hath suffised to bestowe and to deuide emonge my frendes.The bountes of Alexander and propense mynde to geue. Whether of these twoo mēnes myndes is in this behalf more woorthie admiraciō, I cannot yet determyne nor perfectely saie: either of the kyng so propense vnto liberalitee, or els of the philosophier, whiche sent backe again so greate a gifte by so greate a kyng of his owne mere mocion offreed

☞Kyng Porus beeyng subdued & 30 taken by Alexander, and after the felde foughten, beeyng asked by ye [Page] same Alexander this question, how shal I nowe handle and vse thee? Porus aunswered in this manier,Howe kynge Porus beyng taken by Alexander, & asked howe he would bee vsed, made aū swer. regally: Alexander ferther demaundyng, and nothyng els but that? in this one word, regally (ꝙ Porus) al thynges possible are comprised Alexander hauyng admiracion aswell at the wisedome of ye manne,The humanitee and moderaciō of Alexāder toward [...]yng Porus. as at his haulte courage & magnanimitee, cōferred vnto thesame besides his owne former royalme a domynion of muche more large & ample circuite thē ye same which he was lorde of before. To ye said Porus humbly submitting himself, & falling down at his feete, Alexāder would not haue shewed so muche goodnesse. Suche fauoure zele, and affeccion did yt courageous youngman beare towarde hertes that woulde not shrynke.The affecciō of Alexander towarde hertes yt would not shrynke. Quintus Curtius telleth it somewhat of another sorte. Porus beyng at the daye of his takyng asked the question, what waye he thought moste meete and conuenient for [Page] Alexander, (by whom he was now cōquered,) to take with him: suche waye (ꝙ he) as this presente daye maye put in thy mynde, in whiche thou haste by experience founde, howe soone felicitee or high estate may haue a falle, and be brought full lowe. He gaue a by warnyng vnto Alexander not to bee ouer proude of his good fortune,That kynges may vse their good fortune with moderacion. but to vse it with moderacion bearyng well in mynde, to bee a thyng possible, that lyke chaunce might befall hym, as had lyghted on Porus.

[Page] 31 When it came to his eare, that there was a certain feloe, who ceassed not speakyng ye worste of him, yea (ꝙ he) it is a thyng to kynges peculiar, for their good desertes, to bee eiuill reported.No persones so muche as kynges for their wel dooynges are of some ꝑsones eiuil reported. Neuer was there any thynge more noble, or of a more right sorte, then this saiyng, albeeit the same is named on diuerse others aswell as on Alexander.

23 Beeyng euen at deathes doore, he cast his yie on his frendes, and saied: I see a greate An epitaphie is ye writyng yt is sette on dedde mē nes toumbes, or graues, in memorie, or c̄omendacion of the parties there buiried.epitaphie towarde. As hauyng halfe a foreknowelage, that his actes should after his death be to his greate honour and renoume chronicled & set out by the eloquence of many wryters. [Page] Neyther dyd his geasse deceiue hym. For what writer almost at leste wise in maters prophane is not full of the actes of Alexander? Albeeit the menyng of Alexander was, that he plainly perceiued to bee no waye but death [...] For ep [...]taphies are not cōmenly made, or at lest wise not set out till the parties bee deceassed. Alexander therefore as he knewe that his actes should by writers bee spred through out all the worlde, so he perceiued the tyme of y• same now approche and bee at hande.

At what tyme he had ye doughters 33 of Darius prisoners with hym,Plutarchus in the life of Alexāder writeth largely of the singulare cōtinēcie and chastitee of Alexander. And as touchyng the doughters of Dariꝰ, he saieth although the wife of Dariꝰ did in beautie & fea [...]ure excelle & passe al other queenes (like as Darius on his partie also was [...]othe of beautie and tallenesse one of the goodlyest manne of ye world) & the twoo doughters of theim in all poyntes of beautie and makyng [...]guall with their parentes: yet not one of theim in all the tyme that thei wer with Alexander to haue heard come out of his mouthe so muche as one wan [...]on woorde, ne to haue seen by hym any wanton looke or token towardes any of theim: but from their first entreyng into his tentes after muche comfortable and cherefull woordes, and right honourable entreteinemente, thei had purposely prouided and appoynted vnto theim a priue lodgyng, wher thei might liue at their own arbitrim [...]nte, without all maner feare of any poynte of vilanie to bee off [...]eed vnto theim, either by Alexāder, or by any other persone. This writeth Plutarchus of the continencie of Alexander, with many like thynges woorthie admiracion, namely in an ethnike or gentile, in a kyng, in so victorious a prince, yea & ymmediately v [...]on so noble a conquest, as might in a Christiā prince perchaunce bee an occasion of insolencie, & some cause of forget [...]yng hymself. he woulde bidde theim good morowe, good euē, or good spede, not castyng his yie on theim, but lookyng downe to the grounde, and yt but sealdome neither, standyng in fear of hymselfe to bee rauished with their excellente beautie. And emōges his familiares these wordes folowyng were muche in his mouthe: The damyselles of Persia maken sore yies.

[Page] 34 He gaue streight charge & commaundemente by proclamacion,Alexander gaue charge by proclamacion not to be peinted but of Apelles, nor to bee engrauen in metall but by Lysippus. yt his physiognomie or porturature should not be drawē by any other peinter, then by Apelles the moste excellēt p [...]inter of the old tyme, and Lysippus the best statuarie. Apelles, nor engrauen or cast in brasse or other metal by any other persone then by Lysippus, Beyng the twoo principall and moste exce [...]lent werkemē of that same tyme. For he iudged that same poynte also to appertein to the dignitee of a prince. And wt Cherilus the poete he was at a couenaunte, yt thesame for euery good verse that he made, should receiue a By a Philippes gildr [...]n is not mened here the coyne that is nowe curraunt in Flaundres by that appellacion, but an olde coyne of fyne golde, in whiche was striken the ymage of Philippus father vnto Alexander, whiche coyne Budeus valueth at tenne frenche crounes. philippes gildrē, and for euery eiuill verse a good buffet.

[Page]Beyng asked the question in 35 what place he had his treasoures lyyng: in ye handes of my frendes,A mannes gooddes are no whermore safely laied vp, thē in the handes of his frendes. ꝙ he, Signifiyng yt a mānes gooddes are nowhere more safely then so laied vp in store. For whē the case requireth, gooddes so bestowed, come again to ones handes with encreasse.

When a certain persone, that 36 had brought some message or tydynges, came rennyng towardes hym hoppyng for ioye, & holdyng out his hāde as ferre as he could stretche it,The zele of Alexander towardes Homere. about to make relacion of the good successe & procedyng of his affaires: Alexander saied what greate good newes haue ye to shewe vs good sir, if ye dooe not bryng woorde, that Homere is aliue again. Signifiyng that all ye glorie of his noble actes was like to perishe neuer after to bee spoken of, onlesse it might [Page] bee his happe to haue suche a trumpette of his laudes as *Homere was.

37 A certain countree to the ende that it might haue quiete & reste no more to bee vexed with the armure and ordeinaūce of Alexander, What Alexā der aūswered to a certain citee offreyng hym parte of their landes, & halfe their gooddes to bee in reste and quiete. offred vnto thesame a good porcion of their possessions, and also ye one moytie of all ye other gooddes that thei had. To whom Alexander thus aunswered. I am come into Asia in this mynde and purpose, not to take what liked you to geue me, but that ye should haue what liked me to leaue vnto you.

38 Alxander had in seruice one Eudemonicus [Page] ☞ a philosophier,E [...]demonicus a philosophier in seruice with Alexāder, a great flaterer. Albeit, Plutarchꝰ maketh Anaxarchus y• sophiste speaker of these woordes. but more full of flaterie then any parasite. This Eudemonicus, on a tyme whē it thoundreed veray sore, in somuch; that al the coumpaignie wer right eiuil afraied, saied vnto Alexander: the soonne of Iupiter, why dooe not yee also Alexander the soonne of Iupiter thoūdre in this wyse? But the other not hable to abide ye woordes of such a vile philosopher, laughed & saied: for I am not willyng to be terrible, as thou teachest me to be, which biddest me to make a supper seruice for my table wt the heddes of dukes & kynges. Thus dooeth Athenaeus a greke historiographier.Athenaeus reherse it. But Plutarcus in the life of Alexander telleth it somewhat variyng from this.The tendre loue of Alexāder towardes his lordes. What? art y• angrye wt me, because I am serued at my table with fishe, & not rather with the heddes of noble mēne?

[Page] 39 Alexander as he conueighed his host from place to place in ye wynter season,The exceding humanitee of Alexander, & tendrenesse ouer his souldyours. sittyng by a fyer made in ye felde, begoonne to take vieue of his armie, as thei passed by. And whē he espyed a certain aged persone quakyng and sheureyng for colde, & seekyng to haue a place to stand in by the fyer, he commaū ded the feloe to sitte down in his chaire, saiyng:Emong the Persian [...], it was a mater of death for an [...] priuate ꝑsone to sitte in the kynges seate. If yu haddest been born in Persis, it would cost the thy hedde to sitte in the kynges seate, but for one born in Macedonia it is not vnleefull.

40 Alexander beeyng yet but euen a young striepleyng, when he sawe his father Philippus, about to reiecte and cast awaye (as a thyng that would neuer bee brought to dooe any good seruice,) an * horse that was passyng fierce, and would not suffre any man to mounte or geat vp on his back: saied: Oh [Page] what an horse these folkes dooe marre, while through defaulte of skylle, and by reason of cowarde stomakes, thei haue not ye wayes to handle hym. So when hymself with meruaillous policie and cunnyng, without beatyng or strykyng had had the handleyng of ye said horse, at last he lept vp on his backe, and putte hym to a galop, and then clapped spurres to hym. And when he sawe his tyme, gētly turning his hedde with the bridle: assoone as he had brought the horse backe again, & had elighted down, his father moste louyngly kyssyng his cheeke, saied:Macedonia was euer [...]o litle for Alexander. O my dere soonne, goo serche out some other kyngdome meete for thee, for Macedonia is allreadie all to litle for thee. Full well did it geue this prudent & wise prince in his mynde tofore, that to suche an haulte courage, & excellente nature, his fathers dicion might not suffise. But this horse is an exaumple for vs, that [Page] many wittes at their first begynnyng excellente, are in processe vtterly destroyed and lost through the faulte of those that haue ye breakyng, trainyng, and bryngyng vp of theim,Many goodly wittes marred throughe the faulte of the instructours. who for the moste parte knowe not the waye how to ordre and rewle theim, excepte thei shall first haue made theim of kyndely horses, veraye sterke asses.

41 The same Alexander did contynually shewe great honour and reuerence vnto Aristotle, Alexāder did con [...]ynual reuerēce to his maister Aristotle. to whom he had in his childehood been cō mitted to bee enstructed & taught, auouchyng hymself to bee no lesse beholdyng to the said Aristotle, the, thē [Page] to his father, for that of his father he had receiued entreaunce into this life,We are no lesse bounden to our scholemaisters, thē to our parentes. and of his schoolemaister to liue well.

When a rouer on the sea was 42 taken & brought before hym,How a pira [...]e be [...]yng taken aūswered Alexander, whē he was examyned. and was asked vpon whose supportaciō he durst be so bolde to doo such myschief on the seaes, he aunswered at fewe woordes as foloeth: I (saieth he) because I so dooe with no more but one sely poore foyste, am called a pirate, and yu, wheras, thou dooest thesame with a greate nauie, art called a kyng. Alexander meruaillyng at the fearelesse herte of the feloe, gaue hym perdone of his life.

Where he had in his owne persone 34 purposely made a iourney to Delphos, Delphi, or [...], a toune in the regiō of Phocis, where Apollo had a notable goodly temple, and gaue vnto pilgrymes that resorted thither, oracles, that is to saie aunsweres, voices, & tokens frō heauen of suche thynges as thei sought to knowe, whiche we call werkyng of miracles, and thynges shewed by r [...]u [...] lation. when the prophetisse there saied that she would in no wyse at yt presente tyme desire of yt goddes any aunswer of the mater whiche he was come for, (because it wer [Page] dayes prohibited, duryng the whiche it was not leefull, no not so muche as for the oracles neither, to speake, or to geue aunswer in any matiers,) Alexander halyng & pullyng with hym y• said prophetisse parforce, ascended into ye temple. And when the prophetisse by his ymportunitee & violente compulsiō enforced to go whether she would or not, spake these woordes Thou art inuicible my soonne. This is euē enough of the oracle for me ꝙ Alexander. Alexander toke al to his auauntage, yt was to his appetite and purpose. Accoumptyng and rekenyng the womānes priuate woordes, for an aunswer of his purpose directely geuen vnto hym from the god.

44 After yt Alexander hauing takē a viage on warrefare into Asia, The assured truste and cō fidence of Alexander to prosper in all his entreprises. had distributed & in maner geuē away by patentes vnto his capitaines and menne of armes all his possessions and lande: vnto Perdicca askyng this question, what haue ye [Page] now leafte to yourself sir kyng? Marie, ꝙ he again, hope. Then saied Perdicca:Perdicca one of Alexanders Capitaines. And Plutarchus writeth that as Perdicca did, so did a greate noumbre mo [...] to whō Alexāder had geuen and assigned porciō [...] of landes and possessions. And as for hope shal bee indifferente and commune for vs your soldyours, as well as for you, and so refused to take ye lordeship or mainour, which Alexander had assigned out for hym. Shuche assured trust and confidence had thei on all handes conceiued, to make a prosperous and a luckie viage.

Thesame Alexander at ye begynnyng 45 of his reigne,Alexander would in maters of coumplainte euermore reserue one eare wholly for the partie defendaūt. whē he sate in iudgemente vpon causes concernyng life & death, he would euermore stoppe thone eare as long as ye accuser was tellyng his tale. And beeyng asked why he did so, ye other eare, ꝙ he, I dooe wholly reserue & kepe for the partie defendaunte. would Christ all iudges would dooe like wyse at these dayes.

Against * Callisthenes in no behalf 46 framyng hymselfe to the facions [Page] and guyse of the kynges courte,Callisthenes contemnynge the faciōs of Alexanders court at lēgth grewe out of fauour, and encurred his mortall hatered. but both in woordes and in his other demeanure openly pretēding and shewyng hymselfe to myslike all yt euer was dooen there, Alexander had ofte in his mouthe this lytle greke verse.

[...].

I hate that wyse manne, what euer he is,

That to his owne behouf, is not wyse.

47 Beeyng about to make assaulte vpon ye toune of * Nisa, for to winne it, when he perceiued his souldyers by reason of the deapth of the floodde whiche renneth a long by the citie,The forwardnesse of Alexāder in mar [...]c [...]all entrepri [...]ses. to bee clene discouraged and afeard to auenture, he stamped [Page] and sterted at it, cryyng out with a loude voice, oh the naughtyest feloe aliue that I am, which neuer learned to swymme, & euen with a tryce laiyng his bodie vpō his shielde or terguette in stede of a corke to staye him aboue water, he swimmed ouer the floodde first of all his owneselfe.

Makyng a iourney to Troye, & 48 there arriued, he decked and trymmed ye ymage of Achilles with garlandes, and saied, oh, happie arte thou Achilles, Alexāder pronoūced Achilles happie y• euer he was borne. that euer thou were borne, to whom in thy lyfe tyme it fortuned to haue suche a frende,Patroclus y• frēde of Achilles in his life tyme and Homere the [...]roū pette of his renoume after his death. & after thy deceasse, suche a troumpette and displaier of thine actes. Speakyng of Patroclus & of Homere: of whiche the one was vnto Achilles a most faythefull and trustie frende, and the other, [Page] throughall his whole werke entitleed Ilias cōteining .xxiiii. volumes spredeth and bloweth about al the worlde his glorie & renoume nowe when he is deade and gon.*

49 Where he was by the cōmune talkyng of many one reported to bee a god,By what argumentes Ale [...]āder perceiued his mortalitee. he saied that by twoo thynges especially, he did wel perceiue himself to bee a māne or creature mortal, yt is to wete, by slepe, & by compaigniyng with women. For that these twoo thynges did principally aboue all others discrye the feblenesse [Page] of mannes bodye. As touchyng all thynges els, he was inuīcible. For slepe is an ymage and representacion of death,Slepe an ymage of death and the venereous acte a spiece of the fallyng eiuill. and the acte of venereous copulacion a plaine spiece of the fallyng eiuill. Plutarc [...] addeth hereunto that onely the infirmitee and wekenesse of mannes nature is the brede [...] and cause of werynesse, and of carnall pleasure.

Beyng entreed into the palaice 50 of Darius, What Alexā der saied, whē he sawe y• palaice of Darius so gorgeously appoyinted. whē he sawe a chaumbre of a greate highthe, & in thesame, the bedde of estate, y• tables to eate on, and all other thynges after a woondreful gorgeous sorte furnished euē to ye pointe deuise: why (ꝙ Alexander) was this to bee a kyng? Estemyng that it was vnmeete for a kyng to geue himselfe to suche maner delices.Unmete for a kyng to geue hyms [...]lfelf to delices.

Thesame Alexander, whensoeuer 51 he went vnto his bedde, he would of a custome diligently serche his robes, and al his wearyng geare,Alexander abhorred [...]ffeminate delices. & saie: hath not my mother (trowe wee) putte some poynte of delicatenesse, or some superfluous thyng here aboute my clothes? So [Page] greatley did he abhorre from delices more apperteinyng to women, then to menne.

52 Beeyng brought vnto his handes a litle caskette or gardeuiaūce in whiche there was not founde emonge all yt other rychesse of Darius any one iewel either more precious,The precious casket, or deske, or [...]ā [...]dishe of Darius. orels more goodly to ye yie. When the questiō was moued, vnto what vse it myght best bee applyed, eche māne geuing, one thys auise, another that. It wylbee the best thyng in ye world (ꝙ Alexander) wherin to kepe the Ilias of Homere. How Alexand [...]r estemed ye Ilias of Homere & why. Estemyng no treasure to bee more precious then the saied booke. Suche was the conceipte of this kynge beeyng in his lustie youth, and wholly in all behalfes framynge hymselfe after the paterne of Achilles.

53 When Parmenio gaue thesame Alexander counsaill to set vpon his enemies by night, allegeyng that otherwyse it woulde bee a veraye great daūger, if he should openly by daye time auenture batail vpō [Page] so greate a multitude, (for of the roumbleyng noyse reboundynge from a ferre, as it had been the roryng of the sea, thei myght coniecture the contrarie parte to bee in maner a noūbre infinite,) he saied:The animositee of Aleander. I came not hither to steale the victorie. Refusyng to wynne the victorie by the defense or aide of the darkenesse.

When he had read a long bible 54 writen and sent to hym from Antipater, Antipater surmu [...]sed false accusaciōs against Olympias the mother of Alexander. in whiche lettres wer conteined many surmised maters & false complaintes againste his mother Olympias: It appereth (ꝙ he) to be a thyng to Antipater vnknowen, that one teare of my mothers yien,Howe muche Olympias might dooe wt Alexander with one [...]ere of hir yies. shal at all tymes washe awaye all epistles that come, bee thei neuer so many.

When he had perceiued and 55 found that his sistur vsed wanton cōuersacion with a certain young māne of excellēte beautie, he tooke [Page] no displeasure there wt, but saied, to bee a thyng reasonable, or, to be a thyng to bee borne withall, that shee also shoulde in some behalfe haue prerogatiue to take fruicion of beeing a princesse in a royalme, forasmuche as shee was a kynges doughter. Beeyng of a muche contrarie mynde to Augustus Emperour of Rome,Read of this the .vii.xlv.xlvi and .xliiii apophthegmes of Augustu [...]. who toke nothyng more greuously, thē the lasciuiousnesse of his doughter and of his doughters doughters.

65 When he had heard the philosophier Anaxagoras holding opiniō & mainteining in a certein lecture,The insa [...]iable ambiciō & desi [...]e of empier that reigned in Alexander. yt ther wer worldes out of noūbre, the reporte gooeth, yt he fell on wepyng. And to his frendes demaū dyng, whether any mischaūce had befallen him, meete to wepe for, he saied: haue I not, trowe ye, a good cause to wepe, in yt, wheras there been worldes innumerable, I am not yet come to be ful lorde of one?

57 Philippus at the fighting of a certain [Page] felde receiued of the Triballes a sore wounde,The Triballes a people nigh vnto Hungarie. by hauyng a spere thrust quite and clene through his thighe. And beeing afterwarde by the cure and helpe of hys surgeon saued,Philippu [...] wounded in fightynge a felde against ye Triballes. and recouered from peril of death, yet he tooke heauily, that the deformitee & disfigure of hymping on the one legge whiche had come to hym by the saied wounde, did stil remain. To whō Alexander saied:How Alexander coūforted Philippus takyng thought for yt he shuld halte al dayes of his life. sir, take no discoumforte to shewe yourselfe abrode, but euer when ye sette foorth your foote to goo, haue mynde on your valiaūt manhood. And prowesse that ye shewed when ye receiued this wounde. This saiyng is ascribed to others mo besides Alexander.

If at any tyme, either in familiare 58 communicacion, orels at the table, there had come in place any contencion about the verses of Homere, one saiyng this verse to bee [Page] best, an other, that verse, Alexander would euermore allow & praise this verse here ensuyng,What verse Alexander allowed best of all the verses of Homere. aboue all the other verses in the booke.

[...]

That is,

Bothe a good capitain to guyde an armie,

And wt speare & shielde valiaunte & hardie.

He would moreouer saie, that Homere did in this verse bothe make honourable reporte of ye manhood and prouesse of Agamemnon, Al [...]nder auouched that Homere ī colla [...]dyng Agamemnon prophecied of hym. and also prophecie of thesame to come in Alexander.

59 At what tyme Alexander hauyng passed ouer Hellespontus, Hellespōtus, the narrowe sea bet [...]eene Grece & Asia. went to see Troie, reuoluyng & castyng in his mynde the actes of aunciente princes of renoume, a certain persone promised to geue hym the harpe of Paris, Alexan [...]r hauyn [...] ye harpe of Achilles, cared not for the harpe of Paris. if he had any mynde to it. No, no, (ꝙ Alexander quickely again) I haue no neede at all of ye harpe of Paris, forasmuche as I [Page] haue allreadie ye harpe of Achilles. Paris the soōne of Priamus kynge of Troie, of whom is noted afore in y• third Apophthegme of Arist [...]ppus. Achilles beeyng on his owne partie a knight stoute and actiue, vsed euermore on his harpe to plaie songes of the laudes and praises of hardie menne & valiaunte, whereas Paris with his harpe did nothyng but twang fonde fansies of daliaunce and lasciuiousnesse.

On a tyme he went to see the 60 womē of Darius his court,The women of Dariꝰ his court wer his wife, his mother, and his twoo doughters. takyng Hephaestion wt hym. And this Hephaestion (because he went at that tyme in thesame maner apparell that ye kynge did,Hephaestion somwhat bigger made, & taller of personage then Alexander. and also was of personage somewhat bigger made thē he) Sygambris the mother of Darius kneled vnto,Sygambris the mother of Darius. in stede of the kyng. And when she had, by ye noddyng and beckyng of those that stood by, well perceiued, yt she had taken hir marke amysse, she was muche dismaied withall, and begoonne of freshe to dooe hir duetie vnto Alexander. Anon saied Alexander:Alexāder estemed Hephaestion a secōde Alexander, accordyng to ye ꝓuerbe, ami [...]cus alter ipse that is, twoo frēdes are one solle and one body. Mother, there is no cause why to [Page] bee dismaied. For this manne too is Alexander. Dooyng to weete, that his frende, was a secounde Alexander.

When he was come into the 61 temple of Hammon ye ministre there,How Alexander comynge into y• temple of Hammon, was saluted by the preste, or minister there. beeyng an aunciente saige father, welcomed hym wt these woordes, All haill Plutarchus writeth certain autours to aff [...]rme, yt y• minister welcomed hym in greke, & myndyng tendrely and gentely to salute wt thys woorde [...], sonnekyn, or litle soonne, tripped a litle in his toūgue [...] by a wrong pronunciaciō in stede of [...] said [...], whiche beyng diuyded into two woordes [...], souneth, the soonne of Iupiter.my soonne, and it is not I yt dooe call the by this name, but the god Iupiter. Then saied Alexander, I take it at your hāde o father, and wilbee contented fromhensforth to bee called your sonne vpon condicion, that ye graunt vnto me the empier, & domynion of all ye whole worlde. The preste went into the priue chauncell, and (as though he had spokē wt god,) came forth again, and aunswered that Iupiter did by assured promisse make hym a graūte of his boune yt he asked. Thē eftsons saied Alex. Now would I fain know, if there bee yet remainyng vnpunyshed [Page] any of those persones which killed my father. To this the preste thus made aunswer: As many as putte their handes to the sleeyng of Philippus, haue receiued condigne punyshemente for their offense euery one of theim, but as for your father, no mortall creature hath power to destroye, or to werke displesure vnto, by laiyng awayte for hym. Signifiyng yt he was the soonne of Iupiter,Alexāder made to beleue, that he was the sonne of Iupiter, & not of Philippus. aud not of Philippus.

Wheras Darius had sette his 62 armie royall of a Plutarchus in y• life of Alexander saieth, yt Dariꝰ had in his armie si [...]e hū dred thousāde fightyng men besides those which wer in his nauie on the seaes. woondreous great noumbre, in a readynesse to fight, Alexander was taken with a meruaillous dedde slepe, in so muche, that, beeyng euen in the daye tyme, he could not holde vp his hedde, nor awake. At ye last greate perill and daunger beeyng euē at hande, his gentlemē entreyng his bedde chaumbre, made hym to awake.Alexāder takē with a dedde slepe euen in the daye time whē Darius la [...]e in y• cāpe r [...]adi [...] eu [...] h [...]re to sette vpon hym, [...] he said [...]hē he was [...]akened. And when thei saied vnto [Page] hym, that thei meruailled how he could in that presente state of his affaires bee so quiete and voide of all care, as to slepe so soundely, Marie, ꝙ he Darius hath deliuered and quyte discharged me of greate carefulnesse and trouble of mynde, in that he hath gathred all his puissaunce together into one place, that wee maye euen in one daye trye, whether he shall haue ye soueraintee, orels I.

63 The Corinthians had by ambassadours geuen to Alexander Magnus to enioye ye right of all their libertees and franchesse.The Corinthians made Alexāder free [...] of [...]. This kynde of pleasure dooyng, whē Alexander had laughed to skorne, one of the ambassadours saied: Sir, wee neuer yet vnto this daye made any for euer free of oure citee sauyng now your grace, and ones afore tyme Hercules. This heard, Alexander wt al his herte, accepted the honour [Page] vnto hym offreed. Whiche honour, partely the raritee made vnto hym acceptable, and partely, that he was therin ioyned with Hercules, a knight of moste high praise and renoume.

At the siege of a certain citee,64 whyle he serched for the weakest places of the walles, he was striekē with an aroe, but yet he would not leaue of his purpose. Within a whyle after that, the bloodde beeyng staunched, ye anguyshe of the drye wounde encreaced more and more, and his leggue flagguyng down by ye horses syde, by litle & litle was al aslepe, & in maner sterke stife, he beeyng of force constreigned to geue ouer that he had beegoonne, and to cal for his surgeō,Alexander agnised and knowelaged hymself, to be a mortall mā. saied to suche as wer presente: Euery bodye reporteth me to bee ye soonne of Iupiter, but this wounde saieth with an open mouth, that I am a mortall manne.

[Page] 65 One Xenophantus customably vsed by certain measures plaiyng on a flute, to sette Alexander forthwarde to battaill. And all persones woundreyng ye musike should bee of suche force and power, one emong theim saied: If Xenophantus bee suche a cū nyng doer, leat him plaie some measure to cal Alexander home again from makyng warres.

Meanyng that it was no veraye high poynte of cūnyng to bryng a bodye to yt thyng, wherunto thesame is of hym self propense and of his owne propre nature inclined.

[Page]

THE SAIYNGES OF ANTIGONVS THE FIRST KYNG OF THE MACEDONIANS

This Antigonus was of all the successour [...] of Alexander moste puissaunt and mightie. And Plutarchus in ye life of Demetrius saieth yt Antigonus had by Stratonice ye doughter of Cor [...]haeus twoo soonnes, of whiche the one he called (of his brothers name) Demetrius, and the other (of his fathers name) Philippus. And thesame Plutarcꝰ in the life of Paulus Aemilius and els where in moo places thē one saieth that this Antigonus euen by ye title of his birth and descente, claymed to haue the name of a kyng, & first begoonne to reigne in Asia after ye deceasse of Alexander. Albeeit (as the said Plutarchus in the life of Demetrius testifieth) the successours of Alexander wer not euen at the first called kinges, but certain yeres after, whē Demetrius the soonne of Antigonus had on ye sea subdued Ptolomeꝰ the kyng of Egypte and had destroyed all his nauie, then came one Aristodenus a Milesian from Demetrius in poste, and salued Antigonus by the name of kyng. Then Antigonus not onely on his owne partie and behalfe vsurped the name, the honour, the estate, and y• ornamentes and armes of a kyng, but also sent vnto his soonne Demetrius a Diademe, that is to saie, a kynges croune, together with letters, in whiche he called hym a kyng. Antigonus reigned twoo and twentie yeres, and kept in ye tyme of his reigne many warres, & at last was slain and dyed euen in the felde.

[Page] 1 1.ANtigonus was an eagre and a sore manne in takyng exaccions of money of his subiectes.How Antigonꝰ excused his greuous exaccions of money emōge his subiectes. Wherupon, to a certain persone saiyng, Iwys Alexander was no suche manne: A good cause why, ꝙ he again, for he rieped Asia and had all the eres, and I dooe but gather the stalkes. Menyng that Asia sometyme the rychest & welthiest countree of the worlde, had been afore his tyme spoyled by Alexander,Alexāder spoyled Asia and left it as bare as Iob. and that he must bee gladde and fain to scrape together what he might bee hable to geat emong theim, hauyng been afore in suche wyse pilled, & lea [...]t as bare as Iob.

2 2. Beholdyng on a tyme a certain of his soldiours to plaie at ye balle hauyng bothe their iackes & their salettes on, he was highly well pleased with the sight therof, and commaunded ye capitaines of thesame soldyers to bee called & fette, to thentente to geue theim thāke,How Antigonꝰ vsed certain of his capta [...]nes which sate drinkyng whyle their soldyours exercised theim selfes wt plaiyng at ye balle in their harnesse. [Page] and to praise theim in presence of their capitaines: but when woord was brought hym, yt the said capitaines wer drynking and making good chere, he conferred their capitainshippes vnto those actiue souldyers, whiche had plaied at ye balle in their harnesse. All vnder one bothe punyshyng the sluggyshenesse of the capitaines, and with honour and promocion rewardyng ye actiuitee of the soldyers.

Euery bodye meruaillyng that 3 wher in ye begynnyng of his reigne he had been a veraye sore manne,Antigonus in ye begynnyng of his reigne, a sore manne, but in the later ende ful of al mercie and gentlenesse. now beeyng striken in age, he gouerned his royalme with all mercie and gentlenesse: At the begynnyng, saieth he, it behoued me to haue a kyngdome, & at this daye I haue more neede of glorie and beneuolence. Menyng, that an empier is ofte tymes by the sweord & by roughnesse purchaced or acquired, but thesame not reteined, or long yeres cōtinued, without the honest opinion yt the subiectes haue of their [Page] kyng and the hertie good wille of the prince mutually toward his subiectes.

4 Thesame Antigonus vnto his soonne Philip beeyng full of questions in presence of a greate noumbre,What Antigonus aunswered to his soonne beyng muche inquisitiue when y• campe should remoue. Albeit Plutarchꝰ nameth yt it was Deme [...]rius yt was so inquisitiue and saiyng: Sir, when shall wee remoue the campe? thus aunswered: what, art thou afeard, lest thou alone of al the coumpaignie shalt not heare ye troūpette blowe? Notynge the lacke of experience & skylle in the young manne, in that he would in the hearyng of a greate compaignie moue suche a question to his father, wheras in tyme of warre,The ententes & purposes of price [...] ought in no wyse to bee vttreed in tyme of warre. the ententes and purposes of princes ought in no wyse too be vttreed ne disclosed, but as often as the campe muste remoue, a trumpette geueth a knowelage therof to the vniuersall multitude all to gether.

5 When his soonne the said Philip beeyng a young manne, had made woondreous earneste request and suite to haue his lodgeyng appointed hym at a wedooes house,How Antigonus disappointed the purpose of his soonne, seekyng to bee lodged in an house where his loue was that had three fair & welfauoured doughters, Antigonus callyng for [Page] ye knight herbynger, saied vnto y• same: wilt yu not see my soonne voided out of suche a streight corner? He did not discrye how ye young mannes herte was sette, although he knewe thesame to seeke wheron to bestowe his loue, but found an ympedemente by the narrowe roome of ye house in which the wedooe liued with hir three doughters.

After that he had perfectely recouered 6 of asore disease and maladie well (saieth he) all this is no harme.Sickenesse putteth vs in remembraūce not to bee proude in hert forasmuch as we be mortal. For this syckenesse hathe geuen vs a good lesson, not to bee proude in herte, forasmuche as we bee mortall. Who had taught this heathen kyng suche a pointe of Philosophie meete and woorthie for any christian herte? his frendes lamēted & bewailled as a great [...] eiuill that he had been so sore sicke, but he enterpreted and tooke, that to hym thereby had redounded more good then eiuill. The maladie had made his bodye leane and bare of fleshe, but it endued & replenyshed his herte with sobrenesse and humilitee. It had shrew dely abated the strength of his bodye, but frō his herte it pulled awaye insolencie,Insolēci [...] one of the moste perillous diseases in the worlde [...] that is [Page] to saie, presumpcion in takyng highly vpon hym, which is one of the most perillous diseases in the woorlde. And therefore ye matter gooeth not all of the wurst, whē the lighter maladie either forefendeth and debarreth,It goeth not al amysse whē the lighter disease shifteth awaye t [...]e greater. or els expelleth and drieueth out the greater.

7 Hermodotus a poete had in his versis writen Antigonus to bee ye soonne of Iupiter. Antigonus readyng thesame, saied:The humilitee of Antigonus. To this thyng was ye pissepotte bearer, neuer made priue nor of counsaill by me. After a veraye pleasaunt sorte mockyng the flaterie of the poete, and with no lesse humilitee agnisyng and knowlageyng the basse linage that he was come of, in comparison of beeyng soonne to Iupiter. Lasanum is greke and latin for an yearthē pissepotte,Lasanum. or chaumbre vessell, and therof lasanophorus,Lasanophorus. a chaumbreer, or, a groome of the stoole so that if Antigonus wer the soonne of Iupiter, thesame thyng had vnto that presente houre escaped vnknowē, aswel to his groome whose dayly office it was to geue vnto hym his vrynall in his chaumbre, as also to hymself the said Antigonus.

8 A certain persone saiyng, that [Page] all thynges wer honeste and iuste or leefull for kynges to dooe: by Iupiter, saieth Antigonus and euen so thei bee for the kynges of barbarous, wylde, and saluage nacions,How Antigonus aunswered one, saiyng al thinges to bee honest & leefull for kynges to dooe. but to vs yt knowe what is what, those thynges onely are honeste,To good kynges on [...]ly such thynges are honeste & iuste as been in veray deede honeste and iuste. whiche bee honeste of theimselfes, and onely suche thynges leefull or standyng with iustice, whiche are of their nature iuste & leefull in veraye deede. He did with high grauitee dampe and putte to silence the flateryng woordes of the partie, by whose mynde and wille all thynges should bee permitted as leefull vnto kynges & gouernours For truely a kyng is not ye rewle of honestee and of iustice, but ye minister of theim.A kyng is not the rewle of honestee & of iustice, but y• ministre of theim. And would God the eares of christian princes neuer heard any lyke woordes spoken, or if thei did, that thei would with sēbleable seueritee reiecte & abandon thesame. For what other thyng saiē those persones, who are alwayes harpyng on this streng, and syngyng this songe, that foloeth: what standeth with the lykyng and pleasure of a prince hath the [Page] force, strength & vertue of a lawe. And those who dooen afferme a kyng not to bee vnder bonde or subieccion of any lawes, and suche as dooen attribute & assigne vnto a kynge twoo distincte powers, the one ordinate, & the other absolute, of whiche the first maye dooe no more nor no other wyse but as the lawes and statutes of a royalme, as couenauntes and bargaines betwene partie and partie, and as leages and agrementes publique betwene royalme and royalme dooen regnire, and the other, whatsoeuer standeth with the pleasure, appetite, and phansie of the prince.

9 Marsyas the brother of Antigonus had a mater of suite and trauerse in the lawe:What Antigonus saied to Marsyas his brother, besechynge yt an accion of his might bee heard & iudged in a secrete place, & not in open courte. but he besought the kyng yt the mater might bee heard and a secrete courte purposely holden at home within his house for it. To whom Antigonus in this wyse made aunswere. If wee dooe nothyng but accordyng to iustice, it shalbe mouche better that it bee doen in open courte, and in y• face and hearynge of all the people. [Page] The naturall zele and tendre loue towarde his owne brother could not obtein of the kynge, to haue so muche as one iote of the lawe or of the ordre of iustice releassed.The vpright iustice of Antoignus. And as for Marsyas he cloggued & bound on all sides wt this saiyng yt could not possible bee a voided. If thou knowe thy matier to bee naught, why dooest yu sue, or trauerse ye lawe? if yu knowe thy cause to bee good, and the lawe to bee on thy syde: why wouldest thou auoide to haue all the world priue to it, and labourest in any wyse to haue a mater of open courte to be doen secretely in hugger mugger,It is to bee greately mystrusted, if one labour to brynge a mater of opē courte into a secrete chaū bre. assured ther, not to escape or auoid the sinistre mystrustyng of all the coūtree, yea, although thou shalte cast thyn aduersarie, and haue the mater rightfully to passe with the?

Where he had on a tyme in the wynter season constreigned his 10 [Page] armie and tentes to bee remoued vnto a place wher was no store ne prouision of thynges necessarie, & for that cause certain of the soldyers spake many naughty wordes of reproche by ye kyng, not knoweyng hym to bee euen at theyr polles, he putte abrode the louvres of the tente with a ruttocke that he had in his hande, and saied: Sirs ye shall beshrewe yourselfes, excepte ye goo ferther of to speake eiuill of me. What thynge more full of mercie then this worde of pleasaunce?The lenitee & mercyfulnesse of Antigonꝰ. or what thyng more full of pleasaūce then this deede of mercie? he sembleed and made as though he tooke not indignacion or displeasure for their speakyng eiuill of hym, but for yt thei did it so nere his nose, that thei might easely bee heard of the partie, on whom thei raylled.

11 Unto one Aristodemus (who was one of the kynges priue chambre nere and familiar about hym, but descended (as it was thought) of a [Page] cooke to his father) vnto this Aristodemus auisyng him to abate somewhat of his great charges and of his bounteous geuyng rewardes and fees, he saied.Howe Antigonus aunswered one Aristodemus auisyng hym to abate of his charges & pēsions geuyng. Aristodemus thy woordes doo smell and sauour all of the gruell. Couertely and by a preatie colour tellyng him that [...]paring, pynchyng, and plaiyng the nygardes or haynes belonged to cookes, and not to kynges:Bountie and largesse is befallyng for kynges. and therefore that he the saied A [...]istodemus in suche counsail geuyng had no remembraūce ne cōsideracion with whom he was of housholde in high degree fauour, & acceptaciō, but of what man to his father he was descēded.

When the Atheniens, to shewe honour 12 vnto Antigonus, What Antigonus saied, when the Atheniens had made a bondmanne of his free citezen emong theim. had admitted & recorded, or enrolled a bondemā of his in the noumbre of their free citezens or burgesses, as thoughe thesame had been come of an honeste stocke, or had been borne out of seruitude and bōdage. It is no point of my mynde or wille (ꝙ Antigonus) yt any citezen of Athenes shuld [Page] [...] [Page] [...] [Page] come vnder my hādes to be scourged with whippes. Signifiyng to bee a thyng of their owne voluntarie dooyng and of theyr owne hādie workyng, that he myght lawfully scourge, or beate wt whippes one citezen of Athenes,In olde tyme it was leefull for the maisters to beate their bonde seruaūtes wt [...]oddes, or to scourge them with whippes at their owne pleasures and as often and as muche as theim lu [...]ted. beeyng & remaynyng still his bondeman: but yet in the citee of Athenes many moo then one to had well deserued to bee whipped of the kyng, for that asmuche as in theim laie thei releassed and made free another mannes bondseruaunte.

13 A certain young strieplyng, beyng a disciple or scholare of Anaximenes the rhetorician, pronounced in the presence of Antigonus an oracion deuised and made by his maister not without great studie, and the young thyng taught afore for the nones, and purposely brought in to pronoūce it, (as though the oracion had been of his owne makynge, and that i [...] myght none otherwyse appere vnto the kynge) And so when Antigonus in the middes of geuyng audience vnto the proposicion (beeing desirous to be certified and to haue knowelage [Page] of whatsoeuer it was) asked a question, and the young man foorthwith had soodainly stopped in his mater nothable to ꝓcede in it, nor hauing a woord more to saie: why howe saiest thou (ꝙ the kyng) was not this also drawen & copied out for the afore in a booke? That this kyng iudged contrarie to all reason and reprocheable in one that was in maner but euen a veraye chylde, the same nowe at thys daye is accoumpted an high pointe & royall thing, that is, euē graund sequiours hauing to saie before kynges and princes, to counne by herte, and to rendre again after the maner of an oracion or sermon,Bosome sermons & oracions of an other manne [...] makyng. hauyng been in makyng a whole halfe yere together with sore labour & studie by some rhetorician or learned manne hiered therunto. And many times it chaunceth, that suche persones, (yea euen no bodye at all breakyng their tale) forgetten theimselfes, & fallen clene out of their mater, and maken all the presence to laughe at theim.

Hearyng one other rhetoritian 14 rolling in his peinted termes, and tellyng his tale after this curious [Page] sorte,Atigonꝰ was muche offen [...]ded wt a thetoriciā vsyng ou [...]r [...]urious ynkehorne termes in telling his tale. [...], yt is, the snow castyng season nowe comynge in place, hath made this climate vtterly desolate of herbage, or hathe brought this climate to clene dissherbageing: why (ꝙ he) wilt thou not surceasse to deale wt me, in thy termes, as thou dooest with ye simple innocentes of y• comen people. The kynge was muche offended and displeased with the ouer exquisite manier of tellyng his tale, with the whiche maner curious filed termes ye rhetoriciās vsen to sette out their peinted sheathe emonge the vnexperte or ignoraunte multitude of the people. But the same to dooe before a kyng was an abusyng of the princes pacience. In stede of these wordes, [...], the snowecasting season, he might haue saied, the wynter season. And these woordes,A clime is a re [...]iō or coste of a coūtree. [...], that, is hath brought this climate to clene dis [...]herbageing, smellen all of the ynkehorne, and may scacely bee wel licenced vnto a poete, muche lesse to an oratour.

15 Unto Thrasillus a Cynique askynge [Page] of him, in the waye of a rewarde a grote or six pence:Howe Antigonus defeacted a Cynike philosophier askyng a reward of him. yt is no rewarde for a kyng to geue, ꝙ he. The Cynique eftsons replyyng, well, then geue me a talente: Nay (ꝙ he) that is no meete rewarde for a Cynique to receiue.Of ye valour of a drachme and a talente it is noted afore in the secoūde saiyng of Aristippus and .xlii. leafe. So on both sydes he defeated and disapointed the ymportunitee or saucynesse of the crauer that would not be aunswered, whom he demed not worthie to haue any good dooen hym.

When he sent his soonne Demetrius 16 ☞ with a great nauie & with a greate puissaūce of soldyers for to deliuer the Grekes,Howe Antigonus exhorted his soōne Demetrius, when he sent hym foorthe with an armie to deliuer Grece. and to sette theim free from all yookes of homage or forren subiecciō: he saied, that glorie and renoume was like a beaken enkendleed or sette on fyer from grece, as from a mountain with an high toppe to extend & spred lighte ouer all ye whole vniuersall worlde. Prickyng foorthwarde y• young manne with desire of glorie to make hym dooe the parte of a valiaunte [Page] knight, forasmuche as by so dooyng y• bruite of that same his high praise and commendacion was not to be hidden or pended within ye limites & precintes of grece, but rather to renne abrode throughout all costes and parties of the worlde, by reason of the greate fame and name that Grece had euery where allreadie.

17 The poete Antagoras he foūd on a tyme in his tente sethyng a coungre, and buisilie stieryng ye panne wt his owne handes: & standyng euē herd at his polle behynd hym, he saied: dooest thou suppose o Antagoras that Homere, The familiare iestyng betwene ye kyng Antigonus & the poete Antagoras. when he wrote the actes of Agamennon, * did sethe [Page] coūgres, as thou doest nowe? To this saied Antagoras again: And thou sir kyng, dooest thou suppose yt Agamemnon in the time of dooyng those noble actes, made suche curious serchyng as yu dooest, if any bodye in the hoste sodde any coungres? The kyng tooke pacientely and in the good parte to bee paied home ieste for [...]este, euen as though the mater had been betwene twoo familiare plaiefeers eguall of degree, or feloes like.

Antigonus had on a season in his 18 dreamyng, seen Mithridates repyng golden corne, and therefore laied awayte to haue thesame Mithridates by the backe, and to despeche hym out of the waye. And when he had [Page] opened this mater vnto his sonne Demetrius, he bound thesame by an oth to make no woordes at all of it. Wherefore Demetrius takyng Mithridates in compaignie with hym went walkyng vp and down on ye sea banke,The feithfulnesse of Demetrius towarde Mithridates his frend sauyng his othe vpright, and not breakyng the commaundemente of Antigonus. and with ye nether ende of his speare wrote in ye sande, as foloeth, Mithridates auoide the countree. Mithridates Of this Mithridates kyng of Pontus, it is written that he was a man of a mightie greate stature, stronge of bodye, of a noble courage, of excellente witte and policie, and of incredible memorie. For where he was kyng of twoo and twentie nacions, it is certain that vnto euerie of thesame seuerally he made lawes, and kepte courtes, and ministred iustice in their owne toungues, and that duryng the tyme of his reigne whiche continued by the space of sixe and fiftie yeares, he neuer neded the helpe of any interpreter betwene hym and any of the nacions beeyng vnder his obeisaunce and subiection, but would talke with all and singulare persones of the saied nacions in their owne languages. He kept warre against the Romains many yeres. At last he was discoumfaicted by Lucius Scylla, & vtterly ouercomed by Pompeius Magnus. And at last beeyng besieged in a certain castle by his owne soonne, he. toke poison to destroye hymselfe, but when he sawe yt it would not worke vpon hym (for he had by the continuaunce of long and many yeres, accustomed hymselfe to take euerie daye preseruatiues and ymmediatly vpon the preseruatiues to take poison purposely, that if any suche chaunce fell it might not hurte hym) he called one of his trustie seruauntes to slea hym, and where as the feloe beeyng with the veraye sight of his maiester dismaied, failled in herte [...] nor had the power to execute that deede Mithridates called hym backe again, and helped his hande to the ministerie of cuttyng his owne throte. wel perceiuyng what ye mater ment, fledde into Pontus, and ther reigned as kyng al ye daies of his life after. But this historie, forasmuche as it is no apophthegme, (for an apophthegme consisteth in woordes spoken) semeth to haue been put in by some other bodye. Then by Plutarchus who compiled the treactise of apophthegmes. Albeeit woordes after suche sorte and for suche purpose writen maye haue the force, strength & place of woordes with the tounge and voice pronounced.

[Page]When the frendes of Antigonus 19 aduised hym, that in case he shuld wynne and take the citee of Athenes he should fēse and warde thesame with strong fortresses and sure garisons, to thende that it might no more fall to rebellion, and that he should with moste earnest cure & diligence kepe it, as the foundamente,Athenes the foundamente of all Grece, & ye onely poste to leane to. the staye or ye leanyng poste of all Grece: he aunswered that he had euermore been of this mynde,The moste sure garrison of a royalme, is ye beneuolence of the subiectes towardes their prince. [Page] that he beleued none to bee a more sure fortres or garisō of a royalme then ye beneuolence & hertie loue of ye subiectes towardes their prince.

20 Thesame Antigonus whē he heard reported that all the other kynges of Grece had cōspired his destrucciō,What Antigonus saied when it was shewed hym that all the other kynges of Grece had conspired his exterminaciō. woundreous presumpteously aūswered, that he would with one stone & with one shoughte make theim all to take their heles and to renne euery manne his waye, euē as one should spryng a whole flighte of byrdes peckyng vp corne newly sowen. but neuerthelesse in this battaill was Antigonus slain, and Demetrius vanquyshed and putte to flight, & all their kyngdome spoyled, and parted emōg Antiochus Seleucus, & the other princes that made warre against theim, as testifieth Plutarch [...]s in the life of the saied Demetrius.

21 When Antigonus had camped in the browes or edges of felles and cliefes, and in places all vneuen & full of pittes, arisyng & hangyng in heigthe muche aboue the plain [Page] champian grounde,This was at the siege of Argos a noble citee in Achaia. For Pyrrhus and Antigonus came thither bothe at one tyme, & bothe in mynde and purpose to wynne the citee. But ye Argiues sēdyng to either of theim ambassadours, and praiyng them to holde their handes, & to absteine from dooyng iniurie to a foren citee which neither of theim bothe had any right or title vnto, Antigonus promised to departe and gaue vnto the Argiues in hostage therof his soonne Alcyoneus. But Pyrrhus, wheras he promised to dooe thesame, yet did it not, but by night entreed the citee vnawares and vnknowyng to the Argiue [...] tyll he was euen in the m [...]ddes of their high strete. Then wer the Argiues fain to desire Antigonus to come with aide & rescue and so he did. And there and then was Pyrrhus slain. Pyrrhus after pitchyng his tentes about Naplia, sent on the nexte morowe by an haralde of armes to bidde hym come down into ye plain, and there to assaye and trye what he could dooe in battaill. But Antigonus made aunswer, that his manier of battreyng stood not a whitte more in the furniture of harnesse and ordeinaunce, then in the oportunitee of tymes when to fight, & that for Pyrrhus, (in case ye same wer werye of his life) there wer wayes many enough open or readie to dispeche and ridde hym out of the worlde.

Antigonus beeyng asked the question,22 whiche of all the capitaines [Page] of his tyme he iudged to surmount al others in worthinesse, Marie, Pyrrhus was kyng of the Epirotes (a nacion betwene Macedonie & Illyricum, which Illyricum is nowe called S [...]auonie,) much praised of all wryters for a gentle and a courteous kyng, wittie, politike, quicke in his buisynesse, auenturous & hardie, & of such a [...]ieryng nature, yt (as Plutarchus in his life testifieth) neither hauyng gottē any victorie or cōqueste, nor yet beeyng venquyshed or ouercomed, he could quiete hymself to bee in res [...]e and peace. And Plutarchus in the life bothe of Anniball, and also of Titus Quintius Flaminius telleth, yt when Scipio emong many other thynges required Annibal to shewe hym euē as he thought in his mynde, whō he reputed of al that euer had been or wer then aliue to bee the moste woorthie & moste noble capitaine of an armie, Marie (ꝙ Anniball) Alexander ye greate I esteme to bee chief & principall, & nexte vnto hym Pyrrhus, & my self the thirde. And of thesame Pyrrhus he saied at an other tyme, yt if he had had the feacte to hold and kepe an empier, aswell as he could achiue and wynne it, he had had no cousyn. Al this was dooen when Pyrrhus would haue taken the citee of Argos, as is saied in the annotacion of the apophthegme nexte afore gooyng. Pyrrhus (ꝙ he again) if he might liue to bee an olde manne. He gaue not a determinate sentence yt Pyrrhus was allreadie the veraye best, but that he was like to bee the principall best in deede, if age & contynuaunce of tyme might acquire ye experience and perfecte knowlage of thynges.

23 Thesame Antigonus seeyng one of his soldyours,The tendrenesse of Antigonꝰ towardes his souldyours if thei wer sicke. beeing in all behalfes, or, at all assaies stoute and [Page] valiaunt and foreward or prest to entreprise al maner hasardes or auētures, to bee not veraye well at ease in his bodye, demaūded what was ye mater yt he looked so pale & wanne of colour. Whē the partie had confessed vnto hym a priue disease lyyng within his bodye, Antigonus commaunded his physicians, that if it might possibly by any meanes bee dooē, thei should geue hym medicines yt might cure hym. But the soldyer beeyng now clene ridde of his maladie, begone to weaxe eiuill willyng, slacke, and lothe to fight, and with lesse forewardnesse to putte hymself in any perilles or daungiers. The kyng greately meruaillyng there at, asked of hym, what was the cause of his mynde so chaunged. Then saied the soldiour: for south sir, euē you and no man els hath been the cause. For when I liued in contynuall [Page] angyshe and peine,Felicitee maketh mēne timorous and false herted. I had no greate feare of my life beeyng in suche case, but now, sēs by your meanes my life is become more deere vnto me, I am muche more charie, that it maye not be lost.

24 Antigonus the first vnto a certain Sophiste offreyng hym a booke conteinyng a traictise of iustice,This Antigonus was ye firste kyng of that name, & there was besides hym an other Antigonus the secounde kyng of Macedonie. saied: certes yu art an vnwise man̄e whiche, where thou seest me with all ordeinaūce of warre werkyng and dooyng myschief to the citees of foreners, yet neuerthelesse wilt nedes talke to me of iustice. His meanyng was, that suche persones as either for the enlargeyng of their dominion, orels for to purchace glorie and renoume dooen make warre vpon aliene citees,Such ꝑsones as for empier or for glorie dooen inuade foren citees cannot saue ye lawes of iustice vpright. or forē countrees, cannot saue ye lawes of iustice vpright.

25 Antigonus the first, when he had often tymes suffreed Bias ymportunately,With what woordes Antigonus gaue a talent vnto Bias, of whose ymportune crauyng he coulde not bee ridde. troubleyng hym with beggyng this and that: at last beeyng [Page] ouercomed with werynesse therof, sirs (ꝙ he) deliuer vnto Bias a talente, thoughe it bee perforce and agaynst my stomake. Signifiyng that Bias had not with his good herte and wille obteined that benefite, but rather had forceably and by violence extorted thesame with ymportune and endelesse crauyng.

Antigonus, when he hearde in the 26 derke night season certain of hys souldyours wyshing al ye mischief possible vnto the kynge that had brought theim into that eiuil pece of way & into that moyre not possible to wade through, or to geate out of, he came to theim that were most encoumbreed,The exceding humanitee & moste noble herte of Antigonus, in auengeyng eiuill woordes spokē by him. & when he had dispeched theim out of the moyre (the parties not knoweyng who had succoured and holpen theim so wel to passe through it: Now (ꝙ he) curse Antigonus by whose faulte ye haue fallen into this encoumbreaūce, but wyshe wel to thesame [Page] and praie for hym, that he hathe nowe recouered you againe, and brought you out of this goulfe or quauemoyre. With this sole auengement was the right noble herte of this kyng contented and satisfied.

27 The same Antigonus when the grekes wer besieged in a litle preatie pyle or castle, and thesame grekes vpon the affiaunce and boldenesse of the place (because it was a veraye strong holde of so small a thyng) settyng their enemie at naught, made muche and great iestyng at the deformitee and bleamishes of Antigonus, Antigonus lowe of stature & hauyng a flatte nose. and made many mockes and skornes, nowe at his dwarfyshe lowe stature, and nowe at his noose as flatte as a cake bruised or beatē to his face:What Antigonus saied whē the Grekes whom he besieged in a castle iested & [...]ailled at him ouer the walles. I am glad yet (ꝙ he) and truste to haue some good chaūce & fortune by it, nowe yt I haue * Silenus in mine armie. And after yt he had wt lacke of vitailles brought [Page] those choppeloges or greate pratleers as lowe as dogge to ye bowe, (as the manier is to dooe with suche persones as are taken priesoners in warre,Howe menne taken priesoners in battail wer vsed in olde tyme. that is to wete, such as may doo good seruice in warre to be appointed, sorted, and placed vnder one baner or another emong the ordynarie souldyours, and the residue to bee offreed to sale by an open crye) he saied that he woulde not dooe so with theim neither,The humanitee of Antigonus and lenitee towarde his enemies. sauyng for that it was expedient for theim to haue some maister to correcte & punyshe theim whiche had suche naughty toungues. This saiyng I suppose to bee all one with yt which Plutarchus maketh mencion of, sauyng that it is otherwise tolde of Seneca.

[Page] 28 Thesame Antigonus when he had taken vp in his hande an instrumente [Page] writen in greate letters of texte hande: yea marie (ꝙ he) these lettres are big enough to see euen for a blynde mannes yies.Antigonꝰ i [...] sted at ye ympedimente of his own yies. Iestyng at the bleamy [...]he & ympedimēte of his owne Antigonus beeyng a singulare good mā of warre in his young lustie yeares, whē Philippus ye father of Alexander, laie in siege of Perinthus (a noble citee of Thracia in the coste of Propontis now called Heraclea) had the one of his yies striken clene out with the shotte of a quarrel out of a crossebowe. And many persones approchyng vnto hym, and addressyng to plucke out the quarrell, Antigonus would not suffre theim, but leat it stricke still, neither did he plucke it out, or departe asyde or ceasse fightyng, vntill he had discoūfaicted his enemies within the walles of the citee, and putte theim to flight. yies. For he had no more but one yie to see withall. But those same woordes an other bodie should not haue spoken without ieoperdie and perill of his best ioynte, which thing euen so proued & came in vre by ‡Theocritus ye Chian, of whom in another place and tyme shalbee mencioned.

[Page] 29 Kyng Antigonus, when word was brought vnto hym,What Antigonus saied whē he heard yt his soonne Alcyoneus was slain in battaill. that his sonne Alcyoneus was slain fighting in the felde: stood hangyng downe his hedde a preatie space musynge or studiyng wt himself in his mynde, and within a whyle he brake out into these woordes: O my soonne Alcioneus thou haste chaunged lyfe for death, not so soone as of ryght thou shouldest haue dooen, which hast so vndiscretely assailled thine enemies & auentured vpon theim, not hauynge regarde neither of thyn owne lyfe, nor of my oftē warnynges to beware. He thought his owne sonne not woorthie to bee mourned or sorowed for,Antigonus thought hym not woorthie to bee mourned for, that had beē cast away through his own foly. whiche had through his owne foly myscarryed, and had been the procurer of his owne ca [...]tyng awaye. This is told of the reporte of Plutarchus.

30 Thesame Antigonus seeyng his soonne Demetrius somewhat feersly or roughly, and after a straunge sorte of lordelinesse, vsyng or handleyng [Page] his subiectes ouer whiche he had Empier & dominion, saied: Soonne art thou ignoraunt that our state of reignynge, or beeyng kynges, is a seruitude faced or set out with dignitee and woorshyp? Nothyng might possibly bee spokē with more high witte or prudence.Reigne or empier, sauyng for the dignitee is a mutuall seruitude. For aswell is the prince cōstreigned to serue the cōmoditee of the people, as the people to serue the turne of the prince, sauyng that the prince doeth it with a prerogatiue of dignite [...], that thynge excepted, in veraye deede it is a mutuall seruitude of the one partie to the other. For the prince bothe nyght and daye perpetually careth for the safegarde,A prince perpertually careth for the welth of his subiectes. tranquillitee, defense, cō moditees, wealth, and auauncemente of his subiectes, neuer satisfied ne pleased with his owne felicitee, excepte it be al wel with his people too. ¶Nowe to the entente that we may after a sorte make soome lykely matche of Roomains with the Grekes, we shal to Alexander sette Iulius Cesar, to Philippe we shal sette Augu [...]tus, and to Antigonus we shall turne Ponpeius of Roome.

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THE SAIYNGES OF AVGVSTVS CAESAR.

Octauius Augustus Cesar was the soonne of octauius by Iulius Cesars sisters doughter, whiche Iulius Cesar the first perpetuall Emperour of Rome, had before his death made a wyl by which he adopted, that is to saie, freely chose the saied Augustus to bee his sonne and heire, and executour, and successour. Augustus then beyng a younge mnane absent from Rome a scholare or studente in Apollonia (a goodly citee of Macedonie .vii. myles frō the sea into the lande warde, at the first inhabited by Corinthiās, purposely sente thither to inhabite when it was deserte) afterwarde then Augustus beyng come to Roome, and sette in possession of suche gooddes as the saied Iulius had lefte vnto hym, and hauyng pourcha [...]ed the fauou [...] and beneuolence of the citezens, by reason of distributyng certain legacies of Iulius vnto the people he ioyned hym selfe in societee with Marcus Antonius, and Marcus Lepidus. And these three diuided al the whole empier of Roome betwene theim to hold by stronge hande, as it had been by a iuste and right title of enheritaunce due vnto theim. In processe Augustus and Antonius (not withstandyng al bondes of societee, leagasie, & allyaunce) felle out, and warred either against the other Antonius at length was driuen into Egypte, where he was receiued into the citee of Alexandria, and aided by Cleopatra the Queene there, (who loued hym). And there did he gore himself through the bealy with a sweorde. And Augustꝰ tooke Cleopatra, and all hir riche [...]se and ieweiles, and woonne the citee. &c.

[Page] WHen Rhymerales kynge 1 of ye Thracians (who had emonge other kynges moo forsaken Antonius;Rhymirales kyng of the Thraciās, forsooke Antonius, & tooke y• parte of Augustꝰ Caesar. and taken the parte of Augustus) did at a certain banquette veraye arrogantely or with many highe braggyng woordes make greate vaunte of his desertes towardes Caesar, What Augustus Caesar saied when Rhymirales made vaunte of his desertes towardes hym. and without ende entwytyng thesame wt takyng his parte in warre, made muche tittle tattle nor would in no wyse lynne pratyng therof: Caesar makyng as though he marked not the reprochefull chattyng of the saied Rhymirales, dranke to one other of the kynges, and saied: The treason I loue well, but the traitours I doo not cōmende. Signifiyng, no thankes at all to bee due vnto suche persones as haue dooen a manne a good turne by committyng treason on their owne partie.No thanke at all is due to theim yt dooe an other body a pleasure, by commit [...]yng treason on their owne behalf. For though the pleasure, that thei shewen bee for the tyme acceptable, yet are the parties selfes [Page] reputed for naughty felooes, and breakers of league and feithfull promyses afore made to another.

2 When ye inhabitauntes of Alexandria (the hedde citee of all Egypte) after their citee entreed and takē by force of armes,The clemēcie of Augustus towardes the Alexandrines when he had woone & takē their citee. thought to haue none other grace, but vtter exterminacion by fyer and bloudshed, Augustus gotte him vp into an high place, takyng with hym euen by ye hande one Arius a philosophier of the same citee borne, and saied vnto the people, that he did freely perdon the citee:For what ca [...] ses Augustus freely perdoned ye citee of Alexandria. first for the greatnes and goodlinesse of the citee selfe: secondarily, for the respecte of Alexander the great that was the first founder, edifier, and builder of it: and finally for to dooe his frende Arius a pleasure.Arius a philosophier of Alexandria, to whom Augustus for his learnyng shewed muche honoure and frendship and familiaritee. And (as Plutarchus in y• life of Marcus Antonius writeth) euen at this tyme besides this high pointe of honoure shewed towarde Arius, he did at the intercession of thesame perdon many particular persones whiche had dooen hym muche displeasure, and had deserued not onely his displeasure but also all extremitee. It was a pointe of mercifulnesse not many tymes seen or heard of, not to riefle or spoyle a citee whiche had moste stubbernely and obstinately rebelled, but no lesse praise deserued that same his [Page] greate ciuilitee, that the thanke of such a benefite as this was, he tooke not to hymselfe, but gaue one, yea and the principall parte of the same vnto the citee selfe, another porcion he attributed vnto Alexander, whose memoriall he knewe to bee of moste high acceptacion emong ye Alexandrines, the thirde piece he putte ouer to Arius a burgoise of the same citee, with so high a title commendyng & [...]ettyng foorth his frende vnto his owne countremen.

When it was complained vnto 3 Augustus yt one Erotes the solliciter of Egypte had bought a quaille which in fightyng would beate as many as came, & at no hande could bee beatē or putte to ye wurse, and thesame quaill beeyng rosted, to haue eaten vp euery morsell: he commaunded the feloe to bee brought afore hym, and the cause well discussed, ymmediately vpon the parties confessyng of y• cause, he commaunded [Page] yesame to bee hanged vp on ye toppe of a maste of a shippe.Erotes y• solliciter of Egypte putte to death by Augustus for eatyng of a quaille. Iudgeyng hym vnwoorthie to liue, who for so small a delite of his onely throte, or dentie mouth, had not spared a byrde, whiche in fightyng might many a long daye & to many a persone haue shewed pleasure and solace, and the whiche furthermore by a certain gladde signe of good lucke to ensue betokened vnto Caesar perpetuall sucsesse and prosperyng in his warres.

4 In the countree of Sicile in the stede or place of Theodore he made Arius capitain or lieuetenaūt.Tharsus the chief citee in Cilicia, wher saincte Paule was borne. And when a certain persone putte vp vnto Caesar a supplicaciō or bille of complainte, in whiche wer writen these woordes, The pield pated Theodore of Tharsus was a briber and a theefe, what semeth you? The bille perused, Augustus subscribed nothyng but this onely, Mesemeth.

5 Unto Athenodorus a philosophier by ye pretexte or excuse of olde age makyng instaunte requeste thatAthenodorus a philosophier in ye tyme of Augustus. There was also an other Athenodorus a philosophier of Athenes of whō Plutarchus both in the life of Alexāder and also of Phocion maketh mencion. And the thirde, a werker of Imagerie in metal a Rhodian born, of whom is mē cioned in the xxxiiii. and in ye .xxxvi. boke of Plynie. [Page] he might haue licence to departe home again into his countree, Augustus graūted his desire. But whē Athenodorus had takē his leaue and all of the emperour, beeyng in mynde and wille to leaue with the same some monumēte or token of remembreaunce meete & semyng for a philosophier, this he saied more thē euer he had dooen tofore Sir emperour, at what tyme thou shalte bee angreed, neither saie, ne dooe thou any thyng, before that yu shalt haue rekened vp by rewle one after other in thy mynde the names of the .xxiiii. lettres of the greke alphebete. Thē Caesar frēdly takyng the philosophiers hande in his, saied:What counsaill Athenodorus a philo [...]sophier gaue vnto Augustꝰ against y• furious heat of sodain angre [...] yet a whyle longer haue I nede of thy coumpaignie & presence about me. And so kept hym there with hym still euen a full yere more, allegyng for his purpose, that same the prouerbe of [Page] the Grekes. Of feithfull silence, the rewardes are daungerlesse. Of feithfull silence the rewardes are daungerlesse. Either allowyng the philosophiers sentēce, for that in deede to represse and kepe in ones angre that it breaketh not out into woordes,To kepe in angre that it breke not out into woordes is a poincte of safetie. wer a thyng sure and safe from all perill of after clappes: orels meanyng, that it should haue been a good turne to the philosophier, if he had spoken no suche woorde at the later ende beeyng in purpose and readynesse to departe his waye. Albeeit, suche an holsome and especiall good lesson deserued to haue some royall rewarde and recompense.An holsome lesson geuyng deserueth at ye handes of a price an high recompense

6 When he had heard saie, that Alexander beeyng twoo and thirtie yeres of age,Alexander at ye age of .xxxii yeres hauyng woonne almo [...]te all the worlde, dou [...]ted what he shuld haue to dooe all ye residue of his [...]ife. after hauyng passed ouer not a fewe regions or countrees of the worlde, had putte a greate doubte what he might haue to dooe all ye residue of his life to come, Augustus meruailled muche if Alexāder had not iudged it a greater acte or werke well to gouerne an empier gotten, then to haue acquired or purchaced a large and ample dicion. Of good right did he [Page] reproue the vnsaciable ambicion of Alexander,How Augustus reproued ye vnsaciable ambicion of Alexander. whiche had estemed none other office belongyng to a kyng, but to enlarge the precincte or limites of his dominion, wheras it is a greate dele bothe a more goodly thyng and also more harde,It is bothe more goodlye and also more harde wt good lawes & maniers to adourne a kyngdome, then by warre to adde royalme to royalme. with right and iuste lawes, and with honest or goodly maners to beautifie a royalme that to a manne is falle is fallē then wt dynte of sweorde to adde kyngdome to kyngdome?

Augustus had enacted and publyshed a lawe cōcernyng adulterers after what fourme of processe persones 7 detected of this crime shuld bee iudged,Augustꝰ Caesar made a lawe, yt there should bee no adulterers, or if any suche wer found, yt thei should be punished And it was called, Lex Iulia, and what kynde of punyshement thesame should haue, if thei wer cōuinced or found guiltie. Afterward, in a rage or furie of wrathe, he flewe on a young manne accused of hauyng to dooe with Iulia the doughter of Augustus, and all to pumleed thesame with his handes. But when the young manne had cryed out in this maner, O sir emperour, ye haue made [Page] [...] [Page] [...] [Page] and set foorth alawe of this mater it repented the emperour so sore of his dooyng,Augustus wt his owne hā des beate a young māne detected of hauyng to dooe wt Iulia his doughter. that he refused to take or eate his supper that daye. The offense euen of it self was hainous and besides that, trespaced in the emperours owne doughter. What prince in suche a case could tempre his dolour & angre? Or who in suche a case could abyde the long processe of the lawes and of iudgementes? yet this so greate a prince tooke suche displeasure with hymselfe, yt he punyshed his owne persone, because he had not in all poyntes been obediente vnto the lawe,Augustꝰ sore repented yt he had in his fu [...] dooen contrarie to the lawe, whiche hym self had made. whiche himself had geuen vnto others.

8 At what tyme he sent Caius his doughters soonne into the coūtree of Armenia * with an armie against the Parthians, What Augustus wyshed vnto Caius, his doughters soonne, when he sente hym into Armenia an warrefare against the Parthians. he wished of the goddes, yt there might goo with hym, the ☞ hertie beneuolence of mēne whiche Pompeius had, ye auenturus courage ‡ that was in Alexander, & the* happie fortune yt hymself had. What was in euery of the said three persones seuerally the chief and highest poincte [Page] thesame did Augustus wishe to bee in one manne alone. But as for this thyng, truely it proceded of a singulare humblenesse,The humblenesse and modestie of Augustus. that beeyng a manne in witte, in knowlage, and in policie excellyng, he ascribed his owne noble actes vnto fortūe. And would not take theim vpon hymself.

[Page] 9 He saied that he would leaue behynd hym vnto ye Romaines suche a successour in the Empier, as neuer [Page] consulted or tooke deliberaciō twys of one mater. Menyng by Tiberius.The readie witte and policie of Tiberius. A manne of a veraie readie witte and of greate policie.

On a tyme whē his mynde was 10 to pacifie certain young gentlemē of high dignitee, and thei tooke no regarde vnto his woordes, but persisted in their querele & noyse makyng: heare me,The autorite of Augustus, euē of a yoūg manne. ye yoūg mēne (ꝙ Augus [...]ns) to whom beeyng but a young manne, olde folkes haue geuen eare. For Augustus beeyng scacely come to mannes state was putte to haue dooynges in the commenweale,The clemēci [...] of Augustus. & was of right high autoritee. With this onely saiyng he appeaced ye parties that wer at strife neither did he ministre any ferther punyshemente to thesame, for ye troubleous rumour and noyse by theim areised and stiered vp.

When the people of Athenes semed 11 to had trespaced against hym in a certain matier, he wrote vnto thē frō ye citee of Aegina in this maner.What Augustus wrote to the Atheniens hauyng trespaced against hym. I suppose not it to bee to you [Page] vnknowen that I am angry with you. And in deede I purpose not to lye here at Aegina all this wynter to come? Neither did he any thynge els speake or dooe vnto the saied Atheniens, rekenyng sufficiente to manace and threaten theim, onlesse thei would surceasse so to abuse hym.

12 Whē one of the accusers of Euclides takyng his libertee and pleasure to tell his tale at large, and to speake euen his bealye full, at the last had gon so ferre, that he spake muche what these woordes folowyng: If all these thynges seme not to your grace high and greate maters, cōmaunde hym to rendre vnto me the seuenth volume of Thucidides: Caesar beeyng highly displeased wt those woordes cōmaunded ye saied accuser to be had to warde.The clemēcie of Augustus. But as soone as he heard that the same partie was alone remaining aliue of the of sprynge of * Brasidas, [Page] he bidde ye same come to hym, and after a moderate or gentle correpcion leat hym goo at his libertee.

Unto Piso substancyally buyldyng 13 an hous euen from the foundacion vnto the vttermost raftreyng and reirynge of the roofe,What Augustus saied vnto Piso buildyng a substāciall hous. Augustus saied: O Piso, thou puttest me in good cumforte, and makest my herte glad, in that thou so makest thy buyldinges, as though Rome must euer endure and contynue to [Page] the worldes ende. He was not offē ded with the ouer curious furniture of edefiyng:Augustus enterpreted the dooynges of menne to the better parte & not to the wurse. but yt some other prince woulde haue suspected & mistrusted to meane some spiece *of tyranny, Augustus turned vnto a glad begynnyng and prophecie of the Empier of Roome longe to endure. Thus ferre hathe Plutarchus in his treactise of apophthegmes. The apophthegmes folowyng are for the moste parte taken of Macrobius, and out of Suetonius.

14 Augustus had writen a tragedie entitleed Aiax, The tragedie of Augustus called Aiax. and yesame tragedie afterwarde (because it myslyked hym) he wyped out with a spoūge. So, whē one Lucius a writer of tragedies demaunded, what is Aiax [Page] did: by my feith (ꝙ Augustus woundreous merely again) he hath rēne hymself through with a spounge.Augustus his Aiax ranne hymselfe thorowe wyth a spounge. Alludyng to the argumente or mater of the entrelude, in the whiche it is conteined, y• This Aiax was ye sonne of Telamō & of Hesione ye doughter of Laomedon, and was the moste valiaunte and moste woorthie knight of all the Grekes, next after Achilles. But when Achilles was slain, Aiax required to haue his harnesse and weapen, as a manne moste apte and mete to haue the wearyng and vse of it. Ulysses also made suite for thesame, and by helpe of his eloquente toung preuailled against Aiax, and had the said harnesse deliuered vnto hym by the iudges. For angre wherof Aiax felle madde, and in his madnesse went emong an hearde of catalle and slewe a greate noumbre of theim, weenyng to hym that he had slain Ulysses and his coūpaignie. Afterwarde beeyng come to hymselfe again, whē he considered his folyes, he killed hymselfe synkyng downe on the poincte of his owne sweorde.Aiax, as soone as he wyst what thinges he had bothe saied and dooen in the tyme of his madnesse, ranne or sounke downe vpon the poincte of his owne sweord, & kylled himself.

To a certain persone presenting 15 vnto him a supplicaciō fearefully,What Augustꝰ said to one fearefully puttyng vp a supplicacion vnto hym. nowe puttyng forth his hand, and nowe pullynge it backe again, he saied: what? doest thou thynke thy selfe to geue a penie to an Elephante For litle boyes vsed to holde foorth and to geue litle pieces of coyne to an Elephante [Page] whiche pieces of coyne the same Elephante, (not without the woundreyng of the beholders) will in suche wyse snatche vp quickely with his longe snoute, that he wyll not hurt the childes hande. In the same wyse doo wee see children p [...]tte their hande into the yanyng mouthe of beares, not wtout our feare. It was to this moste good prince a mater of greef, that he was feared.It was greuous to Augustꝰ that he was f [...]ared.

16 When one Pacinnius Taurus asked a rewarde of hym,Howe Augustus auoyded one Paci [...]ius askynge a rewarde of hym beeyng not disposed to geue. allegiyng to be spred abrode by the comē voice of the people, that no smal summe of money had been geuen to hym by the emperour: well (ꝙ Caesar) yet be not thou of mynde to beleue it. By a pleasaunte woorde of ieste dooing hym to weete that he would none geue hym The other partie looked to haue it come to passe, that Cesar woulde saue his honestee, left that, (in case it should come to light and bee openly knowen the saied bruite and communicacion of ye people to bee nothyng true) he should bee had in derisiō. But Augustus shewed hym another remedie, whiche was, that he should suffre the people to talke their pleasure, and to saie what thei would, so that [Page] thei persuaded not to hym the thynge that were false.

An other persone beeyng dismissed 17 and putte from ye capitainship of a compaignie of horsemen,Howe Augustꝰ auoided a feloe askynge a pensiō whē he was putte from the capitainship of a compaignie of horsemen. was not afeard for al that to require of Agrustus a greate fee too, by this colour, allegeing himself not to aske suche waiges or pension for any lucre or gaines, but (saieth he) to ye ende that I maye appere to haue obteined suche rewarde or recompense by your graces iudgement, and so maye bee verayly beleued, not to haue been put from myne office against my wil, but willyngly to haue resigned & geuen it vp: well (ꝙ Augustus) saie thou to euery bodye that thou haste receiued it, and I will not saie naye. If nothynge els moued the crauer, but onely the feare of shame & reproche, a way was shewed by whiche he might aswell saue his honestee emong the people, as if he had in deede receiued the money, that he asked.

[Page] 18 A certain young manne named Herennius beeyng with many vices corrupted, the emperour had commaunded to auoid his campe and armie. And when the partie beyng discharged of his roome, did with fallyng on his knees, and wt most lamentable blubbering or weping in this maner beseche themperour not so to putte hym awaye: Alas sir, with what face shal I retourne into my countree? and what shall I saie vnto my father? Marie (ꝙ Augustus) saie, that I haue loste thy fauour. Because the young manne was ashamed to confesse that hymselfe had encurred the disfauour of Cesar, Cesar permitted hym to turne the tale in and out, and laie the wyte or blame on hymselfe the saied Augustus.

19 A certain souldyour of his hauyng been strieken with a stone in a viage on warrefare,Howe Augustus did putte to silence a souldyour of vnmeasurably gloriyngs of his actes & woundes receiued in battaill. and beeyng thereby with a notable scarre of ye [Page] wounde in his forehed disfygured because he bare the open marke of an honest wounde, bosted and craked beyond all measure of ye great actes yt he had dooen. The presumptuous vaūtyng of this souldyer Augustus thus chastised after a gentle sorte: well sir, (ꝙ he) yet beware yt ye looke backe no more in your rennyng awaye. Halfe notifiyng that it might full well bee, that the wounde, whiche he gloried and braggued of so highly, he caught not in fightyng manfully, but in fleeyng cowardely.

One Galba hauyng a bodye misshapen 20 with a great bunche which bossyng out made him crookebacked (in so muche that there went a cōmen saiyng on hym, the witte of Galba to be lodged in an eiuil dwellyng place) where this Galba pleadyng a cause before Augustus euery other whyle saied these woordes, emend & streighten me Caesar, if ye [Page] shall see in me any thing woorthie to bee reprehended or disallowed:The feacte & mery aūswer of Augustus vnto Galba. Naye Galba (saied Augustus) I maye tell ye what is amysse, but streighten the I can not. A thyng is saied in latin corrigi, & in englyshe to bee emēded or streightened, yt is reproued or disallowed and also that of crooked is made streight.

21 Whē a greate mainy persones arrained at ones at the pursuite & accusacion of Seuerus Cassius wer dispetched and ridde in iudgemente euery one of theim, and the carpenter with whom Augustus had couenaunted and bargained,Augustꝰ wyshed yt Cassius Seuerus had ac [...]used his courte hous that he had pu [...]te to makyng, for then it should haue been rid [...] dis [...]etched as all those wer whom y• said Cassius accused. for edifiyng a courte hous where to sitte in iustice, delaied hym a long time with cōtynuall lookyng and lookyng when that werke should bee finyshed: full gladly would I (ꝙ Caesar,) that Cassius had accused my courte * house too. He found a mater of testyng in a vocable of double significacion. For bothe a piece of werke is saied in [Page] latin, absolui, & in englyshe, to bee despetched or ridde, that is finyshed and brought to a perfecte ende, & also a persone that in a mater of iustice or lawe is quytte and deliuered. Bothe a maister carpēter riddeth his werke and also a iudge riddeth a persone aunsweryng before hym to the lawe at the barre.

In olde tyme greate was the 22 obseruaūce of sepulchres:In olde tyme the r [...]ligiō or obseruaunce of sepulchre [...] was greate. and that porcion of mennes groundes whiche was especially appoincted for their monumentes or graues, was not broken with any ploughe. Wherupon when one Vectius beeyng wt this poincte of religion no thyng afeard,What Augustꝰ saied, whē one Uectius brake vp his owne fathers graue with a plou [...]he. had eared vp his fathers graue, Augustus made a pleasaunte [Page] ieste of it, saiyng: yea marie this is euen in veraye deede to harroe and visite ones fathers monument. Yet ones again he dalyed wt a worde of double significaciō. For the latin verbe, colere, in one significaciō is to honour or to wurship, and in an other significacion it is to tille or to housbande, as grounde or any other sembleable thyng is housbanded. Whiche I translate to harroe or to visite, as we saie that Christe harroed helle, and visited hell when he descended downe to helle ymmediatly after his passiō, and pourged, scoured, or clensed the same of suche solles as hym pleased. And visityng is in englyshe a kynde of shewyng honour, as wee viset sicke folkes & priesoners to dooe theim honour and coumforte. It had been a double amphibologie, at lest wyse for the latin if in stede of, monumente, he had saied, memoriall, as I thynke Augustus did saie in deede. For vnto vs high & holy is the memoriall of those, whō beeyng out of this life departed, wee honour, (as y• memoriall of all saintes and of all folkes departed in the true feith o [...] Christe.) And the monumentes of persones deceassed wee call their memorials by imitacion of the grekes, who callen thesame [...], or, [...].

23 When the bruite of Herode his [Page] crueltee was come to the eares of Augustus, how yt the said Herode ‡had commaunded to bee murdreed & slain all ye young babes in Iewrie as many as wer not aboue ye age of twoo yeres,It is better to bee the hog of Herode (saied Augustꝰ) then his soonne. & how that emong ye moo Herode his owne soonne also had gon to ye potte as well as the best: yea (ꝙ Augustus) it is muche better to bee Herode his hog, then his soonne. Herode was a Iewe. And the Iewes of a greate conscience & of a rewle dooē abstein frō eatyng of allmaner swynes fleashe. So yt Herode would kill no swyne.

Augustus after the takyng and 24.: entreyng ye citee of Alexandria, had [Page] graūted life to many persones for Arius ye philosophiers sake:Of Arius & of ye takynge of Alexādria it is noted afore in the .ii. apoph [...]hegme of Agustus. yet one Sostratus (a manne in deede of a veraye readie toungue and especiall good vttreaunce,Sostratꝰ an Alexandrine a māne of speciall good vttreaunce, but [...]eddyly takyng on hym to b [...]e an Academique. but yet of suche sorte, that he encurred the indignacion of Caesar, for that vndiscretely or harebrainlike he would nedes in any wyse bee reputed and takē for an Academique,) he would not heare, ne receiue to grace. But the saied Sostratus, in raggued apparell as one yt had no ioye of the worlde and with his hore white bearde hangyng down of a greate lēgth,Of philosophiers Academiques is afore noted in the saiynges of Plato. begoonne to folowe Arius at the heeles whethersoeuer yesame went hauyng euer in his mouthe this litle verse of greke,Why Augustus woulde not at ye firste perdone Sostratus emōg other of ye Alexādrines at the intercession of Arius.

[...]

Wise menne, if in deede thei wise bee,

Can saue wise menne, and make theim free.

By this craftie meanes he constreigned Caesar in maner parforce to geue hym perdone. Alb [...]it Caesar p [...]rdoned hym (saieth [Page] Plutarchus in the life of Antonius,) more forto delyuer Arius from enuie, then Philostratus from feare. For so dooeth Plutarchus call hym and not by the name of Sostratus.

When he was now fowertie 25 yeres olde and vpward, and laie from Roome in Gallia, it was by presentemente brought vnto hym yt Lucius Cinna a young gentleman of noble birth,Cinna ye neffewe of Pō peius sought to destrui the persone of Augustus. that is to saie, the neffewe of Pōpeius, wrought treasō against his persone & went about to destruie him. Plain relaciō was made, where, when and how the traitours entended to assaill hym. For thei had purposed and fully resolued to murdre hym,A notable historie, howe Augustꝰ Caesar made a ꝑpetuall frēde of Cina, who had secretely wrought high treason against his persone to destrui hym. when he should nexte bee in dooyng sacrifice. The enditemente and sentēce of atteindour of ye said Cinna was sette on werke to bee drawen and engrossed. But Augustus speakyng at that presente many woordes to this and that soundrie purposes, (Concernyng how Cinna should bee vsed) [Page] In cometh Liuia ye wife of Augustus. The co [...]nsail of Liuia the wife of Augustus, geuen to hir housbande. Sir, saieth she, dooe ye accordyng to ye guyse & vsage of ye physicians who at suche tymes as ye customable medicines wil not werke, dooē assaye & proue ye contraries. With rigour & sharpe execuciō yet vnto this daye litle haue ye preuailled, now an other while practise to bee mercifull. Cinna beeyng thus foūd and proued faultie or culpable is not of power to dooe a poinctes woorth of harme to your life, but to your renoume he maye dooe much good. Immediately herupō Augustus cōmaūded Cinna to be sent for by hymself alone to come and talke wt hym.How Augustꝰ vsed Cinna, beeyng found & proued an offender in highe treason against his persone. As soone as he was come, the Emperour caused an other chaire to bee sette for Cinna. Then spake ye Emperour & saied: First and foremust o Cinna this I require of the, that thou dooe not interrupt ne breake me of tellyng [Page] my tale. Thou shalt haue tyme & leasure enough to saie thy mynde at large, when I haue dooen. Thē after ye rehersall of diuerse & soondrie his benefites towardes Cinna how yt he had saued his life & pardoned hym beeyng foūd in ye cāpe of his enemies:The benefites of Augustus Caesar towardes Cinna. how that he had releassed & graūted vnto hym al his whole patrimonie and inheriaūce, (whiche of right he ought to hau [...] forfaicted and lost) how that ouer and besides this, he had ornated, enhaūced or promoted hym with the dignitee of a prebēde in a college of prestes: After ye rehersall of all these thynges, he demaūded for what cause Cinna thought hym woorthie to be killed. Cinna beeyng herewith vtterly dismaied, Augustus in this maner ended his chidyng. Well Cinna, now this is twyse that I perdone the of thy life, ones afore beeyng myn open enemie, and now ye [Page] secounde tyme a werker of priue treason against me, and gooyng about to destrui me thy naturall prince. Frō this daye foorthward leat amitee & frendeship begynne betwene vs twoo, leat vs striue together, whether I haue more feith fully to trust vnto, geuen the thy life, or thou bound vnto me for the same. And foorthwith he offreed vnto Cinna the Consulship. Will ye knowe the ende what foloed? Caesar had of Cinna from thensfoorth a veraye assured frende, and when Cinna dyed, was mad [...] and leaft his sole executour & heire. Neither was Augustus any more after that daye by any persone liuyng assaulted wt any priue treason against his persone.

26 Augustus vsed to saie naye, in maner to no persone that would desire hym to any banquette.Augustus vsed not to saie naye, almoste to any ꝑsone that woulde desire hym to any feaste or banquet. And so beeyng on a tyme receiued and entreteined by a certain persone wt a veraye spare supper, and in maner cotidiā or ordynarie fare, whē [Page] he should depart from the maker of the feast, he whispreed softely in his eare, nothyng but this:What Augustus saied to one who had entreteined him at a spare supper. I had not thought myself to bee so familiare vnto the. Some other prince would haue enterpreted suche bare purueyaūce to be a plain despite & mockage, but Augustus ferthermore saued the honestee of the partie that had desired hym to supper, ymputyng it vnto familiaritee, and that in the parties eare, lest the others might thynke niggardship to bee vpbraided vnto hym, and cast in his teeth. What thyng maie bee more amiable then this courtesie,Augustus an high & mightie prince. in so greate a Monarche, as at this daie vneth thirtie kynges sette to gether wer well hable throughly to matche?

Beeyng about to bye a piece of 27 purple of Tyros makyng,Tyros an ysle where y• [...]este purple was made. he found faulte that it was ouer darke and sadde of colour. And when the seller saied, lift it vp on high sir, and then looke vp to it: why thē (ꝙ Caesar) to haue the people of Roome saie that I goo well beseē in myn apparell, must I bee fain to walke [Page] on ye solares or loftes of my hous?

28 Augustus had a biddel veraye obliuius, wheras this sorte of menne ought chiefly emōg all other thynges to bee of especiall good memories.What a preatie quippe Augustus gaue vnto a biddel of his, beeyng a feloe veraye obliuious. This biddelle beeyng about to go vnto ye guilde halle, demaū ded of the Emperour, whether his pleasure wer to commaund hym with any seruice thither. Marie (ꝙ Caesar) take wt the our letters of ☞cōmendaciō, for thou knowest no man there.The propre office & duetie of a biddel And yet is it ye proper office & dutie of such biddelles (who wer called in latin* Nomēclatores) to haue perfecte knowlage and remembreaūce of the names, of the surnames, and of ye titles of dignitees of all persones, to the ende that thei maie helpe the remembreaunce of their maisters in thesame whē neede is. Of whiche propretee was their name geuen theim too. For thei wer called, Nomenclatores, by a woorde compouned of latin & greke mixt together.

29 Augustus beeyng yet a young thyng vnder mānes state, touched Vatinius feactely & after a pleasaūte sorte.Howe Augustus touched one vatinius sembleyng y• he had clene shaken of the disease of the goute. For this Vatinius beeyng eiuil coumbreed wt a spiece of the goute laboured to appere yt he had clene putte a waye that ympedimente, and made a proude braggue that he could now goo a whole myle at a walke. I meruaill nothyng ther at (ꝙ Caesar) for the dayes are of a good length more then thei wer. Signifiyng the other partie to bee not one whytte more free from the disease of the goute, then he was, but the dayes to haue weaxed longer.

30 After the deceasse of a certain knight of Roome, it came to light & was certainly knowē thesame to [Page] bee so ferre in debte, yt the sūme ammoūted to twoo hūdred thousāde crounes & aboue. And this had ye saied knight duryng his life tyme kept secrete. So, when his gooddes was preised for to bee sold, to the ende that ye creditours might bee satisfied & paied of the money to bee leuied of ye sale, Augustus willed and commaūded the matresse or vnderquilte of ye knightes owne bedde chaumbre to bee bought for hym.The bedde of a persone beeyng in greate debte is an vnrestefull thyng. And to his gētlemē hauyng meruaill at suche cōmaundement: It is a necessarie thyng (ꝙ Augustus) for me (to thende that I maie take my naturall slepe in ye night) to haue ye same mattresse on whiche that manne could take reste & slepe beeyng endebted for so great a summe of money. For Augustus by reason of his greate cares many a tyme & oft passed ouer the moste parte of the night without so muche as one wynke of slepe.The high cures of a good prince.

[Page] 31 On a certain daye it fortuned hym to come into the hous, where Cato surnamed the Vticensian had enhabited in his life tyme.Cato killed hymselfe at Utica that he might not come ali [...]e into the handes of Iulius Caesar. And so when one Strabo, for to flater Caesar, spake many sore woordes against the obstinacie of the said Cato, * in yt he thought better to kille hymselfe with his owne handes, thē to agnise and knowlage Iulius Caesar for his conquerour,He that is cō tented wt the presente state of his time, is a good subiecte & an honeste manne. whatsoeuer persone (ꝙ Augustus) is vnwillyng to haue ye present state of a commē weale, which is in his dayes chaū ged or altreed, thesame is both a good citezen and membre of a commenweale, & also a perfecte good honeste manne. With one sole saiyng, he bothe defended the memorie of Cato and also spake right well for the safegarde & cōtynuaunce of hymselfe, puttyng all persones in feare from that daye foorthwarde to sette their myndes on newe chaunges. For ye presente state was by the woordes of Caesar called, not onely thesame that was at that [Page] daye when Augustus spake these woordes, but thesame also that had tofore been in the tyme of the conspiresie against Iulius Caesar. For this latine diccion, praesens, emong the right latine speakers, hath respecte vnto three tymes, that is to weete, the tyme past, the tyme that now is, and the tyme to come. As for exaumple, wee saie in latine of a manne that was not contented with suche thynges as wer in his dayes, or in his tyme praesentibus non erat contentus:This latine diccion praesens, may bee referred vnto the tyme past, the tyme that nowe is, and the tyme to come. we saie also in latine, praesens uita, this presente life that is now in ledyng, and thirdly, of a thyng at a more conueniente, apte, or propice tyme to bee dooen, wee saie in latine praesens in tempus omittatur, bee it omitted or leat alone vnto a tyme to serue for it, that is to saie, vntill a propice tyme of oportunitee and occasion herafter to come.

[Page] 32 Like as Augustus had a greate delite & phansie to fynde & make pastyme at others with woordes of ieste consistyng within ye boundes of honestee,As Augustus had a greate delite to ieste at others, so would he veray [...] paciently take m [...]rie iesting again. so would he woū drefull paciētely take merie bourdyng (yea some tymes beeyng wt ye largest & ouer plainly) either begonne, orels reuersed backe again vpon hym. A certain young gētlemanne was come out of one or other of ye prouincies vnto Roome, in the likenesse of visage so mervaillously resembleyng the Emperour, that he made all the people full and whole to gase on hym. Augustus beeyng herof aduertised, cō maunded the said young gentleman to bee brought to his presēce, and hauyng well vieued the straū ger, he examined or opposed thesame in this maner: Tell me young manne, hath your mother neuer [Page] been here at Roome? No forsouth Sir, (ꝙ ye other). And perceiuyng Augustus to ieste, reuersed scoffe for scoffe, saiyng more ouer in this wyse:Howe Augustus was aū swered by a young gentlemāne, whom he would haue brought in suspicion to bee his soōne. But my father hath many a tyme & ofte? Augustus beeyng pleasauntely disposed, woulde fain haue laied vnto the young mannes mother suspicion, as though he had had his pleasure on hir: but ye young manne with a tryce reuersed that suspicion to the mother of Caesar, orels to his sus [...]ur: for the resembleaūce of the fauour or visage did no more argue or proue ye partie to bee the soonne of Caesar, then to bee his brother, orels his neffewe, that is to saie, his sisturs soonne. For (excepte I [...]ee muche deceiued) Erasmus wrote it, sororis filium, and not, nepotem. For, nepos, is proprely the soonnes soonne, or the doughters soonne, & no [...] the brothers soonne, ne the sisturs soonne, as Augustus hymself was vnto Iulius Caesar, not nepos, but sororis filius [...] his sisturs soonne as afore is saied.

In ye tyme whyle ye ☞ Triumuirate 33 dured, (✚ Octauius, Lepidus, & Antonius, all three together holdyng the empier of Roome in their handes as [Page] lordes of the worlde,) Augustus had written a greate* ragmans rewe, or bille, to bee soung on ‡ Pollio in derision and skorne of hym by name.What Pollio said to Augustus, who had writē rymes and raillyng sōges on him by name. At thesame tyme, well (ꝙ Pollio) poore I hold my peace. For it is not for myn ease, nor it is no mater of iape, to write rymes or raillyng sōges on yt persone, in whose handes it lyeth to write a manne out of all that euer he hath. Notyng the tyrannicall power of Augustus. And yet was not thesame Augustus any thyng offended with that franke and plaine speakyng of Pollio.

[Page]One Curtius a knight of Roome,34 Curtius a knight of Roome. a ruffleer and one drouned in all kyndes of ryotte and sensualitee, whē he supped on a tyme with Augustus, tooke vp a leane byrde of the kynd of blacke mackes out of the dishe, & holdyng it in his hāde, he demaūded of Caesar, whether he might send it awaye. And when Caesar had thus aūswered, yes, why should ye not? The other without any more bones cast me the byrde [Page] (because it was so caren leane) out at the wyndoore. Quickely takyng an occasion to playe that merie toye of the ambiguitee or duble significacion of the latin woorde, mittere, in englyshe, to send. For meate is sent from a table vnto mennes frē des in y• waye of a preasent,A thyng much vsed ī Roome to make dyshes frō their tables & sende it to their frē des. whiche makyng of a dyshe at a feaste was a thyng emong ye Romaines at all suche seasons ordinarie, & a thyng (bothe by the significacion of the latine diccion,The gētlenesse of Augustꝰ in takyng thynges dooen for myrth. and also of the englyshe) is sent a waye, that is floung awaye. Yet was not Caesar offēded wt this merie pranke neither.

35 Thesame Augustus, beeyng not desired therunto,Augus [...]us of his own mere mociō secretely paied .xx. thousāde poū des of debte for a senatour of Roome whom he loued. had of his owne mere mocion satisfied and contented the debtes of a certain Senatour whom he had in right good fauour, & loued veraye well, and had paied down for him out of his cofers in readie mony one hūdred thousande crounes. And the said Senatour after yt he had knowelage therof, wrote vnto the Emperour to geue him thākes nothyng els but this: To me not a penie. [Page] In the waye of myrth pretendyng as though he had had a querele to Caesar forthat, wheras he had told out readie paimēte to all his creditours,Howe a c [...]rtain senatour of Roome thanked Augustꝰ for paiyng a greate summe of money to his credi [...]ours. he had geuē to hym for his owne parte not a ferthyng. Suche bourdyng as this, some other eagre ꝑsone would haue enterpreted and taken for ingratitude and vnthankefulnesse, but this noble Emperour highly reioyced,Augustꝰ highly reioyced, if suche as he fauoured, putte their affiaūce in hym. yt the Senatour had so muche confidence and trust in hym, that he durst bee bolde to write vnto hym after suche a familiare sorte.

Licinius, whom Caesar of his late 36 bondeman had made free,Licinius of a bondeseruaūt made free by Augustꝰ and enfranchesed. vsed euen of an ordinarie custome to geue vnto his olde maister, whensoeuer thesame begoonne any newe werkes of buildyng, great sūmes of mony towardes the charges of it. Whiche custome Licinius still cō tinuyng, promised vnto Augustus against he shuld entre the ereccion of some new edifice what soeuer it was, one hūdred thousande crounes by a bille of his hande, in whiche bille, after the sūme of money [Page] expressed,How Augustꝰ serued Liciniꝰ geuynge him by a bille of his hande a certain sūme of money towardes his buildyng. (whiche was marked & sette out with a capitall lettre of C signifiyng an hūdred, and a long strieke aboue ye hedde of it, in this wyse, C) whiche in writyng romain summes of money betokeneth so many thousande pieces of coyne, whether it bee golde or siluer, as the expresse letter [...] dooen signifie hūdreddes or scores there stood a space vacaūt. Caesar not refusyng suche an occasion, added an other .C. vnto the former summe yt his late bondeseruaunte now enfranchised had writen, and so made it twoo hundred thousande, (in this wyse .CC.) fillyng vp as trymme as a trencher ye space that stood voide, with his owne hand, but forgeyng the lettre as like vnto ye hande of Licinius as could possibly bee made. Wher vpō he receiued at the daye of paimēte double the summe of money that he should haue dooen, Licinius makyng no countenaunce at the mater, ne saiyng any woorde to it. [Page] But whē Caesar not long after, eftsons ētreed newe buildynges, his olde seruaūte touched hym a litle courtesie for yt facte, by makyng & geuyng hym an other bille of his hande,How Licinius serued Augustꝰ for doubleyng the summe of his bille of fre [...] gifte made vnto hym. of suche purporte & tenour as foloweth: Souerain I shall departe wt you towardes the charges of these your newe buildynges, as much as shalbe your pleasure to annoincte me. And did not expre [...] [...]umme how muche or how litle he would conferre vnto hym, that it might bee at his pleasure to putte in the bille as muche as he would hymselfe, forasmuche as he had dubleed the former summe at the other tyme.

Whē Augustus was in the office 37 of Censura, in Rome was an office, that we cal ye high coūstableship and he yt bare the office was called Cēsor, high counstable, or lorde coumptroller his office was [...]o enquier & examyn of all ꝑsones howe thei demeaned theimselfes, & to punyshe trāsgressours by his discreciō. We reade of Censours that haue deposed Senatours from their estate, for their mysdemeanure. The office cō [...]ynued in one mannes hāde v. yeres. And ones in y• yere there was as it wer a moustre of all the knightes and gētlemēn [...] of Roome, whishoulde passe through the vieu of ye Cē sour. If any wer found a persone woorth [...]e blame, he was punished at the discrecion of y• Cē sour. And if y• case so required he was deposed also frō the ordre of knighthood. Censour, that is to saie, of lorde Coumptroller, or high Coūstable. A certain knight of Roome was by the waye of complainte presented vnto hym, that he had decayed and wasted his substaunce. But ye knyght beeyng brought to his aū swere, [Page] made due prouf that he had contrarie wyse emended & encreaced his substaunce. And euen in ye necke of this, it was laied to the charge of yesame knyght yt he had disobeied the lawes biddyng eche manne to marrye a wife. But he made his declaraciō, & brought in his tryall, yt he was father of three children of his owne bodye begotten by his lawfull wife. Wherupon the said knyght thought not hymself well, nor held hym contented for to bee freely quite and discharged of these crymes, but vpbradyng vnto Cesar his lightnesse of geuyng credence to reportes and enformaciōs saied moreouer in this manier: Frōhensforth Cesar when thou makest enquierie of honeste persones, geue it in cōmissiō to menne of honestee. After a metely plaine sorte pronoūcyng, that those we [...] no honest feloes, whiche had presented vnto hym thynges manifestely vntrue. And by ye [Page] waye laiyng shrewdly to the Emperours owne charge, in that he made and autorised suche surmuisers & piekers of quereles to bee his deputies, or to represēte his persone. And this large talkyng also Caesar perdoned for the respecte and in consideracion that the partie was innocente and giltelesse.

Beeyng in a certain mainour 38 place in the countree,Howe a [...]ertain souldyer auēturer serued Augustus not rewardyng hym accordyng to his expectacion. he tooke veraye eiuill reste in the nightes, by reason of an oule, breakyng his slepe euery halfe houre with hir oughlyng. A launceknight or a souldyour auenturer beeyng well skilled in foulyng tooke the peines to catche this oulette, & vpō hope of some veraye high reward brought thesame vnto Augustus, who, after gannyng hym thanke, commaūded a thousande Nummus, in y• .xxx.xxxv and .xxxvi. apophthegmes is taken for pieces of gold & here it is taken for brasse pens, orelles pieces of siluer of the value of a dandipratte or i. d. ob. a piece or thereabout so that the thousande pieces wer muche about the summe of twentie nobles sterlynges The Frenche enterpretour translateth it fiue and twentie crounes. pieces of money to bee geuen hym in rewarde. The other partie (because he thought the rewarde ouer small) was not afeard, but had the herte to saie vnto the Emperour: Naye, yet [Page] had I rather she liue still, & with that woord leat go ye byrde again. What persone can but maruaill, that suche a soulain frowarde prāke shuld escape vnpunyshed in the souldyour auenturer?

39 One of the olde souldyours of Roome, when he was sued at the lawe, and in daungier of condemnacion, came vnto the Emperour Augustus euen as he wente in the open strete, desiryng hym of his aide, & to helpe to stand betwene hym and harme in the courte before the iudge. Caesar out of hande appoincted to go with the feloe in his stede one of his chief gētlemē purposely chosen out of his owne traine, whō he required and charged in ye suiters cause to dooe his true diligence. At these woordes ye souldyour criyng out with an opē mouthe, saied: I wys Caesar, when [Page] ye wer in daungier at ye battaill of Actium the peake of th [...] coūtree of Epirus (yt is to saie) an high mountain to the seawarde suche an on [...] as sainct Michaels moūte in Cornewal) where Augustus discoumfaicted Antonius & Cleopatra, & after tenne houres fightyng destruied on the sea fiue thousande menne, and tooke al the nauie of Antonius to the noumbre of three hundred shippes. Antonius beeyng so putte to flight, Augustus recouered also his armie that tarryed the comyng of Antonius on the lande to the noumbre of .xviii. legions of footemen and twoo and twentie thousande horsemen. At this Actium after the vanquyshyng of Antonius and Cleopatra, Augustus builded a citee whiche of that same victorie was call Nicopolis, for [...] is a victorie, and [...], a citee. In this citee of Nicopolis was there a noble templ [...] consecrated vnto Apollo. And the citee a free citee, inhabited with menne of Augustus his sendyng thither. Actiū, I did not seke for a deputie or assigney to fight in my stede, but I fought for you myne owne handes, & euen with the woordes speakyng, discouered the markes of wooundes receiued in ye saied battaill. Caesar shewed a redde paire of chekes, & went euē in his owne persone to help hym in his cause, muche afeard lest he should seme not onely proude, but also vnthankefull, towardes suche persones [...]a had dooen hym true and feithfull seruice.

He had on a tyme at a supper 40 taken greate pleasure and delectacion [Page] of syngyng children brought purposely to syng afore hym by one Turonius Flaccus, yt brought thē vp in it for ye nones to geat money by them, and had geuē to thesame for their rewarde wheate, whereas his guyse was to geue vnto others large rewardes of money. And so when Caesar an other daye at supper required to haue yesame boyes again to syng before hym, Turonius thus made an excuse:Howe Turonius Flaccus made aūswer vnto Augustꝰ requiryng to haue his boyes syng be [...]fore hym, to whom he had geuen in rewarde afore, not money but wheate. In feith (ꝙ he) thei are at the mille. Upbraidyng vnto Caesar his gifte of corne in stede of money. Neither had he any punyshement for the woorde that he had spoken, beeyng not a manne of armes that did contynuall seruice in ye Emperours warres, but a lewde brynger vp and seller of boyes.

When he returned to Roome 41 with all pompe and ioylitee from the victorie gotten at Actium, emōg a greate multitude meetyng hym for to welcome hym home, a certain persone hearyng on his fist a [Page] crowe hauyng been taught to speake these woordes:Augustꝰ gau [...] a greate sūm [...] of money for a crowe that had learned to speake. All haille Caesar Emperour moste victorious: Augustus beyng muche delited with this salutacion, bought the crowe, and gaue sixe thousāde pieces of golde for hym. The partener of hym yt had dooen this feacte, because no porcion of yt liberall rewarde had come to his snapshare, did Caesar to weete that ye selfsame feloe had yet an other crowe too, whiche he beesought of Caesar that ye feloe might bee cōpelled to bryng before hym. When she was brought, she soūed out plainly suche woordes, as she had lerned, whiche wer these:The goodnesse of Augustus in complaintes or informacions presented of malice and enuie. All haille Antonius moste redoubted cō querour. Augustus beeyng nothyng stiered to angre, onely commaunded the rewarde afore geuē to bee egually parted with the feloe that was ye promotour of ye later crowe. Because he perceiued that his complaint [...] had proceded of mere malice and enuie.

[Page] 42 Augustus beeyng sēbleably hailled or saluted by a popiniaye,Augustus bought diuerse birdes that saluted hym as thei wer taught to speake, commaunded hir to bee bought too. And meruaillyng at ye same thyng in a pye, bought hir vp also. This exaūple would not suffre a certain poore souter to bee in reste, vntill he must take in hande ye makyng of a crowe to a likemaner salutacion. Who whē he had clene beggered hymself wt expenses, would euer now and then thus saie vnto the birde, when it would not saie after hym: bothe our labour and all our cost is lost. Yet in processe of tyme at last by reason of contynuall beatyng it in to ye crowe, he made ye same euē by strong hande that she could soune the salutaciō so often recited vnto hir. And whē she had therwith salued Augustus as he passed by, Tushe tushe (ꝙ Caesar) we haue enough of suche saluters as this at home alreadie: Anon the crowe recorded also the [Page] other woordes whiche she had so oftē heard,How Augus [...]us bought a crowe that a poore souter had taught to salute hym. brought out theim also in this maner, bothe our labour & al our cost is lost. C [...]sar laughyng hertely therat, cōmaūded a greate dele more to be paied for hir thē he had geuē for any such bird tofore.

A poore greke poete (to crepe in 43 to ye fauour of Augustus Caesar, vsed this facion. Euer when the Emperour should come down from his palaice, the poete would exhibite vnto hym some Epigramme or other in his honour & praise.How Augustus serued a poore Greke poete geuyng hym epigrā mes of Greke and how he was serued of him again. And when he had ofte times so doen in vain, and Augustus sawe yt he woulde not leaue, he wrote out with his owne hande a well made Epigramme of Greke, and sent it to the poete approching to meete hym, as one entendyng to recompēse verses with verses. The Greke hauyng receiued the Emperours Epigramme, read it, and not onely in woordes, [Page] but also with countenaunce & with gesture of bodye praised thesame, & made muche woundreyng at it. And afterwarde when he had approched to the littre that Caesar rode in, puttyng down his hāde in to his thredebare pouche nigh penylesse, he tooke out a grote, or twoo or three, & putte it in ye hande of Caesar, wt these woordes: not accordyngly as your estate requireth o Augustus, but if I had more, more would I geue, Whē all that wer present had takē vp a laughter therat,The liberalitee of Augustus towarde learned mēne. Caesar called his pursebearer or coferer, and cōmaunded hym to deliuer vnto the poete an hūdreed thousāde pieces of golde. Niggardship in open presence cast in the nose of the Emperour happed well for th [...] Grekes parte.

44 Iulia the doughter of Augustus, when she came on a tyme to dooe hir duetie vnto hir father, perceiued [Page] his yies to bee offended with hir ouer wantō and staryng araie though he would nothyng saie to it.Augustus offended with his doughter Iulia for goyng in ouer dissolute araie. Wherfore the nexte daie folowyng, hir apparell chaunged into a more sadde sorte, she enbraced hir father. Then Caesar, who had kept in his grefe the daie afore, was not hable likewyse to kepe in his ioye and gladnesse, but saied: how muche better dooeth this sadde sorte of apparellyng become the doughter of Augustus. The yoūg ladie had an aūswer readie quickely:The readie aunswer of Iulia to Augustus for e [...] c [...]synge hir gorgeous goyng in hir apparell. Forsouth (saieth she) I haue this daye trymmed my selfe to please the yies of my father, & my yesterdayes araye was to please my housbande.

At a certain sight of fightyng 45 and tourneyyng,The diuersite [...] of ye traines awaiting on Liuia the mother, & Iulia ye doughter [...]iuia the mother and Iulia the doughter had turned the yies of all the people on theim twain, by reason yt their traines [Page] wer so ferre vnlike, the one to the other. About the persone of Liuia awaited a coumpaignie of menne sage and aunciente,Of Iulia reade more in the .lxiii, apophthegme. Iulia came accoumpaignied with a sorte of lustie yoūg rufleers and wylde merchauntes. Augustus therfore by lettres admonyshed his doughter Iulia, to marke what greate difference and oddes there was betwene twoo women of high estate She wrote to hir father again:The aūswer of Iulia vnto hir father Augustus aduertisyng hir of hir ryotious c [...]ūpaignie of seruauntes. well, and these folkes shalbee olde too, when I am. This aunswer if one dooe interprete it in ye good parte, may [...] seme feactely and proprely made, if to the wurst, without either shame or grace.

46 Thesame Iulia begoonne somewhat with the soonest to haue whyte heares in hir hedde.Iulia the doughter of Augustus begōne to haue a whytehedde somewhat wt the soonest. And ye soudain comyng in of Caesar vpō hir, tooke vnawares the women, that had kēbed hir hedde, as thei wer piekyng vp hir whyte heares [Page] and tooke vpon their clothes diuerse of the heares that thei had plucked out of his doughters hedde.How Augustus rebuked his doughter Iulia for pluckyng ye whyte heares out of hir hedde. This matier Augustus made as though he had not knowen. And the [...] a preatie whyle passed foorth with communicaciō of other matiers, at last he brought in mencion of olde age. And by this occasion he demaūded of Iulia whether she had lieffer in processe of a fewe yeares to haue an hore whyte hedde, orels to bee altogether balde. And whē she had thus made answer: forsouth father of ye two I had rather to haue a whyte hedde: Why then (saied he) dooen these damyselles all yt thei maye to make the clene balde before thy tyme? With this preatie inuencion subtilly deuised, he tooke hir tardie with a plaine lye.

To a certain frende of hirs a 47 manne of grauitee geuyng hir [Page] counsail to frame hirself after the exaumple of hir fathers soobre and aunciente maner of liuyng thesame Iulia aunswered pertely enough again:What Iulia saied to an au [...]ciēt saige manne exhortyng hir to ye frugalitee of of hir father. he dooeth not remembre (ꝙ Iulia) tha [...] [...]is an Emperour, but I dooe remembre that I am an Emperours doughter.

48 Augustus settyng twoo iesters together forto plaie their merie partes in gesturyng the one after the other by course, called the one of theim a daunser and the other a stopper. Because the one was out of measure full of his knackes aud toyes, & the other (whiche when he shoulde countrefaict to dooe after hym, as he had dooen afore coulde come nothyng [...]igh to his facions) semed to dooe nothyng but to make pauses, & stoppe or lette hym of his daunsyng.

49 The inhabitauntes of Tarracō, Howe Augustus reproued the [...]laterie of the Tarraconians, bryngyng hym tydynges that a date tree was growen vp in his altare. for a gladde token of prosperous fortune, bryngyng hym tydynges that in his altare was sprongen and growen vp a palmetree: therby [Page] (ꝙ Augustus) full well appeareth howe often ye dooe sacrifice of incense in our honour. That thei would faine haue attributed vnto the goddes as a miracle, he imputed to their negligence, who seldome or neuer did sacrifice of burnyng incense in the altare of Caesar.*

Thesame Augustus whē the Galles 50 had geuē hym a golden chaine of an hundred poūde weight, and Dolobella prouyng his mynde in sporte,How Augustus auoided Dolobella askynge a golden chaine of hym. proceded in merie cōmunicacion, till at the last he saied, Sir Emperour I praie you geue me this chaine: Naye, (ꝙ Augustus) I had rather I might geue you a garlande * ciuike, or I will rather geue you a garlande ciuike. After a pleasaunte wittie sorte did he putte backe ye vnshamfastnesse of one that craued to haue a rewarde, & yet had neuer been in battaill (where he might deserue a reward,) & therfore a garlande ciuike was more meete [Page] for hym,A garlande ciuike made either o [...] holy, or els of oken leues. whiche was woont to bee made of oken leues, & of holme leues, as the garlande triumphal of golde. Albeeit, aswel castrensis corona, otherwyse called uallaris corona, the garlande whyche was geuen by the highe Capitayne of the Romayns vnto hym that fyrste had entreprised to breake into the campe and tentes of the enemyes & ouer their trenches in the felde [...] as also corona muralis, the garlande murall, [...]whiche was the saied graunde Capitain conferred to suche persone, as at the a [...]aulte of anye toune or fortresse had firste scaled the walles, and braste into the toune or holdes of the enemies,) and corona naualis other wyse called corona rostrata, ye garland that was geuen to hym that in battaill on the sea had firste bourded any shyppe of their enemies, or elles subdued any pirates,) euery on [...] of theim ordinaryly made of golde. Of whiche matier see Aulus Gellius in the sixth chapitour of the fifth volume. And the garlande ciuike,The garlāde ciuike of more honour thē any thyng of golde that was geuē for rewarde in battaill. as a rewarde of more honour then any other, Augustus offreed in sporte to Dolobella. For Suetonius telleth that thesame Augustus (emong the giftes, wher with menne of armes wer rewarded for any woorthie acte or feacte dooen in warre) vsed of a custome muche sooner to geue golden trappour or bardes for horses, and chaines [Page] & what so euer thyng els was made of golde and siluer, thē garlandes vallares, [...]ugu. would muche sooner geue rew [...]rdes of golde to his menne of armes, then garlandes ciuike or mural yt wer made of leaues. and muralles, whiche (as touchyng honour) wer ferre aboue ye other thynges. Whiche thyng excepte one dooe knowe, the merie saiyng of Augustus hath no grace in the worlde. Albeeit as touchyng the stuffe wherof euery of the saied garlandes was made, Gellius & Suetonius dooe square and disagree.

[Page] 51 When he had many diuerse wayes bothe beautified and strēgthened or fēsed the citee of Roome,What Augustus [...]eied of Roome, by hym beautified & for [...]ed. & had also for many yeres to come, as muche as in hym laie, made ye same suer and safe from all daungiers,Not [...]yng to a prince may be more royall, the [...] if he make y• state of his realme better then it was ere it come to his hande [...]. beeyng proude therof not without cause, he would often saie: I found Roome made but of bricke, and I will leaue it of marble. Nothyng to a prince maye bee more magnificente or regall, thē if thesame dooe meliora [...] [Page] & bettre ye state of a dicion or royalme descended and come to his possession.

Whē one of his mēne of warre 52 begged shamefully of him a thing (what it was,How Augu [...] gustu [...] putte of twoo ympudente cr [...] uers at ones.) and he had espyed besides hym one Martianus also comyng a pase towardes hym, whō he mystrusted, yt he for his parte too would begge hard on hym ere he would haue a naye, he saied: I will no more dooe that yu desirest (good feloe myne,) thē that thyng whiche Martianus goeth about to craue on me.

It was ye lawe in Roome, that 53 what persōe had killed his father,The lawe for suche as killed their fathers. should bee made fast in a ☞sacke, o [...] (and so cast into ye riuer. And yet was not this punyshemente executed, but vpon the partie hauyng first cōfessed the case. Augustus therefore to the entente that he would help saue from the moste greuous tormente of ye foresaid punyshemente [Page] a persone arrained at ye barre for killyng his owne father, that all ye worlde knewe to bee so in deede, vsed this manier of examynyng & laiyng ye matier against hym: In feith (I thynke for all this) thou diddest not kill thy father.The clemēcie and gracious [...]nesse of Augustus in ministryng the lawe. Dooyng enough to him for to make him saie nay in ye matier. So greate was the fauourablenesse of this prince in ministryug the lawe.

54 He vsed cōmenly to saie, yt thers was nothyng more vnconuenable for a perfecte good Capitaine,Hastyng and wante of discreciō ye wurst propre [...]ees y• m [...] bee in a good Capitaine. then ouer muche hastyng, & vnauisednesse, & he had almoste euer in his mouth this saiyng of greke [Page] [...]. [...], make haste fair & softely, or spede the fair and softely. That is, hasten fair & softely. For muche better is the Capitaine that will bee sure of his matiers ere he goo about theim, then he that is of courage to ieoperd at all auentures. Of whiche matier I haue saied at large in my werke of prouerbes, whiche is entitleed Chiliades. The prouerbe, spede the fair and softely, [...]s a lessō of coūsaill whereby all persones, and especially princes, rewlers and Capitains are admonyshed,Primum cō sulto: at ubi consulueris, maturè opus est facto. in dooyng of thyn [...]ges bothe to adhibite or shewe the quicke spedyng of ac [...]uitee, & also the slownesse of diligēce and circumspection, accordyng to that the saiyng of Sallustius: nedefull it is first to take good deliberacion, and as soone as yu hatt ones consulted, expediente it is, not to fors [...]ow [...] the tyme of dooyng when it cometh.

Unto his wife Liuia makyng in:55 staunte requeste in the behalf of a certain Galle to bee incorporated a citezē of Roome,Augustꝰ wol [...] not graunte vnto Liuia to haue a certai [...] [...]alle incorporated citezē of Roome. he gaue a plain naye, but yt thesame Galle should enioye the priueleges & frāchesses of Roome, (as if he had been a citizen i [...] [Page] deede,) he graunted hir of his owne mociō vndesired:Augu [...]tus would not make the honour of y• citee of Roome ouer cōmune. allegyng that he could bee muche better contented to haue of his owne rentes and cofers abated, thē the honour of the citee of Roome to bee made ouer commune. As one that preferred the dignitee or high estate of the commenweale, before his owne singulare auauntage.Augustus preferred the dig [...]itee of the commē weale before his owne si [...]gulare auaun [...]age.

When he sawe at an oraciō or 56 propocitiō, (yt he made vnto the people) a greate maynye in vile apparell (readyng, palliatos, in stede of, pullatos as I suppose verayly ye bookes of Suetonius should bee) clad in greate large capes or mantelles, beeyng veraye sore moued therwith & in an high fume, loe (saieth he) these here been our Roomaines, the lordes of the worlde, and woonte in tymes past to goo in aūciente side gounes [...] Augustꝰ studied to bryng vp again in Roome the aunciente, facions decaied. So greatly did he studie and labour to call backe again and to renewe y• olde aunciente facions, y• it greued his herte to see the olde gooyng in apparell, and garmentes [Page] chaunged.

Unto ye people makyng greate 57 complainte of ye scarcitee of wyne and also of ye dearth,How Augustus aunswered the people of Roome cō plainyng of y• scarcitee and dearth of wyne. he saied, that by reason of greate aboundaunce of waters cōueighed to renne out of newe counduictes lately made by Agrippa his soōne in lawe, there was sufficiente prouision made, yt menne neded not to bee in thirste. In deede Agrippa bestowed all his studie and diligence, from all places that could bee, to prouide for ye citee of Roome to haue aboundaunce of waters.Agrippa made many newe counduictes in Roome for the conueighaunce of water to the citee. And Augustus on the other syde, did sharpely cal backe the people from wyne to water.

Timagines a writer of histories 58 had with opē mouth spokē many blouddie woordes against Caesar, The incōparable clemēcie and graciousnesse of Augustꝰ towardes one Timagenes a writer of histories and chronicles. many slaūderous woordes by his wife, & many naughtie woordes by all his whole familie. Augustus sent hym a gētle warnyng to kepe a better toung in his hedde, and to vse it more sobrely. And where the [Page] feloe persisted and held on still to make eiuill reporte, and to speake the wurst, Caesar did nothyng els in ye worlde but forbidde hym his hous. Well, Timagines solemnely afore audience read ouer certain bookes whiche he had written cō teinyng the actes or chronicles of Augustus, Timag [...]nes for hatered of Augustꝰ bur [...]ed y• bookes which he had writen of his [...]hronicle. and when he had perused theim, he cast theim in ye fyer, and burned theim, for hatered of Caesar as one couetyng to suppresse and extinguyshe for euer, the memoriall of thynges frome tyme to tyme dooen by thesame. Yet for all this did not one of yt citezēs of Roome kepe out of his doores the said Timagines thus openly & stiffely shewyng contynuall enmitee against Caesar. In the hous of Pollio Asinius he contynued till he was a veraye aged manne, and yet did Augustus neuer so muche as geue one foule woorde vnto Pollio, in whose hous [Page] his enemie was lodged and entreteined,The lenitee of Augustus towards Pollio Asinius. sauyng yt one tyme he saied vnto hym onely thus: [...], yt is, ye fede in your hous a beaste, or a serpēte, (as if he should haue s [...]ied, your hous is a denne or caue for a se [...]pente.) And anon where Pollio addressed hym self to make his purgaciō or excuse, Caesar broke his tale, saiyng: Naye, my frende Pollio, take ye fruicion of hym hardely, take the fruicion of hym. But when Pollio not beyng yet clene out of feare, saied, sir Emperour, if ye so cōmaunde, I will ere I drynke forbidde hym my hous. Why, (ꝙ Augustus) thynkest thou that I will so dooe, whiche haue beē the manne that ones made you at one? For this Pollio had aforetyme been angrye and foule out with Timagenes, and had none other cause to surceasse his maugre, but that Caesar begoonne to take displeasure with the said Timagenes.Whē Augustus begoōne to take displeasure wt Timage [...]es, then begoōne P [...]llio to bee his frende. So ye graciousnesse of this prince tooke in good gree the eiuill wille of bothe the saied parties against hym.

[Page] 59 It fortuned Augustus to suppe at the hous of one * Atedius Pollio, alias Vedius Pollio. The straūge so [...]te of crueltee, that [...]te [...]iu [...] Pollio v [...]ed, in castyng his s [...]ruauntes (if thei displeased him [...] ali [...]e v [...]to liue [...]ā proyes which he kepte in a stewe. And one of the bondpaiges of this Pollio had by chaūce broken a drynkyng glasse of crystalle stone. Anon was commaūdemēte geuen that the paige should at ones bee had awaye, and cast to his lamproyes. The lacke [...] ranne for succour & fell down at the feete of Caesar, myndyng to desire of him nothyng els in ye worlde, but that he might dye some other kynde of deathe then to bee cast aliue vnto the liue lamproyes. Caesar beeyng moued with the vnquod maner of crueltee, cō maūded bothe the boye to bee leat goo, and also as many cuppes or other vessell of crystalle as wer in ye hous, to bee broken in pieces before his face eu [...]ry one of theim, & ye stewe (where the lamproyes wer kept) to bee filled vp with thesame in stede of the boye. And as for his [Page] frende Pollio he greuously rebuked,The sore rebuke yt Augustus gaue vnto Pollio for his crueltee. saiyng: why, art thou suche an one so lordely, to bidde awaye with thy menne in all haste euen from thy table, and to be gnawē piece mele with a tormēte of a newe sorte neuer seē afore? If it chaūce a scalde cuppe of thyn to bee broken, shall the bouelles & guttes of a manne bee toren in pieces for it? Wilte yu so highly stand in thyn owne conceipte,The pietee & mercifull cō passiō of Augustꝰ towardes menne. or take vpon the as to commaund any bodye to bee had to death or tormentes in suche place where Caesar hymself is present?

[Page] 60 At a certain sittyng in iudgemente,Corduba a citee in Spaine where Seneca the Philosophier, & the poete Lucanꝰ wer born. where vnto the charge of one Aemilius Elianus of Corduba emōg other crymes moo it was laied euen as one of ye principall matiers against hym, that he was a speaker of eiuill by Caesar: Augustus turnyng to ye accuser, saied:The clemencie of Augustus towards [...]emilius Elianus accused for speakyng wordes against hym. I would haue the to bryng me in prouffes of that, and I shall make Elianus to knowe that I haue a toūg too as well as he, & I will tell as many good tales of hym again, I warraunt hym. And beeyng contented with this manacyng, he made no ferther enquierie at all against the said Elianus.

61 Unto Tiberius oftētymes by lettres wrathefully complainyng on such persones as wer reporters of eiuill by Augustus, This Tiberius suc [...]ded Augustus. thesame Augustus wrote lettres again,How Augustus aunswered Tiberius wr [...]thefully complainyng of ꝑsones reportyng eiuill by hym. yt he should not in yt matier bee ouer eagre as menne of his age wer woont to be. For it is enough (ꝙ he) if we haue [Page] the matier at this poincte, yt nomā is hable to dooe vs any harme.

He neuer commended his soonnes 62 vnto the people,How Augustꝰ vsed to cō mend his sonnes to ye people. but with this excepcion: if thei shall deserue it & bee found woorthie. Myndyng & willyng that honour should bee deferred & geuen not vnto autoritee, but vnto merites and desertes.

He had banyshed out of courte 63 Iulia his doughter, and Iulia his doughters doughter,Augustus banyshe [...] out of his court Iulia his doughter, and Iulia his doughters doughte [...] and A [...]rippa for their lewdnesse and v [...] thriftynesse. yea, & after that Agrippa also, afore adopted & made his heire apparaunte, and afterward (because of his beastely and fierse or vnrewlie facions) cast of again. At all tymes whensoeuer was made any mencion of these three, he would customably crye out with this verse of Homere.

[...].

What Augustꝰ would saie whē any mē ciō was made either of Iulia his doughter, or Iulia his nice, or of Agrippa, and what name he gaue thē.

That is,

Oh, would god, would god, that my chaunce had been,

To liue single, and dye without childrē.

[Page] Neither vsed he to call ye said three persones by any other name, but three rotten apostemes, or three rennyng sores of his, orels his three cancres. For he could muche more pacientely take the death of his children and kinsfolkes,August [...] could better take ye death of his children, then their dishonour. then their dishonour. Yea, and ferthermore he prouided [...] his last wille, yt, in case any thyng should chaūce vnto Iulia his doughter or Iulia his nice other wyse then well,Augustus would not haue his doughter Iulia to bee [...]o [...]bed with hym. neither of theim bothe should bee buiryed vnder his toumbe.

64 He would take veraye greuously that any thyng should bee made of hym and sette out in writyng,Augustus would not haue any thyng made of hym in writyng, but after a substancial sorte, and of the best dooers. but after a substanciall sorte and by the principall best dooers. And to ye iustices he signified his pleasure, yt thei should not suffre any poincte of vilanie to come vnto his name by ye meetynges and comyng to gether of iesters or of [Page] commen plaiers of entreludes. In deede in this behalf cousyn to Alexander.Afore in the xxxiiii. apophthegme of Alexander. And certes meete it is for the autoritee of a prince, euerywhere to bee mainteined in his royall estate, without any maner spotte or touche of derogacion.

Another certain Isle lyyng 65 nigh vnto the Isle of * Capres (into the whiche suche of Caesars courte wer woont to departe for a season,How Augustus named a ly [...]le I [...]le lyyng nigh to ye Isle of Capres. as wer desirous to se [...]iourne and repose theimselues) he commenly vsed to cal in greke, [...] as if ye should saie in englyshe, the citee of dooelitle. For the greke woorde [...] souneth in englyshe, vacacion or reftyng from all buisynesse.

When he perceiued and feled 66 his dyyng houre to approche,What Augustus demaunded of his frē des a litle before his death. he enquiered of his familiares beeyng leat into his chaūbre to come and see hym, whether it semed to theim, yt he had any thyng handesomely [Page] enough plaied his parte in passing his life. Menyng of ye trade and course of this presente life whiche many writers dooen resemble and compare vnto plaiyng a parte in an entrelude. And then pronounced he this greke verse folowyng, customably vsed to bee soūgen at ye last ende of comedies exhibited and plaied to an ende.

[...].

That is.

Clappe handes, in signe of contentacion,

And with good herte, allow this our accion.

THE SAIYNGES OF IVLIVS CAESAR.

1 Iulius Caesar, whē he fled from Sylla, Sylla a senatour of Rome and a man of greate power who made ciuile ba [...]tail wt Marius, and vanquished, & afterwarde weaxed a cruell tyranae. beeyng yet but euē a striepleyng vnder mannes state, came by chaunce into the handes of pirates beeyng Cilicians. And at the first whē thesame Pirates had named the summe whiche thei would require of hym for his raunsome, he laughed the [Page] theues to scorne,Cilicians, the people of Cilicia, which [...] is a region in in Asia y• lesse ioynyng vnto Syria, a goodly champian coūtree. as fooles that knewe not what manier feloe thei had taken priesoner, and promysed of his owne offre to geue them double their asking. So, the tyme gooyng on, wheras he was safely kepte & watched whyle the money was in fetchyng he would charge theim to kepe silence,The hault stomake of Iulius Caesar, beeyng but a young māne. and to make no noyse that myght trouble hym whyle he was slepyng. Unto the same pirates he would euer reade suche oracions and verses as he wrote beeyng there, which his makynges if thei did not in the best manier allow, he would cal theim asses and barbarous fooles, and with laughter woulde threten to hang theim one daye on ieobettes whiche thyng he did in deede too. For beeyng leat goo ymmediatly vpon the bryngyng of the money whiche the pirates patyshed for his raunsome,Caesar hāged vp y• pirates by whom he had been takē priesoner [...] menne and shippes [Page] gotten together out of ye countree of Asia, he caught the selfsame robbers, and hanged theim vp, but first hedded, yt the seueritee might not bee vntempreed with mercie.Iulius Caesar moste like in faciōs vnto Alexander the greate. Dooe ye not here euen at the first chop see and knowe of olde the nature and facions of Alexander the greate, to whom noo meane thyng coulde bee enough? ☞Because the woordes of Plutarchus in the life of Iulius Caesar seme to geue no small light to the vnderstandyng of this present place. I haue thought it worthie y• dooyng to annexe thesame at large. Silla rewelyng the roste, and bearyng al the stroke in Rome (saieth Plutarchus) was in mynde and wille to take awaye from Caesar Cornelia the doughter of Cinna the dictatour, (that is to saie, the lorde greate maister, or the lorde cōmaunder) Whiche thyng when he could neither for feare ne for hope, that is to saie, neither by foule meanes, nor by faire menes bryng to passe, he stopped hir dourie as forfaicted to the chaumbre of the citee. As for the cause of enmitee betwene Caesar and Sylla, was the allyaunce of Marius and Caesar. For Marius the elder had to wife Iulia the aunte of Caesar of whom was born Marius the younger Caesars cousyn germain (thei twoo beeyng sisters children.) When (Sylla settyng and bestowyng his mynde, care, and studie about other matiers after the doyng to death and slaughter of many a persone in the tyme whyle he reigned (Caesar sawe hymselfe to bee nothyng at all regarded [Page] of hym, yet did not thesame Caesar shrynke, ne spar [...] beyng euen a veray chyld of age, to steppe to the people, and to entre suite with theim for the obteinyng of a roome, dignitee, or promociō in the ordre or college of prestes, whiche dignitee he was put besides and could not obtein, by re [...] son that Sylla was not his frende, but against hym in his suite. Sylla continually from that tyme foorthward deuisyng and cōsultyng how to destroye Caesar and to ridde hym out of the waye, where certain persones auouched to bee contrarie to all reason and conscience to dooe suche a younge boye to death, Sylla affermed theim all to bee more then madde, if thei did not in that one boye alone espye many s [...]che as Marius. Whē this saiyng came to Cesars eare, he went for a space about from place to place and laie hidden emong y• Gabines (a people in Italie not ferre from Roome) afterwarde, while he nightely remoued from one lodgyng to another though he were veraye sickely, it chaunsed hym to come into the handes of Sylla his sodyours then scouryng the countree to take al suche persones as laie lurkyng there in any place, and at the hande of Cor [...]elius the capitain of the said launceknightes he raunsomed hymself for two talentes. Upon this, taking his waye to the sea, he tooke passage ouer into Bithynia (a regiō of Asia y• lesser butty [...]g fore right ayenst Thracia) vnto Nicomedes the kynge there, with whom no long tyme hauyng made abode, as he wente down from thens, he was taken about Pharmacusa (a litle Isle in the sea of Salamin not ferre from the region of Attica) by a sorte of pirates, which at that presente season with great shippes of warre, and with whole nauies out of noumbre helde and kepte the possession of al the [Page] se [...]s about. By whom when at the first wer [...] maunded of hym tw [...]ntie talente [...] for his raunsome, he mocked theim, for that thei knewe not what maner a manne thei had taken, and therefore of hymself he pro [...]ised to geue theim fiftie t [...]lentes [...] Then sendyng his folkes abrode some to one citee and some [...]o another for spedie leuiyng of the saied money, hymself remained priesoner emong the moste vncourtise Cilicians, with one and no moo of his familiare frende [...], and two seruauntes. But as for the saied Cilicians he ha [...] in so vile reputacion, that as often as he was disposed to laie hym down to slepe, he would send one streightly to charge and commaūde theim to kepe silence & to make no noyse. And makyng demourre there emonges theim wt grea [...]e suffreaunce fourtie daies lackyng two [...] and vsyng theim not as kepers but as seruauntes and garders of his bodie, he would prouoke theim nowe at gamyng, nowe with prouing one or other maisterie, otherwhiles writyng verses and oracions he woulde desire theim to geu [...] hym the hearyng of thesame, and if thei did not highly esteme his doinges, he would plainly without any courtesie call theim foole [...] or loutes and barbarous feloes, [...]hretenyng theim vnder the cloke of laughyng and sportyng to hang theim euery one on the galoes [...] In whiche thynges thei like fooles tooke [...]reate ioye and pleasure, as attributyng all that plain and franke speakyng vnto iestyng and simplicitee. And ymmediately vpon the bryngyng of the money for his raunsome from the toune of Miletu [...], [...]nd the deliueraunce of thesame beeyng sette agai [...] at his libertee, a nauie of shippes e [...]en with a tryce furnyshed & sette out from the hauē of th [...] Milesians, he made vpon these pirates, whom [Page] lyyng yet still at rode with their nauie al at reste and quiete about the said Isle, he tooke and subdued almoste euery one. And so al their gooddes and money taken from theim, he laied the feloes fast and s [...]ere in irons at Pergamus, (a toun [...] in Asia and a prouince of the Romains) & went vnto Iulius the chief Iustice hauyng at that tyme the ordreyng of the prouince of Asia, vnto whom it belonged to punyshe suche as wer taken for any trespace. But the saied Iulius rather hauyng yie vnto the money, (for it was no small summe) saied that he would at leasure see what was to bee dooen wt the persones whom he had taken. Wherfore Caesar, when he sawe his tyme biddyng hym farewel, tooke his iourney vnto Pergamus, and hāged me all the said theues on ieobettes from the first to the last, accordyngly as he had ofte tymes made promise vnto theim while he abode in the Isle. &c.

Whē he made suite and labour 2 to haue the dignitee of high * prelate or ordinarie at Roome,What Iuliꝰ Caesar saied to his mother whē he stood for the dignitee of high bishop in Roome. (Quintus Catulus a manne of right highe dignitee and power emong ye Romains standyng in eleccion with hym for thesame office) vnto his mother bryngyng hym goyng to the gate,Iuliꝰ Caesar a manne of a woondreous hault courage Mother (saieth he) this daye shal ye haue your soonne either the high prelate, orels a banyshed [Page] manne. An haulte courage towarde, and that could in no sauce abyde to bee putte backe.

3 His wife Iuliꝰ Caesar forsooke & putte awaye his wife Pō p [...]ia. This Pōpeia was Caesars third wife, as witnesseth Plutarchus, [...] first wife [...]as Cornelia the doughter of Cinna afore mēcioned by whom he had a doughter called Iulia, whiche was afterward marryed vnto Pō peiꝰ ye greate. Pompeia, because she was in greate slaundre, (as one yt had mysused hirself with Clodius,) in deede he forsooke & putte away from hym. But yet when Clodius was vexed in the lawe and arrained for thesame matier, Caesar beeyng called foorth for a witnesse, reported no eiuill woorde by his wife. And when the accuser said, [Page] why thē hast thou made a diuorce with hir? forsouth (ꝙ he again) because the wife of Caesar ought to bee pure & clere from all slaundre too. aswell as from the cryme. Besides the witnesse of the aunswer, his ciuilitee also maie well bee praised, that he spared to defame his wife whom he had abandoned.

When he read the chronicle of 4 Alexander the greate,Caesar, whē he reade the actes of Alexander, could not hold wepyng. he could not forbeare to water his plātes. And to his frēdes he saied: At thissame age (ꝙ he) yt I am of now, Alexāder had subdued Darius, & I haue not yet vnto this day doen so much as any one valyaūte acte of prowesse Suetonius writeth this thyng to haue chaunced,The ambicio [...] of Iuliꝰ Caesar. at what tyme Cesar beeyng lorde *presidente in Spain and rydyng his circuite to hold ye graunde iuries or lawedaies in tounes appoincted for sises and sessions to bee kept, had seen the image of Alexander in the temple of ‡ Hercules within the Isle of Gades. But would God suche a nature as this would rather haue vsed his forwardnesse and quicke spirite in takyng after a [Page] prince of a sobre sorte, then after one that would bee perelesse & alone aboue al others.

.5 As he passed by a beggerie litle toune of colde roste in the moū taignes of Sauoye, his coumpaigne that wer with hym puttyng doubtes and questions whether in tha [...] dog hole also wer sedicions and quereles for preemynence and superioritee, as there contynually wer in Roome, he staied and stood [Page] still a preatie whyle musyng with hymselfe,The ambiciō of Iuliꝰ Caesar. Nec Romae potuere pati Caesarue priorē Pōpeius ue parem. and anon, well (ꝙ he) I promise you, I for my parte had lieffer to bee the first or the chief man here, then the seconde manne in Roome. This certes is euen veraye it that is writen in the poete Lucanus that neither Cesar could abyde to haue any manne aboue hym,Neither Caesar coulde abyde to haue any superiour nor Pompeiꝰ to haue any manne feloe wt hym. ne Pompeius to haue any peere.

He saied that thynges of high 6 entreprise (because thei are subiect vnto daungiers,Iuliꝰ Caesar would high entreprises to bee gooen through with all, without castyng of any perilles. and wer greate) ought to bee executed and dispeched out of hāde, and none aduise ne deliberacion to bee taken of theim, because that to the gooyng through with suche matiers, celeritee dooeth veraye great helpe, & castyng of perilles dooeth plucke a manne backe from hardy auenturyng.

When he departed out of y• prouince 7 of Galle to matche against [Page] Pompeius, as soone as he was ones passed ouer ye floud of Rubicon, now (saieth he) bee * it past castyng the dyce again (as if he should haue saied,Omnis iacta sit alia. now happe what shall happe, leat alltogether turne whiche way it wil,) Declaring that he was vtterly mynded to put al in hasarde to make or marre, & to bee manne or mous. For the saied flood of Rubicon disseuereth the Galle cisalpine from Italie.

8 When Pompeius had forsaken Roome [...] and had fled to the seaes, [Page] Metellus ye high treasourer of Rome withstod Caesar beeyng desirous & faine to take money out of ye treasourie,Metellus let [...]ed Caesar goyng about [...]o take money out of the treasue [...] of Roome. and shutte vp yesame treasourie fast. But Caesar thretened to slea hym, whiche woorde when it had astouned the saied Metellus, iwys young manne (ꝙ Caesar) this thyng was more harde for me to speake thē to dooe.The manacyng of grea [...] menne. Menyng that it was in his power euē with a becke of his hedde, to putte to death whom soeuer he wer disposed, forasmuch as whersoeuer he went he had with him a bende of harnessed mēne.

At the toune of Durachiū or Dyrrachiū a toune in Mac [...]donia, first called [...] pidamnū, but the Romains whē thei had conquered it, would nedes haue it called Dyrrachium [...] this was whē he wente to pursue Pompeius. Durach he tarried 9 lookyng that moo soudiours footemn should bee sente thither vnto hym from Brundusiū a toune in the royalme of Naples liyng vpon the sea of Adria [...] frō whiche Brū duse, lyeth the passage ouer into Grece. Brunduse. Whiche thyng forasmuch as it was veray slacke and longe in dooyng, geattyng hym priuely into a litle foyst he assaied to passe ouer the sea of Adria. And the vessell beeyng euen welnigh ouerwhelmed and sounken [Page] with the main swellyng sourges of this fierse sea, vnto his pilote beeyng now clene in despaire to escape drounyng, & thynkyng to bee no waye but one, Caesar opened who he was, saiyng: put thy trust and affiaūce in ladie fortune and weete thou wel yt thou carriest Caesar in this litle boate of thyne. He was of suche excedyng haulte courage,The [...]cedyng haul [...] courage of Iuliꝰ Caesar. as though he had had bothe ye goddes, and fortune euen at his owne wille and cō maundemente. But yet at that presente season, the raige of the tempeste wexyng still worse and worse, he was letted of accomplyshyng that he had entēded. But as soone as his soudiours that wer alreadie at Du [...]ach had knowelage of this his dooyng, thei came full and whole rennyng vnto Cesar,The hertes of Caesars soul [...]diours towardes hym. and tooke veraye greuously, if the same looked for any moo or other bendes of menne, as hauyng some mystruste in theim.

10 But when it came to the battreyng and tryall of strokes, Pompeius woonne the felde,Pompeius woōne y• first felde against Caesar. but he did not folowe his victorie to ye vttermost [Page] (as he should haue dooen,) but reculed backe to his campe. Then saied Caesar, Pompeius could no skill (saied Caesar) howe to vse a victorie. this daie (ꝙ he) the victorie was in the possession of our enemies, but thei haue not a capitain that can skill how to vse victorie, when he hath it.

When Pompeius had commaunded 11 his armie, albeeit thesame wer prest & in full readynesse to fight at Pharsalum, Pharsalū [...] or Pharsalos, or Pharsalia, a citee in Thessalia, in the feldes of whiche Caesar vāquyshed Pompeiꝰ. yet there to demourre, and to tarrye the comyng of their enemies: Caesar auouched hym to had dooen ferre wyde, in yt he had by suche delaie and tarryaunce in maner killed the habilitee, the fiersenesse, and a certain diuine inspiraciō of his souldiours hertes, beeyng fully appointed and readie to fall vpō their enemies. So greately did Caesar contend & striue with Pompeius,Iuliꝰ Caesar matched Pō peiꝰ not onely in the fortune of battail, but also in the experience. not onely about the fortune of battaill, but also in the experte knowelage of warre kepyng.

[Page] 12 When he had euen at the first choppe of encountreyng vanquyshed Pharnax or Pharnaces, the kyng of Ponius, and soōne of Mithridates, whom [...]eeyng his owne father he persecuted, and at length droue to kill hymself. For he fauoured Pompeius makyng warre against Mithridates. And in fine the said Pharnaces rebellyng against Caesar, was by thesame discoūfaicted vanquyshed and driuen out of his countree. This feloe (saieth [...]cius Florus, who writeth an abbriegemente of the chroni [...] of Roome out of the histories of Titus Liuius) was by Iulius Caesar euen at one felde, and yet not that all foughten so troden vnder feete, as it had been a thyng with a flashe of lightenyng sodainly crummed to dust and pouther. Pharnaces, he wrote briefly to his frēdes after this sorte: I came, I looked, I conquered. Signifiyng the greate celeritee and spede of dooyng.

13 After that the souldiours and menne of armes, whiche folowed Scipio in Afrike wer fled,Scipio a noble capitain of Roome. and Cato beeyng vanquyshed by Caesar had killed hymself at Vtica, Of Cato is afore noted in y• xxxi. apoph [...]theg. of Augustꝰ Caesar wher vnto is to bee added, y• Caesar made all the spede & meanes possible to haue Cato aliue, & whē he could not, he wrote a booke of vnkyndnesse against hym, whiche he entitleed Anticato. these wer the woordes of Caesar: I enuie to the o Cato this death of thyne, sens thou hast enuied vnto me the sauyng of thy life. Cesar thought it a thyng like to redounde highly to his honour and renoume, if suche a noble manne as Cato hauyng beeen ouercomed in battaill should [Page] bee bound to hym and no man els for his life. But Cato rather chose death with honour, then after the oppressyng of ye publike libertee and freedome to bee as a bondeseruaūte to any persone. And therefore Caesar enuied vnto Cato ye honour of suche a death because he had enuied vnto Caesar the laude and praise of sauyng the life of Cato.

Persones not a fewe (because 14 thei had Antonius and Dolobella in greate mystruste lest thei should conspire and we [...]ke some treason against Caesar,What Iuliꝰ Caesar saied when he was warned to beware of Antonius & Dolobella.) gaue warnyng vnto thesame, that he should in any wyse beware of theim. Tushe, no no (ꝙ Caesar) I [...]eare not these ruddie coloured & fatte bealyed feloes, but yondersame spare slendre skragges and pale salowe coloured whooresoonnes,Antoniꝰ and Dolobella fatte & wel coloured. Brutus and Cassius leane and pale. shewyng with his fynger Brutus and Cassius. Brutus and Cassius slewe Iuliꝰ Caesar. Neither did his suspicion deceiue hym, for of theim twoo was he afterward slain in deede. Of whiche matier suche as bee learned maie reade Plutarchus and Suetonius.

Communicacion beeyng on a 15 [Page] tyme in a supper season begoonne what kynde of death was best,What kynde of death Iulius Caesar thought to bee b [...]ste. he aunswered without makyng any bones, yt is soodain and nothyng thought on. And that he iudged to bee best, chaunced to hym in deede. Plutar [...]hus saieth yt he supped thesame tyme (beyng the daye nexte before his death,) at the house of Mar [...]us Lepidus his great and feithful frend.

16 In a certain battree he caught fast by the hedde and the cheekes the standarde bearer of one of the legion called Marciall hauyng turned his backe to flee, and plucked backe ye contrarie waye. And stretchyng foorth his hande to his enemies ward,When one of Iul. Caesars standard bea [...] would haue fled Caesar plucked hym backe by the thro [...]e to go towardes his enemies. saied: whether gooest thou awaye thou felowe? Yonder been thei that wee fight against. Thus with his handes he chasticed one persone and no moo,The waye to wynne vict [...] rie is not to [...]ee & to renne awaye frō the [...]n [...]mies. but with these sharpe & poynaunte woordes he clene putte awaye y• fearefull trembleyng of all the legions, and where thesame wer at the veraye poincte to bee discoumfaicted, he taught theim a lesson to wynne the victorie.

[Page]After that Publius Mimus a plaier 17 of wanton entreludes and other iestyng toyes had on the staige in open presence ferre passed all his feloes, and emong theim one Laberius a maker and a plaier as Publius was, thesame Iulius Caesar pronounced the sentence of iudgemente in this wyse.How Iulius Caesar gaue iudgemēte of Laberius beeyng ouerco [...]med by Publius Mimus in iestyng and plaiyng. Caesar shewyng the o Laberius all the fauour that maye bee, thou arte ouercomed of ye Syrian. For the saied Publius was in condicion or state of liuyng a bondeman, & of nacion or countree a Syrian borne. Ferre a waye is he left behynde, that is ouercomed, ye iudge beeyng his frende or shewyng hym fauour. And the iudge beeyng but indifferent, it was toto ferre oddes yt a Syrian born should in Roome [...]uercome a Romain.

Whē Caesar sawe in Roome certain 18 aliens that wer riche & welthie persones, carryyng about the stretes in their armes & bosomes litle young dogges and apes,What Iuliꝰ Caesar saied whe [...] he sawe in Roome straungiers carrye young puppees and in their armes to plaie withall. and to make all sporte and plaie with [Page] thesame, he demaunded, whether the women in their countree did bryng foorth no children.Pericles a noble manne of Athenes, whiche gouerned y• cōmē weale [...]here by the space of xl. yeres, a māne in [...]aturall eloquence in cōparable Menyng that there wer no suche yoūg whelpes of any kynd more pleasaūte to plaie or fynd pastyme withall, thē their owne litle sweete babes. Plutarchus telleth this historie in y• life of Pericles, allbeeit he sheweth not whiche Caesars saiyng it was. I deme it to bee Augustus Caesars.

19 When he sawe his souldiours to bee woundreous sore afeard of their enemies whiche thei looked for daily,Wh [...]t Iuliꝰ Caesar saied to his souldiours beeyng in great [...]eare of their enemies, whose comyng thei daily looked for. he spoke openly to the whole coūpaignie in this manier. Bee it knowē to you all, that with in these veraye fewe dayes, there will come hither a kyng wt tenne legions,This kyng was the kyng of the Persians. thirtie thousand horsemē of others in light harnesse an hū dred thousāde, and three hundred elephaūtes. Therefore some emōg you here, ceasse to make any ferther enquierie or serche, or to conceiue this or that opinion, & geue [Page] thei credence vnto me, who [...]haue certain knowelage of al the truth, orels in feith I will cause all suche persones to bee putte in the oldest and moste rottē shippe that I can geatte, & to bee carryed hens what soeuer wynde shall blowe into what soeuer countrees it shall chaunce at auenture. A straunge fac [...]on of puttyng awaye feare,Great mati [...] of daūgier requireth herte and stomake accordyng, for to resist thesame. not by naye saiyng, ne by lessenyng the noumbre of the enemies, but by encreasyng the occasion of terrour, to the ende that beeyng adcerteined of sore perill and hasarde to come, thei might take vnto theim stomakes & hertes for suche greate daungier conuenable.

To certain persones comyng 20 in with their fiue egges, how that Sylla had geuen ouer his office of Dictature as he should dooe,What Caes. saied for his excuse of not leuyng, y• office of dict [...] tour. whereas Caesar kept it still & would not out of it at all, (whiche thyng to dooe lacked veraye litle of plaine vsurpacion of tirannie:) he aunswered yt Sylla was not bookyshe, [Page] nor half a good clerke,Iuliꝰ Caesar saied yt Sylla was not half [...] good clerke. and therefore gaue vp his☞ dictature. Schoolemaisters, when thei shewe afore woorde by woorde, orels recite vnto their scholares what to write after theim, are saied proprely in latine dictare discipulis. Dictare discipulis. Caesar herunto alludyng saied that Sylla was not half a cunnyng clerke. Menyng (as I suppose) that on the one syde, if Sylla had been so well seen in histories, in chronicles, and in experience of y• worlde, as to consider what greate daūgier it was, frō suche an office so long tyme by strong hande contynued to returne to his former state of a priuate manne again, he would haue looked twys on the matier ere he would haue geuen it vp, (of whiche matier is somwhat touched afore in the .xxiiii. apophthegme of Diogenes) and on the other syde, that suche a persone as should be in aroume of such high power and autoritee, that what soeuer he would commaunde must & should nedes bee dooen, ought to bee a manne of high wysedome, knowelage, & discrecion, to kepe hymself vpright in all beehalfes, and to dooe nothyng by violence [...] power whiche he might not at all tymes after auouche & iustifie, as Sylla had dooen, who in y• tyme of his dictature, would not onely bee rewled by no lawes, ne ministre any iustice, but ferthermore, vsed suche detestable crueltee & tirannie ouer the citee and all degrees & sortes of menne, as could not choose afterwarde but redound to his final cōfusiō & exterminiō. Albeit (except my memorie fa [...]l me) y• histories saiē y• Sylla gaue not vp the said office vntil he laie sicke in his death bedde. [Page]

[Page] 21 As Caesar makyng his triumphe passed alonge by the seates of the Tribunes, Pontius Aquila beeyng one of the noumbre of ye Tribunes, Caesar tooke ver [...]ye greuously yt one Aquila a Tribune made no reuerence to hym at his triumphe. alone of theim all not o [...]s arose out of his place to dooe hym any reuerence. This matier Caesar tooke so highly eiuill, that he saied to hym as loude as he could crye. Then come thou Aquila beeyng a There wer [...]tain mēne of office and autoritee in Roome called Tri [...]uni, thei wer as chief of the cōmēs And their power was aswell in makyng of lawe [...] & decrees, as also in all other causes, to intercede betwene the Senate & the people, that the lordes and nobles might not by any newe found actes, statutes, or decrees, in any wyse oppresse or greue the commenalte. And so greate was their autoritee in this behalf, that whatsoeuer the consuls or Senate would enacte, if but one of the Tribunes said naye to it, all their dooyng was [...]oide, ne coulde take any effecte. The college of Trybunes for the people in Roome might well bee likened to ye coumpaignie of Bourgeoysses o [...] the parliamente here in Englande. There wer of the Tribunes at y• first no more but twain, afterward sixe, in processe a college of thirtie sixe. There wer also tribuni militares, tribunes of the souldyours, whose office was, to se that the souldyours wer well armed and appointed as thei should bee. Tribune and take the commenweale out of my handes. Neither did he by the space of a good many daies together after, make promisse of anythyng vnto any persone but with this excepcion, at lest wyse if wee maie bee so bolde for Pontius Aquila.

[Page]Unto the people for flaterie salutyng 22 hym by the name of kyng,Iuliꝰ Caesa [...] r [...]fused to bee called kyng. I am Caesar (ꝙ he) I am no kyng. He rather chose to bee called by his owne priuate name, then by the name of kyng, whiche at that tyme was sore hated in the citee of Roome.

Some one feloe of the people 23 had sette on the image of Caesar a garlande of laurell wound about with a whyte lynē rolle.A croune woūd abou [...] with a whyte lynē roll, was the token of [...] kyng & was y• veraye diademe. But whē the Tribunes, the lynen rolle pulled of, had *commaunded the feloe to prieson, Caesar after yt he had geuen ye Tribunes a sore rebuke for it,Iuliꝰ Caesa [...] put out of office the tribunes whiche had taken awaye frō his por [...]erature [...] kynges diademe. depriued yesame of their offices. And yt he might not by so dooyng seeme to attempte the vsurpacion of the name and power of kyng, he pretended for an excuse, ye glorie of refusyng suche honour his owne [Page] self to had been takē awaye from hym by theim.

24 Because Caesar had chosē many alienes of straunge countrees into the senate,Iuliꝰ Caesar chose many aliens into the noūbre of senatours of Roome. there was a bill writen & sette vp, that it should bee a good deede, if some manne would goo shewe ye parliamente chaumbre, to one of the newe chosē senatours straūgiers. He mened (what feloe so euer it was that sette vp the bille) those foreners newly made Senatours of Roome, not so muche as to knowe the waie to ye senate hous, excepte yesame wer shewed vnto theim.

25 A feloe wrote vnder ye image of Brutus, What poses certain persones wrote vnder the images of Brutꝰ and Caesar. would god thou wer yet aliue: because that Tarquinius the last kyng of Roome was expulsed and driuen out of the citee by the meanes [Page] of the said Brutus. And vnder ye porturature of Caesar thei had writen emong theim, verses of this sense and menyng.

Brutus quia reges eiecit, consul primus factus est,

Caesar quia consules eiecit, rex postremus factus est.

Brutus * for chacyng of kynges out,

Was created first Consull of Roome,

Caesar for driuyng Consuls out,

Is now last of all a kyng become.

[Page] 26 Whē likelyhood appered treason and conspirisie on euery syde to bee wrought against hym,Better ones to dye then euer to feare said Iulius Caesar. and warnyng was geuen hym, that he should take good heede to hymself, he aunswered, yt better it was ons for all together to dye, then to bee in perpetuall care of takyng heede. Signifiyng, y• persone not to liue, who liueth in perpetuall feare of death.One wer as good bee out of the worlde as to liue in ꝑp [...]tual feare of death.

27 When Caesar, after that he had made the ☞ Tigurines crye creake, beeyng on his waye towardes a certain citee of people ioyned in league with hym,The animos [...] [...]ee & courage of Iul. Caes. heard that an other sorte of ye ‡ Suyceners wer cō yng against hym in the waye yt he had to goo, he reculed into a certain place strong and well fensed. There all his cōpaignie gathered together, & well sette in araie, his horse ✚ yt he had been accustomed [Page] to ride on, was brought vnto him Wel (ꝙ Caesar) after yt I shal haue gotten this victorie, & not afore, I wil occupie this horse in pursuing myne enemies. And so euen on foote he sette vpon the Suyceners.

Caesar now opēly dooyng many 28 thynges by plaine might & power,What Considius a Senatour of Roome saie [...] vnto Caesa [...] dooyng all thynges by force & violēce in Rome. & contrarie to all lawes, one Considius beeyng a manne veraye ferre striken in age, plainly and with a bolde spirite saied vnto hym, that y• senates wer for this cause onely slacke in meetyng and sittyng in [Page] counsaill, that thei stood in feare of his billes & glieues. And when Caesar at these woordes had saied, why then dooest not thou for thesame feare, kepe thyselfe at home within thy hous? Naye as for me (saied Considius) olde age maketh me out of feare. For sens there is but a veraye litle litle tyme of my life behinde, there is no cause why I should take any greate care or thought for the matier.

29 Iulius Caesar vnto Pomponius a launce knight,What Iuliꝰ Caesar saied to a souldyour makyng vaunte yt [...]he had rec [...]iued a wounde in the face for hym. makyng muche a dooe of a wounde receiued in the face, at the insurrecciō whiche Sulpitius * made against the Senate, whiche wounde the saied launce knight made a braggue yt he had taken in fightyng for Caesar, well (saied he) neuer looke behynd the again when thou rennest awaye. Suche a like thyng dooeth Macrobius father vpon Augustus Caesar, Quintilianus ascribeth it to Iulius Caesar. [Page]

[Page] 30 Thesame Caesar, when a certain plaintif to aggrauate his harmes, & to make ye moste of theim, alleged that ye partie accused had striekē alltogether at his thighes & legges, saied: Why, what shuld he haue dooen, thou hauyng a salette on thy hedde, & a cote of fense on thy bodye? He was not ignoraunte, for what cause the other feloe was desirous to strieke that parte chiefly, but the same thyng dissēbled, he had more phāsie to [...]est. An helmet & a Iacke or platecote hideth all partes of a manne sauyng the legges.

31 Thesame Caesar vnto Metellus wt standyng that he might not take any money out of the treasourie or chaumbre of y• citee,This is touched afore in y• [...]viii. apoph [...]hegme. and bryngyng foorth lawes forbiddyng the same to bee dooen: The tyme of weapen (saieth he) and of lawes is [Page] not all one.What Iuliꝰ Caesar saied vnto Metellꝰ withstādyng that h [...] should not take any money out of the treasourie of Roome. That in case thou cāst not bee contēted with the matier, now for this present gette the out of the waye, & after that (al leages and bondes of peace throughly drieuē) wee shall haue laied down all wepen, then (if yu shalt so thynk good) laie to my charge in the behalf of the people, & I shall make the aunswer.

Thesame Caesar would often 32 tymes saie, that he had like entēte & mynde of dealyng against his enemies,Enemies in battaill are to bee ouercome rather wt famyne then wt the sweorde. as ye moste parte of good phisicians haue against the maladies and sores of mennes bodies, whiche is, rather with hungre then with iron to ouercome theim For the physicians dooe not fall to cuttyng, except all other meanes & wayes afore proued. And this vsage euen at this presente daye still endureth emong the Italians:The Italiā [...] in all diseases dooen enioyn [...] abstinence. against al kindes of diseases thei doo streightly enioyne abstinence. A like thyng vnto this it is,Dimitiꝰ Corbulo, would enemies to be ouercomed sokyngly by litle and litle. ye Domitius Corbulo vsed muche [Page] to saie, that a mannes enemies in bataill are to bee ouercomed wt a carpēters squareyng are, that is to saie, sokyngly one pece after an other. A commē axe, cutteth through at the first choppe, a squaryng axe by a litle and a litle werketh thesame effecte.

33 It breded & areised greate enuie and grutchyng agaist Caesar, What thyng was occasion of grea [...]e enuie & grutche against Iuliꝰ Caesar. that one of those persones, whom he had sent to Roome, standyng in the senate hous, as soone as he knewe that the senate would not geue ne graunte vnto Caesar prorogacion, that is to saie, a longer tyme in his dictature, gaue a greate stroke with his hande vpō ye hiltes of his swerde, & saied: well yet this feloe here shall geue it. Thretenyng to ye commenweale force and violence.Iuliꝰ Caesar by force & viol [...]nce oppressed the cōmē weale.

34 Sylla hauyng obteined the pretourship, manaced Caesar veraye sore,What Caes. saied to Sylla thretenyng to vse his power vpō him. that he would vse his autoritee and power vpon hym: yea, (ꝙ Caesar laughyng at it) thou dooest [Page] of good right call it thy power, whiche yu hast bought wt thy penie.Sylla purchaced the praetourship with greate giftes & rewardes. Notyng Sylla, that thesame had purchaced ye said office by geuyng greate giftes and rewardes.

Marcus Tullius in ye thirde booke 35 of that his werke entitleed, de officiis, (that is to saie, of honeste behauour, or, how eche manne ought to vse and to demeane hymselfe) writeth that Caesar had euer in his mouthe these greke verses out of the thirde tragedie of Euripides entitleed, Phoenissae.

[...],

[...].

That is.

If a manne should nedes dooe wrong,

It ought to bee onely in this case,

To make hymself a kyng, by hande strong,

In other thynges leat right haue place.

When Caesar gooyng towardes 36 the countree of Africa had slipped and gotten a falle in gooyng out of a shippe,How Caesar turned an eiuil likelyhode to the better parte. the likelyhood of euill [Page] chaunce to come, he turned to the better parte, saiyng. I haue ye fast in my handes o Afrike. Sextus Iuliꝰ Frontinus a latine autour that writeth fower bokes of stratagemes, that is to saie of the s [...]ightes and policies of warre.Frontinus thynketh, that this happened at his takyng of shippe, and that he saied: I haue the fa [...]t o yearth whiche arte my mother. Alludyng (as I suppose) herunto, that where he was on a tyme sore troubleed with a certain dreame,The dreame of Iul. Caes. in whiche it semed to hym, that he had to dooe wt his owne mother, the reders or southsaiers expouned, the empier of all ye whole worlde to bee prophecied vnto hym.

THE SAIYNGES OF POMPEIVS THE GREATE.

1 CNeus Of Pompe [...]us it is afore noted in the viii. apophthegme of Augustꝰ Caesar Pompeius surnamed the greate, was with the people of Rome as ferre in fauour, as his ‡ father before hym, had been in grutche & hatered. This Pompeius beeyng yet a veraye young manne, wedded [Page] hymselfe wholly to the faccion of Sylla. Pōpeius beeyng but a veraye young manne gathered an armie in Italie, before yt he was eit [...]er any officer of the citee, orels a senatour, and tooke parte with Sylla. And although he wer neither any officer of the citee, nor senatour, yet he gotte vnto hym out of one place and other of Italie a greate armie. And when Sylla had cōmaunded thesame to come and ioyne with hym, Nay (ꝙ he) I wil neuer present an hoste vnto ye high capitaine of Roome without booties or spoyles, nor vnfleashed on their enemies. Neither did he repair vnto Sylla, before that he had in soondrie battrees and encountreynges vanquyshed diuerse capitaines of enemies. Euen at the first date, shewed he a greate token and lykelyhood of a prince moste woorthie, and born to dooe greate thynges. It was not his entente to bryng vnto Silla, philip and cheiny moo then a good meiny, but to bryng hable soudiours of manhood approued and well tryed to his handes.

[Page] 2 And beeyng now created a capitaine,Pompeius euē at his first begynnyng did ye partes both of a valiaūt and of a righteous capitain. when he was by Sylla sent into Sicilie, he begoonne to dooe the partes, not onely of a valiaūte and woorthie capitaine, but also of a iuste and righteous capitaine For when he had heard, that his soudiours in gooyng foorthward on their viages, made by stertes out of their waye, and did muche oppression in the countree as thei went, and pieled all that euer thei could fyngre, suche persones as he tooke rouyng and trottyng or scuddyng from place to place thei could not tell where about theim selfes he punyshed,Pompeius would not his souldyours to dooe any oppressiō or pi [...]lage where thei went. and what compaignie hymself had sent afore, he [Page] empriented on euery one of their sweardes ye seall of his ryng, that thei shuld dooe no bodie no wrong ne harme by the waye.

The The Mamertines, a people in Sicilie, whose toune wa [...] called Messana. Mamertines (because thei 3 had taken parte and sticked hard with the enemies of Sylla) he had appointed to slea euery mothers soonne. But Sthenius the lorde of ye citee or countree came vnto Pompeius with these wordes:Sthenius the lorde of the Mamertines toke parte wt Marius against Sylla. O Pompeius ye dooe not accordyng to equitee and conscience, in yt ye goo about, for one mannes cause that hathe offended, to dooe a greate noumbre of innocentes to death. I wys euen veray I myself am ye manne that bothe haue persuaded my frē des,The noble & māly harte of Sthenius. and also haue coarcted myne enemies to take the part of Marius against Sylla. This was dooen in ye ciuile battail betwene Mariꝰ and Sylla. Here Pompeius greatly meruaillyng at the manly herte of this Sthenius, said that he perdoned the Mamertines who had been persuaded [Page] by suche a manne, [...]ōp [...]ius for the respecte of Stheniꝰ perdoned y• Ma [...]ni [...]t [...]ines. as preferred his coūtree aboue his own life, and so deliuered bothe ye citee and Sthenius. In Sthenius ye haue an example, what herte a prince ought to beare towarde the cōmenweale in case any perill or daungier dooe chaūce: and in Pompeius a good lesson of placabilitee or myldenesse, in that he was more propense to shewe honour vnto one that had a natural affeccion and zele toward his coūtree, then to execute his wrathe to the vttermost.

4 When he had passed ouer into Libya a parte of Afrike ad [...]o [...]naunte to Egypte, so named of Lib [...]a y• wife of [...] Iupiters soonne. Libya against Domitius, and had ouercomed thesame in a ‡ greate & sore battaill, his souldiours full & whole salutyng hym wt the title of Emperour, he saied, he would not take at their handes the honour of that high name, as long as the trenches and bulwerkes of his enemies campe was standing whole. This heard, his soldiours,The good cou [...]age of Pompeius his souldyours. (although it wer thē a great raine to leat theim) soodainly with all [Page] their might assaillyng the campe of their enemies, woonne it, and beate it down hande smoothe.Pōpeius refused honour vntil he knew hymself to haue deserued it. Thus the saied Pompeius refufed an honour not yet truely deserued with deedes.

Thesame Pompeius beeyng returned 5 from ye saied victorie,The surname of Magnus, when wherefore & by whō it was geuen to Pompeiꝰ. was partely wt other honours highly receiued by Sylla, and also besydes other thynges he first of all gaue vnto hym the surname Magnus, the greate. But when Pompeius not satisfied wyth al this, woulde nedes triumphe too, Sylla would none therof, because Pompeius was not yet of ye degree of a senatour. But when Pompeius had saied vnto the coumpaignie then presēte, Sylla [Page] to bee ignoraunt, yt moo persones dooen worship the soonne when it ariseth,Mo persones wurship the soonne wh [...] it ariseth, then when it gooeth downe saied Pompeius. then when it gooeth down Sylla cryed with a loude voice, leat hym triumphe. He was strieken in fear of ye courageous stomake of the freashe young manne,Pōpeius tri [...]mphed beeyng a veraye young manne not yet a Se [...]our. and of his glorie dayly more and more encreasyng. Neither sticked he or put any doubtes to geue place vnto suche an one, as he sawe could in no wyse he brought to yeld an ynche to any manne lyuyng. The menyng of Pompeius was, that the people would bee more propense to fauour th [...] honour and glorie of a young manne comyng vpward, and grow [...]ng towardes the world, as hymself was, then of an olde manne beeyng almoste past, and begynnyng to decaye, as Sylla now did.

6 In ye meane whyle, euen against the tyme Seruilius a ioyly feloe and emong the hedde menne in the cō menweale highly estemed was madde angrye that a * triumphe was graunted to Pompeius. The souldyours also not a fewe of thē made many stoppes & lettes that there might bee no triūphe dooen, [Page] not for that thei bare Pompeius any grutche, but thei required to haue certain rewardes distributed emong thē, as though ye triumphe must haue been bought at their handes with greate largesse: orels the souldiours thretened that thei would echemāne for hymself catche awaye of the treasures and richesse yt should bee carryed about in the triumphe. And therfore the saied Seruilius and one Glaucia gaue hym aduise and counsaill rather willyngly to parte ye saied money emong ye souldyours, thē to suffre it to bee taken awaye euery māne a flyce by strong hande. But whē Pompeius had made theim aunswer that he would rather leat al alone and haue no triumphe at all,Pompeius would rather make no triumphe at all, thē flattre his souldyours or bye it with money. then he would make any seekyng or entreactyng to his owne souldiours and euen with that woorde sette down before theim ye roddes boū den [Page] together with an axe in the middes garnyshed and decked wt garlandes of laurel, yt thei should therof first begynne their spoyle if thei durst: Naye, ꝙ Seruilius, now I see the in veraye deede to bee Pompeius the greate, and worthie to haue a triumphe.What triumphe is honourable and shewe woor [...] For Pompeius iudged no triumphe to bee honourable and worthie shewe, except that it wer as a thing in the waye of recompense or so duetie repaied to good demerites, without any great suite makyng, and without giftes geuyng.

[Page]It was the guyse in Roome,The guyse & custome in Roome for souldyours yt had ben horsemen in the warres. 7 that the horsemē whiche had been a conuenient space of tyme foorth in the warres, should bryng forth their horse into a solēne place appoincted before by ye two officers called Censours, Of the office of Censours in Roome it is afore noted in ye xxxvii saiyng of Augustꝰ Caesar. and there, after rehersall aswell of suche viages as thei had been in, as also of ye capitaines vnder whom thei had been in waiges, accordyng to their demerites, either to haue thanke and praise, orels rebuke & blame. So Pompeius beeyng Consul, euen in his owne persone came and brought his horse before Gallius and Lentulus then Censours, How Pōpeius presented hymself & his horse to Gallius and Lentulus the Cē sours. whiche persones accordyng to ye custome and vsage demaūdyng, whether he had truely exercised and dooen all the partes and dueties to a souldyour belongyng, [Page] yea (ꝙ Pompeius) to the vttermust in al behalfes vnder myn owne self the lorde high capitaine Signifiyng,Pompeius so executed ye office of a capitaine, that neuerthelesse he accomplished all the partes of an inferiour souldyer. that he had in suche wyse executed & ministred ye office of a capitanie, that he did neuerthelesse like no sleper accō plyshe all poinctes that euer belonged to an inferiour souldiour. So was he one and the same manne, bothe an especiall good capitaine,The highest praise & commendacion yt a capitain [...] maye haue. and a lustie valiaunte manne of his handes, then the whiche praise and commē dacion there maye none higher or greater possible chaunce to a capitaine.

8 When he had in Spaine takē the packette of * Sertorius his lettres in the whiche wer close trussed the lettres of capitaines not a fewe inuityng and callyng thesame Sertorius to Roome, there for to make a newe turne of the worlde, and to chaunge the state of the citee, he burned ye lettres euery one,The moderacion and clemēcie of Pō peius. to the ende that he would geue vnto the caitifes tyme and occasion to repent, and leue or power to chaūge their traitreous entētes to better. [Page] This historie like as it might well bee rekened in ye noumbre of thynges vnwrathefully and prudentely dooen, so doo I not see what it should make emong apophthegmes. Albeeit, right many of suche lyke sorte are found in the colleccions of Plutarchus. If he had discryed their names, thei would vndoubtedly by and by addressed theimselfes to a manifeste sedicion for veraye feare of punyshemente.To opē an other bodyes lettres, or to discouer thynges cōmitted to the by lettres sealed. On the other syde, in that he suppressed and kept secrete the lettres of his enemies, he gaue a good lessō, what a greate offence it is to open other bodyes lettres, or to crye at ye high crosse, what thou hast been putte in truste wtall by lettres vnder seale.

[Page] 9 Unto Phraates kyng of the Parthians requiryng of hym by ambassadours to bee contented that the floodde ‡ Euphrates might bee ye forthest marke for the boundes of the dominion of Roome,How Pōpeius aunswered Phraates kyng of the Parthiās requiryng that Euphrates might bee the boundes of ye dominion of Roome. naye, (ꝙ he) this wer a more meete requeste to bee made, that iustice maie disseuer the boundes of the Romaines from the royalme of the Parthians. Signifiyng, not to bee any prescr [...]byng to the Romaines, how ferre thei ought to extend their empier,It was no [...]scribyng to ye Romaines [...]ow ferre thei ought to extende their empier. from daily enlarg [...]yng wherof not hilles and flooddes ought theim to kepe backe: but in suche place and none other euermore to bee appointed the limi [...]tes and boundes of the Segniourie of Roome, where right would not suffre theim to passe any ferther.

10 Whē Lucius Lucullus after hauyng [Page] a long space folowed the trade of warre, gaue hymself at the later cast vnto al sensualitee,Luciꝰ Lucu [...] lus in his later daies gaue hymself altother to sensualitee. ne would dooe any thyng but spend and make good chere, and on a tyme called Pompeius foole, for yt thesame before he was of age conueniente had greate desire & mynde to bee enwrapped in many coumbreous affaires,What Po [...] peius saied o [...] Lucullus reprouyng hym for entreyng dooynges it [...] the commenweale oue [...] yoūg of age. & high dooynges, Iwys (ꝙ Pompeius again) much more out of season it is for an olde manne to bestowe hymself altogether on sensual delices, then to bee an hed gouernour in a commenweale. He greuously reproued the mynde and iudgemente of those persones, whiche thynken, that aged folkes should haue noman [...]r thyng at all to dooe, wheras it wer a gaye thyng for a manne hauyng the rewle and gouernaunce of a commenweale to dye euē standyng on his foote. And as for ryot and idlenesse is in young menne foly,Ryot & idlenesse in yoūg men foly, in old folkes abhominacion. in olde folkes abhomynacion.

Unto Pompeius lyyng sicke, his 11 [Page] physiciā had prescribed yt his diete should bee nothyng but blacke byrdes. And whē the parties that had the charge to purueie theim saied that there wer none to bee gottē (for it was not the season of the yere in whiche this kynde of byrdes are woont to bee taken) one persone there, putte theim in remembrreaūce, that there might some bee foūd at Lucullus his hous who vsed to kepe of theim aliue al the yere long. Why (ꝙ Pompei [...]s) is the wynde in this doore, yt except Lucullus wer a manne geuen to delices,The manly b [...]rte of Pōpeius in contemnyng sensuall [...]elices. Pompeius might in no wyse cō tinue aliue? And so the physician abandoned, he tooke hym to meates purueiable. O a manly herte of the right sorte in deede, whiche would not bee bound to ough thākes vnto delicate piekyng meates, no not for to saue his veraye life therby.

12 When there was on a tyme befallen [Page] in Roome a greate scarsitee of corne, Pompeius beeyng declared in woordes and in title the puru [...]iour of corne, but in veraye deede the lorde bothe of sea and lande, sailled into Africa, Sardinia, and Sicilia: and a greate quantitee of corne shortely gotten together, he made haste to returne to Roome again. But the maryners, by reason of a sore tempeste soodainly arisen, beeyng lothe to take ye seaes, Pompeius hymself first of al entreed into the shippe, and bidde the ancores to be waied or hoysed, cryyng in this manier: To auenture sailyng necessitee constreigneth vs, to liue it dooeth not. Declaryng that more regarde ought to bee had of our countree beeyng in ieoperdie,More regard ought to bee had of our countree, beeyng in ieoperdie thē of our owne priuate safegarde. then of our owne priuate safegarde. For to spend our life in the cares of succouryng and relieuyng the commenweale is a high honestee: but our countree in extreme peril to be desolated through our slouthfulnesse or slackyng is the foulest [Page] shame in the worlde:M [...]ne bee thei neuer so high are with famyn made [...]me enough. here bee wee putte in remembreaunce, that not onely brute beastes dooen leat goo libertee, and come into seruitude, but also sturdie and stifnecked menne are with famyn brought down and made to stoope. Wee bee also taught that our priuate safegarde is lesse to bee tendreed then the welth publique.

13 When the breche betwene Pompeius and Iulius Caesar was come to light and openly knowē, and one Narcellinus (as Plutarchus saieth, but by the iudgemente of others. Marcellus,) one of ye noūbre of those persones whō Pompeius was thought to had sette on loft, had chaunged his mynde from thesame Pompeius vnto Caesar, in so muche yt he was not afeard to speake many woordes against Pompeius, euen in ye senate hous, Pompeius cooled & whyshed hym in this wyse: [...]ow Pōpe [...]us put to si [...]lēce one Mar [...]ellinus ra [...] l [...]ng on hym in the senate hous. Art yu not a shamed o Marcellinus (ꝙ he) to raill on that persone, by whose benefite thou art made of a tounglesse bodye, [Page] eloquente, and of an hungre sterued feloe, brought to suche poynte that thou maiest not hold vomityng. He laied sore to the parties charge ingratitude,The shameful ingratitude of many ꝑsones. who abused all that the dignitee, autoritee, and eloquence that he had, to the displeasure of thesame persone whō his bounden duetie had been to thank for thesame. For this kynde of ingratitude is of all others moste vnhoneste, but yet alas toto comenly vsed in the worlde.

Unto Cato right eagrely yallyng 14 at Pōpeius, because that wher he the said Cato had often tymes afore told that the power of Caesar from daye to daye encreacyng, would in fine bee no benefite at all to the publique gouernaunce of the citee, but was rather enclynyng & growyng towardes tyrā nie, yet Pompeius that not withstandyng would nedes entre familiaritee and bee allyed with hym, Pompeius made aunswere after this sorte: Thy dooynges o Cato dooen more nere approche [Page] vnto the spirite of prohecie, but myne are muche better standyng with frēdeship and amitee [...] Menyng yt Cato talked at rouers,The ende of casua [...]l thynges in the world, no mā dooeth ne [...]aye foreknowe. forasmuche as no manne liuyng maie foreknowe of certaintee ye ende of casuall thynges in ye worlde to fall, and that he on his behalf tooke suche wayes as the amitee and frendeship whiche was betwene hym and Caesar at that presēte tyme required. It was a thyng certain what of duetie ought to bee dooen for ones frende,Humanitee [...] of a f [...]de rather hope y• best, thē fore [...]eme y• wurst. but vncertain it was, whether one yt was now his frende would afterwarde in tyme to come bee his enemie. And of a frēde it was more standyng with humanitee & gentlenesse to hope the best, thē to foredeme the wurst.

15 He would frankly make open vaunte of hym self,What vaūte Pompeius would make of hymself touchyng offices b [...]aryng in Roome. yt euery publique office that euer he had born in the citee, he had bothe obteined sooner thē he for his parte looked for, and also had sooner geuen vp again, thē was of other persones loked for. That he had so tymely taken in hande to beare rewle and office, or to bee high capitain of an armie, came either [Page] of fortune or of manlynesse before the commen course of age werkyng in hym. That he gaue vp any office in due season again, came of a moderate mynde, hauyng an yi [...] and respecte not vnto tyrānie, but vnto th [...] profite of the commenweale.

16

After the battaill on ye dounes of Pharsalia foughten, he fledde into Egypte. And whē he should come down out of his galie into a litle fisher bote sent purposely vnto hym by ye kyng of Egypte, This kyng of Egypte was called Ptolomeus (as thei wer al for th [...] moste parte) he had not lōg afore been driuen out of his royalme, and came to Roome for aide & succour and was by Pompeius brought home again wt an armie, & sette in poss [...]ssiō of his croune, & in fine he slew Pōpeius (by whom he had bē restored to his kyngdō & sent his hedde vnto Ca [...]sar who as soone as he sawe i [...] wept. turnyng hymself backe to his wife and his soonne, he saied no more but these woordes of Sophocles.

[...],

[...].

Whoso gooeth, to dwell with a tyranne,

Though he came free, is made his bondeman.

It appereth, yt his herte throbbed afore, at his death approchyng, for as soone as he was descendyng into the bote, receiuyng a stripe with a sweorde, he gaue but one sole grone, & wrappyng vp his hedde in a thyng he held it out to bee strieken of.

[Page] 17 Pompeius because he could not, to dy [...] for it,What Pō peiꝰ saied of Ci [...]ero. whose c [...]a [...]t [...]ng he cou [...]d not [...]byde. awaye with y• chattyng and contynual bableyng of Cicero saied many atyme and ofte emōg his familiare frendes, I would w [...]th all my herte yt Cicero would departe from vs to our enemies, to thēde that he might bee afeard of vs. Notyng the nature and facion of thesame, of whiche by mennes reporte he was to his enemies full of crouchyng and lowely submission, & towardes his frendes froward in opinion, [...] of his nature & facion to his e [...]nemies lowly & to his frendes froward. and woondreous self-willed. This saiyng of Pompeius dooeth Quintilian thus reherse, departe from vs to C [...]esar, and then yu wilt bee afeard of me.

18 Thesame Pompeius after that he had had woondreous myssehappe in bataill against Caesar, Pompeius brought to [...]t [...]r despaire. beeyng brought vnto vtter despaire, he came into his pauiliō like vnto a māne vtterly amased or a stonned & spake not one woorde more, but onely this, why then streight into our campe too. And by & by dooyng on hym a wede aunswerable [Page] vnto his presente fortune, he fled awaye secretely.19

The sediciō of Sicilie suppressed and appeased, & the citees whiche had made ye insurreccion or rebellyon peasably & quietely receiued to grace again, onely the Mamertines required to bee heard, allegeyng and recityng certain lawes many yeres afore graunted vnto thē by ye Romains, why (ꝙ Pōpeius) wil ye not surceasse to bryng forth and read lawes vnto vs hauyng your sweordes gyrded about you Signifiyng that in case thei wer disposed to bee ordreed by ye right of ye lawes,Where y• ordre of y• law [...] maye serue, weapen hath no place. thei neded not to weare weapen about theim.

Thesame Pompeius when by lettres 20 frō the Senate to hym directed he had perceiued, all that euer Sylla had by the sweorde vsurped,What Pompeiꝰ said whē all that Sylla had vsurped was by y• cōsente of th [...] people of Roome p [...]t [...] into his ha [...]des. to be by ye whole cōsente, agremēt, and voices of ye vniuersall people cōmitted vnto his power and gouernaūce, [Page] he gaue a greate clappe on his thighe wt his hāde, & saied: oh perill & daungier neuer like to haue ende. How muche better had it been for me, to haue been born a poore mans chyld,Pompeius wished to had been borne a poore mannes [...]ilde. if I shal neuer obtein to retire from the cures of warfare, ne beeyng clerely dispeched of suche mat [...]er and occasiō of enuie as to be myne owne maister, that I maie with my wife lede a quiete life in the countree. Greate power and autoritee,G [...]at power an [...] [...]utoritee w [...] hath not assaied, seketh: who so hath proued, hat [...]th [...] who hath not assaied it, maketh high suite to haue, who so hath proued it, hateth dedly, but to leaue it, is a matier of no small daungie [...] and perill.

21 What Pompeius saied to cer [...]ain persones supposyng that he could not bee hable to beare the maugre of Caesar.Certain persones allegeyng ye thei could not see how he should bee hable to sustein or beare the furour of Caesar, Pompeius wt a merie countenaūce bidde theim to take nomāner thought ne care for that matier. For (saieth he) as sonne as [Page] euer I shall haue geuen but a thumpe wt my foote on ye groūde of Italie,The stoute [...] māly harte of Pompeius. there shall anon come leapyng foorth whole swarmes, of bothe horsemen and footemen till wee crye hoe again. A stoute courage and a veraye mānes herte, if fourtune had been aunswerable in dooyng hir parte. Now if ye haue not yet youre bealye full of this banquet, we shall adde also out of the noumbre of the oratours twoo or three of the principalles and veraye best.

THE SAIYNGES OF PHOCION

Phocion a noble Coūsaillour of Athenes, a manne of high wisedome, singulare prudence, notable policie, moste incorrupted maniers, in cōparable innocencie & integritee of life, meruailous clemencie, most boūteous liberalite & to be shorte a rare myrrour to all Counsaillours. Yet all this not wtstādyng, he was at lēg [...]h through enuie & falsely surmised accusacions, guiltelesse candemned & putte to death by his owne countreemen the Atheniens, and that so cruelly, that not onely he suffreed the accustomed peines of death, but also after the execucion, was cast out into the feldes without sepulture or hauyng so muche as one poore turf of yearth to lye vpon hym. Suche was partely the ingratitude and [Page] partely the madne [...]se of the Atheniens in Phocion, Socrates, Solon, Aristides, & many moo innocen [...]e persones by their whole consente and agreement [...] to persecute moste high vertues in stede of moste haynous offēses, and with moste horrible iniuries to requite benefites.

THen first and foremust [...]hall ye haue Phocion of coūtree a manne of Athenes, but a veraye Lacedemoniā aswell in integritee of ma [...]ers, as also in knittyng vp his tal [...] shortely at fewe woordes.Phocion a m [...]ne of fewe [...] in [...]ellyng his tale. He was euen Socrates vp and down in this poincte and behalf, yt noman euer sawe hym either laugh or wepe,P [...]ociō was n [...]u [...]r s [...]en laugh [...] w [...]e. or chaunge his moode, of so greate constancie of mynde he was.

1 Unto this Phocion sittyng in a greate assemblee of ye people, a certain persone saied in this manier: Phocion ye seme to bee in a greate muse or studie. Right well coniectured of you it is, ꝙ he again: For I am musyng if I maie cut of any parte of the woordes that I haue to saie emong the Atheniens. Other persones take greate care and [Page] studie, to tell their tale at length with all y• maie bee saied,Phocion l [...] boured in fewe worde [...] to comprise y• effecte of his matier. to the ende yt thei maie appere eloquente: but he did all his endeuour and diligence to the contrarie, that is to weete, how to comprise & knette vp in fewe woordes, suche thynges as should directely serue to the effecte and purpose of his matier.

A voice beeyng by reuelacion 2 sent to ye Atheniens, that in thesame their citee one certain māne there was, who euermore cōtraried and again saied the myndes and sentencies of all the vniuersall multitude besides, and the people beeyng in a greate rore willed enquierie and serche to bee made who it was, Phocion discryed hymselfe, saiyng: Euen I am the manne, whom the oracle speaketh of.Phociō like [...] nothyng that the gross [...] and rude multitude either did or saied. For, me onely nothyng pleaseth of al yt euer ye cōmen people either dooeth or saieth. What maye a bodye in this behalf first maruaill at? The herte of [...]his manne beeyng voide of all feare? orels the pietie and compassion of hym in that he would not suffre this suspicion to light on [Page] the necke of one or other innocente persone? orels the singulare wysedome,The multitude of ye people, neither dooē ne saien any thyng right. by whiche h [...] perfectely sawe that ye rude and grosse multitude (forasmuche as thei are led all by affeccions & pangues) neither dooe ne saie any thyng standyng wt good reason or discreciō?

3 On a certain daye Phocion makyng an oraciō in presence of the people of Athenes pleased all parties veraye well. And whē he sawe his tale to bee well allowed and accepted of the whole audiēce, he turned hymself to his frendes [...] & saied:Phociō was [...]ully ꝑsuaded that nothyng procedyng of [...] right iudgemente might please ye people. What, haue I (trowe wee) vnawares spokē, any thyng other wyse then well? So throughly was he perswaded, that nothing might contente or please the grosse people, that proceded of a right iudgemente.

4 When the Atheniens of a course made a gatheryng about of the citezens to contribute eche manne somewhat towardes a sacrifice yt thei prepaired and went about to make,What Phocion saied to certain Atheniens gatheryng money toward a sacrifice. and (other folkes geuyng [Page] their deuocion towardes it) Phociō was more then a doosē tymes spoken to, It would bee a shame for me (ꝙ Phocion) if I should with you make contribucion, and make to this manne here no restitucion, (poinctyng to a creditour of his.) Right many there been that thynken highly well employed all that is bestowed or spent on temples, and on sacrifices, or on fea [...]tyng at churche houses. But this ferre seeyng manne, did the people to vnderstand, that a muche more holy and godly thyng it is,To repa [...] where a ma [...] oweth is an holy & a godly thyng. to rapaie whom to a bodye is endebted: & what is it like that he would now iudge (trowe ye) of those persones, who (their wife and chyldren defrauded) dooen edifie to the vse of menne of the clergie or spiritualtee, palaices meete for kynges, & to maintein the idle loytreyng of thesame, dooen deburse & laie out no small porcion of their substaunce.

To Demosthenes the oratour saiyng,5 the Atheniens will putte the to death one daye o Phociō, if thei shall ons begynne to bee madde, he [Page] aunswered in this manier: Me in dede (as ye saie) if thei shall beegynne to bee madde, but ye, if thei shall come to their right wittes again.Demos [...]enes would speake all for to please, and rat [...]er swete wordes, then [...]olsome. For Demosthenes in opē audience of the people spake in maner all yt euer he did forto please theim, & to obtein fauou [...] & would speake rather sweete woordes, then holsome.

6 When Aristogiton a false accuser and brynger of menne to trouble was now alreadie cōdemned, and in priesō there forto dye, & hertyly praied Phocion to come and see hym & Phocions frēdes would not suffre yt he should goo to suche a vile b [...] die:In priesen is the best place possible where to see cōtinu [...]all & thesame hai [...]ous ma [...]factours. And I praie yo [...] (ꝙ he) in what place should a manne haue better phancie to speake vnto Aristogiton? The argumente of his frendes he did moste fynely wrest to the contrarie of their menyng [...] signifiyng, that he would not goo thither to bee a supporter or bearer of a commen m [...]lefactour, but to take the fruicion of his ius [...]ely deserued calamitee.

[Page]The Atheniens beeyng sore moued 7 with the Byzancians, Byzantiū, a citee of Thr [...] cia nigh to y• se [...]ssyde, firs [...] edified & bu [...] ded by Pan [...]anias Capitain o [...] kyng of the Lacedemoni [...] ̄s, & of [...]erward [...]nlarged by Cō stantinꝰ Emperour of the Roma [...]nes, & made ye hedde citee of al the [...]he empier, & named Constantinopolis whiche name of Constantinoble it obteineth & kepeth yet still vnto this daie, it was also called noua Roma, newe Roome. forthat the same would not receiue one Charetes, whom ye saied Atheniens had sent with an armie for aide and defēse of their citee against Philippus kyng of Macedonie, when Phociō had saied yt there was no cause why to take displeasure with their frendes for hauyng suche mystruste, but rather with the capitaines that wer menne not to bee trusted, he was chosen capitain hymself. And the Byzancians puttyng their affiaunce in hym, he brought to passe that Philippus departed thens as wyse as he came without his purpose. The mystrustfulnesse of the Byzancians he laied on the necke of the Charetes ye capitain, who was suche maner a manne, yt it semed an vnsure thyng for ye saied people to committe theimselfes to his proteccion. To mistrust an vntrustie ꝑsone is a poinct of wysedome:To mystrust [...] an vntrusti [...] persone, is [...] poincte of wysedome. but to putte theimselfes into the handes of Phocion beeyng a manne of [Page] honeste estimacion & credit thei made nomaner stickyng nor no bones at all.

8 Alexander kyng of the Macedonians had sent an hundred talentes vnto Phocion in the waye of a rewarde But Phocion demaunded of theim whiche brought the money, how it happened, that, where there wer Atheniens many moo thē he, Alexander would send suche a rewarde to him alone. The messagiers in this wyse aunsweryng, because he iudgeth the alone emong theim all to bee an honest and a good manne, well (ꝙ Phocion) then leat hym suffre me bothe so to bee reputed,Phociō refused a greate summe of money sent vnto hym in rewarde by Alexander. and also to bee suche an one in deede. How proprely he tooke their reason out of their mouthes, and applied thesame to an occasiō of the refusyng the gifte. Now, what manne maye in this matter any other then meruaill at the synceritee of an herte which could not bee corrupted? Phocion was a manne in pouertee, and yet was he nothing at all moued with the greatenesse of the rewarde.Those persones throu [...]h whose hādes the administraciō of the commēweale dooeth passe bee naught if thei take rewardes. And al vnder one did he notifie, that [Page] suche persones as hauyng the conueighaūce and administracion of the commenweale, dooen yet for all that not hold their handes from takyng rewardes, neither been good menne, nor ought to bee accoumpted for any suche.

Whē Alexander made instaunce 9 to haue certain galies found vnto hym by the Atheniens at their coste and charge, and the people cryed earnestely for Phocion by name to apere,What counsail Phocio [...] gaue to ye Atheniēs, cōsultyng whether thei should send to Alexander any galyes [...]r not. that he might declare what aduise & coūsail he would geue: he arisyng vp out of his place, saied: Then, myne aduise and counsaill is, that either ye suppresse wt weapen suche persones as been of power to ouermatche you & to hold you in subiecciō, orels shewe amitie and frendeship towardes thesame.The stronge [...] must bee obeyed and haue his wille. At fewe woordes he gaue counsaill that nothyng was to bee denyed vnto Alexander on their behalf, onlesse thei had assured truste & confidence, if he would take peper in the nose, or stiere coles, to wryng hym to the wurse with dynte of sweorde. [Page] Wherin if Alexander semed the stronger o [...] bothe,Alexander [...]ould in no wyse a [...]yde to haue any nay in his reque [...]es. that then it was no prouokyng of the young manne beeyng all herte, and one that to dye for it could not abyde to haue any naye in his requestes.

10 There was a brute and rumour noysed (of * whose bryngyng vp noman could tell) that Alexander was deceassed. Anon out sterten y• oratours, exhortyng the Atheniens to make no ferther delaie ne taryaunce, but incontinente with all haste to begynne warre. But Phocion willed theim,What Phocion saied whē the oratours of Athenes gaue thē co [...]as [...] to make warre vpon a rumour of the death of Alexander. not bee ouer hastie vntil some more certain knowlage might bee had. For, (saieth he) if Alexander bee dedde this day, he wilbee dedde the morowe too, & the nexte daye also. He grauely restreigned and staied the heddie vndiscretenesse of the oratours.

[Page]When * Leosthenes had persuaded 11 the citee of Athenes to make warre beeyng sette agog to thynke all ye worlde otemele, & to imagin the recoueryng of an high name of freedome and of principalitee or soueraintee,The woorde [...] of Leosthenes Phociō likened to a cypres tree goodly to see to, but in deede vnfruitefull. Phocion affermed his woordes to bee sembleable vnto cypres trees, y• whiche although thei bee of a greate highthe, and goodly to behold, yet haue no fruite ne goodnesse on theim. Nothyng could possible haue been spoken to better purpose of talke that promiseth many gaye good morowes,Uneth any tree more goodly to beholde afarre of, thē the cypres tree, nor in deede more barren. and maketh ioyly royall waranti [...]e of thynges in wordes, but without any effecte or comyng to passe of deedes, euen sembleably as the cypres tree ‡ shootyng vp into the aier with a toppe of a great highthe, and growyng sharpe with a bushe greate beneth and smal aboue of a trymme facion, semeth a ferre of to make assured waraūtise of some especiall gaye thyng, and yet in deede there is almoste no tree more barren.

[Page] 12 But when ye first begynnyng of thesame warre had happyly fortuned (for as is aboue noted, thei woonn [...] the first felde [...] and vainqu [...]shed the Beocians [...] [...] putte Antipater to [...]light) & the citee for ye [Page] prosperous tydynges therof gaue laude and thankes to the goddes with sacrifice* & high solemnitee, Phociō beeyng demaūded whether he would not with his good wille haue had yesame thynges so dooē,The constācie of Phociō in not repētyng his good coū saill geuen, though the cō trarie happened well and luckely. saied, yes veralye, my wille was neuer other but to haue all executed and dooen euē as it hath been now, but that not withstandyng, I am yet still of this mynde, that I would the other waye had been decreed. Menyng,Thynges vndiscretely purposed, dooen many tymes succede well, but yet ye best wayes are euermore to bee taken. that thynges also without all wy [...]edome or good aduise purposed, haue at many tymes prosperous and luckye happe, and that, as often as thesame dooeth so chaunce, the partes of menne is, to reioyce in the behalf of the commenweale but yet that menne ought not for any suc [...]e respecte or cause,Not ye begynnyng of [...]hynges, but ye last ende must declare whether thesam [...] was well a [...]ēpted or not. not to purpose euermore the best, and take ye best wayes. Yea and par auenture this ranne in Phocions hedde, yt menne ought not euen at the first choppe to putte assured truste and confidence in the luckie chaunces that happen at the first begynnyng of thynges, but that the later ende [Page] of all the whole ma [...]ier must bee it that shal [...] de [...]s [...]e of what sorte the first attemtyng [...] [...]ppo [...]emente of thesame entreprise was.

[Page]When the Read of this in the apophthe [...]m [...] & note next afore goyng. And of ye same matier [...] read in ye xvi [...] apophthegme of this Phocion. Macedonians had by 13 [...]orceable entreaunce broken into the coūtree of Attica, and destroyed the sea costes of thesame round about, Phocion tooke forth with hym a coumpaignie of young menne beeyng in their best luste & age, of whom soondrie persones hastyly approchyng vnto hym, and (like as if thei had been capitains) geuyng hym coūsaill that he should by preuēcion geat to a certain hillocke, that was euen there in sight of the Macedonians, and should in thesame pitche his campe and there sette his footemen:This is ad [...]ded out of Plutarchus in [...]he life of Phocion. other some affermyng to bee best that [...]e should soodainly enui [...]on the saied Macedo [...]ians with his horsemē: and other [...]ome taking [...]pon theim to teache hym to sette vpon his enemies, o [...]e out of one place, an other out of another place, & one this waye, and another yt way, oh god Hercules (ꝙ Phocion) what a mayny of capitaines I see here,Many Capitaines, & few [...] good souldyours, ꝙ Phocion. and good souldyours woondreous fewe. Notyng y• vnaduisednesse [...] [...]ndiscret [...] facion of young folkes, whiche [Page] was so prest to take in hāde to lede & teache the capitain, wheras the duetie and parte of a souldyour is not to bee a bu [...]sie geuer of counsaill,The due [...]ie and parte of a good souldyour. but when ye case requireth, lustyly to bes [...]ere hym about his buisynesse. Yet neuerthelesse battaill ioyned, he woonne the victorie, and ouercame Nicion the capitain of the Macedonians. But ere long tyme after, the Athenieus beeyng clene ouercomed and subdued, wer driuen to take a garri [...]on of Antipater to bee ouer theim i [...] the castle of their ci [...]ee.The Atheniens in conclusion ouercomed by Antipater & kepte by his garri [...]on.

14 When Menyllus the capitain of the garrison,Memyllꝰ [...] pita [...] of An [...]ter his [...]rrison in Athenes. would (for loue and good wille) haue geuē Phocion money, Phocion takyng greate indignaciō and foule skorne at ye mater, saied yt neither he the said Menyllus was better manne then Alexāder, Phociō refused to take [...]oney of Me [...]yllꝰ his gift. and y• cause to take any rewarde or gifte of money now was wurse then at that tyme when he refused to take money sēt vnto hym by Alexander. This is touched afore in ye .viii. apoph. O an herte that could not bee coniured ne bought with money.

15 Antipater would many tymes [Page] saie, yt wheras he had twoo frēdes in Athenes, he could neuer in all his liue perswade Phocion to take any money or other thyng of his gifte,Ant [...]pater could neuer ꝑsuade Phociō to take any money, nor fill Demades with geuyng. nor neuer fille Demades wt geuyng. Thissame was Demades the oratour who was excellente & passyng good in makyng an oracion or settyng out of a tal [...] wt out any studie or vnprouided,Demades had no feloe ī makyng an oracion without studie, wheras Demostenes penned al his matiers afore. wher as Demosthenes made none oracions but diligentely penned afore.

Unto Antipater requiryng hym to dooe for hys sake some thyng 16 whatsoeuer it was not standyng with iustice, he saied:How Phociō made aūswer to Antipater requiryng hī to dooe a certaine thyng contrarie to iustice. O Antipater thou cannest not haue of Phocion a frende & a flaterer bothe to gether. A frende is at cōmaundemente so ferre as conscience and honestee will suffre, and no ferther. For in dede one frende ought in no wyse to require of an other frēde a thyng that is vniust.One frende ought not to require any vni [...]ste thyng of another. But as for a flaterer, he is a readie and a seruiceable paige for what soeuer a bodye will haue hym dooe.

When the people of Athenes wer 17 ymportune yt Phocion should take [Page] an armie with hym into Beotia, For ferther declaracion herof reade y• annotacion of the .xi. apophthegme of this Phocion. and Phocion iudged in his mynde that so dooyng would bee nothyng for the profite of the commēweale, he made a proclamacion, yt as many as wer in the citee betwene sixteen yeres of age and sixtie should bee in a readynesse and come folowe hym. The aged mēne in this case cryyng out against hym, and allegeyng for their excuse yt thei wer ympotēt and feble for age, why (ꝙ Phocion) there is none vnresonable thyng conteined in my proclamaciō,How Phociō staied the Atheniens beeyng in a sodain pangue [...]o continue wa [...] wt the Beo [...]ian [...]. sens that I myself dooe make readie to goo foorth wt theim as their capitain beeyng .lxxx. yeres of age. By this subtile meanes he appeaced & cooled ye soodain heate of ye cōmens.

18 After the death of Antipater, the commenweale of the Atheniens beeyng come again to suche state yt the people‡ rewled, and wer euery manne like maister, Phociō was at a commen assemblee condemned [Page] to dye.Phocion beeyng innocēte condemned to death by the people of Athenes. And so it was, yt his other ☞ frendes whiche had been condemned to death together with hym at thesame tyme, went pieteously wepyng and makyng lamē tacion when thei wer led to priesō but Phocion went as still as a lābe not speakyng a woorde. But one of his enemies meetynge wt hym in the streete, after manie despiteous and raillyng woordes, spette in his face. Then Phocion lookyng backe vpon the officers, saied:The pacience of Phocion. will nomā chastice this feloe here vncomely demeanyng hymself? This moste vertuous and godly māne euen when there was with hym none other waye but death,Phociō whē he was ca [...]e to dye yet had care of good ordre to bee kept in the citee. had care of ye publique good ordre to bee kept. He made no complainte of that so haynous a touche of vilanie, neither did he require auengemente against y• partie who contrarie to ye lawes was eagre to shewe crueltee vnto a cast māne: he onely willed the eiuill exaumple, yt was contrarie to good manier & behaueour to bee repressed: and to that horrible cruell dede he gaue no wurse name but vncomely demeanure [...]

[Page] 19 Of those persones whiche wer to suffre death with Phocion, How Phociō coumforted Thudippus beeyng out of pac [...]nce whē he should dye. one manne especially emong all the others, beeyng woondrefull ympacient bewailled his missehappe whō Phocion coumforted after this [Page] sorte: Is it not enough for the O Euippus, (or as some readen Thudippus) to dye in cumpaignie wt Phociō Phociō was dooen to death, not onely beeyng wtout gilt but also beeyng one yt had dooen highly well for the commenweale.It maye bee a coumforte for an innocente wrōgfully to suffre with innocentes. It ought therefore to haue been estemed a greate coumforte and reioycyng for the partie beeyng innocente, wrongfully to bee putte to death with suche an innocente and good manne as Phocion was.

At his last houre, when ye bruage 20 of wyne and the iuice of hemlocke tempreed together was brought vnto hym,Of y• maner of puttyng cō dēned ꝑsones to death in Athenes, reade afore in ye annotacion of y• liiii. apoph. of Socrates. one demaunded of hym whether he wer disposed anythyng to saie vnto his soonne, (for thesame was there present: (Dere soonne (ꝙ Phocion) I bothe streightely charge and commaunde the,What Phocion saied to his soonne at the houre of his death. and also right hertyly desire and praie the, neuer to beare towardes the Atheniens any grutche or malice for ye remēbreaunce of this matier. To other persones when thei suffre execucion the chief coumforte, that thei commenly [Page] haue, is the hope of their death to be [...] afterward auenged:The [...]nti [...]ele & affecciō of Phocio [...] ̄ toward his coū tr [...]e. but Phociō did all that in hym laie to prouide that ye soonne should not reuenge ye wrongfull murdreyng of his own father, and was more desireous that ye same should beare tendre zele & affeccion toward his countree, then toward his parēte.

21 Unto Nicocles makyng instaunt requeste for licēce to suppe of his parte of the poyson before y• Phociō should, well (ꝙ Phociō) though this bee an harde thyng to obtein and muche against my stomake,Phociō loued and fauoured Nicocles singu [...]arly well. yet must it nedes bee graunted vnto yt manne whō I neuer saied naye of any thyng in all my life tyme. Phocion had euermore borne singuler loue & affecciō towardes Nicocles the mos [...] feithful and truest herted manne emong al the frendes he had,Nicocles the moste trustie frende that Phociō had. and for y• cōsideracion it would haue been a greate greef to y• herte of Nicocles to see the other passyng out of this worlde. Whiche greef to auoid, he desired to drynke first hymself. And in this thyng also did Phocion shewe pleasure to his frende.

22 When all ye cast menne sauyng [Page] he alone had droonken,The price of an ounce of Hemlocke iuice in Athenes. and onely Phocion was remainyng vnserued (by reason that y• poison had been all consumed by the others) the hangmā saied plainly and swore yt he would not serue hym except there wer laied down in his hande twelf good drachmes (litle vnder [...].s. sterlyng,) for an ounce of hemlocke iuice (he saied) would coste not a ferthing lesse. Phociō therfore to thēde that his death might not bee delaied or slacked through ye feloes brableyng,What Phociō saied whē the hangman would not ministre the p [...]ison vnto him without m [...] ney. to one of his frendes purposely called, spake thus. Forasmuche as it is so (saied he) yt in ye citee of Athenes a māne cannot dye neither, but he must paie for it, I beseche you hertyly, paie ye hangman here his askyng.

When Demosthenes was buisie 23 castyng out many blouddie woordes against Alexander beeyng now [Page] at ye veraye poincte to wynne and entre ye citee of Thebes, Phocion tooke hym vp with this greke verse of Homere, How Phociō rebuked Demostenes ca [...]tyng foorth many [...]ailling woordes a [...]a [...] Alexāder [...] out of the first booke of the werke entitleed Odyssea.

[...]:

O weked creature, what phansie hast thou,

Suche a [...]oure feloe, to prouoke now?

THE SAIYNGES OF MARCVS TVLLIVS CICERO.

Of Marcus Tullius Cicero to speake as his worthinesse requireth, w [...]r to write an infinite volume couched & replenished wt whole [...]eapes of laudes & praises [...] But for this presēt pu [...] pose & place it shalbe enough to saie, y• he lyneally de [...]cēded from the hous of Tullius an annciente [...]yng of the Uolsces. But (as the worlde and all thynges are full of chaunges) so in long processe of yeres the ioylit [...]e of that bloudde and name fell to d [...]c [...]ye and to ignobilitee. Albeit euē in the tyme of Cicero the Tullies remained in the degre and acceptacion of gentlemen, and Cicero euen at his first comyng to Rome enioyed th [...] degree of a gentleman [...] and lyke as he was vnder the estate of the Senatours [...]hiche we [...] lordes, so was he aboue the condicion and degre [Page] of the yeomanrie or comenaltie, his father was called Tullius, a manne of no greate name ne porte, his mothers name Olbia a riche woman. He was born in a toune of ye Uolsces called Arpinū [...] (free of Roome to enioye all mani [...]r fraū chesses, libertees, priuileges, and offices in thesame). Neuerthelesse al suche persones as neuer had their parentes dw [...]llyng in Roome, ne bea [...]yng any magistrate or office there, wer called, no [...] homines, newe men, that is to saie come of straungi [...]rs and menne vnknowen to beare autoritee and rewle in the citee. Tullius was at last the father of all eloquence, a greate writer of bookes in all kyndes, and a manne (as Pli [...]ius of hym saiyth for witte and eloquence out of all comparison, he gotte vp by litle and litle to beare offices in Roome euen to the veraye [...]onsulship, and that wi [...]h as muche honour, a [...] torit [...]e, glorie, and renoume as euer manne did, in somuche that he was y• first yt euer was called in Roome, parens patriae, the [...]ather of his [...]ountree, that is to saie, the onely sauer & kepe [...] of th [...] countree. Neuerthelesse, was he at lengt [...] banyshed & his hous in despite, beatē & throwen down to the hard grounde, but at last he was fette home again of their owne accorde and receiued wt suche honour as ne [...]er was any māne there before or sens, and had a newe hous builded for hym at the charges of the citee twys s [...] good & double so faire, as his owne was afore. In fine he was by the permission & suffreaunce of Augustus Caesar with all vilanie possible [...]lain at the cōmaundement of Marcus Antoniꝰ his enemie, who caused his right hande with whiche he had writen to bee strieken of, and his [...]oung to bee cut out of his hedde with whiche [Page] he had made many noble oraci [...]s before the Se [...]nate and p [...]ople of Roome. And after that the saied Antonius had [...]had his hedde presented i [...] a dyshe at his table, and had [...]aciated his most [...] [...]r [...]ell yies with the contemplacion of it, he caused thesame for extreme contumelie and despite to bee nailled vp in the place that was called [...]ostra, where Tullius had before that tyme pro [...]ounced many a sore inuectiue against hym.

1 MArcus Tullius, Ma [...]cꝰ Tullius muche ie [...]ted at for the surname of Cicero. (forasmuche as he was muche tested on for the surname of * Cicero) beeyng warned by his frendes to choose and take vnto hym some other surname,What Tulliꝰ saied whē his frēdes ad [...]ised hym to take some other surname in stede of Cicero. aunswered that he would ere he dyed make the name of Cicero more noble and famous, then was the name either of the ☞ Catons, or of the ‡ Catules, orels of the ✚ Scaures, For these houses wer of especiall fame and renoume emong the Romaines,The houses of the Catōs Catules & the Scaures wer of greate renoume in Roome. wheras Tullius was a manne but newly come to Roome and as yet vnknowen there. And as for the surname was a readie thyng to bee tested at, because it appered [Page] to haue been deriued of the moste vile Poultz called cicer. Yea iwysse, as though the familie of those Romaines whiche were called Fabii,The surnames of those whiche were called fabii [...] Lentuli, wher of thei came vp. s [...]med not to haue had that surname first of Benes (whiche are in latine called, Fabae) & thei that wer called Lentuli, to haue been surnamed of another Poultz whiche the latine menne dooen call, Lentem But to this present purpose, of slendre nobilitee and renoume is that manne,Of slēdre nobilitee is that manne, who hath nothyng but the petigree of his aunces [...]ours & his surname. whiche hath none other poincte of nobilitee in hym besides the lineal descent of his auncestours and his surname. The moste honourable kynde of nobilitee is yt whiche euery manne dooeth purchace to hymself by his own propre vertues and good qualitees.The moste laudable no [...]bilitee is that whiche euery manne achiueth by his owne propre vertues. Neither proued Marcus Tullius a false manne of his woorde, for ye name of Cicero is at this presente daye more commen in eche mannes mouthe, then are thre hundred suche as the Catules, and ye Scaures with all their garlandes, their images of honour and their petigrees. [Page] [Page]

[Page] 2 When he offreed a siluer bolle to the goddes,Marcus Tulliꝰ would not forsake ye sur [...]ame of Cicero. he had his * forename, and his name stamped and sette out in plain lettres, but for his surname, Cicero, he engraued the figure and proporcion of a cicer. Not shrynkyng an ynche for the interpretacion of capcious bourders.

[Page]Suche oratours or aduocates 3 [...]s in vttreyng their matier, or in makyng their plea dooen vse to crye out as if thei wer in a mylne or in a roode lofte, Cicero auouched to bee sembleable vnto lame creples,Clamouro [...]s and brallyng oratours Cicero likened vnto lame creples. for yt suche manier oratours sembleably had al their refuge vnto suche clamourous, yallyng, as lame bodyes to their horses. Yea & euē at this presēt daie, a rief thyng it is to see feloes enough of the self same suite, which as oftē as thei see theim selfes to haue the wurse ende of the staffe in their cause, dooen make their recourse wholly vnto furious brallyng, to the ende that where thei are not of facultee and cunnyng with good argumentes and profoūde reasons to make their mat [...]er good, thei maye wt malaperte facyng and with feare, by hooke or crooke drieue it to their purpose.

Whē * Verres, who had a soonne 4 [...]iciously myspendyng the floure of his youth railled on Cicero vnder the name of a synneful abuser of his body in abominacion,How Cicero [...]aun [...]ed Uerr [...]s laiyng to his charge vnchast liuyng. thou [Page] art ignoraunt (ꝙ Cicero) yt a māne ought to chyde his children secretely within doores. Signifiyng that woorde of reproche not to take place in hym, but in the soonne of the faulte fynder or quereler. And in deede to parentes it apperteineth to blame or chyde their children,Parentes ought to rebuke the [...]r children secretely within their houses. but yet not wtout the circuite of their owne houses, neither ought thesame woordes of rebuke to bee notified foorth of doores. But that persone dooeth no lesse then publyshe it abrode, who laieth to others abrode, that thyng whiche his children dooe perpetrat [...] at home in his owne hous.

5 Unto Metellus laiyng to ye charge of Cicero, that yesame had been the death of mo persones by geuyng euidence against theim, then euer [Page] he had saued by pleadyng for thē,How Cicero aunswered Metellus laiyng to his charge yt he had been the death of mo menne by his euidence geuyng, then he had saued by pleadyng for theim. yea marie (ꝙ Cicero) for I haue in me more trueth of my woorde in bearyng witnesse, then I haue of eloquence to persuade. With a meruaillous wittie braine did he wrest the other parties worde of reproche to his own laude and praise. For in a geuer of euidence truth is to bee regarded, in an aduocate or attourney, eloquence it is that dooeth moste auaile.

Eftsons to thesame Metellus demaundyng 6 of Cicero who was his father (as castyng hym in ye teethe with the bassenes of his birth) he said:How Cicero aunswered Metellus demaundynge, who was his father. thy mother is in the cause yt a right hard thyng it is to make a directe aunswer vnto this questiō of thyne.It is afore noted that ye father of Cicero was o [...] no name. For the mother of Metellus had a name that she was no veray good wooman of hir bodye.The mother of Metellus vnchast of hir bodye. Yea and Metellus hymself beeyng of his mothers condicions was veraye Metellus was so shuttlebrained that euen in the middes of his tribuneship he left his office in Roome, and sailled to Pō peius into Syria, and by then he had been with hym a whyle, [...]ame flyngyng home to Roome again as wyse as a capon. light and mutable, and one yt could none other but folowe euery soodain guerie or pangue that shotte in his braine.Metellꝰ light and incōstāt. Cicero chaunged the contumelie from the [Page] father to the mother. For then is the father vncertain to bee knowen, when the mother kepeth not hirself to one sole manne.

7 When the same Metellus after the deceasse of Diodorus Diodorus alias Diodorꝰ maister vnto Metellus in rhetorike. (whom he had to his maister in rhetorike) had sette for a memorial vpon the toumbe of yesame a crowe of stone Cicero saied:What Cicero saied when Metellꝰ had sette vpō the toūbe of Diodorꝰ a crowe of stone. Truly he is rewarded accordyng to his desertes. For he hath taught Metellus to flygh and not to make oracions. Notyng the lightenesse and inconstauncie of Metellus. The crowe is a byrde that hathe none other musike, nor can none other songe ne tune but ka, ka. Plutarchus calleth ye Rhetorician Philagres, and saieth that the toumbe was of marble, and that Metellus caused the crowe to be grauen in the marble stone, whiche thyng in deede is the more likely.

8 Marcus [...]Tullius had heard saie that Vatinius (a mortall foo of his, and besides that of hymself) a persone [Page] ful of myschief) was dedde,What Cicero saied whē one had tolde newes yt Uatinius was dedde, and afterward the thyng was found otherwyse. shortly after when he had heard contrary woorde again, that thesame was aliue and merie: eiuill chieuyng come to hym (saied Tullius) that eiuill lyed. Signifiyng that Uatinius was vnwoorthie any lōger to liue. In deede euery lye is eiuill, but this lye was double [...]iuill, because it had brought honeste menne into a fooles paradise. Yet neuerthelesse the saiyng was doubtefull, as the whiche might haue been spoken of suche a persone also, whom a bodye would not wt his good wille haue had dedde. As if some light feloe shuld bryng vs newes that some one of our kynne, or of our dere frendes, or some learned manne wer departed this world, and thesame newes wer afterward found vntrue, we might and would geue hym Christes curse that had made suche an eiuill lye to putte vs in discoumforte and heauinesse And in this poincte of speakyng, ambiguously resteth the wittynesse of the apophthegme

When Marcus Tullius was makyng 9 an oraciō on a tyme,Plutarchus nameth this māne Octa [...]ius & a certain, persone supposed of al mēne to bee born in Lybia spake in this manier, I heare not this tale (menyng by thesame woordes, that he [Page] did no poincte lyke ye matier whiche the oratour treacted of.The vse in Lybia was to haue their eares bored full of holes for to hang rynges and precious stones therat.) And yet (ꝙ Cicero) ye haue holes plentieth in your eares. For y• nacion of a custome had their eares bored full of holes, to hang therat rynges & precious stones, whyche wee now of daies dooe weare about our necke, or on our fyngers. And how suche holes are made, Celsus dooeth teache.

10 One Caius Popilius (who would in any wyse seme to bee an experte lawier,Now Cicero mo [...]hed one Popiliꝰ bea [...]yng the coū tenaunce of a good lawier wheras in deede he had no sight in it Albe [...]it Plutarchus, in y• life of Cicero nameth this manne Cotta in the apophth [...]gmes. C. Popilius. wheras in deede he was but a boungleer and a veraye asse in knowelage of the lawe) beeyng on a tyme called foorth to geue euidēce in a certain matier of trauerse, aunswered, y• he knewe nothyng in the matier, nor nothyng could saie. Yea (ꝙ Cicero) ye thynk perchaunce yt ye are now asked a questiō of some poincte of ye lawe.

11 Hortensius the oratour had receiued of Verres an image of Sphinx all of clene siluer in parte of a rewarde [Page] to defēd his cause against Cicero (at what tyme he was accused as aforesaied).Plutarchꝰ in the life of Cicero saieth, y• this Sphinx was all of clene Iuerie. And when thesame Hortensius vpō a certain poincte somewhat coulourably aferre of and mystically vttreed by Cicero, had thus saied: I haue not learned to soyle no riedles I, he saied again:He maye wel [...]oyle riedles (saieth Tullius) y• hathe Sphinx dwellyng at home in his house with hym. And yet hast yu Sphinx dwellyng at home in thy hous with ye. The fable of ye monstre Sphinx is well knowen, whiche wt condicions of prices & rewardes did putte foorth riedles to menne,Of this read afore at large in y• .l. apophthegme of Diogenes. and of suche persones as could not soile theim the rewarde was death.

When he mette one Voconius by 12 chaunce in ye strete with his three doughters beeyng notable foule & eiuill fauoured beastes,What Cicero saied whē he mette one Uoconiꝰ and his three foule doughters. he recited to his frendes softely this litle verse of greke.

[...].

In the dispite of Phebus clene,

This feloe begotte his children.

Menyng, that Uoconius of likelihood [Page] went about the gettyng of children vtterly against the wille,Children begotten towardes the soōne arisyng are cōceiued more perfecte of lymme, shape and fauour. mynde and disposicion of Apollo: either because Apollo is of y• poetes feigned to bee amiable & all full of beautie, orels for yt the folkes thynken childrē begottē towardes ye soonne arisyng to bee conceiued more perfecte of fourme, shape, lymme & fauour. Orels forthat Cicero thought in his merie cōceipte, y• forasmuche as accordyng to the prouerbe,The soonne seeth all thynge [...] saieth th [...] prouerbe. Sol omnia uidet ac reuelat the soonne seeth all thynges and disouereth all thynges, & bryngeth all to lighte, excepte Phebus (whiche is ye soōne) had oughed Uoconius a shame, he would neuer haue suffreed hym to begette suche foule babies & oule faced doudes as all the worlde should afterward woondre at.

13 At what tyme Faustus Sylla (the sonne of Sylla the dictatour) for to discharge the greate debte that he was in, had made an inuentorie of all his mouables to sette foorth ye same to sale: yea marie (ꝙ Cicero) this proscripcion I dooe muche better allow, then the proscripcion that your father vsed to make. He made a mery ieste of ye double significaciō of this worde, proscripciō.Of y• double significacion of this worde proscribere, it is afore declare [...]. For thynges are saied proprely in latine, proscribi, [Page] which are at an opē preisyng sette to out vēt or sale, and menne also are saied in latine,Of Sylla it is largely noted afore in soōdrie apophthegmes of Iulius Caesar & of Pō peius. proscribi, that are proclaimed traitours to bee slain of any manne y• will dooe it where soeuer thei bee found, after whiche cruell forme and sorte Lucius Cornelius Sylla ye father had proscribed no small noūbre of ye citezēs of Roome in y• tyme of his dictature.

Pompeius & Caesar beeyng fallen at 14 debate & variaūce, Cice saied whō to eschewe I knowe veraye well,What Cicero saied, whē Caesar & Pō peius wer fallen at strife. but whom to ensue I cannot tell. Menyng that bothe the saied parties tooke the sweorde in hāde,Of the variaūce betwene Iul. Caes. & Pompeius it is afore mencioned ī their apophtegmes not for ye libertiee or fredome of ye commenweale, but whether of theim twoo should haue the soueraintee.

He found a greate faulte with Pompeius, Cicero blamed Pomp [...] ius for departyng awaye out of Rome. for yt thesame had abandoned the citee and had in that his 15 dooyng folowed ☞ Themistocles rather then Pericles, seeyng that the cases of Themistocles & Pompeius wer nothyng like at all, and the cases of Pericles & Pompeius muche what of a rate in all behalfes. For Themistocles [Page] fledde vnto ye Persians, & Pericles remained still resyaunt in Athenes.

16 Whē he was come to Pompeius, and repented his foly of comyng, beeyng asked the question where he had left Piso his soonne in lawe:What Cicero saied to Pompeiꝰ demaundyng where he had left Piso his sonne in lawe mary (ꝙ he) wt your father in lawe. Speakyng by Iulyus Caesar. Cicero euen like as though he had had halfe a rubuke, [Page] for that he had separated and deuided hymself from Piso, who had marryed his doughter,Piso marryed y• doughter of Cicero, & tooke part wt Caesar. Pō peiꝰ had marryed y• doughter of Caesar & yet warred against hym. gaue Pompeius again taunte pour taūte, for yt yesame kept warre against his owne father in, lawe whose doughter he had marryed.

Whē a certain persone hauyng 17 renne awaye from Caesar to Pompeius saied, yt for greate desire to make haste, he had left his horse behynd hym in Caesars campe, marie (ꝙ Cicero) thē hast thou dooen better by thy horse, then by thy self. Estemyng yt ye feloe should haue dooen muche better, if hymself had taryed still wt Cesar too.

To a feloe bryngyng tydynges 18 that Caesars frendes wer all sadde and in their dumpes.Plutarchus saieth yt one Lentulꝰ tol [...] these newes. That is euē as muche (ꝙ Cicero) as to saie, that thei thynk a mischief on hym. He mocked the flateryng brynger of newes, as though Caesars mennes hertes wer in their heles, and thei sore afeard of Pompeius.

After the battaill foughten in 19 Pharsalia when Pompeius was fledde, [Page] one Nonius saied,Of this battaill is aboue mēcioned in ye saiynges of Ca [...]sar and Pompeius. yt there wer seuen eagles yet left, & therefore encouraged ye souldyours to bee of good chere, and to take their hertes to theim. Thy cheeryng wer veray good O Nonius, What Cicero saied whē one Nonius would with seuen [...]egles crye a newe feld a [...]ainst Caesar at Phatsalium. (saied Cicero) if our warre should bee against Iaies. But Nonius, whē he saied eagles, spak [...] of ye [...]omaines baners or stādardes which had euermore the picture of an eagle displaied on theim. The menyng of Cicero was yt for their seuen eagles, Caesar who had alreadie vanquyshed theim, and a [...]ains [...] whem thei had to fight the n [...]we felde, had tenne, and yt he had in his armie no dastardes but experte souldyours, yea & better menne of their handes then Pompeius had any. In deede a iaie is nothyng in the talauntes of an eagle, but an eagle to an eagle is a full matche, tenne eagles to seuē is an ouermatche.

20 Whē Caesar beeyng lorde of all had with muche honour sette vp in their places again,What Cicero saied whē Caesar sette vp again the images of Pompeiꝰ in their places. the images of Pompeius whiche some bodye had in despight cast down, Cicero saied Caesar whyle he restoreth ye images of Pompeius to their olde places, [Page] dooeth sette vp and stablyshe his owne sure for euer. Dooyng to weete, that Caesar did not thesame for any fauour yt his herte did beare toward Pompeius, but to ye ende that by the coulourable sembleaūce of mercifulnesse, hymself might purchace fauour emong the citezens, and by suche meanes might establyshe his owne reigne and dominacion y• longer to endure.

So carefull was Marcus Tullius 21 to tell his tale after a good & perfecte sorte, and would bestowe so thoughtful study on such a matier yt no woord might bee placed out of square,The carefulnesse of Marcus Tulliꝰ [...] studie that no woorde in his oraciō might bee amysse or out of frame. yt where he had an oraciō to make before ye benche of iudges whiche wer called ‡ Centumuiri, and the daie was come euen at hande, he made free one Erote a bondeman of his for onely bryngyng hym tydynges that the sittyng was adiourned and putte of one daie ferther thē had been appoincted at ye first.Eros a bondeman of Cicero, vpō what cause he was made free. This historie also hath some bodye putte in emōges the apophthegmes, wheras in deede it is none. And yet (as I haue afore [Page] noted any facte or exaumple that maye bee to vs anhoneste lesson or instruccion (thouh it contein no woorde at all) maye woorthely bee estemed to haue the strength name and place of an [...] apophthegme. And suche good exaumple [...] dooeth not Plutarchus refuse ne abhorre to putte in emong his apophthegmes, as namely this presente historie of Cicero his facion. And would Christe our grene prechers now of daie [...] whiche haue neither shame ne feare to steppe in to pulpites ere thei can well construe ye gospel [...] or epistle whiche thei boldely take vpon thei [...] to preache, wer of Cicero his modestie and care [...]fulnesse in this behalf.

22 At his arriuall into the campe of Pompeius vnto suche as saied, ah Cicero, ye are come tardie. No neuer a whitte tardie (ꝙ he again) for I see nothyng here yet in a readynesse. He alluded to suche as come late to a dyner or supper. The myrth of the saiyng to come tardie, is grounded vpon the [Page] [...]ouble menyng of ye woorde, tardie, for thei come tardie that come late to ye begynnyng, and thei come tardie, that come when all is past and dooen.

When Pompeius had admitted a 23 certain galle free citezē of Roome,How Cicero taunted Pō peius for makyng a Galle free citezen of Roome. because yesame had forsaken Caesar for to come & to bee on his syde, A gaye feloe in deede (ꝙ Cicero) to promise aliens the citee of other menne, wheras he is not hable to restore vnto vs our propre owne.

After ye victorie and conqueste 24 of Caesar, Cicero beeyng asked the questiō,How Cicero was beguiled to leaue Caesar and cleu [...] to Pōpeius. how he had so ferre missed the cushyn in chosyng of partes, saied: In feith ye gyrdyng of their gounes deceiued me.Caesar went in his goune wantōly gir [...] about hym. Menyng hymself neuer to had trusted that ye victorie would haue gon on suche a nyce & effeminate persones syde.With what wordes Sylla would oftē tymes, warn [...] Pompeiꝰ to beware of Caesar. For Caesar vsed to goo after suche sorte girded in his goune that he would goo (euen as wanton or volupteous feloes dooen) traillyng after hym the skyrtes of his goune all pounced in cuttes and [...]agges. Wherefore Sylla would many a [Page] tyme and ofte geue Pompeius warnyng t [...] beware of the boye yt went so lewdely girte.

25 Thesame Cicero beeyng at supper with one Damasippus, when the maister of the feaste had sette vpō the table wyne that was but easie and soso, & myndyng to praise thesame vnto his geastes of the oldenesse of it, saied, Maisters drynke ye well of this wyne, for it is fowertie yeres olde:How Cicero aūswered one Damasippus praisyng his wyne of fowerti [...] yeres [...]lde. By my feith (ꝙ Cicero) it beareth ye age right well. After suche fourme of woordes dooe we vse to speake of a manne, whose beautie and strēgth age dooeth not veraye muche abat [...] nor breake. But it was a fonde thyng sēbleably to cōmend wyne for beeyng toto olde. This wyne was called vinum falernum,The wyne fa [...]ernum. of Falernus an hille in Campania wh [...]r it was made. This wyne falernum (saieth Plinius) was estemed emong all wynes y• secoūde in dignitee. Thesame neither beeyng veraye newe no [...] on the othersyde veraye olde was thought holsome for amannes bodye,The wyne fal [...]rnū if it bee either to new or to olde, is not holsome for mannes bodye. but beeyng of a meane age (whiche meane age begynneth frō .xv. yeres, and so vpward vntill it bee sowre, as I thynk Damasippus his wyne was) & then it is it oue [...] olde, so that when Cicero affermed it to beare it age well, he mened that it was sterk soure, and that the sourenesse declare [...] it to bee ouer olde [Page] though Damasippus had saied neuer a woorde. [...]nd where in a manne to beare his age fair is [...]n high grace,Wyne of .ii. hūdred yeres olde Pl. l. xiiii.C.iiii. so wyne to beare the age well (by [...]n ironie) signifieth thesame to bee soure & sterk naught. Albeeit Plinius maketh mencion of wynes of twoo hundred yeres olde.

Whē he sawe on a tyme Lentulus 26 his doughters housband,When Piso was ded, Cicero marryed his doughter to Lentulus. beeyng a manne of a veraye lowe stature girt wt a veraye long sweorde by his syde, he saied: who hath tyed my soonne in lawe to a sweorde?Who hath tyed my sōne in lawe to [...] sweorde, ꝙ Cicero. For the manne semed to bee bound to the sweorde, & not the sweorde to the māne.

When he had espyed in the prouince of Asia (where his brother 27 Quintus Cicero had before that tyme been gouernour,Quintꝰ Cicero the brother of Marcus Cicero.) the image of the same Quintus made with his terguette (as y• facion then was) frō ye middle vpward,The one half of my brother is more the [...] all his whole bodye saied Cicero. muche greater then the veraye true proporciō of his bodye was in deede, whough (saieth he) half my brothers bodye is more thē the whole.Quintꝰ Cicero a litle man of statu [...]. For the said Quintus was but a litle preatie bodye [Page] of stature.

28 Where Tullia the doughter of Cicero went with a more stieryng and fast passe thē was comely for a woman,How Cicero with one saiyng rebuked his doughter for gooyng to fast, and Piso forgooyng [...]o softe. & cōtrarie wyse Piso his soonne in lawe with a more slowe & still passe then besemed a manne to dooe, he rebuked theim bothe at ons wt one saiyng, when he spake to his doughter in this manier, hir housbāde Piso beeyng presēt: for shame vse in your gooyng suche a passe as your housbāde dooeth.

29 Upon Vatinius (who was Consull but a veraye shorte tyme) he iested in this wyse.Whyle Uatinius was cō sul, ther was neither wynter, ne s [...]ryngtyme, ne soomer [...] ne harueste. In the yere of Vatinius there befell a greate woōdre, that whyle he was Consul, there was no wynter, ne spryngtyme, no soomer ne harueste. For by these fower seasons ye whole yere is deuided,P [...]llio wrote chronicles in [...]. of whiche seasons euery one conteineth ye complete terme of three monethes. I cannot certainly tell whether this bee not thesame thyng ye Pollio otherwyse reherseth in the chronicle of [Page] Marinus the tyranne,In the tyme of one consul no manne dyned, supped ne slept. Canini [...]s Reuilus was cō sul, no more but sixe houres. Read the xxxi. apoph. where he saieth thus The Cōsul yt had been Consul no more but [...]ixe houres begynnyng about yt middes of the daye was eiuill araied with Cicero his iestyng. Wee haue had a Consul (saieth he) of suche seueritee, & so rigourous, yt duryng his office, noman made so muche as one dyner, nomā ones supped, nomā slept a wynke. Except percase this historie seme rather to pertein to Caninius Reuilus.

Eftsones to Vatinius makyng a 30 querele that Cicero had disdeigned to come and visite hym whyle he laie sicke of y• goute and could not stiere:Of Uatinius beeyng diseased of the goute it is aforemēcioned in the .xxix. apophthegme of Augustus Caesar. For south (ꝙ Cicero) I was mynded and on my waye to come to you in your consulship, but the night tooke me (ere I could reache to your hous.) This might well seme a repaiyng home again of a mocke. For Vatinius afore yt tyme vnto Cicero gloriyng and bragguyng that ye cō menweale had called hym home again from banyshemente,How Uatinius mocked Cicero gloryyng of his reuocacion from banyshemente. & had brought hī home again on their shulders, had geuē a curst mocke [Page] saiyng: how thē hast thou come by the swellyng or broken veines in thy legges? For ye maladie of swellyng or broken veines (whiche is in latine called Varices) are woont to fall in y• legge [...] not of persones sittyng at their ease, but of mē lōg stādyng orels trauillyng on ye waye.

31 Caninius Reuilus was Consul no more but onely one daie.Caniniꝰ Reuilus was cō sull no more but one daye. This Caninius whē he had gon vp into the place called Rostra Of Rostra is afore noted. (where oracions wer made to the people) he in one houre bothe entreed ye dignitee of Consulship,Reuilꝰ in one houre entreed y• dignitee of cōsulship and cōmitted per [...]urie. & also committed periurie, on whom gooeth about this saiyng of Cicero, Caninius ye Consul is [...]: yt is, a wel aduised speaker. On yesame Caninius he cast out this saiyng too,The recordes wer serched, saied Cicero: in the tyme of which cōsuls Reuilus was consul. Reuilus hath had this one chaunce aboue all other menne yt the recordes wer serched in the tyme of whiche Consuls he was Consul. For the noumbre of the yeres was woonte in Roome to bee rekened and sette out by ye names of ye Consuls. [Page] (as here in Englande wee rekē the tyme by ye yeres of eche kynges reigne.The yeares wer rekened in Roome by the names of the consuls.) But now Reuilus for his parte bothe was Consul, and yet had neuer a yere at all to reken by. And this saiyng also had Cicero on yesame Caninius. Wee haue a good vigilaunt Consul as y• whiche neuer slept one wynke duryng the tyme of his Consulship.Reuilus a vigilaūte cōsul, for he neue [...] slept wynke in his consulship. Plutarchus in the life of Iulius Caesar tellethe that yesame Caesar when all ye ciuile warres wer one ended and all thyngs brought to some staie of quietenesse,What meanes Caesar vsed to establyshe hi [...] power in the citee of Rome. left nothyng vndooen y• might purchace vnto hym beneuolēce, fauour, authoritee, power and rewle emong the Romaines. To his olde enemies he shewed notable mercifulnesse, to his frendes greate bountie. He would often tymes [...]pe open householde, he would diuerse tymes diuide wheate to y• com [...]s hous by hous. He was full of geuyng landes, fees, and rewardes. [...]o suche as would bee suiters vnto hym to haue this or that office, dignite, [...]or wu [...]ship of the citee, he would readyly make promisse and graunte of their piticious, & serue their turne [...]s in deede as soone as y• tyme would s [...]ffre hym, in so muche, that Marimus the Consul beeyng deceassed, allthough there was but one sole daie to come of his yere to bee completed, yet did Caesar declare and create Caninius Rebulus (who is here called Reuilus) Cōsul. To whom where many of y• nobles resorted in the waye of gratulacion, & of kepyng hym coumpaignie, Cicero saied: My lordes lea [...] vs make spede, y• wee maye come to my lorde before the tyme of Consul [...]ip bee expired.

[Page] 32 Caius Caesar had elected into the senate many persōes vnwoorthie to bee of that ordre & degree, and emong all others one Laberius of a gentlemā of Roome became a cō mē gester.Of this laberius is aforemencioned in ye [...]xvii. apophthegme of Iulius Caes [...]. And as this Laberius passed by Marcus Tullius in the senate hous seekyng a place to sitte in, I would take you in here (ꝙ Cicero) & make you roome here besides me but that I sitte in so narrowe a roome myself. All vnder one bothe reiectyng ye partie, and also makyng a ieste at ye newe coumpaignie of Senatoures, th [...] noumbre of whom Caesar had encrecaed more then lawefull was. And yet was Laberius euen with hym for it well enough again ere he went, thus saiyng vnto Cicero, How laberiꝰ p [...]ed Cicero [...]m [...] again with a ieste. Imeruaill, if thou sitte in a narrowe roome, whiche art woont to sitte in twoo seates at ons. Laiyng to his charge lightenesse and ficlenesse, yt beeyng a slipper manne to trust vnto, he would bee hangyng now of one syde, now of an other. [Page] For in deede Cicero was muche noted of inconstancie,The lightenesse and inconstancie of Cicero. he was ones of greate amitee & frendeship wt Clodius, afterward his mortall enemie, and like wyse with Dolobella, with [...] M. Crassus, and with diuerse others. Sembleably he was now frēde to Pompeius, anon he repē ted thesame, and wyshed that he had folowed Caesar, and that so manifestely, that (as Plu [...]archus testifieth) Pōpei [...]s well perceiuyng ye same, neuer would ne durst putte hym in truste wt any matier of greate weight or ymportaūce.

Thesame Cicero beeyng hertyly 33 desired by his hoste Publius Manlius wt speede to helpe his wiues soōne to the office of a peticapitainship,Publiꝰ Mā lius the hoste of Cicero. made this aūswer (a great coumpaignie of the citezens standyng thicke about hym) If it shalbee in the power and autoritee of Pompeius to call a Counsaill it wilbee no light matier. Notyng the facilitee of Caesar in assembleyng ye Senate. For euery mannes pleasure, & for euery light matier.Iulius Caesar would for euery mānes pleasure & for euery light matier call a Senate.

Beeyng saluted of a certain Laodician 34 named Andro, Laodicea a noble citie in Asia, nigh vnto ye floud [...] Lycus, & therof Laodicenꝰ, a māne of Laodicea. when he had demaunded the cause of his commyng, & had well perceiued that yesame was come as an ambassadour [Page] vnto Caesar for the libertee of his countree of Laodicia, Cicero expressed in greke woordes the publique seruitude,How Cicero expressed the publique seruitude vnder Ca [...]sar. in this manier: [...]. If ye spede well, and obtein your purpose, bee an ambassadour for vs of Roome here also.

35 This latin woorde quoque, is a co [...]iu [...]c [...] and souneth in englysh (also) Cocus is in latine for a cooke, and the vocatiue [...]ase of it, is Coce. And so it was yt a certain persone standyng in electiō for a publique office in Roome, (who was verayly supposed to haue come of a cooke to his father) desired of an other manne in the presence of Cicero to haue his voice, to whō Cicero thus saied in latine: Ego quoque tibi fauebo. Ego quoque [...]bi fauebo. Whiche woordes might bee taken twoo manier wayes, the one. I will bee thy frende with my voice too, thou coo [...]e: the other, And I also wilbee thy frēde wt my voice. Wherof it is gathered ye Coce the vocatiue of Cocus, Quoque the coniunction, & [...]ce, the voca [...]iu [...] of cocus, souned bothe like in Cicero [...]is tym [...]. and quoque the coniunccion [Page] wer in the tyme of Cicero either of one and the selfesame soune in pronunciacion, orels veraye like.

Whē the accuser of Milo, by the 36 argumente or presumpcion of the tyme of ye daye, prouyng and concludyng thesame * Milo to had purposely lyen in awaite for Clodius, at euery other woorde demaunded what tyme or season of the da [...]e Clodius was slain,How Cicero aunswered ye accuser of Milo demaū dyng at what tyme Clodius was slain. Cicero made aunswer thus: veraye late. Signif [...] yng by that woorde late, beeyng a woorde of double vnderstādyng that it should haue been for the profite of the commenweale, if Clodius had been slain muche sooner. It might haue been vnderstanded also, yt the deede was dooen veraye late to wardes the euenyng

Tydynges beeyng reported yt 37 [...]atinius was deceassed, where the [Page] first bringer vp of that bruite was not certainly knowē, wel (ꝙ Cicero) yet will I take the auauntage of it whyle I maye.What Cicero saied whē vncertain newes wer told of the death of Uatinius. Menyng, that he would take ioye of the death of Uatinius whyle he might, though it wer but for a tyme, sembleably as one that hath borowed money applyeth it to his owne vse and cō moditee, and hath his owne full pleasure of it for ye tyme, euen as though it wer his propre owne. So that Cicero mened to take as much goodnesse of the newes in the meane tyme till the cōtrarie wer certainly knowen, as if thei wer true in veraye de [...]de.

38 Marcus Caelius more effectuously laiyng crymes to mēnes charges, then defendyng thesame,What Cicero saied of Marcꝰ Caeliꝰ who could better laie to mannes charges, then defend theim. he a [...]ouched to haue a good right hande, & an eiuill left hande. Alludyng herunto that at suche tyme as wee fight, in the right hand wee hold our sweorde, and in the lieft hande our bucler. With the sweorde wee laie on, with the bucler wee beare of. Marcus Caelius an oratour of excellente witte, and of singulare eloquence, to whom Cicero writeth many epistles, and Caelius many to hym again so purely wel endited that Cicero thought theim worthie to bee put in emong his owne epistles, whiche honour he geueth but vnto [Page] fewe persones, and Cicero in his epistles familiare, is not ashamed to confesse hymself to be [...]feriour to Caelius in witte & faceciousnesse.

Iubius Curtius lyyng like a dog of 39 the yeres of his age, to the ende yt he might bee thought yoūger thē he was in deede, Cicero thus proued a lyer:How Cicero proued Iubius Curtius [...] lyer. why (saieth he) then at what seasō you and I wer young scholares first and exercised makyng of oracions together, ye wer not borne.

Unto Fabia Dolobella saiyng hirself 40 to bee thirtie yeres of age,How Cicero mocked Fabia Dolobella dissembleyng hir age. it is true, ꝙ Cicero, for thesame haue I heard euery daye these twentie yeres alreadie. Hir desire was to bee thought yoūger thē she was in deede. Therefore Cicero mocked hir to th [...] harde teeth wt sembleyng that he graunted hir saiyng, and neuerthelesse signifiyng that she was fiftie yeres olde.

To suche as made it a matier 41 of reproche that beeyng a manne of three score yeres of age,How Cice [...] auoided ye reproche of marryyng a yoūg maide in his olde age. he had [Page] [...] [Page] [...] [Page] marryed a young * damyselle beeyng a maide: well (ꝙ he) to morowe she shalbee a woman. Declaryng by a mery woorde thatsame reproche to be [...] a thyng that would with a tryce bee washed awaye, for the nexte morowe folowyng it could not bee obiected vnto hym, that he had a maide to his wife.

[Page]Thesame Cicero in this manier 42 pleasauntely iested on Curio How C [...]cer [...] mocked Curio begynnyng his oraciōs alwaye [...] of his age. (who at no tyme would faill to begynne the preaumble of any oracion makyng of his olde age) that he affermed thesame to haue the proemes of his oraciōs euery one daye more easie and light to make then other? By reasō of age growyng euery daye more and more vpon hym.

Yet ons again for a cast more 43 at Va [...]inius, Uatiniꝰ mo [...] ked of Cicero for saiyng yt he had walke [...] a couple of myles. (who although he wer sore diseased in his feete, & vtterly lamed with the goute, would nedes yet neuerthelesse appere to bee veraye well emended, and saied yt he was hable now to take a walke of a couple of myles at ons) yea, I thynke well (ꝙ Cicero) for ye daies are a good deale longer then thei wer. This apophthegme doeth Quint [...]lian attribute vnto Cicero, and Macrobius vnto Augustus Caesar.It i [...] afore t [...] the .xxx. apophthegme of Augustu [...]. There gooeth [...]nother tale about at this daye also euen as [...]ery as this, sauyng yt it hath not sembleable [Page] antiquitee ne auncientenesse to cōmende and sette it out withall. A certain laūce [...] knight made his vaūte at a banquette where he was, that he had a crossebowe so good of castyng, yt it would send a bolte or a quarrell of suche a fersenesse as no mā aliue could beleue or thynke, and named a certain space. Al ye coumpaignie, whiche sate at the table cryyng foh at suche a shamefull lye, he abode by it that his owne seruaūte had seen ye thyng dooen. The seruaunte beeyng called in, how saiest thou sirrha, (ꝙ his mai [...]ster) diddest not thou see suche a thyng, and suche a thyng dooen [...] Then saied the seruaunte. Yes sir ye tell a true tale, but at that tyme when ye shotte, the wynde was wt you. It had been muche mery [...]r if he had saied, yes sir your quarell flewe so ferre as y [...] speake of in deede, but it was at two shottes.

44 Cicero after hearyng the false ru [...]mour [Page] that was bruited of y• death of Vatinius, What Cicero said to Ouiniꝰ of bruit of Uatinius his death. when he had enquiered of one Ouinius late seruaunte with thesame,Ouiniꝰ a late seruaunte of Uatinius, & by hym manuissed. whether all wente well, & the partie aunswered, yea veraye well: why is he dedde in deede thē, ꝙ Cicero? Signifiyng that all went not right if Uatinius wer still aliue.

Thesame Cicero beeyng called 45 foorth for a witnesse to geue euidence, when he had read in the bill of complainte,Ennius an olde auncient latine poete, & of greate autoritee, whom Cicero veray often tymes citeth in soondrie his werkes. The defendaunte sued by Sextus Annalis, and this accuser still called buisyly vpon hym in this manier, speake on o Marcus Tullius if thou cāst any thyng saie of Sextus Annalis he begoonne by & by to recite versis out of the sixth booke of the werke of Ennius entitleed Annales, What difference is betwene histories and annales such as be learned maye read in y• [...]viii chapitur of y• v. booke of Aulus Gelliꝰ [...] in this manier. Quipotes ingentis causas euoluere belle. &c. For Ennius wrote in verses a cronicle of [...]ctes dooen from yere to yere, in ordre as thei wer dooen and suche [Page] are in latine called Annales, & thi [...] latine woorde, sextus, souneth in englyshe the sixth. And the name of the accuser was, Sextus Annalis A me [...]y conceipte to those that are of capte to take it, sauyng y• it cannot in englyshe haue eguall grace with the latine.

47 An other tyme also at one Accius beeyng a wylie pye & a feloe full o [...] shiftes,How Accius escaped y• daū gier of a cer [...]ain i [...]dgemente. Of Sylla & Charybdis it is afore no [...]ed in y• .cxvii apoph. of Diogenes. whē yesame was suspected in a certain matier, Cicero had a cast wt this litle verse of latine out o [...] some olde poete,

Nisi qua Vlysses rate euasit laertius.

That is,

With ye selfsame shippe, & none other thyng [...]

Wherewith Ulysses escaped scouryng.

Ulysses beeyng subttle & craftie,Ulysses the sōne of Laertes whō Homere in al pla [...]es maketh to bee wylie suttle, prouidente & full of [...]ll shifte in y• world possible escape [...] safe with his shippe from bothe Charybdis & Sylla: So Accius by his wylynesse auoided and shifted hymself from the perill o [...] the iudgemente.

Upon an other certain persone [...] who after beeyng come to a good 47 wyndefall of inheritaunce, was first of all the coumpaignie asked his sentence in a matier of consul [...]taciō, wheras before ye obteinyng [Page] of thesame inheritaūce, he was reputed for the verayest foole in the worlde, Tullius sembleably iested, saiyng: Cuius hereditas quam uocant sapientiam: that is, whose liuelehood whiche thei callen wysedome. In ye verse in stede of facilitas, he chaunged it and saied, hereditas. For in the poete the verse is thus written, Cuius facilitas quam uocant sapientiam: that is, whose facilitee whiche thei callē wisedome. The menyng of Cicero was to signifie that landes and gooddes had chaunced vnto the partie [...]nstede of wisedome & sapience,Who hath lādes & gooddes enough shall soone haue ye name of a wyse manne. and that for the respecte of his liuelehood thesame was now estemed and taken for a wyse manne.

Seruilia ye mother of Marcus Bru [...]us 48 had a doughter called Iunia Tertia, whiche Iunia Tertia was wife vnto Caius Considius. And Caesar the dictatour had bothe the mother & the doughter at his commaundemente for his wanton pleasure Also this latine woorde tertia is the femine [...]endre of the nowne numerall, tertius, beto [...]enyng the third in noumbre or in ordre. Ther [...] [...]s also a verbe, deducor, whiche in one signifi [...]ciō is to bee rebated out of anoumbre or out [Page] of a summe, and in an other significacion it i [...] to bee conueighed or to be brought as one conueigheth home to his hous or chaumbre his wife or paramour. Of deducor is deriued a participle deductus, deducta deductum [...] conueighed or brought.What Cice [...]o saied whē Seruilia had [...]urchaced of Caesar a [...]ich [...] piece of lande [...]or a litl [...] mon [...]y. When Seruilia the mother of Marcus Brutus had for a small dele of money gottē awaye a riche piece of lande out of the handes of Caesar (who made open sale of many of ye citezens lādes & gooddes) Cicero made this ieste on it. Yea maisters (ꝙ he) and that ye maye knowe this piece of lande to haue been the better cheape purchaced, Seruilia hath bought this lāde tertia deducta. Whiche two wordes might twoo maner wayes bee enterpreted and taken, either the thirde parte of the price abated, by vnderstandyng, parte, orels tertia ye womā taken home into his chaumbre to hym, so yt Cicero his ieste is grounded on ye ambiguous sense of these twoo lataine woordes tertia deducta. And to one tha [...] hath good sight in y• latine yt saiyng is preatie.

49 Thesame Cicero made a pleasaunte [Page] riedle in the waye of ieste on the mother of Pletorius, The riedle of Cicero vpō ye mother of Pletorius. (whiche Pletorius accused Fonteius,) saiyng, yt whyle she liued she had a schoole and taught: & whē she was dedde she had maisters hirself. Notyng that in hir life tyme women of eiuill name wer cōmen resorters to hir hous, & after hir death hir gooddes wer preised & openly sold. The tale in apparence, bothe is standyng against all naturall reason, and also setteth the carte be fore yt horses. For those persones who haue a schoole, been maisters on their parties, and haue scholares vnder their teachyng and gouernaunce. And maisters are called, not onely suche persones as dooen teache, but also those that haue ye rewle and ordreyng of others.

He made also a ieste on ye name 50 of Verres, How Cicero iested on the name of Uerres. as though he had been so named of the latine verbe Verro, (whiche is to swepe) Notyng that Uerres wheresoeuer he came plaied swepestake, and left nothyng behynde hym, as beeyng a taker and abrybyng feloe, and one for whom nothyng was to hotte nor to heauie. After whiche sorte of bourdyng one feloe [Page] whatsoeuer he was, myndyng to signifie yt Cicero was a bryber and a preuie theef, in stede of Tullius called hym Tollius.Tollius for Tullius. For tollere is in latin to take away, as theues [...] piekers dooe take awaye by embesleyng. And some there wer that nickenamed an Emperour of Roome callyng hym Biberius in stede of Tiberius.Biberius for Tiberius. For bibere is latin to drynke. And of Tiberius the successour of Augustus it is written,Tiberiꝰ Caes. in his youth loued drynkyng & so did [...]usus after hym. yt in his youth he was proue to drynkyng and bollyng, in so muche, that in his tyme was brought vp a newe found diete to drynke wyne in ye mornyng nexte the herte. And Drusus because he loued drynkyng was for that by the commen voice of the people saied to had regenerate his father Tibe [...]ius and made hym aliue again.

51 It was no rare thyng wt hym to speake of Iulius Caesar in this manier as foloeth:What Cice [...]ro saied of Caesars, clemencie & nicitee coupleed together. As often as I consider the wylynesse and ambicion of this manne lyyng hidden vnder the cloke and sembleaunce of humanitee and gentlenesse, I am afeard on the behalf of ye commenweale, lest thesame shall haue a tyranne of hym, & again when I behold his hear hangyng downe [Page] so nicely and so like a minyō, and hymself scrattyng his hedde ‡ with one fynger, I can scacely thynke in my mynde, yt euer he will conceiue in his herte suche an high entreprise.

To soondrie menne obiectyng 52 vnto hym yt he had taken a greate summe of money of a persone endited to bee tryed by ye lawe,How Cicero pourged hymself of takyng money of one of his cliente [...] with the whiche money he should purchace a stately mansion place. I will confesse yt I tooke suche money [Page] in deede of my cliente (saied Cicero) if I bye the hous hereafter And when he had bought it in deede, to thesame menne castyng hym in the teethe with his lyyng,It is a wyse poicte of housbādrie to dissemble, if one goo about to bye a thyng, for feare lest his bergain should bee takē out of his [...]ande. why, (ꝙ he) dooe ye not knowe it to bee a poincte of a good housbande to dissemble if he haue purposed to bye athyng? This historie dooeth Aulus Gellius much more pleasauntely and with more grace tell in the .xii. chapitur of the .xii. booke. Where he noteth yt whē a cryme is laied to ones charge, whiche he can by no meanes coulour ne auoide, one poore helpe and one poincte of shifte it is, to make a ieste of it, & to turne it (if one maye) to a matier of laugh [...]er, This persone accused, Gellius nameth Publius Sylla, and sheweth that Cicero did but borowe the money of hym.

53 Betwene Cicero and Crassus ther was a priue malice.Betwene Cicero & Marcus Crassus the oratour, there was a priue grutche and malice. And so when one of the twoo soonnes of Crassus, beeyng not vnlike of fauour vnto one (whose name was Dignus) and by reason therof, suspicion entreed into the heddes of the people vpō the wife of the said Crassus that she [Page] had had ouermuche familiaritee & compaignie with thesame Dignus) had made a gaye oraciō in the senate hous,One of the soonnes of Marcꝰ Crassus like of fauour to one Dignus. Cicero beeyng asked the question what manier a feloe he yt had made the oracion semed vnto hym, thus made aunswer in latine, Dignus Cra [...]so est. Couertely alludyng to the name of Dignus.What Cicero saied of one of ye soonnes of Crassꝰ hauyng made a good oraciō in the senate house. For of those woordes, Dignus Crasso, might indiffe [...]rentely bee taken, either that he was a young manne aunswerable to ye eloquence of Marcus Crassus his father, orels yt he ought of right to bee called Dignus though he beare ye name that Crassus was his father, for Dignus, is also latin [...] for woorthie. So that the ieste shall bee muche more pleasaunte if ye frame the latine woordes accordyng to ye greke phrase & saye, Dignus Crassiest. Understandyng that there wer in dede twoo of ye right and true name of Dignus, that is to weete one the adultreer yt occupied ye wife of Marcus Crassus, and the other like of fauour to the same Dignus, though he wer called the soonne of Crassus.

Cicero had been attourney to 54 defend one Munatius beeyng arrained of a certain cryme, and Munatius [Page] therby quytte. Afterward wh [...] ̄ thesame Munatius sued one Sabinus a frende of Cicero to the extremite [...] of the lawe,How Cicero reproued Munatius of ingra [...]i [...]ude. Cicero throughly enkendleed in wrathe, vpbraided to Munatius what he had dooen for hym: why Munatius (saieth he) diddest thou thyself escape iudgemēt (whē it was) by thyne owne meanes, orels by the helpe of me, that did cast a greate miste ouer the benche where the iudges sate?Cicero [...]ould cast a miste ouer the seates [...] iudgemēt.

55 When he had openly praised Marcus Crassus in ye place that was called Rostra, Cicero praised Marcus Crassu [...] in an oracion, & afterward dispraised thesame again. y• people highly well allowyng his oracion: and afterward baited the selfe same manne in thesame place with many poynaunte and nippyng woordes of reproche, what (ꝙ Crassus) diddest not thou in manier euen the last daye praise me and geue me high commendacion in thissame selfe place? yes (ꝙ Cicero) I praised the [Page] in deede, but it was onely for exercise to assaie what I could dooe in a naughtie matier.Rhetoricians are woont for exercise to take f [...]igned argumētes of matiers inopinable, and suche are pr [...] prely called declamaciōs [...] and not oracions. For rhetoricians are woont for exercise to hādle matiers inopinable, as for exaumple when thei make an oracion in the praise of ‡ Busyris, or of the feuer quertane, or when thei praise ingratitude. So did Homere write the battaill betwene the frogges & the myce, Erasmus wrote the praise of foolyshnesse, an other the praise of baldenesse, an other of drounkenship: & this last argument I hanleed for myne exercise beeyng a young studente, albeeit thesame dec [...]a [...]acion now lyeth all woorme eaten, as right woorthie it is.

When thesame Crassus in an oracion 56 whiche he made had saied, that neuer any māne of the name of Crassus had liued in Rome past the age of three score yeres,None of all ye Crasses liued in Rome past ye age of three score yeres. & then repentyng hymselfe of ye woorde speakyng, saied in this manier, [Page] what ailled me to speake suche a woorde as this? Marcus Tullius in this wise soodainly aunswered:Crassꝰ coulde curryefauour ioylyly, as Plutarchus in his life maketh mencion & was a māne of greate elo [...]nce. Marie thou knewest ful wel that the Romaines would geue eare to that tale with all their hertes, and by suche a waye art thou come to beare rewle in the commenweale. Signifiyng twoo thynges, that is to weete, bothe that the name of the Crasses was odious vnto ye Romaines, and also yt this Crassus had been auaūced to honoures not by vertue, but by fauour curryeng. For when he saied by suche a waye art thou come. &c he mened, by speakyng suche thynges as might bee delectable and pleasaunte to the eares of the people.

57 Crassus allegeyng it to bee one posicion or opinion of the Stoikes, yt ☞ a good manne is he that is riche. Naye (ꝙ Cicero) see whether this bee not rather their opinion, that a wyse manne is lorde of all the worlde, or hath all thynges of the worlde in his possession. Couertely notyng the auarice of Crassus,The excedyng auarice of Crassus. [Page] to whom nothyng was enough [...] but all thynges semed to litle.

[Page] 58 When Crassus was towarde a iourney into Syria, beeyng more desirous to leaue Cicero his frend then his foe, when he should bee gon, he saluted Cicero diligently, & saied yt he would suppe at home with hym that night. Whom Cicero with a cherefull & gladde countenaūce receiued and entreteined. Within a fewe daies after this, certain of his frendes went in hande with hym, aud made meanes vnto hym for to bee at one wt Vatinius also.What Cice [...]o saied whē his frēdes laboured to bryng hym & Uatinius at o [...]e. Why (ꝙ Cicero) is Vatinius disposed to haue a supper at my house too? Signifiyng that the same Uatinius did make meanes more to haue a supper, then to haue his frendeship.

59

Yet one cast more he had at Vatinius, who had a swellyng in the throte (whiche is in latine called, strumae, a disease like that is called the kynges [...]iuil, if it bee not ye veraye same) when ye [Page] said Vatinius made a plea for a cliente of his in a certain cause. Oh (ꝙ Tullius) wee haue here an oratour gayly puffed vp.Cicero called Uatinius an oratour gayly puffed vp, because yesame had a swellyng in hi [...] throte. In the latine it hath a veray good grace. For this woorde Tumidus, souneth in englyshe, swollē, inflated or puffed vp. Whiche termes aswell the latine as the englyshe, by translacion are referred not onely to swellyng in some parte of the bodie, but also in pride, bragguyng, and vainglorie. As the oratoures Asiatique wer called, Tumidi, swollē, or inflated, be cause their sorte & facion of makyng oracions, was proude, solem [...]e, pompeous,The pomp [...] ous manice of the Asi [...]tiques in makyng oraciōs [...] bolde, perte, & replenyshed with vauntyng bostyng, crakyng, bragguyng, and vaingloriousnesse: As witnesseth Plutarchus in the life of Antonius. And therunto did Cicero allude.

Iulius Caesar had earnestely purposed 60 to distribute the landes of Campania emong his menne of armes. This thyng bothe many others in ye senate tooke greuously, & especially one Lucius Gellius beeyng a manne euen wt veraye age almoste clene dooen saied & swore, that it should not so bee, as long as he liued.What Cic [...] ro s [...]ied whē Luciꝰ Gelliꝰ an aged ma [...] spake of a thyng that it should not [...] so long as he liued. Well (ꝙ Cicero) leat vs [Page] tarye so long hardyly, for it requireth no long delaie. Signifiyng that Gellius was euen at the last caste, and in manier at deathes doore.

61 When a certain young feloe to whose charge it had been aforetymes laied that he had killed his father wt a spiececake infected wt poyson:How Cicero checked a young feloe thretenyng to re [...]e hym. whē this young feloe beeyng angreed euen at ye herte roote thretened in his furie yt he would haue a flyng at Cicero with woordes that should soune litle to his honestee, so had I rather yu shouldest (ꝙ Cicero) then wt spiececakes. Under yt coulourable woorde of double interpretacion obiectyng vnto the feloe the murdreyng of his father.

62 One Publius Sextius had taken Cicero together with certain aduocates mo to assiste hym & to help defend hym in a cause of his.How Ci [...]ero saied to Publius Sertius takyng on hym to make all his plea hymself. And when thesame Sextius would nedes declare his owne matier, and haue all ye saiyng his oneself, & would [Page] not geue any of his aduocates place or leaue to speake a woorde, as soone as the matier was clere and out of parauentures yt Sextus should bee quitte and discharged by the iudges: Take the tyme O Sextius (ꝙ Cicero) this daye whyle thou mayest. For tomor [...]e thou shalt bee a priuate man [...] gain. Geuyng hym half a checke for that he had taken vpon hym in ye matier to dooe all together hymself alone at his owne pleasure Wheras the next daye folowyng he should haue no publique office of a patrone or oratour, nor bee adhibited to any suche vse, but bee as other menne wer, that had nothyng to dooe wt pleadyng in courtes, as Cicero and the other publique oratours had.

When Marcus Appius in the preamble 63 of a certain oracion or plea saied yt he had been by a frende of his greately desired to vse and to shewe all his diligence,How Cicero mocked Marcus Appius. eloquēce, & fidelitee in his clientes cause, at this woorde, spake Cicero & saied: and hast yu such an hert of steele of [Page] thyn owne, yt of so many thynges whiche thy frēde hath desired the vnto, yu dooest neuer an one at all? Menyng that in his oracion appered not so muche as any one poincte of diligence, of el [...] quence, or yet of trustynesse.

46 Marcus Aquilius hauyng twoo soōnes in lawe, yt wer housbandes to his twoo doughters but bothe of theim banyshed & exiled, Cicero called Adrastus. Cicero gaue vnto Marcꝰ Aquilius the name of Adrastus [...] Be cause yt he alone kept his standyng like a manne & saued [...]ym self vpright Alludyng to ye propre sign [...] ficacion of y• greke vocable. For [...] signifieth: infected orels, one frō whō is no ster [...]yng away, nor escaping of a shrewd turne. And therof Nemesis (ye Goddesse of takyng vēgeaūce on such as are proude & disdeigne [...]ul in tyme of their ꝓsperite) is called in greke [...] because yt no such ꝑsone may escape hir handes. Neuerthelesse (vnder ye correccion of Erasmus) I take that Cicero alluded to Adrastus kyng of the Argiues, who had twoo doughters the one called Deiphile, and the other called Argia. Deiphile was marryed to Tydeus the soonne of Oeneꝰ kyng of Aetolia or Calydonia, which Tydeus beeyng a right valiaū [...]e and an hardie manne, whē he had vnawares slain his brother Menalippus at an huntyng, fledde from his countree, & came to Adrastus, & there marryed the saied Deiphile, and there liued a banyshed [Page] manne, and neuer w [...]nt again into his owne countree as shall appere. The other doughter Argia was marryed vnto Polynices ye soonne of Oedipus kyng of Thebes and of Iocasta queene of thesame, of whom and of his brother Eteocles, (who would not accordyng to his promisse suffre Polynices to reigne in Thebe [...] by course whē his first yere was expired,) it is vpon the .l. apophthegme of Diogenes in [...]he first booke largely noted, and sufficientely for ye perfecte declaraciō of this place and purpose, that Polynices liued and dyed a banyshed manne. And so it befell that Tydeus was sent ambassadour from Polynices vnto E [...]ocles, that ye same should remembre his couenaunte and promisse, and accordyng to thesame should surrendre vnto Polynices the kyngdome of Thebes there to reigne by course one f [...]ll yere as Eteocles had dooen. When Eteocles had made hym a plain resolute aunswer yt he would not suffre Polynices [...]o reigne there [...] Tydeus sharpely re [...]uked hym of breakyng his feithfull promisse, & spake many high & bolde woordes. Wherat Eteocles takyng greate indignacion, priuely sent fiftie stoute mēne of armes to lye secretely in a woode, & soodainly to kyll Tydeus in hi [...] waye homeward. These menne myndyng to execute and accomplyshe the commaundemente of their lorde, sette vpon Tydeus in the saied woode, & Tydeus slewe theim euery mothers soonne excepte one, whom he saued purposely and sent backe to beare tydynges of that feaste vnto Eteocles. Then Adrastus and Polynices made warre on the The [...]anes. Where T [...]deus after many noble actes of chieualrie at last was s [...]ain by one Menalippus a Thebane, and yet after y• receiuyng his deathes wounde, he slewe [Page] thesame Menalippus, & chopped of his hedde [...] gnawed it in pieces with his teeth. Thus for our presēte purpose it appeareth that the twoo soonnes in lawe of Adras [...]us wer bothe oute [...] lawes, and therefore did Cicero geue Marcus Aquilius the name of Adrastus.

65 Of the office of Cen [...]our is afore [...].In the tyme whyle Lucius Cotta was Censour, (who was takē for the greatest swielbolle of wyne in the worlde one of theim,Lucius Cotta [...].) where Cicero standyng in eleccion for the cōsulship happened to bee veraye drye, & had drounk a draught of water enuironed and hiddē from the Censours sight on euery syde with frendes, [...] he saied: ye dooe well to feare lest I should haue y• Censour my heauie lorde, because I drynke water. Cicero made as though he beleued his frendes for this cause to stand thicke aboute hym, [...]. that the Censour might not see hym drynkyng water. For like beareth fauour to like. And vnlike hateth vnlike. So y• the Censour beeyng suche a gredie d [...]ynker of wyne, if he had seen Tullius drynkyng water, would haue suspected hym to dooe it in cōtumelie & reꝓche of hym.

66 When Marcus Caelius (who was [Page] thought to bee discēded of father and mother not free but bonde) had with a loude & a whole voice reade a lettre before the Senate, Cicero saied:What Cicero saied of Celius, who had a loud voice. Maruaillye nothyng her at my lordes. For this is one of theim yt hath had a good loude breste in his dayes. Signifiyng, ye Caelius had been a commen cryer, and that by longe vse it had come vnto him to haue a shrille voice. And in dede bondemē that wer to bee sould, wer woont to bee made the best of, by the oyes of the cryer.

Unto one Memmius reprochyng 67 Cato the Vticensian, and saiyng that he would bee drounk euen whole nightes through, yea (ꝙ Cicero) but thou speakest nothyng at all that all ye daye tyme he would bee plaiyng at dyce.How Cicero excused Cato for makyng merie now & then in the night tyme. Manerly excusyng Cato, who bestowed all ye whole daye vpon the affaires of ye commenweale, and would take an houre or twoo or three of the night to take some recreacion of mynde,Cato would bee buisie in y• daie tyme, & merie in the night. and to refreshe his spirites. And in deede it is writ [...]en of Cato yt he would now and then be merie [Page] 68 and make good chere.

What Cicero saied to Iulius Caes. defen [...]yng the doughter of Nicomede [...] kyng of Bi [...]ynia.Unto Caius Caesar earnestly defendyng the cause of Nicomedes his doughter in the senate hous, and rehersyng ye benefites and greate pleasures of the kyng towardes hym, Cicero saied: No more of this I beseche you, for it is not vnknowen what he gaue to you, & what ye gaue to hym. The pith and grace of the saiyng dependeth of the double sense yt might bee takē of y• woorde. dare For in latine he is proprely saied, dare, to geue, that conferreth a benefite: and also a womā is saied in latine, dare, that is gentle & kynd of hir fleashe. Wherof the poete Martialis thus writeth to a woman, uis dare, nec dare uis, that is, ye will geue and ye will not geue. &c. Caesar had an eiuill name, yt whē he was in Bithynia in his youthe at what tyme he fled from Roome for feare of Sylla, wherof is mencioned in the first apophthegme of thesame Iulius Caesar) he was somewhat more at the cōmaundemente of kyng Nicomedes, th [...]n the lawes of chastitee dooe requere.

69 Marcus Callidius accused Gallus, & Marcus Tullius defended Gallus. And [Page] when the accuser affermed that he would both by witnesses, by Gallus owne handie wrytynges,How Cicero defeacted the accusacion of Marcus Callidus against Gallus. and also by examinacions confessed afore, make due proufe that there had been vennyme tēpreed and made readie in a cuppe for hym by the partie arrained: but yet al ye whyle pronounced suche an hainous matier wt an vnearnest countenaūce, with a dedde voice, and with the residue of his iesture nothyng hot nor vehemente, Marcus Tullius saied: O Marcus Callidius, if thou diddest not feigne this geare, wouldest thou handle thy plea so faintely?Faint hādleyng of a plea argueth the cause to bee weake & vntrue. Gatheryng, of his countenaunce and iesture that his woordes came not from the herte.

Thesame Cicero after this sorte 70 iested on Isauricus:How Cicero iested one Isauricus who had beē beatē with whippes of his father afore. I meruail what the matier is, yt thy father beeyng alwayes one maner a manne, hath left ye vnto vs so diuerse. A merie [Page] woorde depēdyng of ambiguousnesse of the vocable. For, Varius, in latine, and diuerse, in englyshe is called one that is of a waueryng mynde and nothyng substancial, he is also called in latine, Varius, in englyshe diuerse, that is marked with the prientes of [...]trypes. And in deede it was commenly noysed that this Isauricus had been scourged afore of his father with whippes. And therof came thatsame, not the saiyng, but the deede of Marcus Caelius, whose chaire of estate when Isauricus beeyng Consull had brokē, he sette vp an other with whippes kerued in it, without any woordes thretenyng thesaid Isauricus,How Marcꝰ [...] [...]ued [...] for [...] and also castyng in his teth, that he had ones been scourged with whippes of his father.

THE SAIYNGES OF DEMOSTHENES THE ORATOVR.

Plutarchus & other historiographers doen write that Demosthenes had a poore woman to his mother and a woman vnknowen, his father kepte a cutlers shoppe and sould kniues, a good honeste manne and meetely welthie, as the whiche when he dyed leaft vnto his soonne honeste substaunce, but because Demosthenes was then but a litle childe, he & his patrimonie [Page] was cōmitted to certain executours or feoffers who beguiled Domosthenes so ferre, that thei neither regarded to sette hym to schoole, nor while he was at schoole to paie his schoolemaisters duetie. At last he became the moste noble oratour that euer was in Grece. And then tooke in hande to bee a dooer in the cōmenweale, and spared not to sette against Philippus wt moste vehemente oracions inuectiues, and wore out Philippus well enough and after hym Alexander But Antipater sent certain of his garde to slea hym. Demonsthenes hearyng therof fledde priuely into a litle Isle named Calauria, & there kept hymself secrete. At la [...]t he was found out. And when he sawe that there was no remedie but that he should bee had to Antipater, he desired that he might haue licence first to write an epistle to the Atheniens. And takyng a penne in his hande he begoonne his epis [...]le thus: Demosthenes to the Atheniens gretyng & wel to fare. And euen so brake of writyng and receiued poyson whiche he had long tyme of a purpose kept vnder the stone of his ryng, and so poysoned hymself out of hande. Plutarchus ioyneth the life of Demosthenes and of Cicero bothe together, and compareth theim twoo together as a veraye good matche and wel coupleed. For (saieth he) whē god at the first begynnyng fourmed Demosthenes & Cicero bothe after one paterne, he semeth to haue putte and enspired into their natures and disposicions many like qualitees, as for example, that bothe the one and the other was ambicious, bothe the one and the other a citezen francke, bolde and plain in tellyng his mynde to the people, bothe of theim to perilles, ieoperdies and warres not veraye hardy mēne. There wer in their fortunes also many thinges [Page] [...]ommune aswell to the one as to the other. Fo [...] I cannot fynd any ot [...]er twoo oratours, which beeyng of sembleable lowe birth, grewe to bee soo greate menne of authoritee and dignite, and which durst auenture to wi [...]hstand kynges and chief gouernours, and lost their doughters, we [...] banyshed their countrees, & returned fette home again with honour, eftsons voidyng their citees came into the handes of their enemies [...] and finally whiche wer extincted together with the libertee of their countree.

1 ONe ☞ Pythias obiected to Demosthenes that his argumentes of rhetorike smelled all of the cādle:H [...]w Demos [...]henes aunswered Pytheas [...]aiyng to his cha [...]ge that his oracions smelled [...]f the candle. signifiyng, that he pronoūced none oraciō but out of writyng, and made with greate studie by cādle in the night tyme. Whiche saiyng Demosthenes in such wyse reuersed backe again, that he auouched hymself and ye other partie not to bee at equal charges for candle, Notyng y• the other was a contynuall reueller and gourmaunder by night, and bestowed more money on ryottous banquettyng, then he on his behalf did [...]n studie.

[Page]Unto others obiectyng vnto 2 hym vnmeasurable affectacion of eloquence he thus aunswered,How Demosthenes pourged hymselfe of y• obiecciō of ouermuche studie of el [...] quence. the studie of eloquence to declare a manne that loueth the people, and can bee contented to bee feloe like with the people: and cōtrariewyse to neglect the studie of eloquence, to bee the guyse of suche persones as sought to bee lordes ouer the people, as the whiche went about not to perswade menne by fyne vttreaunce of a matier, but to compell theim parforce.

As often as Phocion should arise 3 [Page] to saie his mynde in any assēblee Demosthenes would saie of thesam [...] Phocion to his frendes yt sate nexte by hym:Phocion the are of Demosthenes his reasons. now ariseth vp the axe o [...] all my reasons. For Phociō was brief in tellyng his tale,Phocion and Demosthenes fewe tymes agreed [...] but sharpe as a [...] axe [...] And his custome was for y• moste parte to bee of a contrarie mynde and opinion to Demosthenes.

4 The people of Athenes ymportunely required Demosthenes to take vpō hym ye accusyng of a certain persone.What Demosthenes saied when ye Atheniēs earnestely praied hym to accuse a [...]ertain per [...]one. And when Demosthenes refused to dooe it, ye people begoōne to bee vp in a rore against hym, (as commenly thei will in suche a case) thē Demosthenes arisyng spake in this manier: O ye menne of Athenes, ye haue of me a faithfull counsaillour & helper at all tymes of neede whether ye will or not, but a false accuser shall ye neuer haue of me would ye neuer so fain.

5 Demosthenes had been one of the [Page] [...]enne, whom the Atheniens had sent [...]mbassadours vnto Philippus kyng [...]f Macedonie. Demosthenes one of the .x. whom the Atheniens sent ambassadours to Philippus kyng of Mac [...]donie. So after that Aeschines [...]nd Philocrates (whiche twoo Philip [...]us had especially aboue ye residue familiarly embraced & made of) beeyng come home again frō the saied ambassade, gaue the kyng muche high praise, partely for many other thynges, & especially for these three folowyng, that he was full of fauour and beautie,Philippus kyng of Macedonie, was beautiful, eloquen [...]e and a good drynker that he had a goodly eloquente toung, & yt he could drynk lustyly. Demosthenes made this cauillacion, that he auouched in all those praises to bee not so muche as one poincte comely for a kyng.To drynke well is a proprete mete for a spoūge, but not for a mā. For ye first, he saied, belonged to women, the secounde to sophistes or rhetoricians, and the thirde to spounges,*

[Page] 6 Demosthenes had writtē vpon hi [...] shilde in lettres of golde [...] that is, [...], write [...] about Demost [...]nes his bucler in l [...]tters of [...]olde. Good fortune. Yet neuerthelesse when it was come to handie strokes ‡ Demosthenes euen at ye first meetyng cast shilde and all awaye from hym, & togoo as fast as his legges might beare hym. This poincte beeyng cast in his nose in the waye of mockage & reproche,How Demosthenes a [...]oided y• reproche of rennyng a [...]waye in battaill. that he had in battaill cast awaye his bucler, and taken hym to his heeles,Plutarchus saieth yt Pytheas it was whiche thus mocked Demosthenes for his mannely rennyng [...] waye. like a pretie māne, he auoided it with a litle verse commen in euery bodyes mouthe.

* [...].

That same manne, that renneth awaye,

Maye again fight, an other daye.

Iudgeyng that it is more for ye benefit [...] of ones coūtree to renne awaye in battaill, then to lese his life. For a dedde manne can fight no more, but who hath saued hymself aliue by rennyng awaye, maye in many battailles mo, doo good seruice to his coūtr [...] At leste wise, if it bee a poincte of good seruice, to renne awaye at al tymes when the coun [...]ree hath moste nede of his helpe to sticke to it. [Page]

[Page] 7 When Alexander on this condicion offreed peace vnto ye Athenien [...] if thesame would yeld vp into his handes eight of ye citezens,How Demosth [...]n [...]s escaped beeyng deliuered into ye handes of A [...]xāder. emōg whō Demosthenes to bee one: Demosthe [...]nes told vnto theim the tale of the woulf, who vpon this condicion offreed peace vnto the sheepe, if y• same would yeld and deliuer hym their dogges that kept hym from the folde. Under the name of the woulf betokenyng Alexāder, by the dogges menyng those persones who at that present season had the cure and charge of all ye publique affaires, and by the sheepe signifiyng the commenaltie of the Atheniens. He added moreouer an other exaumple. As the mercatemenne (saieth he) [Page] dooe bryng out a litle modicum of wheate or other corne in a treendishe for a saumple or shewe,Who betraieth the gouernours & rewlers, betraieth the whole people & coūtree. desiryng by thesame to sell whole greate heapes: so ye, if ye betraie and deliuer vp the eight citezens whiche are demaunded of you, ye betraie & deliuer ye whole vniuersall people euery mothers chylde.

When Demosthenes beeyng condemned 8 of ye Areopagites, Of Ar [...]opagus & the Areopagites, it is afore noted had escaped out of prieson, & was rennyng *awaye, & had mette in the teeth not ferre from ye citee, certain persones of the contrarie parte, that wer not his frēdes: first he would faine haue hidden hymself. But when ye parties speakyng to hym, & callyng hym Demosthenes by his name, bidde hym to bee of good coumforte,The naturall loue & desire of eche māne towarde his natiue countree. & also offreed hym money to help hym on his waye, he gaue an heauie sigh euen from ye botome of his herte, saiyng: How [Page] can I possible forsake this citee, in whiche I haue suche enemies, as I shall not fynd frendes of the like sorte in an other countree?

[Page]It is reported that Demosthenes 9 in his departyng from y• citee looked backe vnto the toure of Pallas, What Demosthenes saied to Pallas at his departyng out of Athenes. & his handes lifted vp vnto heauen saied: O Pallas ladie of citees, why settest thou thy delite in three the moste vnluckeful beastes of ye worlde, the oulette,The Oulett [...] dedicated vnto Pallas. the draguon, and the people? The oulette wheras she is of all birdes the moste vnluckefull,The people [...] beaste of many heddes. yet is she dedicated vnto Pallas, like as the same Pallas hath a draguō also whiche she beareth aboute wt hir for hir cognisaunce.The ingratitude of ye people towarde their benefact [...]uro. And as for ye people is a monstreous beaste of many heddes, accustomed with ye moste [Page] naughtie vnkyndenesse possible to rewarde suche persones as hath dooen theim benefite, as thei did Socrates, Phociō, *Scipio and right many others mo.

10 Unto the young menne wt whō [Page] he vsed familiaritee, he would often tymes saie,The affaires of a commenweale are daū gierou [...] to med [...]e withal saied Demosthenes. that knowyng as he now did, how muche enuie, feare, false surmuised querelyng, and how muche perill, a manne comyng to ye affaires of the commenweale hath to looke for, if the one of twoo wer to bee chosen, he would rather goo to his death, thē vp into a pulpite to make an oracion, orels vp to the benche to sitte vpon matiers of iudgemente.

At what tyme he liued in Arcadia 11 a banyshed manne,Contencion betwene Pytheas & Demosthenes. and Pytheas in the fauour and behalf of ye Macedonians had saied in this manier, as wee deme yt hous to haue some eiuil maladie wtin it, into ye which is carryed mylke for to bee sold, so may wee thynk yt citee to bee corrupted wt some eiuil disease, vnto the whiche is sent any ambassade of ye Atheniens: Demosthenes thus turned yt clause clene arsee versee. As [Page] mylke (saieth he) is brought into houses for to restore sicke folkes to their helthe again, so are the Atheniens alwayes readie for ye safegarde and preseruacion of other foren citees.How Demosthenes was re [...]tored from banyshement. As soone as the commenaltie of ye Atheniens had knowelage of this, thei foorthwithall sent for hym to come home again from exile.

After this saiyng, the comenaltie of Athene [...] whiche had afore condēned hym, wer soodainly stricken again in loue with hym, and saied tha [...] he was an honest manne again, and loued the citee, and many gaye good morowes. Wherupon Damon Paeaniens ye neffewe of Demosthene [...] made mocion vnto the people that Demosthenes might bee restored to his former state and might come home to the citee again. The people made a decree vpon it. And vnto Aegina was sent a galie for hym to fette & bryng hym home again with honour. And whē he was approched nere to Athenes, all the magistrates of the citee, all the ministres and presidentes of the temples full and whole, and the other citezens by whole [...]ockes went to meete hym, & receiued hym (as ye would saie) with generall processiō, and with all triumphe, honour, and solemnitee. Yea, and the fine of fiftie talentes whiche he had afore been condemned in, (because thei might not by iustice or law releasse or forgeue it) thei ordeined by a publique decree to co [...]uerte vnto the altare [Page] of Minerua, and to bee deducted of the money whiche was to bee leuie [...] for the behouf of the same altare. For the Atheniens had a vse and custome at [...] certain feaste (which thei called the feaste of Iupiter the saueour) to make a commē boxe for y• repairyng, deckyng, and furnyshyng of the altare of Minerua, and for the dooyng of this, thei appoincted a gatheryng of fiftie talentes in the name of Minerua, to bee conuerted and applyed to y• satisfiyng and paiyng of Demosthene [...] his fyne, for in so muche a summe he was condemned, as afore is saied.

When a shippe was sent hym 12 returnyng home again frō exile,Demosthene [...] gloried in cō paryng his returnyng from exile, with the returnyng of Alcibiades. and many of the magistrates or publique officers, and citezēs had come foorth of the citee to meete hym, Demosthenes liftyng vp his handes to heauen, saied, yt a more honourable returnyng had chaū ced vnto hym then vnto Alcibiades, for that ‡ Alcibiades had come home again, the citezens constreigned parforce to sēd for hym, and he on his partie, ye citezens through peaceable and gentle perswasiō condescēdyng & a greeyng therunto. [Page]

[Page]After that Demosthenes for feare 13 of Antipater had fledde into the Isle of Calauria, Reade the annotacion of y• viii. apoph. and kept hymself in the temple of Neptunus, and Archias, This temple was a sure place of refuge as a sanctuarie. of a plaier of tragidies now growen & come vp to bee a māne of power assaied and laboured with honey sweete woordes to perswade Demosthenes that thesame should putte hymself in ye grace of Antipater, Archias first a plaier of entreludes, and afterwarde a greate manne of power wt Antipater. by whō not onely to haue nomanier harme at all, but also to bee honoured with moste high & bounteous rewardes: He saied in this manier: O Archias thou neuer diddest like me in thy life on ye staige beeyng a plaier, nor shalt ꝑsuade me to thy purpose now at this present beeyng an oratour. But whē Archias beeyng throughly out of paciēce thretened to pull hym parforce out of the temple: yea marie [Page] (ꝙ Demosthenes) now at last thou hast plainly opened the * oracles of Macedonie. What an oracle is reade in the .xv. saiyng of Alexander. For vntill ye speakyng of this woorde, thou diddest but countrefaicte and make a feigned countenaūce accordyng to ye guise and facion of entrelude plaiers.

14 Demosthenes is reported to haue sailled on a tyme to ye citee of Corinthe, Of Corithus is aforenoted in y• xxxiii. Apophtheg. of Diogenes. enticed & allured wt the fame of Lais a Courtisan there of greate name,Demosthenes sailled to Co [...]inthe to haue his peasure of Lais. to thentente yt he also emōg the mo might haue his pleasure of the paramour whiche all ye worlde spake of. But when she by couenaūte required for one night tēne thousande drachmes,Lais a costely dame to lye with, of whō reade the .xxxi saiyng of Aristippus. Demosthenes feared wt the greatenesse of ye price chaunged his mynde, saiyng:

[...].

that is:

[Page]

I will not bye repentaunce so dere.

Signifiyng, that vnto vnhoneste pleasure repentaunce is a prest compaignion to come after.Repentaunce euermore ensueth of vnhoneste pleasure. Yea and one propretee more it hath, that the pleasure is small, and is gon in a momente, the repentaunce greate, and still enduryng as long as life continueth.‡

The saiyng of Pytheas is cōmen 15, and muche spoken of, that the oracions of Demosthenes smelled all of the candle,Read ye first apophthegme of Demosthe. for that thesame did in the night seasō wryte and recorde suche thynges as he had to saie to the people in the daye tyme. So whē an other feloe, whiche had an eiuill name abrode for the suspiciō of piekyng and brybyng, veraye malapertely inueighed against ye same thyng: I knowe it full well (ꝙ Demosthenes) yt wee dooe werke the muche sorowe, in yt wee light candles in the night.Priue theues loue ye derke. For priue [Page] stealers loue ye derke.

16 On Demades cryyng, oh, Demosthenes will take vpon hym to correcte me,How Demosthenes taunted Demades. the sow will teache* Minerua, ye same Demosthenes saied: Yea, but this Minerua (ꝙ he) was taken the last yere in aduou [...]ie.Minerua by the ficcion of the poetes a perpetuall virgin. He lated vnto ye charge of Demades aduoutrie, wher as the poetes dooe make Minerua to bee a perpetuall virgin.

17 Thesame Demosthenes withstood ye Atheniens ymportunely desiryng hym to shewe his aduise,Demosthenes would not bee at the becke of the people. & saied:

[...].

that is, I am none of those whiche are brought, vnder coram. Signifiyng, that he was not as a bondeseruaunte [Page] made to the becke of the people, but at his owne wille & pleasure at all tymes to dooe what thyng he had iudged expediente to bee dooen.

A certain bonde maiden had receiued 18 of twoo menne of hir acquaintaunce a certain summe of money to kepe for theim, with this condiciō and agreemente, that she should redeliuer thesame summe vnto theim bothe together. The one of these twoo parties within a shorte space after, comyng cladde in a mournyng garmente, & gooyng as though he had no ioye of his life, and feignyng that his partener was dedde, beguiled the woman, & gotte the money out of hir fyngers.How Demosthenes by a suttle ingen saued a poore woman from paiyng one summe twys. This dooen, anon came the secounde partie vnlooked for, and begoonne to require that had been leafte in hir custodie. And wher ye woman beeyng in a pecke of troubles was half in mynde & purpose to hang hirself, Demosthenes [Page] was so good vnto hir to become hir aduocate, who, as soone as he came to make his plea in hir behalf, went roundely to the demaū der of the money after this sorte: This woman (saieth he) is readie well & truely to discharge hirself of the money which she was putte in truste withal to kepe, but onles thou bryng thy partener too, she maye not dooe it, because that by thyne owne confession and woordes, this was a plain composiciō made betwen you, that the money should in no wyse bee deliuered to the one of you without the other. By this suttle ingen he saued the poore seelie woman, and clerely defeacted the conspirisie of the two vilaines, who had drieuē a drifte to receiue double paimente of one summe.

To a certain ꝑsone demaūdyng 19 what was the principall poincte in eloquence, he made aunswer, hypocrisis, [Page] that is, accion or pronunciacion. To yesame persone eftsons askyng, what was y• nexte poincte and what the thirde, he still made none other aunswer but, accion, accion. Referryng so muche to pronunciacion, that he thought all together to consiste in thesame. And in deede y• accion or pronunciacion comprehendeth many thynges mo then one, that is to weete, the temperyng and qualifiyng of the voice, the earnest looke of the yies, the porte of the counte [...]aunce, and the gesturyng or conueighaunce of all the whole bodye.

When the fyngers of the Atheniens 20 ticleed to aid and succour Harpalus, and wer now alreadie vp towardes warre against Alexander, soodainly was seen Philoxenus arriued in the countree of Attica, whō Alexander had made his high amirall. At this sodain arriuall of the saied Philoxenus when y• people beeyng with feare astouned wer soodainly whished & weaxed dumme: [Page] what would these menne dooe (ꝙ Demosthenes) if thei should see the soonne, which haue not the power to looke against a candle? After suche sorte did he vpbraid to the people their rashe and vnaduised stieryng of coles, and arisynges to warre. By the soonne he mened Alexander, in comparison of whom, this Philoxenus was scacely to bee estemed a cādle.

21 Certain persones estemyng and saiyng that Demades had now geuē ouer to bee suche an haine, as he had been in tyme past:Demades was couetous of money. Yea marie (ꝙ Demosthenes,) for now ye see hym ful paunched, as lyons are For Demades was couetous and gredie of money. And in deede the lyons are more gentle when their bealyes are well filled.

When he was by a certain persone 22 reuiled with muche naughty language:In reui [...]yng one an other [...] who so ouercometh, l [...]seth the victorie. I am now matched (ꝙ he) to buccle in a strife, in whiche who so hath in fine the ouer hāde, getteth the wurse, and who so ouer cometh, leseth the victorie.

[Page]Thesame Demosthenes, when he 23 heard a certain oratour speakyng out of measure loude and high, & all together in Pilates voice, saied: Not all that is greate,Not all yt is greate is well but all that is wel is greate. is well, but all that is well is greate. This saiyng is ascribed to others also. And some folkes there been, that esteme feastes whiche are drawen of a greate length to sitte all daie, and are furnyshed with soondrie dishes or courses of the moste,One dishe alone to f [...]de on, is more holsome for y• bodye, then variet [...]e of dishes. to bee royall deintie geare, wheras by the plain determinacion of all naturall philosophiers, and of all good physicians in the world, one good dishe alone to f [...]de on is more naturall and more holsome for the bodye, then the varietee of many costely dis [...]es at one repaste.

¶ The ende of the secounde booke.

Notes

*

Valerius Maximus, and the other Historiographiers writen, that Polycrates the Tyranne of the Samians, had liued many yeres in suche incōparable prosperitee, that in all his affaires either publique or priuate, neuer any thyng went against hym, nor any myschaūce fell vnto hym, in so muche that beeyng (as ye would saie) werye of suche contynuall successe of thynges, euen in despite of good fortune, (to the ende that it might not be saied of hym, that he neuer had in al his life any losse, or myschaunce,) as he rowed on the sea for his pleasure and solace, he willyngly and of purpose cast awaye into the sea a golde ryng with a precious stone in it, of valour vneth estymable. And yet in suche wyse did fortune flatre hym, that within a daye after, his cooke found thesame ryng in the bealy of a fishe, whiche he garbaiged to dresse for his lordes dyner, and restored to thesame his owne ryng again. Yet this notwithstādyng, in his later daies fortune chaunged hir copie, and Polycrates taken presoner by Orontes the high Capitain or leuetenaūt of Darius kyng of the Persians, was after moste peinfull and moste greuous tormentes, hanged vp on a iebette vpon the toppe of an high hyll. The woordes of Plynius, whiche Erasmus here speaketh of, are in the first chapitour of the .xxxvii. volume of his natu [...]all historie, in maner and fourme as foloeth. Of this originall begoonne auctoritee and dignitee in precious stones, auau [...]ced in processe and hoysed to so high loue, desirefulnesse and fansie of menne, that vnto Polycrates of Sames the rigorous tyranne of all the Isle [...] and sea coastes of ye countree, in the voluntarie losse and damage of one precious stone, semed a sufficient and large emendes for his felicitee and prosperous fortune (whiche felicitee, euen hymself would ofte tymes plainly confesse and graunt of veraye co [...]science to bee ouer greate) if he might bee euen with the rol [...]yng & mutabilitee of fortune, and touche touche like, mocke hir aswell again: and that he plainly thought hymself to bee largely [...]aunsoned, and bought out of the enuie of thesame continual prosperitee, if he had had nomore but this one sole grefe or hertefore, to byte hym by the stomake. Beeyng therefore clene weried with contynuall ioye and gladdenesse. He rowed in a ves [...]ell for his pleasure, a greate waye into the chanell of the streme, and wilfully cast one of his rynges into the sea. But a fishe of excedyng bignesse, (euen by destiney appointed to bee a present for a kyng) euen purposely to shewe a myracle, wyth a tryce snapped vp thesame in stede of feedyng, and by the handes of fortune awaytyn̄g hym an eiuill turne, restored it again into the k [...]chyn of the owner the said Polycrates.

↵

☞

The debate and displeasure of Philippus with Olympias and Alexander, dooeth Plutarchus in the life of Alexander shewe, in this maner: When by reason of the loue & soondrie mariages of Philippus, muche troubleous murmuryng and frayyng arose and begoonne within the courte of Philippus, emong his own folkes, in so muche that the kynges wife and the other women could sca [...]ely abyde one an other, muche querelyng, brallyng and discord grewe and dayly came in vre, euen vnder the nose of Philippus. Whiche grudges, quereles, debate and variaunce, the sharpenes or curstnes, the zelousie, and the eagre feersenes of Olympias did augmente and sette on Alexander against Philippus. Also of debate and enmitee one Attalus ministreed a wondreous good cause at y• mariage of Cleopatra, whom where Philippu [...] had fallen i [...] loue withall, beeyng yet a young damysell vnmariable, anon after he tooke to wife. For Attalus beeyng vncle to the maydē beeyng through drunken, euen in the feaste tyme of the mariage, exhorted & encouraged the Macedonians to make praier vnto the Goddes, that a lawfull and right born heire for the succession of the croune and empier might bee begotten betwene Philippus and Cleopatra. with which thyng Alexander beeyng highly moued, saied: why thou naughtie vilain, what thynkest thou of vs that we are bastardes, or mysbegotten? and euen with that woorde he caught a goblet in his hande, and cast it at the hedde of Attalus. Philippus ymmediately therupon arisyng ranne at Alexander with a naked sweorde to haue slain hym, but (fortune beeyng theim both [...] good to ladie) what by reason of furie, and what of wyne the stripe did no harme all. Then Alexander begynnyng to rail on his father saied: This is the ioyly feloe & gaye manne, whiche makyng preparacion to passe out of Europa into Asia, and about to go but out of one chaumbre into an other stumbleed and had a great falle. After this high woorde [...] and reasonyng had in cuppes, whē the saied Alexāder had conueighed awaye with hym his mother Olympias, and had lefte hir in the region of Epirus, hymselfe abode and liued in the countree of Illyris. And at thesame season, it fortuned that one Demaratus a Corinthian a veraye familiar acquaintaunce & frende of Philippus, pretendyng to bee one yt would hymself in al causes frankely, freely & boldely saye his mynde, was come vnto Philippus. Of whom after they had shaked handes, and had with pleasaunte and freendly woordes salued either the other the saied Philippus enquiered, howe the Grekes agreed and accorded within theimselfes. To whom Demaratus thus aū swered: O Philippus, of all menne lest of all it behoueth you to haue care and charge of Grece, that haue thus heaped your own courte and palaice with so many kyndes of discorde and with so many troubles and aduersitees. Wherupon Philippus repentyng his folye, sent the saied Demaratus, to desir [...] and praye Alexander to returne home again, and so he did.

↵

*

Thersites, was one of ye Grekes, and came emong the moo out of the countree of Aetolia vnto the battaill of Troye: a greate gentleman born, but the wurst of feacture, of shape and of fauoure, that possible might bee, and a veraye cowarde: Whom Homerus in his secounde volume of his werke, entitleed Ilias (that is, of the battaill of Troye) describeth bothe in woordes and sense, much lyke as foloeth:

Emong all others, to Troye there came,

An eiuill fauoured geaste, called by name

Thersites, a pratleer bee ye sure,

Without all facion, ende or measure.

What soeuer came, in his foolishe brain,

Out it should, wer it neuer so vain.

In eche mannes bote, would he haue an ore,

But no woorde, to good purpose, lesse or more:

And without all maner, would he presume

With kynges and princes, to cocke and fume.

In feactes of armes, naught could he dooe,

Nor had no more herte, then a gooce therunto.

All the Grekes did hym, deride and mocke,

And had hym, as their commen laughyng stocke.

Squyn [...]yied he was, and looked nyne wayes.

Lame of one leg, and hympyng all his dayes.

Croump shouldreed, and shrunken so vngoodly,

As though he had had but halfe a bodye.

An hedde he had (at whiche to ieste and scoffe)

Copped like a tankarde or a sugar lofe.

With a bushe pendente, vndernethe his hatte,

Three heares on a side, like a drouned ratte.

And not long after his arriuall to Troye, for that he was so buisie of his toungue, so full of chattyng and pra [...]leyng with euery kynge and noble manne of the Grekes, Achilles beeyng moued with his saucynes and ymportunitee, vp & gaue hym suche a cuff on the eare, that he slewe hym out of hande, with a [...]lowe of his fist.

↵

*

The countree where odours growen, that is here meaned, was Gaza, whiche was a towne of the countree of Palestina or Iewrie in Pheni [...]ia beeyng a parte of Arabia, whiche Alexander (as Plutarchus writeth) did subdue and conquer. And when he sent from then [...] to his mother Olympias & to Cleopatra, and to his other frēdes, cote armours and spoyles there woonne, he sent also at thesame tyme (as thesame Plutarchus maketh mencion) to Leonides his olde maister, fiue hundred talentes of frankinsense, that is of our Troy weight or poyse fowertie sixe thousande and fiue hundred poundes of weight or thereabout, and of Myrthe, one hundred talentes, that is of englishe poyse, nyne thousande three hundred poundes of weight or thereabout. For I take here a talente for the commen talente Attique whiche conteined of englishe poyse three score twoo poundes and one halfe pounde or thereabout.

↵

*

Caria is a prouince in the countree of Asia the lesse, lyyng betwene Lycia and Ionia, the inhabitauntes wherof wer called Cariās, a vile people & veraye abiecte, in so much y• diuerse prouerbes ye Grekes inuented, in reproche of their vilanie. As, Ite foras Cares nō amplius Anthisteria, & In Care periculū Of whiche prouerbes reade in the chiliades of Erasmus.

↵

*

Plutarchus in ye life of Alexander saieth in maner & fourm [...] here foloyng. Immediatly hereupon was there a greate felde foughten with Darius, not (as some autours writen) in the towne of Arbeli, but at Gaugameli. Whiche worde Gangamel [...] is as muche to saye, as the Cameles hous. Whiche it is saied, that a certain kyng in forne yeares, when he had on a D [...]omedarie Camele escaped the handes of his enemies, builded there, and appoynted to the ouersight and the charges of thesame, the reuenues of certain townes and villages.

↵

☞

Ammon, was Iuppiter wurshipped in the fourme & likenesse of a ramme. For when Bacchus otherwyse called Liber pater (all the whole countree of Asia now subdued) was conueighyng his armie through the wyldernesse of Lybia (whiche Lybia is a region or coste of the countree of Afrike, boundyng vpon Aegypte, and sometyme sette for all Afrike,) beeyng almoste lost for drought bothe he and all his armie, he besought his father Iuppiter of helpe and succour. Wherupon ymmediatly appered vnto hym a ramme, whiche ramme while he pursued, he came by chaunce to a right pleasaunt & a plenteous welle. Bacchus therefore thynkyng this ramme to bee Iuppiter, anon builded there a temple, & sette in it the ymage & porture of a ramme to bee wurshipped for Iuppiter. And it was called Ammon (as ye would saie in Englyshe Iuppiter of the sande, because the temple was edified and builded in a sandie place) for the Greke vocable [...], souneth in englishe the sande. Albeeit, some there bee that affermen Iuppiter in the language of the Aegyptians to bee called Ammon, and therof this temple to haue taken the name of Ammō. But Pansa [...]ias holdeth opinion, that it was so named of one Ammon a shepehearde, who first builded thesame temple.

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*

When the Thebanes became rebelles against Alexander, and had procured vnto thesame the aide and helpe of the Atheniēs, Aleāxder with a greate puissaunce laied siege to ye citee of Thebes. And yet willyng to geue them space to repente their foly, and by submyttyng theim selfes to be reconciled, offreed theim bothe pardone that present, & from thens forth for to be free vpon condicion to deliuer into his handes Phoenix, and Prothy [...]es (who had been the autours of the defeccion.) The Thebanes on their partie required of Alexander to haue deliuered to theim Philotas & Antipater twoo of the Capitaines of Alexander, and made an open proclamaciō, that whosoeuer was desirous to haue all the countree of Grece to bee sette in their olde state of freedome, should come and take their parte. Then Alexander with al his power of [...]he Macedonians sette vpon theim. The Thebanes wer nothyng slacke, but fough [...] stoutely & valyauntly against their enemies beeyng in noūbre ferre mo, then thei wer. But anon came in vpon theim at their backes others of the Macedoni [...]ns, & so in fine wer thei bea [...]en down, their citee taken, spoyled and destroyed bothe stiecke and stone. The Atheniens he perdoned, & by this acte he putte all Grece in suche terrour, that thei laie al quiete and durst not [...] to stiere against hym.

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28

Plutarchus thus telleth thesame historie. Alexander hauyng with siege encoumpaced the towne of one Sisimethres stā dyng on a rocke impenetrable, when he sawe his souldyers to bee of heauie [...]here, he demaunded of one Oxiartes, what hert [...] and courage the said Sisimethres was of, Oxiartes aunsweryng that he was the verayest dastarde aliue, well, then (ꝙ Alexander) by thy saiyng y• rocke wil soone & easily bee woonne forasmuche as the lorde therof is a cowarde and no manne of wa [...]e. And euē so came it to passe, for Sisimithres was wt the onely manacyng, thretenyng & facyng of Alexander so feared, that he yelded [...] gaue vp his hold without any resistence at al.

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This Porus was one of the kynges of India, a stoute [...] a valiaunte manne of armes, and also a manne of greate puissaunce, whom Alexander had a buisie piece of werke, & muche a dooe tooe vanquishe Plutarchus in the life of Alexander affermeth many writers to agree in this poynte, that Porus was in heigth .vi. foote and one hande bredthe, wheras the naturall philosophiers auouchen the vttermost extente that maye possibly bee of the heigthe of a manne not to excede .vii. foote. Porus was so talle of stature & personage, that when he sate on his Elephantes backe (for he vsed to ryde on no other beaste) his tallenesse was answerable to the greatenesse of the Elephante that he rode on, although it was a might [...]e big Eliphante. And Plutarchus writeth that t [...]i [...]same Elephāte shewed euē at that season woondrefull prudence & no lesse woondrefull loue towardes his maister, then if it had been a creature wyth reason indued. For as longe as the kynge was safe without receiuynge any wounde, the El [...]phante made greate stieryng, and fought hardyly against his enemies, & destroyed theim on euery syde. And as soone as he perceiued Porus to bee sore wounded, and to haue stickyng in soondrie partes of his bodye veraye many dartes, fearyng lest he should by reason therof synke and fall downe from his backe, of his owne accorde he sounk downe fair and softely vpon his knees, and with his snoute tendrely plucked out of his maisters body [...] all the said dartes one after an other. And in deede of Elephantes how disciplinable and of how greate prudence, docilitee and (as ye would saie) capacitee aud aptitude thei are, & also what tendre loue and affeccion thei dooe naturally beare towardes manne: Aristotle, Plynius, & other naturall philosophiers shewen exaumples almoste bothe innumerable & also incredible.

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In the werke of Homere entitleed, Ilias, are moste excellētly described and sette out the actes, the laudes, and ye prowesse marciall of Achilles to his ymmortall glorie and renoume. For whiche c [...]use Alexander had suche loue and zele towardes the said poete, that wheresoeuer he wente he carryed thesame his werke entitleed Ilias, euermor [...] about hym in the daye tyme, [...] in the night vsed euermore to haue his dagguer, and the said Ilias of Homere lyyng vnder his bolster at his beddes hedde. So desirous he was of honour, renoume and eternall memorie, and to bee sette out of the best and moste cunnyng dooers, as maye appere by somethynges afore me [...]cioned, and also by the .xlix. saiyng of this Alexander.

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Parasites, wer called suche smelle feastes as would seeke to bee free geastes at riche mennes tables. Who to the ende y• thei might at all tymes bee welcome, would speake altogether for to please and to delite the riche folkes, flatreyng theim, and holdyng vp their yea, and naye, whatsoeuer thei saied, were it [...]euer so contrarie to reason, truthe, or likelyhood.

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*

This horse was called Bucephalus, as ye would saie in englyshe, bulles hedde, either of his ougly looke, or [...]ls of the figure and priente of a bulles hedde, with an hotte iron marked on his shoulder. One Philonicus a Thessalian had bought hym for .xiii. talentes, purposely to the vse of kyng Philippus. But after this facte, Alexander had the horse, and vsed hym for his owne sadle in al his warres afterwarde, vntil the horse was thirtie yeres olde. And then was he dedly wounded in a certain battaille, and had muche cure dooen vpon hym to saue hym, but it would not bee. The death of Bucephalus Alexander tooke as heauyly, as if he had lost one of his nighest and derest frendes, in so muche that he builded a citee in the place where the horse dyed, and for a memorie of thesame called the citee Bucephalon, or, Bucephala, or (as it is in Plutarchus) Bucephalia.

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Callisthenes was a sophiste, and a manne of great eloquēce as declareth Plutarchus in the life of Ale [...]ander. He wa [...] b [...]o [...]ght into Alexanders courte, by the meanes of Aristotle, whose nere kynsman he was. For Aristotle and Hero the mother of Callisthenes were come of twoo sisturs [...] Plutarchus saieth that some writers affirmen Alexander to haue hanged hym on the galoes, and that other wryten hym to haue dyed in prieson, by reason of longe kepyng there in cheines & fettres, and that others saien hym to haue dyed of the congelyng of greate or talowe betwene the skynne and the fleashe.

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*

This Nisa was a toune in India builded by Bacchus. For there was an other Nisa in Aegypte, where Bacchus was nouriced by the nymphes. There wer also other tounes mo then one or twain of thesame name elswhere, as te [...]tifien the Geographiers.

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Patroclus a Locrensian, the soonne of Menetius, when h [...] had dooen a murdre in his owne countree, fled into the countree of Thessalia, vnto Peleus y• kyng there, to whose soonne Achilles he was derely beloued, and a mutuall louyng frende to hym again, for he would neuer after forsake Achilles, but went with thesame to the battaille of Troye. And when Achille [...] [...]for displeasure and angre that Agamemnō kyng of Grece had parforce taken awaye his paramour Briseis) woulde no more fight against y• Troianes, but did a long tyme forbeare & refuse to come foorth of his pauiliō vnto bataille, Patroclus did on his owne bodye the armure and harnesse of Achilles, & myndyng thereby to make the Troianes afeard, (for of all thynges in the worlde thei could not abyde the sight of Achilles [...] he byckered and fought with the Troianes, and was slain with the handes of Hector. Wherefore Achilles to auenge his death bethought hymself again, and returned to bataille, and slewe Hector, and buiried Patroclus honourably, and oft [...]ymes did muche sacrifice to the Goddes at his [...]oumbe.

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Where it is afore noted yt Antigonus had twoo soonnes and named the one by his brothers name Demetrius, and the other by his fathers name Philippe, Plutarchus saieth that suche was the fame and bruite that went of hym. Albeeit (saieth Plutarchus in the life of this Demetrius) many chronicleers haue left in writyng, that this Demetrius was not the soonne of Antigonus, but his brothers soonnes soonne. For ye father of Demetrius beeyng deceassed, and his mother beeyng marryed vnto Antigonus, Demetrius beeyng a veraye young infante, was beleued to bee the soonne of Antigonus, & muche the more, because that Philippe beeyng twoo or three yeares younger of age then Demetrius dyed, and Demetrius was by Antigonus made his heire apparaunte to succede hym in his croune and empier.

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Agamemnon the kyng of Mycena, and of all the Argiues, the soonne of Atreus, and the brother of Menelaus kyng of Lacedaemon, (for whose wife Helene, all the kynges of Grece made warre against Troie.) And Agamemnon was the hedde & chief kyng of theim all. But at his returne frō Troie he was slain by his owne wife Clytemnestra, by ye helpe of Aegyptus who kepte hir by adulterie, because he had (as Clytēnestra supposed) slain Iphigenia his doughter and hirs in sacrifice vnto Diana at the porte of Aulis, when ye Grekes should take their viage towardes Troie.

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Silenus was the fosterfather of Bacchus, whom for his monstreous myshape, and for his fond toyes, Iupiter, Apollo, Mars, Bacchus, Mercurie and Uulcan, and the vniuersall coumpaignie of the poeticall Goddes vsed for their foole (such as our princes and noble menne haue nowe of dayes) to make theim sporte and passetyme to laugh at. For it was an eiuill disfigured apyshe bodye, croumpe shouldreed, shorte necked, snatnosed, with a sparowes mouth, full of vngracious prankes of laughter, cladde in a fooles cote, neuer without his belle and his [...]ockes combe, and his instrumente wheron to plaie toodle loodle bagpipe, muche after the facion of fooles (suche as are exhibited in Morice daunces, and suche as are peinted in many papers or clothes with wyde mouthes euer laughyng with their Iille, and hauyng fooles hoodes on their hedde wt long asses eares.) By the paterne and likenesse of this Silenus, wer deuised and made in olde tyme to sette in the galaries and chaumbres of noble mēne, litle monstreous & eluyshe mys [...]apen Images, so wrought that thei might bee takē one piece frō an other, & that thei had leaues to fold and to open. These Images beeyng shut cloce represented nothyng but ye likenesse of a fonde and an eiuill fauoured myshapen bodye made like a foole, blowyng on a bagpipe, or a shalme, or on some other facioned pipe, but thesame beeyng vnfolded & spred abrode shewed some high mysticall mater, and some excellente piece of werke [...]ull of maiestee, moste contrarie to that it shewed to bee at the first vieu when it was shutte. Unto this sorte of Images dooeth Alcibiades in the werke of Plato entitleed, ye banquette, compare and liken Socrates, because thesame was a muche other maner manne if one sawe hym throughly, & toke vie [...] of hi [...] mynde and herte within, then at the first blushe in apparance of bodye he semed to bee, (as who lusteth to reade maye see more at large in the prouerbe Sileni Alcibiadis, in ye chiliades of Erasmus.) And to thesame alluded Antigonus signifiyng, that although he wer of personage, of feacture, and in shape not moste comely, nor all of the best made, yet in good qualitees of the mynde, in feactes of policie, in Marcyall prowesse, in knowlage of gouernyng a royalme, and in all semble [...]bl [...] princely vertues, he gaue place to none other of his progenitours the kynges that had been tofore hym. Yet Plutarchus saie [...]h in the life of Demetrius, that thesame Demetrius was a veraye tall manne of personage and stature, and yet not althyng so talle as his father.

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The historie of Theocritus ye Chian, dooeth Erasmus write in the sixth boke of ye apophthegmes, as foloeth: when Theocritus had been attached [...] and should be brought afore ye kyng Antigonus, and the persones, whiche led hym by the armes, bidde hym to bee of good chere, for that he should escape & bee as well as euer he had been, at the first houre of his comynge vnto the kynges yies. Naye (ꝙ Theocritus) now ye putte me clene out of all hope of my life to bee saued. Geuyng a sore bytyng, or bloudie woorde towardes the kyng, tha the had but one yie and not yies. The kyng no sooner heard of the feloes iestyng, but he cōmaunded thesame streight wayes to bee hanged on the galoes.

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Armenia, a royalme in Asia, lyyng betwene the twoo greate mountaines, Taurus and Cancasus, and stretcheth on length from ye coūtree of Cappadocia vnto ye sea called Mare Caspiū.

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Of Pompeius it is writen, that neuer had any other persone of the Romaines the propense fauour and beneuolence of all the people, either sooner begoonne in his young dayes, or in his prosperitee on all behalfes more assured and strong orels when good fortune failled hym, more costaunte in long contynuyng. And iuste causes there wer (saieth Plutarchus in his life) moo then one, wherefore the people did beare suche hertie loue towardes hym, his chaste liuyng, his expertenesse in feactes Marciall, his eloquence of toungue to persuade any mater, his substanciall and true dealyng, and his sobrenesse or humilitee to bee communed withall. He neuer desired or asked any thyng of any persone, but with an heauie moode as one lothe to aske, he neuer did any thyng at the requeste of another but with a gladde chere, as one prest & readie to dooe all persones good. And of his good giftes or graces, one was to geue nothyng after a disdaignefull or stately sorte, an other, to receiue nothyng but as though it had been a large and high benefite, wer it in deede neuer so s [...]endre. Euen of his childehood he had a countenaunce or looke of no small grace to allure and wynne the hertes and fauour of the people. &c.

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Of the stomake, courage & hardynesse of Alexander, besides the testimonie of Plutarchus, of Quintus Curtius, & of other historiographiers, sufficiente declaraciō maye bee taken by his ieoperdyng to ride the vnbroken horse Bucephalus (of whiche in the .xl. apophthegme of Alexander it is afore mencioned) and by auenturyng ouer the [...]oodde of Granicus, wherof reade in the fifth apophthegme of Alexander. Neither was ther any so high, so harde, or so daungerous an entreprise, that Alexander would feare to attempte and to auenture. At the age of .xvi. yeres he sette vpon the Megarians, and thesame discoumfeicted and vanquished. He sought the waye to the temple of Ammon through wildernesse, where bothe he and all his coumpaignie should haue been lost, had it not fortuned hym to bee brought into his ways again, and to bee counduicted or guided by a flight of crowes. In pursuyng Darius he rode .iiii.C. myles in tenne dayes vpon one horse. At the toune of Gordium (the principall toune of all Phry [...]ia) wheras there was in the temple of Iupiter a wayne with thonges, writhen and wounde with so diffuse a knotte, that noman could vndooe it, and a prophecie dependyng of thesame, that whosoeuer could vndooe y• knotte should achiue and obtein the Empier of the whole vniuersall worlde, Alexander perceiuyng the knotte to bee ouer buisie to bee vndooen with his hādes, neglected al religion and supersticious feare, and wt his sweorde chopped me it quyte in soondre at a stroke. These thynges & many others mo did Alexander whereby is euident what stomake and courage he was of.

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As touchyng the felicitee and good fortune of Augustus, Cornelius Nepos in the life of Pomponius Atticus saieth in this manier. So high and greate prosperitee foloed Augustus Caesar, that fortune leaft nothyng vngeuen to hym, that euer she had at any tyme afore conferred or purchaced to any liuyng creature, and that was possible for a citezen of Roome to haue. Whiche he addeth, because Augustus was no kynge. For at that daye it was not leefull for a citezen of Roome to bee a kyng, and it was high treason if any manne attempted to bee a kyng.

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Brasidas a stoute and valiaunte Capitain of the Lacedemonians, slain in battail in defendyng the Grekes whiche inhabited Thracia. For at his first settyng foorth towardes battaill, he wrote vnto the officers of Lacedemon, that either he woulde putte of for euer all the eiuill that was in battail, orels he would dye for it. And whē word of his death was brought by ambassadours, purposely sent therfore to his mother Archileonide, at the first woorde that euer she spake, she demaunded whether Brasidas had dyed with honour or not. And whē the Thracians praised his manhood, and saied that the citee of Lacedemon had not his feloe leaft in it, yes yes (ꝙ the woman again,) full litle dooe ye knowe, what maner feloes the Lacemonians are. In deede (ꝙ she) Brasidas was a right good man of his handes, but yet the citee of Lacedemon hath many better mēnes bodyes then Brasidas was. For the respecte & memorie of this noble and valiaunte capitain, Augustus perdoned the vnmeasurable accusar of Euclides.

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After the expulsion and final exterminacion of kynges out of the citee of Roome, if any manne either had any high or large mansion place, or attempted any sumptuous or ample buildyng, he encurred suspicion of tyrannie, and of takyng a kynges croune and power vpon hym: in so muche, that Ualerius Publicola a noble manne of Roome, & one of the chief dooers in expulsyng Tarquinius the proude the laste kyng of Roome because he had a faire hous and high, and nere vnto the kynges palaice, was not free of that suspicion, but to declare hym selfe [...] was fain to pul down his hous sticke and stone euen to ye plain grounde. Thesame thyng purchaced vnto Pompeius also and diuers others muche enuie, and suspicion of vsurpyng a kynges power, whiche to dooe in Roome at those daies was the moste high and ranke treason that could bee.

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The latin woorde, Forum, in one significacion is a courte hous, or a place where to sitte in iustice, suche as is Westmynster halle, or the Sterre chaumber, or Guilde halle. And wee [...]eade of three suche courtehouses or Guilde halles in Roome [...] one that was called, forum latiū, or forum Romanū, whiche the aunciente Romains vsed at the begynnyng: the secounde that was called forum Caesaris dictatoris, whiche Iulius Caesar builded, and had there standyng his image in harnesse like a Capitain and a knight of puissaunce: and the thyrde Augustus erected within the temple of Mars, that was called, Vltor, Mars the auenger.

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It is, I thynke, to no Christian manne vnknowen the moste detestable slaughter of infantes whiche Herode caused to bee slain rounde aboute all the precinctes of Bethleem for the hatered of Iesus, and vpon the querele, that he had been mocked by the wyse menne that were called, Magi, as appeareth in the secounde chapitour of the Gospell of Matthewe. And that the Iewes should eate no swynes fleashe, was prescribed vnto theim in the lawe of Moses by God hymselfe, in the .xi. Chapter of Leuiticus, and in the .xiiii. of Deuteronomium. Where are forbydden all vnclene meates. And vnclene are accoumpted as many kyndes of beastes, as dooe not both diuide the hoof into twoo clawes, and also chewe the cudde.

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Letters of commendacion, he mened lettres directorie, or lettres of addresse, that is to saie, lettres that should expressely contein aswell the name of euery persone that he had any matier vnto, as also the message that should bee dooen or saied vnto thesame, that the biddell might not faill though he wer [Page] of hymselfe forgettefull.

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Nomenclator, is a vocable cōpouned of y• latin word, nom [...] and of the greke diccion [...] a caller, reherser, or rekener. So that nomēclatores wer those that we call bidelles. To whom peculiarly apperteined to knowe by herte the names, ordres and degrees of all persones. For their office was [...]o call and reken vp at tymes requisite all persones, as senatour, alderman, comener, Lorde, knight, esquier, gentleman, yeoman, freeman, bondeman, & euery partie accordyng to his state, degree, hauour, office or occupaciō. As for exaumple, in courtes of iustice, persones sued at the lawe, or in solemne feastes, (suche as in olde tyme the consuls, the pretours, and other hedde officers of Roome made vnto the citezens, and suche as now in London and other cite [...]s and townes of Englande the Maiour make doeth vnto the inhabitauntes or y• sergeaūtes at the lawe when they bee first created) the name [...] of all the geastes, whom the feaster muste in the dyner tyme haill, salute, & welcome eche partie by his name & accordyng to his degree. The [...] did also attend on suche persones as stood for the consulship [...] the preatourship, the tribuneship or any other of the chief offices at euery chaunge from yere to yere in Roome, and when neede was, shewed the partie that sued for the office, the names of those persones whose fauoure & voice thesame should su [...] and desire to haue towarde his eleccion and creacion. Wherefore Cato is muche praised in the histories, for that he duely obserued and kept y• lawe, whiche lawe did forebidde that any suche byddelles should awaite on any persone suynge for an office, but would yt euery such suter standyng for any such magistrate, should knowe to salute & cal euery citezen by his nam [...] without the helpe of any byddelle to prompe hym. Suche biddelles haue euery crafte in London that knowe euery persone of that crafte that thei belonge vnto, and their dwellyng plac [...]s, their degrees, their aūcientee, who bee maisters of y• craft [...] who haue been wardens, and wardens peeres, who bee bach [...] lers, who bee in y• liuerie, and who be not yet come to it. Such [...] biddelles haue the vniuersitees, whose office is to knowe who [Page] [...]een regentes, & who none regē [...]es, to present y• inferiour graduates to their superiours at their circuites gooyng, or at disputacions, at takyng degree of schoole, at obites, at generall processions, or at other actes scholasticall. And to vse & to place euery persone accordyng to his degree. his auncientie of standyng, his dignitee, or his office. &c. And these biddelles maye well bee called in latin nomenclatores.

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Cato the Uticensian, or Cato of Utica, was Cato the elders soonnes soonnes soonne. This Cato the younger in the ciuile battaill betwene Iulius Caesar and Pompeius the greate, tooke parte with Pompeius. And when Caesar begoonne to weaxe strōger and to preuaill, Cato fledde vnto Utica (a toune in Aphrica .xxx. myles from the cytee of Carthago) and held thesame with a stronge garrison of menne of warre. And whē he sawe that Caesar had conquered, & he muste needes bee taken, he killed hymself because he would not come aliue into the handes of Iulius Caesar. And because he did this at Utica, he was surnamed Uticensi [...]. Cato of Utica, for a distinccion frō the other Cato his greate graundefather. Reade of this more in the .xiii. apophthegme of Iulius Caesar.

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The Triumuirate here mencioned was when three persones beeyng together confederated as sworn brethren, tooke into their handes by vsurpacion the whole vniuersall empier of Roome to bee egually deuided emonge theim, & thei to haue the administracion, rewle, gouernaunce and ordreyng of all thynges, & the one to maintein the other in all causes. Whiche begoonne in the tyme of Iulius Caesar, beeyng so coupled with Pompeius the greate, and Marcus Cra [...]us the riche.

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And ended in the tyme of Augustus when thesame fell to like societee and composicion with Marcus Lepidus & Marcus A [...]tonius. Of whiche is somewhat touched before ye first apophthegme of this Augustus. There wer also in Roome diuerse other triumuirates, of whom it wer superfluous in this presente place to make any mencion.

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There was in Campania a toune called Fescenium, the first inhabitauntes wherof issued from the Atheniens (as Serui [...]s reporteth.) In this toune was first inuented the ioylitee of mynstrelsie and syngyng merie songes and rymes for makyng laughter and sporte at marryages, euen like as is nowe vsed to syng songes of the Frere and the Nunne, with other sembleable merie iestes, at weddynges, and other feastynges. And these sōges or rymes, (because their original begynnyng issued out of Fe [...]senium) wer called in Latin Fescennina carmina, or Fescennini rythmi, or Versus. Which I dooe here trāslate (accordyng to our Englyshe prouerbe) a ragmans rewe, or, a bible. For so dooe we call a longe ieste that railleth on any persone by name, or toucheth a bodyes honestee somewhat nere.

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Because ye name of Pollio is cōmē to many, I haue thought good to admonyshe, that this Pollio was called Uedius Pollio, alias Atedius Pollio, a familiare frende of Augustus. Of which Pollio shalbe spoken more at large in ye note of the .lix. [...]pophthegme of this Augustus.

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Tarraconia, a countree of Spain now called Aragousie. Tarracon, the chief citee of that countree, where was an altare cōsecrated to Augustus Tarraconenses, the inhabitaū tes of Tarracon.

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A garlāde ciuike, was called in latine ciuica corona, whiche one citezen hauyng been rescued and saued frō killyng in battaill made and gaue to another citezen by whom he was so rescued and saued as a testimoniall of his life saued when he should (but for the others aide and helpe haue been slain. And this garlande was of more honoure then a [...]y other gifte by manhood and prowesse marcyall to bee acheued, (sauyng onely corona graminea a garlande of grasse, otherwyse called corona obsidionalis, a garlande obsidionall, whiche was geuē to that persone, who by his aide and rescue had saued ye whole vniuersal armie of the Romaines beeyng besieged and besette or on euery syde enuironed with their enemies.) And yet we [...] there many garlandes geuen in battaill of muche more price & value then either of bothe aforesaid, as maye appere by the woordes of Plynius, whiche I haue thought good here to sette because it maketh to the declaracion and vnderstandyng of this place. The garlande ciuike (saieth Plynius) at y• firste was of holme, afterwarde it was more fansied to haue it made of Oken leues with acornes. There belōged vnto it many cō diciōs, and many circumtaunces wer required, he that should haue it muste bee one whiche first of all gettyng vp to the walles of the toune that he fighteth for in his owne countree hath slain whatsoe [...]er persone was so hardie to entreprise brekyng in. And one that had more desire to saue the life of one of his owne coūtreemen and feloes, then to slea his enemie. And how that thesame place where the deede was dooen the enemies was like to haue enioyed thesame daie. And that the partie so saued confesse thesame with his owne mouth, other wyse wytnesses dooen nothyng auaill, & that he wer a citezen of Roome Other for [...]ner comyng to succour and aide the Romaines g [...]ue not that honour though one saue a kynge. Neither dooeth thesame honour [...]asse the commen rate in dignitee though the high capitain bee sembleaby rescued and saued. For the first found [...]s would the highest of all to bee in any y• wer a citezen whatsoeuer he wer. A ciuike garlād once receiued, it was lawf [...]l [...] for h [...]m that had i [...] ones geuen, to weare all daie [...] of life af [...]. If h [...] came to any commen plaies or open sightes, it is ye guise euen yet still that reuerence bee dooen to hym, yea euē of the Senate. He had authoritee to sitte in the seates nexte vnto the Senate. He was exempted and chartreed or priuileged frō be [...]ryng alman [...]r offices of charge bothe for hymself, and his father and his fathers father.

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A lawe was made in Roome by Pompeius (and was of his name called, Lex Pompeia) that if any persone wrought the actuall deede of killyng his fa [...]her or his soonne, either pri [...]ely or ap [...]rte, thesame should b [...]e sewed or fast knitte in a poke of sac [...]cloth, together with a liue doggue, a cocke, an adder and an ap [...], and so should bee cast into the sea if there we [...] any nigh to the place, orels into the riuer: to the ende that beeyng enbr [...]ked and hampered in the middes of those mortall streighte [...], he might euen in his life tyme begynne to lacke the vse of all the elementes, and that the aier should bee taken awaye [...]rom hym whyle he wer aliue, and the yearth when he wer dedde.

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Of the straunge crueltee of this A [...]edius Pollio, alias Uedius Pollio, Plynius (in the .xxiii. chapitour of the nynth volume, treactyng of the nature of Lamproyes) speaketh in this maner. Uedius Pollio a knight of Roome, and one of the familiare frendes of Augustus Caesar, deuised & inuēted in this fyshe, exaumples and wayes how to dooe cruell tormente, castyng into close pondes and stewes of theim, the liue bodyes of bondemen condemned to dye, not as though the wylde beastes of the yearth beeyng for suche purpose vnsufficiente, but forbecause in any other kynde he might not stand and looke vpon whyle a liue manne wer toren piece mele in all the membres [...] par [...]es of his bodye at ones. Against thesame Pollio for thesame crueltee dooeth Sen [...]ca also sore inueigh.

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Capreae, arū, is a litle Isle beyond the toune of Surrentu [...] in the royalme of Naples, whiche royalme of Naples is in latine called Campania.

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There was in Roome of olde antiquitee a certain college, y• is to saie, a coumpaignie or feloship of magistrates, to whō appertei [...]ed the ordreyng, ministreyng, execuiyng and iudgeyng of all sacres, of all holy rites, ceremonies, funeralle obsequies, and of all other causes that in any poincte concerned religion. And thei wer called Pontifices. And there wer of theim twoo o [...]ders, that is to weete inferiours and superiours, as if y [...] should saie, [...]at lestwise in case the terme maie serue) bishoppes and archebishoppes. And emong theim was one hedde, yt was called summus pontifex, the highest prelate, and as ye would saie [...] the chief ordinarie, to whose power and autoritee belōged to make constitucions cōcernyng all the said rites, ceremonies [...]nd all poinctes of their religion, and to see reformacion of all inferiour magistrates encurryng any contumacie, contempte or disobediēce. This magistrate was first instituted by Num [...] Pompilius the seconde kyng of Roome.

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After that the citee of Roome had subdued many countrees thei did from yere to yere create and send into euery seuerall prouince that thei had a seueral magistrate, who was called, p [...]aetor, a lorde presidē [...]e. To whose authorite apperteined the determinacion of cause [...], and the redresse of all matiers cō cernynge iustice and lawe. A magistrate of muche like sorte as is here in Englande the lorde presidente of the counsaill in Wales, and the Lorde presidente of the counsaill at Yorke, sauyng that the praetor of Roome had ye assistence, aide & main [...]i [...]aunce of menne of armes wheresoeuer he wente to keepe sises, sessions, courtes or lawedaies, or to sitte in iudgemen [...].

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In the moste fe [...]hest parte of Spain, beyōde Granad [...] weste warde are twoo litle Isles called, Gades. In the lesse of these twoo Isles was a citee called Iulia, inhabited all with citezē [...] of Roome. There was also in thesame a temple dedicated vnto Hercules, in which it is thought by many persones, that ye twoo pillers of Hercules wer, whiche pillers wer of brasse eight cubites high a piece whiche Hercules (when he had peragrated all the worlde as ferre a [...] any lande went) did erect [...] [...]nd sette vp for a memoriall that there he had been.

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There is a prouerbe, omnem iacere aleam, to cast all dyce by whiche is signified, to sette all on sixe & seuen, & at all auen [...]ures [...]o ieoperd assaiyng the wilde chaunce of fortune, bee it good bee it badde [...] Therfore when Cesar saied: Bee all dyce alreadie cast. His menyng was, to bee now ouerlate to repente yt he had dooen, or to call again yesterdaye. And therefore that he would nowe cast no more [...]eniwoorthes in the matier, but go through wt his purpose, chaunce as it would. Cadat alea fati (saieth Lucanus in the persone of Caesar against Pompeius) [...]lterutrum mersura caput, yt is. Leat the dye of fate chaunce as it will. Thone or other of our liues to spil. Euripides, Plato, Terence, Plutarchus, Lucianus, and other writers moo liken [...]he life of manne to the game of dycyng, in whiche plaie, what to cast lyeth not in our handes, but onely in chaunce and fortune, but [...]hat that we haue cast, wee may with policie, con [...]eighaunce, and good ordreyng, if it bee well cast, vse & applye it to our commoditee, if the contrarie, yet tempre it the lesse to hurte vs.

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For the better vnderstandyng of this place, it is to bee noted, that by reason that the citee of Rome was rewled by two persones of eguall power, who were called Consules, & wer chaunged from yere to yere, ther chaunced oft tymes matier of contention and strife whether of the twoo Consules should goo to battaill, or if thei kept warre in twoo places at ones whether should goo to this place, and whether to that. And by reason of suche contenciō many tymes the affaires of the citee proceded not, and the citee self was oft in greate daungier. It was therefore by a lawe prouided that in suche tyme and state of the cōmen weale, if ye twoo Consules betwene theim twain or els the Senate emonge theim did not ne would agree, there should bee elected an officer, who was called dictator, as if ye should saie, a lorde commaunder, he was called also, Magister populi, the maister of the people. His office was called, Dictatura ye dictatourship, or y• dictature. Whiche was as touchyng his autoritee, the veraye absolute power of a kyng. And whatsoeuer the dictatour commaūded or bidde to bee dooen, should bee e [...]ecuted without any maner lette, contradiccion, or reasonyng. And because the power was so greate, it was by thesame law prouided that no one persone should contynue in it aboue the space of sixe monethes at ones. And whosoeuer would not geue vp the dictature at the sixth monethes ende, encurred the suspicion of tyrannie, and of conspiryng to bee a kyng, & there by the cryme of high treason against the commen weale. This lawe not withstandyng Sylla beeyng dictator would not at his due tyme yelde vp his office, but by meanes vsurped a perpetuall dictature for the terme of one hundred and twentie yeres, yet at last he gaue it vp in his last daies. Thē came Iulius Caesar, and so sembleably vsurped the dictatoursh [...]p for terme of life. And of that came in, the power of theim who wer afterward called Caesares. And the office of dictature ceassed. Neither was there any that wer euer called perpetui dictatores that is perpetuall dictatours, or dictatours for terme of life, but these twoo aforenamed.

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Plutarchus saieth that a diademe or croune emperiall was at this tyme sette on sondrie images of Caesar in diuerse places, and the twoo Tribunes that plucked awaye the crounes he nameth the one Flanius and the other Marullus, and ad [...]eth that thesame tribunes did cast in prieson all suche persones, as thei found had salued Caesar by the name of kyng.

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There wer seuen kynges of Roome, the first Romulus, the secounde Numa Pompilius, the thirde Tullus Hostilius, the fowerth A [...]cus Martius, the fifth Tarquinius Priscus, ye sixth Seruius Tullius, the seuenth Tarquinius the proude. Who for his high mynde and ouer stately vsyng his citezens, and for his moste hoorible crueltee, encurred their mortall disdaigne and hatered. And so it was that whyle thesame Tarquinius was from Roome laiyng siege to the toune of Arde His soonne Sextus Tarquinius came to Roome priuely by night, and by force and violence rauished Lucretia the wife of Tarquenius Collatinus against her wille. Wherupon ye said Collatinus and Iunius Brutus the kynges sisturs soonnes confederated wt Tricipitinus banysh [...]d for euer out of Roome bothe the soonne and the father, and shutte the gat [...]s of the citee against theim. And made a lawe that ther [...] should neuer after bee any more kynges in Roome, but twoo magistrates gouernours whiche should bee named consules. And the first cō sull in Roome wer created thesaid Lucius Iunius Brutus, & shortely after ioyned to Tarquenus Collatinus. And of thesame Brutus descended this Brutus here mencioned, who with Cassius conspired, wrought, and executed the death of Iulius Caesar.

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The Tigurines, a people of Germanie, whiche dooen inhabite the fower [...]h parte of Suycerlande.

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The Suyceners are y• whole nacion of Suycerlande whiche is called in latine Heluetia, and the people Heluetii, menne of suche sorte, that for money thei will fight, thei care not vnde [...] whose banner. And subiectes thei are vnto no prince, ne dooe any thyng passe on life or death, heauen or helle.

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Plutarchus in the life of Caesar, and Plynius in the .xlii. chapitour of the eight booke dooen write, that Iulius Caesar had an horse with feete facioned & shaped like a mannes foote, and the hou [...]e deuided as it wer into .ii. toes euen as a manne hath. And that he would not suffre any bodye to si [...]te hym, or gette vp on his backe, sauyng onely Caesar. A like straunge thyng is afore noted of Bu [...]ephalus the horse of Alexander.

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This Sulpitius was a Tribune or bourgeoyse for the people in the tyme of Sylla and Marius, whē Caesar was a veraye younge manne. Of whom Plutarchus in the life of Sylla writeth in this manier. Therefore Marius tooke vnto hym Sulpitius a Tribune of the people, a manne in no poincte behynd whosoeuer was moste flagicious And neuer aske ye the question how he was more vngracious then an other, sens he was more mischieuous then his owne self, a man of excedyng crueltee, and sette a gog with toto muche bothe presumpcion & auarice. To whatsoeuer deedes dooyng abominacion and all kyndes of mischief had enticed hym, he had no regarde, he had no consideracion to sell the commenweale of Roome euen in the open strete to menne that had been not many daies afore bondeseruauntes, and to denysens hauyng not a foote of lāde of their owne, and to tell suche money as was by theim paied vpon tables sette euen in the open mercate place. He mainteined three thousande persones that neuer went without sw [...]ordes and buc [...]lers, he had also of yoūg horsemēne moste quicke and readie vnto all maner feactes a great power for the garde of his persone. And these he named Antisenatum, a coumpaignie to matche the Senatours. This manne when he had made a lawe that no manne of the degree and ordre of the Senatours might owe aboue twoo thousande drachmes at ones, hym self when he was departed this worlde left thirtie hūdred thousand drachmes yt he owed of due debte. This man beyng sette the people on by Marius, when he entended to dooe all thynges with violence and with the sweorde, partely enacted many flagicious lawes, and especially one, whiche made Marius chief capitain of the warre to bee made against Mithridates. Wherefore, the consuls geuyng commaundemente that the ministryng of lawes should for a tyme ceasse, thesame consuls declaryng their myndes vnto the people in the temple of Castor Sulpitius bryngyng in amōg theim a coumpaignie of feloes in harnesse, bothe slewe many persones, and also thrust to the herte with a dagger the sonne of Pompeius then cōsull beeyng of age in manier but a veraye childe, euen in the myddes of y• guilde halle. But he was within fewe daies after condemned to death by Sylla, and by the tr [...]son of one of hi [...] owne bondeseruauntes slaine, and the seruaunte made a free manne (as Sylla had promised) and ymmediatly by the commaundement of thesame cast down hedlong frō a rocke where he broke his necke.

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Plutarchus in the life of Pompeius writeth, that the Romaines neuer shewed against any Capitain or hedde citezen either greater orels more eagre hatered, then against Strabo, ye father of Pōpeius. For duryng his life tyme thei stood in perpetuall feare of his greate power purchaced and gotten by the sweorde (for he was a veraye hardie and valyaunte manne of warre.) But after that he was ons departed out of this life, strieken so [...]dainly to death with a flashe of lightenyng, his corps beeyng carryed foorth to bee buiryed, ye people violently haled the ded bodye from the bere, and did vnto it all the moste vilanie that thei could ymagyn. The cause why he was so sore hated, was estemed to bee his vnsaciable auari [...]e and coueteousnesse.

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He calleth it a greate victorie, for the saied Domitius (a noble Senatour of Roome and consull with Messala) peryshed in ye battaill. And of twentie thousande, whiche he had in an armie, there escaped aliue no mo but three thousande. At this victorie Pompeius subdued all Aphrike into the power of the Romains. And for this victorie was he surnamed Magnus, and was called Pompeius the greate.

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When any consull or other high Capitaine by the Senate & people therunto deputed, had holden greate warres, and had with sauyng his owne armie (or at le [...]t wyse with smal losse of menne achiued some notable high cōqueste, or had gottē some excel [...]ente victorie vpō any foren nacion, kyng or capitain, to ye high honour, renoume and auaūcemente of the commenweale of Roome, or to the victorious enlargeyng of the empier of the same, he should at his returnyng home bee receiued with all honour, ioye, solemnitee, pompe and royaltee that might bee deuised. He should haue to go before hym ye kyng or capitaine by hym subdued, & all captiues taken in the warres, he should haue pageauntes as gorgeously sette out as might bee, of all ye tounes, castelles, fortresses, and people or prouinces by hym subdued, hymself should ryde in a chairette moste goodly beseen, bare hedded sauyng a garlande of laurell, and after his taille should come his owne souldyours with all ioye, mirth & solace that was possible to bee made. And this was called a triumphe, the highest honour that might bee shewed. Neither was it awarded to any manne, but by the iudgemente of the whole armie, with the decree of the Senate vpon thesame, and consente of the whole vniuersall people, nor without the [...]esertes aboue rehersed.

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Sertorius was born in Nursia, a toune of the Sabines, and was a citezen of Roome, at last an outlawe & a banysh [...]d man of whom Plutarchus thus telleth. Capitaines that haue been as good menne of warre, as euer wer any, haue lacked the one of their yies, as Philippus, Antigonus, Anniball, & this Sortorius, of whom no manne can denye, but that he was a māne more chaste of his bodye in absteinyng from womē, then Philippus: more assured and feithfull to his frendes, then Antigonus: lesse fu [...]ious & eagre on his enemies, thē Annibal: in witte inferiour to neuer an one of theim all, but ferre behynd theim all in fortune, whiche fortune although he found at all tymes more heauie and sore vnto hym then he found his enemies, ye [...] did he matche to the vttermust in perfectenesse of warre, Metellus: in hardinesse of auenturyng Pōpeius, in fortune Sylla, in power the whole people of Roome, beeyng a manne banyshed his owne countree, and bearyng rewle emong the Barbarous, that is to weete y• Portugalles, whose coūtree is called in latine Lusitania.

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Strabo in his werke of geographie, that is to saie, of the descripciō of the yearth, writeth, that out of Niphates (an hille in Armenia) spryngeth and issueth Euphrates, a greate, a depe and a swifte riuer, not ferre frō the riuer of Tigris. It is the greate riuer of the Parthians, and passyng through Babylon i [...] renneth into the redde sea. In the first booke of Moses Euphrates is rekened one of the fower riuers, whose fountaines or hedsprynges are in paradise.

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Plutarchus in the life of Phocion saieth that one Asclepiades was the first that told the newes of the death of Alexande [...] in Athenes. Unto whom Demades an [...]ratour saied yt there was no credence to bee geuen, allegeyng, yt it could none other wyse bee, but al the whole vniuersall worlde to bee replenished and s [...]uffed with the odour of suche a dedde bodye euen y• first daye, i [...] i [...] had been true that Alexander was dedde.

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Leosthenes was a manne at this tyme, of greate authoritee and estimacion in Athenes, who would not rest prouokyng the people to make warre vpon the residue of Grece, vntill he had brought theim in mynde so to dooe. And hymselfe was Capitain in thesame warre, and fought a greate felde against Antipater and the Beocians, and the Atheniens woonne the feld [...] But Leosthenes was slain in that battree. And wheras the Atheniens myndyng to continue warre and perceiuyng Phoci [...] to bee altogether against it, had deuysed a wyle to haue on [...] Antiphilus succede Leosthenes, and to put Phocion by, les [...] he would turne the warre into peace, Phocion commaunded by proclamacion yt as many as wer betwene the age of sixteen yeres & seuentie, should out of hande geat theim to their hors [...] and harnesse, & prouidyng theimselfes vitailles for fiue daie [...] to come and folowe hym. This the people cryed out vpō, and thei that wer by reason of yeres ympotēte or vnhable or otherwise by the lawe discharged of gooyng to warre, grutched a suche an vnreasonable proclamacion. To whom Phociō thu [...] aunswered: why what wrong dooe I vnto you, sens that I must goo foorth with you myself beeyng .lxxx. yeres olde? Bu [...] thus at the last he abated their hast towardes warre, & quieted the citee to kepe theimselfes at home in reste and peace. Thi [...] annotacion maye serue for the perfecte elucidacion of the .xvii [...] apophthegme.

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The Cypres tree (saieth Plinius in the .xxxiii. chapitur of the xvi. volume) is elfishe and frowarde to spryng vp, of a fruit [...] that maye well bee spared, of beries euilfauouredly wythered and shronken, of leafe bittur, of sauour rammyshe, and not so muche as for geuyng shadowe to bee loued or sette by, o [...] boughes, branches and leaues no more but here and there on [...] in maner euen like a litle thynne shrubbe. &c.

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[...]

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The philosophiers that dooen write of politique gouernaūc [...] describen the state of commenweales to haue been diuerse in diuerse places [...] Somewher, kynges gouerned, as in Persia & in Roome at the begynnyng, and now in Englande, which [...] was called Monarchia, and this state al writers dooen agree vpon to be the beste. Some commenweales haue been gouerned by a certain [...]oumbre of magistrates and coūsaillours, as in Roome, from the exterminacion of kynges vntil the tyme of Iulius Caesar, & at this presente daye in Uenece, & this was cal [...]d Oligarchia, or Aristocratia. Somewhere all the people r [...]wled and wer echeman of eguall autoritee, as in Athenes vntill thei wer yoked by the thirtie tyrannes, and afterwarde conquered and subdued by Philippus, and after hym hold [...] in subi [...]ccion by Alexāder, after hym by Antipater, after whose [...]ss [...] thei obteined again their first state, whiche was called [...]mo [...]atia. And this was of all other the wurst, as here may ri [...]ht well appere, for the people beeyng sembleable to a monstrious beaste of many heddes did thynges heddyly without due counsaill, aduise, deliberacion, discrecion or reason, as the Atheniens beeyng in furious raiges mooste wrongfully putte to death many innocente persones, high clerkes and noble counsaillours, as afore is noted in the .v. apophthegme of thissame Phocion.

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With Phocion wer cōdemned to death Nicocles, Thudippus, Hegemon and Rithocles. And besides these wer condemned beeyng absent Demetrius Phalereus, Callimedon, Charicles and soondrie persones moo.

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As touchyng the surname of Cicero, it is to bee noted y• this Marcus Tullius right well knowyng his owne petigree and a [...]ncestrie, resumed the surname of the stocke from whiche he was descended. For the first Tullius was surnamed Cicero, of a litle piece of fleashe growyng in the syde of his nose like to a cicer, whiche is a litle puitz muche like to a pease, some there been that call it the fatche, but I doubte whether truely or not. But in tyme of olde antiquitee a commen thynge it was that families wer surnamed of diuerse suche thynge [...] (saieth Plinius in the third chapitur of the .xviii. booke) a [...] the familie of those whiche wer in Roome called Pilumn [...] was first surnamed of the inuētyng of Pilum, whiche is a pe [...]stell suche as thynges are braied withall in a morta [...]e, & in old [...] tyme thei had none other waye to grynde their corne. Also Pi [...]sones wer surnamed, a pisēdo, of gryndyng with a querne, because it was their inuencion. Those also (saieth he) whiche wer called Fabii, Lentuli, and Cicerones had their surnames at the first of suche thynges in the sowyng and housbandrie wherof thei e [...]celled others.

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For the renoume of the Catons, of the Catules, and the Sca [...]res, & of their families in the histories of Titus Li [...]iu [...] Florus, Plutarchus and Ualerius Maximus. For some more light to bee geuen to this presente place, as touchyng Cato the first, I haue thought good to sette the woordes of Plinius in the .xxvii Chapitur of the seuenth booke. In other kyndes of vertues (saieth he) many persones haue many soondrie wayes excelled. But Cato the first of the hous that was called in Rome gens portia, hath been thought to haue in moste high degree perfourmed & shewed the moste high thynges yt maye bee in any mortall creature, beeyng the best oratour that euer was before his tyme, the best capitain of an armie, and the best Senatour. And as for this was in Cato alone and neuer in any manne els, that he was vpon accusacions so wer and [...]owertie tymes brought to his aunswer before iudges at the barre, and neuer any manne moo tymes arrained, and yet euer quite. For this Cato because he was a graue and a sage father, and a cō tynuall enemie and pursuer of all vice, had the hatered of many persones, who of malice wrought to bryng hym to confusion, but his innocencie euermore deliuered hym. From this Cato lyneally descended Cato Uticensis a veraye noble māne also, as is afore in the saiy [...]ges of Augustus largely mēcioned and noted.

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Of Quintus Luctatius Catulus, it is writen in the chronicles of Roome, that in ye first warre yt the Romaines made against the Cartaginiens he with a nauie of three hūdred shippes made sixe hūdred shippes of theirs couche, and tooke thei [...] [...]itailles and other ladyng, and the chief Capitain of thesame Himilcon. But the memorie of these mennes actes is now clen [...] extincted, the memorie of Cicero by reason of his moste noble bookes is ymmortall, & shall neuer dye whyle the worlde shall stande. Of whom Plinius in the .xxx. chapitur of the seuenth volume emong many high praises moe saieth in this wyse: [...]ll haill Cicero the first manne that euer was called parens patriae, the father of our countree, and the first manne yt euer deserued a triumphe and neuer diddest on harnesse for the maier, and yet diddest as worthyly deserue to haue the garlande of a triumpher for thy [...]oung, as euer had any other before for the swearde. (Whiche he speaketh of the suppressyng of y• sedicious coniuracion of Catiline, whom Cicero did peasably destroye and put to death with all his complices and adherentes without blouddeshed of any of the true citezens.) All haill the parente & chief founder of all eloquence of the latine toung and (as Iulius Caesar the dictatour sometyme thy greate enemie hath left in writyng of the) one that had achiued a garlāde of triumphe so ferre surmountyng the garlandes of all other mennes triumphes, as it is more highly to bee estemed to haue so highly anaunced and extended through out all partes of the worlde the boundes and limites of the witte whiche the Romaines haue, then of their empier.

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✚

Marcus Aemilius Scaurus, in the tyme of his consulship passyng by chaunce along by Publius Decius then chief iustice, when he sawe thesame iustice not to dooe his duetie of obeisaunce, commaunded thesame to arise from the benche, and then did Scaurus cutte the garmente of Decius (whiche was [...]s greate a dishonour & ignominie, as if a chief iustice should haue his coyf pulled from his hedde here in Englande, and be [...] disautorised or deposed from his office) he cutte the benche y• Decius had sitten on, in token of his deposicion or depriuaciō and proclaimed that no persone should any more resorte vnto thesame Decius for iustice. Also, beeyng consull he triumphed of the Ligures and the Gantiskes. And at other seasons did many noble actes both of buildynges and otherwyse. He was of so high autoritee in Roome, y• of his owne hedde without any other bodyes coūsaill, he sette Opius in harnesse against Gracchus, and sette Marius to warre against Glaucia & Sa [...]u [...]ninus. In his olde age he was accused and appealed by Marius one of the tribunes for the people, that he had enforced the frendes of the Romaines and all the countre of Latiū to battaill, for aunswer to whiche complainte and accusacion, thus he saied openly vnto the people: Maisters all, Uarius saieth that Aemilius Scaurus enforced and droue such as are in League with this citee to harnesse and weapen, and Scaurus saieth it was nothyng so, to whether of the twoo dooe ye geue credence? vpon these woordes was he dimissed.

↵

*

The Romaines for the moste parte, especially suche as wer of any nobilitee and renoume, had three names, the first was called Praenomen, the forename, as Marcus, whiche we dooe call the christian name: the secounde was called nomen, the name, as Tullius, whiche was [...]he commen name of the hous stocke or familie that thei wer descended of, and this we call our surname, because we haue not the thirde in vse, (except it should bee called out si [...]e name that is to saie ye name of our f [...] thers bloudde & auncestrie.) The thirde was geuen vpon some other externall chaunce, cause or consideracion, as Cicero, and semblea [...]ly in others.

↵

*

[...]erres, a gentlemā of Roome, who beeyng Praetor in Sicilie did muche pillage and extorcion there. Wherupon he was accused, and brought to his aunswer in Roome. Cicero made and pronounced against hym certain inuectiues, and in theim so laied to his charge, and brought in witnesse vpon thesame, that Uerres was cōdemned in a greate summe of a rierage. And not many yeres after, he was cast in a forfaicte of all his gooddes and la [...]des by Marcus Antonius, vpon none other cause ne grounde (saieth Plinius) but for that on a tyme bragguyng and cockyng with Antonius, he craked and made vaūte that he would droppe plate of Corinthe metalle with hym oūce for ounce and not bee one piece behynde hym.

↵

☞

Themistocles, a manne of greate rewle and autoritee i [...] Athenes (as is afore noted) was at last banyshed his countree, and pursued in suche wyse, that he was constreigned to take refuge vnto Xerxes kyng of the Persians, against whom he has afore kept battaill, with whom at last he grewe so ferre i [...] fauour and credite, that Xerxes made hym high capitain of his armie against the Atheniens. But Themistocles, whē he saw [...] his countreemen, tooke remorse of conscience, and because he would neither deceiue the kyng whiche had putte hym in trust [...]or yet be the destroyer of his owne countree, poysoned hymself with drynkyng the bloudde of a bulle. Themistocles was a manne of no eloquence, fauour nor maiestee. But Pericles was a manne beautifull, passyng eloquente, wyse, polytike, in high estimacion & autoritee emong the Atheniens, in so muche that he gouerned and rewled the commenweale of Athenes by the space of fowertie yeres with all mennes fauour, beneuolence and supportacion. And in like case was Pompeius in the citee of Roome, so that his case was more like vnto the case of Pericles then of Themistocles. And in deede (as Cicero by the testimonie of Plu [...]archus writeth) Pompeius his cause stoode more wt the commēweale then Caesars, and all the aunciente, graue, wyse and good menne fauoured Pompeius, and drewe to hym as Cato, Cicero, Lentulus, & suche others mo.

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‡

The people of Roome wer diuided into thirtie fiue tribes, a [...] the citee of London is into twentie fiue wardes. Out of euery tribe wer elected frō tyme to tyme, as cause required, three men to assemble for iudgeyng in sprciall cases of controuersie betwene partie and partie. Their iudgemētes and sittynges wer called centumuiralia iudicia, the iudgementes of the hundred persones. And the benche self, though thei wer an hundred and fiue persones in all, yet wer thei of the greater and the more woorthie no [...]mbre called centumuiri, and not centum quinque uiri.

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*

Clodius a Romain of noble birth, but a veraye vicious persone and voide of all grace. He was a sworne enemie vn [...]o Cicero, and in his tribuneship foūd meanes and brought to passe that Cicero was banyshed from Roome, wherfore Cicero n [...] uer [...]ould fauour hym after, and at length procured that Milo should sette vpō hym on the hygh waye, and slea hym, whiche was dooen and Milo banyshed for the death of Clodius, [...]ot withstandyng the defense of Cicero, and all the frendeship [...] sides that he could make.

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*

Cicero beeyng an aged māne diuorced his wife Terentia, wt whom he had liued many yeres. The causes of deuorcemente wer these. That she had so slendrely regarded hym, that when he should take his iourney toward warrefare, he was drieuen [...] goo veraye barely prouided of all manier necessarie prouisiō Besides this, after yt he was returned home again frō thens into Italie, he found his wife coumbresome, crabbed & snappyshe vnto hym. Item whereas he made longe abode at Brundusiū, hir self would not take peines to come thither to hym & yet whē his doughter Tulliola should take hir iourney thither Terentia le [...]t hir go with a veraye slendre porciō of money towardes hir charges. Ouer and besides all this, she had leat hi [...] hous fall sore in decaye, and had made the walles of it bare, [...] brought it sore behynde hande in debte. All these articles Terentia denyed, but Cicero with a longe oracion proued euery one of theim to bee true. Within fewe dayes after, he marrye [...] a young gi [...]rle, beeyng rauyshed with hir beautie (as Terenti [...] aff [...]rmed) but (as Tiro his late seruaunt auouched) to thentēt [...] that he might bee hable to paie and discharge his debte. For ye maiden had a greate dourie and was a veraye riche marryage. Not long after this newe marryage the doughter of Cic [...]ro dy [...]d, for whom he tooke woondrefull sorowe And because hi [...] younge wife semed to bee gladde of the death of Tulliola, Cicero forsooke hir to [...], and putte hir awaye from hym by di [...]o [...].

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‡

Vno digito caput scalpere, that is: To scratte y• hedde with one fynger, was a prouerbial speakyng whereby to notifie a wanton feloe & a ꝑsone effeminate, because such do take care & feare lest thei ruffle their trymme combed bushe, and sette some one heare out of ordre. It is thought that one Caluus a poete brought it firste vp on Pompeius, and thereof thesame to haue been taken vp in a prou [...]rbe. And yt the saied [...]es [...]ure was in the olde tyme accoumpted for an argumente of vnchastnesse and of nicitee, Seneca in his epistles beareth witnesse: Of all thynges (saieth he) if thei bee well marked, there been priue tokens, yea, & of the lest thynges yt bee, maye a man gather argumentes and presumpcions of mennes maniers and condicions An vnchaste ꝑsone or a vicious mā of his bodye both his passe of gooyng dooeth shewe, and the mouyng of his handes, and at a tyme one sole aūswer, and one fynger putte vp to ye hedde and the castyng of his yies. &c.

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‡

Busyris, a kyng of Egypte for his moste horrible crueltee detested of all nacions in the worlde. For there came vnto hym [...]n a tyme a southsaier geuyng hym counsaill, that if he would auoide sterilitee & barennesse, he should kill vp as many straū giers as were within his royalme, whiche coūsail Busyris folowed, and executed, begynnyng first of all with the southsaier self.

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☞

It was an opinion of the Sto [...]kes, that good menne and vertuous menne are riche, and an other that a sapiente manne is lorde of all thynges in the worlde, because that on [...]ly suche persone [...], are contented with that that thei haue, & if thei haue gooddes, thei can and also dooen bestowe it wel, & applye it to good vses: if thei haue no substaūce, none thei care for, but are cōtented with their vertues & honeste qualitees, as the whiche dooe persuade theimselfes, that he can not bee poore, who hath the grace of God, and is not couetous. And of this conclusion it is afore men [...]ioned in the .xlviii. apophthegme of Diogenes. But wheras the posicion or conclusion of the Stoikes mened that no manne was riche (though he had millions of talentes) except he wer a good and a vertuous manne withall. Crassus (because he was couetous) did interprete & take it to his purpose, that no manne was a good manne except he wer riche, so that he would his richesse to bee a cloke of goodnesse, of vertue and of perfecte honestee. Therefore Cicero mocked hym with an other opinion of the Stoikes, whiche was, that in a sapiente manne all thynges are possessed, wherby Cicero by an [...]onie exhorted Crassus to peruerte the sense therof too, as he had dooen of ye other, and to persuade hym self, that if he could geatte all the worlde into his possessiō, he should be a sapiente and a perfecte good manne. Whereas the mynde of the S [...]oikes was clene contrarie. But Crassus was so couetous, that he would often tymes auouche no manne to bee woorthie the name of a riche manne, except he wer hable with his yerely re [...]enues to k [...]pe an armie, and to maintein an hoste of menne. Wherefore when he warred vpō the Parthians, and was by thesame taken and slain in that warre, thei cutte of his hedde & in despite melted golde into his mouth, saiyng these woordes Aurum sitisti, Aurum bibe, golde hast thou thirsted, now drynke golde enough.

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☞

This Pytheas was in the tyme of Phocion and Demosthenes, a man newly come vp in Athenes of late, & by eleccion put in autoritee to haue dooyng and saiyng in the publique affaires of th [...] citee, partely by giftes and rewardes, and partely by speakyng faire vnto the people. And whē he was on [...]s gotten vp to beare some stroke in the citee, he would haue to dooe in euery matier, and weaxed a woondreous buisie m [...]dler in all causes, in somuch that at commen assemblees he woulde often tymes trouble all the whole coumpaigni [...] w [...]th his daily pratleyng, vntill Phocion at last saied: will this feloe here neuer hold his peace, that came but yersterdaye in manier out of the shelle, and one that hath bought the people of Athenes to b [...]e his owne?

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*

This ambassade was at thesame tyme, when Demochares saied to Philippus that he might do to the Atheniens muche pleasure, if he would put his necke in an halter, and hang hym self. Wherof read the .xxxv. apoph. of the saied Philippus.

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‡

This was at the battaill in Cherronea (wherof is afore spo [...]en i [...] the .vii. apophthegme of Philippus) in whiche battaill he subdued and conquiered all Grece. And of this battaill De [...]osthenes was the chief procurer and setter on, in so muche yt he onely persuaded the Thebanes and others therunto, and was one of the chief ryngleders and capitaines hymself, in so muche that the kyng of the Persians wrote letters about to [...]is nobles in all places, that thei should aide Demosthenes wt money enough on all syde [...] for the suppressyng of Philippus. The battaill wa [...] kept in Ch [...]rronea (the countree of Plutarchus) at Thermodon. Whiche Thermodon (as the reporte goo [...]th saieth Plutarchus) shuld bee a litle preatie floudde ren [...]yng into the riuer of Cephisus. But thesame Plutarchus saieth that he knoweth no suche flodde there about of y• nam [...] nor yet in any place of al Cherronea. Neuerthelesse he beleueth that the floudde Haemō (whiche renneth along by Heraclium, where ye Grekes at yt tyme pitched their cāpe against Philippus) was at the first in olde tyme called Thermodon, and frō that battaill foorthward thesame to haue taken the appelaciō of Haemon, because it was then filled vp with dedde corpses [...]nd with bloudde. For [...], is greke for bloudde. But this was such [...] a sore battaill, that Philippus feared Demosthenes all daies of his life after, for that thesame had persuaded the Grekes to battaill.

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*

[...], (that is: I mā tha [...] [...]leeth will renewe battaill again) is a prouerbiall verse (as Erasmꝰ in his chili [...]des admonysheth) by whiche we are warned not by and by to be brought in despaire, if some thyng hau [...] not well come to our passe. For though a manne bee now ouer [...]omed, he maye at an other tyme haue better happe. Wherof Homere calleth it [...], yt is now strōg on ye one syde, & now on ye other. And Alexander (Pari [...] the soonne of Priamus kyng of Troie) thus speaketh in Homere. [...]. that is: Uictorie chaungeth from parte [...]o parte. And thesame Alexāder in an other place again saieth:

Menelaus now, through Pallas hath wonne

And so shall I at an other season.

So Dauus in Terence

Hac non successit, alia aggrediendū est uia.

that is.

This waye it will not frame ne faie,

Therefore must we proue another waye. So mened Demo [...]sthenes, that though he had had missehappe at that season, ye [...] an other more propice tyme should come, when his chaunc [...] should bee to dooe his countree better seruice. &c. And this wa [...] a meetely honeste excuse.

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*

The cause of the banyshemente of Demosthenes was this. There was one Ha [...]palus (of whō it is afore mencioned) who partely of remorse and conscience of eiuill handleyng hymself in matiers committed vnto his fidelitee, and partely for that he sawe Alexāder begyn to weaxe veraye rigorous and sore to his frendes, fled out of Asia and came to Athenes. And whē h [...] had with certain shippes and greate substaunce of money submitted hymself to the pleasure and wylle of the people of Athenes, the other oratours counsailled the people to receiue & pro [...]ecte hym, but Demosthenes at the first begynnyng gaue theim counsaill in no wyse to receiue hym, but to bee well aware, lest thei should by reason of hym areise battaill of an vniuste and vnreasonable cause. Within fewe daies after, whē Harpalus (who by like had a good insight in suche matiers) espiyng and markyng Demosthenes to haue an earneste yie, & a greate fansie vnto a goodly cuppe of golde, that was of excellente werkmanship [...] caused thesame to bee weighed. Demosthenes muche woondreed at the weight of the cuppe, and demaunded what the cuppe drawed (menyng of weight in the balaunce) I wys ꝙ Harpalus (smylyng vpon hym) it shall drawe you twentie talentes, and the nexte night folowyng sent vnto Demosthen [...]s the saied cuppe of golde secretely, & twentie talentes with all, whiche Demosthenes receiued. And when Harpalus his caus [...] within a daye or twoo after was had again in communicacion, Demosthenes came to the assemblee of the people, wt his necke all stuffed, lapped, and wrapped in wulle, furres, and cloutes. He was bidden to saie his mynde, he refused to speake, alleg [...]yng that he had a bone in his throte & could not speake. But the people perceiued the matier well enough that he had been corrupted with money by Harpalus. And without any more busynesse, first and foremust thei expulsed Harpalus and bidde hym voide. And that dooen, forasmuche as thei stood in feare and drede, left the money whiche the oratours had receiued, should bee required of theim by Alexander, thei serched the oratoures houses for all suche money and iewelles. Then Demosthenes beeyng manifestly foūd culpable, would haue pourged hymself, but y• people would in no wyse heare hym speak [...] No? (saied one) wil ye not geue eare vnto hym that hath such [...] a goodly golden cuppe? well, the people cryed out vpon hym. Demosthenes putt the matier vp to the iudgemente and sentence of the Areopagites, by whom he was cōdemned in a fine of fiftie talentes, and commaunded to warde, vntill the fine should bee satisfied and paied. Demosthenes partely by reaso [...] of that extreme iudgemēte for that he was feble and weake of bodye, nor hable to endure the enpriesonmente, broke awaye priuely, and fledde into Arcadia, whiche is a region of Achaia.

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*

Of the ingratitude of the people of Athenes towardes So [...]rates and Phocion, it is afore declared. As touchyng Scipio there wer fower of the name in Roome, one after an other, as nob [...]e menne, as wyse counsaillours, and as valiaunte Capitaines, as euer wer in Roome, & whiche did asmuche benefite in the commenweale, as vneth any penne maye wryte. And yet euery one of theim found at the hādes of the people of Roome in [...]omparable ingratitude. The first of theim woonne Carthage, and made it tributarie vnto Roome, when it had so tie [...]ed Roome with long warres, that it was muche more nigh to subdue Roome, then to bee subdued vnto Roome. This Sci [...] triumphed on Carthage, and had geuen vnto hym the surname of Africane (because he subdued Carthage and thereby Afrike.) And yet was he at last exiled, and did dye out of his countree a banished manne. Scipio surnamed the Asiatik [...] (because he subdued kyng Antiochus vnto Roome, and besides hym all A [...]ia, of whō he also triumphed) was afterward [...]alsely arrained of robbyng the treasourie of Roome, and moste wrongfully commaunded to prieson. Scipio Africane the secounde (to whom that surname was geuen because he beatte downe and destroyed bothe the citee of Numantia, and also ye citee of Carthage, beeyng with all their power and puissaunce [...]ent and [...] sette against the citee of Roome) was wekedly slain in his bedde in ye night, and yet in all the citee of Roome could not one bee found that would see suche an hainous murdre auenged or punyshed. And this Scipio it is, that Erasmus here speaketh of [...] Scipio surnamed Nasica (who saued the cōmenweale from the violente oppression of Tiberius Gracchus the Tribun [...]) was in his later daies sent as half a banyshed māne to Pergamus, and there spent the residue of his life.

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‡

Alcibiades beeyng absente on warrefare was accused by one Thessalus, that he ha [...] a certain brethreed, whiche vsed to resorte and g [...]ther together at his hous, and there to assēble like plaiers on a staige, to coūtre [...]aicte the sacres of Ceres (the goddesse of corn [...]) and to represent ye mysteries of thesame sacres, whiche wer woont to bee celebrated and kept of the Atheniens with greate reuerence and deuocion. He added moreouer, that Alcibiades and his adherentes diuided the executyng of all the offices apperteinyng to those ceremonies, and that one Polytion was the cādlesticke bearer or torchebearer, and one Theodo [...]us to bee the chaunter, or clerke, and Alcibiades beeyng the e [...]ecutour and chief president of all the sacres to reade a lecture vnto al his compaignie of al the saied misteries. &c. Alcibiades was gently required to come home to Athenes for to make his [...] and declaracion in the premisses, he drewe backe and [...] not come to Athenes, and to one demaundyng whether [...]e mystrusted his owne natiue countree and citee, he aunswered, that he trus [...]ed his countree veraye well, but as for the ha [...]rdyng of his hedde & life he thought not best to putte in the handes of his veraye mother neither, lest she might chaunce to bryng and cast in a blacke stone in stede of a white. Upon this [...]e fledde, and would not come to Athenes. Wherupon he was condemned beeyng absēte, and all his goodde [...] forfaicted, and to the ende that no poincte of ignominie o shuld lacke, all the minis [...]res of all the temples wer hidden to accurse Alcibiades as an impious persone and a w [...]ked miscreaunt. Thei also by a dec [...]ee condemned hym to death as a traitour. Wherof whē relacion was made vnto Alcibiades, he aunswered that the Atheniens should fynd hym to bee aliue. Then went he to their enemies, and did the Atheniens muche scathe till at laste thei wer gladde and sain to desyre and praie hym to come home and help theim. The [...] par [...]ely remorse of conscience, and partely the naturall desire of his countree so pricked hym, that euen at the veraye plounge when the Lacedemonians should vtterly foreuer hau [...] confounded the Atheniens in battaill on the sea, Alcibiades soodainly without the knowelage of either partie came with certain shippes vpon the Lacedemonians behynd at their backes, and turned the victorie to the Atheniens, and so came home highly welcomed, although thei had by necessitee been forced to seeke vpon hym.

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*

The oracles of Macedonie, Demosthenes called the pleasure of Antipater kyng of Macedonie. Menyng that Antipater had commaunded Archias to bryng Demosthenes by faire meanes or foule. Demosthenes alluded to the propre significa [...]ion of an oracle, menyng that Antipater tooke vpon hym in manier no lesse then if he had been a god.

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‡

Lais an harlot of Corinthe of excellent beautie, but so dere & costely, that she was no morsell for mowyers. She was for none but lordes and gentlemenne that might well paie for it. Wherof came vp a prouerbe, that it was not for euery manne to go vnto Corinthe. This historie of Demosthenes is rehersed of Ualerius Maximus, Aulus Gellius and others.

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*

[...]wyne to teache Minerua, was a ꝓuerbe against suche, as either beeyng theimselfes of no knowlage ne wisedō at all, wil take vpō theim, to teache ꝑsones yt are excellētely skilled & passyng expert, for which we saie in Englyshe to teache our dame to sp [...]nne: orels, yt will take vpō theim to bee doctours in those thynges in whiche theimselfes haue no skille at all, for whiche wee saie in Englyshe, to correcte Magnificat before he haue learned Te Deum. For Minerua was thought the patronesse of al witte and of al ingenious artes (as is afore saied) and the swyne, by the tradicion and wrytyng of all the naturall philosophi [...]rs is declared to bee of al beastes the moste brutyshe, and lest apte to learne any thyng.

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The Table.

[Page]

¶ That thou mayest the soner and easlyer fynde (moste gentle reader) either the name of any persone or any other good mattier cōteined in this booke, I haue here added a large and plaine Table after the ordre of ye A.B.C. set out with the noumbre of the leafe, where thou shalt fynde any suche thyng as thou desyrest to haue therin.

[Page]

A

A.

ABas the .xij. kyng of the Argiues

166.

Abstinence the Itatalians vse for all diseases

278.

Achilles.

39.

Academia, a place full of groues.

158.

Acrisius had a doughter called Danae.

166.

Academiques.

237.

Ac [...]ium the paeke of the coū tree of Epirus.

249.

Ar [...]ius escaped the daungier of a iudgemente.

321.

Acciō or pronounciaciō is the chiefest poict in eloquēce:

344.

Adas, quene of the Cariās.

184.

Adrastꝰ, reade the note.

330.

Aeschines.

21.66.

Aesculapius.

30.

Aegina the citee.

58.

Aged menne, whereof thei should smelle.

28.

Aga [...]ho of Athenes.

29.

Agesilaus.

96.

Agamēnō kyng of Mycena.

218

Agrippa made many newe cō duictes in Roome.

258.

Aide after the felde is foughten, commeth to late.

116.

Alcibiades of Athenes.

12.

All maner of oracions will not serue for all persones.

26.

Ale [...]ander talked with Diogenes sittyng in his tubbe.

83

Alexander had Diogenes in high estimacion.

ibi.

Alexander thought it a greater thyng to bee Alexander then to bee a kyng.

ibi.

All vertues consiste in the meane betwene two vices.

87

Alipte, what thei wer.

121.

Almose geuen to beggers rather thē to Philosophiers.

128

Alexāders ambiciō.

179.181.205

Alexander his haultnesse of courage.

181.

Alexander was swift and nymble,

ibi.

Alexāder his armye against Darius.

18 [...].

Alexander his cookes.

185.

Alexander his a [...] ̄swer made to D [...]rius.

186.

Alex [...]nder wounded with an arowe.

188.

Alexāder enforced no person freborne.

190.

Alexander, howe he vsed the Grekes whiche toke wages of his enemies to fight against hym.

ibi.

Alexander how he vsed a captaine that submitted hymself vnto hym.

193.

Alexāder contemned Hercules in respect of hymselfe.

ibi.

Alexāder euer reserued one eare for the defenda [...]nt.

202.

Alexander reproued Darius for the gorgeous deckyng of his house.

204.

Alexander abhorred effeminate delices.

ibi.

Alexanders animositee.

205.

Alexander, what verse he alowed best of Homere.

206.

Alexander was saluted the soonne of Iupiter Ammō.

207.

Alexander takē by daie with a dead slepe in the cāpe.

208.

Alexāder made fre of Corinthe.

ibi.

[Page]Alexander knowelaged hym self a mortall manne.

209.

A [...]oneus the sonne of Antigonus slain in battail.

224.

Alexanders courage and stomake.

230.

Al [...]biades accused of one Thess [...]us.

340.

Ambicio [...] of Diogenes.

73.99.

Amphictionum concilium, what it is.

105.

Amphoteros.

164.

Ammon was Iupiter.

188.

Amicus alter ipse.

207.

Ambicion of Iulius Caesar.

266.267.

[...]thenes the philosophier.

15

[...] Manhood.

29.

An [...]sthenes would haue no sch [...]lars.

69.

A [...]umen [...]s the successour of [...] [...]der.

131.

A [...]sthenes was lothe to dye

156.

Antip [...]er high capitain vnde [...] Philippus.

175.

Antipater highly in fauoure with Alexander, but at the l [...]st d [...]dly hated.

187.

Antipater his ambicion.

189.

An [...]genes.

190.

Antipater surmised matiers against Olympias.

205.

Antigonꝰ saiynges begyn.

210.

Antigonus how he vsed certain of his souldy [...]urs.

211.

Antigonus first cruell & then m [...]cifull.

ibi.

Antigonus d [...]sapoin [...]ted his soonne of his lodgeyng.

ibi.

Antigonus his boldenesse & presumpcion.

219.

Antigonus was tendre towarde his souldyours.

220.

Antigonus lowe of stature & hauyng a flat nose.

222.

Antigonus iested at the impedimēt of his own yies.

223.224.

Antonius & Dolobella fa [...]e and well coloured.

270.

Antipater ouercame the Atheniens.

298.

[...] a rocke ī the Indies.

19 [...]

Appollodorus the poete how he visited Socrates.

[...].

Approuyng of good fare & to be offēded with the cost. &c.

57.

Appellacion of a manne is a fitte name but for a fewe.

9 [...].

Apparell to curyous, argueth wantonnesse.

108.

Apollo otherwyse called Pythius.

184.

Apelles.

197.

Arte of gouernyng a comm [...] ̄ weale.

[...].

Ar [...]ogan [...]ie of Sophistes.

16.

Archelaus kyng of Macedodonie.

18.

Arte and profession of Phisiognomyers.

32.

Aristippus taught philosophie for money.

3 [...].

Archelaus the sonne of Perdicca.

40.

Aristippus brauled & stroue with Diogenes.

41.

Aristippus one of the courte with Dionysi [...]s.

ibi.

Aristippus despised golde & siluer.

43.57.

Aristippꝰ was bothe galaūte [Page] and also sage.

43.

Aristippus regarded honeste at all tymes.

ibi.

Aristippꝰ feared no mā.

44.63.

Aristippus loued gaye apparell.

ibi.

Aristippus weaxed pale.

48.

Areta the doughter of Aristippus.

50.

Aristippus tooke money of his frendes & why.

51.54.

Aristippus spent not his money in vain.

54.

Aristippus kept compaignie with a struompet.

ibi.

Aristippus was a customer of Lais the harlotte.

55.

Aristippꝰ spetted on the face of Simus.

56.

Aristippus wysshed to dye no woors [...]e then Socrates had dooen.

ibi.

Aristippus cast his money into the seea.

57.

Aristippus beeyng chiddē of Plato, what he aūswered.

58.

Aristippus rebuked Diogenes for compaigniyng with Phryne the horlotte.

59.

Aristippus a manne of greate possessions.

60.

Aristippus was nothyng gre [...]ed to take a blāke in disputacion.

61.

Aristippꝰ refused not to daūce in purple.

62.

Aristippus had a passyng readie witte.

63.

Artaphernes.

ibi.

Aristippus arested in Asia by Artaphernes.

63.

Aristo the Philosophier.

64.

Aristippus gathered muche rychesse.

ibi.

Aristippus dyd let his sonne [...]onne at [...]ouers.

64.

Aristip. be [...]ng thelder manne submitted first to Aeschines.

67

Aristippus cast on lande by shipwracke,

ibi.

Aristogiton.

115.

Arte, euerye arte is not me [...]e for a kyng.

178.

Aristotle was maister to Alexander [...]

200.

Aristodemus.

215.

Arius a philosophier of Alexandria.

226.

Armenia a royalme in Asia.

23 [...]

Aristogiton a false accusar condemned.

293.

Areopagus.

3 [...]7.

Archias first a plaier of entreludes and afterwarde a great manne of power with Antipater.

341.

[...].

156.

A true frēde is an high treasure.

6.

Athenes was ruled by the commons.

39.

Athenaeus the greke historigraphier.

60.199.

A thyng publique is ordeyned for the welth of the priuate also.

69.

Athlete, what they be that are so called.

103.

Athenes the foundament of all Grece.

219.

Athenodorus.

228.

Atedius pollio, alias Vedius pollio.

269.

Attica a countree.

297.

Aulus Gellius.

25.

[Page]Augustus repro [...]ed the insaciable ambiciō of Alexāder.

229

Augustꝰ Caesar made a lawe for adulterers.

ibi.

Augustꝰ enterpreted the dooynges of mēne to the better parte.

232.

Augustus Aia [...].

233.

Augustus was not desirous to be feared.

ibi.

Augustus aunswer to a feloe that asked a pēciō of hym.

234.

Augustus aūswer to Galla.

235.

Augustus ꝑdoned Cinna.

238.

Augustꝰ vsed to saie naye to none that desired him to any [...].

239.

A [...]gust [...]s an high and mightie prince.

240.

A [...]gustꝰ deli [...]ed to ieste & also would take iestyng.

243.244.

Augustus bought diuerse birdes.

250.

Augustus gētlenesse in hearyng complayntes.

250.

Augustus howe he serued a Greke poete.

251.

Augustus, what he saied of Roome.

255.

Augustus put of two ympudent [...]rauers.

256.

Augustꝰ preferred the dignite of a commenweale.

257.

Augu. how he vsed to cōmēd his sonne vnto the people.

260.

Autoritee, who so hath not saide, seketh: who so hath proued, [...]ateth.

290.

Aurū sitisti, Aurū bibe.

327

B

B

BAttail betwene Alexander and Darius.

186.

Beneficiall to a whole multitude.

4.

Bettre of byrth yt a childe is, the better ought his bryngyng vp to bee

9.

Betwene a beaste and a man of brutishe condicions, there is no difference

11.

Bettre to dye an innocent, thē an offender.

21

Beautie of the mynde is to be lo [...]ed.

31

Begoonne wel, is halfe done.

31

Bettre to begge then to bee without learnyng.

46

Bettre ye money be cast awaye th [...]n māne for moneys sake.

58

Beetes is an herbe called in latin Beta.

106.

Beaste of many heddes is the people.

109.3 [...]8.

Beastes yt are most harmful.

118.

Bealyes of gluttons. &c.

119.

Best tyme to wedde a wife.

124

Beautyfull strumpettes are lyke to dedly [...]oyson.

137.

Beneficence of Philippus.

170

Beneuolence how it should be purchased.

179.

Beardes are an hinderaunce in battaill.

185.

Bedde of a persone that is in de [...]. &c.

242.

Bias receiued a talent of Antigonus.

223.

Biddelles what their officies is.

240.

Blysse of heauen, wherby it is obteyned.

96.

Blushing is a tokē of vertue.

125

Bondeseruaunte to the pleasures of the bodye.

4.

Boldnesse and trust on a mannes [Page] well dooyng.

26.

Bostyng of a mannes selfe is a foolyshe thyng.

53

Boste of drynkyng is vayne.

ibi

Bondeseruauntes of glorie.

102.

Bondeseruauntes, howe thei are called in Greke.

148.

Bountie of Alexander.

184.195.

Bountie and largesse is befallyng for kynges.

215

Bosome sermons & oraciōs.

216.

Breach of loue betwene Aes [...]hines and Aristippus.

66.

Brasidas a Capitaine of the Lacedemonians.

232.

Brundusium a to [...]e in the kyngdome of Naples.

268.

Brutus and Cassius slewe Iulius Caesar.

270.

Buiriyng of Diogenes.

82.

Bu [...]riyng of the Iewes.

ibi.

Buiriyng is not to be cared for (saied Diogenes.)

36.

Bucephalus and horsse.

200.276.

Busyris a kyng of Egypte.

326.

Byzāciū a citie of Thracia.

294

C

C

CAlamitees vniuersall.

37.

Cātharis a lytle vermyn.

103

Callisthenes the disciple of Aristotle.

107

Caiges for woomenne.

120.

Caria a prouynce in Asia.

185.

Callisthenes con [...]emned the facions of Alexander his courte.

202.

Casket, deske or standyshe of Darius.

204.

Cas [...]ius Seuerus.

235.

Cares of a good prince.

242.

Cato kylled hymself at V [...]ica

242. 269.331.

Caprae an Isle.

262.

Caesar hāged vp ye pirates.

263

Caesars excuse for not leuyng the dictatourship.

27 [...].

Capitain [...]s many, & good souldyoures but a fewe.

298.

Cato.

304.

Caius Popilius.

308.

Caesar wente in his go [...]ne wantonly girt about hym.

313.

Caninius Reuilus was consul but .vj. houres.

315.

Cato would be b [...]isily occupied in the daye tyme and mery in the night.

331.

Caelius had a loude voice.

331.

Ceramicus a place of buiriall in Athenes.

87.

Centaures what they wer.

118.

Censour a magistrate in Rome.

247. 284.

Centumuiri, what thei wer.

312

Chefest [...]t [...]e of younge men.

35

Children, what thei get by goyng to schoole.

50.

Children, howe thei should be brought vp.

75.

Childrens dyete assigned by Diogenes.

80.

Chiliades of Erasmus.

91.

Cherronea a r [...]gion nigh to Hellespontus.

102.163.

Charibdis and Scylla.

119. 321.

Cheril [...]s a poete.

194.

Children begotten towarde the soonne risyng. &c.

309

Cyniques secte and what thei wer.

68.

Ci [...]ce is there none without a lawe.

153.

Ciuilitee of Philyppus.

163.

Cinna sought to destroie Augustus.

[Page]238.

Ciuica corona what it is.

255

Cilicians the people of Cilicia.

263.

Cicero was lowely to his enemies, but to his frend [...]s froward [...].

289.

Cicero, what it is.

304.

Cicero made a Galle free citezen.

313.

Cicero, howe he rebuked his [...]ought [...]r for goyng to faste & his sōne for going to slowe.

314.

Cicero his aūswer for Milo.

318

Cicero diuorced his wife Teren [...]a.

319.

Cicero mocked Curio.

320.

Cicero his riedle.

323.

Cicero coulde cast a miste ouer the seates of iudgemente.

325.

Cicers what thei are.

327.

Cicero howe he checked a young feloe.

328.

Cicero drounke water.

330.

Cicero what he saied to Iulius Caesar.

331.

Cicero defeacted the accusacion of Marcus Callidius.

332.

Cicero iestyng on Isauricus.

332

Cloystures wer full of pride.

23

Climate is a region or coste of a countree.

216.

Clemēcie of Augustus.

226.231. 256. 258. 260.

Clemencie of Pompeius.

284.

Clamorous and brallyng oratours.

306.

Clodius a Romaine of noble birth.

318.

Cneus Pompeius.

279.

Corrupt maners of the Atheniens.

15.

Compaignye of wyse manne.

19

Couetousnesse ofte tyme beguileth the bellye.

56.

Cōmunicacyon ought to bee fruitefull.

71.

Coueteous persones doo most of all crye out on aua [...]ice.

77.

Cōmodytees of philosophy.

[...].

Corinthus a citee in Achaia.

84. 341.

Comunicacion ought not to bee vaine.

7 [...].

Coueteousnesse the roote of al eiuill.

117.

Corrupte and effemynate maniers of the Atheniens.

1 [...]4.

Cōmmunicacion declareth a mannes mynde.

145.

Cookes of Alexander.

[...]5.

Continencie or chastitee of Alexander.

189. 197.

Corduba a citee in Spaine.

260.

Consuls of Roome.

173.

Consid [...]us a Senatour.

276.

Constancie of Phocion.

297.

Coce of Cocus.

318.

Contēcion betwene Pythias and Demosthenes.

339.

Critias and Charicles, what thei were.

10.

Credence is not to bee geuen to the ignoraunt.

20.

Crabb [...]d wyues compared to rough horsses.

25.

Craneum, what it is.

93.

Crete the Isle nowe called Candie.

97.

Craterus desired Diogenes to dwelle with hym.

131.

Craterus auaunced by Alexander.

194.

Cruelnesse of Vidius.

259.

Crassus could curry fauour.

326.

[Page]Custome easeth the [...]ediousnesse of incōmoditees.

24.

Customes in diuerse places, what thei are.

34.

Curtiꝰ a knight of Roome.

245.

Cyzicus or Cyzicum an Isle in Propontis.

61.

Cypres trees are elfishe and froward to spryng.

296.

D

D.

DAnae the doughter of Acrisius

166.

Dariꝰ his offre to Alexāder.

185

Damasippꝰ praised his wyne of .xl. yeres olde.

323.

Deseases of late bāquettyng.

8.

Death is cōmē to al ꝑsones.

21.

Death is like to a soūd slepe.

36.

Desperate ꝑsones what thei should dooe.

72.

Demosthenes his tale of an asse.

75.

Death is no eiuill thyng.

150.

Death riddeth a bodie out of peines.

156.

Demaratus a Corinthian.

177.

Demochares Parrhesiastes.

179

Delphos a toune in the regiō of Phocis.

201.

Demetrius the sonne of Antigonus.

217.

Death whiche is beste.

270.

Demosthenes spake to please menne.

293.

Demades had no feloe in makyng of an oracion.

299.

Demosthenes what he was.

333.

Demosthenes his aunswer to Pythias.

ibi.

Demosthenes his excuse for the studie of eloquence.

334.

Demosthe. one of the .x. whom the Atheniens sent ambassadours to Philippus kyng of Macedonie.

335,

Demosthenes mocked for flyyng from battaill.

ibi.

Demosthenes escaped beyng in the h [...]des of Alexāder.

336.

Demosthenes, why he was banyshed.

337.

Demosthenes, what he saied to Pallas.

338.

Demosthenes a [...]ouched it a daungerous thyng to medle with the affaires of a commen weale.

339.

Demosthenes restored from banyshement.

ibi.

Demosthenes compared his returnyng with the returnyng of Alcibiades.

340.

Demost. taūted Demades.

342.

Demosthenes would not bee at the becke of the people.

34 [...]

Demosthenes, howe he defended the cause of a poore wooman.

343.

Demades was couetous of money.

344.

Diete temperate to bee vsed.

3.

Difference betwene a carnall louer and a frende.

32.

Difference betwene the learned and vnlearned.

45.53.

Differēce betwene the solle of a philosophier & of a verlet.

48.

Dionysiꝰ offēded with Plato.

61

Dionysius had his eares in his feete.

62.

Dionysius gaue in reward to Aristippus money, and to Plato bookes.

65.

Dionysiꝰ would call Aristippus foole & all to naught.

ibi.

Diogenes was Antisthenes [Page] his scholare

65.

Diogen his zele to sapiēce.

69.

Diogenes dwel [...] in a tubbe.

ibi.

Diogenes had no house of his owne.

ibi.

Diogenes confuted Zeno.

94.

Diogenes nicknamed the scholes of Euclides.

70.

Diogenes gaue hym selfe to [...] after philosophie.

ibi.

Diog [...] was a veraye slouen.

73.

Diogenes noted Plato of verbo [...].

74.

Diogen [...]s coulde fynde no good menne [...]

ibi.

[...] willed the people [...]o [...] no vayne thynges.

75

[...] [...]unted all men.

76.

Di [...]enes reprou [...]d the Mu [...]ans.

ibi.

Diog [...]nes reprouyng the Orators, couetous persons and comm [...]n people.

77.

Diogenes rebukyng suche as as did sacrifice for bodelye health.

ibi.

Diogenes hated gluttons and boundseruauntes.

ibi.

Diog [...]nes praisyng diuerse persones.

78.

Diogenes, what he taught to [...]eniades his sonnes.

79.

Dioge. manier of [...]eachyng.

80.

Diogenes made an abridgemēt of all disciplines for his scholares.

ibi.

Diogene [...], howe he woul [...] be [...]uried.

82.

Diogenes talkyng with Alexander in his tubbe.

8 [...].

Diogenes whipped of young menne.

84.

Diogenes thought hymselfe thanke worthie for cōmyng to a feast or a supper whē he was desyred.

85.

Diogenes fyndyng Demosthenes in a tauerne.

86.

Diogenes howe he poynted out Demosthenes.

86.

Diogenes his aūswer to suche as saied he was ouer earnest in philosophie.

87.

Diogenes to whom he would be solde.

89.

Diogenes rebuked a wooman for liyng prostrate before the Goddes.

91.

Diogenes cōsecrated to Aesculapiꝰ a gyaūt with a clubbe.

ibi

Diogenes, howe he matched, fortune, law & affectiōs.

92.93.

Dioge. sitty [...]g in his tubbe.

93.

Diogenes auouched himself to be rycher then Alexāder.

94

Diogenes what he saied espiyng a whyte leafe of paꝑ.

ibi.

Diogenes confuted Zenon.

ibi.

Diogenes mocked a Sophiste & one pratyng in Astronomie.

95

Diogenes anoynted his feete where others annoynte their heddes.

96.

Diogenes was desyred to bee a preaste.

ibi.

Diogenes, almoste persuaded to geue ouer his philosophicall trade.

97.

Dioge. was called dogg [...]e.

97.108.127.136.137.

Diogenes had a blowe with a longe loggue.

98.

Diogenes sekyng a man with a candell in the daye light.

99.

Diogenes deluded a, feloe for spryngklyng water vpō hym [Page] for the purgyng of synnes.

101.

Diogenes chalēged for a spye by Philippus.

102.

Dio. threatened of Perdicca.

103

Diogenes rebuked a feloe for wearyng a lyons skynne.

106.

Dioge. called ora [...]ours thrise double menne.

108.

Dioge. cōmended an harper yt al others dispraised.

110.111.144

Diogenes had cast in his teth banyshement.

112.113.

Dio. his maner of beggyng.

115.

Diony [...]ius howe he entreated his frendes.

ibi.

Diogenes, why he became a philosophier.

112.

Didymi what it is .119. and of Didymo reade in the.

151.

Diogenes, what he saied to a renneawaye.

120.

Dioge. what he said to a feloe that came to the hote house.

121

Diogenes hated womenne.

122.

Diogenes salutaciō to one that robbed gra [...]es & toūbes.

ibi.

Diogenes had neither manne nor womanne seruaunt.

122.

Dioge. asked his almes.

129.140

Diogenes banyshed for coynyng of moneye.

113.129.

Diogenes, why he vsed to eare in the open strete.

131.

Diogenes taunted Plato for his course fare.

132.

Diogenes his aunswer to thē that derided hym.

ibi.

Diogenes demed menne to be saued frō misauētures by veraye chaunce, and not by the grace of God.

133.

Diagoras a philosophier.

ibi.

Diogenes his aunswer to Alexander.

136.150.

Dioge [...] voide of supersticiō.

137.

Dioge. mocked a wrastlear.

138.

Diogenes, what coūtree māne he was.

140.

Diog. drinkyng ī a tauerne.

145

Diogenes asked a large almes of a prodigall spender.

148.

Diogenes what he said beyng in a schole house.

152.

Diogenes, howe he would be buiried.

154 [...]

Dionysius an eiuill scholemaster.

156.

Displeasure [...] Philippꝰ with Olympias Alexander.

177.

Disshes made from Augustus his table.

245

Dictare dis [...]ipulis.

272.

Dimitius Corbulo.

278.

Diadorus.

307

Difference b [...]wene histories and Annales

321.

Dignus crass [...] est.

325.

Dolphin fys [...]hes, what their propretee is.

53.

Dolobella asked a goldē chain of Augustus.

254.

Domitiꝰ a senatour of Rome.

[...]8 [...]

Drachme, what valure it is of.

42.217.

Drinkyng muche is mete for a spoūge but not for a māne.

335.

Durach [...]m or Dirrachium a toune in Macedonia.

268.

Diademe, what it is.

274.

E

E

EAtyng vnmeasurable.

35.

Eiuill, what it is.

126.

Eloquence of Plato.

74.

Empier, a reigne or Empier holden with loue. &c.

155.

Ennuchus.

95.

[Page]Englyshe menne noted of excessi [...]e ea [...]ng and Germaines of drynkyng.

55.

Enemi [...]s [...] how a manne shuld be a [...]enged on his enemie.

155

Enemies howe thei are to bee ouercome.

278.

Enn [...]s an auncient poete.

321.

Epaminondas what he was.

96

Epitaphie is a writing set on deed mennes tombes.

156.

Eris the goddesse of strife.

4 [...].

Erasmus defence for takyng g [...]fres.

146.

Erudicio [...] or learnyng, what it profiteth?

151.

[...]es put to death by Augustꝰ for eating of a quail.

22 [...]

Eros a bondemāne of Cic [...].

312.

Euripides a philosophier.

16.

Euthidemus the frende of Socrates.

33.

Eutichides the seruaunte of Aristippus.

54

Euclides was in the later dayes of Plato.

70.

Eu [...]inus and Pontus are all one.

113

Eiuill, what is eiuill.

126.

Euerye bodye is best iudge of his owne facultee.

176.

Eurylothus.

190.

Eudimonicus a philoso.

199.

Excesse not beyng vsed, maketh all thynges good chepe.

18

Exercise of the memorye.

36.

Excuse of synne.

46.

Excuse of some that professe the contempte of money.

55.

Externall thynges make no manne the better.

68.

Exercise of Diogenes his scholares.

80.

Excesse of drynkyng is abhominable.

146.

Exhortaciōs made by philippꝰ to his sōne Alexāder.

171.17 [...].

Exaumple of chastitee in Alexander.

18 [...].

F

F

FAme honeste, how it is to bee purchased.

5.

Fassion yt the Atheniens vsed with condēpned menne.

[...].2 [...]

Fassiō of staige players in olde tyme.

5 [...].

Face of a manne ought to bee moost cleane.

[...]6.

Fauour, the fauour of a stroumpet is better lost then had.

14 [...]

Familiare iestyng betwene A [...]igonus & Antagoras.

[...].

Fabia Dolobella mocked of Cicero.

[...].

Fainte handleyng of a plea, argueth the cause to bee weake.

[...].

Feede onlye to meynteyne life.

2 [...].

Felicitee of kynges, what it is.

8 [...].

Feelyng in a matier.

114.

Felicitee maketh menne false herted.

221.

Felicitee and good fortune of Augustus.

230.

Fi [...]gues we choose and take of the best. &c.

112.

Fla [...]cus a poete.

153.

Foolyshe hast and nedelesse.

16.

Foolyshnesse of menne.

71.

Foolyshe shame to no purpose.

87.89.

Folye of the parentes in chastisyng their children.

88.

Fortune is not to bee imputed [Page] to euery thyng.

101.160.

Fortresses dooe nothyng auaill without hardye capitaines.

193.

Forum hath a double significacion.

236.

Frendes are an high treasour.

6.

Frugalitee of Socrates.

13.

Frendes yt are true are greate possessions.

14.

Fruitelesse beyng in a straūg countree.

18.

Fruite of philosophie.

43.

Frendes should be [...]ryed ere they be familyar.

61.

Fredome of the mynde is the right fredome.

66

Frequēt assembles of the people.

71.

Frendes, how menne should not put foorth their handes to their frendes.

79.151.155.

Frugalitee of Diogenes.

90.

Frendes should not desire any vniuste thyng one of another.

299.

Furniture of the mynde.

27.

G

G

GAza, a coūtree wher odours growe.

18 [...].

Galba had a misshapē bodie.

235.

Garlande Ciuike.

254.

Gallius.

284.

Geuyng a thing after it is ones asked, is to late.

18.

Geometrie yt Socrates would haue studied.

38.

Germaynes noted of muche drynkyng and englysshmen of muche eatyng.

55.

Gentlemen are pleased with their owne dooynges.

152.

Giftes not profitable, ought to be refused.

12.

Giftes, Socrates would none take. &c.

18.

Gluttons.

20.

Glorie, is to many persones more sweter then life.

192.

God is to bee foloed as nere as we maye.

2.

Good menne reioyce when they are troubleed.

23.

Good thynges are reiected because of the lewde persones that abuse theim.

56.

Golde, w [...]y [...] looketh pale

120.

Golde ouercōmeth all thynges.

166.

Good fortune wryten aboute the bucler of Demosthe.

335.

Gramarians what thei wer.

76.

Graunde theues leade the petie theues to prieson.

104.

Grosse meates make the bodie strong, but the w [...]ites dulle

114.

Granicus a floudde.

183.

Greate thynges are not alwayes good, but good thynges are alwayes greate.

345.

H

H

HAste maketh waste.

38.

Harmodius.

115.

Harlottes.

155.

Haynous transgressions must be suppressed by due correccion.

168.

Harpe of Achilles and of Paris.

206.

Hesiodus his verses.

10. 16.

Heraclitus a philosophier.

12.

Hemina, what it is.

18.

He that can abite a curste wife nede not. &c.

25.

Helicon Cyzi [...]enus a philosophier.

61.

[Page]He is not in pemi [...]ie, that may haue when he nedeth.

66.

Hercules the soonne of Iupiter.

106.

Hegesias a philosophier of the Epicures secte.

112.

Hercules, how he was wurshipped in olde tyme.

116.

Hecateros.

164.

Hephaestion highly in fauour with Alexander.

187.

Her [...]de kylled his owne soonne.

237.

H [...]ll [...]spontus.

206.

Hephaestion taller manne thē Alexander.

207.

Herenni [...]s.

234.

[...] [...]uice, the price of [...] ounce.

302.

High cares of a good pr [...]nce.

242.

Ho [...]gre is the best sauce.

3.13.27

Honest name and fame, howe [...]o bee purchaced.

5.

Honest mattres to set foorth, euery manne is loothe.

8.

Homere his verses.

10. 122. 123. 146.149.188.302.

Honest geastes take all fare in good woorth.

20.

Holylye dyed Socrates.

31.

Honest and vertuous loue.

32.

How an eiuill husbande maye borowe money of hymself.

40.

Honest menne maye vse delycate fare.

45.

Homeres Rapsodies what they are.

76.

Horsse vnbroken, apte to no seruice.

45.

Housbande, the rule for the wife.

39.

Houres best to eate meate.

98.

Honest and verteons menne ar the true ymages of God.

11 [...]

Honye mouthed persones.

119.

Hote houses.

121.12 [...].

Honest menne are not the wurse for the infamie of any place that they resorte vnto.

142.

Homere feigneth death & slepe to be br [...]ther germaine.

154.

Housholdyng is not mainteined with syngyng.

157.

Horacius the poete his saiynges.

19.166.

Homeres Ilias highly e [...]emed of Alexander.

204.

Humilitee of Socrates.

[...]5.40.

Husbandrye is profitable.

40.

Humanitee and pacience of Philippus.

177.

Humili [...]ee of [...]ntigonꝰ.

212. [...].

Humblenesse and modestie of Augustus.

229.

Humanitee will hope the best of a frende.

288.

H [...]dria in foribꝰ, expouned.

48.

Hypocrisis the chief poyncte in eloquence.

343.

I

I

IAmbique verses.

13.

Idlenesse is euermore worthee blame.

10.

Idees that Plato deuised.

123.

Ignoraunce is the onely eiuil thyng of the worlde.

14.

Immoderate and gredye eatyng.

35.

Inordinate liuyng is more peinful, thē to liue [...]tuously.

4.

Incōmoditees of wedlocke, & out of wedlocke.

17.

Insaciable mynde of Alexā.

94

[Page]Inexpectato, a place of rhetoricke.

110.

Ingratitude of the Atheniens towardes Philippus.

163.

Incommodities that come by plaiyng at dyce.

194.

Insolencie, a daungerous desease.

212.

Ingratitude of manye persones.

288

Ingratitude of the people of Athenes.

338.

Italians vse abstinence for all deseases.

278.

Iudgement of the cōmen people.

4

Iudgemente preposterous of the cōmon people.

14.88.

Iustice executed by Antigonus.

218.

Iulia the daughter of Augustus.

252.253.

Iulia banisshed out of the courte of Augustus.

261.

Iulius Caesar moost like infacions to Alexāder the gre.

263

Iuliꝰ Caesar. a man of a woondreous hault courage.

265.268.

Iulius Caesar put awaie his wife Pompeia.

265.

Iuliꝰ Caesars ambiciō.

266.267

Iulius Caesar woulde yt high enterprises should be dispeched without castyng perilles.

267.

Iulius Caesar matched Pompeius.

269.

Iulius Caesar, what he saied whē he sawe in Roome straū giers carrye yoūg puppes.

271

Iulius Caesar, how he encouraged his souldiours.

272.

Iuliꝰ Caesar saied that Sylla was not half a good clerke.

27 [...]

Iulius Caesar refused to bee called a kyng.

274.

Iulius Caesars ho [...]sse.

276.

Iulius Caesar oppressed the cōmonweale.

278.

Iulius Caesars dreame.

279.

Iulius Caesar and Pompeius at variaunce.

310.

Iuliꝰ Caesar called Senates for euerie small mattier.

317.

Iubius Curtius proued a lyer by Cicero.

319.

K

K

KNowelage of morall philosophie, what it profiteth.

10

We knowe no more then is in our memorye.

80.

Kynges maye not shewe fauour to all persones.

167.

Kynges, howe farre thei maye extende fauour.

168.

Kynges muste vse honest persones & abuse the vnhonest.

ibi.

kynges learned, is an vnestimable treasure.

172.

Kynges are eiuill reported for well dooyng.

196

Kynges are not the rules of iustice, but the ministres.

213.

L

L

LAercius a greke autour.

16

Lais an harlote of Corinth.

55 [...]342.

Lacedemoniās exercised their children in huntyng.

80.

Lawyers contendyng.

125.

Labourīg for good qualitees.

13 [...]

Lawe, is there none without a citee.

153.

Lasanum and Lasanophorus.

212.

[Page]Lawe for suche as killed their fathers.

256.

Laberius a plaier.

271.316.

Laodicia a citee in Asia.

317.

Lenocini [...]m, what it is.

32.

Lettres or wrytynges helpe not the m [...]morie.

36.

Lenticula, what it is.

90.

Learnyng is no shame.

37.

Lessons for yoūg princes.

166.

Learned kynges an vnestimable treasure.

172.

Leonides the gouernour of Al [...]ander.

182.

Lex Iulia.

229.252.

Lex Pompeia.

256.

[...]

284.

[...] a māne of greate [...]toritee i [...] Athenes.

296.

[...] gi [...] to a sw [...]ord.

314.

[...] of the mynde.

67.

Li [...]ertee is the state of blisse.

107.131.152.

Liber pater, one of the names of Bac [...]hus.

141.

Li [...]e and death bothe are peinfull to ty [...]annes.

157.

Li [...]eralitee of Philippus.

171.

Like beareth l [...]e to like.

192. 330.

Li [...]a the wi [...]e of Augustus.

238.25 [...].257.

Licinius of a bondeseruaunte m [...]de free.

246.

Liberalitee of Augustus tow [...]rd learned menne.

251.

Li [...]ya a p [...]rte of Afrike.

281.

Libians had their eares bored full of h [...]les.

308.

Loue hon [...]st a [...]d vertuous.

32.

Loue purchaced by vertue.

ibi.

Loue, the occupacion of ydle persones.

117.

Lust must be refreined.

3.

Lupines a kynde of poultz.

111.

Lucius Lucullus.

286.

Lucius Cotta a greate drynker of wyne.

330.

Lyuyng inordinately, is more peinfull then to lyue verteously.

4 [...]

Lysias an oratour.

25.26.100 [...]

Lyue, to lyue is no miserable thyng.

1 [...].

Lysippus.

197 [...]

M

M.

MAny mēne geue greater waiges to their horsekepers, then to the teachers of their children.

[...]

Many pretend the contempt [...] of delicates. &c.

55.5 [...]

Many good thynges are rei [...] cted because of the lewde persons that vse theim.

56 [...]

Manne is moste sapiente and moste folyshe.

7 [...].

Mannes witte apte to all thynges.

ibi [...]

Mathematici, what thei wer.

76 [...]

Mastre that is wise, wilbe aduised by his seruaūt.

82.88.

Macedonians conquered Grece.

ibi.

Manne, what it is.

82.

Mannes life standeth not in carnall pleasures.

104.

Manne of all creatures th [...] moste miser.

108.

Manes the seruaunt of Diogenes

127.

Many rebuke in others, yt the [...] emēde not theimselues.

129.130

[Page]Maisters geuē to viciousnesse what thei dooe.

148.

Macedonians wer plain feloes.

167.

Machaetes wrongfully condemned of Philippus.

173.

Macedonie was euer to litle for Alexander.

200.

Manacyng of greate mēne.

268.

Mamertines a people in Sicilie.

281.

Magnꝰ the surname of Pompeius.

282.

Manly herte of Pompeius.

286.291.

Many mēne punyshe in others yt thei offēde in theimselues.

7

Marcellinus put to silence by Pompeius.

287.

Marcus Tu [...]lius Cicero.

203.

Marcus Aemilius Scaurꝰ

305.

Marcus Tullius would not forsake his surname.

305.

Marcus Tullius his greate care and studie.

312.

Marcus Caelius an orato [...]r.

318

Marcus Crassꝰ an oratour.

324.

Marcus Appius mocked of Cicero.

329.

Marcus Aquiliꝰ called of Cicero Adrastus.

329.

Meate and drynke muste bee taken with reason.

3.

Mecenas of Roome.

5.

Medleyng to muche in other mennes matiers.

10.

Menne that desire to liue, muste frame. &c.

14.

Menne that are good, dooe suffre slaunders gladly.

23.

Mery saiynges of Socrates.

24. 25.35.

Men wherof thei shuld smell.

28

Merie speakyng of Aristippus.

46.

Measure is in all thynges a treasure.

50.

Menne maye iustely refuse their soonnes if. &c.

65.

Menne should haue no vayne communicacion

72 [...]

Menne take peynes in vayne thynges.

76.

Menne should not put foorth emptie hāds to their frēdes.

79

Mēnes woordes declare their myndes.

81.

Menne, should weare sweete floures in their bosomes, rather then on their cappes.

96.

Menne there are but a fewe.

98. 99. 135.

Megara, a toune in the countree of Attica.

98.

Megarians were rechelesse kepers of their children.

ibi.

Medecine for good appetite.

116

Merie saiynges of Diogenes

125. 138. 139. 149.

Mercifulnesse of Antigonꝰ.

214.

Menne taken prysoners in warre, how thei wer vsed.

223.

Metellus withstode Caesar from takyng moneye out of the treasourie.

268.277.307.

Menne, be thei ne [...]er so high are with famyne made tame enough.

287.

Menillus a capitaine.

298.

Miserable is the pouertee of the mynde.

45.

Myce howe thei resorted to Diogenes his tubbe.

97.

Midias, howe Diogenes hādleed hym.

99.

Miserie, what thyng is moste [Page] miserable in this world.

118.126.

Miserie of warre.

166.

Mise [...]us a circe.

184.

Mithridates kyng of Ponr [...]s.

218.

Minerus by the ficciō of the poe [...]es a perpetual virgin.

342

Moderat [...] [...]xercitaciōs of the bodie.

35.

Money bryngeth a lyuyng.

45.

Money, the right vse of it.

51.

Moral philosophie, what it profited the philosophiers.

63.

Diogenes, howe he was mocked.

126.

Mod [...]raciō of Alexāder.

191.196

Moderacion of Pompeius.

284.

Myndu [...] [...] tou [...]e in Asia.

130.

[...] of manne, wherin it is sh [...]wed.

145.

N

N.

NAme and fame honest, how to bee purchaced.

5.

Nature [...]the prouyded for vs at necessarie houshold stuffe.

90

Newe cōmedie, what it is.

23.

Neptunus, Iuppiter & Plut [...] were brethren.

59.

Nemea a region in Arcadia.

113

Nicolas Leonicenus.

4.

Ni [...]en [...]sse & tendrenesse hurteth menne.

8.

N [...]sa a toune in India.

203.

N [...]a [...]les the trustie seruaūte of P [...]ocion.

301.

Not [...]yng more sapiente then manne. &c.

71.

Noblen [...]sse of birth, Diogenes called a cloke.

153.

Nomencl [...]es.

240.

N [...]mus [...] how it is taken.

248.

O

O.

O [...]seruaciō of sepulchres.

236

Octauiꝰ Augustus Caesar.

225.

Oedipus.

91.92.

Office of a schoole maistre.

21.

Office of kynges, is to heare euerie manne.

178.

Office of a biddell.

240.

Olympia, games of rennyng a wrasileyng.

7.113.

Olde supersticion.

101.

Olympias, what she might dooe with Ale [...]ander.

205.

Omnis iacta sit al [...]a.

267.

Oracion made by Lysias for Socrates.

[...]6.

Oratours, Diogenes called theim thrise double mēne.

108.

Oracle what it is.

188.341.

Oulette takē by a souldyer.

248

Ouinius the seruaunte of Watinius.

321.

Oulette dedicate to Pallas.

338.

P

P.

PAcience of Socrates.

11.12.19.22.24.25.34.

Pacience of Aristippus.

43.47

Parentes foly in chastenyng their chyldren.

88.

Pa [...]ience of Diogenes.

47.99.

Parmenio, the onlye capitain of Philippus warres.

160.

Parmenio excused Philippꝰ for slepyng in the daye tyme.

176.

Parrhesiastes.

179.

Paedagogus, what he is.

182.

Parillus one of Alexander his frendes.

183.

Parrasites, what thei wer.

199.

Patroclus the frende of Achilles.

203.

Paris, what he was.

42.207.

Pacinnius Taurus.

133.

Pacience of Pho [...]ion.

300.

[Page]Personnes that ought to be receaued into frendship

7.

Personnes that lyue in all ease and pleasure.

13.

Persōs yt lyue to be gluttōs.

20.

Peynes of teachyng, is woorthie greate wages.

51.

Penelope the doughter of Icarius.

63,

Personnes desperate, what thei should dooe.

72.

Personnes feble & maymed who they be.

84.

Penaltee of a blowe in the old tyme.

100.

Perdicca, graund maister vnder Alexander.

103.

Peloponnesians.

174.

Perdicca one of Alexander his capitaines.

202.

Pericles a noble manne of Athenes.

271.

Persōs cōdēned to death.

22.301

Philosophie altereth nature.

33.

Phthia.

39.

Philosophie, what fruite it bryngeth.

43.140.

Philosophiers would lyue well without lawes.

44.

Philosophiers haunte riche mennes houses.

45.47.

Philosophiers are phisiciās of the mynde.

48.

Philosophie is aboue Rhetorike.

50.

Philosophiers are more excellent then oratoures.

52.

Philosophiers knowe whē to speake and when not

ibi.

Phryne an herlotte.

59.136.

Philosophiers are neuer in exstreme penurye.

65.

Philosophy, what cōmodytees it bryngeth.

83.145.

Philosophiers, how thei paye for their meales.

86.

Philosophie healeth all diseases of the mynde.

89.

Philosophie knowen, what it proffiteth.

10.63.

Philosophiers haue the ouerhande of menne.

102.

Philippus kyng of Macedonie.

102.159.335.

Philippus chalenged Diogenes for [...] spye.

102.

Phalāgiū a venemous spider.

103

Philosophiers begge not, but requyre theyr owne.

107

Philosophiers are beste that nede fewest thynges.

127.

Philosophiers are eaters of all manier of meates.

128.

Philosophiers what are their offices.

154.

Philippus his prayer whē he had sōdry good chaūces. &c.

160.

Philippus contemned a feloe that railled on hym.

162.

Philippus his clemencie and moderacion.

ibi

Philippꝰ oughed moste thākes to suche as railled at hym.

163.

Philippus called Athenes the staige of his glorie.

165.

Philippus his iudgemente vpon two flagicio [...]s feloes yt accused either other.

165.

Philippus suffred no manne yt gaue hym any thyng, to passe vnrecompen [...]ed.

169.

Philippus deposed a iudge for diy [...]g his heade.

172.

Philippus guildren.

197.

Philippꝰ woūded in fightyng against the Trybalies.

206.

[Page]Pharnaces kyng of Pōtꝰ.

269.

Phra [...]tes kyng of the Parthians.

285.

Phocion a counsaillour of Athenes.

291.

Phociō was neuer seen laugh ne wepe.

ibi.

Phociō vsed fewe woordes.

292

Phocion liked nothyng yt the grosse people either did or saied.

292.

Phocion refused money that Alexāder offred hym.

294.298

Phocion his counsaill to the Atheniens.

295.

Phocion condemned to death by the Atheniens.

300.

Pho [...]ion dyed an innocente.

301.

Phocion, what he saied to the hangmanne.

302.

Phocion the are of Demosthenes his reasons.

334.

Pirates.

201.

Piso married the doughter of Cicero.

311.314.

Pleasure and peyne foloen either other.

30.

Plato and Aristippus were in courte with Dionysius.

44.

Place maketh not the ꝑsone of lesse dignitee.

52.

Plato lo [...]ed money better thā Aristippus did good fare.

58.

Plato refused to daunce in purple.

62.

Plaine speakyng all menne cannot alowe.

65.

Plato a māne of sobre diete.

72.

Plato checked of Diogenes.

73.

Plato loued clenlynesse.

ibi.

Plato his eloquence.

74.

Plato his diffinicion of a mā.

98

Possessions, none so good as a true frende.

14.

Poison that Socrates dranke.

21.22.30.

Pouertee of the mynde is miserable.

45.

Polyaenus the Sophiste.

57.

Poinctyng with the fyngers.

87.

Pontus and Euxinus are all one.

113 [...]

Pouertee, a vertue soone learned.

158.

Porus his aunswer to Alexander.

195.

Porus one of the kynges of India.

196.

Pompeius had the beneuolence of menne.

230.

Pollio Asinius.

259.

Pontifices, what thei wer.

265.

Pompeius woonne the firste felde against Caesar.

26 [...]

Pompeius could not skill said Caesar, how to vse a victorie.

269.

Pontius Aquila made no reuerence to Caesar.

273.

Pomponius a laūce knight.

276

Pompeius refused honour till he had deserued it.

282.

Pompeius triumphed beyng but a young manne.

282.283.

Pompeius had more regarde to the commenweale then to his owne safegarde.

287.

Pompeius his vaūtes of hym selfe.

288.

Pompeius what he saied of Cicero.

289.

Pompeius brought to vtter despaire.

ibi.

Pompeius wished to had been borne a poore mānes sōne.

290

Pompeius and Iulius Caesar [Page] at variaunce.

310.

Pollio wrote Chronicles in Greke.

314.

Prayers, of what sorte thei should bee.

2.

Pride maye be in sackclothe.

22

Pritanei, what it is.

26.

Pride of Diogenes.

73.

Princes learned, the highest treasure to a cōmenweale.

43.

Priue ambicion in Diogenes.

73.99.

Prayers preposterous.

104.

Prouerbes.

78. 106. 110. 116. 135. 155. 167. 185. 207. 257. 267. 309. 324.342.

Profite, by a mās enemye.

163.

Princes maye not take their full rest in tyme of warre.

175.

Pryn [...]es myndes should not be vttered in tyme of warre.

211

Priesoners taken in battaill, howe thei wer vsed.

223.

Princes dooen perpetually care for their subiectes.

225.

Praesens, how it maye be taken.

243.

Praetor.

266.

Priue theues loue the d [...]rke.

342.

Purchacyng of landes ought to bee moderate.

38.

Purple, none weare but kynges in olde tyme.

62.

Purple, death and princelye desteiny.

130.

Publius Manlius the hoste of Cicero.

317.

Publius Sextius mocked of Cicero.

328.

Pythia.

85.

Pyrrhus kyng of the Epi [...]otes.

220.

Pytheas, what he was.

334.34 [...]

Q

Q

QVintus Luctacius Catulus.

304.

Quintus Cicero, the brother of Marcus Cicero.

314.

R

R

RAillyng against menne without truthe, toucheth theim not.

23.

Repastes, measurably to bee taken.

8.

Reache not at those thynges that are aboue our cōpa [...]e.

11.

Rebukyng eiuill, & yet to cō mytte thesame.

35.

Reason is a lawe to a Philosophier.

44.

Relatiue opposita.

132.

Reigne or Empier, sauyng for the dignitee, is a mutuall seruitude.

225.

Repentaunce foloeth of vnhoneste pleasures.

342.

Reuilyng one another, who so ouercometh, getteth the wurse.

344.

Rhapsodies of Homerus, what thei are.

76.

Rhymirales kynge of the Thracians.

226.

Rhetoricians for their exercise, are woont to take feigned argumentes.

326.

Riche mēne are more folyshe then others.

48.

Right vse of money.

51.

Riche persones voyde of learnyng, Diogenes called shepe with the golden flyces.

109.

Riche mēne haue nede of many lessons.

158.

[Page]Romaines had .iij. names

305.

Roome how it was deuided.

312

Rostra.

315 325.

Rule for the wyfe is the housbande.

39.

Rubycon a floude.

268.

Ryot and prodigalitee causeth penurye.

100.

Ryot is in young men foly.

286.

S

S.

SAcrifice to God, ought not to bee ouersumptuous.

2.

Sacrificyng meate & drynke.

30

Sapien [...]e and learned princes.

43.

Sapience diffined.

47.

Sapience cometh not by fortune.

62.

Sapient, nothyng more then manne.

71.

Sapient menne haue al thynges.

91.

Samos [...]n ysle in the sea.

133.

Satiri.

141

Sacrifice [...], whiche are best.

293

Science the only good thyng of the worlde.

14.

Scholemaisters & their office.

21

Scoldyng of bro [...]helles.

24.

Scipio a noble capitaine in Roome.

269.

Scylla and Charib [...]is.

119.321.

Seruaūtes how to be bought.

8

Sextarius.

18.

Seneca.

i [...]i.

Secte of the Ciniques.

12.

Secrete hydynge an ciuill thyng. &c.

86.

Serapis or Apis.

141.

Sensualitee bryngeth wretchednesse.

150.

Senerus Cassius

215.

Sertorius.

284.285.

Sextus Iulius Frontinus.

279.

Seruilia the mother of Marcus.

322.

Shame is it none to learne.

37.

Shepe with golden flyces wer in Colchos.

109.

Sirenes, what thei were.

40.

Sinopa a citee in Pontus.

68.

Sillogisme, what it is.

90.95.

Sinopa a baren region.

11 [...].

Sicknesse putteth vs in remē braunce not to be proude.

21 [...].

Silenus the fosterfather of Bacchus.

22 [...].

Slender fare is to muche for eiuill geastes.

[...].

Slepe is an ymage of death.

203.

Small varyaunces growe to scabbes.

66.

Sophistes what thei are.

14.

Socrates refused to take giftes.

18.

Socrates made stone ymages.

19

Socrates had two wyues at once.

24.

Socrates dyed in perfite securitee.

[...]1.

Socrates, wherunto he was enclined.

35.

Socrates familyer gooste.

ibi.

Socrates thought it eiuil dooē to teache for moneye.

ibi.

Solle of manne, how it passeth awaye.

36.

Solle of manne, what it is.

ibi.

Solle of manne shall retorne agayne.

37.

Socrates had a vision at his death.

39.

Sophocles his verses.

66.

[Page]Solle and bodye, what thei differ.

89.

Sophisticacions are not to bee soyled.

94.

Sostratus an Alexandrine.

237.

So [...]ldyours aunswers to Augustus.

247.248.

Sol omnia uidet ac reuelat.

309.

Spuesippus.

158.

Sphinx the monstre.

92.309.

State of blisfulnesse.

41.

Staige to serue, what it is.

78.

Stones hurled at a gibette.

105.

Stroumpettes.

140.

Sthemus Lorde of the Mamertines.

281.

Strabo.

285.

Supersticion of olde tyme.

101.

Supersticious feare that many folkes haue.

112.

Suppositii partus.

139.

Suyceners.

276.

Sulpitius a Tribune.

277.

Sweete sauoures more meete for women then for menne.

28.

Sweete sauoures defended by Aristippus.

68.

Swoerde of leade, out of an iuereye sheath.

145.

Sweete sauoures, what thei dooe.

147.

T

T

TAlkyng sheweth what a manne is.

28.29.

Taxiles one of the kynges of India.

192.

Tarraconia a countree in Spayne.

153.

Terence.

35.

Tegea a cit [...]e of Arcadia.

138.

Thynges made rype by arte are bought to dere.

16.

Thākes that Diogenes gaue to Plato.

74.

Thersites, whose discripcion ye maye reade.

179.

The Thebanes rebelled against Alexander.

191.

Thrasillus a Cinique.

216.

Theocritus the Chian.

224.

Tharsus the chiefe citee in Cilicia.

227.

The Tarraconians flattered Augustus.

253.

Themistocles a māne of great autoritee in Athenes.

310.

Title that Diogenes was solde bye.

79.

Tiros an ysle where the best purple is made.

240.

Timagines for hatered of Augustus burned the bookes that he had wrytten of his chronicle.

258.

Tiberiꝰ succeded Augustꝰ.

260.

Tigurines, a people of Germanie.

276.

Tiberius for Biberius.

323.

To geue place to a ruler.

47.

Tollius for Tullius.

323.

True libertee is of the mynde.

67.

Tria nummum millia, howe muche it is.

88.

Tranquillitee of manne.

93.

Tragicall execracions mette with Diogenes.

91.

Treasure, where it is surest kepte.

198.

Triballes, a people nigh to Hungarie.

206.

Tragedie of Augustus called Aiax.

232.

[Page]Tribunes of Roome.

273.

Triumphyng, what it is.

283.

Turonius Flaccus his aunswer to Augustus.

249.

Tullia the doughter of Ci [...]ero.

314.

Tullius his iestyng.

322.

Tyme well spent, is a good possession.

15.

V

V

UArie [...]ee of learnyng maketh not a learned mā.

49.

Vaine sophisticacions are not to bee soyled.

94.

Valerius Maximus.

160.

Vat [...]nius had the goute.

241.

Varinius the enemie of Cicero.

308. 314.315.318.320.327.

Varius, hath a double significacion.

332.

Vertue and temperate dyete to be vsed.

3.

Vertuo [...]s lyuyng is profitable.

4.

Verses of hesiodus.

10.16.

Verses of Homere.

10.122.123. 140.146.149.

Vertue must be sought for.

17.85

Vertue is learned of a fewe.

27.85.

Vertue purchaceth loue.

32.

Vertue in young menne is cō mendable.

35.

Vertue auoydeth [...] naughtie pleasures.

[...]9.

Verses recited by Plato.

62.

Verses recited by Aristippus.

ibi.

Verses out of a tragedie of Sophocles.

6.289.

Ve [...]ues cōsiste in the meane.

87

Verses recited by Diogenes.

127.130.157.

Verses of publius Mimus.

139.

Verses of the poete Marciall.

147.

Vertuous ꝑsones loue shamefastnesse.

153.

Verses cited by Alexander.

202

Ve [...]tius brake vp his fathers graue.

236.

Vedius Pollio, alias A [...]edi [...] [...]ollio.

259.

Veries cited by Augustus.

262.

Verses out of a tragedie of Euripides.

279.

Verres a gentlemanne of Roome.

306.323

Verses cited by Cicero.

309.

Verses cited by Demosthenes [...]

335.

Vinum Chium.

1 [...].

Vitruuins.

68.

Vices of the mynde are onlye eiuill thynges.

95.

Vlysses the soonne of Laertes.

321.

Vnfruitefull dooynges is ydlenesse.

10.

Vnfruitefull beeyng in straūge [...]ountrees.

18.

Vnwrathfull speakyng.

2 [...].23.62

Vni [...]ersall calamites.

37.

Vnlearned menne are called stones.

50.

Vnmeasurable laude & praise is to bee reproued.

143.

Vnseasonable housbandrie.

189.

V [...]o digito caput scalpere.

324.

Voconius and his .iij. foule doughters.

309.

Vse assuageth greefes.

114.

W

[Page]

W

WAyes to styll vnquyet persones.

109.

Wastefull lauessers of theyr goodes.

134.

Waye to wynne victorie.

270.

Weapon nedeth not, where lawe maye serue.

290.

Whether one bodie maye bee in many places at once.

60.

William Warrham archbisshop of Caunturburie.

5.

Wisedome, when it shuld be vsed.

72.

Wise menne esteme thynges for the necessite of theim.

88.

Wise princes make proffitable instrumentes aswell of the good persones as of the eiuill.

168.

Womākynde is apte to learne all thynges.

29.

Woordes spoken by Menedemus to his soonne.

65.

Woordes foolyshly spoken, bryng menne to trouble.

72.

Woordes declare the mynde.

81.

Woomenne, howe they should be woonne.

125.

Wy [...]es are to be borne withal for their children sakes.

24.

Wyttye speakyng of Aristippus.

62.64.

Wyne, whiche is best.

126.

Wyues in the olde tyme laye aparte frō their husbandes.

182.

Wyttes excellent, marred by eiuill maisters.

9.200.

Wyne of Falernum.

313.

Wyne of twoo hundred yeres olde.

314.

X

X

XAntippa, Socrates hys wyfe.

[...]0.

Xantippa threwe a p [...]ssebolle on Socrates his head.

24.

Xantippes cancardnesse.

34.

Xenophon became scholare to Socrates.

27.

Xenophon his booke entitleed the banquet.

28.

Xeniades.

[...]9.

Xeniades sonnes were taught of Diogenes.

ibi.

Xenocrates refused to take money of Alexander.

195.

Xenophantus.

209.

Y

Y

YMages are bought at high prices.

88.

Ymages, the true ymages of God.

117.

Younge mennes chiefest vertue.

35.

Young folkes to vie [...]e theim selues in a glasse.

19.

Younge age, moste apte to learne.

64.

Younge rufflers rebuked of Diogenes.

125.

Z

Z

ZEnon confuted by Diogegenes.

94.

Zele of Alexander towardes Homere.

198.

¶The ende of the Table.

§

§

[Page]

[...]EX FRVCTIBVS EORVM COGNOSCETIS EOS

LONDINI. In officina Richardi Graftoni.

Anno post natum Christum, M.D.XLII.

Mense Septembri.

[...]

[Page]

Information about this book

Title statement

Apophthegmes that is to saie, prompte, quicke, wittie and sentencious saiynges, of certain emperours, kynges, capitaines, philosophiers and oratours, aswell Grekes, as Romaines, bothe veraye pleasaunt [et] profitable to reade, partely for all maner of persones, [et] especially gentlemen. First gathered and compiled in Latine by the ryght famous clerke Maister Erasmus of Roterodame. And now translated into Englyshe by Nicolas Vdall.Apophthegmata. English

Erasmus, Desiderius, d. 1536.

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1542

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2003-01 (EEBO-TCP Phase 1).

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A00316

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STC 10443

ID [STC]

ESTC S105498

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99841226

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99841226

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5790

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— Apophthegmes that is to saie, prompte, quicke, wittie and sentencious saiynges, of certain emperours, kynges, capitaines, philosophiers and oratours, aswell Grekes, as Romaines, bothe veraye pleasaunt [et] profitable to reade, partely for all maner of persones, [et] especially gentlemen. First gathered and compiled in Latine by the ryght famous clerke Maister Erasmus of Roterodame. And now translated into Englyshe by Nicolas Vdall., Apophthegmata. English, Erasmus, Desiderius, d. 1536., Udall, Nicholas, 1505-1556..

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[20], 345, [15] leaves

Excusum typis Ricardi Grafton,. [London] :: 1542 [September] Cum priuilegio ad imprimendum solum.. (Month of printing from colophon.) (Includes index.) (The last three leaves are blank.) (Reproduction of the original in the British Library.)

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